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Communist Party of India (Marxist) – Kerala

2026-05-08T10:28:08Z

Pt.debotosh dey: starting a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| party_name = Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala
| native_name = {{lang|ml|ഇന്ത്യൻ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് പാർട്ടി (മാർക്സിസ്റ്റ്) – കേരളം}}
| party_logo = [[File:CPI(M) Official Logo.png|150px]]
| secretary = [[M. V. Govindan]]
| headquarters = A. K. G. Centre, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| alliance = {{ubl|[[Left Democratic Front]] (Kerala)}}
| ideology = [[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]] [[Socialism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peoplesworld.org/article/socialist-kerala-a-very-different-india/|title=Socialist Kerala: A very different India|publisher=People's World|date=2 Nov 2009}}</ref>
| youth = [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|Democratic Youth Federation (DYFI Kerala)]]
| women = [[All India Democratic Women's Association|Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA Kerala)]]
| students = [[Students' Federation of India|Students Federation (SFI Kerala)]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|20|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} (Kerala)
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|4|9|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} (Kerala)
| state_seats_name = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|26|140|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| membership = {{increase}} 527,174 (2022)
| website = {{URL|https://cpimkerala.org/}}
| symbol = [[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|100px]]
| publication = ''[[Deshabhimani]]''
| eci =
|abbreviation=
|flag=[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|200px]]
|labour=[[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU Kerala)]]
|Political position=[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>|Parliamentary Party Leader=[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]}}
{{Communism in India}}
{{Communism sidebar}}
{{Marxism}}
'''The Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala''' or '''CPI(M) Kerala''' is the [[Kerala]] state wing of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. It is responsible for organizing and coordinating the party's activities and campaigns within the state, as well as selecting candidates for local, state, and national elections. Currently, it is the governing party in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and has significant representation of the state in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-place-where-communists-can-still-dream/2017/10/26/55747cbe-9c98-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html |title=One of the few places where a communist can still dream |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2017-10-27 |accessdate=2022-03-15}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] currently leads the [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] alliance.

==History==
===Background===
{{main|1964 split in the Communist Party of India}}
In July 1937, a clandestine meeting was held at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30224225.ece|title=A man and a movement|first=R. KRISHNAKUMAR in|last=Thiruvananthapuram|website=Frontline|date=26 August 2004|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104847/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30224225.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Five persons were present at the meeting, [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[K. Damodaran]], [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], [[N. C. Sekhar]] and [[S.V. Ghate]].
The first four were members of the [[Congress Socialist Party|Congress Socialist Party (CSP)]] in Kerala. In that meeting, they founded the first cell of the CPI in Kerala. A wider [[Pinarayi Conference|conference]] could be conducted at Parappram, Pinarayi in December 1939 where the entire Kerala unit of the Congress Socialist Party got converted into a unit of the CPI. Thus, the proper functioning of the [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Kerala]] as a mass party started on 31 December 1939 with the [[Pinarayi]] Conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|title=Founders|website=CPIM Kerala|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208202135/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Punnapra-vayalar 02.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising]] martyrs memorial at [[Vayalar]]]]
In 1946, [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising]] was a mass [[communist]] movement against [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], the [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan (Head) of Travancore]] in [[Alappuzha]]. The revolt was due to over 21,000 peasants died in [[Cherthala]] taluk alone during the Famine (1939–43). This led to a war between the Travancore police and people. Over 400 people were killed. After the killings, many people around the areas turned into communists.<ref>{{cite news|last1=D|first1=Jose|title=Punnapra Vayalar violence can't be part of freedom struggle|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/nov/04kerala.htm|accessdate=4 April 2014|newspaper=Rediff On The Net|date=1997}}</ref>

In [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957 Kerala Assembly election]] the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) was elected to rule the state [[government of Kerala]] under [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] only to have the government dismissed and President's Rule declared in 1959 following the [[Vimochana Samaram]]. In 1964, in conjunction with the [[Sino-Soviet Split|widening rift between China and the Soviet Union]], a large leftist faction of the CPI leadership, based predominantly in Kerala and West Bengal, split from the party to form the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI (M). In Kerala, the CPI (M) in coalition with other parties wrested control from the Congress and its allies (frequently including the CPI) in 1967, in 1980, and in 1987. Support for the CPI (M) in Kerala in general elections has ranged from 19 percent to 26 percent, but the party has never won more than nine of Kerala's twenty seats in Parliament.

===Formation of CPI(M) in Kerala===
[[File:CPI (M) Leaders. Noormahal. 27 Oct 1966.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[A. K. Gopalan]] (left) and [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]] (right) with other CPI(M) leaders in Kolkata, 1966.]]
After the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|CPI split in 1964]], prominent communist leaders in Kerala [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], [[A. K. Gopalan]] and [[K. R. Gouri Amma]] stood with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. One year after the split, in the [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965 elections]] CPI(M) which was a splinter faction of CPI, emerged as the largest party in the assembly with 40 seats, while CPI could win only 3 seats. However no single party could form a ministry commanding majority and hence this election is considered abortive. [[President's rule]] was invoked for the fourth time.<ref name="KeralaLegislature">{{cite web | url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776:history-of-kerala-legislature | title=History of Kerala Legislature | publisher=Kerala Government | access-date=30 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101549/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776%3Ahistory-of-kerala-legislature | archive-date=2014-10-06 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1965 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERALA |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1965_ST_REP.pdf |website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA NEW DELHI }}</ref>

In the [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967 Kerala assembly election]] both communist parties - CPI (M) and CPI - along with smaller parties including SSP and Muslim League contested this election as a United Front. A total of seven parties contested in the front, and the front was known as ''[[Saptakakshi Munnani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Koshi|first1=Luke|last2=Balan|first2=Saritha S.|date=2017-06-19|title=Kerala Chronicles: When a Coalition of Seven Political Parties Came Together Only to Fall Apart|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-when-coalition-7-political-parties-came-together-only-fall-apart-63905|access-date=|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The CPI(M) led front won the election with a record 113 seats out of 133 seats and formed the government under [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Council of Ministers since 1967 – First Kerala Legislative Assembly|publisher=Government of Kerala|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ministers49_main.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708185932/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ministers49_main.htm|archivedate=8 July 2016}}</ref> After 2 years of the government, due to continuous problems between CPI and CPI(M) many ministers from the smaller parties resigned eventually, and many parties subsequently left the front owing to the loss of majority the [[Second Namboodiripad ministry]] was dissolved in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala chronicles: When a coalition of 7 political parties came together only to fall apart|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-when-coalition-7-political-parties-came-together-only-fall-apart-63905|access-date=2020-09-05|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

===Emergency rule in Kerala===
{{main|The Emergency (India)}}
During the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency rule]], when communists in Kerala were organising the political activities from different hide-outs, many CPI(M) members and leaders including current chief minister of Kerala [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] was imprisoned for one and a half years. He was arrested and tortured by police.<ref>{{cite news |title=On Emergency anniversary, CM Pinarayi calls to step up vigil as 'constitution faces severe threat' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/on-emergency-anniversary-cm-pinarayi-calls-to-step-up-vigil-as-constitution-faces-severe-threat-1.7636094 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806072734/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/on-emergency-anniversary-cm-pinarayi-calls-to-step-up-vigil-as-constitution-faces-severe-threat-1.7636094 |url-status=live }}</ref> After his release, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] reached the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and made an impassionate speech against senior Congress leader [[K. Karunakaran]] holding up the blood-stained shirt he wore when in police custody, causing serious embarrassment to the then [[C. Achutha Menon]] government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/pinarayi-vijayan-kerala-assembly-speech|title = പിണറായിയുടെ 1977 മാര്‍ച്ച് 30 ലെ നിയമസഭ പ്രസംഗം}}</ref> Hundreds of Communists, whether from the CPI(M), other Marxist parties, or the Naxalites, were arrested during the Emergency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala2016/pinarayi-vijayan-steeled-by-a-life-of-relentless-adversities/article8627081.ece/amp|title = Pinarayi Vijayan: Steeled by a life of relentless adversities|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 21 May 2016|last1 = Nair|first1 = C. Gouridasan}}</ref> Some were tortured or, as in the case of the [[Rajan case|Kerala student P. Rajan]], killed.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2000/jun/26/george.htm | title=Emergency: 'Rajan's mother died asking for him' | work=Rediff.com | first=George | last=Iype | date=26 June 2000 | access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561990500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301082725/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561990500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 March 2011 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Fresh probe in Rajan case sought |date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

=== Formation of Left Democratic Front alliance ===
{{main|Left Democratic Front}}
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances were formed: the Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Communist Party of India]] and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Left returns in Kerala |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-assembly-election-2021-the-left-returns-in-kerala/article34482949.ece |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603072711/https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-assembly-election-2021-the-left-returns-in-kerala/article34482949.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Nayanar Era (1980 - 2001)===
[[File:EKNayanar Chief Minister of Kerala launching the Project Kerala The Green Symphony 1998.jpg|thumb|200px| [[E. K. Nayanar]] in 1998.]]
Since the formation of the alliance in 1980, [[E. K. Nayanar]] has led the party and alliance for two decades and has also became the longest-served [[Chief Minister of Kerala]].<ref name="TOI article">{{cite news|title=Nayanar: Crowd puller of Lefitst forces|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Nayanar-Crowd-puller-of-Lefitst-forces-/articleshow/685997.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103074138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-19/thiruvananthapuram/28330771_1_crowd-puller-cpi-m-party-activities|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=19 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2004}}</ref> The CPI(M) led alliance has won every alternate election in [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]], [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]] and [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]] since the formation led by Nayanar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature|title=History of Kerala legislature - Government of Kerala, India|website=kerala.gov.in|access-date=2019-05-26|ref=history-of-kerala-legislature|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235820/https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature|url-status=dead}}</ref> In this period Kerala saw several progressive reforms, especially in the Land Reforms and Labour Welfare sectors. The Kerala Coir workers Welfare Fund Act, 1987, The Kerala Khadi Workers’ Welfare Fund Act, 1989, The Kerala Abkari Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1989, The Kerala Construction workers’ Welfare Fund Act, 1989 and the Kerala Ration Dealer's Welfare Fund Act 1998.<ref>{{cite news|title=The people's leader|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20040618002008900.htm&date=fl2112/&prd=fline&|access-date=19 January 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Timeline==
* 1925 - [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] formed which later helped to form [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). ''Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 14. Communist Party of India''. [[New Delhi]]: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 210</ref>
* 1925 - [[Communist Party of India]] founded in [[Kanpur]] on 26 December 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/communistparty.in/cpi/brief-history-of-cpi|title=Brief History of CPI – CPI|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209001241/https://sites.google.com/a/communistparty.in/cpi/brief-history-of-cpi|archive-date=9 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>
* 1931 - [[Communist League (India, 1931)|Communist League]] formed for propaganda for organising a [[trade union]] in [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], in 1931
* 1934 - Formation of [[Congress Socialist Party|Congress Socialist Party (CSP)]] in Kerala, as part of the [[Popular Front]] strategy of the [[ComIntern]].<ref>Roy, Samaren. ''M.N. Roy: A Political Biography''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Orient Longman, 1998. p. 113, 115</ref>
* 1935 - All India member of [[Communist Party of India]], [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya|P. Sundarayya]] met members of CSP Kerala unit leaders [[P. Krishna Pillai]] and [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]] in [[Madras]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/puchalapalli-sundarayya-remembered/article4049826.ece |title = Puchalapalli Sundarayya remembered|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 31 October 2012}}</ref>
* 1937 - A meeting was held in Calicut between [[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], [[A. K. Gopalan]], [[K. Damodaran]], [[N. C. Sekhar]] and [[S.V. Ghate]] whom were members of [[Congress Socialist Party|Congress Socialist Party (CSP)]]
* 1939-40 - Split in Congress. [[Communist Party of India]] walked away with the entire Kerala Congress unit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |title=Modern India: 1885 - 1947 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |year=1989 |pages=370}}</ref>
* 1940 - Formation of [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Kerala]]
* 1946 - [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising|Punnapra-Vayalar Revolt]], was a mass [[communist]] movement against [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], the [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan (Head) of Travancore]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |title=Modern India: 1885 - 1947 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |year=1989 |pages=441–42}}</ref>
* 1947 - [[India]] gains independence from [[British Raj]].
* 1952 - In the [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]], [[Communist Party of India]] was banned to contest election.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776:history-of-kerala-legislature | title=History of Kerala Legislature | work=Government of Kerala | access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status = dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101549/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776%3Ahistory-of-kerala-legislature | archive-date=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 1956 - [[Kerala|Kerala state]] was formed comprising [[South Canara]] ([[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod region]]), [[Malabar District|Malabar]], [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], and [[Travancore]].<ref name="Sabharwal2007">{{cite book |author=Gopa Sabharwal |title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKySGJAGVEQC&pg=PA23 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310274-8 |pages=23–}}</ref>
* 1957 - First [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala Legislative assembly election was held in Kerala]], the election led to the formation of first democratically elected communist government in India and first state to elect a [[Indian National Congress|Non-Congress party]] in the country.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Manor|title=Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X90G8gnoqv4C&pg=PA210|year=1994|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-180-2|pages=210}}</ref> [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]] sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|first chief minister of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Johnson Nossiter|title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&pg=PA122|date=1 January 1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04667-2|pages=122–123}}</ref>
* 1959 - Dismissal of government following [[Liberation Struggle (Kerala)|Liberation Struggle]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-12252-3 |title=Politics, Women, And Well Being: How Kerala Became 'A Model' |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1992 |pages=172–74|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-12252-3 |isbn=978-1-349-12254-7 }}</ref>
* 1963 - Split in leadership of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).
* 1964 - Formation of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)).<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18 January 2013 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/267-recognized-regional-parties/ |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=9 May 2013 |location=India |year=2013}}</ref>
* 1967 - CPI(M) led [[United Front (1967–1969, Kerala)|United Front Alliance]] won the [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Forth Kerala Legislative assembly election]] with over 113 of 133 seats. The alliance included CPI and [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]].
* 1980 - Formation of CPI(M) led [[Left Democratic Front|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]] alliance.

===Recent State Conferences and major events===
<ref name=":01">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Oct/20/v-s-achuthanandan-making-and-remaking-ofa-mass-leader-2625508.html|title=V S Achuthanandan - Making and Remaking of a Mass Leader|access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
* 1985 Ernakulam conference - alternative document and ouster of [[M. V. Raghavan]]
* 1988 Alappuzha conference - [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] re-elected as state secretary
* 1991 Kozhikode conference - [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] loses to [[E. K. Nayanar]] by 2 votes
* 1995 Kollam conference - downslide to [[V. S. Achuthanandan|VS]] faction
* 1998 Palakkad conference - comeback of [[V. S. Achuthanandan|VS]] and ouster of CITU lobby including [[M. M. Lawrence]], [[:ml:വി.ബി. ചെറിയാൻ|V. B. Cheriyan]], K. N. Raveendranath, Appukkutan Vallikunnu
* 2002 Kannur conference - start of the [[V. S. Achuthanandan|VS]] vs [[Pinarayi Vijayan|PV]] feud that shall continue until [[V. S. Achuthanandan|VS]]'s retirement from active politics after 2015
* 2005 Malappuram conference
* 2008 Kottayam conference - paramountcy of [[Pinarayi Vijayan|PV]] faction
* 2012 Thiruvananthapuram conference
* 2015 Alappuzha conference - [[V. S. Achuthanandan|VS]] walks out <ref name=":01" />

== Structure and composition ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg
| caption1 = '''[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]''' [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|1st chief minister of Kerala]] and [[List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|1st from CPI(M)]]
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = AK Gopalan 1990 stamp of India.jpg
| caption1 = '''[[A. K. Gopalan]]''' Founding member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from Kerala
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg
| caption1 = '''[[E. K. Nayanar]]''' Longest serving [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]]
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| width = 220
| image1 = V. S. Achuthanandan.JPG
| caption1 = '''[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]''' 10th [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|chief minister of Kerala]] and has also served as the longest served [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] for 15 years.
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Pinarayi.JPG
| caption1 = '''[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]''' Longest serving state secretary and current [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]]
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| image1 = M. V. Govindan Master 01 6.jpg
| caption1 = '''[[M. V. Govindan]]''' Current State Secretary of CPI(M) in Kerala
}}

===List of state secretaries of CPI(M) Kerala===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | {{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | Secretary {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | Term
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | Total Years as secretary
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| [[C. H. Kanaran]] (1909–1972)
|1964–1972
|8 Years
|-
!2
|[[File:Ek nayanar.jpeg|100px]]
| [[E. K. Nayanar]] (1919–2004)
|1972–1980
|8 Years
|-
!3
|[[File:V. S. Achuthanandan 2016.jpg|100px]]
| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] (1923–2025)
|1980–1992
|12 Years
|-
!4
|[[File:Ek nayanar.jpeg|100px]]
| [[E. K. Nayanar]] (1919–2004)
|1992–1996
|4 Years
|-
!5
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| [[Chadayan Govindan]] (1929–1998)
|1996-1998
|2 Years
|-
!6
|[[File:Pinarayi Vijayan.jpg|100px]]
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] (1945–)
|25 September 1998 – 23 February 2015
|17 Years
|-
!7
|[[File:Kodiyeri Balakrishnan.JPG|100px]]
| [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]] (1953–2022)
|23 February 2015 – 28 August 2022
|7 Years
|-
!8
|[[File:M. V. Govindan Master 01 4.jpg|100px]]
| [[M. V. Govindan]] (1953–)
|31 August 2022–present
| Incumbent
|-
|}

===List of Polit Bureau members from CPI(M) Kerala===
{{Main|Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| Period
|-
|1
|[[File:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|80px]]
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|1964 - 1998
|-
|2
|[[File:AK Gopalan 1990 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|[[A. K. Gopalan]]
|1964 - 1977
|-
|3
|[[File:E. Balanandan4.jpg|80px]]
|[[E. Balanandan]]
|1978 - 2005
|-
|4
|[[File:V. S. Achuthanandan 2016.jpg|80px]]
|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|1986 - 2009
|-
|5
|[[File:E K Nayanar 2.jpg|80px]]
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
|1992 - 2004
|-
|6
|[[File:Srp1.JPG|80px]]
|[[S. Ramachandran Pillai]]
|1992 - 2022
|-
|7
|[[File:Pinarayi vijayan klf.jpg|80px]]
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|1998–present
|-
|8
|[[File:Kodiyeri balakrishnan (2).png|80px]]
|[[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]
|2008 - 2022
|-
|9
|[[File:M A Baby.jpg|80px]]
|[[M. A. Baby]]
|2012–present
|-
|10
|[[File:M. V. Govindan Master 01 6.jpg|80px]]
|[[M. V. Govindan]]
|2022–present
|-
|11
|[[File:A.vijayaraghavan4.jpg|80px]]
|[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]
|2022–present
|}

=== Current State Secretariat Leaders ===
[[File:New AKG Center of CPI(M) Kerala (87902).jpg|right|thumb|Headquarters of CPI(M)-Kerala, New AKG Centre building]]
Source:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Leaders {{!}} CPIM |url=https://www.cpimkerala.org/leadership?committe=2&page=1 |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.cpimkerala.org}}</ref>

{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | {{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | Leader's name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | Born (Age)
|-
!1
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| {{Birth date and age|1945|05|24|df=yes}}
|-
!2
| [[M. V. Jayarajan]]
| 1960
|-
!3
| [[K. K. Shailaja]]
|
|-
!4
| [[E. P. Jayarajan]]
| {{Birth date and age|1950|05|28|df=yes}}
|-
!5
| [[T. P. Ramakrishnan]]
| {{Birth date and age|1950|06|15|df=yes}}
|-
!6
| [[T. M. Thomas Isaac]]
| {{Birth date and age|1952|09|26|df=yes}}
|-
!7
| [[M. V. Govindan]]
| {{Birth date and age|1953|04|23|df=yes}}
|-
!8
| [[V. N. Vasavan]]
| {{Birth date and age|1954|03|03|df=yes}}
|-
!9
| [[K. N. Balagopal]]
| {{Birth date and age|1963|07|28|df=yes}}
|-
!10
| [[Saji Cherian]]
| {{Birth date and age|1965|05|28|df=yes}}
|-
!11
| [[P. Rajeeve]]
|{{Birth date and age|1968|05|13|df=yes}}
|-
!12
| [[P. K. Biju]]
| {{Birth date and age|1974|04|03|df=yes}}
|-
!13
| [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]
| {{Birth date and age|1976|05|18|df=yes}}
|-
!14
|CN Mohanan
|
|-
!15
| [[M. Swaraj]]
| {{Birth date and age|1979|05|27|df=yes}}
|-
!16
|Puthalath Dineshan
|
|-
!17
|KK Jayachandran
|
|}

=== Principal mass organisations ===
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | No.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | Organisation Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | Association for
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | President
|-
!1
| [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] (DYFI)
|[[List of youth organizations|Youth]]
| [[V. Vaseef]]
|-
!2
| [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI)
| [[Student society|Students]]
| M Shivaprasad
|-
!3
| [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU)
| [[Trade union]]
| [[Elamaram Kareem]]
|-
!4
| [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] (AIDWA)
| [[List of women's organizations|Women]]
| [[P. K. Sreemathy]]
|-
!5
| [[Balasangham]]
| [[Children]]
| [[Arya Rajendran|Pravisha Pramod]]
|-
!6
| [[Bank Employees Federation of India]] (BEFI)
| [[Bank]]
| C. J. Nandakumar
|-
!7
|[[Adivasi Kshema Samithi]] (AKS)
| [[Tribe|Tribal]]
|K. C. Kunhiraman
|-
!8
|[[All India Agricultural Workers Union]]
|Agricultural Workers
|[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]
|-
!9
|[[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]]
|Farmers
|Valsan Panoli
|-
!10
|Coffee Farmers’ Federation of India
|Coffee Farmers
|[[M. M. Mani]]
|-
!11
|Purogama Kalasahitya Sangham
|Writers and Artists
|[[Shaji N. Karun]]
|-
!12
|[[:ml:കേരള എൻ.ജി.ഒ. യൂണിയൻ|Kerala NGO Union (NGOU)]]
|Non Gazetted Officers
|M. V. Sashidharan
|-
|-
!12
|[[Kerala Gazetted Officers' Association]] (KGOA)
|Gazetted Officers
|Dr. M. A. Nazer
|-
!13
|[[:ml:എ. കെ. ജി. സി. ടി.|Association of Kerala Govt. College Teachers]] (AKGCT)
|Govt. College Teachers
|Prof. (Dr.) Manoj N.
|-
!14
|All Kerala Private College Teachers' Association (AKPCT)
|Private College Teachers' Association
|Nisanth A
|-
!15
|Kerala School Teachers Association (KSTA)
|School Teachers
|
|}

=== District Secretaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" |No.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" |[[District]]
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" |District Secretary
|-
|1
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[V. Joy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-05 |title=V. Joy replaces Anavoor Nagappan as CPI(M) Thiruvananthapuram district secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/v-joy-replaces-anavoor-nagappan-as-cpim-thiruvananthapuram-district-secretary/article66342698.ece |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Kollam]]
|S.Sudevan<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Leaders {{!}} CPIM |url=https://www.cpimkerala.org/leadership?committe=4&page=1 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.cpimkerala.org}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|R. Naser <ref name=":1" />
|-
|4
|[[Pathanamthitta]]
|Raju Abraham <ref name=":0" />
|-
|5
|[[Kottayam]]
|A. V. Rasal <ref name=":0" />
|-
|6
|[[Idukki district|Idukki]]
|C.V. Varghese <ref name=":0" />
|-
|7
|[[Ernakulam]]
|S. Satheesh <ref name=":0" />
|-
|8
|[[Thrissur]]
|M. M. Varghese <ref name=":0" />
|-
|9
|[[Palakkad]]
|E.N. Suresh Babu <ref name=":0" />
|-
|10
|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|V.P. Anil<ref name=":0" />
|-
|11
|[[Kozhikode]]
|M. Mehabub<ref name=":0" />
|-
|12
|[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
|Rafeeq<ref name=":0" />
|-
|13
|[[Kannur]]
|[[M. V. Jayarajan]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|14
|[[Kasaragod]]
|[[M. Rajagopalan]]
|}

==List of Chief Ministers from CPI(M)==
{{Main|List of chief ministers of Kerala}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center"
|-
! data-sort-type=number rowspan="2" ! Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| No.
!rowspan="2" Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Name ''Ministry (Year)''
! colspan="2" Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| Length of term
|-
! Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | Longest continuous term
! Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | Total years of premiership
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[File:EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg|100px]]
| '''{{Sortname|E. M. S.|Namboodiripad}}''' {{small|''[[First Namboodiripad ministry|1st Namboodiripad]] (1957–1959)'' ''[[Second Namboodiripad ministry|2nd Namboodiripad]] (1967–1969)''}}
| 2 years, 240 days
| 4 years 357 days
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 2
| [[File:E K Nayanar 2.jpg|100px]]
| '''{{Sortname|E. K.|Nayanar}}''' {{small|''[[First E. K. Nayanar ministry|1st Nayanar]] (1980–1981)'' ''[[Second E. K. Nayanar ministry|2nd Nayanar]] (1987–1991)'' ''[[Third E. K. Nayanar ministry|3rd Nayanar]] (1996–2001)''}}
| 5 years, 27 days
| 11 years, 10 days
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | 3
|[[File:V. S. Achuthanandan 2016.jpg|100px]]
| '''{{Sortname|V. S.|Achuthanandan}}''' {{small|''[[V. S. Achuthanandan ministry|Achuthanandan]] (2006–2011)''}}
| 4 years, 364 days
| 4 years, 364 days
|-
! data-sort-value="3" | 4
| [[File:Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan 2023.tif|100px]]
| '''{{Sortname|Pinarayi|Vijayan}}''' {{small|''[[First Vijayan ministry|1st Pinarayi]] (2016–2021)'' ''[[Second Vijayan ministry|2nd Pinarayi]] (2021–present)''}}
| '''{{age in years and days|2016|5|25}}'''
| '''{{age in years and days|2016|5|25}}'''
|}

== Kerala Assembly election results ==
{{Main|Elections in Kerala}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Kerala Assembly Election Results
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Year
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Outcome
|-
!colspan=11 |As [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| 2,059,547
| 35.28%
|126
|{{Composition bar|60|101|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} new
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 3,171,732
| 39.14%
| 126
|{{Composition bar|29|108|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 20
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
!colspan=11 |As [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| rowspan="4" |[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|1,257,869
|19.87%
|133
|{{Composition bar|40|73|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} new
! No Result
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|1,476,456
|23.51%
|133
|{{Composition bar|52|59|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} 12
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|N/A
|N/A
|133
|{{Composition bar|29|70|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 23
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|1,946,051
|22.2 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|17|68|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}}12
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="4" |[[E. K. Nayanar]]
|1,846,312
|19.4%
|140
|{{Composition bar|35|50|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}}18
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|1,798,198
|18.8%
|140
|{{Composition bar|28|51|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 7
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|2,912,999
|22.8 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|38|70|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} 10
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|3,129,523
|22.1 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|28|65|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|3,078,723
|21.6 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|40|62|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} 12
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|3,361,827
|21.4 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|24|65|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 16
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|4,732,381
|30.4 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|61|85|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} 37
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|4,921,354
|28.2 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|44|84|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}}17
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|5,365,472
|26.7 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|58|84|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} 14
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|5,288,502
|25.5 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|62|75|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Increase}} 4
|{{Yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|4,700,662
|21.8 %
|140
|{{Composition bar|26|77|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 36
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|}

== Loksabha election results of CPI (M) in Kerala ==
{{main|Electoral history of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Performance of Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala in Loksabha elections
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| Year
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| Legislature
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| Party State Secretary
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| Total constituencies
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| Seats won / contested
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| Change in seats
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| Total votes
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| {{abbr|Per.|Percent}} of votes
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| Change in vote %
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"| {{ref.}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=2| [[C. H. Kanaran]]
|19
|{{Composition bar|9|9|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|New
|1,540,027
|24.6 %
|New
|<ref>{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |volume=1 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |work=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1968 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226101610/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=78 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha]]
|19
|{{Composition bar|2|11|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 7
|1,711,442
|26.2 %
|{{increase}} 1.60%
|<ref>{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |volume=1 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |work=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1968 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021044322/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=79 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=2| [[E. K. Nayanar]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|0|9|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|1,800,193
|20.3 %
|{{decrease}} 5.90%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1977 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=89}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|7|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 7
|1,754,387
|21.5 %
|{{increase}} 1.20%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1980 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=86}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1984 Indian general election in Kerala|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=3| [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|1|10|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 6
|2,425,965
|22.3 %
|{{increase}} 0.80%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1984 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1985/Vol_I_LS_85.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1985 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=15}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1989 Indian general election in Kerala|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|2|10|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|3,411,227
|22.9 %
|{{increase}} 0.70%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1989 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=88}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1991 Indian general election in Kerala|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|3|9|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|2,952,043
|20.7 %
|{{decrease}} 2.20%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1991 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=58}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1992/GE_VOL_I_92.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1992 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=13}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1996 Indian general election in Kerala|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Chadayan Govindan]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|5|9|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|3,044,369
|21.2 %
|{{increase}} 0.50%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 1996 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1998 Indian general election in Kerala|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=5| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|6|9|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|3,121,636
|21.0 %
|{{decrease}} 0.20%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 1998 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1999 Indian general election in Kerala|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|8|12|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|4,290,986
|27.9 %
|{{increase}} 6.90%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1999 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2004 Indian general election in Kerala|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|12|13|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|4,754,567
|31.5 %
|{{increase}} 3.60%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 2004 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=101}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|4|14|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 8
|4,887,333
|30.5 %
|{{decrease}} 1.00%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf |title=LS 2009: Performance of National Parties |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2014 Indian general election in Kerala|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|5|10|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|3,880,655
|21.8 %
|{{decrease}} 8.70%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf |title=LS 2014: List of successful candidates |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|5,266,510
|26.0 %
|{{increase}} 4.20%
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10987-4-list-of-successful-candidate |title=LS 2019: List of successful candidates |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election in Kerala|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|[[M. V. Govindan]]
|20
|{{Composition bar|1|15|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|5,161,034
|26.0 %
|{{steady}}
|
|}

==List of elected members==

===Kerala Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! scope="col" | #
! scope="col" | Constituency
! scope="col" | Name of the elected MLA
! scope="col" | Party affiliation
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kasaragod district|'''Kasaragod district''']]
|-
| 1 ||[[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]] ||[[C. H. Kunhambu]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 2 ||[[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikaripur]] ||[[M. Rajagopal]]an|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kannur district|'''Kannur district''']]
|-
| 3 ||[[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]] ||[[T. I. Madusoodhanan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 4 ||[[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]] ||[[M. Vijin|M.Vijin]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 5 ||[[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]] ||[[M. V. Govindan|M.V Govindan Master]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 6 ||[[Dharmadom (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadom]] ||[[Pinarayi Vijayan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 7 ||[[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery]] ||[[A. N. Shamseer]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 8 ||[[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]] ||[[K. K. Shailaja]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 9 ||[[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]]||[[K. V. Sumesh|K.V Sumesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Wayanad district|'''Wayanad district''']]
|-
| 10 ||[[Mananthavady (State Assembly constituency)|Mananthavady]] ||[[O. R. Kelu]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kozhikode district|'''Kozhikode district''']]
|-
| 11 ||[[Koyilandy (State Assembly constituency)|Koyilandy]]||[[Kanathil Jameela]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 12 ||[[Perambra (State Assembly constituency)|Perambra]]||[[T. P. Ramakrishnan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 13 ||[[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]]||[[K. M. Sachin Dev|K.M Sachin Dev]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 14 || [[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]]||[[Thottathil Raveendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 15 ||[[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]]||[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas|P.A Muhammed Riyas]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 16 ||[[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]]||[[Linto Joseph]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 17 ||[[Kuttiady (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttiyadi]] ||K.P Kunhammad Kutty || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Malappuram district|'''Malappuram district''']]
|-
| 18 ||[[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]] ||[[P. Nandakumar|P.Nandakumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|19
|Tanur
|V ABDURAHIMAAN
|CPI(M)
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Palakkad district|'''Palakkad district''']]
|-
| 19 || [[Shornur (State Assembly constituency)|Shornur]]||[[P. Mammikutty|P Mammikutty]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 20 ||[[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottapalam]] ||[[K. Premkumar (politician)|K.Premkumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 21 || [[Kongad (State Assembly constituency)|Kongad]] ||[[K. Shanthakumari|K.Shanthakumari]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 22 ||[[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]]||[[A. Prabhakaran|A Prabhakaran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 23 ||[[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] ||[[P. P. Sumod|P.P Sumod]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 24 || [[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]]|| [[K. Babu (CPIM politician)|K. Babu]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 25 ||[[Alathur]] ||[[K. D. Prasenan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 26 ||[[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]] || [[M. B. Rajesh|M.B Rajesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]

|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Thrissur district|'''Thrissur district''']]
|-
| 27 ||[[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] ||[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K Radhakrishnan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|28
|[[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]||[[Xavier Chittilappilly]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 29 ||[[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]]||[[A. C. Moideen]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 30 ||[[Guruvayur (State Assembly constituency)|Guruvayur]]||[[N. K. Akbar|N.K Akbar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 31 || [[Manalur (State Assembly constituency)|Manalur]]||[[Murali Perunelli]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 32 ||[[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda]]||[[R. Bindu|R Bindhu]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 33 || [[Puthukkad (State Assembly constituency)|Puthukkad]]||[[K. Ramachandran|K.K Ramachandran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Ernakulam district|'''Ernakulam district''']]
|-
| 34 ||[[Vypeen]] ||[[K.P. Unnikrishnan|K.N Unnikrishnan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 35 ||[[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamasseri]] ||[[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P.Rajeev]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 36 ||[[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]||[[K. J. Maxi]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 37 ||[[Kothamangalam, Ernakulam|Kothamangalam]]||[[Antony John]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 38 || [[Kunnathunad (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnathunadu]] ||P.V Sreenijan || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Idukki district|'''Idukki district''']]
|-
| 39 ||[[Devikulam]] ||[[A. Raja|A Raja]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 40 ||[[Udumbanchola]] ||[[M. M. Mani]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kottayam district|'''Kottayam district''']]
|-
| 41 ||[[Ettumanoor]] ||[[V. N. Vasavan|V.N Vasavan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Alappuzha district|'''Alappuzha district''']]
|-
| 42 ||[[Alappuzha]] ||[[P. P. Chitharanjan]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 43 ||[[Ambalappuzha]] ||[[H. Salam|H.Salam]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 44 ||[[Kayamkulam]] ||[[Prathiba Hari]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 45 ||[[Mavelikkara]] ||[[M. S. Arun Kumar|M.S Arunkumar]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 46 ||[[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]]||[[Saji Cherian]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 47 || [[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]] ||[[Daleema|Dhaleema Jojo]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Pathanamthitta district|'''Pathanamthitta district''']]
|-
| 48 || [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]||[[Veena George]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 49 ||[[Konni (State Assembly constituency)|Konni]] ||[[K. U. Jenish Kumar]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Kollam district|'''Kollam district''']]
|-
| 50 ||[[Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Kottarakkara]]||[[K. N. Balagopal|K.N Balagopal]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 51 ||[[Kollam (State Assembly constituency)|Kollam]]||[[Mukesh (actor)|M. Mukesh]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 52 ||[[Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)|Eravipuram]]||[[M. Noushad (politician)|M. Noushad]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background-color: gray;"|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|'''Thiruvananthapuram district''']]
|-
| 53 ||[[Varkala]] ||[[V. Joy]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
|54 ||[[Aruvikkara (State Assembly constituency)|Aruvikkara]] ||[[G. Steephen|G.Stephen]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|55 || [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemam]] || [[V. Sivankutty|V.Shivankutty]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 56 ||[[Attingal]]|| [[O. S. Ambika|O.S Ambika]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 57 || [[Vamanapuram]]||[[D. K. Murali]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 58 ||[[Kazhakoottam]]||[[Kadakampally Surendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 59 ||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]|| [[V. K. Prasanth]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
| 60 ||[[Parassala]]||[[C. K. Hareendran]]|| width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 61 || [[Kattakkada]] ||[[I. B. Sathish]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
| 62 ||[[Neyyattinkara]] || [[K. A. Ansalan]] || width="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''']]
|-
|}

===Rajya Sabha===
{{Main|List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name<ref name="members">{{cite web|title=Statewise List|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
! Term start<ref name="term">{{cite web|title=Statewise Retirement|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>
!Term End<ref name="term" />
|-
|1
|[[A. A. Rahim (CPM)|A. A. Rahim]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|03-Apr-2022
|03-Apr-2028
|-
|2
|[[V. Sivadasan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|24-Apr-2021
|23-Apr-2027
|-
|3
|[[John Brittas]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|24-Apr-2021
|23-Apr-2027
|-
|}

===Lok Sabha===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]]
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K.Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Politics in Kerala]]
* [[Left Democratic Front]]
* [[Communism in Kerala]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tripura]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal]]
* [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Communist Party of India - Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Indian political parties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party of India (Marxist) - Kerala}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Left-wing parties]]
[[Category:Left-wing parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics in India]]
[[Category:Anti-imperialist parties]]
[[Category:Recognised national political parties in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Kerala]]

Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T05:19:05Z

Pt.debotosh dey: info

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu}}
{{for|previous elections held in this constituency|Tiruchirappalli – I Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tiruchirappalli (West)
| type = SLA
| map_image = Constitution-Tiruchirappalli (West).svg
| constituency_no = 140
| established = 2008
| district = [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| reservation = None
|incumbent_image = Nehru in an public meeting.jpg
| mla = [[K. N. Nehru]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 238,920
}}
'''Tiruchirappalli (West)''' is one of the 234 state legislative assembly constituencies in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> It comes under [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency]] for Parliament elections and includes Ward Nos. 39-60 of [[Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]].

In the 2021 MLA election, the DMK party's candidate K. N. Nehru won against the candidate of AIADMK.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[M. Mariam Pichai]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] by-election
| [[M. Paranjothi]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=3|[[K. N. Nehru]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011 by-election|2011 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.21}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchirappalli (West)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Nehru]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,235 |percentage=44.94 |change={{decrease}}20.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= G. Ramamoorthy|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=83,449 |percentage=42.50 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[M. Rajasekharan]]|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=14,136 |percentage=7.20 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhuvaneswari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,470 |percentage=3.80 |change={{decrease}}4.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,098 |percentage=0.56 |change={{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,786 |percentage=2.44 |change={{decrease}}44.59}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,96,347 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,35,903 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing={{decrease}}20.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2021"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchirappalli (West)<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruchirappalli (West) Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a140|access-date= 11 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. N. Nehru]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,18,133 |percentage=65.27 |change=+13.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Padmanathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,024 |percentage=18.25 |change=-17.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vinodh |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=15,725 |percentage=8.69 |change=+6.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Abubacker Siddiq |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=10,546 |percentage=5.83 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Abdullah Hassan Faizy |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=2,545 |percentage=1.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,117 |percentage=1.17 |change=-1.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=85,109 |percentage=47.03 |change= 31.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,80,982 |percentage=67.23 |change= -3.20 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=123|percentage=0.07 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,69,194 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2021"/>

===2016===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2016"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchirappalli (West)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. N. Nehru]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=92,049 |percentage=51.30 |change=+5.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Manoharan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,634 |percentage=35.47 |change=-14.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Joseph Jerald |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,469 |percentage=6.39 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=4,100 |percentage=2.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sethu. Manoharan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,080 |percentage=1.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vijayaraghavan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,780 |percentage=0.99 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Satheeshkumar |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,012 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Jamal Mohamed |party=Welfare Party of India|WPOI |votes=916 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,415 |percentage=15.84 |change= 11.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,79,423 |percentage=70.43 |change= -4.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,54,751 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2016"/>

===2011 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= By-election, 2011: Tiruchirappalli West}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[M. Paranjothi]]
|votes = 69,029
|percentage = 54.17
|change = {{Increase}}3.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. N. Nehru]]
|votes = 54,345
|percentage = 42.65
|change = {{Decrease}}2.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi
|candidate = M. M. Sadiq
|votes =906
|percentage = 0.41
|change = {{Decrease}}0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi
|candidate = S. Kalasthri
|votes =663
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{Increase}}0.52
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 14,684
|percentage = 11.52
|change = {{Increase}}6.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,27,433
|percentage = 61.12
|change = {{Decrease}}13.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{Increase}}3.96
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli, India|Tiruchirappalli West]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[M. Mariam Pichai]]
|votes = 77,492
|percentage = 50.21
|change = +50.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. N. Nehru]]
|votes = 70,313
|percentage = 45.56
|change = +45.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = R. Thirumal
|votes = 2,569
|percentage = 1.66
|change = +1.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi
|candidate = P. Selvam
|votes =1,487
|percentage = 0.96
|change = +0.96
}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,179 |percentage=4.65 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,54,321 |percentage=75.04 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,05,662 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2011"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tiruchirappalli}}

{{coord|10.812|78.653|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

S. Thiyagarajan

2026-05-07T07:25:44Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made New Data W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''S. Thiyagarajan''' (born 1989) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=S. Thiyagarajan, CHENGALPATTU constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/s-thiyagarajan-2575/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Chengalpattu Assembly constituency in [[Chengalpattu district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Thiyagarajan is from [[Chengalpattu]], Tamil Nadu. He is the son of Soundarajan. He is a self-employed graduate. He did his Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering at Sri Balaji Polytechnic College in 2010 and later completed his B.Tech (EEE) at [[SRM University, Andhra Pradesh|SRM University]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. Thiyagarajan(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- CHENGALPATTU(CHENGALPATTU) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=2575 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He declared assets worth Rs.94 lakhs in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Thiyagarajan became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 1,37,136 votes and defeated his nearest rival, M. K. T. Karthik Dhandapani of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 35,641 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Thiyagarajan, TVK Candidate from Chengalpattu Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://elections-v4.news18.com/elections/assembly/tamil-nadu/s-thiyagarajan-candidate-s22aed2008a032c005/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=elections-v4.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Chengalpattu election results 2026: TVK’s S. Thiyagarajan wins Chengalpattu by 35,641 votes, defeats DMK and AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chengalpattu-election-results-2026/articleshow/130669933.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Chengalpattu Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's S. Thiyagarajan wins Chengalpattu with 137136 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chengalpattu-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905740-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiyagarajan, S.}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]

Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum

2026-05-05T09:30:01Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made Initial Stub V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Museum
| name = Rakhigarhi Indus Valley civilisation museum
| image =
| map_type = India Haryana#India
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.1719|76.0647|display=inline}}
| established =
| dissolved =
| collection =
| location = [[Rakhigarhi]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| type = Museum
| visitors =
| director =
| curator =
| publictransit = [[Rakhigarhi]] bus stand, [[Hisar Airport]], [[Hisar Junction railway station]]
| website =
}}

The '''Rakhigarhi Indus Valley civilisation museum''', with a research center and hostel for researchers, is a proposed museum to be built in [[Rakhigarhi]] village in [[Hisar district]] of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name="RG1">[http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5523 Rakhigarhi museum]</ref><ref name="TTM1">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rakhigarhi-more-important-than-mohenjo-daro-data/231004.html The Tribune: CAPITAL OF CIVILISATION Rakhigarhi more important than Mohenjo Daro - Data, Published: Tuesday, 3 May 2016]</ref>

As of February 2021, the museum was still under construction, with political rows over the proposed design. It was not expected to be opened until 2022 at the earliest.<ref>Sura, Ajay, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/museum-at-rakhigarhi-haryana-dept-seeks-changes-in-construction-to-reflect-indus-saraswati-civilisation/articleshow/81080468.cms "Museum at Rakhigarhi: Haryana dept seeks changes in construction to reflect Indus-Saraswati civilisation"], ''[[Times of India]]'', 18 February, 2021]</ref>

==History==

=== Ancient context ===
A 2017 joint roundtable conference by Rasika Research & Design, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]], [[Center for Art and Archaeology]], [[Sushant School of Art and Architecture]] at [[Ansal University]] and [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]] affirmed the whole {{convert|550|hectare|acres km2 sqmi}} Rakhi Garhi IVC archaeological site a living museum. Highlighting the significance of Rakhigarhi, speaker Surbhi Gupta (Director, Rasika Research & Design) announced at the conference, ''"What Giza is to Egypt, and Athens is to Greece, Haryana should be to India."''<ref name=muse1>Sharad Kohli, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/harappas-haryana-connect-time-for-a-museum-to-link-civilisations/articleshow/57228147.cms "Harappa’s Haryana connect: Time for a museum to link civilisations"], [[India Times]], 19 February 2017.</ref>

Rakhi Garhi site with {{convert|550|hectare|acres km2 sqmi}} area is the largest IVC site in the world, which is about double the size than that of next largest site [[Mohenjo Daro]], asserts Professor Dr. [[Vasant Shinde (archaeologist)|Vasant Shinde]], Vice Chancellor of Daccan College and in-charge of Rakhi Garhi excavation. He further informed about the 6,000 years old pre-Harappan IVC site and 5,000 years old human skeletons found during the excavation, ''"the scientific data collected on the basis excavations here have strongly pointed that Rakhigarhi, a metropolis, was perhaps the capital of its times about 5,000 years ago. The scientists have, for the first time ever, succeeded in extracting DNA from the skeletons of the Indus Valley Civilisation. We have collected evidences of massive manufacturing and trade activities in this town, which revealed the economic organisation and the foreign links of people here. They had trade links with people in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Baluchistan and even Afghanistan. The city flourished during the early Harappan era dating back to around 3,300 BC and existed till 2000 BC.”''<ref name=shind1> Deepender Deswal, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rakhigarhi-more-important-than-mohenjo-daro-data/231004.html "CAPITAL OF CIVILISATION Rakhigarhi more important than Mohenjo Daro: Data"], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 3 May 2016.</ref> [[NASA]] and [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) undertook the joint study of artifacts found at Rakhi Garhi during 2011-16 excavations, estimated to be 6,000 years old, older than 3,500 years old [[Harappan civilization]].<ref name=dnai1>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-haryana-nasa-isro-to-collaborate-on-inspecting-artefacts-from-world-s-oldest-civilization-site-2441829 "Haryana: NASA, ISRO to collaborate on inspecting artefacts from world's 'oldest civilization' site"], [[Daily News and Analysis]], 17 May 2017.</ref> NASA and ISRO will also carry out a joint in-stu site inspection to verify the claims of 6,000 years old Pre-harappan phase of Rakhi Gahri IVC being the oldest and largest civilization in the world,<ref>[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]], [http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nasa-isro-team-up-to-inspect-oldest-civilisation-site-in-haryana-1693936 "NASA, ISRO Team Up To Inspect 'Oldest Civilisation' Site In Haryana"], [[NDTV]], 16 May 2017.</ref> though the joint two month long excavations by [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|Haryana State Archaeology Department]], [[Indian Archaeological Society]] and [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]] in May 2017 at much smaller nearby 7,570-6,200 BCE<ref name=Timesindia1>[https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-new-delhi-edition/20170121/281702614421139 "Museum to trace the history"], [[Times of India]], 21 January 2017.</ref> IVC site of [[Kunal]] were initially estimated to be 1,000 years older than Rakhi Garhi.<ref name=kun1> Sukhbir Siwach, [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/haryana-kunal-village-excavation-points-to-possibly-oldest-harappan-site-4636429/ "Haryana: Kunal village excavation points to possibly oldest Harappan site"], [[Indian Express]], 2 May 2017.</ref><ref name=sura1>Ajay Sura, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/remnants-of-pre-harappan-civilisation-found-in-fatehabad/articleshow/57468777.cms "Remnants of pre-harappan civilisation found in Fatehabad"], [[Times of India]], 4 Mar 2017.</ref>

=== Past excavations ===
In 1969, site was first studied and documented by Dr. [[Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)|Suraj Bhan]], Dean of Indic studies at [[Kurukshetra University]]. In 1997-98, 1998-99 and 1999-2000, site was excavated for the first time by Dr. Amrender Nath, former director of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), who later published his findings in scholarly journals and was convicted by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] special court in 2015 to two and half years rigorous prison sentence for fraud for falsifying the bill payments for 1990s Rakhigarhi excavations.<ref name=Anath1>Bhartesh Singh Thakur, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-archaeological-survey-director-sentenced-to-jail-for-fraud/story-PY4UDmliPR8nP174sVa4kK.html "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud"], [[Hindustan Times]], 15 October 2015.</ref> From 2011-16, team led by Dr. Vasant Shinde of Deccan College carried out several excavations and published their findings in scholarly journals.<ref name=shinde2>{{cite news | first=Kuldip | last=Dhiman | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/books/engulfed-in-the-labyrinths-of-time/260177.html | title=Engulfed in the labyrinths of time | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Establishment of museum ===
The open-air museum site also has an extant village with 10,000 inhabitants, where the construction of a {{convert|6|acre}} indoor museum, interpretation center, research center and a hostel for the researchers is also underway (as of {{FULLDATE}}).<ref name=TTM1/><ref name=muse1/> In 2013-14 financial year, the [[Rakhigarhi]] village [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] had donated {{convert|6|acre}} land to Haryana State Archaeology Department and [[Government of Haryana]] had allocated {{INRConvert|25|m|currency_formatting=c|lk=on|to=USD EUR|year=2013}} for the general development of the site by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] to prepare it for the construction of the ''Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum-cum-Interpretation Centre'', work was temporarily put on hold after [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] inquiry into mismanagement of the fund.{{cn|date=March 2020}} In 2015-16 financial budget, Government of Haryana allocated initial amount of {{INRConvert|50|m|currency_formatting=c|lk=on|to=USD EUR|year=2015}} for the construction of Museum-cum-Interpretation Centre.<ref name=RG2>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/haryana-to-set-up-museum-at-rakhigarhi/story-KSufYLZ7lil5VlPlY2AEYN.html "Haryana to set up museum at Rakhigarhi"], [[Hindustan Times]], March 2015.</ref><ref name=RG3>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/now-panchkula-rakhigarhi-to-have-museums-to-display-excavations/79981.html "Now, Panchkula, Rakhigarhi to have museums to display excavations"], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 13 March 2015.</ref><ref name=RG4>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/novel-museum-to-come-up-at-harappan-site-khattar/article8301870.ece "Novel museum to come up at Harappan site: Khattar"], [[The Hindu]], 2 March 2016.</ref> The [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] unveiled the plaque for the construction of museum on 2 March 2016.<ref name=khattar1>[[Press Trust of India|PTI]], [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/novel-museum-to-come-up-at-harappan-site-khattar/article8301870.ece "Novel museum to come up at Harappan site: Khattar"], [[The Hindu]], 2 March 2016.</ref> In 2016-2017 financial year, construction gained pace after the Government of Haryana had finalized the site plan, taken possession of the land and released a further grant of {{INRConvert|230|m|currency_formatting=c|lk=on|to=USD EUR|year=2016}} in May 2016,<ref name=TTM2>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/vij-govt-okays-rs-23-cr-for-museum-at-rakhigarhi/230210.html "Vij: Govt okays Rs 23 cr for museum at Rakhigarhi"], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 1 May 2016.</ref> and public tender had been invited by January 2017 for the construction.<ref name=tend1>Deepender Deswal, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/no-excavation-in-hisar-s-rakhigarhi-site-this-year/346341.html "No excavation in Hisar’s Rakhigarhi site this year"], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 6 January 2017.</ref>

The site has four blocks of buildings, a Museum (38,868 sq ft), Hostel for researchers (8,371.7 sq ft), Rest house for visitors (9,870 sq ft) and Cafeteria (2,500 sq ft). The project saw some delay when the design of the museum was changed and a court case affecting the Museum block, though the design and the progress of construction of three remaining blocks remains unaffected. Govt has given INR 24 million funds, of which INR 14 million tender is for the museum site to be completed within 21 months (Dec 2018) from the contract award date (status as of 27 Nov 2017).<ref name=rakh1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/court-case-changes-in-design-delay-rakhigarhi-project/503942.html Court case, changes in design delay Rakhigarhi project], The Tribune (Chandigarh), 27 Nov 2017.</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

* [[History_of_Haryana#Museum|List of Museums in Haryana]]

* [[Asigarh Fort]] at Hansi
* [[Pranpir Badshah tomb]], Panchyat Bhawan in Hisar Govt College ground
* [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum]] at HAU Hisar
* [[Jahaj Kothi Museum]] at Hisar fort
* [[Sheikhpura Kothi]] near Hansi
* [[Dharohar Museum]] at Kurukshetra University
* [[Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre]] at Kurukshetra
* [[Shrikrishna Museum]] at Kurukshetra
* [[Rewari Railway Heritage Museum]] at Rewari railway station
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa-bw-GhMzfSkTmTVADXvaw Indus Valley Civilization video channel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV_5fI_9b3M Indus Valley Civilization video by history channel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juc3msgLMoc Indus Valley Civilization video]

{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Museums in Hisar]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation]]

Mahayogi Guru Gorakhnath AYUSH University

2026-05-05T05:04:57Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Added Some Entry More To Come

{{Short description|State University in India}}
{{About|a state government run affiliating university|the private university|Mahayogi Gorakhnath University}}
{{notability|Org|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mahayogi Guru Gorakhnath AYUSH University
| former_name = State Ayush University, Uttar Pradesh
| native_name_lang =
| image = Maha Yogi Guru Gorakhnath Ayush University logo.png
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[State university (India)|State]]
| established = 2020
| founder =
| affiliation =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| head_label =
| head =
| vice_chancellor = Prof. (Dr.) K. Rama Chandra Reddy
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Gorakhpur]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.739393|83.360846|display=inline,title}}
| campus =
| website = {{url|https://www.mggaugkp.ac.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mahayogi Guru Gorakhnath AYUSH University, Gorakhpur''',<ref name=mgal>[http://upvidhai.gov.in/MediaGallery/6of2021.pdf Media Gallery 2021] upvidhai.gov.in {{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> formerly the '''State Ayush University, Uttar Pradesh''', is an affiliating [[State university (India)|state university]] located Pipari, Bhathat, Uttar Pradesh 273306 in [[Gorakhpur]]. It was established through the Uttar Pradesh Act No. 6 of 2020,<ref name=mgal20>[http://www.upvidhai.gov.in/MediaGallery/6of2020.pdf Media Gallery 2020]upvidhai.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628105545/http://www.upvidhai.gov.in/MediaGallery/6of2020.pdf |date=28 June 2020 }}</ref> specializing in [[ayurveda]], [[yoga]], [[naturopathy]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]] and [[Homeopathy|homoeopathy]] ([[AYUSH]]). It was renamed as Mahayogi Guru Gorakhnath AYUSH University, Gorakhpur by the Uttar Pradesh Act No. 6 of 2021.<ref name=mgal/>

==History==
After winning the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Assembly Election]], the [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|BJP-led Uttar Pradesh Government]] established the Department of AYUSH in the same year. In December 2020, the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], announced the establishment of an 'AYUSH University' in Gorakhpur. Then President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] laid the foundation stone of the university in Gorakhpur on 28 August 2021, in the presence of Uttar Pradesh Governor [[Anandiben Patel]], [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]], and several other local politicians. UP CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] inaugurated OPD services on 15th Feb 2023. President [[Draupadi Murmu]] is expected to inaugurate university on 30th June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-ayush-university-gorakhpur-yogi-adityanath-669664|title=Yogi govt to set up AYUSH University in Gorakhpur |first=Rashi|last=Hardaha|date=6 Dec 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-cm-yogi-will-gift-ayush-university-to-gorakhpur-on-new-year-classes-will-be-start-from-2022-3663586.html|title=सीएम योगी नए साल पर गोरखपुर को देंगे आयुष विश्‍वविद्यालय का तोहफा, 2022 से शुरू होगी पढ़ाई|website=Hindustan|date=3 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=President Kovind lays foundation stone for Mahayogi Guru Gorakhnath AYUSH Vishwavidyalaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/president-kovind-lays-foundation-stone-for-mahayogi-guru-gorakhnath-ayush-vishwavidyalaya/articleshow/85714689.cms|access-date=2021-10-12|website=The Times of India|date=28 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rajiv Srivastava|date=27 Aug 2021|title=Rs 30,000 crore infrastructre boost puts Gorakhpur on growth track {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/rs-30000-crore-infrastructre-boost-puts-gorakhpur-on-growth-track/articleshow/85676337.cms|access-date=2021-10-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/prez-likely-to-open-ups-1st-ayush-university-in-gorakhpur-on-june-30/articleshow/121605860.cms|title=Prez likely to open UP's 1st AYUSH University on June 30|website=The Times of India|date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/ayush/ayurveda/news/up-cm-yogi-inaugurates-opd-services-at-mahayogi-guru-gorakhnath-ayush-university-107176|title=UP CM inaugurates OPD services at AYUSH university}}</ref>

== Vice-Chancellor==
The first Vice-Chancellor was appointed by the Government's Chief Minister and will serve a term of three years. Successive Vice-Chancellors will be appointed by the Chancellor ([[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]) every three years.<ref name=mgal20/> Awadhesh Kumar Singh was appointed as Founder Vice-Chancellor on 4 January 2022. Current VC is Prof. (Dr.) K. Rama Chandra Reddy from 20th March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patidar |first1=Pinal |title=Indore Prof. Dr. Awadhesh Kumar Singh will be the first Vice Chancellor of AYUSH University Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh) इंदौर के प्रो. डॉ. अवधेश कुमार सिंह होंगे आयुष विश्वविद्यालय गोरखपुर (उत्तर प्रदेश) के पहले कुलपति |url=https://ghamasan.com/indore-prof-dr-awadhesh-kumar-singh-will-be-the-first-vice-chancellor-of-ayush-university-gorakhpur-uttar-pradesh/ |access-date=16 June 2022 |date=5 January 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Academics==
The university became functional in 2022, with affiliated colleges in the state that teach ayurveda, Unani, homeopathy, yoga, and naturopathy. In the 2024-25 academic session, 97 AYUSH colleges/institutes (covering Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Unani) are affiliated to University, with around 7000 students in UG and PG courses. University is offering BAMS, MD/MS (Unani) and MD/MS (Ayurveda) courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-mahayogi-guru-gorakhnath-ayush-university-sent-letter-to-12-universities-of-up-for-not-giving-affiliation-to-colleges-22573355.html|title=आयुष महाविद्यालयों को न दें संबद्धता, 12 विश्वविद्यालयों को भेजा गया पत्र}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/gorakhpur-to-have--ayush-university.html|title=Gorakhpur to have AYUSH University|website=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mahayogi-guru-gorakhnath-ayush-university-in-gorakhpur-to-launch-by-december-2023/articleshow/115267562.cms|title=UP's 1st Ayush University to be operation by Dec 2024|website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://radicaleducation.in/mahayogi-guru-gorakhnath-ayush-university-gorakhpur/|title=Mahayogi Guru Gorakhnath Ayush University Gorakhpur|website=Radical Education}}</ref>

==Location==
The university is constructed on 52 acres at Pipri and Tarkulha Village Panchayat in Bhathat Block of Gorakhpur District. Earlier, the village of [[Malmaliya]] under Chari Chaura Tehsil was proposed as a location for the university, but after local cultivators filed a case in High Court, a new location was sought.<ref>{{Cite web|title=खुशखबर: गोरखपुर में यहां बनेगा आयुष विश्वविद्यालय, चिह्नित हुई जमीन|url=https://www.amarujala.com/gorakhpur/land-marked-in-bhatahat-for-ayush-university-in-gorakhpur|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The university's construction was targeted to be complete by March 2023. The first phase of construction included the administrative building, yoga building, ayurveda, and naturotherapy facilities. Before its completion, administration activities commenced on Sitapur Eye Hospital premises, as well as the Vice-Chancellor residence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=महायोगी गुरु गोरक्षनाथ राज्य आयुष विश्वविद्यालय : जुलाई में शिलान्यास, अगस्त में शुरू होगा निर्माण|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-foundation-stone-of-mahayogi-guru-gorakshanath-state-ayush-university-to-be-laid-in-gorakhpur-in-july-construction-will-start-in-august-21742252.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=खुशखबर: गोरखपुर में यहां बनेगा आयुष विश्वविद्यालय, चिह्नित हुई जमीन|url=https://www.amarujala.com/gorakhpur/land-marked-in-bhatahat-for-ayush-university-in-gorakhpur|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://www.mggaugkp.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Ministry of Ayush]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]

Gouri G Kishan

2026-05-03T09:59:22Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gouri G. Kishan]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Madhu Verma (economist)

2026-05-03T05:51:35Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Added New Entry From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian environmental economist}}
{{for|the Indian politician|Madhu Verma (politician)}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox economist

| name = Madhu Verma
| school_tradition =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|07|4|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| website =
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| field = [[Environmental economics]] [[Economic Valuation & Green Accounting of Ecosystems & Biodiversity]]
| institution = {{Collapsible list| WRI India Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM)}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| contributions =
| awards =
| signature = 

| module =
}}

'''Madhu Verma''' is Indian born environmental economist presently working as Chief Economist at WRI India.<ref name="wri_2020-01-14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wri.org/profile/madhu-verma|title=Madhu Verma|date=2020-01-14|website=World Resources Institute|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072844/https://www.wri.org/profile/madhu-verma|url-status=live}}</ref> She has worked extensively on Economic Valuation & Green Accounting of Ecosystems & Biodiversity, Ecosystem-Economy Modelling, Tiger & Snow Leopard Habitat Valuation, Forest- Fiscal Federalism and Payment for Ecosystem Services.

== Education and career ==
She is a biological science graduate with MA, M.Phil. and Ph.D. in economics with specialization in Regional Planning and Economic Growth from [[Barkatullah University]], India. Till 2019, she worked as Professor in the department of Environment & Developmental Economics, at the [[Indian Institute of Forest Management]] (IIFM), an autonomous organization of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, [[Government of India]], Bhopal, India. She has also established Centre for Ecological Services Management (CESM) in 2007 at IIFM with focus on research, training and consulting activities relating to Valuation and Modeling of ecosystem services, Green Accounting and Payment for Ecosystem services and their linkages with biodiversity, culture, and livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iifm.ac.in/cesm/|title=Centre for Ecological Service Management (CESM) – भारतीय वन प्रबंध संस्थान, भोपाल {{!}} Indian Institute of Forest Management|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072848/http://iifm.ac.in/cesm/|url-status=live}}</ref>

She is a Fulbright Fellow (2012),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usief.org.in/Current-Fellows/2011-2012%20Fellows/environmental-leadership/Dr.Madhu-Verma.html|title=USIEF|website=www.usief.org.in|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128110302/http://www.usief.org.in/Current-Fellows/2011-2012%20Fellows/environmental-leadership/Dr.Madhu-Verma.html|url-status=live}}</ref> LEAD Fellow (2007) and World Bank EMCaB program's EEOFC Grant awardee (2001) for post doc research at the University of Massachusetts (Amherst), UCAL(Berkeley)<ref name="wri_2020-01-14"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ipbes.net/users/madhuverma|title=MadhuVerma|website=ipbes.net|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303091401/https://ipbes.net/users/madhuverma|url-status=live}}</ref>

She has authored the pioneer work of Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India (2015<ref name="projecttiger.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=https://projecttiger.nic.in/List/0_publicationList.aspx|title=Publication:National Tiger Conservation Authority / Project Tiger|website=projecttiger.nic.in|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303074711/https://projecttiger.nic.in/List/0_publicationList.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2019<ref name="projecttiger.nic.in"/>), which has influenced the policies and decision-making process of the government<ref name="projecttiger.nic.in"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/study-values-countrys-10-tiger-reserves-at-rs-5-96-lakh-crore/articleshow/70475784.cms|title=Study values country's 10 tiger reserves at Rs 5.96 lakh crore|date=1 August 2019|first=Vijay|last=Pinjarkar|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121131122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/study-values-countrys-10-tiger-reserves-at-rs-5-96-lakh-crore/articleshow/70475784.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/india/tiger-reserves-have-immense-economic-values-study.html|title=Tiger reserves have immense economic values: Study|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072836/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/india/tiger-reserves-have-immense-economic-values-study.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/754932/indias-forests-are-worth-1-7-trillion-more-than-the-gdp-of-russia-or-canada/|title=India's forests are worth $1.7 trillion, more than the GDP of Russia or Canada|last=Balachandran|first=Manu|website=Quartz India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072836/https://qz.com/india/754932/indias-forests-are-worth-1-7-trillion-more-than-the-gdp-of-russia-or-canada/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/flora-fauna/green-eco-saving-2-tigers-gives-more-value-than-mangalyaan/articleshow/59615734.cms?from=mdr|title=Green Eco: Saving 2 tigers gives more value than Mangalyaan!|date=2017-07-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boloji.com/articles/49838/never-knew-tiger-was-so-valuable|title=Never Knew Tiger Was So Valuable by Proloy Bagchi|website=www.boloji.com|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072833/https://www.boloji.com/articles/49838/never-knew-tiger-was-so-valuable|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-green-eco-saving-2-tigers-gives-more-value-than-mangalyaan-2503791|title=Green Eco: Saving 2 tigers gives more value than Mangalyaan!|date=2017-07-16|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072838/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-green-eco-saving-2-tigers-gives-more-value-than-mangalyaan-2503791|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goimonitor.com/story/uniqueness-value-forest-irreplaceable|title='Uniqueness value of forest is irreplaceable'|website=Goi Monitor|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072846/https://www.goimonitor.com/story/uniqueness-value-forest-irreplaceable|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Balasubramanian|first=D.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/tiger-reserves-economic-and-environmental-win-win/article19331836.ece|title=Tiger reserves: Economic and environmental win-win|date=2017-07-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072836/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/tiger-reserves-economic-and-environmental-win-win/article19331836.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

She has also authored and contributed in several international reports like the UN's [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] Report (2004–06); The Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity (TEEB) Reports (2007–2011); and the Global Assessment of Resources for Implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity in 2011 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/financial/hlp.shtml|title=High-Level Panel on Resourcing|last=Unit|first=Biosafety|date=2015-08-26|website=www.cbd.int|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303074715/https://www.cbd.int/financial/hlp.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

She has 35 years of enriched work experience with many national and international institutes, Ministries like Environment, Forest and Climate Change, MoFinance, Forestry Commission and various Finance Commissions of India and [[United Nations]] bodies, World Bank and various international funding agencies and academic institute. She has traveled across the globe to more than 30 countries for work and has more than 40 publications in international and national journals, several books and Project Reports to her credit.

== Awards and honors ==
She has been recognized as INSEE ([[Indian Society for Ecological Economics]]) Fellow<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecoinsee.org/insee-fellows-2019|title=Indian Society for Ecological Economics|website=ecoinsee.org|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072839/https://ecoinsee.org/insee-fellows-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> in appreciation of her path breaking contributions in refining and honing ecological concepts to make them visible on the radar of policy makers. She has also recently been recognized by UN-REDD platform for ‘Women Working in Forests"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unredd.net/~unredd/announcements-and-news/2795-women-for-forests.html|title=Women working for forests: Madhu Verma - UN-REDD Programme Collaborative Online Workspace|website=www.unredd.net|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072838/https://www.unredd.net/~unredd/announcements-and-news/2795-women-for-forests.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> on the occasion of [[International Women's Day]] of 2018. A feature on her work has been published in special issue of India today, a leading international magazine of India of 28 March 2018 on [[Madhya Pradesh]] under the category of trendsetters. She was also a panelist in the session on "Write Stuff: The state of Education" in the "India Today: The State of The State Conclave" held at Bhopal on 29 March 2018.
She was nominated as "Human Star" under "Day out with a Star" platform in 2017 at the India Environment Network, a Washington DC–based network to speak about Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dayoutwith.sharetribe.com/en/listings/553004-day-out-with-dr-madhu-verma-learn-to-value-tiger-habitats|title=Day out with Dr. Madhu Verma- Learn to value Tiger Habitats!|last=N|first=I. E.|website=Day Out with a Star|language=en|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303072841/https://dayoutwith.sharetribe.com/en/listings/553004-day-out-with-dr-madhu-verma-learn-to-value-tiger-habitats|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==

* Making the hidden visible: Economic valuation of tiger reserves in India<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Verma|first=Madhu|last2=Negandhi|first2=Dhaval|last3=Khanna|first3=Chandan|last4=Edgaonkar|first4=Advait|last5=David|first5=Ashish|last6=Kadekodi|first6=Gopal|last7=Costanza|first7=Robert|last8=Gopal|first8=Rajesh|last9=Bonal|first9=Bishan Singh|last10=Yadav|first10=Satya Prakash|last11=Kumar|first11=Sanjay|date=2017-08-01|title=Making the hidden visible: Economic valuation of tiger reserves in India|journal=Ecosystem Services|language=en|volume=26|pages=236–244|doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.05.006|issn=2212-0416}}</ref>
* The IPBES Conceptual Framework – connecting nature and people<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Díaz|first=Sandra|last2=Demissew|first2=Sebsebe|last3=Carabias|first3=Julia|last4=Joly|first4=Carlos|last5=Lonsdale|first5=Mark|last6=Ash|first6=Neville|last7=Larigauderie|first7=Anne|last8=Adhikari|first8=Jay Ram|last9=Arico|first9=Salvatore|last10=Báldi|first10=András|last11=Bartuska|first11=Ann|date=2015-06-01|title=The IPBES Conceptual Framework — connecting nature and people|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|series=Open Issue|language=en|volume=14|pages=1–16|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002|issn=1877-3435|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/56765|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Guidance manual for the valuation of regulating services. 2010. United Nations Environment Programme

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Madhu}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Barkatullah University alumni]]

Eid al-Fitr

2026-05-02T00:26:21Z

Pt.debotosh dey: enhance information based on references based on references

{{Short description|Islamic holiday on the first of Shawwal}}
{{Hatnote|For the other Eid, see [[Eid al-Adha]]. For other uses, see [[Eid (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Eid al-Fitr
| image = File:Eid al fitr photo.jpg
| caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' ''[[prayers|Bayram Namazı]]'' in [[Istanbul]]; [[Muslims|Muslim]] children receiving [[Eidi (gift)|Eidi]]; [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] Eid celebrations; Decorations in the [[Maldives]]; Parade in [[Indonesia]] at night; [[Algeria]]n Eid table
| official_name =
| nickname = Lesser Eid, Sweet Eid, Sugar Feast
| observedby = [[Muslims]]
| type = Islamic
| longtype = [[Muslim holidays|Islamic]]
| significance = To mark the end of [[Sawm|fasting]] in [[Ramadan]]
| date = 1 [[Shawwal]]<ref name="ummalqura"/>
| date2026 = 20 – 22 March{{efn|1=The actual date may vary across countries as per the moon sighting.}}
| date2027 = 9 – 11 March
| celebrations = [[Zakat al-Fitr]], [[Eid prayers]], gift-giving ([[Eidi (gift)|Eidi]]), family and social gatherings, festive meals, symbolic decoration, charity
| relatedto = [[Ramadan]], [[Eid al-Adha]]
| image_size = 250px
}}
{{Islam}}
{{Islamic culture}}

'''Eid al-Fitr'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|iː|d|_|əl|_|ˈ|f|ɪ|t|ər|,_|-|t|r|ə}} {{respell|EED|_|əl|_|FIT|ər|,_-|rə}}; {{langx|ar|عيد الفطر|ʿĪd al-Fiṭr|Festival of Breaking the Fast}}, {{IPA|ar|ʕiːd æl ˈfɪtˤr|pron}}}} is the first of the two main [[Islamic holidays|festivals in Islam]], the other being [[Eid al-Adha]]. The holiday falls on the first day of [[Shawwal]], the tenth month of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eid al-Fitr {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/eid-al-fitr |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250323002412/https://www.britannica.com/story/eid-al-fitr |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref>{{efn|This does not always fall on the same [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] calendar date, as the start of any lunar [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] month varies based on when the new moon is sighted by local religious authorities.}} One of the most important Islamic celebrations, Eid al-Fitr is celebrated by [[Muslims]] worldwide as it marks the end of the [[Fasting in Islam|month-long, dawn-to-dusk fasting (''sawm'')]] during [[Ramadan]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Eid al-Fitr {{!}} Definition, Meaning, Celebration, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eid-al-Fitr |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501124730/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eid-al-Fitr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barr |first1=Sabrina |title=Eid al-Adha 2019: When is it, How is it celebrated and How to Wish Someone Happy Eid |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-adha-2019-when-date-holiday-uae-saudi-arabia-islam-festival-a9027196.html |work=Independent |access-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811153557/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-adha-2019-when-date-holiday-uae-saudi-arabia-islam-festival-a9027196.html |archive-date=11 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The holiday is known under various other names in different languages and countries around the world.{{efn|The day is also known as the ''First Eid'' or as the ''Lesser Eid'' ({{langx|ar|العيد الصغير|al-ʿĪd al-Ṣaghīr|links=no}}) by some Muslim communities.<ref name=TheNation2020-06-30-01a/><ref>{{cite book |title=Islam |first=Jamal J. |last=Elias |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=0415211654 |page=75}}</ref>}}

Eid al-Fitr begins with a communal prayer and is followed by visits to relatives, giving gifts, and sharing meals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eid al-Fitr {{!}} Definition, Meaning, Celebration, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eid-al-Fitr |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260218114050/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eid-al-Fitr |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> It has a particular {{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}} that consists of two {{Transliteration|ar|[[rakat]]s}} generally performed in an open field or large hall. It may only be performed in congregation ({{Transliteration|ar|jamāʿat}}) and features six additional {{Transliteration|ar|[[Takbir]]s}} (raising of the hands to the ears whilst reciting the [[Takbir]], saying "Allāhu ʾAkbar", meaning "God is the greatest"). In the [[Hanafi]] school of [[Sunni Islam]], there are three {{Transliteration|ar|Takbirs}} at the start of the first {{Transliteration|ar|rakat}} and three just before {{Transliteration|ar|[[Ruku|rukūʿ]]}} in the second {{Transliteration|ar|rakat}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/eidshawwal.htm |title=Eid al-Fitr and the six supplementary fasts of Shawwal |website=Inter-islam.org |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726145842/http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/eidshawwal.htm |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other Sunni schools usually have 12 {{Transliteration|ar|Takbirs}}, similarly split in groups of seven and five. In [[Shia Islam]], the {{Transliteration|ar|salat}} has six {{Transliteration|ar|Takbirs}} in the first {{Transliteration|ar|rakat}} at the end of {{Transliteration|ar|[[Tilawa]]}}, before {{Transliteration|ar|rukūʿ}}, and five in the second.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=نماز عید فطر چگونه اقامه می‌شود؟ |url=https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/5680037/نماز-عید-فطر-چگونه-اقامه-می%E2%80%8Cشود |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref> Depending on the juristic opinion of the locality, this {{Transliteration|ar|salat}} is either {{Transliteration|ar|[[fard|farḍ]]}} ({{lang|ar|فرض}}, obligatory) or {{Transliteration|ar|[[mustahabb|mustaḥabb]]}} (strongly recommended). After the {{Transliteration|ar|salat}}, Muslims celebrate the Eid al-Fitr in various ways with [[Eid cuisine|food]] being a central theme,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Veraislam2016 |url=https://islamfaith.com/the-beauty-of-eid-explained/ |title=How Do Muslims Celebrate Eid? The Beauty of Eid Explained |date=21 August 2018 |website=Islam Faith |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144107/https://islamfaith.com/the-beauty-of-eid-explained/ |url-status=live}}</ref> which also gives the holiday the nickname "Sweet Eid" or "Sugar Feast".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/eid-al-fitr-muslim-festival-food-eat-fasting-ramadan-a9529361.html |title=What food is eaten during the Muslim festival of Eid al-Fitr? |author-first1=Sabrina|author-last1=Barr|website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=23 May 2020 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114004124/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/eid-al-fitr-muslim-festival-food-eat-fasting-ramadan-a9529361.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z4cmkmn |title=How is Eid al-Fitr celebrated around the world? – BBC Bitesize |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144720/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z4cmkmn |url-status=live}}</ref>

In many parts of the world, Eid al-Fitr is also characterized by distinctive local customs that reflect regional cultures. Communities often mark the occasion with large family visits, public celebrations, and the sharing of traditional foods and sweets prepared specifically for the holiday. Markets and neighborhoods in several countries become especially lively as people buy new clothing, gifts, and festive meals, while charitable giving and community gatherings remain central elements of the celebration. Despite cultural differences, the festival commonly emphasizes social connection, generosity, and the strengthening of family and community ties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2025 |title=5 unique Eid al-Fitr traditions from around the world |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/unique-eid-al-fitr-traditions-from-around-the-world-2025033109224247192 |access-date=26 February 2026 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref>

== History ==
According to Muslim tradition, [[Muhammad]] instituted the celebration of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Eid al-Fitr {{!}} Definition, Meaning, Celebration, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eid-al-Fitr|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=27 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501124730/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eid-al-Fitr|archive-date=1 May 2022|language=en}}</ref> According to a certain [[hadith]], these festivals were initiated in [[Medina]] after the [[Hijra (Islam)|migration of Muhammad from Mecca]]. [[Anas ibn Malik]], a [[companion of Muhammad]], narrated that when Muhammad arrived in Medina, he found people celebrating two specific days in which they entertained themselves with recreation. Muhammad then remarked that [[God in Islam|God]] had fixed two mandatory days of festivity: Eid al-Fitr and [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Musnad, vol. 4, 141–142, (no. 13210).</ref>

== General rituals ==
{{see also|Zakat al-Fitr}}
Eid al-Fitr begins at sunset on the night of the first sighting of the crescent moon. The night on which the moon is sighted is celebrated as ''[[Chand Raat]]'' in countries like [[Bangladesh]]. If the moon is not observed immediately after the 29th day of the previous lunar month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the holiday is celebrated the following day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adewunmi |first1=Bim |title=When is Eid 2014? It could be Monday or Tuesday, it might be Sunday |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/jul/25/when-is-eid-2014-ramadan-shawwal |website=The Guardian |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726004152/http://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/jul/25/when-is-eid-2014-ramadan-shawwal |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Eid al-Fitr is celebrated for one to three days, depending on the country.<ref name="aljazeera/June">{{cite web |title=Eid al-Fitr 2019: Everything you need to know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/eid-al-fitr-2019-190603070303923.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603215352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/eid-al-fitr-2019-190603070303923.html |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is [[haram|forbidden]] to fast on the Day of Eid, and a specific prayer is nominated for this day.<ref name="Deborah">{{cite book |last1=Heiligman |first1=Deborah |title=Celebrate Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr with Praying, Fasting, and Charity |year=2009 |publisher=National Geographic Children's Books |isbn=978-0792259268 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59YTCOcfU0MC&q=Eid+al-Fitr+prayer |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904055552/https://books.google.com/books?id=59YTCOcfU0MC&q=Eid+al-Fitr+prayer |url-status=live}}</ref> As an obligatory act of charity, money is paid to the poor and the needy ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat al-Fitr]]}}) before performing the 'Eid prayer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamicfinder.org/articles/article.php?id=405&lang |title=Articles and FAQs about Islam, Muslims |website=Islamicfinder.org |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828030557/http://www.islamicfinder.org/articles/article.php?id=405&lang |archive-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Eid prayer ===
{{main|Eid prayers|Eidgah}}

[[File:Azeri carpet (Sirvan group).jpg|thumb|left|Many [[Muslim]]s often bring prayer rugs to the mosque on Eid al-Fitr.]]

The Eid prayer is performed by the congregation in an open area such as a field, community center, or mosque.<ref name="aljazeera/June"/> No [[Adhan|call to prayer]] is given for this Eid prayer, and it consists of only two [[rakaʿāt]], with a variable amount of {{Transliteration|ar|[[takbir]]s}} and other prayer elements depending on the [[branches of Islam|branch of Islam]] observed. The Eid prayer is followed by the [[khutbah]] and then a [[dua]] asking for God's forgiveness, mercy, peace and blessings for all living beings across the world. The sermon also instructs Muslims as to the performance of rituals of Eid, such as the {{Transliteration|ar|[[zakāt]]}}.<ref>Gaffney, Patrick D. "Khutba." ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World''. p. 394.</ref> The sermon of Eid takes place after the Eid prayer, unlike [[Friday prayer]] which comes first before prayer. Some imams believe that listening to the sermon at Eid is optional.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eid Gebete |url=https://diegebetszeiten.de/eid-gebete/ |website=Diegebetszeiten.de |language=de-DE |date=7 January 2020 |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623121927/https://diegebetszeiten.de/eid-gebete/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After the prayers, Muslims visit their relatives, friends, and acquaintances or hold large communal celebrations in homes, community centers, or rented halls.<ref name="aljazeera/June"/>

==== Sunni procedure ====
As ritual dictates, Sunnis praise God in a loud voice while going to the Eid prayer:

<blockquote>{{Transliteration|ar|Allāhu Akbar, Allāhu Akbar, Allāhu Akbar. Lā ilāha illà l-Lāh. Allāhu Akbar, Allahu akbar, wa-li-l-Lāh al-ḥamd}}</blockquote>
Recitation ceases when they get to the place of Eid or once the Imam commences activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.albalagh.net/general/shawwal.shtml |title=Shawwal: On Eid Night, Eid Day, and During the Month |author=Mufti Taqi Usmani |website=Albalagh.net |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816064614/http://albalagh.net/general/shawwal.shtml |archive-date=16 August 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

The prayer starts by doing [[niyyah]] "intention" for the prayer before the takbir is said by the [[imam]]. Next, the takbir al-[[ihram]] is performed, by saying takbir three times, raising hands to the ears and dropping them each time, except for the last when the hands are folded. The Imam then reads [[al-Fatihah]], followed by another surah. The congregation performs [[ruku]] and [[sujud]]. This completes the first {{Transliteration|ar|rak'ah}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Perform Eid Prayers? |url=https://www.darul-arqam.org.sg/how-to-perform-eid-prayers/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201110816/https://www.darul-arqam.org.sg/how-to-perform-eid-prayers/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The congregation rises and folds their hands for the second rak'ah, after which the imam recites al-Fatiha followed by another surah. After this, three takbirs are called out just before the ruku, each time raising hands to the ears and dropping them. For the fourth time, the congregation says Allahu Akbar and subsequently goes into the ruku. The rest of the prayer is completed regularly. This completes the Eid prayer. After the prayer, there is a [[khutbah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=نحوه خواندن نماز عید فطر در اهل سنت |url=https://www.mizanonline.com/fa/news/321584/نحوه-خواندن-نماز-عید-فطر-اهل-سنت |website=mizanonline |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925091651/http://www.mizanonline.com/fa/news/321584/نحوه-خواندن-نماز-عید-فطر-اهل-سنت |archive-date=25 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Shia procedure ====
The prayer starts with the {{Transliteration|ar|Niyyat}} followed by five {{Transliteration|ar|Takbirs}}. During every {{Transliteration|ar|Takbir}} of the first {{Transliteration|ar|rakat}}, a special {{Transliteration|ar|Dua}} is recited. Then, the Imam recites {{Transliteration|ar|Sūrat al-Fātiḥah}} and {{Transliteration|ar|Surat Al-'A`lá}} and the congregation performs {{Transliteration|ar|Ruku}} and {{Transliteration|ar|Sujud}} as in other prayers. In the second {{Transliteration|ar|Rakat}}, the same above steps (five {{Transliteration|ar|Takbeers, Sūrat al-Fātiḥah}} and {{Transliteration|ar|Surat Al-'A`lá, Ruku}} and {{Transliteration|ar|Sujud}}) are repeated. After the prayer, the khutbah starts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eid al-Fitr prayer in Shia Islam |url=https://www.fardanews.com/بخش-جامعه-80/942394-نحوه-خواندن-نماز-عید-فطر-چگونه |newspaper=پایگاه خبری تحلیلی فردا | Farda News |date=3 June 2019 |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616114440/https://www.fardanews.com/بخش-جامعه-80/942394-نحوه-خواندن-نماز-عید-فطر-چگونه |archive-date=16 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Post-prayer celebration===
{{See also|Eid cuisine}}
During the Eid celebration, Muslims greet each other by saying {{Transliteration|ar|'Eid Mubarak'}}, which is Arabic for "Blessed Eid". As it comes after a month of fasting, sweet dishes and foods are often prepared and consumed during the celebration. Muslims typically decorate their homes, and are also encouraged to forgive each other and seek forgiveness. In countries with large Muslim populations, it is normally a public holiday with most schools and businesses closed for the day. Practices differ by country and region.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/what-is-eid-al-fitr-and-how-do-muslims-celebrate-it-6-questions-answered-118146 |title=What is Eid al-Fitr and how do Muslims celebrate it? 6 questions answered |first=Ken |last=Chitwood |website=The Conversation |date=3 June 2019 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513082929/https://theconversation.com/what-is-eid-al-fitr-and-how-do-muslims-celebrate-it-6-questions-answered-118146 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Practices and culture by country and regions ==
[[File:Countries where Eid al-Fitr is an Official Public Holiday.jpeg|thumb|400px|Countries where Eid al-Fitr is an official public holiday]]

=== West Asia ===
==== Turkey ====
[[File:Sultan Ahmed Mosque mahya3.jpg|thumb|left|Traditional [[Bayram (Turkey)|Bayram]] wishes from the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, stating "Let us love, Let us be loved", in the form of [[mahya lights]] stretched across the [[minaret]]s of the [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Istanbul)|Blue Mosque]] in [[Istanbul]]]]

In [[Turkey]], nationwide celebrated holidays are referred to as {{lang|tr|[[bayram (Turkey)|bayram]]}}, and Eid al-Fitr is referred to as both {{lang|tr|Ramazan Bayramı}} ("Ramadan {{lang|tr|Bayram}}") and {{lang|tr|Şeker Bayramı}} ("{{lang|tr|Bayram}} of Sweets/Sugar"). It is a time for people to attend prayer services, put on their best clothes (referred to as {{lang|tr|bayramlık}}, often purchased just for the occasion), visit all their loved ones (such as relatives, neighbors, and friends), and pay their respects to the deceased with organised visits to cemeteries. It is also customary for young children to go around their neighborhood, door to door, and wish everyone a "Happy {{lang|tr|Bayram}}", for which they are awarded candy, chocolates, traditional sweets such as [[baklava]] and [[Turkish delight]], or a small amount of money at every door.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bayar |first1=Gozde |title=Turkey celebrates Eid al-Fitr |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-celebrates-eid-al-fitr/1496686 |website=aaNews |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608051926/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-celebrates-eid-al-fitr/1496686 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mosques, minarets and public fountains tend to be lighted up for the occasion, and popular events such as [[Sufi music]] concerts, [[dervish]] dancing ceremonies, and [[Shadow play|shadow puppet]] shows are held in the nights.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://blog.atairbnb.com/celebrating-eid-al-fitr/ |title=Eid for all: celebrating Eid-al-Fitr from Istanbul to Philly |work=The Airbnb Blog - Belong Anywhere |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512000845/https://blog.atairbnb.com/celebrating-eid-al-fitr/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Eid al-Fitr Ottoman Greeting card.jpg|thumb|late 19th or early 20th century Ottoman Eid card]]
Ramadan in the Ottoman era was passed with great happiness due to the existence of various kinds of entertainment. The streets would be filled with performances by musicians, magicians and other talented people that suitable for all ages, so children could enjoy it. Poetry had a huge influence on Ottoman classical music, in fact it served as a basis. At iftar, they had popular song to be played that called fasil music along with some instruments such as tambourine and flute. Next, mahya illuminations represent gratitude towards God with lamps of olive oil, barb, and ropes which would form certain sentences or images as desired. This decoration lightened up the darkness of the night with the beauty of its light.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dimasharif.com/ramadan-in-ottoman-times/ |title=Ramadan in Ottoman Times - After Iftar Entertainment, Music & Light Illuminations |date=15 July 2013}}</ref>

During Ramadan, many restaurants and cafes may have limited operating hours during the day and may be closed during fasting hours. In the middle of the night drummers circulate through towns and villages to wake sleepers so they can prepare Sahur, the big early-morning meal to be eaten before the fast begins again at sunrise. They tend to make their noise around 02:30 and 03:00 am, and they make sure everyone hears them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://turkeytravelplanner.com/Religion/ramazan.html|title=Ramazan (Ramadan) in Turkey|website=Turkey Travel Planner}}</ref> Turkish people invite anyone to break the fast together in the order of inviting older relatives first, other relatives, neighbors who are quite close, and some areas that have village's leaders, teachers, and caretakers where the order has been determined by tradition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newinn.com/the-experience-of-ramadan-in-turkey/ |title=Ramadan Experience in Turkey | Newinn |date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

==== States of the Arabian Peninsula ====
[[File:فرحة العيد (edited).jpg|thumb|alt=Eid celebrations in Shibam, Yemen|Eid celebrations in [[Shibam]], [[Yemen]]]]
In the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Arab states of the Persian Gulf countries]], men would typically buy new {{Transliteration|ar|Thobe}} (traditional white long robe) or dye their existing {{Transliteration|ar|Thobes}} with [[walnut oil]]. Women would wear special clothes for the occasion along with special perfumes and braids. Most {{Transliteration|ar|[[majlis]]es}} would offer fruit, [[date (fruit)|date]]s, tea or coffee to visitors. Those who live in rural areas tend to celebrate more modestly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abudhabiculture.ae:443/en/discover/traditions/celebrating-eid |title=Celebrating Eid |date=1 February 2018 |website=Abu Dhabi Culture |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150343/https://abudhabiculture.ae/en/discover/traditions/celebrating-eid |url-status=live}}</ref> Buildings, shops, roads and houses in UAE cities get decorated in bright festive lights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/news/eid-al-fitr-celebrations-amid-covid-19-restrictions-in-uae-1.1620733529934 |title=Eid Al Fitr celebrations amid COVID-19 restrictions in UAE |website=gulfnews.com |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511131636/https://gulfnews.com/photos/news/eid-al-fitr-celebrations-amid-covid-19-restrictions-in-uae-1.1620733529934 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many shows such as theatres would also occur.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/qatar/articles/how-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-doha/ |title=How to Celebrate Eid-al-Fitr in Doha |first=Farrah |last=Saville |website=Culture Trip |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211906/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/qatar/articles/how-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-doha/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Bahrain]], families often celebrate the festival with an eid dinner consisting of [[quzi]] or [[machboos]] rice dishes, while popular sweets include [[halwa]] or khanfroosh (see [[Bahraini cuisine]]). Men typically wear [[thawb]]s and women wear [[abaya]]s, the latter also painting [[henna]] on their hands or feet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/bahrain/articles/how-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-bahrain/ |title=How to Celebrate Eid al-Fitr in Bahrain |first=Melissa |last=Nazareth |website=Culture Trip |date=13 June 2018 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134443/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/bahrain/articles/how-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-bahrain/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Saudis]] decorate their homes and prepare sumptuous meals for family and friends. They prepare new clothes and shoes for the festival. Eid festivities in Saudi Arabia may vary culturally depending on the region, but one common thread in all celebrations is generosity and hospitality. It is a common Saudi tradition for families to gather at the patriarchal home after the Eid prayers. Before the special Eid meal is served, young children will line up in front of each adult family member, who dispense money as gifts to the children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eid in Saudi Arabia's Hijaz region marked by family reunions |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1505951/saudi-arabia |website=arabnews |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604012523/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1505951/saudi-arabia |archive-date=4 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Omanis]] would typically eat foods such as shuwa (slow-cooked lamb) with coffee (see [[Omani cuisine]]). In some places such as [[Ibri]], folklore songs and traditional dancing are often performed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofoman.com/article/136466/oman/here-is-how-oman-celebrates-eid-al-fitr |title=Here is how Oman celebrates Eid Al Fitr |website=Times of Oman |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084712/https://timesofoman.com/article/136466/oman/here-is-how-oman-celebrates-eid-al-fitr |url-status=live}}</ref>

In Yemen, [[Bint al-sahn]] is the preferred snack during Eid celebrations.<ref name="BBC" />

In modern times, supermarkets, corporates, and malls compete to attract children during this time via advertising in newspapers and on TV, and by offering special promotions and arranging closed [[Gargee'an]] events to market themselves.<ref>{{cite news |title="البحرين سيتي سنتر" يحتفل بليلة القرقاعون مساء اليوم |url=http://www.alayam.com/newsdetails.aspx?id=86247 |access-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=Al Ayam |date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

==== Palestine, Jordan, and Lebanon ====
After the Eid al-Fitr prayer, the people of [[Jerusalem]] will decorate the courtyards of the [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] with toys for children who come from all Palestinian areas to participate in the Eid al-Fitr prayer rituals. Many Palestinians go out to visit the families of [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel]], visit the prisons themselves, and visit graves to lay wreaths on them.<ref>{{cite web |title=When is Eid al-Fitr 2022? Here's everything you need to know about the celebration |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/eid-fitr-when-is-it-how-marked-celebration |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=Middle East Eye |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503233759/https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/eid-fitr-when-is-it-how-marked-celebration |url-status=live}}</ref>

Palestinians and Jordanians decorate their homes and prepare sumptuous meals for family and friends. They prepare new clothes and shoes for the festival. Eid festivities in Palestine and Jordan may vary culturally depending on the region, but generosity and hospitality are common in all celebrations. It is a common Palestinian Jordanian tradition for families to gather at the patriarchal home after the Eid prayers. Before the special Eid meal is served, young children will line up in front of each adult family member, who dispenses money as gifts to the children. Jordanians also hang [[fanous]] or "Eid lanterns".<ref name="auto4"/>

In [[Lebanon]], many concerts take place during Eid al-Fitr by Lebanese and other Arab superstars. Musicians also perform on the Beirut waterfront. Other activities include art exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20150716/281509339867897 |title=Concerts and celebrations during Eid al-Fitr – PressReader |via=PressReader |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511154322/https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20150716/281509339867897 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Ma'amoul]] and [[Kahk]] are popular cookie treats baked and consumed during Eid in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://food-heritage.org/eid-al-fitr-celebration/ |title=Eid Al-Fitr celebration | Food Heritage Foundation |date=12 June 2018 |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215205/https://food-heritage.org/eid-al-fitr-celebration/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Iraq ====
In Iraq, [[kleicha]] (the traditional snack)<ref name="BBC" /> and lamb are popular foods.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rojas |first=Nicole |date=14 June 2018 |title=Eid Al-Fitr 2018: Celebration marking the end of Ramadan brings feasts, new clothes and gifts |url=https://www.newsweek.com/eid-al-fitr-2018-celebration-marking-end-ramadan-brings-feasts-new-clothes-and-974779 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142503/https://www.newsweek.com/eid-al-fitr-2018-celebration-marking-end-ramadan-brings-feasts-new-clothes-and-974779}}</ref>

==== Kurdistan region ====
The Kurds tend to visit cemeteries to remember their lost ones one day before the festival. After the prayers, Kurdish families would gather together for large breakfasts of rice and stew. Beans stew and apricot stew are the commons. Also they give candies to the people who knock their doors. Mostly children knock the doors. Later, they visit their relatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/24495-Kurdistan-Region-to-celebrate-Ramadan-feast-on-Thursday |title=Kurdistan Region to celebrate Ramadan feast on Thursday |first=Halgurd |last=Sherwani |date=12 May 2021 |website=www.kurdistan24.net |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512164051/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/24495-Kurdistan-Region-to-celebrate-Ramadan-feast-on-Thursday |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Iran ====
[[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr in Qom (1394042712061282).jpg|thumb|150px|A girl with [[henna]] on her hand, during the Eid prayer]]
In [[Iran]], where the occasion is known as '''Eid-e-Fitr''' ({{langx|fa|{{nastaliq|عید فطر}}}}), several groups of experts representing the office of the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], had gone to the different zones of the country at the last days of Ramadan to determine the date of Eid.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wednesday announced as Eid al-Fitr in Iran |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/117876/Wednesday-announced-as-Eid-al-Fitr-in-Iran |agency=Mehr News Agency |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708054746/http://en.mehrnews.com/news/117876/Wednesday-announced-as-Eid-al-Fitr-in-Iran |archive-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian Muslims take part in the Eid al-Fitr prayer and pay the {{Transliteration|ar|[[Zakat al-Fitr]]}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} The Eid al-Fitr prayer, and the following sermon, had been led by the Supreme Leader at [[Tehran]]'s [[Grand Mosalla mosque of Tehran]] ({{Transliteration|fa|Mossalla}}).<ref>{{cite news |title=Tehran Eid al-Fitr prayers to be led by Supreme Leader |url=http://www7.irna.ir/en/News/82138926/ |newspaper=IRNA |access-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705172758/http://www.irna.ir/en/News/82138926/ |archive-date=5 July 2016}}</ref> The celebration is typically marked by a one- or two-day national holiday.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mamouri |first1=Ali |title=Eid al-Fitr: religious celebration and cultural marker |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fa/contents/articles/originals/2014/07/eid-at-fitr-iran-celebration-west.html |website=Al-Monitor |date=28 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822061104/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fa/contents/articles/originals/2014/07/eid-at-fitr-iran-celebration-west.html |archive-date=22 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
[[File:Yawo women on Eid.jpg|thumb|Group of [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] women sharing a meal of [[ugali]] during Eid ul-Fitr in [[Mozambique]]]]'''Ghana'''
[[File:Eid ul Fitr 2024 prayers at Blackstar square (32).jpg|thumb|Eid ul Fitr 2024 prayers at Blackstar Square in Ghana]]
Eid al-Fitr is widely observed by Muslims in Ghana through prayers, charitable acts, and family gatherings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gov’t declares March 20, 21 Eid-ul-Fitr holidays; Monday, March 23 additional holiday - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/govt-declares-march-20-21-eid-ul-fitr-holidays-monday-march-23-additional-holiday/ |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Egypt ====
[[File:Colorful plastic ramadan lanterns.jpg|thumb|Colorful Ramadan lanterns ({{Transliteration|ar|[[fanous]]}}) at a {{Transliteration|ar|[[souk]]}} in Egypt]]

Egyptians spend the first day of Eid al-Fitr to gather all family members and celebrate the Eid at public gardens. It is customary for children to also receive an {{Transliteration|ar|[[Eidi (gift)|Eidi]]}}, a small sum of money to be spent on activities throughout the Eid.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Egyptians spend 1st day of Eid al-Fitr? |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/71252/Where-Egyptians-spend-1st-day-of-Eid-al-Fitr |website=Egypt Today |date=5 June 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608033245/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/71252/Where-Egyptians-spend-1st-day-of-Eid-al-Fitr |archive-date=8 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Egyptians like to celebrate with others, so the streets are always crowded during the days and nights of Eid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/eid.htm |title=Egypt's Eid: Celebration for the Young and Old |website=Tour Egypt |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024162545/http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/eid.htm |archive-date=24 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Nigeria====
Eid is popularly known as Small Sallah in [[Nigeria]]. During the day, people generally greet each other by saying Barka Da Sallah, which when translated means "Greetings on Sallah" in the [[Hausa language]]. The celebrations last as long as three days.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/us/76874-shades-of-eid-celebration |title=Shades of Eid celebration |last=Magazine Desk |website=[[The News International]] |location=Pakistan |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142849/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/us/76874-shades-of-eid-celebration |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Tunisia ====
[[Tunisia]] celebrates Eid for three days (with preparations starting several days earlier), two of which are national holidays. Special Sweets and biscuits, including [[Baklava]] and several kinds of "[[ka'ak]]", [[marzipan]], [[cookie]]s are made or bought to give to friends and relatives on the day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Canli |first1=Enes |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/kaak-tunisias-quintessential-eid-al-fitr-dessert/1177227 |title=Kaak: Tunisia's quintessential Eid al-Fitr dessert |publisher=Anadolu Agency |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127191419/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/kaak-tunisias-quintessential-eid-al-fitr-dessert/1177227 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> kids receive gifts from parents and elderly relatives, usually money or even toys. They also invite close friends and relatives for the Eid dinner. After Eid dinner people love to sing and dance.

====Tanzania====
Muslims in [[Tanzania]] celebrate Eid al-Fitr, when they normally dress in fine clothes and decorate their homes with lights. Special foods are prepared and shared with family and visitors, while children receive gifts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/sound-living/this-is-how-tanzanians-celebrate-eid-ul-fitr-2594118 |title=This is how Tanzanians celebrate Eid ul-fitr |website=The Citizen |date=April 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215204/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/sound-living/this-is-how-tanzanians-celebrate-eid-ul-fitr-2594118 |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Zanzibar]] it is popular for locals to buy new clothing, while women would shop for handbags, necklaces and other clothing. For some youngsters Eid nights involve dancing at a club. Children would receive coins of money from locals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/style/eid-al-fitr-ramadan-zanzibar.html |title='Everyone Is Beautiful During Eid' |first=Shannon |last=Sims |date=20 June 2018 |website=NYTimes.com |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215202/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/style/eid-al-fitr-ramadan-zanzibar.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== South Africa ====
[[File:Eid celebration 2014 in Durban.jpg|thumb|Muslims in [[Durban]] during Eid al-Fitr prayers]]
In [[Cape Town]], hundreds of Muslims—each with something to share with others at the time of the breaking of the fast—gather at [[Green Point, Cape Town|Green Point]] in the evening of the last day of Ramadan for the sighting of the moon. The [[Maghrib prayer|Maghrib]] (sunset) prayer is then performed in congregation and the formal moon-sighting results are announced thereafter.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2011 |title=Moonsighting on Monday |work=91.3FM Voice of the Cape |url=http://www.vocfm.co.za/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1106:moonsighting-on-monday&Itemid=131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527042541/http://www.vocfm.co.za/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1106%3Amoonsighting-on-monday&Itemid=131 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Morocco====
[[File:Eid in Morocco.JPG|thumb|Eid al-Fitr mass prayer in [[Morocco]]]]
'''Eid es-Seghir''' is the name of Eid al-Fitr among [[Moroccans]]. Many families have a tradition of buying new clothes for their children during the holiday. Common food choices for eid dinner include [[couscous]], lamb or beef [[brochette]]s and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/eid-al-fitr-in-morocco-2394820 |title=Eid Al-Fitr Celebration in Morocco |website=The Spruce Eats |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143947/https://www.thespruceeats.com/eid-al-fitr-in-morocco-2394820 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the north, musicians play [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusian music]] accompanied by fast clapping.<ref name="auto3"/>

====Ethiopia====
Eid is an important event for [[Islam in Ethiopia|Muslims in Ethiopia]], who form the largest Muslim community in East Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/05/24/no-mass-eid-prayers-but-festive-spirit-alive/ |title=No Mass Eid Prayers but Festive Spirit Alive – Ethiopian Monitor |publisher=Ethiopianmonitor.com |date=24 May 2020 |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512155048/https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/05/24/no-mass-eid-prayers-but-festive-spirit-alive/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sudan ====
In [[Sudan]], where 97% of the population is Muslim,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/countryinfo/ |title=About Sudan |date=9 January 2011 |website=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123060255/http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/countryinfo/ |archive-date=23 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> preparations for Eid begin the last few days of Ramadan. For days, ''ka'ak'' (sugar powdered cookies), ''bettifour'' (dry baked goods including dainty biscuits, baked meringues and macaroons—whose name are derived from the French ''petit four''), and popcorn are baked in large batches to serve to guests and to give to family and friends; dressy Eid clothes are either shopped for or sewn; girls and women decorate their hands and feet with [[henna]]; and parts of the house may even be painted. The night before Eid, the whole household partakes in cleaning the house and yard and setting out the finest bedsheets, table cloths, and decorations. On the day of Eid, men and boys (and occasionally women and girls) will attend the Eid prayer. For the next 3 days, families will then visit each other, extended family, neighbors, and close friends. In these short visits, the baked goods, chocolates, and sweets are served, and often large lunches are prepared for the visiting well-wishers. Children are given gifts, either in the form of toys or money.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eltigani |first1=Nour |title=Eid al-Fitr with a Sudanese flavor |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/6/8833/Eid-al-Fitr-with-a-Sudanese-flavor |website=egypt today |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627062602/http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/6/8833/Eid-al-Fitr-with-a-Sudanese-flavor |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Somalia ====
[[File:EIDUL FITRI IN BAIDOA Eidul Fitr in -1-9.jpg (14587452130).jpg|thumb|Eid al-Fitr prayers in [[Baidoa]], Somalia]]
In Somalia and other Islamic parts of the [[Horn of Africa|Horn region]], Eid al-Fitr is observed by the Muslim communities. Celebrations marking the event are typically accompanied by elaborate banquets, where special dishes such as {{lang|so|xalwo}} (halwo) and {{lang|so|buskut}} (buskuit) are served.<ref>Barlin Ali, ''Somali Cuisine'' (AuthorHouse: 2007), p. 79</ref>

==== Senegal ====
The holiday is widely called '''Korité''' in [[Senegal]] and elsewhere across [[West Africa]]. It is a national holiday, celebrated for three days, with families normally having new clothes made for the holiday. Gifts and donations are normally exchanged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.createaction.org/blog/korite-celebrations/ |title=Korité: Celebrating the end of Ramadan in both countries | Blog Posts |author= |date=8 July 2016 |website=Create |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215203/https://www.createaction.org/blog/korite-celebrations/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Ivory Coast====
In the [[Ivory Coast]], Eid is a large feast among Muslims. The celebration lasts between two and ten days depending on region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbfXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |title=Côte d'Ivoire |isbn=9781502647351 |last1=Duling |first1=Kaitlyn |last2=Sheehan |first2=Patricia |last3=Ong |first3=Jacqueline |year=2019 |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512155045/https://books.google.com/books?id=MbfXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Sierra Leone====
[[Sierra Leone]] celebrates Eid over three days, with the first marking the end of Ramadan. Following a religious service, the country practices gift exchanges. The country also hosts a parade for Eid which involves creating and carrying large lanterns.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sierra_Leone/NIFeEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Eid+al-Fitr%22+%2B+%22Sierra+Leone%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA120&printsec=frontcover|title=Sierra Leone |first1=Kristen|last1=Susienka|first2=Suzanne|last2=LeVert|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC|year=2021|access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

===Central Asia===

====Tajikistan====
In Tajikistan the holiday is known as ''Idi Ramazon''<ref>{{cite web |title=Tajikistan – Cultural life |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tajikistan |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005103136/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tajikistan |url-status=live}}</ref> and is a national holiday.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2013 |title=2012 International Religious Freedom Report – Tajikistan |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1029381.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=European Country of Origin Information Network |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930232439/https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1029381.html}}</ref>

====Kyrgyzstan====
In [[Kyrgyzstan]] the day is known as '''Orozo Ait''' ({{langx|ky|Орозо айт}}). The local population celebrate in various ways such as by partying, eating and singing. Festivals often feature long distance [[horse racing]] and other horse-based sports. People would tend to wear fancy and bright clothes, while people would sing Jaramazan tunes and receive cooked bread, candy or cash in return.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kyrgyz.net.my/festival.html |title=Festival – Discover Kyrgyzstan the blend of modern and traditional styles of living |website=www.kyrgyz.net.my |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215205/https://www.kyrgyz.net.my/festival.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Uzbekistan====
'''{{lang|uz|Ramazon Hayit}}''' or '''{{lang|uz|Roʻza hayiti}}''' is a public holiday in [[Uzbekistan]] and widely celebrated. Traditional pastry such as {{lang|uz|kush-tili}}, [[plov]] and {{lang|uz|[[Çäkçäk|chak-chak]]}} are prepared by Uzbek families the day before Eid al-Fitr for consumption. Businesses tend to sell a high range of candies and children's toys during this period.<ref name="auto1"/>

====Kazakhstan====
Known as '''Oraza Ait''' (Ораза айт) [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] Muslims tend to visit each other during the celebration and handing out fried doughnuts such as [[baursaki]] to others. However mutton, soup, tea and ''[[kymyz]]'' (horse milk) are also popular food and drinks during the holiday.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls_3FGN8XyAC&pg=PA43 |title=Ramadan |first=Amy Hackney |last=Blackwell |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438125749 |via=Google Books |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204529/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls_3FGN8XyAC&pg=PA43 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Afghanistan ====
[[File:An Afghan child eats a piece of candy received as a gift during a celebration of the Islamic religious holiday of Eid al-Fitr in the Garmsir district of Helmand province, Afghanistan, Aug 110831-M-ED643-011.jpg|thumb|An Afghan child eating a piece of candy received as a gift on Eid al-Fitr]]
In the predominantly [[Sunni]] Muslim culture of [[Afghanistan]], Eid al-Fitr holds significant importance and is celebrated widely for three days. It popularly involves special festivities for children and the youngest members of families.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/the-10-most-delicious-eid-al-fitr-foods-and-dishes-from-around-the-world/ |title=The 10 Most Delicious Eid al-Fitr Foods and Dishes From Around the World |first=Lauren |last=Cocking |website=Culture Trip |date=27 April 2017 |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215203/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/the-10-most-delicious-eid-al-fitr-foods-and-dishes-from-around-the-world/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The most common greeting is ''Akhtar mo Mubarak sha'' (Eid Mubarak) in the [[Pashto]]-speaking community. Afghans start preparing for the Eid al-Fitr festival up to ten days prior by cleaning their homes (called ''Khana Takani'' in [[Dari language|Dari]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pashto Dictionary |url=https://thepashto.com/word.php?roman=Akhtar%20mo%20mubarak%20sha |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=thepashto.com}}</ref> Afghans visit their local bazaars to buy new clothes, sweets, and snacks including ''[[Jelabi|Jalebi]]'', ''Shor-Nakhod'' (made with chickpeas), ''Cake wa Kolcha'' (a simple cake, similar to pound cake). The traditional ''[[Bolani]]'' (vegetarian flatbreads) is a popular meal during Eid al-Fitr in Afghanistan.<ref name="auto"/>

On the day of Eid al-Fitr, Afghans will first offer their Eid prayers and then gather in their homes with their families, greeting one another by saying "''Eid Mubarak''" and usually adding "''Eidet Mobarak Roza wa Namazet Qabool Dakhel Hajiha wa Ghaziha,''" which means "Happy Eid to you; may your fasting and prayers be accepted by God, and may you be counted among those who will go to the Hajj-pilgrimage." Family elders will give money and gifts to children. It is also common practice to visit families and friends, which may be difficult to do at other times of the year. Children walk from home to home saying "''Khala Eidet Mubarak''" ("aunt happy Eid"), and they receive cookies or ''Pala''. Young girls and women apply henna "tattoo"s on their hands and feet. The older women while applying it too, don't do very complicated designs. The boys and young men in some communities might apply it as well but, with very simple designs like a circle in their palms or just coloring the fingertips. The older men might do those simple designs as well, but it is not that common. Henna is a "woman's" thing in Afghanistan when it comes to doing designs on their hands and feet. At night, multiple campfires are set around houses, sometimes to the point that entire valleys may initially appear to be engulfed in flame. Celebratory fire with automatic rifles, particularly tracer rounds, can also be expected in high density.<ref>{{cite web |title=نگاهی به آداب و رسوم بزرگداشت عید سعید فطر در افغانستان |url=https://www.avapress.com/fa/report/96074/نگاهی-آداب-رسوم-بزرگداشت-عید-سعید-فطر-افغانستان |website=Afghan Voice Agency |date=27 July 2014 |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210163532/https://www.avapress.com/fa/report/96074/نگاهی-آداب-رسوم-بزرگداشت-عید-سعید-فطر-افغانستان |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== South Asia ===

====Bangladesh====
{{See also|List of festivals of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Eid festival 26 at Uttara 05.jpg|thumb|right|Eid al-fitr festival at the [[Mugdho Mancha]], Dhaka in 2026]]
[[File:Eid al-Fitr In Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|right|Eid prayers at [[Baitul Mukarram]] in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
In [[Bangladesh]], Eid al-Fitr ({{langx|bn|ঈদুল ফিতর|Īdul phitôr}}) is also colloquially known as ''Rozar Eid'' ({{langx|bn|রোজার ঈদ|Rôjār īd|Eid of Fasting|link=no}}), whch is a [[Public holidays in Bangladesh|public holiday]] in the country. The preparation for Eid in Bangladesh starts from the last quarter of Ramadan. The markets and shopping malls become overwhelmed with people. A large number of people living away return home to celebrate the festival with family members and relatives.<ref name="nijhoom" />

The night before Eid al-Fitr is known as the [[Chaand Raat]]. Children often gather at the open space to see the [[Hilal (crescent moon)|crescent]] of the month of Shawwal. Girls decorate their hands with [[Mehndi|Mehendi]]. A popular culture of Bangladesh include playing Bengali Eid song "[[O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe]]" on the Chaand Raat. Children also make and exchange Eid cards.<ref name="nijhoom" />

In the morning of Eid al-Fitr, sweet dishes including [[Shemai]] ([[vermicelli]]) with [[Roti]] or [[Paratha]] or [[Puri (food)|Luchi]] are served. The males, generally, go to [[Eidgah]]s to perform the Eid prayer. Some major Eidgahs in the country include [[Sholakia]] ([[Kishoreganj, Bangladesh|Kishoreganj]]), which holds a record of hosting the largest congregation, and [[Gor-E-Shahid Eidgah Maidan|Gor-E-Shahid]] ([[Dinajpur, Bangladesh|Dinajpur]]) which is considered as the largest eidgah and [[Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah|Dhanmondi Shahi]] ([[Dhaka]]), said to be the oldest surviving [[Mughal architecture]] of Dhaka. Wealthy Muslims also distribute [[Zakat]] alms to the poor people. Children greet elders by touching thei feet, a tradition known as ''Salam''. In exchange, elders give them a small amount of money, known as ''Salami'' or ''[[Eidi (gift)|Eidi]]''. People visit the house of relatives, neighbour, and friends and greet each other saying ''[[Eid Mubarak]]''. Dishes served in the day include [[Biryani]], [[Polao]], [[Pitha]], [[Kebab|Kabab]], [[Korma]], [[Chingri Malaikari]], [[Shorshe Ilish]], [[Kheer|Payesh]], [[Kheer (Bengali sweets)|Shirni]], [[Halva|Halwa]]. In rural Bangladesh, unmarried girls would draw butterflies on the Pithas, which has long been recognised by the [[Bengalis]] as a symbol of [[Bengali Muslim wedding|marriage]].<ref name="nijhoom">{{cite web |url=https://nijhoom.com/eid-ul-fitre-bangladesh/|title=How people celebrate the Eid-al-Fitre (Eid) in Bangladesh|date=24 September 2020|website=nijhoom.com|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510100301/https://nijhoom.com/eid-ul-fitre-bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The tradition of Eid procession can be traced back to the [[Bengal Subah|Mughal era]] of [[Old Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icetoday.net/2019/05/eid-celebration-in-dhaka-through-ages/|title=Eid Celebration in Dhaka through Ages|date=29 May 2019|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005203057/https://icetoday.net/2019/05/eid-celebration-in-dhaka-through-ages/|url-status=live}}</ref> In rural Bangladesh, folk sports competitions are organised on the occasion of Eid.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Eid-ul_Fitr#:~:text=Eid%20means%20festival%20and%20fitr,the%20holy%20month%20of%20ramadan|title=Eid-ul Fitr – Banglapedia|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005202636/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Eid-ul_Fitr#:~:text=Eid%20means%20festival%20and%20fitr,the%20holy%20month%20of%20ramadan|url-status=live}}</ref> On the second day of Eid, the longest running magazine show ''[[Ityadi]]'' is aired in [[Bangladesh Television]], which celebrates the [[Culture of Bengal|Bengali culture]] and brings education into light.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/ityadi-maintains-eid-tradition-star-studded-episode-3303091?amp|title='Ityadi' maintains Eid tradition with star-studded episode|date=23 April 2023|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005202510/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/ityadi-maintains-eid-tradition-star-studded-episode-3303091?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== India ====
{{wide image|A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id., 1843.jpg|700px|A panorama in 12 folds showing an imperial Eid al-Fitr procession by [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] ([[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]], now India)}}
[[File:Eid al-Fitr Namaz.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Muslims]] offering their ‘Eid al-Fitr’ prayer at the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]], [[India]]]]
Eid is a public holiday in [[India]]. The holiday begins after the sighting of the new moon on [[Chaand Raat|Chand Raat]]. On that evening, people head to markets to finish their shopping for Eid, for clothing and gifts, and begin preparing their food for the next day. Traditional Eid food often includes [[Biryani|biriyani]], ''[[sheer khurma]],'' and ''[[Sevai|sivayyan]]'', a dish of fine, toasted sweet [[vermicelli]] noodles with milk and dried fruit, among other regionally-specific dishes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Food Events – Eid Celebrations |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/news_and_events/events_eid.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111064141/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/news_and_events/events_eid.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2010 |website=BBC Food Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |date=23 May 2020 |title=The Indian Eid feast goes beyond biryani and sevaiyan |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/a-very-indian-eid-11590161532702.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130017/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/a-very-indian-eid-11590161532702.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Women and girls also put [[henna]] on each other's hands. In the following morning, Muslims go to their local mosque or [[Eidgah]] for Eid Namaz and give Eid [[zakat]] before returning home. Afterwards, children are given [[Eidi (gift)|Eidi]] (cash gifts) and friends and relatives visit each other's homes to eat and celebrate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2023 |title=Muslims across India celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr with prayers |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslims-across-india-celebrate-eid-ul-fitr-with-prayers/articleshow/99682149.cms |access-date=11 June 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611123323/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslims-across-india-celebrate-eid-ul-fitr-with-prayers/articleshow/99682149.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
[[File:Eid prayers at the Badshahi Mosque.JPG|thumb|Eid prayers at [[Badshahi Mosque]], in [[Lahore]], Pakistan]]
In [[Pakistan]], Eid al-Fitr is also referred to as 'the Lesser Eid' ([[Urdu]]: {{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی عید}}|translit=chhoṭī īd|label=none|rtl=yes}}, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{langx|pa|{{nq|نکی عید}}|translit=nikkī īd|label=none|rtl=yes}}) or 'Sweet Eid' ([[Urdu]]: {{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|میٹھی عید}}|translit=mīṭhī īd|label=none|rtl=yes}}, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{langx|pa|{{nq|مٹھی عید}}|translit=miṭṭhī īd|label=none|rtl=yes}}).<ref name=TheNation2020-06-30-01a>{{cite web |last=Niazi |first=M A |date=9 August 2013 |title=A 'Lesser Eid' |url=https://nation.com.pk/09-Aug-2013/a-lesser-eid |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=The Nation |publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |location=[[Pakistan]] |language=en |quote=In the subcontinent, this Eid, Eid-ul-Fitr, is known as 'Choti Eid', or the 'Lesser Eid'. This immediately sets up a contrast with 'Bari Eid', or the 'Greater Eid', which takes place just two months and a bit later. This distinction is also known in the Arab world, but by calling 'Bari Eid' bari, this Eid is already disadvantaged. It is the 'other Eid'.'Bari Eid', or Eid-ul-Azha, has the advantage of having two major rituals, as both have the prayer, but it alone has a sacrifice. 'Bari Eid' brings all Muslims together in celebrating Hajj, which is itself a reminder of the Abrahamic sacrifice, while 'Choti Eid' commemorates solely the end of the fasting of Ramazan. |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703142752/https://nation.com.pk/09-Aug-2013/a-lesser-eid |url-status=live}}</ref> People are supposed to give obligatory charity on behalf of each of their family members to the needy or poor before Eid day or, at most, before the Eid prayer, allowing for all to share in the joy of Eid. At home, family members enjoy a special Eid breakfast with various types of sweets and desserts, including [[Kheer]] and the traditional dessert [[sheer khurma|Sheer Khurma]], which is made of vermicelli, milk, butter, dry fruits, and dates. Eid is especially enjoyed by the kids, as they receive money in cash called "[[Eidi (gift)|Eidi]]" as gift from their relatives and elders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eid al-Fitr celebrated in Pakistan with religious zeal |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/83341815/Eid-al-Fitr-celebrated-in-Pakistan-with-religious-zeal |website=IRNA |date=5 June 2019 |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607040033/https://en.irna.ir/news/83341815/Eid-al-Fitr-celebrated-in-Pakistan-with-religious-zeal |archive-date=7 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> People tend to get fresh currency notes issued by [[State Bank of Pakistan]] with which they give to the children.<ref>{{cite news |title=SBP to issue fresh currency notes for Eid from June 1 |date=23 May 2018 |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/320107-sbp-to-issue-fresh-currency-notes-for-eid-from-june-1 |language=en-US |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524073854/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/320107-sbp-to-issue-fresh-currency-notes-for-eid-from-june-1 |work=The News International (newspaper) |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
[[Sri Lankan Muslims]] like to eat [[watalappam]], [[falooda]], [[samosa]], [[gulab jamun]], [[sheer kurma]], [[Kevum|oil cake]] and other national and regional dishes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/811296/a-sri-lankan-eid-time-to-connect-with-ones-spirituality-family-and-friends |title=A Sri Lankan Eid: A time for family, friends and food |first=Adilah |last=Ismail |website=Scroll.in |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512211746/https://scroll.in/article/811296/a-sri-lankan-eid-time-to-connect-with-ones-spirituality-family-and-friends |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Nepal====
Eid is a national holiday in Nepal. [[Nepalese Muslims]] often consume the popular Nepalese dessert [[Sevai|sewai]] (vermicelli pudding) to mark the occasion. It is commemorated throughout the country with large prayers, dinners and social celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/pragya/article/download/34205/26905 |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212191611/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/pragya/article/download/34205/26905 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Maldives====
Celebration in the [[Maldives]] include cultural performances.<ref>[https://maldiveislands.mv/553 CROSSROADS Maldives to celebrate Eid Al-Fitr in tradition] Mohamed Iyad Masood. Maldive Islands. 12 April 2023</ref>

===Southeast Asia===

==== Indonesia ====
{{Main|Lebaran}}

[[File:Sholat Ied di Lereng Sumbing.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Eid al-Fitr prayers on the slopes of Mount Sumbing and Sindoro, precisely at Garung Field, Butuh, Kalikajar District, [[Wonosobo Regency]], [[Central Java]], Indonesia. ]]
Eid is known in [[Indonesia]] as ''Hari Raya Idul Fitri, Idul Fitri,'' or more popularly as ''[[Lebaran]]'', and is a [[Public holidays in Indonesia|national holiday]].<ref name="investvine">{{cite web |url=http://investvine.com/idonesia-prepares-for-idul-fitri/ |title=Indonesia prepares for Idul Fitri |first=Todd |last=Watson |date=4 August 2013 |work=Inside Investor |access-date=7 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805165249/http://investvine.com/idonesia-prepares-for-idul-fitri/ |archive-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> People return to their home town or city (a homecoming exodus known as ''[[mudik]]'') to celebrate with their families and to ask forgiveness from parents, in-laws, and other elders.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 September 2010 |title=Govt says roads ready for Lebaran exodus |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/09/01/govt-says-roads-ready-lebaran-exodus.html |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510062713/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/09/01/govt-says-roads-ready-lebaran-exodus.html |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Festivities start the night before with chanting the ''[[Takbir]],'' lighting lamps, and often celebrated with [[fireworks]] and street parades.<ref name="auto3" /> On the day itself, before [[Eid prayer]] in the morning, ''[[zakat]]'' alms are distributed in the mosques, prioritized to be given for the poor. People gather with family and neighbors in traditional clothing and have a special ''Lebaran'' meal, which are special dishes include [[ketupat]], [[rendang]], [[opor ayam]] and [[gulai]]. Many, usually children, are [[Green envelope|given money in colorful envelopes.]]<ref name="isna00">{{cite news |title=آداب و رسوم کشورهای مسلمان در عید فطر |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/97032411595/آداب-و-رسوم-کشورهای-مسلمان-در-عید-فطر |newspaper=[[Iranian Students' News Agency]] |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210173154/https://www.isna.ir/news/97032411595/آداب-و-رسوم-کشورهای-مسلمان-در-عید-فطر |archive-date=10 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, it is common for Muslims in Indonesia to visit the graves of relatives that have deceased to ritually clean the grave. Muslims also attend mass gathering in a special tradition called ''Halal bi-Halal,'' sometime during or several days after ''Idul Fitri''.<ref>van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Southeast Asian culture and Islam". ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world''. p. 649</ref>

====Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei====
{{See also|Malay festivals and celebrations|Hari Raya songs}}
[[File:Majlis Tujuh Likor Pasang Pelita.jpg|thumb|Rows of Pelita ([[oil lamp]]s) which is used to illuminate homes and the streets during the season. Seen here in [[Muar (town)|Muar]], [[Johor]], Malaysia]]
In [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], and [[Brunei]], Eid is more commonly known as ''Hari Raya Aidilfitri'' ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: هاري راي عيدالفطري), ''Hari Raya Idul Fitri'', ''Hari Raya Puasa'', ''Hari Raya Fitrah'', ''Hari Lebaran'' and sometimes Aidilfitri. ''Hari Raya'' means 'Great Day'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Moslems Hail a 'Great Day' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oklahoma-city-times-moslems-hail-a/123189838/ |newspaper=Oklahoma City Times |date=1 January 1968 |page=12 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420022949/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oklahoma-city-times-moslems-hail-a/123189838/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

It is customary for workers in the city to return to their home town to celebrate with their families and to ask forgiveness from parents, in-laws, and other elders. Forgiveness is often requested without citing any specific error to avoid arguments. This is known in Malaysia as ''[[balik kampung]]'' (homecoming).<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 29 Nations, Clusters of Nations, Continents, and Diversity |page=305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsgxovCscI0C |last1=Gannon |first1=Martin J. |last2=Rajnandini |first2=Pillai |year=2010 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=9781412957892 |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005202423/https://books.google.com/books?id=nsgxovCscI0C |url-status=live}}</ref>

The night before Hari Raya is filled with the sounds of takbir in the mosques or musallas. In many parts of Malaysia, especially in the rural areas, ''pelita'' or ''panjut'' or ''lampu colok'' (as known by [[Malay-Singaporeans]]) (oil lamps, similar to tiki torches) are lit up and placed outside and around homes, while [[tiki torches]] themselves are also a popular decoration for that holiday. Special dishes like [[ketupat]], [[rendang]], [[lemang]] (a type of [[glutinous rice]] cooked in bamboo) and Malay delicacies such as various ''[[kue|kuih-muih]]'' are served during this day. It is common to greet people with "Salam Aidilfitri" or "Selamat Hari Raya" which means "Happy Eid". Muslims also greet one another with "maaf zahir dan batin", which means "Forgive my physical and emotional (wrongdoings)".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaf zahir dan batin |url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/maaf-zahir-dan-batin-359867 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=www.astroawani.com |date=4 May 2022 }}</ref>

It is customary for [[Islam in Malaysia|Muslim-Malaysians]] to wear a traditional cultural clothing on Hari Raya. The [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] variant (worn in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and [[Southern Thailand]]) is known as the [[Baju Melayu]], shirt worn with a ''sarong'' known as ''kain samping'' or songket and a headwear known as ''songkok''. Malaysian women's clothing is referred to as [[Baju Kurung]] and [[kebaya|baju kebaya]]. It is a common practice however for the Malays in Singapore and Johor, Malaysia to refer to the ''baju kurung'' in reference to the type of outfit, worn by both men and women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheMewsBeauty |date=3 April 2023 |title=Baju Raya and Baju Kurung: A Journey Through Time, Style, and Tradition |url=https://www.themewsbeauty.co.uk/baju-raya-and-baju-kurung.html |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=The Mews Beauty }}</ref>

[[File:Geylang Serai light up.jpg|thumb|left|Street festival during Eid in [[Geylang]], Singapore]]
In [[Malaysia]], especially in the major cities, people take turns to set aside a time for ''open house'' when they stay at home to receive and entertain neighbours, family and other visitors. It is common to see non-Muslims made welcome during Eid at these ''open houses''. They also celebrate by lighting traditional [[bamboo cannon]] [[firecracker]]s known as ''meriam buluh'', using [[kerosene]] in large hollow [[bamboo]] tubes or Chinese imported crackers. The traditional bamboo cannon, ''meriam buloh'', and fireworks are notoriously loud and can be very dangerous to operator, bystander and even nearby buildings. These are usually bamboo tubes {{convert|5|–|10|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{convert|4|–|7|m|abbr=on}} long, filled with either: water and several hundred grams of [[calcium carbide]], or heated kerosene, then ignited by match.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In Malaysia, children are given token sums of money, also known as "[[green envelope|duit raya]]", from their parents or elders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allmalaysia.info/msiaknow/festivals/rayapuasa.asp |title=Hari Raya Puasa |website=All Malaysia.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203022725/http://allmalaysia.info/msiaknow/festivals/rayapuasa.asp |archive-date=3 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yusof |first1=Mimi Syed |last2=Hafeez |first2=Shahrul |date=30 October 2005 |title=When Raya was a bewildering experience |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-114678502.html |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |page=8 |url-access= |access-date=8 July 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172547/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-114678502.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Brunei====
In Brunei, a special centrepiece is made to coming guests by young ladies of the family called the ''kepala meja'' ('head of the table') where a decorated cake is presented so any man who wished to propose and take her in marriage would cut the cake in response. Here is also where special dishes unique to this country are served, such as [[kelupis]] with prawn or tahai (smoked [[Sardinella gibbosa|sardinella]]) sambal and curry.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/oh-the-good-old-raya/ |publisher=[[Borneo Bulletin]] |title=Oh! The good old Raya |author=Lyna Mohammad |date=19 May 2022}}</ref>

====Thailand====
There are almost 3 million [[Islam in Thailand|Muslims in Thailand]]. In the southernmost provinces, wearing gold on Eid is a popular practice there along with neighbouring Myanmar. In some parts of the country, Muslim residences would open their homes with food specialities to visitors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1008001/embracing-ramadan-throughout-the-years |title=Embracing Ramadan throughout the years |newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=12 June 2016 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204535/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1008001/embracing-ramadan-throughout-the-years |url-status=live |last1=Pitsuwan |first1=Vichaya}}</ref>

====Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam====
The [[Chams]] constituted the bulk of the Muslim population in both Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, especially in Cambodia and Vietnam where they are located mainly, and the Eid is also known as "''Roya Haji''" among the Muslims there.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tào |first1=Đạt |last2=Danh |first2=Thành |title=Kiên Giang: Thăm, tặng quà đồng bào Chăm dịp kết thúc tháng chay Ramada và Tết Roya Haji |url=https://baodantoc.vn/kien-giang-tham-tang-qua-dong-bao-cham-dip-ket-thuc-thang-chay-ramada-va-tet-roya-haji-1743155235171.htm |website={{ill|Dân tộc và Phát triển|vi}} |access-date=6 April 2025 |language=vi |date=28 March 2025}}</ref>

[[Islam in Cambodia|Muslims of]] [[Cambodia]] often open their homes to friends and neighbours to share food together.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/celebrating-eid-ul-fitr-festive-end-weeks-long-fast |title=Celebrating Eid ul Fitr: a festive end to a weeks-long fast |first=Chloe |last=Cann |website=www.phnompenhpost.com |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060219/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/celebrating-eid-ul-fitr-festive-end-weeks-long-fast |url-status=live}}</ref> Men, women and children dress in fine attire, while the preferred dress colour is white, symbolising the purity of the soul after a month of Ramadan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501693/celebrating-mans-triumph-over-himself/ |title=Celebrating man's triumph over himself – Khmer Times |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204531/https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501693/celebrating-mans-triumph-over-himself/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is customary during Eid for Cambodian Muslims to donate 3 kilograms of rice to the poor or disabled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/fewer-fatalities-during-festival-travel-days-58799/ |title=Cham Muslims End Ramadan With Feast of Food and Charity |first=Neou |last=Vannarin |date=2 October 2008 |website=The Cambodia Daily |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511144404/https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/fewer-fatalities-during-festival-travel-days-58799/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Eid is also celebrated by the much smaller [[Islam in Vietnam|Muslim community]] of [[Vietnam]], which makes up less than 0.1% of the population. The Muslim community in Vietnam are mostly of the same ethnic as the [[Cham people]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-culture/23371-photos-how-vietnam-s-muslims-celebrate-ramadan,-eid-al-fitr-in-chau-doc |title=[Photos] How Vietnam's Muslims Celebrate Ramadan, Eid Al-Fitr in Chau Doc |last=Ibrahim |first=Abdelaziz |work=The Saigoneer |date=29 May 2019 |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420042034/https://saigoneer.com/saigon-culture/23371-photos-how-vietnam-s-muslims-celebrate-ramadan,-eid-al-fitr-in-chau-doc |url-status=live}}</ref>

Eid al-Fitr in [[Laos]] is also celebrated by the Muslim community, including [[Chams]], [[Pakistani]], [[Overseas Malays|Malay]], and expatriate Muslims. In cities like [[Vientiane]] and [[Savannakhet]], Muslims gather for Eid prayers, followed by communal meals and [[Zakat al-Fitr]]. Traditional spiced rice dishes and grilled meats are shared, making the celebration a modest yet meaningful occasion that fosters unity and cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Crescent in Laos: Muslims of Vientiane | url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/Laos/laos_article0001.html }}</ref>

==== Myanmar ====
During Ramadan, in small towns and big villages with significant Muslim populations, Burmese Muslim youth organize singing teams called Jago (meaning "wake up"). Jago teams usually do not use musical instruments apart from the occasional use of harmonica mouth organs.<ref>Neikbanzaw magazine, No. 1 & 2, December 1952 & 1953</ref> The roving groups of singers will take the tunes of popular Hindi movie songs, replaced with Burmese lyrics and invocations about fasting, the principles of Islam, and the benefits of Salat.<ref>Interview by Khin Khin Yie with Haji U Bar Bar @ U Win Maung, composer of Jago songs, 28x81 street Mandalay. Published in Prophet Muhammad's Day Golden Jubilee magazine page 88, column 2 paragraph 2</ref>

==== Philippines ====
Among [[Muslim Filipino]]s in the [[Philippines]], Eid al-Fitr is commonly known as ''Hariraya'', ''Buka'', ''Hariraya Buka'', or ''Hariraya Buka Puasa''. "Eid al-" is often replaced with ''Eid'l'' in the [[Philippine English|country's local English variant]].<ref name="Lidasan">{{cite news |last1=Lidasan |first1=Mussolini S. |title=To Eid or not to Eid, again |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-cagayan-de-oro/20190610/281547997394831 |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=SunStar Cagayan de Oro |date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115180750/https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-cagayan-de-oro/20190610/281547997394831 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McKenna |first1=Thomas M. |title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines |date=1998 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520210165 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V68wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204530/https://books.google.com/books?id=V68wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pendatun |first1=Datu Shariff Khaled Ada |title=What You Need to Know About Eid al Fitr |url=https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/70536/what-you-need-to-know-about-eid-al-fitr-a1642-20170623 |website=Spot.ph |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174156/https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/70536/what-you-need-to-know-about-eid-al-fitr-a1642-20170623 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also known as ''Wakas ng Ramadan'' ({{literally}} "End of Ramadan"), ''Araw ng Raya'' ("Feast Day"), or ''Pagtatapos ng Pag-aayuno'' ("End of the Fast") in [[Filipino language|Filipino]]. It was proclaimed a legal holiday for Muslim Filipinos in 1977 by Presidential Decree No. 1083. In 2002, this was upgraded to a [[Public holidays in the Philippines|public national holiday]] by Republic Act No. 9177. It is also sometimes known by its [[Malay language|Malay]] name "Hari Raya Puasa"; and by its [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] name "[[Lebaran]]".<ref name="Tan">{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Nigel |title=Fast Facts: What you should know about Eid al-Fitr, end of Ramadan |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/64655-fast-facts-eid-al-fitr |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=Rappler |date=5 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174225/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/64655-fast-facts-eid-al-fitr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vila |first1=Alixandra Caole |title=Celebrating Eid al-Fitr around the table |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food/dish/2014/07/29/1351657/celebrating-eid-al-fitr-around-table |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=PhilStar Global |date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115213810/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food/dish/2014/07/29/1351657/celebrating-eid-al-fitr-around-table |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raslan">{{cite news |last1=Raslan |first1=Karim |title=OPINION: What it's like to celebrate Eid al-Fitr in a Muslim minority country |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/06/10/19/opinion-what-its-ike-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-a-muslim-minority-country |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174557/https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/06/10/19/opinion-what-its-ike-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-a-muslim-minority-country |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:President Rodrigo Duterte interacts with participants of the Mindanao Hariraya Eid’l Fitr.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] interacts with participants of the 2016 Eid al-Fitr celebrations in [[Davao City]], [[Philippines]].]]
Its beginning is decided by the sighting of the crescent moon (''hilal''), followed by morning prayers in mosques or public plazas.<ref name="tl">{{cite web |title=Hari Raya |url=https://www.tagaloglang.com/hari-raya/ |website=Tagalog Lang |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204531/https://www.tagaloglang.com/hari-raya/ |url-status=live}}</ref> When this occurs can sometimes differ depending on the regional government. In some places it is based on the physical sighting of the ''hilal''; while in others it is determined by the [[Regional Darul Ifta' of Bangsamoro]] (RDI-BARMM) or the [[National Commission on Muslim Filipinos]] (NCMF), especially during cloudy days.<ref name="Lidasan"/><ref name="cp"/><ref name="Cabrera"/>

The sighting of the ''hilal'' is traditionally marked by the beating of drums in some regions. In modern times, this has evolved into a noise barrage known as "Mobile Takbir", where celebrants, especially youths, rev their motorcycles or honk their horns while driving through the streets. Guns are also sometimes fired. These practices have been discouraged by the [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Bangsamoro]] and local government officials as not being in accordance with Islamic teachings as well as being dangerous and causing accidents in the past.<ref name="Cabrera">{{cite news |last1=Cabrera |first1=Ferdinandh B. |title=Marawi marks Eid'l Fitr day ahead of date set by Darul Ifta |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2019/06/marawi-marks-eidl-fitr-day-ahead-of-date-set-by-darul-ifta/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=MindaNews |date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730235514/https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2019/06/marawi-marks-eidl-fitr-day-ahead-of-date-set-by-darul-ifta/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rosalado">{{cite news |last1=Rosalado |first1=RJ |title=June 5, 2019 declared as Eid'l Fitr in PH |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/06/03/19/june-5-2019-declared-as-eidl-fitr-in-ph |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174055/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/03/19/june-5-2019-declared-as-eidl-fitr-in-ph |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jocson"/>

Hariraya is characterized by the giving of gifts (known as ''Eid''), food sharing (''salu-salo''), and visiting the elderly and the sick.<ref name="Jocson">{{cite news |last1=Jocson |first1=Liza |last2=Cabilbigan |first2=Erwin |last3=Ordonez |first3=Erwin |title=Muslims celebrate Eid'l Fitr |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2015/07/17/eidl-fitr-end-of-ramadan-philippines.html |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=CNN|date=17 July 2015 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174156/https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2015/07/17/eidl-fitr-end-of-ramadan-philippines.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandez |first1=Edwin O. |title=BARMM celebrates Eid al-Fitr |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1126833/barmm-celebrates-eid-al-fitr |access-date=15 January 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=5 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174102/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1126833/barmm-celebrates-eid-al-fitr |url-status=live}}</ref> Food, alms, and basic necessities are also donated to the poor, a practice known as ''Fitrana'' or ''Zakat al-Fitr''. This is usually done a day before Eid al-Fitr.<ref name="Tan"/><ref>{{cite news |title=SLIDESHOW: Filipino Muslims celebrate Eid'l Fitr |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/focus/multimedia/slideshow/06/15/18/slideshow-filipino-muslims-celebrate-eidl-fitr |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=15 June 2018 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174236/https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/multimedia/slideshow/06/15/18/slideshow-filipino-muslims-celebrate-eidl-fitr |url-status=live}}</ref> Various traditional sweet delicacies of the different Muslim Filipino ethnic groups are served for breakfast, including [[daral (food)|daral]], [[dodol]], [[Mamón|browas]], [[Lokot-lokot|tinagtag]], [[panyalam]], [[maruya (food)|jampok]], and so on.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gunting |first1=Ayunan G. |title=The spirit–and food–of Ramadan |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/232039/the-spirit-and-food-of-ramadan/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=Lifestyle.Inq |date=2 July 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174214/https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/232039/the-spirit-and-food-of-ramadan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Various activities also mark the celebrations, including dancing, boat races, horse races, and [[carabao]] fighting in cities and towns with significant Muslim populations. In [[Metro Manila]], the celebrations are usually held at the [[Manila Golden Mosque]] and the [[Quirino Grandstand]].<ref name="tl"/> The celebration lasts for three days.<ref name="cp">{{cite web |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Eid al-Fitr |url=https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/3231/eid-al-fitr-ramadan-2015/ |website=ChoosePhilippines |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174058/https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/3231/eid-al-fitr-ramadan-2015/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===East Asia===

====China mainland====
{{See also|Islam in China}}
[[File:Hui family eid.jpg|thumb|An ethnic [[Hui people|Hui]] family celebrating Eid al-Fitr in [[Ningxia]]]]
In [[mainland China]], out of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups, Eid al-Fitr is celebrated by at least 10 ethnic groups that are predominantly Muslim. These groups are said to total 18 million according to official statistics, but some observers say the actual number may be much higher. It is also a [[Public holidays in the People's Republic of China|public holiday in China]] in certain regions, including two Province Prefecture Level regions, [[Ningxia]] and [[Xinjiang]]. All residents in these areas, regardless of religion, are entitled to either a one-day or three-day official holiday. Outside the Muslim-majority regions, only Muslims are entitled to a one-day holiday. In Xinjiang province, Eid al-Fitr is even celebrated by the [[Han Chinese]] population. During the holiday, supplies of mutton, lamb and beef are distributed to households as part of a welfare program funded by government agencies, public and private institutions, and businesses. In [[Yunnan]], Muslim populations are spread throughout the region. On Eid al-Fitr, however, some devotees may travel to [[Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar|Sayyid 'Ajjal]]'s grave after their communal prayers. There, they will conduct readings from the Quran and clean the tomb, reminiscent of the historic annual Chinese Qingming festival, in which people go to their ancestors' graves, sweep and clean the area, and make food offerings. Finally the accomplishments of the Sayyid 'Ajall will be related in story form, concluded by a special prayer service to honour the hundreds of thousands of Muslims killed during the [[Panthay Rebellion]], and the hundreds killed during the [[Shadian incident]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Armijo |first1=Jacqueline M. |title="East Asian culture and Islam." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York |isbn=0-02-865912-0 |page=191 |edition=2nd |url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/encislam.pdf |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005202904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/encislam.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Armijo |first1=Jaqueline |title=East Asia, Islam in {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/east-asia-islam |website=www.encyclopedia.com |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005203056/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/east-asia-islam |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Armijo |first1=Jacqueline |title=East Asian Culture and Islam {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/east-asian-culture-and-islam |website=www.encyclopedia.com |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005202405/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/east-asian-culture-and-islam |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Taiwan====
{{See also|Islam in Taiwan}}
The Eid al-Fitr prayer and celebration in [[Taiwan]] draws much attention from local media. Special features of the event are regularly carried out in the newspapers and aired on televisions. These phenomena gives a boost to the Islamic activities in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Huang |first=Maggie |date=24 June 2017 |url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3195710 |title=Eid al-Fitr celebration to kick off in Taipei on Sunday |newspaper=Taiwan News |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203073507/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3195710 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= writer with CNA |date=25 June 2017 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/06/25/2003673267 |title=Taipei to celebrate end of month of Ramadan today |newspaper=Taipei Times |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630155725/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/06/25/2003673267 |url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims, mostly [[Indonesians|Indonesian]] blue collar men and women, typically gather at [[Taipei Main Station]] to perform the prayer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/06/06/2003716437 |title=Muslims gather at Taipei Railway Station for Eid al-Fitr – Taipei Times |date=6 June 2019 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084646/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/06/06/2003716437 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Europe===

[[File:Ramazan Bayram - 5603235241.jpg|thumb|[[Pomaks]] dancing during Ramazan Bayram in a village centre in [[Bulgaria]]]]

====Albania and Kosovo====
[[Albania]]n Muslims generally celebrate the day as with most other countries. The day is known as Fitër Bajrami or Bajrami i Madh in Albania. Worshipers attend a dawn prayer and a sermon, after which people visit each other, plan gatherings and give gifts to children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-06/25/c_136393645.htm |title=Albania's Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitr – Xinhua | English.news.cn |website=www.xinhuanet.com |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215202/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-06/25/c_136393645.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Magiritsa]] (Greek Easter soup) and [[baklava]] are popularly consumed.<ref name="auto1"/>

====Bosnia and Herzegovina====
In [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], Eid al-Fitr is locally known as Ramazanski bajram. It is a three-day public holiday. Like Albanians, worshipers attend a dawn prayer and a sermon, after which people visit each other, give gifts to children, and popularly consume [[baklava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ba.n1info.com/english/news/a348400-Muslims-celebrate-Eid-across-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina/ |title=Muslims celebrate Eid across Bosnia and Herzegovina |date=4 June 2019 |website=N1 |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510100301/https://ba.n1info.com/english/news/a348400-muslims-celebrate-eid-across-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=End of Ramadan in Bosnia and Herzegovina |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/bosnia/eid-al-fitr |website=timeanddate |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512181720/https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/bosnia/eid-al-fitr |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Germany ====
In Germany, Eid al-Fitr is most commonly known as {{lang|de|Zuckerfest}} ("Sugar Festival", a [[calque]] of the Turkish {{lang|tr|Şeker Bayramı}}).<ref name="Zuckerfest">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndr.de/kultur/sendungen/freitagsforum/Ramadanfest-oder-Zuckerfest-Streit-um-Begrifflichkeiten,ramadan418.html|title="Ramadanfest" oder "Zuckerfest"? Streit um Begrifflichkeiten|date=31 March 2025|accessdate=20 March 2026|website=[[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]]}}</ref> It is not a public holiday, but most states allow children to take the day off school and some businesses close for the day or allow Muslim employees to take the holiday.<ref name="In Deutschland">{{cite news|url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell-radio/ende-des-ramadans-wie-sehr-ist-das-zuckerfest-in-deutschland-verankert-100.html|title=Ende des Ramadans: Wie sehr ist das Zuckerfest in Deutschland verankert?|date=20 March 2026|accessdate=20 March 2026|website=[[Südwestrundfunk]]}}</ref> Due to the history of [[Turks in Germany|Turkish immigration to Germany]], Turkish traditions and terminology dominate in German Eid al-Fitr celebrations.<ref name="Zuckerfest"/>

==== Greece and Cyprus ====
Eid al-Fitr (i.e. Seker Bayram, Sugar Feast) ({{langx|el|Σεκέρ Μπαϊράμ or Ιντ αλ-φιτρ}}) is celebrated in Greece mainly in the [[Western Thrace]] region from the local [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority]] ([[Turks of Western Thrace|Turks]], [[Pomaks]] and [[Romani people in Greece|Roma]]), along with the other two major celebrations, [[Eid al-Adha|Kurban Bayram]] (Sacrifice Feast) ({{langx|el|Κουρμπάν Μπαϊράμ or Ιντ αλ-αντχά}}) and [[Hıdırellez]]; it is also celebrated by the Turks of Northern Cyprus. On the day of the Bayram, family gathers together, wear their best clothes, and celebrate with a common meal, after attending the morning prayer. The women prepare and offer sweets to family and visitors, while small children go around and pay their respects to the elderly by kissing their hands. The elder in turn reward them with candies, sweets, and small amounts of money.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northcyprusonline.com/North-Cyprus-Online-General-Information-public-holidays.php |title=North Cyprus Tourist Guide |first=North Cyprus Online |last=Relytech |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919140433/http://www.northcyprusonline.com/North-Cyprus-Online-General-Information-public-holidays.php |archive-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="edu">{{cite web |url=http://mousoulman-klimaka.blogspot.gr/2010/02/blog-post_08.html |title=Μουσουλμάνοι & ΚΛΙΜΑΚΑ: ΗΘΗ ΚΑΙ ΕΘΙΜΑ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ ΜΟΥΣΟΥΛΜΑΝΩΝ – ΜΕΡΟΣ Α' |language=el |publisher=mousoulman-klimaka.blogspot.gr |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816224718/http://mousoulman-klimaka.blogspot.gr/2010/02/blog-post_08.html |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Local Muslim shopkeepers close their shops this day, while [[Muslim minority in Greece#Education|Muslim minority schools]] have a 5-day holiday for the feast.<ref name="edu"/>

====Lithuania, Belarus and Poland====
[[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]] and [[Poland]] are homes to an indigenous Muslim people, the [[Lipka Tatars]], though Lithuania and Poland have seen newer Muslims arriving, mainly the [[Chechens]], [[Volga Tatars]] and [[Crimean Tatars]], as well as Muslims from various Asian and African states, altogether making up just 0,1%. In both countries, Eid al-Fitr is referred as "''Ramadan Bajram''" and celebrated by these Muslims of both states.<ref>{{cite web | title=mzlCEE_bez | url=https://www.euro-islam.info/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/mzlCEE_bez.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Thesis FINAL Submitted to Library | url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10170987/2/Thesis%20FINAL%20Submitted%20to%20Library.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Czornik | url=https://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/110/2025-21-1-9-Czornik.pdf }}</ref>

====Russia====
[[File:Eid al-Fitr in Kazan, Tatarstan.jpg|thumb|Uraza Bayram celebration in [[Kazan]], Tatarstan, Russia (2025).]]
In [[Russia]] where 14 million Muslims reside as of 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/281196.pdf |title=RUSSIA 2017 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531085333/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/281196.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> Eid al-Fitr is often known as {{Transliteration|ru|Uraza Bayram}} ({{langx|ru|Ураза-байрам}}) and is a public holiday in the republics of [[Adygea]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Dagestan]], [[Ingushetia]], [[Kabardino-Balkaria]], [[Karachay-Cherkessia]], [[Tatarstan]] and [[Chechnya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/society/1061584 |title=Russian Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitr marking the end of Ramadan |website=TASS |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143904/https://tass.com/society/1061584 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most festive dishes consist of [[mutton]], but salads and various soups are also popular. As the Muslim population is diverse, traditional festive dishes differ between regions – for example in Tatarstan [[pancakes]] are popularly baked.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/2016/07/05/eid-al-fitr_608951 |title=Muslims celebrate the end of Ramadan in Moscow |date=5 July 2016 |website=www.rbth.com |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215204/https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/2016/07/05/eid-al-fitr_608951 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Russian Muslims go to festive worships at mosques in the morning of Eid al-Fitr, after which they often visit older relatives as a sign of respect. In the North Caucasian republics, children popularly go past various houses with a bag to get it filled with [[candy]], specially stored by locals for the celebration. In Dagestan, eggs with bright stickers is a popular traditional dish served there during Eid al-Fitr. People generally dress more during this day – women choose bright dresses with [[bead]]s while older people would wear [[papakha]]s.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://islam-russia.com/rossia/eid-al-fitr-in-russia-how-it-was-celebrated/ |title=Eid al-Fitr in Russia: how it was celebrated |website=islam-russia.com |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204539/https://russia-islworld.ru/rossia/eid-al-fitr-in-russia-how-it-was-celebrated/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In many places in the country master classes are also hosted where families take part in activities such as [[embroidery]] and [[clay]] making.<ref name="auto2" />

====Spain====

In [[Spain]], Eid al-Fitr (officially in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: 'Fiesta del Eid Fitr'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiesta del Eid Fitr (Festivo 20/03/2026) |url=https://www.asesoriaonlineautonomos.com/evento/fiesta-del-eid-fitr-festivo-20-03-2026/ |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=TSP Asesores |language=es}}</ref>) is officially recognised in Spanish law (Resolución de 17 de octubre de 2025: BOE-A-2025-21667<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOE.es - Sumario del día 28/10/2025 |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2025/10/28/index.php |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=www.boe.es}}</ref>) and celebrated in the autonomous city of Melilla (Spanish: Ciudad de [[Melilla]]) on the [[North Africa|North African coast]] along with [[Eid al-Adha]] (officially named in la Cuidad de Melilla as 'Fiesta Sacrificio-Aid al Adha'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiesta Sacrificio-Aid al Adha (Festivo 27/05/2026) |url=https://www.asesoriaonlineautonomos.com/evento/fiesta-sacrificio-aid-al-adha-festivo-27-05-2026/ |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=TSP Asesores |language=es}}</ref>). Meanwhile, also on the North African coast, the autonomous city of Ceuta (Spanish: Ciudad de [[Ceuta]]) celebrates only the latter, Eid al-Adha (officially named in la Cuidad de Ceuta as 'Fiesta Sacrificio-Eidul Adha'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiesta Sacrificio-Eidul Adha (Festivo 27/05/2026) |url=https://www.asesoriaonlineautonomos.com/evento/fiesta-sacrificio-eidul-adha-festivo-27-05-2026/ |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=TSP Asesores |language=es}}</ref>) as a public holiday. Its second public holiday is instead dedicated to its patron saint, '[[Our Lady of Africa (title)|Our Lady of Africa]]' (officially in Spanish: 'Nuestra Señora de África'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuestra Señora de África (Festivo 05/08/2026) |url=https://www.asesoriaonlineautonomos.com/evento/nuestra-senora-de-africa-festivo-05-08-2026/ |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=TSP Asesores |language=es}}</ref>).

====Ukraine====
In [[Ukraine]], Eid al-Fitr ({{langx|uk|Рамазан-байрам}}) as well as [[Eid al-Adha]] have been official state holidays since 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/two-islamic-festivals-to-become-state-holidays-in-ukraine.html |title=Two Islamic festivals to become state holidays in Ukraine | KyivPost – Ukraine's Global Voice |date=18 May 2020 |website=KyivPost |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140009/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/two-islamic-festivals-to-become-state-holidays-in-ukraine.html |url-status=live}}</ref> During the festival, [[Ukrainian Muslims]] (most of whom are [[Crimean Tatars]]) often gather with loved ones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arab.news/648th |title=How Ukraine's Muslims celebrate Eid |date=24 May 2020 |website=Arab News |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204615/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1679426/world |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
Although Eid al-Fitr is not a recognized public holiday in the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=David |date=19 June 2018 |title=Should the UK Government make Eid a public holiday? |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/should-uk-government-make-eid-11535724 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=birminghammail |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606122926/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/should-uk-government-make-eid-11535724 |url-status=live}}</ref> many schools, businesses, and organisations allow for at least a day's leave to be taken for religious celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to handle holiday requests for staff celebrating Eid |url=https://www.peninsulagrouplimited.com/blog/handle-holiday-requests-staff-celebrating-eid/ |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Peninsula UK |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606122929/https://www.peninsulagrouplimited.com/blog/handle-holiday-requests-staff-celebrating-eid/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=David |date=14 June 2018 |title=Can children take time off school for Eid? These are the rules |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/family-kids-news/children-time-off-school-eid-14776996 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=birminghammail |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606122928/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/family-kids-news/children-time-off-school-eid-14776996 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, individuals take part in prayers and play games for Eid al-Fitr.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-fitr-prayer-celebrations-park-ramadan-b2070288.html |title=How Muslims celebrated Eid Al-Fitr across the UK |work=The Independent |last=Javed |first=Saman |date=3 May 2022 |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423020854/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-fitr-prayer-celebrations-park-ramadan-b2070288.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.]] had an Eid prayer on their pitch in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/02/blackburn-rovers-first-uk-football-club-eid-prayers-pitch |title=Blackburn Rovers become first UK football club to host Eid prayers on pitch |work=The Guardian |last=Cooney |first=Christy |date=2 May 2022 |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420035639/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/02/blackburn-rovers-first-uk-football-club-eid-prayers-pitch |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Americas===
==== United States ====
[[File:US Army 51420 Soldiers celebrate end of Ramadan.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims in the United States military|Muslim U.S. soldiers]] performing the Eid prayer]]
In [[New York City]], alternate side parking (street cleaning) regulations are suspended on Eid. Beginning in 2016, New York City public schools also remain closed on Eid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Tom |title=New York City adds two Muslim holidays to public school calendar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/04/new-york-city-muslim-holidays-public-schools |access-date=17 July 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717204709/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/04/new-york-city-muslim-holidays-public-schools |archive-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other school districts close on Eid, including Irvington New Jersey's school district and Vermont's Burlington School District.<ref>{{cite news |title=More U.S. public schools close for Islamic holiday Eid al-Fitr |url=https://www.upi.com/Voices/2022/05/02/public-schools-Islamic-holidays/5421651496785/ |website=UPI.com |last=DeCuir |first=Amaarah |date=2 May 2022 |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518154106/https://www.upi.com/Voices/2022/05/02/public-schools-Islamic-holidays/5421651496785/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) has issued several Eid postage stamps, across several years—starting in 2001—honoring "two of the most important festivals in the Islamic calendar: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha." Eid stamps were released in 2001–2002, 2006–2009, 2011, and 2013. They are also being issued as [[Non-denominated postage|Forever Stamps]]. All Eid stamps to date show the work of [[Mohamed Zakariya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shop.usps.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=10052&productId=10007923&langId=-1&parent_category_rn=10000003&top_category=10000003&categoryId=10000063&top=&currentPage=0&sort=&viewAll=N&rn=CategoriesDisplay&WT.ac=10007923 |title=2011 USPS Eid Forever stamp, with the quotation about the festivals |website=US Postal Service |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120001334/https://shop.usps.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=10052&productId=10007923&langId=-1&parent_category_rn=10000003&top_category=10000003&categoryId=10000063&top=&currentPage=0&sort=&viewAll=N&rn=CategoriesDisplay&WT.ac=10007923 |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://shop.usps.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?langId=-1&storeId=10052&catalogId=10001&productId=10006182&WT.ac=S_573640 |title=2009 USPS Eid stamp, with mention of other dates |website=US Postal Service |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204527/https://store.usps.com/store/home |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://shop.usps.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=10052&productId=10001493&langId=-1 |title=2008 USPS Eid stamp |website=US Postal Service |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204551/https://store.usps.com/store/home |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://shop.usps.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=10052&productId=10001149&langId=-1 |title=2007 USPS Eid stamp |website=US Postal Service |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid Greetings Stamp {{!}} USPS.com |url=https://store.usps.com/store/product/buy-stamps/eid-greetings-stamps-S_556204 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[United States Postal Service]]}}</ref>

Mosques in North America offer Eid prayer. For Eid during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]], some mosques required temperature checks and for participants to socially distance. Other mosques gathered at public parks to celebrate. By 2021, some Muslims were returning to mosques to pray for the holiday.<ref>{{cite web |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/ia-state-wire-coronavirus-pandemic-eid-al-fitr-lifestyle-health-e3a2b33d7904fff737db6456923a1b04 |title=For Muslims in America, Eid al-Fitr comes as pandemic eases |date=13 May 2021 |last1=Fam |first1=Mariam |last2=Householder |first2=Mike |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420031614/https://apnews.com/article/ia-state-wire-coronavirus-pandemic-eid-al-fitr-lifestyle-health-e3a2b33d7904fff737db6456923a1b04 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Trinidad and Tobago====
The Muslim population of [[Trinidad and Tobago]] popularly eat sawine/[[vermicelli]], a sweet dessert, to mark the celebration,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://disocaanalyst.com/2019/06/03/sawine-trinidad-eid-mubarak/ |title=The most popular Eid sweet in the Caribbean |date=3 June 2019 |website=Di Soca Analysts |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215203/https://disocaanalyst.com/2019/06/03/sawine-trinidad-eid-mubarak/ |url-status=live}}</ref> but the feast also consists of curries, [[roti]]s, and chicken and [[curry goat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/food_wine/2016/07/06/break-the-fast-with-these-sweet-treats-for-eid.html |title=Break the fast with these sweet treats for Eid |date=6 July 2016 |website=thestar.com |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215203/https://www.thestar.com/life/food_wine/2016/07/06/break-the-fast-with-these-sweet-treats-for-eid.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Eid al-Fitr is a public holiday in Trinidad and Tobago, having been declared in 1962.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions |page=388 |year=2013 |editor-last1=Case |editor-first1=Frederick I. |editor-last2=Taylor |editor-first2=Patrick |publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref>

====Suriname, Guyana====
Eid al-Fitr is a public holiday in [[Suriname]] and [[Guyana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-134/eid-ul-fitr |title=Eid-ul-Fitr: The end of the fast |date=July 2015 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512153411/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-134/eid-ul-fitr |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Argentina====
In [[Argentina]], Eid ({{langx|es|Fiesta del Fin del Ayuno}}) is officially a non-working holiday for [[Islam in Argentina|Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Public Holidays in Argentina |url=https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/argentina/moving/country-file/public-holidays |website=AngloInfo |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>

===Oceania===
==== Australia and New Zealand ====
Australian and New Zealand Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitr in a variety of ways depending on their specific cultural background. Many local celebrations take place in community centers and mosques.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are Ramadan and Eid and how are they celebrated in Australia? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/en/podcast-episode/what-are-ramadan-and-eid-and-how-are-they-celebrated-in-australia/qn2gip0kn |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=SBS Language |language=en-au}}</ref>

== In the Gregorian calendar ==
{{See also|Islamic calendar|Gregorian calendar}}
{{hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg}}
Although the date of Eid al-Fitr is always the same in the Islamic calendar, the date in the Gregorian calendar falls approximately 11 days earlier each successive year, since the Islamic calendar is [[lunar calendar|lunar]] and the Gregorian calendar is [[solar calendar|solar]]. Hence if the Eid falls in the first ten days of a Gregorian calendar year, there will be a second Eid in the last ten days of the same Gregorian calendar year, as happened in 2000 CE. The Gregorian date may vary between countries depending on the local visibility of the new moon. Some expatriate Muslim communities follow the dates as determined for the nearest Islamic country to their country of residence, while others follow the local dates of their home country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bentley |first1=David |title=Eid ul-Fitr 2024: Morocco set to sight moon soon |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/uk-world-news/eid-ul-fitr-2024-morocco-28966955 |access-date=10 April 2024 |publisher=MyLondon |date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

The following table shows predicted dates and announced dates based on new moon sightings for Saudi Arabia.<ref name="ummalqura">{{cite web |url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_adjust.htm |title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia – adjustment |first=R.H. van |last=Gent |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723031833/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_adjust.htm |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Recent dates of Eid al-Fitr in Saudi Arabia
! Islamic year || [[Umm al-Qura calendar|Umm al-Qura]] predicted || High Judiciary Council of Saudi Arabia announced
|-
| 1420 || 8 January 2000 || 8 January 2000<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic (Hijri) Calendar Year 2000 |url=https://www.al-habib.info/islamic-calendar/ummulqura/islamic-calendar-ummulqura-2000-ce.htm |website=al-habib.info |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 1421 || 27 December 2000 || 27 December 2000
|-
| 1422 || 16 December 2001 || 16 December 2001
|-
| 1423 || 5 December 2002 || 5 December 2002
|-
| 1424 || 25 November 2003 || 25 November 2003
|-
| 1425 || 14 November 2004 || 13 November 2004
|-
| 1426 || 3 November 2005 || 3 November 2005
|-
| 1427 || 23 October 2006 || 23 October 2006
|-
| 1428 || 13 October 2007 || 12 October 2007
|-
| 1429 || 1 October 2008 || 30 September 2008
|-
| 1430 || 20 September 2009 || 20 September 2009
|-
| 1431 || 10 September 2010 || 10 September 2010
|-
| 1432 || 30 August 2011 || 30 August 2011
|-
| 1433 || 19 August 2012 || 19 August 2012
|-
| 1434 || 8 August 2013 || 8 August 2013
|-
| 1435 || 28 July 2014 || 28 July 2014
|-
| 1436 || 17 July 2015 || 17 July 2015
|-
| 1437 || 6 July 2016 || 6 July 2016
|-
| 1438 || 25 June 2017 || 25 June 2017
|-
| 1439 || 15 June 2018 || 15 June 2018<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nagraj |first1=Aarti |title=UAE, Saudi confirm start of Eid Al Fitr |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/saudi-confirms-start-eid-al-fitr/ |website=Gulf Business |access-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604190230/https://gulfbusiness.com/saudi-confirms-start-eid-al-fitr/ |archive-date=4 June 2019 |date=14 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1440 || 4 June 2019 || 4 June 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Announced: Eid Al Fitr in Saudi on Tuesday |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/announced-eid-al-fitr-in-saudi-on-tuesday-1.1559211252195 |website=Gulf News |access-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604190239/https://gulfnews.com/uae/announced-eid-al-fitr-in-saudi-on-tuesday-1.1559211252195 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1441 || 24 May 2020 ||24 May 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran calendar |url=https://calendar.ut.ac.ir/Fa/News/Data/Doc/Calendar%201399-Full.pdf |website=calendar.ut.ac |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525003250/https://calendar.ut.ac.ir/Fa/News/Data/Doc/Calendar%201399-Full.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1442 || 13 May 2021 || 13 May 2021<ref>{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=David |date=13 May 2021 |title=Eid 2021 LIVE updates – when is Eid ul Fitr in Saudi Arabia, UK, rest of world |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/world-news/eid-2021-live-updates-when-20572898 |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=BirminghamLive |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513082708/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/world-news/eid-2021-live-updates-when-20572898 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1443 || 2 May 2022 || 2 May 2022<ref>{{cite web |author=Fatwa-Online Admin |url=https://www.fatwa-online.com/eed-al-fitr-1443-supreme-court-of-saudi-arabia/ |title='Eed al-Fitr 1443 – Supreme Court of Saudi Arabia – Fatwa-Online | eFatwa |publisher=Fatwa-online.com |date=30 April 2022 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524235351/https://www.fatwa-online.com/eed-al-fitr-1443-supreme-court-of-saudi-arabia/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1444 || 21 April 2023 ||21 April 2023
|-
| 1445 || 10 April 2024 || 10 April 2024<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2024 |title='Eid al Fitr 2024: Saudi Arabia, UAE confirm last day of Ramadan' |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/eid-al-fitr-2024-saudi-arabia-confirms-sighting-of-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408165032/https://gulfbusiness.com/eid-al-fitr-2024-saudi-arabia-confirms-sighting-of-the-moon/ |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=[[Gulf Business]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1446 || 30 March 2025 || 30 March 2025<ref name="Gulf">{{cite news |title=Eid Al Fitr 2025: Shawwal crescent moon sighting across the world |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/ramadan/eid-al-fitr-2025-shawwal-crescent-moon-sighting-across-the-world-1.500076461 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=30 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eid Al Fitr 2025: These countries have announced March 30 as first day of festivities |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/ramadan/eid-al-fitr-2025-these-countries-have-announced-march-30-as-first-day-of-festivities |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=30 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1447 || 20 March 2026 ||20 March 2026
|-
| 1448 || 9 March 2027 ||
|-
| 1449 || 26 February 2028 ||
|-
| 1450 || 14 February 2029 ||
|-
| 1451 || 3 February 2030 ||
|}

Because the Hijri year differs by about 11 days from the AD year, Eid al-Fitr can occur twice a year. The next occurrence of this will be in 2033.<ref>{{cite news |title=There will be three Eids in a year in 2033 |url=https://www.esquireme.com/news/52370-there-will-be-three-eids-in-a-year-in-2033 |newspaper=Esquire Middle East – the Region's Best Men's Magazine |date=13 May 2021 |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Eid al-Fitr prayer, Bandar Torkaman - 26 June 2017 05.jpg|Eid al-Fitr prayer, Torkaman, Iran 2017
File:Jama Maszid.jpg|Eid al-Fitr mass prayer at Delhi's [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], India
File:Muslims in Britain- Eid Ul Fitr Celebrations, 1941 D5129.jpg|British Muslims in performing the [[Eid prayers]] at [[East London Mosque]] during the celebration, 1941
File:Muslims in Britain- Eid Ul Fitr Celebrations, 1941 D5141.jpg|British Muslim soldiers and merchant seamen from India, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Transjordan, Syria, Arabia, Aden and Somaliland, performing the Eid prayers at the East London Mosque in 1941
File:Eid celebration.jpg|Muslims in Singapore celebrating Eid al-Fitr
File:Hidangan Lebaran.JPG|An Indonesian family celebrating ''lebaran'' with various culinary dishes specific to this holiday
File:Celebrating Eid in Tajikistan 10-13-2007.jpg|Family celebrating eid, [[Tajikistan]]
File:Commercial Street, Bangalore (7870991636).jpg|Lit up Commercial Street in [[Bangalore]], India during Eid al-Fitr
File:Istiqlal Mosque Eid ul Fitr Jamaah 1.JPG|Eid al-Fitr mass prayer in [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta]], Indonesia
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|Holidays}}
* [[Eid al-Ghadir]]
* [[Shab-e-Barat]]
* [[Quds Day]]
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Outline of Islam]]
* [[Index of Islam-related articles]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
*{{EI2|volume=3|title=ʿĪd al-Fiṭr|page=1008|first=E.|last=Mittwoch|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3473}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Richard C. |editor-link=Richard C. Martin |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world |date=2004 |publisher=[[Macmillan Reference USA]]: Thomson/Gale |location=New York |isbn=0028656032}}
* [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm The Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia (with computed and announced dates for Eid al-Fitr)]

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Eid al-Fitr}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Eid al-Fitr}}
* {{Wikinews-inline|Eid al-Fitr}}

{{Eid}}
{{Ramadan}}
{{Islamic holidays}}
{{Holidays in Algeria}}
{{Public holidays in Azerbaijan}}
{{Public holidays in Indonesia}}
{{Public holidays in Malaysia}}
{{Holidays in the Maldives}}
{{Public holidays in Pakistan}}
{{Public holidays in the Philippines}}
{{Public holidays in India}}
{{Public holidays in Singapore}}
{{Public holidays in Sri Lanka}}
{{Public holidays in Thailand}}
{{Public holidays in Turkey}}
{{Public holidays in the United States}}
{{Public holidays in Uzbekistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eid al-Fitr}}
[[Category:Eid (Islam)|*]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Ramadan]]
[[Category:Fasting in Islam]]
[[Category:Shia days of remembrance]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Algeria]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Brunei]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Singapore]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Morocco]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Egypt]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Public holidays in India]]
[[Category:National days in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Turkey]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Desserts]]
[[Category:Sugar confectionery]]
[[Category:Confectionery]]
[[Category:Annual events]]
[[Category:Islamic festivals]]

Dnyanesh Maharao

2026-04-30T00:46:59Z

Pt.debotosh dey: starting a bio

{{Short description|Indian writer and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dnyanesh Maharao
| birthname = Dnyanesh Ramkrishna Maharao
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|06|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Journalist,<ref>http://testmahanews.maharashtra.gov.in/Home/DisplayTalukaNewsDetails.aspx?str=Of8iVl3+kMo= {{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Editor
| years_active = 1985–present
| title = Editor Chitralekha Marathi Weekly Magazine
}}

'''Dnyanesh Maharao''' is a writer and editor<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/feb/21hrit.htm| title = rediff.com, Movies: Showbuzz! Mission Kashmir for Hrithik!}}</ref> of renowned [[Marathi language|Marathi]] weekly magazine ''[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]]''. He is in active journalist since 1 June 1989. Earlier he was Assistant Editor of Marathi weekly magazine ''Vivek'', from 1 April 1985 to 31 May 1989. He has written more than 20 books in Marathi as well as in English. He has written a famous book: ''Thackeray : life & style''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=611475 |title=National library |publisher=National library |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/msid-6874662,prtpage-1.cms |title=Maharashtra Times |publisher=Maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=145774:2011-03-27-18-06-07&catid=45:2009-07-15-04-01-33&Itemid=56 |title=संत तुकारामांच्या विचारात समाज परिवर्तनाची शक्ती -ज्ञानेश महाराव |publisher=Archive.loksatta.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>[[:mr:साप्ताहिक विवेक]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/literary-meet-gets-under-way/604846 |title=Literary meet gets under way |publisher=Indian Express |date=12 April 2010 |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>

He has also written two plays in Marathi: ''Jinku ya Dahi Disha'' and ''Sangeet Ghanlin Lotangan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navshakti.co.in/mumbai/7837/ |title='अण्णाभाऊ साठे यांच्या साहित्यातील परीवर्तनवाद' – Navshakti – Marathi Newspaper |publisher=Navshakti.co.in |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="maharashtratimes.indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5823367.cms |title=प्रबोधनासाठी मांडला नाट्यपसारा-नाटक -सिने-नाट्य-Maharashtra Times |publisher=Maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com |date=17 April 2010 |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/marathi/jinkuya_dahahi_disha.asp |title=Jinku Ya Dahahi Disha Marathi Play/Drama |publisher=www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtra-mandal-singapore.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_fabrik&c=form&view=details&Itemid=91&fabrik=3&rowid=516&tableid=3&fabrik_cursor=515 |title=Bibliography |publisher=Maharashtra-mandal-singapore.org |date=1 January 2011 |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>

On the occasion of the 125th birth anniversary of [[Bal Gandharva]] and 130th anniversary of [[Sangeet Saubhadra]], as a tribute to [[Annasaheb Kirloskar]] and [[Bal Gandharva]], he has recreated [[Sangeet Saubhadra]] under the banner of [[Om Natyagandha Mumbai]] and presented it to the current generation to have a test of the old musical drama. He himself has played the role of [[Narad]] in this play.

He was a Festival Director for the 4th Annual "Maharashtra State Level Egalitarian Literature Festival" (समतावादी साहित्य संमेलन) which was held from 26 to 28 November 2011 at Latur Maharashtra.

== Personal life ==

Dnyanesh Maharao was born on 11 June 1960 in [[Mumbai]].

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Year !! Name of the Award!! Award by Organisation
|-
| 1
| 2003
| Krushiwalkar Prabhakar Patil Award – 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=117420 |title=Maharashtra Times |publisher=Maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com |date=7 August 2003 |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121054/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=117420 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Patrakar Parishad
|-
| 2
| 2005
| Madhavrao Bagal Award – 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/daily/20090527/lsv12.htm |title=loksatta.com |publisher=loksatta.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>
| Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu Memorial Trust & Bhai Madhavrao Bagal University Kolhapur
|-
| 3
| 2008
| Shivnerkar Vishwanathrao Wable Journalism Award – 2008
| [[Dainik Shivner]]
|-
| 4
| 2009
| V. V. Shirwadkar Best Marathi Literature – Drama – Jinku Ya Dahi Disha<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091203/4669858990268922548.htm |title=eSakal |publisher=eSakal |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620225135/http://esakal.com/esakal/20091203/4669858990268922548.htm |archive-date=20 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| Government of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manogat.com/node/18439 |title=शासकीय पुरस्कारप्राप्त मराठी वाङ्मय | मनोगत |publisher=Manogat.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 2009
| Aacharya Aatre Smruti Puraskar 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4891888.cms |title=ज्ञानेश महाराव यांना आचार्य अत्रे पुरस्कार-मुंबई -महाराष्ट्र-Maharashtra Times |publisher=Maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com |date=14 August 2009 |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111141249/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4891888.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[:mr:आचार्य अत्रे पुरस्कार]]</ref>
| Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh (मुंबई मराठी पत्रकार संघ)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/daily/20090815/mumbai.htm |title=loksatta.com |publisher=loksatta.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patrakarsangh.com/index.php/2012-04-11-08-27-09 |title=आचार्य अत्रे पुरस्कार सन्मानित |publisher=patrakarsangh.com |date=11 April 2012 |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111122852/http://www.patrakarsangh.com/index.php/2012-04-11-08-27-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 6
| 2010
| Nanasaheb Vairale Smruti Puraskar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esakal.com/eSakal/20100221/5561845270467978933.htm |title=eSakal |publisher=eSakal |date=21 February 2010 |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111122702/http://www.esakal.com/eSakal/20100221/5561845270467978933.htm |archive-date=11 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| Maharashtra Editor Council
|-
| 7
| 2011
| Chintamanrao Deshmukh Journalism Award – 2011 (चिंतामणराव देशमुख पत्रकारिता पुरस्कार २०११)
| Roha Patrakar Sangh (रोहा पत्रकार संघ)
|-
| 8
| 2012
| Aatre Pratishthan Award for Journalism<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saswadkar.com/?p=461 |script-title=mr:कवी प्रकाश होळकर यांना अत्रे प्रतिष्ठानचा पुरस्कार |website=Saswadkar |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111122433/http://www.saswadkar.com/?p=461 |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref>
| Aacharya Aatre Vikas Pratishthan Saswad
|-
| 9
| 2012
| Vidyadhar Gokhale Lalitlekhan Puraskar – 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patrakarsangh.com/index.php/2012-04-11-08-22-05 |script-title=hi:विद्याधर गोखले : ललित लेखन पुरस्कार |website=Patrakarsangh |date=11 April 2012 |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111122849/http://www.patrakarsangh.com/index.php/2012-04-11-08-22-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh
|-
| 10
| 2013
| Dinmitra Mukundrao Patil Patrakarita Puraskar 2013<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://mahanews.gov.in/Home/DisplayTalukaNewsDetails.aspx?str=KW6XMPh2ooo= | title=लोकाभिमुख पत्रकारिता करण्याची गरज - सार्वजनिक बांधकाममंत्री छगन भुजबळ | language=mr | trans-title=Need for people-oriented journalism - Public Works Minister Chhagan Bhujbal | access-date=30 March 2013 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212652/http://www.mahanews.gov.in/Home/DisplayTalukaNewsDetails.aspx?str=KW6XMPh2ooo=}}</ref>
| Dinmitra
|-
|}

== Plays, dramas, theater ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Year !! Name of Play!! Language !! Role !! Remarks
|-
| 1
| Aug 2006
| ''Jinku Ya Dahi Disha''<ref name="maharashtratimes.indiatimes" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/jinkuya_dahahidisha.asp |title=Jinku Ya Dahahi Disha – Marathi drama review |publisher=www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>
| Marathi
| Shahir, Chitrawala
| Musical
|-
| 2
| Dec 2009
| ''Sangeet Ghalin Lotangan''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natakmandali.com/marathi-play/ghalin-lotangan |title=ghalin lotangan |publisher=Natakmandali.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111123956/http://www.natakmandali.com/marathi-play/ghalin-lotangan |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=254234:2012-10-06-16-35-54&catid=364:2011-08-26-09-11-11&Itemid=368 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629173739/http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=254234:2012-10-06-16-35-54&catid=364:2011-08-26-09-11-11&Itemid=368 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=नाट्यरंग: प्रेक्षकशरण 'घालीन लोटांगण'! |publisher=Archive.loksatta.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013 }}</ref>
| Marathi
| Chilte Maharaj
| Musical
|-
| 3
| Aug 2012
| ''Sangeet Saubhadra''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://navshakti.co.in/aisee-akshare/90203/ |title=शतकभर गाजणारे संगीत सौभद्र – Navshakti – Marathi Newspaper |publisher=Navshakti.co.in |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111122721/http://navshakti.co.in/aisee-akshare/90203/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250380:2012-09-15-16-01-17&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166 |title=नाट्यरंग: 'संगीत सौभद्र' अवीट संगीत 'नाटक'! |publisher=Archive.loksatta.com |date= |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014328/http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250380:2012-09-15-16-01-17&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://prahaar.in/mahamumbai/1458 |title=अभिजात 'संगीत सौभद्र' पुन्हा रंगभूमीवर | PRAHAAR | ONLINE MARATHI NEWS |publisher=Prahaar.in |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310201427/http://prahaar.in/mahamumbai/1458 |archive-date=10 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://prahaar.in/uncategorized/3673 |title=अर्जुन आणि 'तो' सुभद्रा | PRAHAAR | ONLINE MARATHI NEWS |publisher=Prahaar.in |date=1 September 2012 |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702101216/http://prahaar.in/uncategorized/3673 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=marathi actors |url=http://marathiactors.blogspot.in/2012/09/sangeet-soubhadra-marathi-play-cast.html |title=marathi actor and actress: Sangeet soubhadra Marathi play cast with photos |publisher=Marathiactors.blogspot.in |date=9 September 2012 |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>
| Marathi
| Narad
| Musical
|-
|}

== Bibliography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sr.No. !! Name of Book !! Language !! Publication !! First Edition
|-
| 1
| ''Dev Dharma Sanskriti Bhaktichya Navane Pa. Punchya Leela''
| Marathi
| Saket Prakashan Mumbai
| Sept 1998
|-
| 2
| ''Uttarkriya''
| Marathi
| Pushpa Prakashan Mumbai
| Jan 2000
|-
| 3
| ''Phakta Rashtrabhaktan Sathi''
| Marathi
| Pushpa Prakashan Mumbai
| Nov 2000
|-
| 4
| ''Assal Marathyansathi''
| Marathi
|
| Nov 2000
|-
| 5
| ''Uthava Maharashtra Desh''
| Marathi
|
| Nov 2000
|-
| 6
| ''Ujalavi Dnyanachi Diwali''
| Marathi
| Pushpa Prakashan Mumbai
| Nov 2000
|-
| 7
| ''Ase Ghadale''
| Marathi
| Pushpa Prakashan Mumbai
| Jan 1996
|-
| 8
| ''Hindu – Hindutva – Hindustani''
| Marathi
|
| Nov 2000
|-
| 9
| ''Samajik aani Rajakiya Badalansathi Lokshakti''
| Marathi
|
| Nov 2000
|-
| 10
| ''Bhuta Peksha Bhat Bhari''
| Marathi
|
| 2005
|-
| 11
| ''Dharmancha Vichar, Vicharancha Dharm''
| Marathi
| Lokshakti Prakashan Mumbai
| Nov 2002
|-
| 12
| ''Dharile Pandhariche Chor'' (धरिले पंढरीचे चोर)
| Marathi
|
| Nov 2000
|-
| 13
| ''Bahujananche Dev aani Tyanche Dushman'' (बहुजनांचे देव आणि त्यांचे दुश्मन)
| Marathi
|
| Nov 2000
|-
| 14
| Thackeray: Life and Style (ठाकरे फमिली : लाईफ आणि स्टाईल)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prabodhankar.com/node/294/page/0/8 |title=शिवाजी विद्यापीठाच्या पी. एच. डी. ( समाजशास्त्र ): Page 9 of 205 |publisher=Prabodhankar |date= |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111123944/http://prabodhankar.com/node/294/page/0/8 |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_despite-split-uncle-loved-raj-thackeray_1765969 |title=Despite split, uncle Thackeray loved Raj :: DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=18 November 2012 |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>
| English
|
| Aug 1995
|-
| 15
| ''Prabondhankaranche Jwalant Hindutva''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17494434.cms?prtpage=1 |title=आंबेडकरांच्या भाषणे, लेखांच्या पुर्नमुद्रणासाठी सरकारला साकडे -मुंबई -महाराष्ट्र-Maharashtra Times |publisher=Maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com |date=6 December 2012 |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> (प्रबोधनकारांचे ज्वलंत हिंदुत्व)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prabodhankar.com/node/294/page/0/9 |title=शिवाजी विद्यापीठाच्या पी. एच. डी. ( समाजशास्त्र ): Page 10 of 205 |publisher=Prabodhankar |date= |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624161909/http://prabodhankar.com/node/294/page/0/9 |archive-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhipubliclibrary.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-MARCdetail.pl?biblionumber=67290 |title=Delhi Public Library catalog " MARC details for record no. 67290 |publisher=Delhipubliclibrary.in |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>
| Marathi
| Pushpa Prakashan Mumbai
| Nov 2000
|-
| 16
| ''Garje Shivarayanchi Talwar'' (गर्जे शिवरायांची तलवार)
| Marathi
| Darpan Prakashan Mumbai
| Mar 2004
|-
| 17
| ''Lokshahichi Chinta aani Chintan'' (लोकशक्तीची चिंता आणि चिंतन)
| Marathi
|
|
|-
|}

== External links ==
* [http://www.chitralekha.com Chitralekha Weekly Marathi Magazine चित्रलेखा साप्ताहिक]
* [http://www.patrakarsangh.com Mumbai Marathi Journalists Association – मुंबई मराठी पत्रकार संघ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314103256/http://patrakarsangh.com/ |date=14 March 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130408144732/http://magazine.evivek.com/ Vivek Weekly Marathi Magazine साप्ताहिक विवेक]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharao, Dnyanesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Medo Yhokha

2026-04-24T13:45:43Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Added A Data Needs Work...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| name = Medo Yhokha
| constituency = [[Southern Angami-I Assembly constituency|Southern Angami-I]]
| predecessor = [[Vikho-o Yhoshü]]
| term_start = 3 November 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|16 May 1977}}
| birth_place = [[Kigwema]], [[Kohima district]]
| alma_mater = [[Tetso College]], [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong]] and [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
| image =
}}
'''Medo Yhokha''' is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from [[Southern Angami-I Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=NDPP candidate Yhokha wins 14-Southern Angami-I in closely fought contest |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nagaland-bye-election-result-ndpp-candidate-yhokha-wins-14-southern-angami-i-in-closely-fought-contest/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[Eastern Mirror]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NDPP's Medo Yhokha wins 14 Southern Angami–I |url=https://morungexpress.com/nagaland-bye-election-ndpps-medo-yhokha-wins-14-southern-angamii |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> In November 2020, he was named Advisor to the [[Chief Minister of Nagaland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM appoints Medo Yhokha as advisor |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/cm-appoints-medo-yhokha-as-advisor/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[Nagaland Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly-elected MLA Medo Yhokha appointed advisor in Nagaland govt |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2020/11/25/ces24-nl-appointment.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The Week India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Medo Yhokha appointed as Advisor to CM |url=https://morungexpress.com/medo-yhokha-appointed-as-advisor-to-cm |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 16 May 1977 in [[Kigwema]], [[Kohima district]]. He did his university education at [[Tetso College]] in 1966, Bachelor of Arts in history at [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong]] and Master of Arts in history at [[North-Eastern Hill University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medo Yhokha |url=https://nagaland.neva.gov.in/Member/Details/76 |website=[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yhokha, Medo}}
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Yogender Chandoliya

2026-04-23T01:10:43Z

Pt.debotosh dey: pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yogender Chandolia
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]]
| predecessor = [[Hans Raj Hans]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| office2 = Municipal Councillor
| predecessor2 = ''New ward created''
| successor2 = Sushila Khorwal
| term_start2 = 2007
| term_end2 = 2017
| occupation = Businessman
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image = [[File:Yogender Chandoliya.jpg]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|22}}
}}

'''Yogender Chandolia''' (also spelled as Yogender Chandoliya) is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is currently a Member of Parliament from [[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]].<ref name="Dalits {{!}} Voices from the margins2">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Dalits {{!}} Voices from the margins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-dalits-voices-from-the-margins-2565841-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322131000/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-dalits-voices-from-the-margins-2565841-2024-07-13 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He has been active in politics since his college days and has been elected as the Municipal Councillor several times and was the Chairperson Standing Committee of the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD).<ref>{{cite news |title=MCD Standing Committee chairperson, deputy retain posts |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/MCD-Standing-Committee-chairperson--deputy-retain-posts/791731/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126111133/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/MCD-Standing-Committee-chairperson--deputy-retain-posts/791731/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=25 November 2011}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} He was also a Municipal Councilor for Dev Nagar, [[Karol Bagh]] Zone, [[Delhi]]. He had also contested from [[Karol Bagh Assembly constituency|Karol Bagh constituency]] in [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]] and [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020 Delhi Assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Meet Yogender Chandolia: North West Delhi candidate for Lok Sabha election 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/meet-yogender-chandolia-north-west-delhi-candidate-for-lok-sabha-election-2024-2543344-2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi constituency]] in the [[18th Lok Sabha]] by defeating the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] candidate, [[Udit Raj]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{18th Lok Sabha members from Union territories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandolia, Yogender}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Central Delhi district]]
[[Category:People from Karol Bagh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Rajendra Prasanna

2026-04-21T12:00:54Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made New Data First Draft

{{Multiple issues|
{{Fanpov|date=November 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2013}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rajendra Prasanna
| image = Rajendra Prasanna playing at Womad festival.png
| caption = Rajendra Prasanna playing at [[WOMAD|Womad festival]] [[Australia]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|04|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| instrument = [[Bansuri]], [[shehnai]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Instrumentalist, [[composer]]
}}

'''Rajendra Prasanna''' ({{lang|sa|राजेन्द्र प्रसन्ना}}; born 15 April 1956) is an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] [[Bansuri|flautist]] and [[shehnai]] (Indian oboe) player from Benares Gharana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajendraprasanna.com/Profile_Rajendra_Prasanna.aspx |title=Profile:: Pt. Rajendra Prasanna |website=Rajendraprasanna.com |date=1956-04-15 |accessdate=2016-08-03}}</ref>

==Career==
Rajendra was born in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He learnt music from his father [[Raghunath Prasanna]] and from his uncles [[Bholanath Prasanna]] and Vishnu Prasanna.
His family moved to Delhi in the early seventies, and he later became the disciple of [[Hafeez Ahmed Khan]] and Sarfaraz Hussain Khan. He also took lessons from singer Mahadev Mishra of Benares Gharana.

==Performances==
He performed at the [[Edinburgh Festival]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]), [[Sydney Opera House]], [[WOMAD]] Festival ([[Australia]], [[New Zealand]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://womad.org/artists/rajendra-prasanna/ |title=Rajendra Prasanna » Artists » WOMAD |website=womad.org |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705175659/http://womad.org/artists/rajendra-prasanna/ |archive-date=5 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> World Music festival for the golden jubilee celebration for India's Independence held in America, Canada and Switzerland (U.N.O. Headquarters) in 1997, [[Concert for George]] in London (Ravi Shankar project), Opera de Lyon in France, [[Philharmonie de Paris]] in France,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuit du Raga – Philharmonie de Paris |url=https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/en/activity/concert/26089-nuit-du-raga |website=Philharmonie de Paris |access-date=7 April 2026}}</ref> and [[Elbphilharmonie]] Hamburg in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajendra Prasanna Ensemble – Elbphilharmonie |url=https://www.elbphilharmonie.de/en/whats-on/rajendra-prasanna-ensemble/20526 |website=Elbphilharmonie Hamburg |access-date=7 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darbar.org/artists/rajendra-prasanna |title=Rajendra Prasanna |website=www.darbar.org |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830102528/http://www.darbar.org/artists/rajendra-prasanna |archive-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Rajendra Prasanna playing shehnai.jpg|thumbnail|Rajendra Prasanna playing shehnai]]

==Awards and honors==
* Top Grade Artist of All India Radio in two instruments Bansuri and Shehnai
* Rajendra was the recipient of various awards and honors including the Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Academy Award - Flute & Shehnai (1995)
* [[Grammy Award]] certificate for his participation in "Concert for George" in 2004.
* Lifetime Achievement Award by Sahara India.
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] - Hindustani Instrumental - Flute / Shehnai 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/uploads/2018-19/PressReleaseSNAAwards2017-English.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119141858/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/uploads/2018-19/PressReleaseSNAAwards2017-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Discography==
* ''Indian Classical Music by Rajendra Prasanna'' - T-Series
* ''Flute Fantasy''
* ''Colors of life''
* ''Tribute to Pt. Raghunath Prasanna''
* ''Nirmal Sangeet''
* ''Ghoomar''
* ''Enchanting of Himalayas''
* ''A tribute to Ustad Bismillah Khan (Shehnai)'' - 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shrimatis.com/mall/cdartist_Rajendra_Prasanna.asp |title=Rajendra Prasanna CDs |website=Shrimatis.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-03}}</ref>
{{commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rajendraprasanna.com Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasanna, Rajendra}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian flautists]]
[[Category:Bansuri players]]
[[Category:Shehnai players]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Petlad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:09Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made New Post V1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Petlad
| mla = [[Kamleshbhai Patel|Kamleshbhai Rameshbhai Patel (Master)]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Anand district|Anand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:239530}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 113
}}

'''Petlad''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Anand district|Anand]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Petlad Taluka (Part) Villages – Ramol, Demol, Changa, Padgol, Sanjaya, Bamroli, Ravli, Ghunteli, Mahelav, Bandhni, Ravipura, Morad, Porda, Sunav, Vishnoli, Ardi, Sihol, Vatav, Palaj, Jesarva, Isarama, Rangaipura, Bhavanipura, Fangani, Bhatiel, Agas, Boriya, Ashi, Dantali, Jogan, Davalpura, Lakkadpura, Simarada, Virol(Simarada), Rupiyapura, Vishrampura, Shahpur, Sundarana, Bhalel, Petlad (M)
# Borsad Taluka (Part) Villages – Dhundakuva, Sur Kuva, Napa Talpad, Napa Vanto, Dahemi, Naman, Singlav, Dhobikui, Dedarda, Kavitha, Santokpura, Vahera, Dabhasi, Bochasan

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1972
|Prabhudas S Patel<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petlad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/petlad-gujarat-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1975
|Patel Fulabhai Vardhabhai
|
|
|NCO
|-
|1980
|Chauhan Govindbhai Shankarbhai
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC (i)]]
|-
|1985
|Ashabhai Dhulabhai Baraiya
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1990
|[[Niranjan Patel|Niranjan Purushottamdas Patel]]
|
|
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|1995
|[[Niranjan Patel|Niranjan Purushottamdas Patel]]
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1998
|[[Niranjan Patel|Niranjan Purushottamdas Patel]]
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2002
|Chandrakant Dahyabhai Patel (C. D. Patel)
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Niranjan Patel|Niranjan Purushottamdas Patel]]
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Niranjan Patel|Niranjan Purushottamdas Patel]]
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Niranjan Patel|Niranjan Purushottamdas Patel]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Kamleshbhai Patel|Kamleshbhai Rameshbhai Patel]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Petlad Assembly constituency<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kamleshbhai Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=89166|percentage=52.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Prakash Budhabhai Parmar (Doctor)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=71212|percentage=41.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arjunbhai Sidhabhai Bharwad|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=4596|percentage=2.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Talpada Somabhai Zenabhai|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=225|percentage=0.13|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2434|percentage=1.43|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=10.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:235744}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Petlad<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Niranjan Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Niranjan Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=77,312|percentage=51.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dipakbhai Patel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=65,120|percentage=43.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,192|percentage=8.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=150,670|percentage=76.72|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Anand district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anand district}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.48|72.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Anand district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Datla Balarama Raju

2026-04-19T04:26:07Z

Pt.debotosh dey: starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (1907–1998)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Datla Balarama Raju
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1907|12|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kavitam, [[West Godavari district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (Presently [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place = {{death date and age|1998|5|12|1907|12|15|df=yes}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapuram]]
| term = 1962–1971
| predecessor = [[Uddaraju Ramam]]
| successor = [[M. T. Raju]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = D. Suvhadraiah
| children = [[D. V. S. Raju]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1429.htm
}}
'''Datla Balarama Raju''' (1907-1998) was an Indian politician. He was a member of parliament, representing [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapuram]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]], as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozhWAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=6 January 2021|year=1967|publisher=United India Periodicals|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Sabha2003">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=6 January 2021|year=2003|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=40}}</ref><ref name="People1998">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. House of the People|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aR9VAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=6 January 2021|date=May 1998|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|page=15}}</ref> Noted film producer [[D. V. S. Raju]] was his son.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About DVS Raju |url=https://dvsraju.co.in/about-us.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=DVS Raju official website}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1429.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balaramaraju, Datla}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]

Bandikui Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:52Z

Pt.debotosh dey: made a data v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bandikui
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-85-Bandikui.svg
| mla = [[Bhagchand Saini Tankda]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:222388}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 85
}}
'''Bandikui Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dausa district|Dausa]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan=2 |Bishambher Nath Joshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Mathuresh Behari
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2 |Bishambher Nath Joshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]

|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Vijay Singh Nandera
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Nathu Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Chandra Shekhar Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Ramkishor Shaini
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan=2 |Shailendra Joshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Murari Lal Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Ram Kishor Saini
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Alka Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Gajraj Khatana<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Bhagchand Saini Tankda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Bandikui<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhagchand Saini Tankda]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:92067}}
|percentage = 51.27
|change = +18.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gajraj Khatana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79687}}
|percentage = 44.38
|change = +9.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhagwan Singh Mall
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3308}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change = -26.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:980}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12380}}
|percentage = 6.89
|change = +3.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179566}}
|percentage = 80.74
|change = +2.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bandikui<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gajraj Khatana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:56433}}
|percentage = 35.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Kishor Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:51669}}
|percentage = 32.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhagchand Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:44992}}
|percentage = 28.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1021}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4764}}
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159603}}
|percentage = 78.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dausa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.05|76.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Dausa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Poonamallee Bypass metro station

2026-04-12T17:10:19Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made Some Details W/ Refs

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's upcoming Yellow Line terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Poonamallee Bypass
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = 4}}
| style = Chennai Metro
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Poonamallee]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] 600056
| borough =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0480|80.0818|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platforms]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} * Platform-2 → Train Terminates Here * ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}}''' in the future)''{{stl|Metro|}}
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = Elevated, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Final Stages before Commercial Operations - 95% complete
| code = PBYM
| zone =
| website =
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| opening = {{start date and age|June 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Yellow|left1=|to-left1=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2026)''|right1=Poonamallee|to-right1=Vadapalani|line2=Yellow|left2=|to-left2=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid2=''(Lighthouse - Around Dec 2027)''|right2=Poonamallee|to-right2=Lighthouse|line3=Yellow|left3=Nazarethpet|to-left3=Parandur Airport|note-mid3=''(Extension in the future)''|right3=Poonamallee|to-right3=Lighthouse}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #ffef00
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Poonamallee Bypass metro station''' is an upcoming elevated [[Rapid transit|metro]] station on the [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Chennai Metro]]. This metro station will be among the 30 stations of corridor IV and 18 elevated stations along corridor IV of the Chennai Metro, Poonamallee Bypass–[[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]] stretch. The station serves the neighbourhoods of [[Poonamallee]].

==History==
In January 2021, Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) began the bidding process for the construction of this Poonamallee Bypass metro station, that spans between Poonamallee Bypass and [[Porur Junction metro station|Porur Junction]], a 7.945 km segment forming [[Line 4 (Chennai Metro)|Corridor 4]] within Phase 2 of the [[Chennai Metro]] project.

The contract, designated as Package C4-ECV-02, drew prominent interest from a number of prominent infrastructure firms, including [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen & Toubro (L&T)]], [[Tata Projects]], [[Afcons Infrastructure]], and lastly with ITD Cementation India Ltd. Following a quite thorough evaluation of all of the technical submissions along with financial bids, [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen & Toubro (L&T)]] was declared the lowest bidder, with its proposal meeting both engineering requirements along with cost parameters set by CMRL. Subsequently, the contract was awarded in full to them. Construction of the station began in 2021. The construction is being funded by [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]].<ref name="IE_ByJune2024">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Kodambakkam to Poonamalee Chennai Metro stretch to be operational by June 2024
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 13 August 2021
| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/aug/13/kodambakkam-to-poonamalee-chennai-metro-stretch-to-be-operational-by-june-2024-2344207.html
| access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref> Following the award, they initiated work in line with the project's approved blueprint and execution plan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=L&T Wins Chennai Metro Line-4’s Porur – Poonamallee Section |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/01/22/lt-wins-chennai-metro-line-4s-porur-poonamallee-section/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/chennai-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Depot==
The Poonamallee Bypass metro station will feature a depot, which will be one of the five depots of the Chennai Metro.<ref name="IE_ByJune2024"/> Built at a cost of {{INR}}2,250 million, the depot will have 24 tracks<ref name="TH_BallastTracks"/> and will be used for the repair, maintenance and cleaning of trains and will exclusively serve the trains to be operated on the Poonamallee–Light House stretch.<ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | title = Metro finalises contractor for phase II's Poonamallee depot | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 24 September 2021 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-finalises-contractor-for-phase-iis-poonamallee-depot/article36640878.ece | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref> The depot will feature ballast tracks to save on capital expenditure, since laying ballastless track may cost an additional {{INR}}800 to 900 million.<ref name="TH_BallastTracks">{{cite news | last = | first = | title = CMRL may decide to build ballast tracks at Poonamallee depot | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 28 January 2021 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-may-go-for-ballast-tracks-at-poonamalle-depot/article33679919.ece | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Station Layout ''(TBC)'' ===
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Poonamallee Bypass track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-color = blue
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|yellow}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Poonamallee metro station|Poonamallee]] *
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here **
vENDEe-!~v-ENDExe
exv-CONTf ~~ ~~ ~~ ''Towards [[Parandur Airport metro station|Parandur Airport]]''
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''* Under Construction''' ** ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Chennai Metro|Parandur Airport}}''' metro station in the future)''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} * '''Next Station:''' [[Poonamallee metro station|Poonamallee]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here **
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|'''''Further extension to * {{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}} and ** {{stl|Chennai Metro|Parandur Airport}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|line 4=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Datia Airport

2026-04-11T17:46:58Z

Pt.debotosh dey: starting a stub

{{Short description|Upcoming airport in Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Datia Airport
| ensign =
| ensign_size =
| ensign_alt =
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width = 
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image2 =
| image2-width = 
| image2_alt =
| caption2 =
| IATA = DPP
| ICAO = VIDT
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| type = [[Public]]
| owner-oper = [[Airport Authority of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/services/project-consultancy|title=AAI project-consultancy|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/aai-raise-funding-keep-pace-with-traffic-expansion-14-greenfield-airports-in-principle-approval-47682|title=Airports Authority of India seeks funds to cater for traffic growth; 14 greenfield plans approved|website=CAPA - Centre for Aviation}}</ref>
| owner =
| operator =
| city-served = [[Datia]] and [[Jhansi]]
| location = Datia, Madhya Pradesh
| opened = 
| closed = 
| passenger_services_ceased = 
| hub =
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| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc = +5:30
| summer =
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| coordinates = {{coord|25|38|59.9|N|078|30|11.4|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = 
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
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| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_relief =
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| pushpin_label = '''Datia Airport'''
| pushpin_label_position =
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'''Datia Airport''' is an airstrip located in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. The airport currently has two scheduled services connecting [[Bhopal airport|Bhopal]] and [[Khajuraho Airport|Khajuraho]], and is mainly used by private aircraft and [[Air Taxi|air taxis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/LIST-UNSERVED-AS-ON22NOV16.pdf|title=AAI unserved and underserved airports|website=aai.aero}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/datia-news/now-datia-will-start-air-service-1590895/|title=दतिया से हवाई सेवा|website=Patrika News|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-GWA-HMU-air-service-will-also-start-from-datia-5647431-NOR.html|title=दतिया से भी शुरू होगी हवाई सेवा, हवाई पट्टी पर उतरा 10 सीटर प्लेन|date=July 16, 2017|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> There are plans to open a flight school at the airstrip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bansalnews.com/khabrein-gwalior-se/-pilot-academy-will-open-on-datia-airstrip/369385-144.html|title=Pilot Academy to open at Datia Airstrip|website=bansalnews.com|access-date=2020-07-29|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729115057/https://bansalnews.com//khabrein-gwalior-se/-pilot-academy-will-open-on-datia-airstrip/369385-144.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Expansion==
In 2023, [[Airport Authority of India]] started to upgrade the airstrip into a new airport which is also near historical [[Jhansi]] city of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>[https://www.aai.aero/en/node/345030 DEVELOPMENT OF DATIA AIRPORT FOR OPERATION OF 19 SEATER AIRCRAFT. SH: PAVEMENT WORKS]</ref><ref>[https://www.aai.aero/en/node/346511 DEVELOPMENT OF DATIA AIRPORT FOR OPERATION OF 19 SEATER AIRCRAFT. SH: DETAILED DESIGNING, ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF TERMINAL BUILDING, ATC TOWER AND OTHER ASSOCIATED WORKS.]</ref> The proposed airport is 29 kilometres away from [[Jhansi]] City and will serve both cities of [[Datia]] and [[Jhansi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhansi News: दतिया से शुरू होगी हवाई सेवा, झांसी वालों की भी बढ़ेगी सुविधा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jhansi/air-service-will-start-from-datia-the-convenience-of-jhansi-people-will-also-increase-jhansi-news-c-11-1-jhs1002-100566-2023-05-23 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> On 21 August 2023, India's [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|civil aviation minister]] [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] laid the foundation stone for the expansion of the airstrip into a full-fledged airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news24online.com/state/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-6th-airport-built-in-datia-cm-shivraj-jyotiraditya-scindia-narottam-mishra-on-foundation-mpap/312532/|title=MP के इस शहर में बनेगा प्रदेश का 6वां एयरपोर्ट, CM शिवराज ज्योतिरादित्य सिंधिया करेंगे शिलान्यास|work=News 24 Hindi|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

{{India-airport-stub}}

Unni R.

2026-04-11T02:07:23Z

Pt.debotosh dey: info

{{Short description|Indian short-story writer and screenwriter}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Unni R.
| image = Unni R.jpg
| caption = Unni R. in 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_name = P. Jayachandran
| occupation = {{hlist|[[short story writer]]|[[screenwriter]]}}
| alma_mater =
| movement =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = {{ublist|N. Parameswaran Nair|K. A. Radhamma}}
}}

'''P. Jayachandran ''' (born 12 April 1971), better known by his [[pen name]] '''Unni R.''', is an Indian short-story writer and screenwriter, who is known for his work in [[Malayalam literature]] and [[Malayalam cinema]]. Born in Kudamaloor in [[Kottayam]] district, he is currently based in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India. He studied in Kudamaloor LP school, CMS college High school, [[CMS College Kottayam]] and Baselius College, [[Kottayam]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} Unni R. won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] for the film [[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|''Charlie'']] (2015).

== Career ==
For the story of same name, he has received the Kerala Sahithya Academy Geetha Hiranyan Endowment, Anganam-E.P. Sushama Endowment and Thomas Mundasseri Award. Ozhivudivasathe Kali has been later made into the [[Ozhivudivasathe Kali|film of the same name]] by Director Sanal Shashidaran. It won the 46th Kerala State Award for Best Film in 2015. He was a recipient of several awards including K.A. Kodunalloor Award and T.P Kishore Memorial Award (both for Praanilokam); V.P. Shivakumar Memorial Award and SBT Award (both for Mudraraakshasam); as well as Abu Dhabi Shakti Award and Ayanam C.V. Sriraman Award (both for Kottayam 17).{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

His works have been translated into English and other Indian languages such as Tamil. His Leela and Bhootam were translated for the Tamil monthly magazine Kaalachuvadu by Tamil poet Sukumaran. Kalinaadakam which was translated to Tamil has been widely read and noted Tamil writer Perumal Murukan opined in his 19th D.C. Kizhakemuri Memorial lecture that Unni R.’s stories have extensive readership in Tamil Nadu along with the veterans such as [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]], [[M.T. Vasudevan Nair]] and [[Kamala Surayya|Madhavikutty]]. Several of his articles, including one on Nakulan and on Madhavikutty, were also translated to Tamil and English. Indian Literature, a bi-monthly journal of Sahitya Academy featured his translated stories – Catwalk (Vol.231/2006) and Pedestrian named Badushah (Vol 260/2010). Malayalam Literary Survey (Jan-Mar 2008) published the translation of his short story, The Kali Play.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Besides screen writing, he has also acted as supporting roles in [[Aparahnam]], [[Chappakurishu]], [[Munnariyippu]] etc. He started his career as a sub-editor in the Karpooram Weekly, Kottayam, Kerala (1994-1995). He also worked as a Producer in [[Asianet Communications|Asianet Satellite Communications]] for a long period of time (1995-2013).{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Unni R.'s short story "Vaanku" won the [[2020 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2020 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards announced; Poetry award to OP Suresh; fellowships awarded to Perumbadavam and Sethu |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=620160&u=kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-poetry-award-to-op-suresh-fellowships-awarded-to-perumbadavam-and-sethu-620160 |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=[[Keralakaumudi Daily]] |date=17 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and was made into [[Vaanku (film)|the 2021 film of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kavya-prakash-i-want-to-make-movies-with-a-good-message-which-brings-smiles-to-peoples-faces/articleshow/73152136.cms |title=Kavya Prakash: I want to make movies with a good message, which brings smiles to people's faces |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2020 }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Short story Collections ===
* ''Ozhivu Divasathe Kali''<ref group="books">{{cite book|last1=R|first1=Unni|title=Ozhivu Divasaththe Kali|publisher=Chintha Publications|isbn=9382328513|pages=100|language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Kali Nadakam''<ref group="books">{{cite book|last1=Ār|first1=Uṇṇi|title=Kāḷināṭakaṃ|date=2006|publisher=Ḍi. Si. Buks|location=Kottayam|isbn=9788126413713|pages=64|edition=2|language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Kottayam 17''<ref group="books">{{cite book|last1=Ār|first1=Uṇṇi|title=Kōṭṭayaṃ 17|date=2010|publisher=Ḍi. Si. Buks|location=Kottayam|isbn=9788126428366|pages=96|edition=3|language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Kadhakal''<ref group="books">{{cite book|last1=Ār|first1=Unni|title=Kathakaḷ Uṇṇi Ār. = Kathakal Unni R.|date=2012|publisher=DC Books|location=Kottayam|isbn=9788126434497|pages=184|edition=8|language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Oru Bhayankara Kamukan''<ref group="books">{{cite book|last1=R|first1=Unni|title=Oru Bhayankara Kamukan|date=30 Mar 2016|publisher=D C Books|isbn=9788126464739|pages=120|edition=2|language=ml}}</ref>
* ''One hell of a lover'', selection of short stories translated from the Malayalam by J. Devika, Chennai: Eka, 2019.<ref>See also the English translations of ''Ozhivu Divasathe Kali'' (An Off day Game) and ''Aliceinte Albuthalokam'' (Alice in Wonderland) available at http://madhatterworks.blogspot.com/2018/04/ozhivudivasathe-kali-and-alicinte.html.</ref>

=== Other works ===
* Chumbikkunna Manushyar Chumbikkatha Manushyar (Essays)<ref group="books">{{cite book|last1=R|first1=Unni|title=Chumbikkunna Manushyar Chumbikkatha Manushyar|date=11 Dec 2014|publisher=D C Books|isbn=9788126452651|pages=288|edition=1|language=ml}}</ref>
* Basheer (Editor, Essays)
*Prathi Poovan Kozhi (Novel )

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="33"|Year !! rowspan="2"|Film !! colspan="3"|Credited as !! rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
! width=70|Story !! width=70|Script !! width=70|Dialogue
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'' || {{no}}||{{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Segment: ''Bridge''
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Anwar (2010 film)|Anwar]]'' ||{{no}} ||{{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Chaappa Kurishu]]'' ||{{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Co-written with [[Sameer Thahir]].
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' ||{{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Co-written with [[Santhosh Echikkanam]].
|-
| 2013 || ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' ||{{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Segment: ''Kullante Bharya''
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Munnariyippu]]'' ||{{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[An Off-Day Game|Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}} || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Kerala State Film Award 2015]] -Best Film<ref>{{cite news|last1=Young|first1=Deborah|title='An Off-Day Game': Mumbai Review|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/an-day-game-mumbai-review-836260|access-date=5 November 2015|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Script and dialogues co-written with [[Martin Prakkat]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=V.P.|first1=Nicy|title='Charlie' First Poster: Dulquer Salmaan Spotted in Trendy New Look [PHOTOS]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/charlie-first-poster-dulquer-salmaan-spotted-trendy-new-look-photos-635847|access-date=5 November 2015|work=International Business Times|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> [[2015 Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award 2015]] – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Leela (2016 film)|Leela]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || <ref>{{cite news|last1=Jayaram|first1=Deepika|title=Biju Menon in Ranjith's Leela?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Biju-Menon-in-Ranjiths-Leela/articleshow/49658282.cms|access-date=5 November 2015|work=The Times Of India|date=4 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=title not finalised next with Basil Joseph to go on floor in 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Naaradan (film)|Naaradhan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2021|title=Naradhan First Look : 'മിന്നല്‍ മുരളി'ക്ക് ശേഷം ടൊവീനോ; ആഷിക് അബുവിന്‍റെ 'നാരദന്‍' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക്|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/naradhan-first-look-tovino-thomas-aashiq-abu-unni-r-santhosh-t-kuruvilla-rima-kallingal-r4cj1p|website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| [[Kattalan]]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Team THR |date=2026-04-04 |title=Ravi Basrur Replaces Ajaneesh Loknath As Composer For 'Kattalan' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ravi-basrur-replaces-ajaneesh-loknath-as-composer-for-kattalan |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Oru Bhayankara Kamukan}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Oru Bhayankara Kamukan: Dulquer Salmaan's next with Lal Jose to go on floor in 2017|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/oru-bhayankara-kamukan-dulquer-salmaans-next-lal-jose-go-floors-2017-699279|access-date=13 October 2016|work=International Business Times|date=12 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Bilal}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|}

== Awards and honours ==
* [[2015 Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award 2015]] ([[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]) - [[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]<ref name="Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy win top honours at Kerala State Film awards">{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2016 |title=Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy win top honours at Kerala State Film awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dulquer-salmaan-parvathy-win-top-honours-at-kerala-state-film-awards-2015/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Geetha Hiranyan|Geetha Hiranyan Endovement]] – Ozhivu Divasathe Kali (2006)<ref>{{cite news|title=Akademi fellowships, awards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/akademi-fellowships-awards/article1834327.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 Apr 2007}}</ref>
* Thomas Mundasseri Award – [[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]<ref name="Unni R">{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2018 |title=Unni R |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl-2018/speakers/unni-r-d90b9239 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* Ankanam E.P. Sushama Endovement – Ozhivu Divasathe Kali<ref name="Unni R" />
* [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] – Kottayam 17<ref name="Unni R" />
* Ayanam C. V. Sreeraman Award – Kottayam 17<ref name="Unni R" />
* K. A. Kodungalloor Story Award<ref name="Unni R" />
* T. P. Kishore Award<ref name="Unni R" />
* [[V. P. Sivakumar]] Memorial Keli Award{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}
* [[Mohan Raghavan]] Award for Best Script - Charlie{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}
* IIFA Award for Best story - Charlie<ref name="IIFA Utsavam: Complete winner’s list">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2017 |title=IIFA Utsavam: Complete winner’s list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=books}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2634191}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unni R.}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Sahkutumb Sahparivar

2026-04-10T17:21:23Z

Pt.debotosh dey:

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| director = Bharat Gaikwad
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Kiran Kulkarni
* Pallavi Karkera
* Sandip Vishwasrao
}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| num_episodes = 1000
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Ranjit Thakur
* Hemant Ruprell
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|02|24|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|08|03|df=yes}}
| image = Sahkutumb Sahaparivar.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| creator =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| released =
| company = [[Frames Production]]
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| related = ''[[Pandian Stores]]''
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| theme_music_composer = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| open_theme = "Sahkutumb Sahparivar" by Prasenjit Kosambi and Rupali Moghe
}}

'''''Sahkutumb Sahparivar''''' ({{Translation|''With the Family, With the Household''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series that aired on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-18|title=सहकुटुंब सहपरिवार पहावी अशी मालिका ‘सहकुटुंब सहपरिवार’, सुनील बर्वे-नंदिता पाटकर पहिल्यांदाच एकत्र|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/sunil-barve-nandita-patkar-joins-for-the-first-time-in-the-serial-sahakutumba-saha-parivar-126783445.html/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012536/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/sunil-barve-nandita-patkar-joins-for-the-first-time-in-the-serial-sahakutumba-saha-parivar-126783445.html/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-25|title=‘सहकुटुंब सहपरिवार’ मालिकेत लगीनघाई|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/wedding-scenes-in-sah-kutumb-sah-parivar-marathi-serial-ssv-92-2227509/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122120241/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/wedding-scenes-in-sah-kutumb-sah-parivar-marathi-serial-ssv-92-2227509/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Pandian Stores]]''. It stars [[Sunil Barve]] and [[Nandita Patkar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title='सहकुटुंब सहपरिवार'सह सुनील-नंदिता पहिल्यांदाच येत आहेत प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला|url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-upcoming-marathi-serial-sahakutumba-sahaparivar-sunil-barve-nandita-patker-work-in-lead-role-1830297.html|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Hindustan Times Marathi|language=mr|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305071442/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/story-upcoming-marathi-serial-sahakutumba-sahaparivar-sunil-barve-nandita-patker-work-in-lead-role-1830297.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The show is produced by Ranjit Thakur and Hemant Ruparel under the banner of [[Frames Production]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunil Barve and Nandita Dhuri-Patkar starrer ‘Sahakutumb Sahaparivar’ to premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sunil-barve-and-nandita-dhuri-starrer-sahakutumb-sahaparivar-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/73738669.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528104149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sunil-barve-and-nandita-dhuri-starrer-sahakutumb-sahaparivar-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/73738669.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunil Barve and Nandita Dhuri starrer Sahakutumb Sahaparivar’s new teaser is out; watch video|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sunil-barve-and-nandita-dhuri-starrer-sahakutumb-sahaparivars-new-teaser-is-out-watch-video/articleshow/74225322.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123204024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sunil-barve-and-nandita-dhuri-starrer-sahakutumb-sahaparivars-new-teaser-is-out-watch-video/articleshow/74225322.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show revolves around Sarita and Suryakant, the owner of a Jay Bhawani departmental store, and his family. The show is describing importance of family and their relationships. Suryakant is the head of the family. He has three younger brothers, Vaibhav, Omkar and Prashant. These three brothers and their mother lead a happy life. Suryakant marries Sarita.

Sarita decides not to have children and wants to take care of Suryakant's brothers. She takes care of everyone in the family and always bees there for them. Then, due to some circumstances, Vaibhav marries Avni and Prashant marries Anjali. Now, this drama is about how Sarita maintains the family without any problems and facing all obstacles and keeps the family running happily. This is a heart-touching drama because each and every point is related and seen in a normal family.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Sunil Barve]] as Suryakant "Surya" More – Owner of Bhawani Stores; Laxmi's eldest son; Vaibhav, Prashant and Omkar's brother; Sarita's husband; Kshitij's father. He is strict but kind man who supports his family by sacrificing his own wishes.
* [[Nandita Patkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=उत्तम केमिस्ट्री असली की ते सीन्स खूप खरे वाटतात: नंदिता पाटकर|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/nandita-patkar-interview-for-upcoming-tv-show-sahakutumb-sahaparivar/articleshow/74212602.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122193904/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/nandita-patkar-interview-for-upcoming-tv-show-sahakutumb-sahaparivar/articleshow/74212602.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as Sarita "Sari" More – Suryakant's wife; Kshitij's mother. She is kind, generous and strives to keep the family united and like a mother-figure to Vaibhav, Prashant and Omkar.

=== Recurring ===
* Amey Barve / Nimish Kulkarni as Vaibhav "Vaibhya" More – Laxmi's second son; Suryakant, Prashant and Omkar's brother; Avni's husband; Sakhi's father. He is educated and smart and he supports his family by opposing his wife.
* Sakshi Gandhi as Avni More – Sarjerao's daughter; Vaibhav's wife; Sakhi's mother. She tries to get adjusted in the family as she belongs to a rich family, but continuously fails and insults others but she is clean by heart.
* Akash Nalawade as Prashant "Pashya" More – Laxmi's third son; Suryakant, Vaibhav and Omkar's brother; Anjali's husband, Jay’s father. He has a love hate relationship with Anji but he always supports her. He is an illiterate and dumb guy.
* Komal Kumbhar as Anjali "Anji" Dhawale More – Asha and Dhananjay's daughter; Prashant's wife, Jay’s mother. She has love-hate relationship with Prashant but she always supports him.
* Akash Shinde as Omkar "Onkya" More – Laxmi's youngest son; Suryakant, Vaibhav and Prashant's brother; Pooja's husband. He is mischievous but is loyal to his brothers.
* Pooja Purandare as Pooja More – Omkar's wife.
* Annapurna Bhairi / Anukamal as Laxmi More – Suryakant, Vaibhav, Prashant and Omkar's mother; Sakhi, Kshitija & Jay’s grandmother. She was a paralyzed lady.
* Kishori Ambiye as Asha Dhawale – Dhananjay's wife; Anjali's mother; Sarita's aunt. She hates More Family especially Sarita and Prashant.
* Santosh Patil / Mahesh Ghag as Dhananjay Dhawale – Asha's husband; Anjali's father; Sarita's uncle.
* Bhagyashri Pawar as Guddi – Anjali's friend; Sarita's sister-figure. She always supports Sarita and Anji.
* Sayali Sambhare as Kavita – Govind's wife. She also hates Sarita and supports Mami in her plans.
* Bhushan Patil as Sarjerao – Avni's father; Sakhi's grandfather. He is a rich politician. He hates the More family because he thinks they have brainwashed his daughter to marry Vaibhav and therefore she married him.
* Suhas Paranjpe as Akkasaheb – Sarjerao's sister; Avni's aunt. She hates the More family like Sarjerao and tries to create a misunderstanding between them.
* Shweta Mehendale as Jyoti – Anjali's cousin.
* Ruturaj Phadake as Mihir – Anjali's friend from US.

== Reception ==
=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 38
|2020
|3.7
|2
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rang Majha Vegla To Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!: Here's The Top 5 Shows Of Marathi TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rang-maza-vegla-to-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-heres-the-top-5-shows-of-marathi-tv/etphotostory/78427636.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2021-03-03|archive-date=2024-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424045656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rang-maza-vegla-to-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-heres-the-top-5-shows-of-marathi-tv/etphotostory/78427636.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|2020
|4.0
|2
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Marathi TV Serials TRP Ratings: 26 September (Saturday) to 2 October 2020 (Friday)|url=https://www.1films.in/2020/06/marathi-tv-serials-trp-ratings-weekly-list-june-july-aug-sept-2020.html?m=1|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814011203/https://www.1films.in/2020/06/marathi-tv-serials-trp-ratings-weekly-list-june-july-aug-sept-2020.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|2020
|3.8
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 40 - DATA: Saturday, 3rd October 2020 To Friday, 9th October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020222315/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 41
|2020
|3.5
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 41 - DATA: Saturday, 10th October 2020 To Friday, 16th October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026171648/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|2020
|3.7
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 42 - DATA: Saturday, 17th October 2020 To Friday, 23rd October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030073503/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 43
|2020
|4.2
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 43 - DATA: Saturday, 24th October 2020 To Friday, 30th October 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107084103/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 44
|2020
|4.6
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 44 - DATA: Saturday, 31st October 2020 To Friday, 6th November 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113205617/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2020
|4.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 45 - DATA: Saturday, 7th November 2020 To Friday, 13th November 2020 |url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123214117/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2020
|4.4
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 47 - DATA: Saturday, 21st November 2020 To Friday, 27th November 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210034036/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2020
|4.6
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 48 - DATA: Saturday, 28th November 2020 To Friday, 4th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216171146/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2020
|4.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=टीआरपी रेसमध्ये पहिल्या पाचमधील सगळेच कार्यक्रम स्टार प्रवाहचे, ही मालिका ठरली अव्वल|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/star-pravahs-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-no-one-barc-india-a588/|website=[[Lokmat]]|access-date=2021-12-01|language=mr|archive-date=2022-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423042824/https://www.lokmat.com/television/star-pravahs-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-no-one-barc-india-a588/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2020
|4.9
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 52 - DATA: Saturday, 26th December 2020 To Friday, 1st January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114033049/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2021
|4.2
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 1 - DATA: Saturday, 2nd January 2021 To Friday, 8th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117161138/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=17 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2021
|4.0
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=पहिल्या पाचमध्ये कित्येक महिन्याने आली झी मराठीवरील ही मालिका तर टीआरपीत ठरलीय ही मालिका अव्वल|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/zee-marathis-aggabai-sasubai-number-four-barc-india-a588/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=2022-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317170433/https://www.lokmat.com/television/zee-marathis-aggabai-sasubai-number-four-barc-india-a588/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2021
|4.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 4 - DATA: Saturday, 23rd January 2021 To Friday, 29th January 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210164230/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=10 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2021
|4.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 5 - DATA: Saturday, 30th January 2021 To Friday, 5th February 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218053144/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2021
|3.9
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 6 - DATA: Saturday, 6th February 2021 To Friday, 12th February 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171011/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2021
|3.6
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 7 - DATA: Saturday, 13th February 2021 To Friday, 19th February 2021|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225081955/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2021
|3.6
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ना सई-आदित्य ना अरुंधती, बोलबाला कोणाचा? टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/top-5-marathi-serials-for-week-20th-february-2021-to-26th-february-2021-see-full-list-413036.html|website=TV9 Marathi|access-date=2021-08-10|language=mr|archive-date=2022-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423023859/https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/top-5-marathi-serials-for-week-20th-february-2021-to-26th-february-2021-see-full-list-413036.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Star Pravah Parivar Puraskar
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Roles
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|Best Sister-in-law
|[[Nandita Patkar]]
|Sarita
|-
|Best Family
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|More Family
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|Best Costumes
|-
|Best Siblings
|[[Sunil Barve]], Amey Barve, Akash Nalawade, Akash Shinde
|Suryakant, Vaibhav, Prashant, Omkar
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:Pink;" |Language
! style="background:Pink;" |Title
! style="background:Pink;" |Original release
! style="background:Pink;" |Network(s)
! style="background:Pink;" |Last aired
! style="background:Pink;" |Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Pandian Stores]]'' பாண்டியன் ஸ்டோர்ஸ்
| 1 October 2018
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 28 October 2023
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Vadinamma]]'' వదినమ్మ
| 6 May 2019
| [[Star Maa]]
| 21 March 2022
| rowspan="6"| Remake
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Sahkutumb Sahparivar'' सहकुटुंब सहपरिवार
| 24 February 2020
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 3 August 2023
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Bhaggolokkhi]]'' ভাগ্যলক্ষী
| 31 August 2020
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 21 March 2021
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]'' സാന്ത്വനം
| 21 September 2020
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 27 January 2024
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Gupta Brothers]]'' गुप्ता ब्रदर्स
| 5 October 2020
| [[Star Bharat]]
| 26 January 2021
|-
| ''[[Pandya Store]]'' पंड्या स्टोर
| 25 January 2021
| [[StarPlus]]
| 26 May 2024
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12665002}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/sahkutumb-sahaparivar/1260021590 ''Sahkutumb Sahparivar''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

2026-04-08T13:15:06Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made Some Entry Added Tags

{{short description|Indian scientist and statistician (1893 –1972)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] [[Indian National Science Academy|FNA]] [[Indian Academy of Sciences|FASc]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]
| image = Portrait of Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis.webp
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1893|06|29}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1972|06|28|1893|06|29}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| fields = [[Mathematics]], [[statistics]]
| workplaces = [[University of Cambridge]] [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
| education = [[Presidency College, Kolkata|University of Calcutta]] ([[BSc]]) [[King's College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<ref name="frs"/>
| doctoral_advisor = [[William Herrick Macaulay]]<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=47966}}</ref>
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students = [[Samarendra Nath Roy|Samarendra Roy]]<ref name="mathgene"/>
| notable_students = [[Raj Chandra Bose]] [[C.R. Rao]]
| known_for = [[Mahalanobis distance]] [[Feldman–Mahalanobis model]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1968) Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (OBE, 1942)<ref name="gazette"/> [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS)<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = C. R. | author-link = C. R. Rao| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1973.0017 | doi-access = free| title = Prasantha Chandra Mahalanobis 1893-1972 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 19 | pages = 455–492 | year = 1973 | s2cid = 74582754 }}</ref> [[Weldon Memorial Prize]] (1944)
| signature = Signature of Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis.svg
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse = Nirmal Kumari Mahalanobis<ref name="mactutor"/>
}}
'''Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Indian National Science Academy|FNA]],<ref name="Mahalanobis_bio_INSA">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = C.R. | url =http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM5_7901.pdf | title = Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis : 1893–1972 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy| volume = 5 | pages = 1–24 | year = 1972 }}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences|FASc]],<ref name="IAS_Fellows_deceased">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mahalanobis,__Prasanta_Chandra | title=Fellowship – Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences| access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs"/> (29 June 1893 – 28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist and statistician. He is best remembered for the [[Mahalanobis distance]], a statistical measure, and for being one of the members of the [[Planning Commission (India)|first Planning Commission of free India]]. He made pioneering studies in [[anthropometry]] in India. He founded the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], and contributed to the design of large-scale sample surveys.<ref name="frs"/><ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Hagger-Johnson | first1 = G. | chapter = Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra | doi = 10.1002/0470013192.bsa360 | title = Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0470860809 }}</ref><ref name="mactutor">{{MacTutor Biography|id=Mahalanobis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Ghosh | first1 = J. K. | last2 = Majumder | first2 = P. P. | doi = 10.1002/0470011815.b2a17090 | chapter = Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra | title = Encyclopedia of Biostatistics | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0470849071 }}</ref> For his contributions, Mahalanobis has been considered the father of statistics in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/vp-naidu-pays-homage-to-mahalanobis-at-isi-anniv-vp-recalls-ancient-indian-statistics/articleshow/64800513.cms|title=VP Naidu pays homage to Mahalanobis at ISI|date=30 June 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> Since 2007, June 29 is celebrated as '''National Statistics Day''' in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of P.C. Mahalanobis and his contributions to statistical science and planning.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2024 |title="Statistics Day" will be celebrated on June 29, 2024 Theme: Use of Data for Decision-Making |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2029227 |access-date=3 June 2025 |agency=Press Information Bureau }}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:P. C. Mahalanobis.jpg|thumb|left|Young Mahalanobis]]
Mahalanobis was born on 29 June 1893, in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now [[West Bengal]]).
Mahalanobis belonged to a prominent [[Bengali Brahmin]] family of landed gentry in [[Bikrampur]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-was-prasanta-chandra-mahalanobis-or-pcm-5238190/|title=Who was Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis or 'PCM'?|date=29 June 2018|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Idea of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGVBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93|page=93|author=Sunil Khilnani|year=2016| publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9789351184546|quote=Born in 1893 of a Bengali Brahmin family, Mahalanobis took a First in mathematics and physics from King's College, Cambridge in 1915 and returned to Calcutta to teach physics.}}</ref> His grandfather Gurucharan (1833–1916) moved to Calcutta in 1854 and built up a business, starting a chemist shop in 1860. Gurucharan was influenced by [[Debendranath Tagore]] (1817–1905), father of the Nobel Prize-winning poet, [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Gurucharan was actively involved in social movements such as the [[Brahmo Samaj]], acting as its treasurer and president. His house on 210 [[Bidhan Sarani|Cornwallis Street]] was the centre of the Brahmo Samaj. Gurucharan married a widow, an action against social traditions at that time.{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}

Gurucharan's younger son, Prabodh Chandra (1869–1942), was the father of P. C. Mahalanobis. Born in the house at 210 Cornwallis Street, Mahalanobis grew up in a socially active family surrounded by intellectuals and reformers.<ref name="frs"/>

Mahalanobis received his early schooling at the [[Brahmo Boys School]] in Calcutta, graduating in 1908. He joined the Presidency College, then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], where he was taught by teachers who included [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], and [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]]. Others attending were [[Meghnad Saha]], a year junior, and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], two years his junior at college.<ref>{{cite book|year=1995| title=Saha and his formula|publisher=Universities Press|place=Hyderabad|author=Venkataraman, G.|page=3|isbn=9788173710179}}</ref> Mahalanobis received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree with honours in physics in 1912. He left for England in 1913 to join the [[University of London]].{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}

After missing a train, he stayed with a friend at [[King's College, Cambridge]]. He was impressed by [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]] and his host's friend M. A. Candeth suggested that he could try joining there, which he did. He did well in his studies at King's, but also took an interest in cross-country walking and punting on the river. He interacted with the mathematical genius [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] during the latter's time at Cambridge.<ref name="Krish">{{cite web|last1=Krishnamurthy|first1=Prof. V.|title=Srinivasa Ramanujan – His life and his genius|url=http://www.krishnamurthys.com/profvk/VK2/Srinivasa_Ramanujan.html|website=www.Krishnamurthy.com|publisher=(Expository address delivered on Sep.16, 1987, at Visvesvarayya Auditorium as part of the celebrations of Ramanujan Centenary by the IISC, Bangalore)|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> After his [[Tripos]] in physics, Mahalanobis worked with [[C. T. R. Wilson]] at the [[Cavendish Laboratory]]. He took a short break and went to India, where he was introduced to the Principal of [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] and was invited to take classes in physics.<ref name="frs"/>

After returning to England, Mahalanobis was introduced to the journal ''[[Biometrika]].'' This interested him so much that he bought a complete set and took them to India. He discovered the utility of statistics to problems in [[meteorology]] and [[anthropology]], beginning to work on problems on his journey back to India.<ref name="frs"/>

In [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], Mahalanobis met Nirmal Kumari (Rani), daughter of Heramba Chandra Maitra, a leading educationist and member of the Brahmo Samaj. They married on 27 February 1923, although her father did not completely approve of the union. He was concerned about Mahalanobis's opposition to various clauses in the membership of the student wing of the Brahmo Samaj, including prohibitions against members' drinking alcohol and smoking. Sir [[Nilratan Sircar]], P. C. Mahalanobis' maternal uncle, took part in the wedding ceremony in place of the father of the bride.<ref name="frs"/>

==Indian Statistical Institute==
{{Main|Indian Statistical Institute}}
[[File:ISI Delhi Mahalanobis statue.JPG|thumb|right|Mahalanobis memorial at ISI Delhi]]
Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in [[statistics]]. An informal group developed in the Statistical Laboratory, which was located in his room at the Presidency College, Calcutta. On 17 December 1931 Mahalanobis called a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Professor of Applied Mathematics) and Sir [[R. N. Mukherji]]. Together they established the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI) in [[Baranagar]], and formally registered on 28 April 1932 as a non-profit distributing learned society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.<ref name="frs"/>

The institute was initially in the Physics Department of the Presidency College; its expenditure in the first year was Rs. 238. It gradually grew with the pioneering work of a group of his colleagues, including S. S. Bose, J. M. Sengupta, [[R. C. Bose]], [[S. N. Roy]], K. R. Nair, [[R. R. Bahadur]], [[Gopinath Kallianpur]], D. B. Lahiri and [[C. R. Rao]]. The institute also gained major assistance through [[Pitambar Pant]], who was a secretary to Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Pant was trained in statistics at the Institute and took a keen interest in its affairs.<ref name="frs"/>

In 1933, the Institute founded the journal ''[[Sankhya (journal)|Sankhya]],'' along the lines of [[Karl Pearson]]'s ''Biometrika''.<ref name="frs"/>

The institute started a training section in 1938. Many of the early workers left the ISI for careers in the United States and with the government of India. Mahalanobis invited [[J. B. S. Haldane]] to join him at the ISI; Haldane joined as a Research Professor from August 1957, staying until February 1961. He resigned from the ISI due to frustrations with the administration and disagreements with Mahalanobis' policies. He was concerned with the frequent travels and absence of the director and complained that the "... journeyings of our Director define a novel random vector." Haldane helped the ISI develop in biometrics.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dronamraju | first1 = K. R. | title = On Some Aspects of the Life and Work of John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, F.R.S., in India | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.1987.0006 | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–237 | year = 1987 | pmid =11622022| doi-access = }}</ref>

In 1959, the institute was declared as an institute of national importance and a [[Deemed university]].<ref name="frs"/>

The methods pioneered at the institute are now used by the World Bank and the United Nations. As Nobel Prize-winning economist [[Angus Deaton]] and co-author Valerie Kozel wrote in 2005: "Where Mahalanobis and India led, the rest of the world has followed, so that today, most countries have a recent household income or expenditure survey. Most countries, can only envy India in its statistical capacity".

Economists TN Srinivasan, [[Rohini Somanathan]], Pranab Bardhan and another Nobel-winner [[Abhijit Banerjee]] have since argued that there is "no other instance of an entirely homegrown institution in a developing country becoming a world leader in a large field of general interest".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-29 |title=National Sample Survey: How India taught the world the art of collecting data |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61870699 |access-date=2022-06-30}}</ref>

==Contributions to statistics==

===Mahalanobis distance===
{{Main|Mahalanobis distance}}

Mahalanobis distance is one of the most widely used metrics to find how much a point diverges from a distribution, based on measurements in multiple dimensions. It is widely used in the field of cluster analysis and classification. It was first proposed by Mahalanobis in 1930 in context of his study on racial likeness.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/004/06/0020-0026 |title=Mahalanobis Distance |last=McLachlan |first=G. J. |website=ias.ac.in}}</ref> From a chance meeting with [[Nelson Annandale]], then the director of the [[Zoological Survey of India]], at the 1920 Nagpur session of the Indian Science Congress led to Annandale asking him to analyse [[anthropometric]] measurements of Anglo-Indians in Calcutta. Mahalanobis had been influenced by the anthropometric studies published in the journal ''Biometrika'' and he chose to ask the questions on what factors influence the formation of European and Indian marriages. He wanted to examine if the Indian side came from any specific castes. He used the data collected by Annandale and the caste-specific measurements made by [[Herbert Hope Risley]] to come up with the conclusion that the sample represented a mix of Europeans mainly with people from Bengal and Punjab but not with those from the Northwest Frontier Provinces or from Chhota Nagpur. He also concluded that the intermixture more frequently involved the higher castes than the lower ones.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Somesh |year=1993 |title=The evolution of the ''D''2-statistic of Mahalanobis |journal=Sankhya |volume=55 |pages=442–459 |url=http://sankhya.isical.ac.in/search/55a3/55a3040.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113031109/http://sankhya.isical.ac.in/search/55a3/55a3040.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Analysis of race-mixture in Bengal |author=Mahalanobis, P. C. |year=1927 |journal=J. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal |volume=23 |pages=301–333 |url=http://library.isical.ac.in/jspui/handle/10263/1622 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313103219/http://library.isical.ac.in/jspui/handle/10263/1622 |archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> This analysis was described by his first scientific article in 1922.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Anthropological observations on the Anglo-Indians of Calcutta. Part I. Analysis of male stature |journal=Records of the Indian Museum |volume=23 |pages=1–96 |author=Mahalanobis, P. C. |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/stream/recordsofindianm23192indi#page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref> During the course of these studies he found a way of comparing and grouping populations using a multivariate distance measure. This measure, denoted "''D''2" and now [[eponymous]]ly named [[Mahalanobis distance]], is independent of measurement scale.<ref name="frs"/> Mahalanobis also took an interest in physical anthropology and in the accurate measurement of skull measurements for which he developed an instrument that he called the "profiloscope".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/07341512.2015.1127459 |title=Profiling the profiloscope: Facialization of race technologies and the rise of biometric nationalism in inter-war British India |journal=History and Technology |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=376–396 |year=2016 |last1=Mukharji |first1=Projit Bihari |s2cid=146570565}}</ref>

===Sample survey===
His most important contributions are related to large-scale sample surveys. He introduced the concept of pilot surveys and advocated the usefulness of [[Sampling (statistics)|sampling]] methods. Early surveys began between 1937 and 1944 and included topics such as consumer expenditure, tea-drinking habits, public opinion, crop acreage and plant disease. [[Harold Hotelling]] wrote: "No technique of random sample has, so far as I can find, been developed in the United States or elsewhere, which can compare in accuracy with that described by Professor Mahalanobis" and Sir [[Ronald Aylmer Fisher|R. A. Fisher]] commented that "The ISI has taken the lead in the original development of the technique of sample surveys, the most potent fact-finding process available to the administration".<ref name="frs"/>

He introduced a method for estimating crop yields which involved statisticians sampling in the fields by cutting crops in a circle of diameter 4 feet. Others such as [[P.V.Sukhatme|P. V. Sukhatme]] and V. G. Panse who began to work on crop surveys with the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] and the [[Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute]] suggested that a survey system should make use of the existing administrative framework. The differences in opinion led to acrimony and there was little interaction between Mahalanobis and agricultural research in later years.<ref>Rao, J. N. K. (2006) Interplay Between Sample Survey Theory and Practice: An Appraisal. Survey Methodology Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 117–138. Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-001 [http://www.statcan.ca/english/ads/12-001-XIE/12-001-XIE20050029040.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331150401/http://www.statcan.ca/english/ads/12-001-XIE/12-001-XIE20050029040.pdf |date=31 March 2007 }}</ref><ref>Adhikari, B. P. (1990). "Social construction of the statistical estimation of crop yield". Paper presented at the XII World Congress of Sociology of the International Sociological Association, Madrid, Spain.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Evolution of Statistics in India|last=Ghosh|first=J. K.|author2=P. Maiti |author3=T. J. Rao |author4= B. K. Sinha |journal=Revue Internationale de Statistique|volume=67|issue=1|year=1999|pages=13–34|doi=10.2307/1403563|jstor=1403563}}</ref>

==Later life==
In later life, Mahalanobis was a member of the planning commission contributed prominently to newly independent India's five-year plans starting from the second. In the second five-year plan he emphasized [[industrialization]] on the basis of a two-sector model.<ref name="frs"/> His variant of [[Wassily Leontief]]'s [[Input-output model]], the [[Mahalanobis model]], was employed in the [[Five-year plans of India#Second plan (1956-1961)|Second Five Year Plan]], which worked towards the rapid industrialisation of India and with other colleagues at his institute, he played a key role in the development of a statistical infrastructure. He encouraged a project to assess deindustrialization in India and correct some previous census methodology errors and entrusted this project to [[Daniel Thorner]].<ref name=Das>Das, Gurucharan. (2000) ''India Unbound: The Social and Economic Revolution from Independence to the Global Information Age''. Anchor Books. p. 432 {{ISBN|0-375-41164-X}}</ref>

In the 1950s, Mahalanobis played a critical role in the campaign to bring India its first digital computers.<ref name="Nikhil Menon, Modern Asian Studies">{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0026749X16000135|title='Fancy Calculating Machine': Computers and planning in independent India|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=52|issue=2|pages=421–457|year=2017|last1=Menon|first1=Nikhil|s2cid=148820998 }}</ref>

Mahalanobis also had an abiding interest in cultural pursuits and served as secretary to [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (about whom he would write in the ''Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia''), particularly during the latter's foreign travels, and also worked at his [[Visva-Bharati University]], for some time. He received India's second highest civilian award, the [[Padma Vibhushan]] from the [[Government of India]] for his contribution to science and services to the country.

Mahalanobis died on 28 June 1972, a day before his seventy-ninth birthday. Even at this age, he was still active doing research work and discharging his duties as the secretary and director of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] and as the honorary statistical advisor to the Cabinet of the Government of India.{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}

==Honours==
[[File:PC Mahalanobis 1993 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mahalanobis on a 1993 stamp of India]]
* Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc, 1935)
* Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (FNA, 1935)
* Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (Civil Division), [[1942 New Year Honours]] list<ref name="gazette">{{London Gazette |issue=35399 |date=30 December 1941 |page=24 |supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref>
* [[Weldon Memorial Prize]] from the [[University of Oxford]] (1944)
* Fellow of the [[Royal Society]], London (1945)<ref name="frs"/><ref name="royal">[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1945/14'&dsqDb=Catalog Royal Society citation]</ref>
* President of [[Indian Science Congress]] (1950)
* Fellow of the [[Econometric Society]], US (1951)
* Fellow of the [[Pakistan Statistical Society|Pakistan Statistical Association]] (1952)
* Honorary Fellow of the [[Royal Statistical Society]], UK (1954)
* Sir Deviprasad Sarvadhikari Gold Medal (1957)
* Foreign member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]] (1958)
* Honorary Fellow of [[King's College, Cambridge]] (1959)
* Fellow of the [[American Statistical Association]] (1961)
* Durgaprasad Khaitan Gold Medal (1961)
* Desikottam by Visva Bharati University (1961)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1968)
* Srinivasa Ramanujan Gold Medal (1968)

The government of India decided in 2006 to celebrate Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis's birthday, 29 June, every year as "[[World Statistics Day|National Statistics Day]]" of [[India]].<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=22&id=168695&usrsess=1 The Statesman 25 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314150007/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=22&id=168695&usrsess=1 |date=14 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>Mohan, Rakesh 2007 Statistical system of India – some reflections. Reserve Bank of India, Department of Statistical Analysis and Computer Services, Mumbai, 29 June 2007. [http://www.bis.org/review/r070705e.pdf PDF]</ref>

On the occasion of his 125th birth anniversary on 29 June 2018, [[Vice President of India|Indian Vice-President]] [[Venkaiah Naidu|M Venkaiah Naidu]] released a commemorative coin at a programme at ISI, Kolkata.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[List of Indian mathematicians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Ashok Rudra|title=Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrzrAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563679-6}}
* {{cite book|author=David Engerman|title=The Price of Aid: The Economic Cold War in India|year=2018|publisher=Harvard University Press}}
* {{cite book|author=A. Mahalanobis|title=Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yx0sAAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=National Book Trust, India}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q561478}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/P-C-Mahalanobis P.C. Mahalanobis] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725021053/http://www.isibang.ac.in/pcm.htm Biography from ISI Bangalore Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090305115527/http://ir.isical.ac.in/dspace/handle/1/1173 ISI publication archives]

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
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[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
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[[Category:Indian development economists]]
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[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Principals of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Members of the Planning Commission of India]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Mathematical statisticians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian statisticians]]

Vijaya College, Bengaluru

2026-04-08T11:33:20Z

Pt.debotosh dey: article

{{Short description|College in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{one source|date=December 2014}}
{{third-party|date=December 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Vijaya College
| established = {{start date and age|1942}}
| type =
| former_name = Bangalore Intermediate College
| principal = Dr. M. Subramanya Bhat
| students = 2400
| city = [[Bengaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|12.9411|N|77.5809|E|type:edu_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| affiliations = [[Bengaluru City University]]
| website = [http://vijayacollege.ac.in]
}}
'''Vijaya College''' is an educational institution in [[Bengaluru]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It was established in 1942. It is one of the oldest colleges in India. In 1946, Bangalore Intermediate College was renamed as Vijaya College. In 1947, the present campus area measuring 450 ft X 500 ft was sanctioned by the City Municipality, Bengaluru. A building was constructed to house the college in the new campus by January 1953.

== History ==

In the early 1940s, only two colleges, Government Intermediate college and St. Joseph's college, were in the entire city of Bangalore. Admission to Government College was difficult because of less student intake and admission to St. Joseph's college was beyond the reach of many students. Citing this hardship, a group of people came together and mooted the idea of starting a new educational institution. The group included Rao Bahadur Prof B. Venkateshachar, Prof V.T. Srinivasan, Sri K. Lakshminarayana Rao, Sri K. Srinivasa Rao, Sri.C.R. Narayana Rao and others. BHS managing committee was constituted in 1944. The occasional contributions of other educationists such as Sri K.N.Guruswamy, Sri Rao Bahadur Dharma Prakasha L.S. Venkoji Rao, Sri H.Ramaswamy and Col. G.S.Subba Rao aided the effort.

Degree classes began in 1956. Initially BSc course with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics combination were started, followed by a Chemistry, Botany and Zoology combination. In 1970, a Bachelor of Commerce course was started.

During the 1980s the college started new BSc combinations:

# Physics, Mathematics and Electronics.
# Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science.
# Chemistry, Botany or Zoology and Sericulture.

Vijaya College expanded its infrastructure to accommodate a steep increase in enrollment. Nearly 5000 students have attended Vijaya College.

The college was split in 2002 into Degree and PU colleges. Vijaya College is now a full-fledged Degree college.

== Leadership ==

B.V. Narayana Rao guides the institution as the secretary of BHS Higher Education Society. The President is Dr. N.S. Sundara Rajan.

The BHS Managing Committee started the ''Bangalore Intermediate College'' in Vokkaligara Sangha Campus, Vishveswarapuram, Bengaluru with two sections of 60 students each.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Rishab Shetty]], Actor
* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], Actor
* [[Naveen Krishna]], Actor
* [[Ambareesh]], Actor
* [[H D Kumaraswamy]], Politician
* [[Prakash Nanjappa]], Olympian
* [[P. C. Mohan]], politician
* [[Shalini]], TV Actress

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website| http://vijayacollege.ac.in}}
*[http://vijayacollege.ac.in/college_genesis.html Bengaluru History]

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1942]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]

Nila (2015 film)

2026-04-05T11:20:24Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made A Post Initial Version

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nila (2015 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Selvamani Selvaraj
| writer = Selvamani Selvaraj
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = HP Gupta
| starring = [[Sruthi Hariharan]] Vicky Vijai
| narrator =
| cinematography = Piyush Goswami Shelley Calist Thalabathi S S Chitradutt M
| editing = Rejith KR
| music = Jhanu Chanthar
| studio = Skylab Pictures
| distributor = VizAudz Creations
| released = {{Film date|2015|||df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nila''''' ({{Translation|Moon}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Selvamani Selvaraj and starring [[Sruthi Hariharan]] and Vicky Vijai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/10-regional-south-indian-gems-you-can-watch-on-netflix-and-amazon-prime-gantumoote-to-ee-ma-yau/article31397106.ece|title=10 regional south Indian gems you can watch on Netflix and Amazon Prime: ‘Gantumoote’ to ‘Ee Ma Yau’|first=Srivatsan|last=S|date=23 April 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827001906/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/10-regional-south-indian-gems-you-can-watch-on-netflix-and-amazon-prime-gantumoote-to-ee-ma-yau/article31397106.ece|archive-date=27 August 2025|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> It was the first Tamil film to be screened at the [[Raindance Film Festival]] in 2016.<ref name="T"/>

==Cast==
*[[Sruthi Hariharan]] as Nila
*Vicky Vijai as Vimal
*Sarvesh Sridhar as Vimal's houseowner
*Rajan Sekri
*Srikanth
*Pooja

== Production ==
After watching ''[[Lucia (2013 film)|Lucia]]'' (2013), Selvamani Selvaraj zeroed in on [[Sruthi Hariharan]] for the titular role. Vicky Vijai was chosen via auditions and Selvaraj felt that he suited the role of an emotional guy the best.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-films-shine-at-intnl-film-festivals/articleshow/54509678.cms|title=Tamil films shine at intn'l film festivals|date=26 September 2016|first=Sharanya|last=CR|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Jhanu Chanthar.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Elangaathathu Veesuthu Kaathu
| extra1 = [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| length1 = 2:10
| title2 = Thanthaane Naane Naane Naa
}}

== Release and reception==
The film was released directly on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80165917|title=Nila|date=2016|work=[[Netflix]]|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>

Reviewing the film at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] in 2016, [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "One way to describe the film is that it’s ''[[Before Sunrise]]'', but with silence".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Surround-the-world/article16755001.ece |title=Surround the world|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204122203/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Surround-the-world/article16755001.ece|archive-date=4 December 2016|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=baradwajrangan|title=A shout-out for Nila. A lovely, wonderfully placed, beautifully acted Tamil film by Selvamani Selvaraj that I caught at IFFI Goa.|number=801119951041892352|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|archive-url=https://www.facebook.com/nilathefilm/photos/when-baradwaj-rangan-decides-to-tweet-on-nila-the-story-httpsbaradwajranganwordp/1374937255880223/|archive-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015 || [[Zimbabwe International Film Festival|17th Zimbabwe International Film Festival]]
| Best Actress
| [[Sruthi Hariharan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/34408623/Nila-%28Tamil%29-Drama-Festival-Film|title=Nila (Tamil) Drama - Festival Film - Anto M|date=11 February 2016|website=Behance|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|Cinequest Film Festival
| Audience Award for Best First Film
|''Nila''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itsaquestionofbalance.com/special-arts-report-interview-selvamani-selvaraj-director-writer-nila-cinequest-2016-award-winning-film/|title=Special Arts Report: Interview with Selvamani Selvaraj, Director and Writer of Nila, Cinequest 2016 Award-Winning Film|first=Ruth|last=Copland|date=9 April 2016|access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5082662}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Australia–India relations

2026-03-27T07:46:15Z

Pt.debotosh dey: cleaned up references for consistency per sources

{{Use Australian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Australian–Indian|Australia |India|mission1=[[List of diplomatic missions of Australia#Current missions|High Commission of Australia, New Delhi]]|mission2=[[High Commission of India, Canberra]]|filetype=svg|envoy1=Philip Green<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 June 2023 |title=Australia's New High Commissioner to India |url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=india.highcommission.gov.au}}</ref>|envoy2=[[Gopal Baglay]]|envoytitle1=[[List of Australian High Commissioners to India|Australian High Commissioner to India]]|envoytitle2=Indian High Commissioner to Australia}}
Foreign diplomatic relations between [[Australia]] and [[India]] are well-established, with both nations sharing a "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership" since both were part of the [[British Empire]]. Both are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and share political, economic, security, lingual and sporting ties. Besides strong trading & migration, culture, arts, music, commercial & international sports like cricket, tennis, badminton have emerged as a strong cultural connection between the two nations. Military cooperation between Australia and India includes the regular joint naval exercise AUSINDEX.<ref name="AUSINDEX1">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-australia-kick-off-joint-exercise-down-under/articleshow/59153361.cms|title=India, Australia kick off joint exercise Down Under|first=Indrani|last=Bagchi|work=The Economic Times |date=11 July 2018|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> Both countries are part of the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|
Quad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Smith |first=Sheila |date=27 May 2021 |title=The Quad in the Indo-Pacific: What to Know |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/quad-indo-pacific-what-know |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> The relationship is supported by the [[Centre for Australia-India Relations]], a government centre within Australia’s foreign affairs portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Australia-India Relations |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/people-to-people/foundations-councils-institutes/centre-australia-india-relations |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>
==History==

=== Pre-1788 ===
{{see also | Name of Australia }}

Prior to [[History of Australia (1788–1850)#Colonisation|colonisation of Australia]], there is evidence of [[Indigenous Australians#Migration to Australia|ancient migration of Indians to Australia]] around 4,000 to 5,000 years ago based on DNA and language development in native Indians and Indigenous Australians according to a recent study.<ref>{{cite news|last1=MacDonald|first1=Anna|title=Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-15/research-shows-ancient-indian-migration-to-australia/4466382|access-date=21 April 2017|work=ABC News|agency=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=15 January 2013|language=en-AU}}</ref>

=== 1788–1947: Colonial era ===
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Australian–Indian|Australia|British India}}
The ties between Australia and India started immediately following European settlement of Australia in 1788. On the founding of the penal colony of [[New South Wales]], all trade to and from the colony was controlled by the [[British East India Company]], although this was widely flouted.<ref>{{cite web |last=Binney |first=Keith R. |title=The British East India Company in Early Australia |url=http://www.tbheritage.com/Breeders/AUS/AusHistBinney.html |work=tbheritage.com |access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref> An early ship built in India from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], the newly renamed [[Sydney Cove (1796 ship)|Sydney Cove]] was marooned, with its cargo of rum, off [[Tasmania]], and the crew (including 12 Indian [[lascar]]s) made a journey in 1796 CE, initially rowing a long boat, and then a long trek from Tasmania to Sydney, with only one Indian and two British sailors surviving.<ref name="Catalyst2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4481385.htm |title=Catalyst: Oldest Beer |last1=Newby |first1=Jonica |date=14 June 2016 |website=ABC Catalyst |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="OldestBeer2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-14/worlds-oldest-beer-brought-back-to-life-scientists-claim/7496532 |title=World's oldest beer brought back to life, scientists claim |last1=Sherden |first1=Amy |date=14 June 2016 |website=ABC News |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>

The Western Australian town of [[Australind, Western Australia|Australind]] (est. 1841) is a [[portmanteau word]] named after Australia and India.<ref>{{LandInfo WA|c|A|2007-01-17}}</ref> Mangalore city is present in both India and Australia ([[Mangalore|Mangalore, Karnataka]], [[Mangalore, Victoria]], [[Mangalore, Tasmania]] and Mangalore, Queensland).<ref>{{cite news |title=There is a Mangalore in Australia |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 August 2009 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/there-is-a-mangalore-in-australia/article211577.ece | access-date=11 January 2015 | publisher=The Hindu Newspaper}}</ref> Australian towns of [[Cervantes, Western Australia|Cervantes]], [[Northampton, Western Australia|Northampton]] and [[Madura, Western Australia|Madura]] (est. 1876) were used for breeding cavalry horses for the [[British Indian Army]] during the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Western-Australia/Madura/2005/02/17/1108500208266.html|title=Madura|date=8 February 2004|work=Sydney Morning herald|access-date=1 August 2009}}</ref> The horses were used in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] (now [[Pakistan]]).

In the early colonies, Indians were brought to Australia as labourers and domestic workers, with migration being curtailed after federation.<ref name="DSS">{{cite web|title=The India-born Community|url=https://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/settlement-and-multicultural-affairs/programs-policy/a-multicultural-australia/programs-and-publications/community-information-summaries/the-india-born-community|website=www.dss.gov.au|publisher=Department of Social Services, Australian Government|access-date=21 April 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419031359/https://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/settlement-and-multicultural-affairs/programs-policy/a-multicultural-australia/programs-and-publications/community-information-summaries/the-india-born-community|archive-date=19 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gradual migration during the later years of the [[White Australia policy]] saw workers moving to Australia especially during periods of labour shortage, such as the [[Sikhism in Australia|Sikhs]] in [[Woolgoolga]].

India remained an important destination for Australian agricultural exports after the Australian colonies [[Federation of Australia|federated in 1901]], also importing significant quantities of gold and silver from Australia.{{sfn|Schedvin|2008|pp=26-27}} In the 1930s, the Australian government's Eastern Trade Advisory Committee assessed trade between Australia and India and found it was hampered by the lack of a direct shipping service. The [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] provided an indirect service carrying [[jute]] from India to Australia and returning to India with Australian horses. Trade was also hampered by India's high import duties, as [[Imperial Preference]] did not apply. In the mid-1930s Australian exports to India were around £800,000 ({{inflation|AU|800000|1935|fmt=eq|r=-6}}) annually.{{sfn|Schedvin|2008|p=64}}

In December 1939, the [[Menzies government (1939–1941)|Menzies government]] appointed [[Roy Gollan]] as Australia's first official trade representative in India, based in Calcutta. An assistant trade commissioner was later appointed in New Delhi, while Australian interests were also represented on the [[Eastern Group Supply Council]] during World War II, establishing "a firm Australian presence in India in the 1940s".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/history-of-trade-commissioner-service.pdf|first=Boris|last=Schedvin|year=2008|title=Emissaries of Trade: A History of the Australian Trade Commissioner Service|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|isbn=978-1-921244-57-5|pages=65–66}}</ref> In 1944, British prime minister Winston Churchill appointed former Australian government minister [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Richard Casey]] as [[governor of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/meet-the-australian-man-who-brought-in-reforms-to-help-indians-after-the-bengal-famine/o46zjjit2|title=Meet the Australian man who brought in reforms to help Indians after the Bengal famine|publisher=SBS News|date=17 October 2019|first=Kumud|last=Merani|access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref>

=== 1947–present: After Indian Independence ===

[[File:Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi with Sir Arthur Tange and a koala.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] holding a koala at [[Taronga Zoo]] in 1968, with Sir [[Arthur Tange]], [[List of Australian High Commissioners to India|Australian High Commissioner to India]], in the background.]]

After World War II, the Australian government of [[Ben Chifley]] supported the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]] from the [[British raj|British Empire]] to act as a frontier against [[communism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/chifley/in-office.aspx|title=Ben Chifley|work=Australia's Prime Ministers|publisher=National Archives of Australia|access-date=26 July 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090709150554/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/chifley/in-office.aspx| archive-date= 9 July 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Later, under [[Robert Menzies]], Australia supported the admission of India as a Republic to the Commonwealth Nations. In 1950, Menzies became the first Australian Prime Minister to visit India, where he met with the Governor-General [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] and Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.menziescollection.esrc.unimelb.edu.au/india.html|title = Menzies on Tour: India|access-date = 18 December 2014|website = Menzies on Tour: Travelling with Robert Menzies, 1950-1959|publisher = eScholarship Research Centre, The University of Melbourne}}</ref>

As part of the [[Colombo Plan]],<ref name="r017">Rao, p. 107.</ref> many Indian students were sponsored to come and study in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s. Easing of restrictions in the late 1960s saw an increase in non-European Indians migrating to Australia especially professionals.<ref name="DSS" /> In 2011–12, Indians were the largest source of permanent migration to Australia.<ref name="HCI">{{cite web|title=Indian Community in Australia|url=http://www.hcindia-au.org/indians-in-australia.htm|website=www.hcindia-au.org|publisher=The High Commission of India in Australia|access-date=21 April 2017|language=en|quote=There is a rapidly growing Indian community in Australia. According to 2011 census, about 295362 in Australia were born in India and there were 390894 responses for Indian ancestry. For Australia, Indians were the largest source of permanent migration to Australia, who formed 15.7 % of the total migration programme in 2011-12.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516015910/http://www.hcindia-au.org/indians-in-australia.htm|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Australia is also the second most popular destination for Indian university students, with nearly 60,000 Indians on student visa in Australia in 2017.<ref name="SRF1" />

After independence, Australia has maintained relations with both India and Pakistan, with some concern from India over defence sales over the border such as 50 [[Dassault Mirage III|Mirage fighter jets]] and parts in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jet sales to Pakistan haunt Canberra|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/jet-sales-haunt-canberra/2007/11/06/1194329225075.html|access-date=21 April 2017|work=www.theage.com.au|agency=The Age|publisher=Fairfax|date=7 November 2007|language=en}}</ref>

On 30 April 2024, It was reported in the media that in 2020, Australia removed Indian spies from the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greene |first=Andrew |date=2024-04-30 |title=India's Modi government operated 'nest of spies' in Australia before being disrupted by ASIO |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-30/modi-government-operated-nest-of-spies-in-australia-/103786892 |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hurst |first1=Daniel |last2=Butler |first2=Josh |last3=Doherty |first3=Ben |date=2024-05-01 |title=Australia expelled two Indian intelligence operatives in 2020 as part of 'nest of spies', reports claim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/may/01/australia-india-nest-of-spies |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knott |first=Matthew |date=2024-04-30 |title=Indian spies booted out of Australia for trying to steal sensitive information |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/indian-spies-booted-out-of-australia-for-trying-to-steal-sensitive-information-20240430-p5fnol.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On November 4, 2024, [[S. Jaishankar]] and [[Jeannette Young]] jointly opened a new Indian Consulate in Brisbane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Jaishankar inaugurates new Indian consulate in Brisbane, pays homage to Gandhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/s-jaishankar-inaugurates-new-indian-consulate-brisbane-homage-gandhi-9652646/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref>

==Diplomatic relations==

India first established a ''Trade Office'' in Sydney, Australia in 1941. It is currently represented by a [[High Commissioner]] in the Indian High Commission at [[Canberra]] and [[Consulate general]]s in [[Sydney]], [[Perth]] and [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcindia-au.org/inausrel.html|title=India Australia relations|publisher=High commission of India in Australia|access-date=29 July 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090912063516/http://www.hcindia-au.org/inausrel.html| archive-date= 12 September 2009 | url-status=live}} </ref> Australia has a High Commission in New Delhi, India and Consulates in [[Mumbai]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.embassy.gov.au/ndli/aboutus.html|title=About us|publisher=Australian High Commission in India|access-date=29 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710220048/http://www.india.embassy.gov.au/ndli/aboutus.html|archive-date=10 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> In early 2018, the Australian government announced that a Consulate-General in Kolkata would be established particularly to encourage business with India's growing mining sector.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/punjabi/en/article/2018/05/09/australia-open-new-consulate-general-india|title=Australia to open a new Consulate-General in India|work=SBS Your Language|access-date=18 September 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 May 2018 |title=Australia demonstrates commitment to partnership with India |url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ndli/pa0518.html |access-date=18 September 2018 |website=Australian High Commission, New Delhi}}</ref>

Besides both being members of the Commonwealth of Nations, both nations are founding members of the [[United Nations]], and members of regional organisations including the [[Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation]] and [[ASEAN|ASEAN Regional forum]].

Australia has traditionally supported India's position on [[Arunachal Pradesh]], which is subject to diplomatic disputes between India and the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 2009 |title=After helping China in ADB, Oz says Arunachal part of India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/After-helping-China-in-ADB-Oz-says-Arunachal-part-of-India/521121/ |access-date=24 September 2009 |publisher=Expressindia.com |location=}}</ref> In 2023, then Australian High Commissioner to India Barry O'Farrell said Arunachal Pradesh was integral to India.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/WIONews/videos/arunachal-pradesh-is-integral-to-india-australian-high-commissioner-speaks-to-wi/603784228153619/ |title=19 reactions {{!}} Arunachal Pradesh is integral to India: Australian High Commissioner speaks to WION {{!}} "Last time I looked at a map #ArunachalPradesh was in India. Arunachal Pradesh is integral to India", says Australian High Commissioner Barry O'Farrell... {{!}} By WION {{!}} Facebook |language=en |access-date=2025-07-01 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

The [[Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing]], a botched attempt to allegedly assassinate the Indian prime minister at a [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] in 1978 received significant attention at the time.

Although Australia and India sometimes had divergent strategic perspectives during the Cold War, in recent years there have been much closer security relations, including a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation in 2009.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Brewster|url= https://www.academia.edu/8012923 |title=India as an Asia Pacific Power|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Narendra_Modi_with_Anthony_Albanese_in_New_York_-_1.png|thumb|Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] and Australian PM [[Anthony Albanese]] in 2024]]

Recent visits by Indian and Australian prime ministers, such as [[Tony Abbott]]'s visit in 2014, and later the same year [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit to Australia - the latter being the first by an Indian prime minister in 28 years,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malhotra |first1=Aditi |date=18 November 2014 |title=Modi's Visit to Australia – The Numbers |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2014/11/18/modis-visit-to-australia-the-numbers/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 April 2017 |work=WSJ |publisher=Dow Jones & Company |agency=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> and [[Malcolm Turnbull]]'s visit in 2017 continued to progress the relationship. During the visit, in Mumbai, Turnbull announced he would commission an independent 'India Economic Strategy' to guide ties out to 2035.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trade |first=corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and |title=Australian High Commission in |url=https://india.embassy.gov.au/ndli/HOMspeech080818.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=india.embassy.gov.au}}</ref>

Australian Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] was scheduled to visit New Delhi in January 2020, but postponed it due to the [[Bushfires in Australia|bush fires in Australia]]. The rescheduled plan for May was put on hold due to the outbreak of [[COVID-19]].

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] has held his first virtual bilateral summit on 4 June with Morrison, as he hoped to expand the strategic partnership with Australia in the backdrop of China's renewed efforts to step up aggression in the Indo-Pacific region. The summit occurred amid new tensions between China and Australia over Canberra's call for a global inquiry into the origin of COVID-19, and followed China's incursions into India's territory in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=28 May 2020|title=India, Australia bilateral virtual summit on June 4|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-australia-bilateral-virtual-summit-on-june-4/articleshow/76048711.cms|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> Prime Minister Scott Morrison also made "ScoMosas" and in their virtual summit, they even held talks for strengthening their military alliance.

In February 2020, Australia made the first political appointee in recent era to the role of High Commissioner to New Delhi, The Hon Barry O'Farrell AO. This began a period of enormous growth in the Australia-India relationship, though O'Farrell acknowledged often his achievements picked up where his predecessor, Harinder Sidhu, had left off.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trade |first=corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and |title=Australian High Commission in |url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ndli/HOMSpeechAnantaAspenCentre18122020.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=india.highcommission.gov.au}}</ref> Nonetheless, the first half of O'Farrell's tenure featured unparalleled activity and ambition in the Australia-India relationship: signing a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership; agreeing a free trade deal (ECTA); initiating an Australia-India Foreign and Defence 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue; Australia's re-entry into Exercise Malabar; Australian Navy participation in India's Exercise Milan; establishment of a Strategic National Security Cyber Dialogue; the inaugural Australia-India Circular Economy Hackathon; delivering an Australia-India Business Exchange; and refreshing the India Economic Strategy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trade |first=corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and |title=Australian High Commission in |url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ndli/HOMSpeechAIIOration04042022.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=india.highcommission.gov.au}}</ref>

O'Farrell's tenure also featured a high tempo of two way bilateral visits, including: the first visit by an Indian External Affairs Minister to Australia in nine years (February 2022); three visits by an Indian External Affairs Minister to Australia in one year (February 2022, October 2022, February 2023);<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Commission of India, Canberra, Australia : India - Australia Relations |url=https://hcicanberra.gov.in/page/india-australia-relations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124040855/https://hcicanberra.gov.in/page/india-australia-relations/ |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=hcicanberra.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> and twelve Australian ministers visiting India between May 2022 and July 2023, including the historic first visit by Australia's Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Marles in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DFAT |title=India Country Brief |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/india/india-country-brief}}</ref> When O'Farrell departed New Delhi, several prominent Indian think tanks, including India Foundation, held farewell events for him with prominent leaders and commentators expressing gratitude for the impact he made on Australia-India relations.

In September 2021, in the first visit to India by Australian ministers since the outbreak of the pandemic, India hosted the inaugural Australia-India Foreign and Defence 2+2 Dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement on Inaugural India-Australia 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue |url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/joint-statement-inaugural-india-australia-22-ministerial-dialogue}}</ref>

In March 2022, Prime Minister Morrison announced a suite of initiatives that formed the largest ever boost to bilateral ties with India by an Australian Government, covering the breadth of shared priorities. This included the Centre for Australia-India Relations (CAIR) and expanded diplomatic presence in India and the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trade |first=corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and |title=Australian High Commission in |url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ndli/HOMSpeechAIIOration04042022.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=india.highcommission.gov.au}}</ref>

In March 2022, Australia returned 29 antiquities to India, as part of India's efforts to reclaim its cultural heritage from around the world. The artifacts date back to various time periods, and primarily include sculptures and paintings composed of sandstone, marble, bronze, brass and paper.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-21 |title=29 antiquities repatriated to India by Australia: Sources |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/29-antiquities-repatriated-to-india-by-australia-sources |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=National Herald |language=en |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India gets back 29 rare antiques from Australia |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/india-gets-back-29-rare-antiques-from-australia/2466816/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Financialexpress |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese visited India in March 2023, making him the first Australian prime minister to visit the country since 2017.<ref name="wsj_albanese_visit">{{cite news |last1=Cherney |first1=Mike |last2=Wen |first2=Philip |title=Australia, India Seek Closer Cooperation as China Threat Looms |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/australia-india-seek-closer-cooperation-as-china-threat-looms-4de8263c |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=10 March 2023}}</ref> Albanese visited Ahmedabad, Mumbai, and New Delhi, and his visit included a tour of India's first indigenously built aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant. Prime Minister Modi visited Australia in May 2023.<ref name="bloomberg_modi_visit">{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Swati |title=Modi Uses Cricket Analogy For Rapidly Improving Australia Ties |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-24/modi-uses-cricket-analogy-for-rapidly-improving-australia-ties?sref=CIpmV6x8 |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=24 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2023, Albanese visited India for the G20 Summit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Conference New Dehli |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-new-delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613013716/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-new-delhi |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.pm.gov.au |date=9 September 2023 }}</ref>

Following the departure of O'Farrell in July 2023, there was a slowdown in diplomatic activity. The new Australian High Commissioner, H E Philip Green OAM, arrived with less experience or connections with India in comparison to his recent predecessors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the High Commissioner |url=https://india.embassy.gov.au/ndli/aboutus.html }}</ref> By comparison: O'Farrell had served as the Deputy Chair of the Australia-India Council Board (2015-19), and as Premier of New South Wales (NSW) had established sister-state agreements between NSW and Gujarat and Maharashtra; Harinder Sidhu had personal and cultural ties with India; and Patrick Suckling had served in New Delhi as a junior diplomat.

On 1 July 2025, the CEO of the Centre for Australia India Relations (CAIR) resigned in a shock move, with media reporting the decision was due to "bureaucratic pressures" from Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The resignation sparked concern among commentators about how Australia's bureaucracy was handling the Australia-India relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luthra |first=Pawan |date=2025-07-01 |title=Tim Thomas in shock CAIR resignation |url=https://www.indianlink.com.au/tim-thomas-in-shock-cair-resignation/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Indian Link |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Trade==

===Economic relations===

[[File:ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsCountryCountryGroupsFobValue-India-A1829089W.svg|thumb|right|200px|Monthly value of Australian merchandise exports to India ([[Australian dollar|A$]] millions) since 1988<ref name="Sharma">{{cite web |author=Sharma |first=Ashok |date=25 February 2016 |title=Australia-India relations: trends and the prospects for a comprehensive economic relationship | |url=https://acde.crawford.anu.edu.au/publication/asarc-working-papers/7652/australia-india-relations-trends-and-prospects-comprehensive |access-date=21 October 2016 |website=Australian National University, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics}}</ref>]]
[[File:ABS-5439.0-InternationalMerchandiseImportsAustralia-CountryCountryGroupsCustomsValue-India-A1829405L.svg|thumb|right|200px|Monthly value of Indian merchandise exports to Australia ([[Australian dollar|A$]] millions) since 1988<ref name="Sharma" />]]

While India was Australia's first major trading partner with imports through the East India Company, exports from Australia to India dates back to the late 18th century and early 19th century, when coal from Sydney and horses from [[New South Wales]] were exported to India. {{As of|2016}}, bilateral trade between the two countries totaled [[Australian dollar|A$]]21.9 billion, having grown from A$4.3 billion in 2003. Australian prime minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]] said Australia and India's $20 billion two-way trade was "a fraction of what we should aspire to, given the many points of intersection between our economies".<ref name="2017 Visit">{{cite news |date=13 April 2017 |title=Trade deal with India may be impossible, Turnbull says |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-13/prime-minister-malcolm-turnbull-india-australia-trade-talks-end/8441420 |access-date=21 April 2017 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |language=en-AU |agency=}}</ref> Trade is highly skewed towards Australia. Australia mainly exports Coal, services (mainly education), vegetables for consumer consumption, gold, copper ores and concentrates, while India's chief exports are refined petroleum, services (professional services such as outsourcing), medicaments, pearls, gems and jewelry.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Fact Sheet December 2016|url=http://dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/Documents/inia.pdf|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> Over 97,000 Indian students enrolled in Australia in 2008, representing an education export of A$2 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/india/india_brief.html|title=India country brief|date=April 2009|publisher=Australian department of foreign affairs and trade|access-date=30 July 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090712150627/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/india/india_brief.html| archive-date= 12 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="Sharma" /> The Census 2016 of Australia reveals it is home to more migrants from Asia than from Europe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2017 |title=India-Oz relations evolving into strategic partnership |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/05/india-oz-relations-evolving-into-strategic-partnership-1624347.html |access-date=24 November 2017 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In the year 2015-16, the total value of trade between Australia and India was A$19.4 billion, a significant increase over the preceding decade. Australian exports included coal, vegetables and gold, and Indian exports included refined petroleum, medicines and business services.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Country Brief|url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/india/pages/india-country-brief.aspx|website=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref>

India and Australia have established a $100 million ''Strategic Research Fund''.<ref name="SRF1">{{cite news|last1=Turnbull|first1=Malcolm|author-link1=Malcolm Turnbull|title=Indians are also young and free|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/indians-are-also-young-and-free/news-story/b0b0fe267cbbc11ad3494a8c9eb2d593|url-access=subscription|access-date=15 June 2017|work=[[The Australian]]|date=10 April 2017}}</ref>

In 2018 Australia released its first India Economic Strategy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia's India Economic Strategy to 2035 |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/trade-and-investment/india-economic-strategy/ies/index.html}}</ref> The Strategy was refreshed in 2022, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Update to the India Economic Strategy |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/IESUpdate}}</ref> In 2024 the strategy was again refreshed, and renamed as a New Roadmap for Australia's Economic Engagement with India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DFAT |title=A New Roadmap |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/countries-economies-and-regions/india/new-roadmap-australias-economic-engagement-india}}</ref> At the release of the third economic strategy in six years, commentators said that Australia re-designing its economic strategy towards India every couple of years demonstrated either a lack of long-term strategy, or officials seeking easy announcements in absence of real outcomes.

===Uranium export to India===

After a series of attempts by prime ministers of all parties [[John Howard]], [[Kevin Rudd]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7188835.stm|title=Australia bans India uranium sale |date=15 January 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=23 July 2009}}</ref> [[Julia Gillard]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheridan |first1=Greg |last2=Salusinszky |first2=Imre |date=16 November 2011 |title=Julia Gillard's uranium backflip opens US door to Delhi |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/julia-gillards-uranium-backflip-opens-us-door-to-delhi/story-fn59nm2j-1226196154363 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117131054/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/julia-gillards-uranium-backflip-opens-us-door-to-delhi/story-fn59nm2j-1226196154363 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |access-date=4 December 2011 |publisher=The Australian}}</ref> and [[Tony Abbott]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foe.org.au/sites/default/files/Chain%20Reaction%20%23119%20Nov%202013%204MB.pdf |title=Election aftermath: Full speed in reverse |author=Cam Walker |date=November 2013 |work=Chain Reaction }}</ref> eventually in 2016 under [[Malcolm Turnbull]], both Australian political parties opened the door for uranium exports,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sweeney |first1=Dave |date=29 November 2016 |title=Major parties push a losing uranium sector to India at great risk |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/major-parties-push-a-losing-uranium-sector-to-india-at-great-risk-20161128-gszld4.html |access-date=21 April 2017 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |publisher=Fairfax |agency=}}</ref> with trade starting in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearup|first1=Greg|title=First Aussie uranium shipment to India flagged for next year|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/first-aussie-uranium-shipment-to-india-flagged-for-next-year/news-story/63d71c24223bd3c0890105b897f89c56|access-date=21 April 2017|work=www.theaustralian.com.au|agency=The Australian|publisher=News Corp|date=16 August 2016}}</ref>

===Trade agreement===

A notable exception from the Australia and India relationship has been a [[Free trade area|free trade agreement]]. Despite warm relationships between India and Australia, a promised free trade agreement seems unlikely, with Australian prime minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]] suggesting after his 2017 visit with his counterpart Narendra Modi "It may be that the conclusion will be reached that the parties are too far apart to enable a deal to be reached at this time". Attempts by India to encourage overseas workers in Australia through the loosening of the [[457 visa]]<ref name="2017 Visit" /> may also have failed as the government attempts to curb, end and/or replace the visa class traditionally used by Indian IT workers.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2017 |title=Indian techies are losing out on all major markets |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/us-uk-australia-and-singapore-reforming-work-visas-popular-with-indians/articleshow/58251601.cms |access-date=21 April 2017 |work=The Economic Times |agency=India Times}}</ref>

On 2 April 2022, India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) was signed between the two countries to enhance bilateral economic cooperation and increase trade.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2022 |title=Signing of the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) between India and Australia |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1812730 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The agreement was signed by [[Piyush Goyal]], Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and Textiles, Government of [[India]] and [[Dan Tehan]], the Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment, Government of [[Australia]] in a virtual ceremony, in the presence of Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] and the Prime Minister of Australia, [[Scott Morrison]].

PM Albanese visited India in March 2023. During the visit, he also led a trade delegation, which included Trade Minister [[Don Farrell]] and Resources Minister [[Madeleine King]], after the implementation of the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) between Australia and India on 29 December 2022.

==Military relations==

[[File:Indian Army and Australian Army practised room intervention and slithering ops of small teams by Dhruv during AustraHind 2022.webm|thumb|left|240px|[[Indian Army]] and [[Australian Army]] practised room intervention and slithering ops of small teams by [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv helicopter]] during AustraHind 2022]]

India and Australia have a long history of military relations, going back before independence when Indian soldiers fought alongside Australian soldiers in a number of campaigns, including both World Wars, such as the 15,000 Indian soldiers who fought with Australians at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India's 'forgotten soldiers' who fought at Gallipoli|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-22/indias-forgotten-soldiers-who-fought-alongside-anzacs/6406086|work=ABC News|access-date=20 April 2017|language=en-AU|date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Every two years, Australia and India also conduct a joint naval exercise in the Indian Ocean, called ''AUSINDEX''.<ref name="AUSINDEX1" /> In 2019, AUSINDEX focused on anti-submarine warfare.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 April 2019 |title=AUSINDEX 2019 commences in India |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/cpyne/media-releases/ausindex-2019-commences-india |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Department of Defence, Australian Government |language=en}}</ref>

After independence, Australia offered military aid to India in 1963 in response to the [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1963/27.html "Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Defence Aid to India ATS 27 of 1963 "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082155/http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1963/27.html |date=14 April 2017 }}. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref>

In recent times, India and Australia conducted a joint naval exercise, termed [[Malabar 2007]], in the Indian Ocean alongside the US and Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/pf_story.php?nid=6809 |title=Internet Edition |publisher=The Daily Star |date=6 October 2007 |access-date=23 October 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Prime Minister of Australia Anthony Albanese being given guard of honor onboard indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.jpg|thumb|200px| The Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on his visit to India, embarked the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant and was received with a Guard of Honour.]]

Some commentators have suggested that there are considerable opportunities for defence and security cooperation between India and Australia. Potential areas in maritime security include in naval exercises and training (such as use of the Australian Submarine Escape Training facility in Fremantle), greater cooperation in humanitarian and disaster relief operations and search and rescue, maritime border protection and maritime domain awareness. There are also opportunities for greater cooperation between the Indian and Australian armies and air forces (reflecting the greater use of shared platforms).<ref>{{cite book |author=David Brewster |url=https://www.academia.edu/7698751 |title=India-Australia security engagement: Opportunities and challenges |via=academia.edu}}</ref>

Prime Ministers Abbott and Modi signed a landmark deal to increase their nations defence relationship in November 2014. Part of the framework for security co-operation includes annual Prime Ministerial meetings and joint maritime exercises. Areas of increased co-operation include counter-terrorism, border control and regional and international institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/narendra-modi-and-tony-abbott-reveal-new-indiaaustralia-military-agreement-20141118-11ou05.html|title = Narendra Modi and Tony Abbott reveal new India-Australia military agreement|date = 18 November 2014|access-date = 18 November 2014|website = The Age|publisher = Fairfax Media|last = Garnaut|first = John}}</ref> Prime Minister Modi stated in an address to the Australian parliament that "This is a natural partnership emerging from our shared values and interests and strategic maritime locations...Security and defence are important and growing areas of the new India-Australia partnership for advancing regional peace and stability and combating terrorism and transnational crimes."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/world/a/25544331/india-australia-vow-closer-security-and-trade-ties/|title = India, Australia vow closer security and trade ties|date = 18 November 2014|access-date = 18 November 2014|website = The West Australian|publisher = Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

On 4 June 2020, India and Australia signed an agreement to provide access to one another's military bases, in order to help facilitate joint military exercises. Known as the Mutual Logistics Support Agreement, it allows each country to use the other's bases for the refuelling and maintenance of aircraft and naval vessels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-australia-idUSKBN23B0LC |title=India and Australia sign military base and cyber accords |publisher=Reuters |date=4 June 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref> The agreement was reached over a virtual summit between Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and [[Scott Morrison]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/india-australia-sign-deal-military-bases-200604083007978.html |title=India and Australia sign deal to use each other's military bases |publisher=Aljazeera |date=4 June 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==

=== Sports ===
Growing Indian migration and ties to Australia have helped Australian cricket grow as well as exporting [[Traditional games of India|traditional Indian games]] such as [[kabaddi]] and [[kho kho]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-28 |title='We take cricket with us': Why the face of Australian cricket must change |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-11-29/india-influence-australian-cricket-growth-border-gavaskar-trophy/104595840 |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Snape |first=Jack |date=2024-12-28 |title=Kabaddi fever hits Melbourne as part of two nations' sporting symbiosis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/dec/28/kabaddi-melbourne-australia-india-sporting-symbiosis |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Kho kho goes global at inaugural world cup |url=https://www.abc.net.au/asia/kho-kho-australia-debut/104831312 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=ABC Asia |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==== Cricket relations ====
[[File:Australia vs India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[One-day International]] cricket match between Australia and India, [[MCG]] January 2004]]
{{See also|Border–Gavaskar Trophy|Australia–India cricket rivalry}}
A prominent sports passion in both Commonwealth countries is professional [[cricket]].<ref name="lifeblood">{{cite news|last1=Star|first1=Shaun|title=Australia and India build ties through cricket|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/australia-and-india-build-ties-through-cricket-20150324-1m72iw.html|access-date=21 April 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|publisher=Fairfax|date=25 March 2015|quote=It is important to appreciate that cricket has for many years been the lifeblood of the Australia-India relationship. Historically, it has often been said that the Australia-India relationship is based on three things: cricket, Commonwealth and curry. While the recent successive visits by Prime Minister Tony Abbott to India and Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Australia highlight that our national interests have converged in other areas, cricket still remains an enviable bond that Australia and India share.}}</ref> In 1945, the [[Australian Services cricket team]] toured India during their return to Australia for demobilisation, and played against the [[Indian cricket team]]. However, those matches were not given Test status. The first Test matches between the countries occurred in 1947–48 after the independence of India, when India toured Australia and played five Tests. Australia won 4–0 and as a result, the [[Cricket Australia|Australian Board of Control]] did not invite the Indians back for two decades, fearing that a series of one-sided contests would lead to financial losses due to lack of spectator interest. In the meantime, Australia toured India in late 1956, 1959–60 and 1964–65.

The [[Bill Lawry#India in 1969–70: historic win and riots|1969–70 series]] in India, which Australia won, were marred by repeated riots. Some were against the Australian team specifically, after the Indian umpires had ruled against the Indian team, while others were not related to on-field conduct, such as a lack of tickets. Several players were hit by projectiles, including captain [[Bill Lawry]], who was hit with a chair. On one occasion, the Australian bus was stoned. The [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), a major political party in [[West Bengal]], protested against Australian batsman [[Doug Walters]], who they mistakenly thought had fought against the communist [[Vietcong]].<ref name="p258">Perry, p. 258.</ref><ref name="m1323">Mallett, p. 133–134.</ref> Around 10,000 communists picketed the Australians' hotel in [[Calcutta]] and some eventually broke in and vandalised it.<ref name="m1323" /><ref name="h522">Harte, p. 522.</ref> Towards the end of the tour, many former Australian players, some of them administrators, called for the tour to be abandoned for safety reasons, saying that cricket should not descend into violence.<ref name="h522" /><ref>Mallett, pp. 138–139.</ref>

From 1970 until 1996, Australia only toured India twice for Tests. However, with the financial rise of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], Australia, the country with the most successful playing record in the world, has sought more regular fixtures. Test series have occurred every two years for the last decade, and one-day series even more frequently. Scholarships are also given to talented young Indian cricketers to train at the [[Australian Cricket Academy]].

[[File:Celebrating 75 years of friendship though cricket.jpg|thumb|Australian Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]] (left) and Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with the cricket team captains at the [[75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event]].]]

In January 2008, relations became strained after the [[Second Test, 2007–08 Border-Gavaskar Trophy|second test in Sydney]]. The match, which ended in a last-minute Australian victory, was marred by a series of umpiring controversies, and belligerent conduct between some of the players. At the end of the match, [[Harbhajan Singh]] was charged with racially abusing [[Andrew Symonds]], who had been subjected to [[monkey chants]] by Indian crowds on a tour a few months earlier. Harbhajan was initially found guilty and given a ban,<ref>{{cite web| last =Vaidyanathan| first =Siddhartha| title = Harbhajan gets three-match ban | publisher =[[Cricinfo]] | date =6 January 2008 | url =http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/329440.html
| access-date = 1 August 2009}}</ref> and the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] threatened to cancel the tour. Harbhajan's ban was later repealed upon appeal and the tour continued. Both teams were heavily criticised for their conduct. During Australia's tour in India there were a number of controversies instigated on both sides, culminating in [[Virat Kohli]] saying his friendship with Australia coming to an end. He later clarified the comments and said “I thought that was the case, but it has changed for sure. As I said, in the heat of the battle you want to be competitive but I’ve been proven wrong. The thing I said before the first Test [about being mates with Australia], that has certainly changed and you won’t hear me say that ever again.”<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blair|first1=Alex|title=Kohli backflips on friendship spray|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/kohli-backflips-on-friendship-spray/news-story/900a34c409b2562c42bbfe70f047f931|access-date=21 April 2017|work=NewsComAu|publisher=News Limited|date=30 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>

However cricket, and more recently [[Indian Premier League]] has been considered "the lifeblood of the Australia-India relationship",<ref name="lifeblood" /> and Australian cricketers like [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Shane Warne]], [[Adam Gilchrist]] and [[Brett Lee]] are immensely popular among the Indian people. Likewise, [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Virat Kohli]] are highly regarded among Australian cricket lovers. Over 20% of Australian cricket players have South Asian heritage.<ref name=":0" />

In March 2023, PM [[Narendra Modi]] hosted his counterpart PM [[Anthony Albanese]] during the fourth test match of the 2024 [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]], as a tribute to the 75 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-03-09 |title=PM Modi, Albanese arrive ahead of India-Australia Test match; take round of sprawling stadium |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-pm-modi-albanese-arrive-ahead-of-india-australia-test-match-take-round-of-sprawling-stadium/article66598752.ece |access-date=2023-03-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Hockey relations ====
[[File:India Australia hockey, Richmond Aug 1935.jpg|thumb|right|India v Australia 1935. [[Dhyan Chand]] had just hit a goal]]

India and Australia also have strong ties to [[field hockey]] which came to both countries with the British military. In India from the mid-19th century, British army regiments played the game which was subsequently picked up by their India regimental counterparts. The country's first hockey club was formed in [[Calcutta]] in 1885–86.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/entertainment-in-india/sports-in-india/hockey-in-india.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015065212/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/entertainment-in-india/sports-in-india/hockey-in-india.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Hockey in India|work=asiarooms.com Travel Guide|access-date=22 September 2009}}</ref> Hockey in Australia was introduced by British naval officers in the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeyvictoria.org.au/index.php?id=90|title=History of Hockey|work=Hockey Victoria|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091012151905/http://www.hockeyvictoria.org.au/index.php?id=90|archive-date=12 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Evidence of the first organised hockey there was the establishment of the South Australian Hockey Association in 1903.

Teams from both countries have been among the top in the world for many years and have therefore frequently encountered each other on the hockey field. India dominated world hockey between 1928 and 1956, with the [[India men's national field hockey team|men's team]] winning six consecutive [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic gold medals]]. The [[India women's national field hockey team|women's team]] won gold in [[Field hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games#women|2002 Commonwealth Games]], [[Field Hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games#women|2003 Afro-Asian Games]] and [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004 Asia Cup]]. Australia has found success mainly since the late 1970s, with the [[Australia men's national field hockey team|men's]] and [[Hockeyroos|women's team]]s winning gold medals at [[Olympic Games]], [[Hockey World Cup|World Cup]], [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champion's Trophy]] and [[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] meets.

The first international match between the two countries and the first international match played in Australia was at [[Richmond Cricket Ground]] in 1935, when the world champion team from India beat Australia 12 goals to one. The visitors featured hockey supremo [[Dhyan Chand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cRsUAAAAIBAJ&dq=australia%20india%20hockey%20history&pg=7400%2C4810346|title=India Meets Australia At Hockey|work=[[The Age]]|date=19 August 1935}}</ref>

Following the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Anglo-Indian brothers [[Julian Pearce (field hockey)|Julian]], [[Eric Pearce (field hockey)|Eric]], Cec, Mel and [[Gordon Pearce]], emigrated to Australia from India. All five went on to become successful international players for their adopted country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahof.org.au/hall-of-fame-member/julian-pearce/|title=Julian Pearce |work=Sport Australia Hall of Fame |access-date=27 September 2020 }}</ref>
When India faced Australia in the 1960 Rome Olympics, The great [[Leslie Claudius]] an [[Anglo-Indian]] captained India, his opposite number [[Kevin Carton]] also an Anglo Indian was the captain of the Australian national team who lost 0–1 to India.

== Expatriates ==

=== Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin ===

{{Main|Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin}}

India has the largest diaspora population in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 January 2016 |title=India has largest diaspora population in world: UN |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un/183731.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217013905/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un/183731.html |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=tribuneindia.com |agency=PTI}}</ref> and many live in Australia.<ref name=HCI /> [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non resident Indians (NRI) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIO)]] maintain strong cultural and economic links with India. However, the [[Constitution of India]] does not allow [[Multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]], so for many expatriates taking up residency, and eventually citizenship in Australia, has led to loss of privileges in India, such as residency rights. India is one of the few remaining countries that prevent dual citizenship, and there have been attempts to resolve this, through Long Term [[Travel visa|Visa]]s and more recently a pseudo-citizenship [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] (OCI) has been created that has been taken up positively, with many Australians OCIs, cricketer [[Shaun Tait]] being a famous example, who are able to take residency in India without applying for a visa. However privileges of OCI holders depends on the Government policy of the day, and there have been instances where they have been denied additional rights afforded to full Indian citizens, such as during the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]] where non-citizens, including OCIs were denied rights to bring rupee notes back into the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt Says Only NRIs Can Exchange Notes Till June, Grace Period Is Not For Others Living Abroad|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/govt-says-only-nris-can-exchange-old-notes-till-june-grace-period-is-not-for-others-living-abroad-269164.html|access-date=21 April 2017|work=indiatimes.com|agency=India Times|date=10 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

=== Issues and controversies ===

There have been a number of incidents concerning citizens of both countries that received media attention:

* 2007 - [[Mohamed Haneef]], was falsely accused of terrorism related crimes. He was later released and compensated.

* 2009 - [[2009 attacks on Indian students in Australia|Attacks on Indian students]], including the murder of Indian graduate and Australian permanent resident Nitin Garg in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/man-stabbed-in-hungry-jacks/story-e6frf7jo-1225815558851 |title=Man dies after street stabbing |publisher=Herald Sun |date=3 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2011}}</ref>

* A number of [[Overseas trained doctors in Australia]] of Indian origin have been accused (sometimes unfairly) of professional violations.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

* 2020 – Australia' domestic intelligence agency, the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]], expelled two operatives from India's foreign intelligence service, the [[Research and Analysis Wing]], alleging they were part of an operation seeking to cultivate politicians, monitor diaspora communities and obtain classified information.<ref>{{cite news |title=An assassination plot on American soil reveals a darker side to Modi's India|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/29/india-assassination-raw-sikhs-modi/ |access-date=17 November 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=29 April 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hurst |first1=Daniel |last2=Butler |first2=Josh |last3=Doherty |first3=Ben |title=Australia expelled two Indian intelligence operatives in 2020 as part of a 'nest of spies', reports claim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/may/01/australia-india-nest-of-spies |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=[[The Guardian Australia]] |date=1 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812215245/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/may/01/australia-india-nest-of-spies |archive-date=12 August 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Treaties ==

A [[List of Australian treaties|number of treaties]] before Indian independence or Australian federation are still honoured, such as extradition treaties and criminal cooperation. Since Indian independence, there have been several treaties between the two countries:
* Postal, Money Order and Air service treaties.
* Commonwealth of Nations treaties.
* Cooperative aid to other countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agreement between the Governments of the United Kingdom, Australia, India, Pakistan and Ceylon on the one hand and the Government of Burma on the other hand respecting a Loan of [sterling]6,000,000 to be made by the Five Commonwealth Governments to the Government of Burma [1950] ATS 6|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1950/6.html|website=www.austlii.edu.au|publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library|access-date=20 April 2017}}</ref>
* Mutual protection of Patents in 1963.<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1963/4.html “Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India with respect to the Mutual Protection of Priority of Patents for Inventions. ATS 4 of 1963”]. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref>
* A cultural agreement in 1971.<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1971/19.html "Cultural Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India. ATS 19 of 1971)”]. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref>
* An agreement to discuss trade in 1976<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1976/21.html “Trade Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India ATS 21 of 1976 "]. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref>
* Science and Technology cooperation agreements in 1975<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1975/10.html “Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Cooperation in the Fields of Science and Technology. ATS 10 of 1975)”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415105516/http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1975/10.html |date=15 April 2017 }}. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref> and 1986.<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1986/16.html "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Co-operation in the Fields of Science and Technology ATS 16 of 1986”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416131648/http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1986/16.html |date=16 April 2017 }}. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref>
* Australia has been involved with peace keeping missions between India and Pakistan.<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1977/29.html "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the United Nations concerning Provision of RAAF Caribon Aircraft for use by the United Nations Military Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) ATS 29 of 1977 "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415105440/http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1977/29.html |date=15 April 2017 }}. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref>
* Taxation cooperation treaties in 1983,<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1983/21.html "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation of Income derived from International Air Transport ATS 21 of 1983 "]. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref> 1991,<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1991/49.html "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income ATS 49 of 1991”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507014959/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1991/49.html |date=7 May 2015 }}. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017</ref> and 2011.<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/ATS/2013/22.html "Protocol amending the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income (New Delhi, 16 December 2011) - ATS 22 of 2013”]. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 18 April 2017.</ref>
* Development cooperation agreement in 1990.<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1990/38.html "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Development Co-operation ATS 38 of 1990”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125941/http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1990/38.html |date=16 April 2017 }}. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref>
* Promoting and protecting investments in 2000.<ref>[http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/2000/14.html “Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on the Promotion and Protection of Investments (New Delhi, 26 February 1999). ATS 14 of 2000”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130513/http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/2000/14.html |date=16 April 2017 }}. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.</ref>
* Peaceful use of Nuclear Energy in 2014 in order to purchase uranium<ref>{{cite news|title=First Aussie uranium shipment to India flagged for next year|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/first-aussie-uranium-shipment-to-india-flagged-for-next-year/news-story/63d71c24223bd3c0890105b897f89c56|access-date=20 April 2017|work=www.theaustralian.com.au|agency=The Australian|date=16 August 2016}}</ref> from Australia.<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/ATS/2015/9.html "Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (New Delhi, 5 September 2014) - ATS 9 of 2015”]. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 18 April 2017.</ref>
* A Social Security agreement in 2016.<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/ATS/2016/2.html "Agreement between Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Social Security (Canberra, 18 November 2014) - ATS 2 of 2016”]. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 18 April 2017.</ref>

==Resident diplomatic missions==

* Australia has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] and consulates-general in Bengaluru, [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/|title=Australian High Commission in|first=corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and|last=Trade|website=india.highcommission.gov.au}}</ref>
* India has a High Commission in [[Canberra]] and consulates-general in [[Melbourne]], [[Perth]], [[Sydney]] and [[Brisbane]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hcicanberra.gov.in/|title=High Commission of India, Canberra, Australia|website=www.hcicanberra.gov.in}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Australian High Commission in New Delhi.jpg|High Commission of Australia in New Delhi
File:High Commission of India, Canberra.jpg|High Commission of India in Canberra
</gallery>

==See also==

{{Portal|Australia|India|Politics}}
* [[Indian Australians]]
** [[Hinduism in Australia]], Hinduism is Indian-origin religion
** [[Buddhism in Australia]], Buddhism is Indian-origin religion
** [[Jainism in Australia]], Jainism is Indian-origin religion
** [[Sikhism in Australia]], Sikhism is Indian-origin religion
** [[Anti-Indian sentiment in Australia]]
* [[Australians in India]]
* [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]]
* [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]]

== Links ==

* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?list=LLUIxeJpjyot4tTyNwP2fNfg&t=493s&v=Y-tgwlvaXj4 PM Narendra Modi being accorded a Ceremonial Welcome at Australian Parliament, Canberra]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Relations of Australia and India}}
* [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=531 Grand Stakes: Australia’s Future between China and India] by Rory Medcalf, ''Strategic Asia 2011-12: Asia Responds to Its Rising Powers - China and India'' (September 2011)
* {{cite book |last1=Gurry |first1=Meg |title=Australia and India: Mapping the Journey, 1944-2014 |date=2015 |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |isbn=9780522868036}} [https://insidestory.org.au/rediscovering-india/ review]
* {{cite book|last=Harte|first=Chris|title=A History of Australian Cricket|publisher=Andre Deutsch|year=1993|isbn=0-233-98825-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Mallett|first=Ashley|title=One of a Kind: The Doug Walters Story|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=2009|isbn=978-1-74175-029-4}}

{{Foreign relations of Australia}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Australia Relations}}
[[Category:Australia–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Australia and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Australia]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Australia]]

Akhil (film)

2026-03-27T00:16:42Z

Pt.debotosh dey: quick update

{{Short description|2015 film by V. V. Vinayak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akhil: The Power of Jua
| image = Akhil-The_Power_Of_Jua.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| writer = [[Kona Venkat]] (dialogue)
| story = Veligonda Srinivas
| screenplay = V. V. Vinayak
| producer = {{ubl|[[Nithiin]]|N. Sudhakar Reddy}}
| director = [[V. V. Vinayak]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Akhil Akkineni]]|[[Sayyeshaa]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anup Rubens]] [[S. Thaman]] '''Score:''' [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Amol Rathod]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Sreshth Movies
| country = India
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2015|11|11}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}50 [[crore]]<ref name=IBTgross>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/akhil-4-day-box-office-collection-vv-vinayak-film-crosses-rs-35-crore-mark-saturday-654877|title='Akhil' 5-day box office collection: Akhil-Sayesha starrer beats 'Kanche' 1st weekend record|date=16 November 2015|work=International Business Times}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|33.65 crore}}<ref name="finalrun">{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2017-12-29|title=Hello 1st week box office collection: Vikram's film crosses Rs 30 crore mark, beats Akhil lifetime record|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hello-1st-week-box-office-collection-vikrams-film-crosses-rs-30-crore-mark-beats-akhil-lifetime-754886|website=[[IB Times]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Akhil: The Power of Jua''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action]] [[fantasy film]] directed by [[V. V. Vinayak]] and produced by [[Nithin]] and M. Sudhakar Reddy under Sresht Movies banner. The film stars [[Akhil Akkineni]] and [[Sayyeshaa]] in their debut. The film features score composed by [[Mani Sharma]] with soundtrack by [[Anup Rubens]] and [[S. Thaman]]. Vinayak wrote the screenplay from the story given by Veligonda Srinivas along with dialogue by [[Kona Venkat]]. Releasing on 11 November 2015 amidst huge hype and expectations, the film was a commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nithiin bears the losses of Akhil being a flop|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nithiin-bears-the-losses-of-Akhil-being-a-flop/articleshow/49803631.cms|access-date=2020-08-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story begins thousands of years ago with a voice narrating how the Earth would face destruction in the future due to the powerful UV rays of the Sun. Few saints in India foresee this destruction and make a sphere with the most powerful metals which possess an immense power that absorbs the harmful UV rays hence it protecting the Earth. Since it has to be placed at the Earth's equator, they give the sphere to a tribe in Congolia, Africa. They leave from there by warning them that it should be kept at the Earth's equator during every Solar eclipse. If they miss even one of the eclipses, then the earth should face major destruction. The African tribe names the Sphere Jua (Name of the Sun in Africa). Now the story moves to the present day, where a Russian don is plotting to capture the Jua so that he will have the solution when the world is in destruction and thinks he can rule the world. For this, he seeks the help of an Indian don. The Indian don sends his henchmen to the tribe to get the Jua, but Bodo, a young graduate of the tribe, takes it and escapes.

In [[Hyderabad]], a young and carefree orphan named Akhil fights in the streets for earning and celebrates with friends. One day, Akhil meets a girl, Divya, and immediately falls in love with her. He impresses her in a couple of meetings by operating on her rabbit, which needs heart surgery with the help of K. V. Rajendra Prasad, Divya's college principal. Later Divya invites Akhil and his friends to her marriage. Akhil plots to break the marriage but find out that Kishore, the Fiancé of Divya, is in love with some other girl and unites Kishore with his lover, making Divya's dad furious, who is a Don in India as shown at the beginning of the movie. Disheartened, Divya leaves for Europe to find Kishore. Akhil learns that Divya is in Europe and follows her. After reaching her in Europe, Divya asks Akhil to act him as her lover, thinking that she can make Kishore envy. Meanwhile, Mambo, a thug of Indian don, searches for Bodo to get the Jua and shoots him in a chase. Bodo falls at Divya's apartment, and she treats him as she is a Medico. The very next day, Akhil tells Divya that he was the one who united Kishore and his lover, breaking Divya's marriage. She gets mad at him and tries to leave but is kidnapped by Mambo, who saw Divya while treating Bodo. Akhil gets injured while chasing them and got hit by Divya's dad, who discovers that he loves Divya. He falls unconscious under a tree, where a chain with a sun-shaped locket falls over his neck. Divya's father catches Akhil, and through him, he discovers that Mambo kidnapped his daughter. He calls Mambo and orders him to release his daughter, but Mambo refuses. Akhil finds out about Mambo's place and leaves for Africa with Kishore to rescue Divya.

After reaching Africa, at the airport, a church father asks Akhil to hold his bible, cross, and white coat while he goes to the restroom. Johnson and Johnson, a cab driver who came there to pick up the Priest, mistake Akhil for the Priest and drive him in his car. Akhil asks him to drive to Congolia; Johnson resists taking him there as it is a dangerous place but due to Akhil's insistence takes him to the Place. Akhil, along with Kishore and Johnson, reaches Mambo's place and fights with his men, and takes Mambo's brother while holding him hostage. He rescues Divya, who still hates him. In the meantime, Divya's father comes to rescue her from Mambo but gets trapped there. Mambo calls Divya and warns her if they don't return to his place, he will kill her father. They all return to Mambo's place to rescue Divya's father. Mambo asks Divya where was Jua kept, and she misguides him by telling him the wrong place. Mambo, after reaching the place, finds out he was fooled by Divya and goes back to her. By then, they all manage to escape and hide in a forest where Akhil fights with a tiger to save Divya, which makes Divya forgive him, and her father likes and accepts him as his son-in-law. The next day they go to Congolia village, where the African tribe guarding the Jua live. At the same time, a Russian don and Mambo with his men reach there and shoot Akhil, but a young man of the tribe guards him by giving him his life. Akhil asks him why he sacrificed his life for him then the young man points toward the sun-shaped locket on Akhil's neck. He learns that he has some connection with this Jua, and he only should find it. Mambo again tries to shoot Akhil, then Divya tells the exact place where Jua was hidden. She tells them that Bodo dropped the Jua in a river full of piranhas and killer fish while he was escaping from Mambo. Akhil owes that he will bring the Jua back to the tribe. After getting the Jua by fighting the piranhas in the river, Akhil kills Mambo and his men. Meanwhile, the Russian don escapes in a helicopter with Jua. Akhil jumps onto the helicopter when it is about to take off and kills the Russian don and gets the Jua, while the pilot causes the helicopter to hit a volcano. Before the explosion, Akhil jumps out with a parachute and handover the Jua to the tribal head, who places it back at the Earth's equator and rescues the world from destruction. In the end, Divya and Akhil unite.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Akhil Akkineni]] as Akhil
*[[Sayyeshaa]] as Divya
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as K.V. Rajendra Prasad
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Divya's father
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Johnson and Johnson
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Kishore
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Kishore's father
*Jean Louis Pascal as Mambo
*[[Madhunandan]] as Akhil's friend
*Krishna Teja as Akhil's friend
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telugucinema.com/reviews/Akhil-Movie-Review| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151113172957/http://www.telugucinema.com/reviews/Akhil-Movie-Review| archive-date = 2015-11-13| title = Akhil - Movie Review {{!}} telugucinema.com}}</ref>
*Byron Gibson as Katrochi
*Muhone Kellvin
*Karishna Karpal
*Fatima Roshan
*[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] in a special appearance in "Akkineni Akkineni" song
{{colend}}

==Production==
Akkineni made his debut with a cameo appearance in the climax of ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140525/entertainment-tollywood/article/akhil-akkineni-debuts-manam|title=Nagarjuna's son Akhil Akkineni debuts in 'Manam'|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=25 May 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217084739/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140525/entertainment-tollywood/article/akhil-akkineni-debuts-manam|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Either [[Vikram Kumar]] or [[Deva Katta]] were expected to direct Akhil's debut as a lead actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/deva-katta-vikram-kumar-in-race-to-direct-akhil-akkineni-debut-film-153338.html|title=Deva Katta, Vikram Kumar In Race To Direct Akhil Akkineni's Debut Film|author=Shekhar|publisher=[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]]|date=5 July 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217084154/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/deva-katta-vikram-kumar-in-race-to-direct-akhil-akkineni-debut-film-153338.html|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> While Nagarjuna reportedly confirmed Vikram Kumar to direct Akhil's second film,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vikram-Kumar-to-direct-Akhil-Akkinenis-debut-film/articleshow/35629770.cms|title=Vikram Kumar to direct Akhil Akkineni's debut film?|author=TNN|author-link=Times News Network|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 July 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217084204/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vikram-Kumar-to-direct-Akhil-Akkinenis-debut-film/articleshow/35629770.cms|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Deva Katta was confirmed to direct [[Manchu Vishnu]] in the Telugu remake of ''[[Arima Nambi]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vishnu-Manchu-to-train-in-freestyle-martial-arts-for-his-next/articleshow/44971884.cms|title=Vishnu Manchu to train in freestyle martial arts for his next|last=Kumar|first=Hemanth|work=The Times of India|date=29 October 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217084940/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vishnu-Manchu-to-train-in-freestyle-martial-arts-for-his-next/articleshow/44971884.cms|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> On 21 September 2014, Akhil said "I know that a lot of people are curious to know details about my debut film. However, I would like to clarify that I haven't made up my mind yet. I want to start my career with a blockbuster film and I'm not going to settle for anything less than that. If all goes well, I will announce details about my debut film in near future after ''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]'' releases. Till then, all I can say is, I'm still working hard on what my debut film should be", at an event celebrating Akkineni Nageswara Rao's birth anniversary and the success of ''Manam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-want-to-start-my-career-with-a-blockbuster-Akhil-Akkineni/articleshow/43086162.cms|title=I want to start my career with a blockbuster : Akhil Akkineni|work=The Times of India|date=21 September 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222607/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-want-to-start-my-career-with-a-blockbuster-Akhil-Akkineni/articleshow/43086162.cms|archive-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Later [[V. V. Vinayak]] was approached to direct this film after the release of ''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/The-launch-specialist/articleshow/44762824.cms |title=The 'launch' specialist |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=9 October 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217084845/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/The-launch-specialist/articleshow/44762824.cms |archive-date=17 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Veligonda Srinivas, who penned the script for [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]'s ''[[Dhamarukam]]'' (2012), wrote the film's story. [[Kona Venkat]] and [[Gopimohan]] were working on the film's screenplay. The film's [[principal photography]] was expected to begin on 15 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/akhil-akkinenis-debut-film-director-vinayak-start-shooting-15-november-612262|title=Akhil Akkineni's Debut Film: Director Vinayak to Start Shooting from 15 November|last=H. Hooli|first=Shekhar|publisher=[[International Business Times|International Business Times India]]|date=26 October 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217085150/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/akhil-akkinenis-debut-film-director-vinayak-start-shooting-15-november-612262|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> [[Anup Rubens]] & [[S. Thaman]] were selected as the music directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thamans-drums-for-akhils-debut--telugu-news-118308|title=Thaman's drums for Akhil's debut ?|website=IndiaGlitz|date=10 November 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217085152/http://www.indiaglitz.com/thamans-drums-for-akhils-debut--telugu-news-118308|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> [[Nithiin]] was reported to be a part of the film in late November 2014 which was supposed to be a romantic film with adventurous backdrop. He was also reported to produce the film while the story discussions slowed down as Vinayak's mother fell ill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Vinayak-to-direct-Akhils-debut-film/articleshow/45238600.cms|title=Vinayak to direct Akhil's debut film|work=The Times of India|date=22 November 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130204039/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Vinayak-to-direct-Akhils-debut-film/articleshow/45238600.cms|archive-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Vinayak's mother died in early December 2014 because of which the film's launch was postponed by a week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141208/entertainment-tollywood/article/akhil%E2%80%99s-condolence-visit|title=Akhil's condolence visit|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=8 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217085500/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141208/entertainment-tollywood/article/akhil%E2%80%99s-condolence-visit|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> The film was officially launched on 17 December 2014 in Hyderabad. [[Nithiin]] along with his father Sudhakar Reddy was confirmed to bankroll the film under the banner Sresht Movies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nagarjuna-s-son-akhil-s-debut-film-launched-news-others-omrluladjjcej.html|title=Nagarjuna's son Akhil's debut film launched|author=IANS|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service|website=[[Sify]]|date=17 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217085459/http://www.sify.com/movies/nagarjuna-s-son-akhil-s-debut-film-launched-news-others-omrluladjjcej.html|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>

Amol Rathod and Gautham Raju were confirmed as the cinematographer and editor, respectively. Kona Venkat was confirmed to pen the film's dialogues, while the screenplay was announced to be handled by Vinayak himself. [[Nithiin]] said that they are searching for a new actress as the female lead, and the regular shoot would begin in early January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Akhil--V.v.vinayak-Film-Regular-Shoot-From-telugu-news-121144|title=Akhil- V.V.Vinayak film regular shoot from|website=IndiaGlitz|date=17 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217120559/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Akhil--V.v.vinayak-Film-Regular-Shoot-From-telugu-news-121144|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Akhil said in an interview with Sanchita Dash that the film is an action movie with few stunts and would be shot in a new style of filming. He also confirmed that a new actress would be selected, and screen tests are being held. He added that they opted for a new actress as he himself is a debutante and to minimize the burden and expectations on the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141219/entertainment-tollywood/article/volcano-ready-erupt-akhil-akkineni|title=A volcano ready to erupt: Akhil Akkineni|last=Dash|first=Sanchita|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=19 December 2014|access-date=20 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220022232/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141219/entertainment-tollywood/article/volcano-ready-erupt-akhil-akkineni|archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> [[Sayyeshaa]] was reported to be the female lead later marking her Telugu debut.

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Akhil
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anup Rubens]] [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2015|9|20}}
| recorded = 2015
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 22:47
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Anup Rubens]] [[S. Thaman]]
}}

The soundtrack was jointly composed by [[Anup Rubens]] and [[S. Thaman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2015/09/30/akhil-music-review-telugu-anup-rubens/|title=Akhil (Music review), Telugu – Anup Rubens & Thaman S – Milliblog!}}</ref> The film's audio launch was held on 20 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telangananewspaper.com/akhil-akkineni-first-look-posters-hd/|title=Akhil 2015 Audio launch date fixed.|date=5 September 2015|work=TNP|location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref> The song "Akkineni Akkineni" uses a vocal sample of [[Eminem]] from his song [[Lose Yourself]], from the ''[[8 Mile (film)|8 Mile]]'' [[8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture|soundtrack album]].

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nenekkadunte (Energy)
| length1 = 5:01
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| music1 = [[Anup Rubens]]
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (Singer)|Ranjith]], Sharanya, Bhargavi Pillai
| title2 = Hey Akhil
| length2 = 4:08
| lyrics2 = Krishna Chaitanya
| music2 = Anup Rubens
| extra2 = [[Rahul Pandey (Singer)|Rahul Pandey]], [[Anup Rubens]]
| title3 = Zara Zara Navvaradhe
| length3 = 4:11
| lyrics3 = Krishna Chaitanya
| music3 = Anup Rubens
| extra3 = [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Mohana Bhogaraju]], [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Srikar
| title4 = Akkineni Akkineni
| length4 = 4:05
| lyrics4 = Krishna Chaitanya
| music4 = Anup Rubens
| extra4 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Bhargavi Pillai, Uma Neha, Mohana Bhogaraju
| title5 = Padessavae
| length5 = 5:20
| lyrics5 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| music5 = [[S. Thaman]]
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[M. M. Manasi]]
|total_length = 22:47
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was originally slated to release on 22 October; however, it got postponed many times. Visual effects were said to be the reason behind the delay.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nagarjuna-sons-film-akhil-postponed/ Nagarjuna son’s film ‘Akhil’ postponed]. The Indian Express (16 October 2015). Retrieved on 2015-11-12.</ref>

Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Though he [Vinayak] has succeeded in launching Akhil as a star with huge potential, he should have taken care in treatment and logic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/akhil.html|title=Akhil review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Akhil & Sayyeshaa|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> Pranita Jonnalagadda of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Director VV Vinayak wants to do a lot too – give a gripping story, bring in breathtaking VFX, have elaborate sets for songs and most importantly launch a star hero".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/akhil-movie-review/movie-review/49758917.cms|title=Akhil Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Akhil by Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Akhil'' has grossed ₹10 crore at the AP/Telangana box office on the first day, with a distributor share of ₹7.5 crore. The film with a total gross of ₹13.86 crore worldwide on its first day and became the highest opener for a debutant Telugu actor.<ref name="IBT Akhil gross">[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/akhil-first-day-box-office-collection-akhil-sayesha-film-biggest-opener-debut-hero-654422 'Akhil' first day box office collection: Akhil-Sayesha film biggest opener for debut hero]</ref> The film grossed {{INR|33.65}} crore by the end of its theatrical run.<ref name="finalrun" />

==Accolades==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
; [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
* Won – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]] – Akhil Akkineni

;[[CineMAA Awards]]
* Won – [[CineMAA Awards|Best Male Debut]] – Akhil Akkineni

; [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
* Won – [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut (Telugu)]] – Akhil Akkineni
* Nominated – [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu)]] – [[Sayyeshaa|Sayyeshaa Saigal]]
'''[[Santosham Film Awards]]'''

* Won – Best Debut Actor – Akhil Akkineni

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4974356}}
{{V. V. Vinayak}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. V. Vinayak]]
[[Category:2015 masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]

Lohara dynasty

2026-03-22T12:34:40Z

Pt.debotosh dey: added info

{{Short description|Kashmiri Hindu dynasty (1003–1320)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{About|the dynasty of Kashmir|other uses|Lohara (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Lohara dynasty of [[Kashmir]]
| native_name = 𑆬𑆾𑆲𑆳𑆫𑆳 𑆫𑆳𑆘𑆮𑆁𑆯 ([[Kashmiri language|Old Kashmiri]] and [[Sanskrit]])
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = 1003
| year_end = 1175
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1175|center||{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=34|N |long=75|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|marksize=22}}||none}}
| map_caption = {{center|Location of the Lohara dynasty and neighbouring polities circa 1175 CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref>}}
| map_width = 300px
| capital = [[Srinagar]]
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] (official),[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] (common)
| religion = [[Hinduism in Kashmir|Shaivite Hinduism]]
| title_leader = Monarch
| leader1 = [[Sangramaraja]]
| year_leader1 = 1003–1028
| leader2 = Suhadeva
| year_leader2 = 1301–1320
| p1 = Utpala dynasty
| s1 = Kashmir Sultanate
| today = [[Afghanistan]] [[India]] [[Pakistan]]
}}

The '''Lohara dynasty''' was a dynasty that ruled over [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] and surrounding regions in the northwestern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] between 1003 and approximately 1175. The early history of the dynasty was described in the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (''Chronicle of Kings''), a work written by [[Kalhana]] in the mid-12th century, upon which many studies of the first 150 years of the dynasty depend. Subsequent accounts which provide information up to and beyond the end of the dynasty come from [[Jonaraja|Jonarāja]] and [[Srivara|Śrīvara]]. The later rulers of the dynasty were perceived as weak. Internal conflicts and instances of corruption were prevalent during this era, occasionally interrupted by short periods of stability. These factors contributed to the dynasty's susceptibility to the expansion of Islamic conquests in the region.<ref name=Hasan1959pp29-32>Hasan (1959), pp. 29–32.</ref>

== Origins ==
{{History of Kashmir}}
{{History of India}}
According to the 12th-century text ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' translated by Sir [[Marc Aurel Stein]], the family of the chiefs of Lohara were from the [[Khasas|Khaśa tribe]].<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, p. 433.</ref>{{sfn|Thakur|1990|p=287}} The original seat of the Lohara dynasty was a hill fortress called Loharkot. Stein identified its location in the [[Pir Panjal]] mountain range, situated on a trade route between western [[Punjab]] and Kashmir in the present-day [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] of [[Jammu division|Jammu]]. The kingdom of Lohara was centered on a valley that contained a group of large villages, collectively known as Lohrin, and likely extended into neighboring valleys.<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, pp. 293–294.</ref>

[[Didda]], a daughter of King Simharja of Lohara, married King Kshemgupta of Kashmir, thereby uniting the two regions. In comparison to other societies of the period, women in Kashmir were highly esteemed.<ref>Kaw, p. 91.</ref> When Kshemgupta died in 958, Didda took on the role of [[regent]] for her young son, Abhimanyu II. Following Abhimanyu's death in 972, she assumed the same position for his sons, Nandigupta, Tribhuvanagupta, and Bhimagupta, successively. She orchestrated the demise of each of these grandchildren. As regent, she wielded significant power over the kingdom, and after the torture-induced death of Bhimagupta in 980, she ascended to rulership in her own right.<ref name="Stein1900p294">Stein (1900), Vol. 2, p. 294.</ref><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 104–105.</ref>

Didda later adopted a nephew, [[Sangramaraja|Samgrāmarāja]], as her heir in Kashmir, while entrusting the rule of Lohara to Vigraharāja, who was either another nephew or possibly one of her brothers. This decision led to the establishment of the Lohara dynasty of Kashmir, with Vigrahāraja making efforts during his lifetime to claim authority over both regions. Subsequently, there ensued approximately three centuries of "endless rebellions and other internal troubles".<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, p. 370.</ref>

==First Lohara dynasty==

===Samgrāmarāja===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| image1 = Bodhisattva Sugatisamdarshana-Lokeshvara with Kashmiri donors on the sides, Lohara period, end of 10th, early 11th century, Jammu and Kashmir. Musée Guimet MA6266.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Bodhisattva Sugatisamdarshana-Lokeshvara, Lohara period, end of 10th, early 11th century, Jammu and Kashmir (Kashmiri donor couple detail). Musée Guimet MA6266.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = The [[Bodhisattva]] Sugatisamdarsana-[[Lokesvara]], Kashmir, Lohara period, c. 11th century.<ref>"The Bodhisattva Sugatisamdarsana – Lokeshvara, about 1000 Bronze H . 13 5 / 8 in . ( 34 . 5 cm ) Musée des Arts Asiatiques – Guimet, Paris" in {{cite book|last1=Pal|first1=Pratapaditya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBI4AQAAIAAJ|title=The Arts of Kashmir|year=2007|publisher=Asia Society|isbn=978-0-87848-107-1|pages=94–95|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Réunion des Musées Nationaux-Grand Palais – |url=https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/96-017281-2C6NU0SB2A35.html |website=photo.rmn.fr}}</ref> The figures of Kashmiri donors (a couple, standing) appear on each side.<ref name="VH">{{cite web |last1=von Hinüber |first1=Oskar |title=Bronzes of the Ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Gilgit |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/metmedia/video/collections/asian/bronzes-of-ancient-gilgit |website=metmuseum.org}}</ref>{{dead link|date=November 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}
}}
[[Samgrāmarāja]] is considered the founder of the Lohara dynasty.<ref name="IEH"/> He inherited the throne from his aunt Queen [[Didda]] after her death in 1003. Samgrāmarāja was able to repel [[Siege of Lohkot (1015)|several attacks]] of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] against Kashmir, and he also supported [[Hindu Shahis|Shahis]] of [[Gandhara]] against [[Ghaznavid]] attacks.<ref name="IEH"/>

The reign of Samgrāmarāja between 1003 and June or July 1028 was primarily characterized by the actions of those in his court, those who preyed on his subjects to satisfy their greed, and by the role of the prime minister, Tunga. Tunga was a former herdsman who had become a lover of Didda and served as her prime minister. He wielded significant power in collaboration with Didda to assert her dominance over the kingdom, and he continued to exercise that power after her death. Samgrāmarāja feared him and, for many years, allowed him to have his way. Tunga appointed many corrupt officials who proceeded to extract substantial wealth from the kingdom's subjects. These appointees and their actions made Tunga unpopular, and as he aged, his ability to address challenges from opponents within and outside the court is thought to have decreased. Samgrāmarāja quietly supported the plots to remove the minister, and eventually, Tunga was murdered. His actions did little to improve matters in the court or the country, as his death led to an influx of royal loyalists who were no less corrupt than those he had appointed.<ref name=Hasan1959p32/><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 106–108</ref>

===Harirāja and Ananta===
Samgrāmarāja was succeeded by his son Harirāja, who reigned for only 22 days before dying and being succeeded in turn by another son, [[Ananta (Lohara dynasty)|Ananta]]. It is possible that Harirja was killed by his mother, Shrilakhā, who may have desired holding power herself but was ultimately thwarted by those protecting her children.<ref name=Hasan1959p32>Hasan (1959), p. 32.</ref><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 108.</ref> Around this time, Vigraharāja again attempted to seize control of Kashmir; he took an army to battle near the capital at [[Srinagar]] but was killed in defeat.<ref name=Stein1900p294/>

The period of rule by Ananta was characterised by royal profligacy; he accumulated debts so large that it necessitated the pawning of the royal [[diadem]]. The situation improved by the intervention of his queen, Sryamat, who was able to settle her husband's debts using her resources and who oversaw the appointment of ministers able to stabilise the government.<ref name=Hasan1959p32>Hasan (1959), p. 32.</ref> In 1063, she forced Ananta to [[abdicate]] in favour of their son, Kalaśa. This was probably to preserve the dynasty, but the strategy proved unsuccessful because of Kalaśa's unsuitability. It was then arranged so that Ananta functioned as king even though his son held the title.<ref name=Steinv1p110>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 110.</ref>

===Kalaśa, Utkarsa and Harsa===
[[File:Vishnu and Lakshmi Supported by Garuda, 11th century CE, Ancient Kingdom of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] supported by [[Garuda]] at the time of the Lohara dynasty, 11th century CE, Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38571 |website=metmuseum.org}}</ref> The sculpture belongs to the [[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]] type.]]
Kalaśa was king until 1089. A weak-willed man, he was dominated by those surrounding him at court and spent little time on matters of government until his later years. He involved himself in an incestuous relationship with his daughter. He freed himself from the effective rule of his father in 1076, causing Ananta and many loyal courtiers to leave the capital; he then lay siege to them in their new abode at Vijayesvara. On the verge of being pushed into exile and faced with a wife who, even at this stage, doted on her son, Ananta committed suicide in 1081. After this, Kalaśa reformed his licentious ways and began to govern responsibly, as well as operating a foreign policy that improved the influence the dynasty held over surrounding hill tribes.<ref name=Hasan1959p32/><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 110-111.</ref>

Kalaśa experienced difficulties with his oldest son, Harsa, who felt that the allowance granted by his father was insufficient for his extravagant tastes. Harsa plotted to kill Kalaśa, but was found out and eventually imprisoned. His position as heir to the throne was given instead to his younger brother, Utkarsa, who was already ruler of Lohara.{{#tag:ref|Ksitirāja, who was the son and heir of Vigraharāja, had abdicated his rights in favour of Utkarsa, ignoring the claim of his son due to disagreements with him.|group=nb}} The strain of dealing with Harsa caused Kalaśa to revert to his previous dissolute lifestyle, which Stein believes contributed to his death in 1089. His succession is disputed. According to Hasan, Harsa immediately succeeded his father despite being removed as heir,<ref name=Hasan1959p33>Hasan (1959), p. 33.</ref> but Stein says that Utkarsa succeeded and that Harsa remained imprisoned. With the accession of Utkarsa to the throne of Kashmir came the kingdom's reunification with Lohara, as it had been during the reign of Didda. At this point the fortress became the dynastic seat.<ref name=Stein1900p294/><ref name=Steinv1p110/><ref name=Stein1900v1p111>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 111.</ref>

Hasan and Stein agree that Harsa ultimately became king in 1089. Utkarsa was disliked and soon deposed, with a half-brother called Vijayamalla{{#tag:ref|Kalaśa had at least one concubine.<ref name=Stein1900v1p113>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 113.</ref>|group=nb}} supporting Harsa and being at the forefront of the rebellion against the king.<ref name=Stein1900v1p111/> Utkarsa was in turn imprisoned and committed suicide.<ref name=Stein1900v1p112>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 112.</ref>

====Harsa====
{{main|Harsha of Kashmir}}

[[File:Harshadeva (Kashmir) 1089-1101 CE.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Harsa ("Harshadeva"), Kashmir, 1089–1101 CE<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |author-link=Joe Cribb|title=Coins of the Kashmir King Harshadeva (AD 1089–1101) in the light of the Gujranwala hoard |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 208 |date=2011 |url=http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org/JONS/New/ONS_208 |pages=28–33, Fig. 1–9|language=en}}</ref>]]
Harsa had been a cultured man with much to offer his people but became as prone to the influence of specific favorites and as corrupt, cruel, and profligate as his predecessors. He too indulged in incest. Stein describes him as, {{blockquote|"undoubtedly the most striking figure among the later Hindu rulers of Kashmir. His many and varied attainments and the strange contrasts in his character must have greatly exercised the mind of his contemporaries ... Cruelty and kindheartedness, liberality and greed, violent selfwilledness and reckless supineness, cunning and want of thought – these and other apparently irreconcilable features in turn display themselves in Harsa's chequered life."<ref name=Stein1900v1p112/>}}

After an initial period during which the economic fortunes of the kingdom appear to have improved – as evidenced by the issue of gold and silver coinage – the situation deteriorated, and even [[night soil]] was taxed, while temples were looted to further raise money to fund Harsa's indulgent lifestyle and failed military ventures. All but two of the statues of Buddha in his kingdom were destroyed during his rule. Even in 1099, when his kingdom was ravaged by plague, flood, and famine, as well as by lawlessness on a large scale, Harsa continued to plunder the wealth of his subjects.<ref name=Stein1900v1p114>Stein, (1900), Vol. 1, p. 114</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2017}}{{clarify|date=December 2017}}

Harsa faced numerous challenges to his reign, and he executed many of his relatives, some but not all of whom had been among the challengers.<ref name=Stein1900v1p113/> He conducted campaigns in the east of the valley to wrest control of land back from feudatory landlords, known as [[damara (feudal landlord)|dāmaras]], and who in 1101 murdered him.<ref name=Hasan1959p33/><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, pp. 305–306.</ref> Stein describes that while Harsa's rule seemed at first to have "secured a period of consolidation and of prosperous peace ... [it] had subsequently fallen victim to his own [[Nero]]-like propensities."<ref name=Stein1900v1p15>Stein, (1900), Vol. 1, p. 15</ref>

==Second Lohara dynasty==
===Uccala===
[[File:Fragment of a Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript folio, Kingdom of Kashmir, 11th-12th century CE.jpg|thumb|Fragment of a [[Buddhist]] [[Prajnaparamita Sutra]] manuscript folio, Kashmir, at the time of Lohara dynasty, 11th–12th century CE<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/821085 |website=metmuseum.org}}</ref>]]
[[Uchchala|Uccala]], who was from a side branch of the Lohara royal line, succeeded to the throne and reigned for a decade. He and his younger brother Sussala had been spotted by Harsa as pretenders to his crown during the unrest, and were forced to flee in 1100. The move did them no harm as it increased their status among the dāmaras: if Harsa wanted the brothers dead, then that was all the more reason to rally around them. Consequently, Uccala was able to mount armed attacks on Harsa, as in 1101, which, although initially unsuccessful, eventually achieved their aim as those closest to Harsa deserted him.<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 114–115.</ref>

The two kingdoms of Kashmir and Lohara were again split at the time of Uccala's accession, with Uccala ceding rule over Lohara to Sussala in an attempt to head off any potential challenge from his ambitious brother.<ref name=Stein1900p295>Stein (1900), Vol. 2, p. 295.</ref><ref name=Stein1900v1p117>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 117.</ref> Uccala's rule was largely a victim of inherited circumstances; in particular, the power of the dāmaras that had caused Harsa's downfall could now be turned on him. He was unable to stabilise the penurious kingdom, either economically or in terms of authority, although it was not due to any lack of capability on his part and he did succeed in forming an alliance with the most powerful dāmara, Gargacandra. He was, in the opinion of Hasan, an able and conscientious ruler.<ref name=Hasan1959p33/><ref name=Stein1900v1p15/> Stein explains the method adopted to counter the dāmaras:
{{blockquote|By fomenting among them jealousy and mutual suspicion, he secured the murder or exile of their most influential leaders, without himself incurring the odium. Then, reassured in his own position, he openly turned upon the Dāmaras and forced them into disarmament and submission.<ref name=Stein1900v1p117/>}}

===Radda, Salhana and Sussala===
The downfall of Uccala came in December 1111, as a result of a conspiracy and after a prior attempt by Sussala to overthrow him. Sussala was not in the vicinity at the time that Uccala was murdered, but within days he had attempted a hazardous winter crossing over the mountains to Srinagar. Foiled by the winter weather on this occasion, he was able a few months later to venture once more, and he proceeded to take control of Kashmir from a half-brother, Salhana.<ref name=Stein1900p295/> Salhana had himself taken the throne after the briefest of reigns by Radda, one of the leaders of the conspiracy against Uccala, whose rule lasted a single day. It was Gargacandra who had organised the defeat of the conspirators and installed Salhana, using him as a puppet for the violent four months until the arrival of Sussala, a period that Kalhana described as a "long evil dream".<ref name=Stein1900v1p15/>

Gargacandra had again been a kingmaker in allying with Sussala, whom Stein believes to have been "personally brave but rash, cruel, and inconsiderate" and whose rule was "practically one long and disastrous struggle with the irrepressible Dāmaras and with dangerous pretenders."<ref name=Stein1900v1p16>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 16.</ref> As part of their alliance, Gargacandra arranged the marriage of two of his daughters, one to Sussala and one to Sussala's son, Jayasimha.<ref name=Stein1900v1p119>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 119.</ref> Having turned on Gargacandra and defeated him,{{#tag:ref|Gargacandra and his sons, together with some others, were eventually strangled to death on Sussala's order in 1118,<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 120.</ref> |group=nb}} Sussala was faced by other dāmaras who, in the absence of the once-dominant kingmaker, saw an opportunity to challenge the king. They found a potential candidate for the throne in Bhikşācara, a grandson of Harsa, and managed to install him briefly in 1120, when their numbers had swollen sufficiently in opposition to the brutally oppressive measures adopted by Sussala. The restoration of Harsa's dynastic line did not last for long: a fightback by Sussala, who had decamped in defeat from Srinagar to Lohara, resulted in the pretender being deposed around six months later, in early 1121. Thereafter, Sussala resumed his oppression and treated the wealth of his people as his own. He also imprisoned troublesome members of his own family, but, like others before him, he was unable to control the lawlessness among the feudatory chiefs. While squabbling among the dāmaras had assisted him in regaining the throne, he found himself frequently under siege upon his return as they sought to maintain a state of near anarchy in which they could profit for themselves.<ref name=Hasan1959p33/><ref name=Stein1900p295/><ref name=Stein1900v1p16/>

In 1123, during a period of intense pressure from besieging dāmaras and while mourning the death of one of his wives, Sussala abdicated in favour of his son, Jayasimha. He soon changed his mind, and although Jayasimha was formally crowned as king, Sussala continued to govern.<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 122.</ref>

===Jayasimha===
[[File:Vishnu and Shri Lakshmi on Garuda LACMA M.72.53.1 (1 of 2).jpg|right|thumb|[[Lakshmi]]-[[Vaikuntha]] riding his vehicle (''[[vahana]]'') [[Garuda]], 11th century CE, Kashmir, Jammu and Kasmir, India. [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnu and Shri Lakshmi on Garuda {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/238399 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref>]]
Jayasimha succeeded his father in 1128, during a period of open rebellion. A plot intended to assert authority backfired on Sussala and caused his death.

Jayasimha was not a forceful character, but he did nonetheless manage to bring about both peace and a degree of economic well-being during his reign, which lasted until 1155. Bhikşācara mounted further attempts to regain the throne during the first two years, and no sooner had he been killed than another challenger, Lothana, a brother of Salhana, succeeded in taking control of Lohara. That territory was subsequently recaptured, but challenges continued from Lothana and two others who sought the throne, Malljuna and Bhoja, the latter being a son of Salhana. Throughout this period, the dāmaras continued to behave troublesomely; however, as in the past, it was the infighting between the chiefs that enabled Jayasimha to survive. Peace came after 1145, and Jayasimha was able to employ his methods of kingship, which relied on diplomacy and Machiavellian plotting, for the greater good of his kingdom. In particular, Kalhana refers to the piety of Jayasimha, who rebuilt or constructed many temples which had been destroyed during the long years of war. His success has led Hasan to describe him as "the last great Hindu ruler of Kashmir."<ref name="Hasan1959p33" /><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 16–17.</ref><ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, pp. 126–127.</ref>

An example of Jayasimha's vision can be found in his decision to enthrone his oldest son, Gulhana, as king of Lohara, even though Gulhana was a child and Jayasimha was still alive. The reason for this appears to have been better to ensure the succession would not suffer any disturbance.<ref>Stein (1900), Vol. 1, p. 129.</ref>

===Successors to Jayasimha===
Jayasimha's rule continued until 1155, followed by his son Paramanuka, and then his grandson Vantideva (ruled 1165–72), who is often described as the last king of the Lohara dynasty.<ref name="IEH">India – Early History, Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_YADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 p.63]</ref>

====Dynasty of the Vuppadevas====
With the end of the Loharas, Vantideva was replaced by a new ruler named Vuppadeva, who was apparently elected by the people and who started the eponymous dynasty of the Vuppadevas.<ref name="IEH"/> Vuppadeva was succeeded in 1181 by his brother Jassaka, who was then succeeded by his son Jagadeva in 1199.<ref>The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire.-2d ed, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966, p.101</ref> Jagadeva attempted to emulate Jayasimha but had a turbulent time; at one stage, he was forced out of his own kingdom by his officials. His death came by poison in 1212 or 1213, and his successors met with no more success; his son, Rājadeva, survived until 1235 but any power that he may have had was shackled by the nobility; his grandson, Samgrāmadeva, who ruled from 1235 to 1252, was forced out of the kingdom just as Jagadeva had been and then killed soon after his return.<ref name=Hasan1959p34>Hasan, p. 34.</ref>

Rāmadeva, another son of Rājadeva, became king in 1252. Childless, he appointed Laksmandadeva, the son of a [[Brahmin]], to be his heir. Although the period of Rāmadeva's reign was calm, that of Laksmandadeva saw deterioration in the situation once more. The fractious nobility and a territorial encroachment by [[Turkish people|Turks]] troubled his reign, which began in 1273. As with his predecessors and successors, he thought little of spending money on border protection. By 1286, when Laksmandadeva'a son, Simhadeva, came to the throne, the kingdom was a much smaller place. Simhadeva survived until 1301, a largely ineffective ruler who was dominated by his advisers. He was killed by a man whom he had cuckolded.<ref name=Hasan1959p34/>

[[File:King Jagadeva of the Vuppadevas in Kashmir 1199-1213.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of king Jagadeva of the Vuppadevas in Kashmir, 1199–1213]]
The last of the dynasty was Sūhadeva, the brother of Simhadeva. He was a strong but unpopular ruler. He taxed heavily and exempted not even the Brahmins from his exactions

Ladakhi Buddhist prince [[Rinchan]] aided in overthrowing Suhadeva and, claiming the widow of Suhadeva, Queen [[Kota Rani]], as his wife, claimed the throne for himself in 1320 and reigned until 1323. Shortly after taking the throne, Rinchan converted to Islam, changing his name to Sadr-ud-Din and beginning the [[Kashmir Sultanate]]. After Sultan Sadr-ud-Din's death, Sūhadeva's brother Udayanadeva was invited to return to Kashmir to rule, while Sadr-ud-Din's son and heir Haidar was still a minor. Queen Kota Rani made the decision to marry Udayanadeva to legitimise his rule, but many suspected Kota Rani to be the real ruler of Kashmir, and after Udayanadeva's death in 1338, Kota Rani herself ruled Kashmir directly herself.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

During the reign of Sūhadeva, [[Shah Mir]] migrated to Kashmir from Swat with his family, whereupon he entered service to the throne. Proving himself a capable general during these tumultuous times, Shah Mir rose in popularity among Kashmiri nobles. When Kota Rani appointed Bhatta Bhikshana over Shah Mir as her prime minister, Shah Mir led a revolt and, upon succeeding, forced Kota Rani to marry him and took the throne for himself, ending the last remnants of the Lohara dynasty and beginning the [[Shah Mir dynasty]] of the Kashmir Sultanate.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==Impact==
{{History of Kashmir}}{{Expand section|date=September 2025}}
Describing the collapse of order, Hasan states: "the [[Damara (feudal landlord)|Dãmaras]] or feudal chiefs grew powerful, defied royal authority, and by their constant revolts plunged the country into confusion. Life and property were not safe, agriculture declined, and there were periods when trade came to a standstill. Socially and morally too the court and the country had sunk to the depths of degradations."<ref name=Hasan1959p32/>

==See also==
* [[List of Monarchs of Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=nb}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |first=Ronald M. |last=Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: a social history of the Tantric movement |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2004 |orig-year=2002 (Columbia Univ. Press) |isbn=978-81-208-1991-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC}}
*{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2011-07-10}}
*{{cite book |title=Kashmir and its people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society |first=M. K. |last=Kaw |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC |access-date=2011-08-02}}
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |author-link=Mark Aurel Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC |access-date=2011-07-11}}
*{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC |access-date=2011-07-10}}
* {{cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman S. |chapter=The Khaśas: An Early Indian Tribe |editor=K. K. Kusuman |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA287 |year=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |pages=285–293}}

{{Medieval India}}

[[Category:Lohara dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Kashmir]]
[[Category:1320 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1003 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1320]]

Naneghat

2026-03-18T16:47:50Z

Pt.debotosh dey:

{{Short description|Mountain pass in the Western Ghats, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Naneghat Cave and Inscriptions
| native_name = नाणेघाट
| image = 2nd century BCE Nanaghat Sanskrit Inscriptions Maharashtra India 2.jpg
| caption = Naneghat geography and inscriptions
| alternate_name = Nanaghat caves
| map_type = India #India Maharashtra
| altitude_m = 750
| altitude_ref =
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|19|17|31.0|N|73|40|33.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| gbgridref =
| map_dot_label = Naneghat caves
| location = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| region = [[Western Ghats]]
| type = Caves, trade route passage
| builder = Queens, Satavahana dynasty -[[Nayanika|Naganika]]
| material = Natural rock
| built = 2nd-century BCE
| epochs = 
| cultures = Hinduism{{sfn|Theo Damsteegt|1978|p=206}}
| management = Archaeological Survey of India
| public_access =
| other_designation =
| website = 
| architectural_styles =
| architectural_details =
}}
'''Naneghat''', also referred to as '''Nanaghat''' or '''Nana Ghat''' ([[IAST]]: Nānāghaṭ), is a [[mountain pass]] in the [[Western Ghats]] range between the [[Konkan]] coast and the ancient town of [[Junnar]] in the Deccan plateau. The pass is about {{convert|120|km}} north of [[Pune]] and about {{convert|165|km}} east from [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=53-54}} It was a part of an ancient trading route, and is famous for a major cave with Sanskrit inscriptions in [[Brahmi script]] and Middle Indo-Aryan dialect.{{sfn|Theo Damsteegt|1978|p=206, Quote: "A Hinduist inscription that is written in MIA dialect is found in a Nanaghat cave. In this respect, reference may also be made to a MIA inscription on a Vaishnava image found near the village Malhar in Madhya Pradesh which dates back to about the same age as the Nanaghat inscription."; see also page 321 note 19}} These inscriptions have been dated between the 2nd and the 1st century BCE, and attributed to the Satavahana dynasty era.{{sfn|Richard Salomon|1998|p=144}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|pp=381-384}}<ref name=britnanaghat/> The inscriptions are notable for linking the [[Veda|Vedic]] and [[Hinduism]] deities, mentioning some Vedic [[srauta]] rituals and of names that provide historical information about the ancient Satavahanas.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|pp=381-384}}{{sfn|Carla Sinopoli|2001|pp=168-169}} The inscriptions present the world's oldest numeration symbols for "2, 4, 6, 7, and 9" that resemble modern era numerals, more closely those found in modern Nagari and Hindu-Arabic script.<ref name=britnanaghat>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/numeral#ref797082 Development Of Modern Numerals And Numeral Systems: The Hindu-Arabic system], Encyclopaedia Britannica, Quote: "The 1, 4, and 6 are found in the Ashoka inscriptions (3rd century bce); the 2, 4, 6, 7, and 9 appear in the Nana Ghat inscriptions about a century later; and the 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 in the Nasik caves of the 1st or 2nd century CE — all in forms that have considerable resemblance to today’s, 2 and 3 being well-recognized cursive derivations from the ancient = and ≡."</ref>{{sfn|David E. Smith|1978|pp=65-68}}{{sfn|Norton|2001|pp=175-176}}

== Location ==
Nanaghat pass stretches over the Western Ghats, through an ancient stone laid hiking trail to the Nanaghat plateau. The pass was the fastest key passage that linked the Indian west coast seaports of [[Sopara]], [[Kalyan]] and [[Thana]] with economic centers and human settlements in [[Nasik]], [[Paithan]], Ter and others, according to Archaeological Survey of India.<ref name=asijunnar>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp Lenyadri Group of Caves, Junnar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410125940/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp |date=10 April 2009 }}, Archaeological Survey of India</ref> Near the top is large, ancient manmade cave. On the cave's back wall are a series of inscriptions, some long and others short. The high point and cave is reachable by road via Highways 60 or 61. The cave archaeological site is about {{convert|120|km}} north of Pune and about {{convert|165|km}} east from Mumbai.{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=53-54}} The Naneghat Cave is near other important ancient sites. It is, for example, about {{convert|35|km}} from the [[Lenyadri]] Group of Theravada Buddhist Caves and some 200 mounds that have been excavated near [[Junnar]], mostly from the 3rd-century BCE and 3rd-century CE period. The closest station to reach Naneghat is Kalyan station which lies on the Central Line.<ref name=asijunnar/>

==History==
[[File:Naneghat caves.jpg|thumb|left|The Naneghat caves, likely an ancient rest stop for travellers.<ref name="Lefevre2011p85"/>]]
During the reign of the [[Satavahana]] (c. 200 BCE – 190 CE), the Naneghat pass was one of the trade routes that connected the Konkan coast communities with Deccan high plateau through Junnar.{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=53-54}} Literally, the name ''nane'' means "coin" and ''ghat'' means "pass". The name is given because this path was used as a tollbooth to collect toll from traders crossing the hills. According to Charles Allen, there is a carved stone that from distance looks like a stupa, but is actually a two-piece carved stone container by the roadside to collect tolls.{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}}

The scholarship on the Naneghat Cave inscription began after William Sykes found them while hiking during the summer of 1828.{{sfn|Shobhana Gokhale|2004|pp=239-260}}{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|p=170}} Neither an archaeologist nor epigraphist, his training was as a statistician and he presumed that it was a Buddhist cave temple. He visited the site several times and made eye-copy (hand drawings) of the script panel he saw on the left and the right side of the wall. He then read a paper to the Bombay Literary Society in 1833 under the title, ''Inscriptions of the Boodh caves near Joonur'',{{sfn|Shobhana Gokhale|2004|pp=239-260}} later co-published with John Malcolm in 1837.<ref>John Malcolm and W. H. Sykes (1837), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207501 Inscriptions from the Boodh Caves, near Joonur], The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 4, No. 2, Cambridge University Press, pages 287-291</ref> Sykes believed that the cave's "Boodh" (Buddhist) inscription showed signs of damage both from the weather elements as well as someone crudely incising to desecrate it.{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}} He also thought that the inscription was not created by a skilled artisan, but someone who was in a hurry or not careful.{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}} Sykes also noted that he saw stone seats carved along the walls all around the cave, likely because the cave was meant as a rest stop or shelter for those traveling across the Western Ghats through the Naneghat pass.<ref name="Lefevre2011p85"/>{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}}{{sfn|Shobhana Gokhale|2004|pp=239-260}}

[[File:1833 published Nana Ghat inscription eye copy by Sykes, Sanskrit, Brahmi script.png|thumb|William Sykes made an imperfect eye-copy of the inscription in 1833, to bring it to scholarly attention.{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|p=59}}]]
Sykes proposed that the inscription were ancient Sanskrit because the statistical prevalence rate of some characters in it was close to the prevalence rate of same characters in then known ancient Sanskrit inscriptions.{{sfn|Shobhana Gokhale|2004|pp=239-260}}{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-172}} This suggestion reached the attention of [[James Prinsep]], whose breakthrough in deciphering Brahmi script led ultimately to the inscription's translation. Much that Sykes guessed was right, the Naneghat inscription he had found was indeed one of the oldest Sanskrit inscriptions.{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}} He was incorrect in his presumption that it was a Buddhist inscription because its translation suggested it was a Hindu inscription.{{sfn|Theo Damsteegt|1978|p=206}} The Naneghat inscription were a prototype of the refined [[Devanagari]] to emerge later.{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}}

[[Georg Bühler]] published the first version of a complete interpolations and translation in 1883.{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=59-64}} He was preceded by Bhagvanlal Indraji, who in a paper on [[numismatics]] (coins) partially translated it and remarked that the Naneghat and coin inscriptions provide insights into ancient numerals.{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=59-64}}<ref name="Bombay1878p303">{{cite book|author=Bhagavanlal Indraji|title=Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_GgoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303 |year=1878 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bombay|pages=303–314}}</ref>

===Date===
[[File:Naneghat Pass Entrance (Pratik Butte Patil).jpg|thumb|Naneghat Pass Entrance]]
The inscriptions are attributed to a queen of the [[Satavahana]] dynasty. Her name was either Nayanika or Naganika, likely the wife of king [[Satakarni]]. The details suggest that she was likely the queen mother, who sponsored this cave after the death of her husband, as the inscription narrates many details about their life together and her son being the new king.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|pp=381-384}}

The Naneghat cave inscriptions have been dated by scholars to the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. Most scholars date it to the early 1st-century BCE, some to 2nd-century BCE, a few to even earlier.{{sfn|Richard Salomon|1998|p=144}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|pp=381-384}}<ref name=britnanaghat/> Sircar dated it to the second half of the 1st-century BCE.{{sfn|D.C. Sircar|1965|p=184}} Upinder Singh and Charles Higham date 1st century BCE.<ref name="Upinder_2008"/><ref name="CH_2009">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |author=Charles Higham |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=9781438109961 |page=299 }}</ref>

The Naneghat records have proved very important in establishing the history of the region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} [[Vedic mythology|Vedic Gods]] like [[Dharma]] [[Indra]], [[Chandra]] and [[Surya]] are mentioned here. The mention of [[Samkarsana]] (Balarama) and [[Vasudeva]] (Krishna) indicate the prevalence of [[Bhagavata]] tradition of [[Hinduism]] in the [[Satavahana]] dynasty.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Nanaghat inscriptions==
{{cleanup lang|date=December 2022}}
Two long Nanaghat inscriptions are found on the left and right wall, while the back wall has small inscriptions on top above where the eight life-sized missing statues would have been before somebody hacked them off and removed them.{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}}

===Left wall===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = 2nd century BCE Hindu Sanskrit inscription Nanaghat cave, I-1a.jpg
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| image2 = 2nd century BCE Hindu Sanskrit inscription Nanaghat cave, I-1b.jpg
| width2 = 215
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| footer = Left wall inscription, Brahmi script
}}

====Inscription====
#sidhaṃ ... no dhaṃmasa namo īdasa namo saṃkaṃsana-vāsudevānaṃ caṃda-sūtānaṃ mahimāvatānaṃ catuṃnaṃ caṃ lokapālānaṃ yama-varuna-kubera-vāsavānaṃ namo kumāravarasa vedisirisa raño
#......vīrasa sūrasa apratihatacakasa dakhināpaṭhapatino raño simukasātavāhanasa sunhāya ......
#mā ..... bālāya mahāraṭhino aṃgiya-kulavadhanasa sagaragirivaravalayāya pathaviya pathamavīrasa vasa ... ya va alaha ......salasu ..ya mahato maha ...
#.... sātakaṇi sirisa bhāriyā devasa putadasa varadasa kāmadasa dhanadasa vedisiri-mātu satino sirimatasa ca mātuya sīma .... pathamaya .....
#variya ....... ānāgavaradayiniya māsopavāsiniya gahaṭāpasāya caritabrahmacariyāya dikhavratayaṃñasuṃḍāya yañāhutādhūpanasugaṃdhāya niya .......
#rāyasa ........ yañehi yiṭhaṃ vano | agādheya-yaṃño dakhinā dinā gāvo bārasa 12 aso ca 1 anārabhaniyo yaṃño dakhinā dhenu .........
#...... dakhināya dinā gāvo 1700 hathī 10 .....
#......... as ..... sasataraya vāsalaṭhi 289 kubhiyo rupāmayiyo 17 bhi ......
#.......... riko yaṃño dakhināyo dinā gāvo 11,000 asā 1,000 pasapako ..............
#............. 12 gamavaro 1 dakhinā kāhāpanā 24,400 pasapako kāhāpanā 6,000 | rājasūya-yaṃño ..... sakaṭaṃ
The missing characters do not match the number of dots; Bühler published a more complete version.{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=59-64}}

====Left wall translation without interpolation====
[[File:Samkasana and Vasudeva in the Naneghat cave inscription.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Samkarshana|Samkasana]] (<big>'''𑀲𑀁𑀓𑀲𑀦'''</big>) and [[Vāsudeva]] (<big>'''𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸'''</big>) in the Naneghat cave inscription]]
#''Sidham''{{refn|group=note|Variously translated to "Success" or "[[Om]] adoration"".{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=59-64 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Mirashi|1981|p=231}}}} to [[Dharma]], adoration to [[Indra]], adoration to [[Samkarshana]] and [[Vāsudeva]],{{refn|group=note|Samkarshana and Vasudeva are synonyms for Balarama and Krishna.{{sfn|Mirashi|1981|pp=232}}}} the descendants of the Moon ("[[Chandra]]") endowed with majesty, and to the four guardians of the world ("[[Lokapala]]s"), [[Yama]], [[Varuna]], [[Kubera]] and [[Vāsava]]; praise to Vedisri, the best of royal princes (''kumara'')!{{refn|group=note|Kumaravarasa translated to "royal princes" or "[[Kartikeya]]".{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=59-64}}{{sfn|Mirashi|1981|pp=232}}}} Of the king.
#.... of the brave hero, whose rule is unopposed, the lord of [[Dakshinapatha|Dakshinapath]], King [[Simuka]] the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]]......
#By ..... the daughter of the Maharathi, the increaser of the Amgiya race, the first hero of the earth that is girdled by the ocean and the best of mountains....
#wife of . . . Sri, the lord who gives sons, boons, desires and wealth, mother of Yedisri and the mother of the illustrious [[Shakti|Sakti]].....
#Who gave a . . . most excellent ''nagavaradayiniya'',{{refn|group=note|Buhler states that its translation is uncertain, can be either "who gave a most excellent image of a snake deity" or "who gave a most excellent image of an elephant deity" or "who gave a boon of a snake or elephant deity".{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=59-64 with footnotes}}}} who fasted during a whole month, who in her house an ascetic, who remained chaste, who is well acquainted with initiatory ceremonies, vows and offerings, sacrifices, odoriferous with incense, were offered......
#O the king ........ sacrifices were offered. Description - An Agnyadheya sacrifice, a ''[[dakshina]]''{{refn|group=note|variously translated as "sacrificial fee" or "donation".{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=59-64}}{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}}}} was offered twelve, 12, cows and 1 horse; - an Anvarambhaniya sacrifice, the ''dakshina'', milch-cows.....
#...... ''dakshina'' were given consisting of 1700 cows, 10 elephants,
#.... 289.....17 silver waterpots.....
#..... a rika-sacrifice, ''dakshina'' were given 11,000 cows, 1000 horses
#......12 . . 1 excellent village, a ''dakshina'' 24,400 [[Karshapana]]s, the spectators and menials 6,001 Karshapanas; a Raja ........ the cart<ref name="archive.org">Report On The Elura Cave Temples And The Brahmanical And Jaina Caves In Western India by Burgess [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.57069/2015.57069.Report-On-The-Elura-Cave-Temples-And-The-Brahmanical-And-Jaina-Caves-In-Western-India]</ref>

====Left wall translation with interpolation====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| title =Naneghat deities
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Coin of the Bactrian King Agathokles.jpg
| footer = {{center|The two deities [[Samkarshana]] and [[Vāsudeva]] on the coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria]], circa 190-180 BCE.<ref name="US437">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=436–438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |page=50 |issn=0066-6637|jstor=20111096 }}</ref>}}
}}
#[Om adoration] to [[Dharma]] [the Lord of created beings], adoration to [[Indra]], adoration to [[Samkarshana]] and [[Vāsudeva]], the descendants of the Moon (who are) endowed with majesty, and to the four guardians of the world, [[Yama]], [[Varuna]], [[Kubera]] and [[Vasava]]; praise to Vedisri, the best of royal princes! Of the king.
#.... of the brave hero, whose rule is unopposed, of the lord of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], King Simuka the first of the Satavahanas......
#By ..... the daughter of the Maharathi, the increaser of the Amgiya race, the first hero of the earth that is girdled by the ocean and the best of mountains....
#(who is the) wife of . . . Sri, the lord who gives sons, boons, (the fulfillment of) desires and wealth, (who is the) mother of Yedisri and the mother of the illustrious Sakti.....
#Who gave a . . . most excellent (image of) a snake (deity), who fasted during a whole month, who (even) in her house (lived like) an ascetic, who remained chaste, who is well acquainted with initiatory ceremonies, vows and offerings, sacrifices, odoriferous with incense, were offered......
#O the king ........ sacrifices were offered. Description - An Agnyadheya sacrifice (was offered), a ''dakshina'' was offered (consisting of) twelve, 12, cows and 1 horse; - an Anvarambhaniya sacrifice (was offered), the ''dakshina'' (consisted of) , milch-cows.....
#...... ''dakshina'' were given consisting of 1700 cows, 10 elephants,
#.... (289?).....17 silver waterpots.....
#..... a rika-sacrifice, ''dakshina'' were given (consisting of) 11,000 cows, 1000 horses
#......12 . . 1 excellent village, a ''dakshina'' (consisted of) 24,400 [[Karshapana]]s, (the gifts to) the spectators and menials (consisted of) 6,001 Karshapanas; a Raja [suya-sacrifice]........ the cart<ref name="archive.org"/>

===Right wall===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = 2nd century BCE Hindu Sanskrit inscription Nanaghat cave, I-2a.jpg
| width1 = 260
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = 2nd century BCE Hindu Sanskrit inscription Nanaghat cave, I-2b.jpg
| width2 = 260
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Right wall inscription, Brahmi script
}}

====Inscription====
#..dhaṃñagiritaṃsapayutaṃ sapaṭo 1 aso 1 asaratho 1 gāvīnaṃ 100 asamedho bitiyo yiṭho dakhināyo dinā aso rupālaṃkāro 1 suvaṃna ..... ni 12 dakhinā dinā kāhāpanā 14,000 gāmo 1 haṭhi ........ dakhinā dinā
#gāvo ... sakaṭaṃ dhaṃñagiritaṃsapayutaṃ ...... ovāyo yaṃño ..... 17 dhenu .... vāya +satara sa
#........... 17 aca .... na ..la ya ..... pasapako dino ..... dakhinā dinā su ... pīni 12 tesa rupālaṃkāro 1 dakhinā kāhāpanā 10,000 ... 2
#......gāvo 20,000 bhagala-dasarato yaṃño yiṭho dakhinā dinā gāvo 10,000 | gargatirato yaño yiṭho dakhinā ..... pasapako paṭā 301 gavāmayanaṃ yaṃño yiṭhodakhinā dinā gāvo 1100 | .............. gāvo 1100 pasapako kāhāpanā +paṭā 100 atuyāmo yaṃño .....
#........ gavāmayanaṃ yaño dakhinā dinā gāvo 1100 | aṃgirasāmayanaṃ yaṃño yiṭho dakhinā gāvo 1,100 | ta ............. dakhinā dinā gāvo 1100 | satātirataṃ yaṃño ........ 100 ......... yaño dakhinā gāvo 110 aṃgirasatirato yaṃño yiṭho dakhinā gāvo
#......... gāvo 1,002 chaṃdomapavamānatirato dakhinā gāvo 100 | aṃgirasatirato yaṃño yiṭho dakhinā ....... rato yiṭho yaño dakhinā dinā ....... to yaṃño yiṭho dakhinā ......... yaṃño yiṭho dakhinā dinā gāvo 1000 | ............
#......... na +sayaṃ .......... dakhinā dinā gāvo .......... ta ........ aṃgirasāmayanaṃ chavasa ........ dakhinā dinā gāvo 1,000 ........... dakhinā dinā gāvo 1,001 terasa ... a
#........ terasarato sa ......... āge dakhinā dinā gāvo ......... dasarato ma .......... dinā gāvo 1,001 u ........... 1,001 da ...........
# ........ yaño dakhinā dinā .........
# .......... dakhinā dinā ..........

The missing characters do not match the number of dots; Bühler published a more complete version.{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|pp=59-64}}

====Right wall translation without interpolation====
#...used for conveying a mountain of grain, 1 excellent dress, 1 horse, 1 horse-chariot, 100 kine. A second horse-sacrifice was offered; ''dakshina'' were given 1 horse with silver trappings, 12 golden...... an(other) ''dakshina'' was given 14,000 (?) [[Karshapana]]s, 1 village . . elephant, a ''dakshina'' was given
#....cows, the cart used for conveying a mountain of grain..... an..... Ovaya sacrifice.......... 17 milch cows (?)....
#........ 17 ....... presents to the spectators were given.... a ''dakshina'' was given 12..... 1 silver ornaments for them, a ''dakshina'' was given consisting of 10,000 Karshapanas............
#..... 20,000(?) cows ; a [[Bhagala]]-[[Dasharatha]] sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given 10,001 cows; a Gargatriratra sacrifice was offered ...... the presents to the spectators and menials 301 dresses; a Gavamayana was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given 1,101 cows, a .... sacrifice, the ''dakshina'' 1,100 (?) cows, the presents to the spectators and menials . . Karshapanas, 100 dresses; an Aptoryama sacrifice .....
#..... ;a Gavamayana sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given 1,101 cows; an Angirasamayana sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given 1,101 cows; was given 1,101 cows; a Satatirata sacrifice ...... 100 ......... ; ......sacrifice was offered, the ''dakshina'' 1,100 cows; an Angirasatriratra sacrifice was offered; the ''dakshina'' .... cows ....
#........ 1,002 cows; a Chhandomapavamanatriratra sacrifice was offered, the ''dakshina'' .... ; a ....... ratra sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given; a ...... tra sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' ... ; a ..... sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given 1,001 cows
#.......... ; a ''dakshina'' was given ..... cows ........; an Angirasamayana, of six years ....... , a ''dakshina'' was given, [[Gosahasra|1,000 cows]] ..... was given 1,001 cows, thirteen ........
#........... a Trayoclasaratra ......... a ''dakshina'' was given, .... cows ......... a Dasaratra .... a ...... sacrifice, a ''dakshina'' was given 1,001 cows....
#<ref name="Burgess 2015">Report On The Elura Cave Temples And The Brahmanical And Jaina Caves In Western India
by Burgess [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.57069/2015.57069.Report-On-The-Elura-Cave-Temples-And-The-Brahmanical-And-Jaina-Caves-In-Western-India]</ref>

====Right wall translation with interpolation====
#Used for conveying a mountain of grain, 1 excellent dress, 1 horse, 1 horse-chariot, 100 kine. A second horse-sacrifice was offered; ''dakshina'' were given (consisting of) 1 horse with silver trappings, 12 golden...... an(other) ''dakshina'' was given (consisting of) 14,000 (?) [[Karshapana]]s, 1 village . . elephant, a ''dakshina'' was given
#....cows, the cart used for conveying a mountain of grain..... an..... Ovaya sacrifice.......... 17 milch cows (?)....
#........ 17 ....... presents to the spectators were given.... a ''dakshina'' was given (consisting of) 12..... 1 (set of) silver ornaments for them, an(other) ''dakshina'' was given consisting of 10,000 Karshapanas............
#..... 20,000(?) cows ; a [[Bhagala]]-[[Dasharatha]] sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given (consisting of) 10,001 cows; a Gargatriratra sacrifice was offered ...... the presents to the spectators and menials (consisted of) 301 dresses; a Gavamayana was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given (consisting of) 1,101 cows, a .... sacrifice, the ''dakshina'' (consisted of) 1,100 (?) cows, the presents to the spectators and menials (consisted of) . . Karshapanas, 100 dresses; an Aptoryama sacrifice (was offered).....
#..... ;a Gavamayana sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given (consisting of) 1,101 cows; an Angirasamayana sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given (of) 1,101 cows; (a ''dakshina'') was given (consisting of) 1,101 cows; a Satatirata sacrifice ...... 100 ......... ; ......sacrifice was offered, the ''dakshina'' (consisted of) 1,100 cows; an Angirasatriratra sacrifice was offered; the ''dakshina'' (consisted of) .... cows ....
#........ 1,002 cows; a Chhandomapavamanatriratra sacrifice was offered, the ''dakshina'' .... ; a ....... ratra sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given; a ...... tra sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' ... ; a ..... sacrifice was offered, a ''dakshina'' was given (consisting of) 1,001 cows
#.......... ; a ''dakshina'' was given (consisting of) ..... cows ........; an Angirasamayana, of six years (duration) ....... , a ''dakshina'' was given, (consisting of) 1,000 cows ..... (a sacrificial fee) was given (consisting of) 1,001 cows, thirteen ........
#........... a Trayoclasaratra ......... a ''dakshina'' was given, (consisting of) .... cows ......... a Dasaratra .... a ...... sacrifice, a ''dakshina'' was given (consisting of) 1,001 cows....
#<ref name="Burgess 2015"/>

===Back wall relief and names===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Regnal inscriptions
| total_width=350
| image1 = Naneghat cave back wall.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Simuka inscription at Naneghat Caves.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer={{center|The back wall, with regnal inscriptions (left). At right: "[[Simuka]]" portion of the inscription (photograph and rubbing) in early [[Brahmi script]]: <big>'''𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀸 𑀲𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺𑀫𑀢𑁄'''</big> ''Rāyā Simuka - Sātavāhano sirimato'' "King Simuka Satavahana, the illustrious one"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Jas |title=Report on the Elura Cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina Caves in Western India |date=1883 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.1544/1544#page/n5/mode/1up}}</ref>}}
}}
The back wall of the cave has a niche with eight life-size [[relief]] sculptures. These sculptures are gone, but they had Brahmi script inscriptions above them that help identify them.<ref name="Upinder_2008">{{harvnb|Upinder Singh |2008 |pp=382–384 }}</ref>
#''Raya [[Simuka]] - Satavahano sirimato''
#''Devi-Nayanikaya rano cha''
#''Siri-[[Satakarni|Satakanino]]''
#''Kumaro Bhaya ........''
#(unclear)
#''[[Marhatta (region)|Maharathi Tranakayiro.]]''
#''Kumaro Hakusiri''
#''Kumaro Satavahano''

==Reception and significance==
The Nanaghat inscription has been a major finding. According to [[Georg Bühler]], it "belongs to the oldest historical documents of Western India, are in some respects more interesting and important than all other cave inscriptions taken together".{{sfn|Georg Bühler|1883|p=59}}{{sfn|Mirashi|1981|p=231}}

The inscription mentions both [[Balarama]] ([[Samkarshana]]) and [[Vāsudeva-Krishna]], along with the Vedic deities of Indra, Surya, Chandra, Yama, Varuna and Kubera.{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}} This provided the link between Vedic tradition and the [[Hinduism]] .<ref name=williams129>{{cite book|author=Joanna Gottfried Williams|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |year=1981|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-06498-2|pages=129–130}}</ref>{{sfn|Mirashi|1981|pp=131-134}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Edwin F. Bryant|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC |year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972431-4|pages=18 note 19}}</ref> Given it is inscribed in stone and dated to 1st-century BCE, it also linked the religious thought in the post-Vedic centuries in late 1st millennium BCE with those found in the unreliable highly variant texts such as the [[Puranas]] dated to later half of the 1st millennium CE. The inscription is a reliable historical record, providing a name and [[floruit]] to the Satavahana dynasty.{{sfn|Charles Allen|2017|pp=169-170}}{{sfn|Mirashi|1981|pp=131-134}}<ref name="Lefevre2011p85">{{cite book|author=Vincent Lefèvre|title=Portraiture in Early India: Between Transience and Eternity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnsQwG_T86sC|year=2011|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-9004207356|pages=33, 85–86}}</ref>

[[File:1911 sketch of numerals script history ancient India, mathematical symbols shapes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|1911 sketch of numerals history in ancient India, with the Naneghat inscription shapes.]]
The Naneghat inscriptions have been important to the study of history of numerals.{{sfn|Norton|2001|pp=175-176}} Though damaged, the inscriptions mention numerals in at least 30 places.<ref>Bhagvanlal Indraji (1876), On Ancient Nagari Numeration; from an Inscription at Naneghat, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 12, pages 404-406</ref> They present the world's oldest known numeration symbols for "2, 4, 6, 7, and 9" that resemble modern era numerals, particularly the modern [[Nāgarī script]]
.<ref name=britnanaghat/><ref name="Rooney2012p17">{{cite book|author=Anne Rooney|author-link=Anne Rooney|title=The History of Mathematics|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5O67iqeIHZ8C |year=2012|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1-4488-7369-2|pages= 17–18}}</ref> The numeral values used in the Naneghat cave confirm that the point value had not developed in India by the 1st century BCE.{{sfn|David E. Smith|1978|pp=65-68}}<ref name="Chrisomalis2010p189">{{cite book|author=Stephen Chrisomalis|title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48533-3|pages=189–190}}</ref>

The inscription is also evidence and floruit that Vedic ideas were revered in at least the northern parts of the Deccan region before the 1st-century BCE. They confirm that Vedic [[srauta]] sacrifices remained in vogue among the royal families through at least the 1st-century BCE.<ref name=williams129/>{{sfn|Carla Sinopoli|2001|pp=168-169}} The Naneghat cave is also evidence that Hindu dynasties had sponsored sculptures by the 1st-century BCE, and secular life-size ''[[murti]]'' (pratima) tradition was already in vogue by then.<ref name="Lefevre2011p85"/><ref name="Dehejia2008p50">{{cite book|author=Vidya Dehejia|title=The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art|url=https://archive.org/details/bodyadorneddisso0000dehe |url-access=registration|year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51266-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/bodyadorneddisso0000dehe/page/50 50]}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The eight statues were missing when William Sykes visited the cave in 1833.}}

According to Susan Alcock, the Naneghat inscription is important for chronologically placing the rulers and royal lineage of the [[Satavahana Empire]]. It is considered on palaeographical grounds to be posterior to the [[Nasik Caves]] inscription of [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] dated to 100-70 BCE. Thus, Naneghat inscription helps place Satakarni I after him, and Satavahanas as a Hindu dynasty whose royal lineage performed many Vedic sacrifices.<ref name="Alcock">Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History by Susan E. Alcock [https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA168 pp. 168–169], Cambridge University Press</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[Hindu temple]]
*[[Kanheri Caves]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{citation|author=Charles Allen|title= Coromandel: A Personal History of South India|publisher=Little Brown|isbn =978-1408705391|year = 2017|chapter= 6}}
*{{citation |author=Georg Bühler|title=Report on the Elura cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina caves in western India (Chapter: The Nanaghat Inscriptions)|url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.57069/2015.57069.Report-On-The-Elura-Cave-Temples-And-The-Brahmanical-And-Jaina-Caves-In-Western-India#page/n94/mode/1up| year=1883| publisher=Archaeological Survey of India| author-link=Georg Bühler|quote={{PD-notice}}}}
*{{cite book|author=Theo Damsteegt|title=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf4UAAAAIAAJ |year=1978|publisher=Brill Academic}}
*{{cite journal|title= The Naneghat Inscription - A Masterpiece in Ancient Indian Records |author= Shobhana Gokhale|volume= 68-70| year= 2004|journal= The Adyar Library Bulletin}}
*{{citation|last=Mirashi|first=Vasudev Vishnu|title=History and Inscriptions of the Satavahanas: The Western Kshatrapas|year =1981|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwpuAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|first=James H. K.| last= Norton|title=Global Studies: India and South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8XR3EABTGsC|year=2001|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-243298-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3}}
*{{cite book|author= Carla Sinopoli| editor= Susan E. Alcock|title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC |year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77020-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}
*{{citation|author=D.C. Sircar|title=Select Inscriptions, Volume 1|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S1hmAAAAMAAJ | year=1965 | publisher=University of Calcutta}}
*{{cite book|author=David E. Smith|title=History of Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTytJGnTf1kC |year=1978|publisher=Courier|isbn=978-0-486-20430-7}}

===Further reading===
*{{cite journal| author= Alice Collet|title= Reimagining the Sātavāhana Queen Nāgaṇṇikā|journal= Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume= 41| year=2018|pages= 329–358 | doi=10.2143/JIABS.41.0.3285746}}

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Pune district topics}}
{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune district]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:1st-millennium BC inscriptions]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]

Siege of Tiracol

2026-03-16T19:27:23Z

Pt.debotosh dey: done

{{Short description|1746 siege}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=August 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Tiracol
| date = 1746
| partof = [[Novas Conquistas]]
| place = [[Tiracol]], [[Goa]]
| image = Fort Teracol.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = The Portuguese-built [[Fort Tiracol|Tiracol Fort]].
| result = Portuguese victory<ref name="monteiro"/>
| combatant1 = [[Image:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|24px|border]] [[Portuguese Empire]]|
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
*[[Sawantwadi State]]
| commander1 = [[Image:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|24px|border]] [[Dom Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos]]
*Colonel Pierrepont
*Fleet general António de Figueiredo e Utra
| commander2 = [[Ramachandra Savant I Bhonsle]]
| strength1 = 27 vessels 
*2 [[Ship of the line|ships of the line]]
*5 palas
*20 smaller vessels
3,690 men. 
*1,000 infantry
*300 caçadores
*90 horsemen
*2,300 sepoys
| strength2 = 200 men
| casualties1 = 500–600 dead<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.39.</ref>
| casualties2 = 50+ killed
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''Battle of Tiracol''' was a military engagement between Portuguese forces under the command of the [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Viceroy of India]] Dom [[Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos]] against the [[Sawantwadi State|Bhonsles]] at [[Tiracol]].<ref>E. Rehatsek: ''Historical Sketch of Portuguese India'' in ''The Calcutta Review'' Volume 73, 1881, p.341.</ref> It was part of the ''[[Novas Conquistas]]'' or "New Conquests" campaigns.

==Background==
{{See also|Siege of Alorna}}
[[File:D._Pedro_Miguel_de_Almeida_Portugal,_1.º_Marquês_de_Alorna_(Fundação_das_Casas_de_Fronteira_e_Alorna).png|left|thumb|237x237px|[[Don (honorific)|Dom]] Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal, 1st [[Marquis of Alorna]]]]

Due to persistent raids by the Bhonsles against Portuguese shipping and the border districts of [[Bardez]] and [[Ponda taluka|Pondá]] of Portuguese Goa, in Portuguese India, Viceroy Dom Pedro de Almeida Portugal decided to occupy the lands owned by the [[Bhonsle]]s north of Goa.<ref name="monteiro"/> In April 1746 the Portuguese captured [[Bicholim]], Alorna and [[Sanquelim]], while a Portuguese fleet blockaded the mouth of the [[Chapora River]].<ref name="monteiro">Saturnino Monteiro: ''Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa 1139-1975'', volume II, 1996, Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, p.161-163</ref>

The fort of Tiracol was the main base and haven of Bhonsle pirates and privateers.<ref name="monteiro"/> It was equipped with 34 guns and garrisoned by 200 men capable of bearing arms, while a heavy chain closed off the mouth of the river from naval entry.<ref name="monteiro"/> With the end of the monsoon rains by September, the Portuguese began preparing to occupy it.<ref name="monteiro"/>

The Viceroy mobilized two ships-of-the-line, five ''palas'' and 20 smaller craft.<ref name="monteiro"/> 3690 men, of which 1000 were footsoldiers, 300 ''[[caçadores]]'', 90 horsemen, and 2300 sepoys, of which 1200 were led by the Raja of Sooda, 600 in the service of the Portuguese and 500 under the command of the ''dessais'' of Query.<ref>Manoel A. de Meirelles: ''Relação da conquista das praças de Alorna, Bicholim, Avaro, Morly, Satarem, Tiracol, e Rary pelo Pedro Miguel de Almeida e Portugal'', Coelho Amado, 1747, p.35.</ref>

The viceroy departed on his flagship ''Misericórdia'' on November 14, while the Portugues army marched overland towards Tiracol, opening a path through the jungle if necessary.

==Battle==
By early morning of November 23 1746, Portuguese land forces took position in the vicinity of the fort of Tiracol while Portuguese vessels blockaded the rivermouth and bombarded both the fort as well as five Bhonsle ''palas'' then within the harbour, beyond the river chain.<ref name="monteiro"/> The ships of the Bhonsles responded vigorously, but within a few hours they had been heavily damaged, and their crews began to flee ashore.<ref name="monteiro"/>

By late afternoon, Portuguese soldiers assaulted the fort, which was captured after weak resistance.<ref name="monteiro"/>

==Aftermath==
After its capture, the fort was christened ''Santíssima Trindade''.<ref>Joaquim Pedro Celestino Soares: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fvBAAAAAcAAJ&dq=forte%20de%20tiracol&pg=PA23 Bosquejo das possessoes portuguezas no Oriente]'', Imprensa nacional, 1851, p.23.</ref>

The Portuguese captured 10 palas, three of which were burned, 17 ''galvetas'', seven of which were burned, 10 ''parangues'' and minor vessels.<ref name="monteiro"/> 243 guns were captured, along with a considerable amount of material meant to equip ships.<ref name="monteiro"/> On December 1, the Portuguese occupied the fort of Rarim, which surrendered without a fight and a further 18 vessels were captured.<ref name="monteiro"/> After both the forts of Rarim and Tiracol were garrisoned, all remaining Portuguese forces returned to Goa on December 20.<ref name="monteiro"/>

As a result of Portuguese campaigning, the capability of the Bhonsles to harass Goa or its shipping was considerably diminished, while Portuguese territory was expanded north to as far as Rarim.<ref name="monteiro"/> When the Bhonsles again attempted to attack Portuguese shipping two years later, the Viceroy also captured Neutim.<ref name="monteiro"/>

==See also==
*[[Alorna Fort]]
*[[Siege of Alorna]]
*[[Marquis of Alorna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord missing|Goa}}

[[Category:Sieges involving Portugal]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1746 in India]]
[[Category:1740s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1746]]

Aattral

2026-03-10T08:28:13Z

Pt.debotosh dey: made basic post added tags - done

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aattral
| image = Aattral poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = K. L. Kannan
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vidharth]]
*Shrita Rao
*[[Vamsi Krishna]]
}}
| music = Ashwin Hemanth
| cinematography = Kolanji Kumar
| editing = Vijay Velukutty
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime = 118 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Aattral''''' ({{translation|Energy}}) is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language [[thriller film|action thriller film]] directed by K. L. Kannan and starring [[Vidharth]], Shrita Rao and [[Vamsi Krishna]]. It was released on 14 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aattral Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/aattral/movieshow/94770553.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017102701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/aattral/movieshow/94770553.cms |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidharth's Aattral gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/oct/10/vidharths-aattral-gets-a-release-date-35463.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017102702/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/oct/10/vidharths-aattral-gets-a-release-date-35463.html |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Arjun is a mechanical engineer who wants to develop an automatic car. He needs Rs 10 lakh to start the work. Seeing Arjun in search of money, his father Charle, a mechanic, brings 10 lakh rupees. However, he is killed by some mysterious men who also steal the money.

==Cast==
*[[Vidharth]] as Arjun
*Shrita Rao as Kavya
*[[Vamsi Krishna]] as Jo
*[[Charle]] as Arjun's father
*[[RJ Vigneshkanth]] as Saravana
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Kavya's friend
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Traffic Police

==Reception==
The film was released on 14 October 2022 across [[Tamil Nadu]]. A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a positive review, noting that "caution was necessary".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Aattral |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/aattral-24858 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017102701/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/aattral-24858 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film a positive review, criticising the quality of the final product.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=ஆற்றல் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3205 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017102702/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3205 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Aattral movie review |url=https://chennaivision.com/aattral-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017102703/https://chennaivision.com/aattral-movie-review/ |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' noted "Vidharth’s latest outing is a far cry from its ambitions and gives the impression of being a pitch for a grander, smarter thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Aattral Movie Review: Lacks dexterity and smartness |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/oct/14/aattral-movie-review-lacks-dexterity-and-smartness-35580.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017102701/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/oct/14/aattral-movie-review-lacks-dexterity-and-smartness-35580.html |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15302382}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

{{2020s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Pottu Amman (film)

2026-03-08T07:27:59Z

Pt.debotosh dey:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pottu Amman
| image = Pottu Amman (film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover of the Tamil version
| director = K. Rajarathnam (Tamil) [[R. K. Selvamani]] (Telugu)
| producer = S. Mathi Ramprasad Reddy
| writer = R. B. Rathan R. Selvaraj
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Suvaluxmi]]
| music = S. D. Shanthakumar
| cinematography = K. Rajarathnam
| editing = [[Anil Malnad]]
| distributor =
| studio = Mangala Productions Super Hit Films
| released = {{Film date|2000|12|08|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Pottu Amman''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] directed by K. Rajarathinam and produced by Mangala Productions. It was simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as '''''Durga''''', directed by [[R. K. Selvamani]] and produced by Ramprasad Reddy. The film featured [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Suvaluxmi]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]. The film was publicised as actress Roja's 100th film and got released during the month of December 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2000 |title=Slap in the face for Kamal |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/18tt.htm |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002170624/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/18tt.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Interviews%20-%20Roja%20Makes%20A%20Century.htm|title=Roja Makes A Century|website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211011757/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Interviews%20-%20Roja%20Makes%20A%20Century.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Durga is an ardent devotee of the goddess Pottu Amman. But she marries a man against her father's wishes which makes her separated from the family. Durga also gives birth to a baby boy. An evil man enters the town to abduct the child and kills Durga. But Ganga and Navaneetham understand that the situation is tough, seek help from a goddess, and save the kid.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] as Pratap
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] in dual role as :
**Durga
**Pottu Amman
*[[Suvaluxmi]] as Ganga
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Navaneetham
*[[Manivannan]] (Tamil) / [[Tanikella Bharani]] (Telugu)
*[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Prathmipadhi
*Raviraj
*Kadavul Kannan
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*Baby Sneha
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*[[Dubbing Janaki]]
*[[Ramyasri]]
*Raviraj
*Mannangatti Subramaniam
* Raman Nayar
*[[M. S. Narayana]] (Telugu)
*[[Visweswara Rao]] (Telugu)
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Amman (special appearance)
}}

==Production==
The film was directed by [[R. K. Selvamani]], who opted to give his brother the directorial credits for the Tamil version, while he took credit for the Telugu version, ''Durga''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodakku Amman |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/08092000/news01.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010515043725/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/08092000/news01.shtml |archive-date=15 May 2001 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Masala! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/11102000/news04.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010515041902/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/11102000/news04.shtml |archive-date=15 May 2001 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

The film's release in Tamil was held up by financier Mukanchand Bothra, who filed a suit against [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and her brother Kumarasamy Reddy for failing to repay a loan. Roja's husband and director [[R. K. Selvamani]] intervened and agreed to settle the dues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2000 |title=Selvamani save Roja |url=http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?id=972062719 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010125015400/http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?id=972062719 |archive-date=25 January 2001 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=TamilMoviesOnline.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music by S. D. Shanthakumar.
;Tamil
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
|-
! Song title !! Singers
|-
| "Therku Pattam" || Krishnaraj, Devie Neithiyar, Krithika
|-
| "Kolusu Mani" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| "Oyyara Mayil" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Bombay Jayashri]]
|-
| "Maalini Soolini" || [[Swarnalatha]], Narayanan
|-
| "Eecha Maram" || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Kannadichu Kannadichu" || Krishnaraj, [[Theni Kunjarammal]]
|-
| "Vennilave Vennilave" || [[SPB Charan]], Theni Kunjarammal, [[Swarnalatha]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] & Kalpana
|-
| "Veeramani Engae" || [[Swarnalatha]]
|}

==Reception==
A critic from ''go4i.com'' noted "This film has a decent script but again modern treatment somehow doesn't work too well with superstitions. Director Rajarathnam has been inspired by Hollywood's ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]'' in some parts."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2001 |title=Pottu Amman |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/south/tamil/reviewspottu.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010810044507/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/south/tamil/reviewspottu.shtml |archive-date=10 August 2001 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=go4i.com}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' gave the film a more critical review, stating that "the film shows that the director has made it with less of ideas and more of compromise".<ref>{{cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=December 15, 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Pottu Amman'' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-pottu-amman/article28060513.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222124044/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-pottu-amman/article28060513.ece |archive-date=22 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Regarding the Telugu version, a critic from ''[[Sify]]'' noted that it "lacks the distinctive touch of ace director R.K.Selvamani but it is bound to attract female audience since it is another devotional horror film laced with graphics".<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/durga-review-telugu-6007671.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309173733/http://www.sify.com/movies/durga-review-telugu-6007671.html |archive-date=9 March 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Islam in Kashmir

2026-03-06T04:42:38Z

Pt.debotosh dey: fix section and corrected details

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Distinguish|Kashmiri Muslims}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox religious group
| group = Kashmiri Muslims
| image = Kashmiri Imam.jpg
| population = 
| langs = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| rels = [[Islam]] ([[Sunni]] majority) ([[Shia]] minority)}}

'''Islam''' is the majority religion practised in [[Kashmir]], with 97.16% of the region's population identifying as Muslims as of 2014.<ref name="Religious Demographics">{{Cite report|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/SVEEP/Jammu%20&%20Kashmir19092014.pdf|title=Comprehensive SVEEP Plan of J&K State 2014|publisher=ECI|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145610/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main1/SVEEP/Jammu%20%26%20Kashmir19092014.pdf|archive-date=1 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The religion came to the region with the arrival of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]], a Muslim Sufi preacher from Central Asia and Persia, beginning in the early 14th century.<ref name="Spread of Islam in Kashmir">{{cite book | author= Sufi, G.M.D.| title=Kashir : being a history of Kashmir : from the earliest times to our own| url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=Bharatpedia&q=isbn%3A9788183392389| access-date=13 November 2016 |year=2015| publisher=Gulshan Books Kashmir, Srinagar, 2015| oclc= 924660438| pages=75–95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yatoo |first1=Altaf Hussain |title=The Islamization of Kashmir: A Study of MuslimMissionaries |date=2012 |publisher=GULSHAN BOOKS |location=Kashmir, India |isbn=978-8183391467}}</ref> The majority of [[Kashmiri Muslims]] are Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgbnmgEACAAJ&pg=PR20|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849046220|pages=7|quote=As in Pakistan, Sunni Muslims comprise the majority population of Kashmir, whereas they are a minority in Jammu, while almost all Muslims in Ladakh are Shias.}}</ref>

They refer to themselves as "Koshur" in their mother language.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37337|title=Census of India, 1941|volume=22|pages=9|quote=The Muslims living in the southern part of the Kashmir Province are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are usually designated Kashmiri Muslims; those of the Muzaffarabad District are partly Kashmiri Muslims, partly Gujjar and the rest are of the same stock as the tribes of the neighboring Punjab and North \Vest Frontier Province districts.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&dq=kashmiris+are+native+to+kashmir+valley&pg=PA223|title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=9788176482363|quote=The Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|pages=15|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=Thus the two population groups, Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population, came to differ from each other in faith and customs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|pages=16|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=The Sheikhs, but, dar, lone are descendants of Hindus and the pure Kashmiri Muslims, professing Sunni faith, the major part of the population of Srinagar district and the Kashmir state.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&pg=PA139 |year=1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85567-578-0 |page=139}}</ref><ref name="Facts and Figures">{{cite book | author=Snedden, C.| title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris| url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=Bharatpedia&q=isbn%3A9788183392389| access-date=13 November 2016 |year=2015| publisher=Oxford University Press, 2015|isbn=9781849043427| page=148}}</ref> Non-Kashmiri Muslims in Kashmir include semi-nomadic cowherds and shepherds, belonging to the [[Gurjar]] and [[Bakarwal]] communities.<ref name="Facts and Figures" />

== Historical development ==

===Early period of Islamic contact===
During the 8th century, the [[Karkota dynasty|Kingdom of Kashmir]] was subjected to several attacks aimed at its conquest. Several attempts to conquer Kashmir were made by the Arabs who had established themselves in Sindh (711-13 C.E), under the leadership of [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim|Muhammad bin Qasim]]. But Muhammad bin Qasim was recalled by the Umayyad Caliph to Damascus, thus averting the possible invasion.<ref name="History-A">{{cite book|author=Hasan, M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|publisher=Aakar Books, 1959|year=1959|isbn=8187879491|pages=29–30|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=" History-B">{{cite book | author=Sen, S.N| title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=Raja+Chandrapida+kashmir&pg=PA293| access-date=14 November 2016 |year=1999| publisher=New Age International, 1999|isbn=8122411983| pages=293–294}}</ref> In the reign of [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Caliph Hisham]] (724-43 C.E), the Arabs again marched towards Kashmir under the leadership of ambitious and energetic leadership of the governor Junaid. [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] (724–60 CE), the Raja (ruler) of Kashmir, defeated Junaid and overran his kingdom. However, this victory was not decisive as further attempts to invade were made by the Arabs, but Lalitaditya was able to stem the tide of these advances.<ref name="History-A"/> A last attempt at the invasion of the Kashmir Kingdom was made by Hisham ibn 'Amr al-Taghlibi, the Governor of Sindh, appointed by [[Al-Mansur|Caliph Mansur]] (754-75 C.E). Though he reached as far as the southern slopes of the Himalayas, which were a part of the Kashmir Kingdom, he failed to enter and occupy the valley.<ref name="History-A"/>

After the Arabs, it was the [[Ghaznavids]] who attempted to conquer Kashmir. [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], defeated Raja [[Jayapala|Jaipal]] (1002 C.E), the ruler of [[Hindu Shahi]] (near Peshawar, in modern-day Pakistan).<ref name="History-A"/><ref name=" History-C">{{cite book | last=Jaques |first=T| title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&dq=waihand&pg=PA1089| access-date=14 November 2016 |year=2007| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007|isbn=978-0313335396| page=1089}}</ref> [[Anandapala|Anandpal]], the son and successor of Jaipal, also suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Mahmud in 1009 C.E., and died a few years later. Anandpal's son Trilochanpala, whose power of influence was now confined only to the [[Salt Range]], appealed to [[Samgrāmarāja]] (1003–28 C.E), the king of Kashmir, for help against Mahmud. A large army contingent was sent by Samgramaraja, who joined Trilochanpala's forces, however their combined forces were defeated by Mahmud in 1014 C.E. Mahmud advanced towards Kashmir and tried entering the kingdom via the Toshamaidan Pass. His progress was checked by the strong Loharkot Fort, which he besieged for a month. Owing to the heavy snowfall, which cut off Mahmud's communications, he was compelled to retreat.<ref name="Spread of Islam in Kashmir"/><ref name="History-A"/> However, the Sultan again set out to invade Kashmir in September–October 1021 C.E, but was again compelled to retreat due to bad weather conditions.<ref name="History-A"/>

===Establishment of Muslim rule and conversion to Islam===
After Sultan Mahmud's attempted conquests, Kashmir remained generally unaffected by invasions that were aimed at the plains of India, up until 1320 C.E. The [[Lohara dynasty|Loharas]] (1003–1320 C.E.) ruled during this period, and was the last of the Hindu dynasties of Kashmir. In the spring of 1320, a Mongol chieftain by the name of Zulju, invaded Kashmir via the Jhelum Valley route. Suhadeva (1301–20 C.E), last ruler of the Loharas, tried to organise resistance, but failed due to his unpopularity among the masses. The reason for this unpopularity was financial exaction and general misrule that prevailed during the end period of the Lohara Dynasty.<ref name="History-A"/> Zulju's invasion created havoc and Suhadeva fled to [[Kistwar]]. [[Rinchan]]a, son of a Ladakhi chief, who was employed by Ramachandra (Prime Minister of Kashmir) to establish law and order, took advantage of the chaos. He got Ramachandra murdered, occupied the Kashmir throne by the end of the year 1320, and ruled until his death in 1323 C.E. In order to gain acceptance of Kashmiris, he married [[Kota Rani]], the daughter of Ramachandra, and made Rawanchandra (Ramachandra's son) his commander-in-chief.<ref name="History-A"/><ref name=" History-D">{{cite book |author=Kaw, M. K. |title=Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&dq=lohara+dynasty&pg=PA178 |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing, 2004|isbn=8176485373 |pages=178–179}}</ref>

[[Rinchan]] converted to Islam after coming into contact with Sayyid Sharfudin, a Sufi preacher commonly known as [[Bulbul Shah]], who had come to Kashmir during the reign of Suhadeva.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/origins-of-islam-in-kashmir-valleys-saga-of-conflict-in-search-of-identity/cid/2019237|title=Origins of Islam in Kashmir: Valley's saga of conflict in search of identity}}</ref> He changed his name to Sultan Sardarudin Shah after converting to Islam and thus became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir.<ref name="History-A"/> Following the conversion of Rinchan, his commander in chief also became Muslim. The royal patronage for Islam won it new converts and according to one source, many Kashmiris embraced the creed of Bulbul Shah.<ref name="Spread of Islam in Kashmir"/><ref name="History-A"/>

The period after Sultan Sardarudin's death was marked by chaos and power tussle. Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva, was made the ruler after an agreement among the nobles. However, he proved to be incompetent, and it was Kota Rani who was the virtual ruler. Soon after Udayanadeva's accession, a foreign chieftain attacked Kashmir, but the invaders were successfully repelled and defeated. However, the administration again fell into chaos. Udayanadeva had fled the country in sight of the attack, and lost his prestige in the eyes of the nobles. He died in the year 1338 C.E, and Kota Rani ascended the throne.<ref name="History-A"/><ref name=" History-D"/> But, [[Shah Mir]], a nobleman employed earlier by Suhadeva, had other ambitions. A period of battle ensued between him and Kota Rani, and in 1339 C.E, Shah Mir captured the throne.<ref name="History-A"/><ref name=" History-D"/><ref name=" History-E">{{cite book |author=Sufi, G.M.D. |title=Islamic culture in Kashmir |year=1979 |publisher=New Delhi : Light & Life Publishers, 1979|oclc= 5750806 |pages=32–48}}</ref>

The [[Shah Mir Dynasty|Shahmiri Dynasty]] (1339- 1561 C.E), founded by Sultan Shah Mir, ruled Kashmir for the next 222 years. Various Sufi saints including Bulbul Shah, Shah e Hamdan, Nund Rishi popularised Islam in the valley through their moderate Sufi ideologies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashmir's Composite Culture: Sufism & Communal Harmony – Kashmiriyat|url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/kashmir’s-composite-culture-sufism-and-communal-harmony-kashmiriyat/|access-date=3 November 2020|website=www.efsas.org|language=en}}</ref>

==Reign of Sikander Shah Miri==
[[Sikandar Shah Miri]] is held to have ushered in the Islamisation of elite politics, which set the path for a largely irreversible change in post-Sikandar Kashmir.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/543660|title=Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia|date=19 August 2019|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-063168-5|location=|pages=128–160|language=en|chapter=Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rājataraṅgiṇī Authors|doi=10.1515/9783110631685-006|s2cid=204477165|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110631685/10.1515/9783110631685-006.xml}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KashmiriBrahmins.pdf|title=The Brahmins of Kashmir|publisher=|isbn=|location=|publication-date=September 1991|pages=}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2024 |reason="Barely even mentions Sikandar, much less make any of the claims in the preceding sentence."}}

His reign, lasting from 1389–1413 CE, terminated the long-standing syncretic and tolerant culture of Kashmir, and in its rigorous abidance by Sharia, severely oppressed the Kashmiri Hindu population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aggarwal|first=Neil|date=1 July 2008|title=Kashmiriyat as Empty Signifier|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13698010802145150|journal=Interventions|volume=10|issue=2|pages=222–235|doi=10.1080/13698010802145150|s2cid=143912163|issn=1369-801X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2024 |reason="Paper only states that the Kashmiri Hindus claim Sikander was oppressive, without accepting this claim at face value; also, paper problematises the claim about the existence of a 'long-standing syncretic and tolerant culture of Kashmir'"}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=AHMAD|first=AZIZ|title=Conversions to Islam in the Valley of Kashmir|author-link=Aziz Ahmad (writer)|date=1979|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927246|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=23|issue=1/2|pages=3–18|jstor=41927246|issn=0008-9192|via=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC|title=Kashmīr Under the Sultāns|date=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7|location=|pages=59–95|language=en|author-link=Mohibbul Hasan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|title=Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir|publisher=|year=2019|isbn=978-3-86977-199-1|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13|location=|pages=5|chapter=A Glimpse into the Happy Valley’s Unhappy Past: Violence and Brahmin Warfare in Pre-Mughal Kashmir|chapter-url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl/?gr_elib-335}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KashmiriBrahmins.pdf|title=The Brahmins of Kashmir|publisher=|isbn=|location=|publication-date=September 1991|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Accardi|first=Dean|title=Embedded Mystics: Writing Lal Ded and Nund Rishi into the Kashmiri Landscape|date=2017|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/kashmir/embedded-mystics-writing-lal-ded-and-nund-rishi-into-the-kashmiri-landscape/735710A78E357C6E9FCC59A6AD96403F|work=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation|pages=247–264|editor-last=Zutshi|editor-first=Chitralekha|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-18197-7|access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref> Music, dance, gambling, intoxicants etc were prohibited and the office of ''Shaikhu'l-Islam'' was established to enforce these rules.<ref name=":2" /> Brahmans were forcibly converted, Hindu and Buddhist shrines of worship were destroyed, Sanskrit literature were purged, ''[[Jizya]]'' was imposed for those who objected to the abolition of [[Varna (Hinduism)|hereditary ''varnas'']], and caste marks were prohibited.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":62"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.academia.edu/42709412|title=Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir|publisher=|year=2019|isbn=978-3-86977-199-1|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13|location=|pages=30–40|chapter=What Does it Mean to Smash an Idol? Iconoclasm in Medieval Kashmir as Reflected by Contemporaneous Sanskrit Sources}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.academia.edu/42710523|title=Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459) From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-'Ābidīn|publisher=|year=2014|isbn=978-3869770888|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 7|location=Germany|pages=}}</ref>
[[File:Sun_temple_martand_indogreek.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ruins of the [[Martand Sun Temple]], razed by Sikandar.<ref name=":1" /> (The extensive damage seen in the photo is also a product of several earthquakes;<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bilham|first1=Roger|last2=Bali|first2=Bikram Singh|last3=Bhat|first3=M. Ismail|last4=Hough|first4=Susan|title=Ancient Earthquakes|date=1 October 2010|chapter=Historical earthquakes in Srinagar, Kashmir: Clues from the Shiva Temple at Pandrethan|chapter-url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/626/chapter/3805836/Historical-earthquakes-in-Srinagar-Kashmir-Clues|language=en|doi=10.1130/2010.2471(10)|isbn=9780813724713}}</ref> photo taken by John Burke in 1868.)]]

=== Motivations and analysis ===
Upon a literary reading of [[Rajatarangini]], Sikandar's zeal behind the Islamisation of society is attributable to a Sufi preacher [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Mir Muhammad Hamadani]] (or Sayyid Hamadani) who arrived in the region from Huttalàn (present-day Tajikistan) and stayed for about 12 years during his term, advocating for the creation of a monolithic society based on Islam as the common denominator.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Ogura|first=Satoshi|date=2015|title=INCOMPATIBLE OUTSIDERS OR BELIEVERS OF A DARŚANA?: REPRESENTATIONS OF MUSLIMS BY THREE BRAHMANS OF ŠĀHMĪRID KAŠMĪR|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24754113|journal=Rivista degli studi orientali|volume=88|issue=1/4|pages=179–211|doi=|jstor=24754113|issn=0392-4866}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Sayyid Hamadani was one of exiles driven out by [[Amir Temur]]. He was accompanied by about 700 of his followers to Kashmir. Sikandar's counsel, a neo-Brahman-convert, Suhabhatta (var. Saifuddin) is held to have played the guiding role in the execution of those exclusionary orthodox policies by "instigating" the Sultan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":62"/><ref name=":9" />{{Efn|Suhabhatta's daughter was also married off to Mir Hamadani.|name=|group=}} Baharistan-i-shahi as well as Tohfatu'l-Ahbab deemed Sikandar as the noblest ruler, who cleaned Kashmir of "infidels and heretics" on Hamadani's influence.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Kashmir's Contested Pasts : Narratives, Sacred Geographies, and the Historical Imagination|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199450671|location=|pages=|chapter=Garden of Solomon : Landscape and Sacred Pasts in Kashmir’s Sixteenth-Century Persian Narratives|chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450671.001.0001/acprof-9780199450671-chapter-2}}</ref>

[[Chitralekha Zutshi]], [[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard G. Salomon]] and others however reject that there were purely religious motives behind Sikandar's actions and calls for a nuanced contextual reading of Rajatarangini, in that it was commissioned by his successor, wishing to bring back the Brahminical elite into the royal fold and (simultaneously) strove to establish Sanskrit as an integral part of the vernacularising world of the cosmopolitan Sultanate.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. It exposes its own biases instead|url=https://scroll.in/article/855050/this-book-claims-to-expose-the-myths-behind-kashmirs-history-it-exposes-its-own-biases-instead|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=24 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite thesis|last=Obrock|first=Luther James|title=Translation and History: The Development of a Kashmiri Textual Tradition from ca. 1000–1500|date=2015|degree=|publisher=UC Berkeley|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68q7m3vv|doi=}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Salomon|first1=Richard|last2=Slaje|first2=Walter|date=2016|title=Review of Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26546259|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=59|issue=4|pages=393–401|doi=10.1163/15728536-05903009|jstor=26546259|issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sikandar's policies were guided by realpolitik<ref name=":8" /> and, like with the previous Hindu rulers, essentially an attempt to secure political legitimacy by asserting state-power over Brahmans and gaining access to wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions.<ref name=":3" /> [[Walter Slaje]] disagrees, in part, given the differential rituals of destruction undertaken by Hindu and Muslim kings with the latter specifically rendering sites inoperable for long passage of time by massive pollution or outright conversion but he concludes that the fierce opposition of Hindus to Muslim rulers (including Sikandar) primarily stemmed from their aversion to the slow disintegration of [[Caste system in India|caste-society]] under Islamic influence.<ref name=":62"/><ref name=":1" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{citation |last1=Baloch |first1=N. A. |last2=Rafiq |first2=A. Q. |chapter=The Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir |editor1=M. S. Asimov |editor2=C. E. Bosworth |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting |chapter-url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind,%20baluchistan,%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=297–322}}
* {{citation |last=Bamzai |first=Prithivi Nath Kaul |author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Medieval Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4ZuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications |isbn=978-81-85880-33-4 |ref={{sfnref |Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir |1994}}}}
* {{citation |last=Chawla |first=Muhammad Iqbal |title=Role of the Majlis-i-Ahrar Islam in the Kashmir Movement of 1931 |journal=Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies |volume=3 |number=2 |year=2011 |pages=82–102 |url=http://www.pakistaniaat.org/~doltala/index.php/pak/article/view/124 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114005732/http://www.pakistaniaat.org/~doltala/index.php/pak/article/view/124 |url-status=dead }}.
* {{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=54 |number=2 |date=1981 |pages=228–259 |doi=10.2307/2757363 |jstor=2757363}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |pages=482– |ref={{sfnref |Jalal, Self and Sovereignty |2002}}}}
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&pg=PA318 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2004}}}}

[[Category:Islam in Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:Kashmiri culture]]

Mahakaal (2008 film)

2026-03-04T03:48:41Z

Pt.debotosh dey: minor improve article based on references further and fixed typos per standard format

{{About|the 2008 film|the 1993 film|Mahakaal (1993 film){{!}}''Mahakaal'' (1993 film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahakaal
| image = Mahakaal.jpg
| caption = The poster for the film Mahakaal
| director = [[Swapan Ghosal]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prasenjit]] [[Indira Dhar]]
| producer =
| distributor =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|10|31}}
| country = [[India]]
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 2:20:00
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| music = [[Devjit]]
}}
'''''Mahakaal''''' is a 2008 Indian Bengali film directed by [[Swapan Ghosal]].

==Background==

Mahakaal is a revenge story based on the [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]] starring movie ''[[Parinda]]''. [[Indira Dhar]], playing the role of a college student who falls in love with Prosenjit (Joy), debuted in this film.<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081103/jsp/entertainment/story_10052873.jsp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526004819/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081103/jsp/entertainment/story_10052873.jsp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=26 May 2011
|title=Maha-bore
|publisher=telegraphindia.com
|accessdate=3 November 2008
|last=Das
|first=Mohua
|location=Calcutta, India
|date=3 November 2008
}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calcuttatube.com/2008/11/01/mahakaal-2008/ |title=Mahakaal (2008)-Calcutta Tube |publisher=calcuttatube.com |accessdate=3 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219143636/http://calcuttatube.com/2008/11/01/mahakaal-2008/ |archivedate=19 December 2008 }}
</ref>
<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/Movie.aspx?mid=21527
|title=Mahakaal (2008) Movie
|publisher=gomolo.in
|accessdate=3 November 2008
}}
</ref>

==Plot==
Prof. Ajoy Mukherjee and his wife Aditi witness a murder, committed by the vociferous criminal Digbijay. In spite of repeated warnings from Digbijay and his right hand Loha the couple testifies against them and they go to jail for seven years. After coming out Digbijay turns out to be even stronger and proceeds to attack Ajoy's family. He sends a man called Binod Sharma who pretends to be a friend of Joy, Ajoy's brother. Digbijay and Binod conspire against Joy and Ajoy. After sending his own man to rob Joy of two lack rupees, Binod compels Joy to commit murder. In the meantime, Digbijay fatally stabs Ajoy and frames Joy for the murder. Local inspector Dilip Lahiri also turns out to be a peer of Digbijay. While Joy remains in police custody, Digbijay rapes and murders Joy's younger sister Dia. After all these incidents Aditi commits suicide. Joy teams up with his friends Kanchan and Kumar to seek revenge. They kill Binod, Dilip, Loha, and Digbijay one after the other and are consequently jailed for five years.

==Cast==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prasenjit]] as Joy Mukherjee
* [[Indira Dhar]] as Ratri
* [[Tapas Paul]] as Ajay Mukherjee
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Aditi Mukherjee
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Vinod Sharma
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Digvijay Pradhan
* [[Pushpita Mukherjee]] as Dia Mukherjee
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Kanchan Mallick
* [[Sumit Gangopadhyay]] as Loha
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as ACP Dilip Lahiri
* [[Ashim Roy Chowdhury]] as Joy's friend
* [[Ramen Roy Chowdhury]] as police commissioner
==Soundtrack==
#"Ei Mon Jodi Jeto Go Dekha" - [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Babul Supriyo]]
#"Ektu Dekha" - [[Udit Narayan]] & Madhura Bhattacharya
#"Jiboner Ei Poth" - [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]], N/A
#"Lachak Machak" - N/A

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526004819/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081103/jsp/entertainment/story_10052873.jsp www.telegraphindia.com preview]

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahakaal (2008 Film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Hindi films]]

Bhoopasandra inscriptions and hero stones

2026-02-27T21:11:26Z

Pt.debotosh dey: made new entry more to come - done

{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=January 2025}}
{{Self-published|date=January 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|13.044472|N|77.581056|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol With Inscription.jpg|thumb|339x339px|Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol with Inscription. ]]

The '''Bhoopasandra inscriptions and hero stones''' are found in Bhoopasandra, a sub-locality in [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. It is the home to an idol of goddess [[Durga]] with a Kannada inscription dated to the 8th century CE, the oldest found in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] with a documented history of more than a millennium. The Durga sculpture that carries the inscription is partially damaged, with the first lines of the inscription now missing.

From the visible lines, it is evident that the purpose of this inscription was to document a grant made to the Goddess Durga. The initial lines of the inscription mention four individuals— Padiltumbu, Manchageya, Karuveeda, and Nallolamoleya—as witnesses to the grant. This idol is presently housed in a modest temple within the precincts of the Anjaneya Temple in Bhoopasandra. This idol is located near the 750CE [[Hebbal-Kittayya inscription|Hebbal-Kittaya herostone]], the oldest inscription to be found in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].

== Dating and discovery ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol With Inscription
| image = Digital Image of the Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol With Inscription.png
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Digital Image of the Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol With Inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|85|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|79|cm|abbr=on}}
| created = 750CE
| discovered_date = 2011
| discovered_by = Department of Kannada and Culture and Tumkur University
| location = {{coord|13.044472|77.581056}}
| language = Kannada
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=102750
}}
According to historian and epigraphist, P V Krishnamurthy, he first saw this idol with an inscription in the 1980s when it was initially placed in a modest temple on the [[Hebbal Lake, Bengaluru|Hebbal lake]] bund, adjacent to Bellary road. Sometime in the late 1990s, during the construction of the Outer Ring Road, the temple and the idol were disturbed and were pushed into one of the water inlets leading into the lake. The then Hebbal railway station master, Rao, noticed the discarded idol and informed K Venkatesh a trustee at the nearby Anjaneya temple in Bhoopasandra, who relocate the idol there. Subsequently, a dedicated small temple was constructed for this 8th century Durga idol. The inscription was documented by P. V. Krishnamurthy.<ref>''Shasana Manthana'', pages 11–14, published by the Department of Kannada and Culture and Tumkur University, 2011</ref> The inscription is paleographically dated to the 750 CE.

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:3D Scanning of the Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol With Inscription.jpg|thumb|286x286px|3D Scanning of the Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol with Inscription. ]]The inscription is 85 cm tall and 79 cm wide. The [[Kannada script|Kannada]] Characters are approximately 2.8 cm tall, 2.6 cm wide & 0.25 cm deep (very shallow). The deity is depicted with four arms, standing atop a buffalo head. Her arms hold a sword, a trident, a conch and a bowl. This simplistic portrayal of Goddess [[Durga]] is commonly observed in idols dating to the 7th and 8th centuries, found in [[Telangana]], Southern [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Transliteration of the inscription ==
The text below is the rereading published in the Journal of the Mythic Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=102750|title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರ ಭಂಡಾರ|website=mythicsociety.github.io}}</ref>

Digital Images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=102750 Akshara Bhandara software].
[[File:Wide Angle View Photograph of the Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol With Inscription.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Wide Angle View Photograph of the Bhoopasandra 750CE Durga Idol with Inscription.]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|. . . . ಳುಬ
|. . . . luba
|-
|2
|. . . ಯಮ
|. . . yama
|-
|3
|ಪದಿೞ್ತುಮ್ಬು
|padiḻtumbu
|-
|4
|ಮಞ್ಚಗೆಯರು
|mañcagĕyaru
|-
|5
|ಕಱುವೀಡರು
|kaṟuvīḍaru
|-
|6
|ನಲ್ಲೊಲಮೊಳೆಯೊ
|nallŏlamŏlĕyŏ
|-
|7
|ರು ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ ಇದಾ
|ru sākṣi idā
|-
|8
|ನೞಿವೊನ್ವಾರಣಾಸಿ
|naḻivŏnvāraṇāsi
|-
|9
|ಯುಳು ಪಾರ್ವ್ವರು.ಕ
|yulu pārvvaru ka
|-
|10
|ವಿಲೆಯು ಮಾನ್ ಕೊನ್ದ
|vilĕyu mān kŏnda
|-
|11
|ಪಞ್ಚ ಮಹಾಪಾತ
|pañca mahāpāta
|-
|12
|ಕನ ಸನ್ದ ಲೋಕಕ್ಕೆ
|kana sanda lokakkĕ
|-
|13
|ಸನ್ದೊರಪ್ಪಾ .
|sandŏrappā
|}

== Shapashaya ==
Shapashaya are imprecatory verses found in many [[Kannada script|Kannada]] Inscriptions to sanctify records and protect them from harm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/karnataka-epigraphy/inscriptions/|title=All About Inscriptions – Karnataka Itihasa Academy}}</ref> The inscription records one such Shaapashaya serving a cautionary warning, stating that anyone who violates the grant will suffer the same fate as those who kill a Kapile (an orange-brown sacred cow) or a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] in [[Varanasi]] or commit the ''panchamahapatakas'', the five great sins. According to the [[Garuda Purana|''Garuda Purana'']], the act of killing a cow is believed to result in rebirth of a person into a hunchback at their subsequent birth. Similarly, the [[Garuda Purana|''Garuda Purana'']] states that the act of killing a Brahmana leads to rebirth as a donkey, camel, or a female buffalo. The ''panchamahapatakas'', as listed in the [[Manusmriti|Manu Smriti]], are considered to be the five gravest sins or heinous crimes. These sins include:<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2019 |title=Pancamahapataka, Pañcamahāpātaka, Pancan-mahapataka, Pamcamahapataka: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamahapataka |website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref>

* Killing a Brahmana
* Drinking intoxicating liquors
* Stealing gold
* Committing adultery with the wife of a guru
* Associating with anyone guilty of these crimes.

Various commentators of the [[Manusmriti|Manu Smriti]] provided slightly different variations of the aforementioned five sins.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Win Theingi Tun

2026-02-26T09:30:15Z

Pt.debotosh dey: typo fix

{{Short description|Burmese footballer (born 1995)}}
{{Family name hatnote|lang=Burmese|Win Theingi Tun}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Win Theingi Tun
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Win Theingi Tun<ref name=GSA>{{GSA player|win-theingi-tun/176119|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|02|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kyauktan Township|Kyauktan]], [[Myanmar]]<ref name=GSA />
| height = 1.65m
| currentclub = [[Sabah FA Women's|Sabah FA]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Striker]]
| years1 = 2016–2019
| clubs1 = [[Myawady F.C.|Myawady]]
| caps1 = 26
| goals1 = 87
| years2 = 2021–2022
| clubs2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps2 = 6
| goals2 = 5
| years3 = 2022
| clubs3 = Lords FA
| caps3 = 9
| goals3 = 51
| years4 = 2022
| clubs4 = Thitsar Arman
| caps4 = 4
| goals4 = 13
| years5 = 2023
| clubs5 = [[College of Asian Scholars]]
| caps5 = 10
| goals5 = 13
| years6 = 2023–2024
| clubs6 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps6 = 12
| goals6 = 7
| years7 = 2024
| clubs7 = [[Yangon United W.F.C|Yangon United]]
| caps7 = 18
| goals7 = 7
| years8 = 2025–
| clubs8 = [[Sabah FA Women's|Sabah FA]]
| caps8 = 8
| goals8 = 15
| nationalyears1 = 2014–
| nationalteam1 = [[Myanmar women's national football team|Myanmar]]
| nationalcaps1 = 91
| nationalgoals1 = 86
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{fb|MYA}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|Women's Gold Cup}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 Women's Gold Cup (India)|2019 Bhubaneswar]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[AFF Women's Championship]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2015 AFF Women's Championship|2015 Ho Chi Minh City]]|}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2016 AFF Women's Championship|2016 Mandalay]]|}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2019 AFF Women's Championship|2019 Chonburi]]|}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2022 AFF Women's Championship|2022 Philippines]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the Southeast Asian Games|SEA Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Football at the 2023 Southeast Asian Games|2023 Phnom Penh]]|}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Football at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games|2017 Kuala Lumpur]]|}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Football at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games|2019 Philippines]]|}}
}}

'''Win Theingi Tun''' ({{Langx|my|ဝင်းသိင်္ဂီထွန်း}}; born 1 February 1995) is a Burmese professional [[footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Sabah FA Women's|Sabah FA]] and the [[Myanmar women's national football team|Myanmar national team]]. Besides Myanmar, she has played in [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/coming-to-india-a-unique-experience-says-gokulams-myanmar-international-win-tun|title=Coming to India a unique experience, says Gokulam's Myanmar International Win Tun|publisher=the-aiff.com}}</ref>

She is ranked 18th in the [[list of top international women's football goalscorers by country]], and is the current all-time top scorer of [[Myanmar Women League]] and India Women's League.

==Club career==
=== Myawady ===
Win Theingi Tun played for Burmese club [[Myawady F.C.|Myawady]] from 2016 to 2019. She became the [[Myanmar Women League]]'s all-time top scorer with 87 goals.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

=== Gokulam Kerala FC ===
Win Theingi Tun played for Indian club [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] from October 2021 to May 2022,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Win Theingi Tun moved to the Indian Club Lords FA |url=https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanmar-womens-striker-win-theingi-tun-moves-to-another-indian-club/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=www.gnlm.com.mm}}</ref> scoring 18 goals in 9 games.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

=== Lords FA ===
On 11 August 2022, Win Theingi Tun moved from Gokulam Kerala to Lords FA on a three-month contract; she was the first Burmese female player to play abroad.<ref name=":0" /> Lords FA, who were competing in the [[2022–23 Kerala Women's League]], played against Bosco FA in their season opener on 11 August; they won the match 12–2, with Win Theingi Tun coming on as a starter and scoring four goals.<ref name=":0" />

She set a new record as she scored 11 goals for Lords FA in their 33–1 win against Kadathanad Raja on 17 September.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} In the following match, Win Theingi Tun scored 15 goals and assisted 5 against SBFA Poovar on September 25, breaking her previous record of 11 goals in 1 match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KERALA WOMEN'S LEAGUE 2022-23 - MATCH 36 - LORDS FA VS SBFA POOVAR| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-EO-5VqfTk}}</ref>

=== Thitsar Arman ===
On 2022, She returned to Myanmar, scoring 13 goals in 4 games for Thitsar Arman. She became the [[Myanmar Women League]]'s all-time top scorer with 100 goals.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

=== BG Bundit Asia ===
On February 1, She joined [[Thailand Women's League]] club BG Bundit Asia.

==International career==
Win Theingi Tun debuted for the [[Myanmar women's national football team]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unstoppable Win Theingi Tun singlehandedly dragging Myanmar to ASEAN Women's glory |url=https://www.espn.com.sg/soccer/story/_/id/45994267/win-theingi-tun-singlehandedly-dragging-myanmar-asean-womens-championship-glory |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=ESPN.com |date=16 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|match played 8 March 2024}}<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|win-theingi-tun/650646}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="4"|Myawady
|[[2016-17 Myanmar Women League|2016–17]]
|rowspan=3|[[Myanmar Women League]]
|8||21||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||8||21
|-
|[[2017-18 Myanmar Women's League|2017–18]]
||9||46||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||9||46
|-
|[[2018–19 Myanmar Women's League|2018–19]]
||9||20|| colspan="2" |—||colspan="2"|—||9||20
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!26!!87!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!26!!87
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2021–22 Kerala Women's League|2021–22]]
|[[Kerala Women's League]]
|6||18|| colspan="2" |—||3||0||9||18
|-
|Lords FA
|[[2022–23 Kerala Women's League|2022–23]]
|[[Kerala Women's League]]
|9||51|| colspan="2" |—||colspan="2"|—||9||51
|-
|Thitsar Arman
|[[2022 Myanmar Women's League|2022]]
|[[Myanmar Women League]]
|4||13|| colspan="2" |—||colspan="2"|—||4||13
|-
|BG Bundit Asia
|2023
|[[Thai Women's League]]
|10||13|| colspan="2" |—||colspan="2"|—||10||13
|-
|[[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|[[2023-24 Indian Women's League|2023-24]]
|[[Indian Women's League]]
|9||6||0||0||0||0||9||6
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!64!!188!!0!!0!!3!!0!!67!!188
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=11|[[Myanmar women's national football team|Myanmar]]
|2014||0||0
|-
|2015||10||9
|-
|2016||7||8
|-
|2017||13||14
|-
|2018||11||10
|-
|2019||11||14
|-
|2020||1||1
|-
|2021||3||3
|-
|2022||8||5
|-
|2023||7||3
|-
|2024||2||2
|-
!colspan=2|Total!!73!!69
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|+ Goals by opponent
|-
! scope="col" | Opponent
! scope="col" | Goals
|-
! scope="row" | {{fb|IND}}
| 8
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|VIE}}
| 8
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|IDN}}
| 6
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|THA}}
| 6
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|MAS}}
| 5
|-
! scope="row" | {{fb|SRI}}
| 5
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|SYR}}
| 5
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|TLS}}
| 5
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|NEP}}
| 4
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|PHI}}
| 4
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|SIN}}
| 3
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|BAN}}
| 2
|-
! scope="row" | {{fb|CAM}}
| 2
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|GUM}}
| 2
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|IRN}}
| 2
|-
! scope="row" | {{fb|LAO}}
| 1
|-
! scope="row" | {{fbw|LIB}}
| 1
|-
! Total
! 69
|}

:''Scores and results list Myanmar's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Win Theingi Tun goal.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Win Theingi Tun
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Venue
!scope="col"|Opponent
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Competition
|-
| 1. || rowspan=5| 11 March 2015 || rowspan=6| [[Mandalarthiri Stadium]], [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar]] || rowspan=5| {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|'''8'''–0 || rowspan=5 align=center| 16–0 || rowspan=6| [[2016 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament]]
|-
| 2. || align=center|'''10'''–0
|-
| 3. || align=center|'''13'''–0
|-
| 4. || align=center|'''15'''–0
|-
| 5. || align=center|'''16'''–0
|-
| 6. || 15 March 2015 || {{fbw|IND}} || align=center|'''7'''–0 || align=center| 7–0
|-
| 7. || rowspan=2| 6 May 2015 || rowspan=3| [[Thống Nhất Stadium]], [[Hồ Chí Minh City]], [[Vietnam]] || rowspan=2| {{fbw|MAS}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 4–0 || rowspan=3| [[2015 AFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 8. || align=center|'''2'''–0
|-
| 9. || 10 May 2015 || {{fbw|THA}} || align=center|'''2'''–3 || align=center| 2–3
|-
| 10. || rowspan=5| 27 July 2016 || rowspan=8| Mandalarthiri Stadium, Mandalay, Myanmar || rowspan=5| {{fbw|TLS}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=5 align=center| 17–0 || rowspan=8| [[2016 AFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 11. || align=center|'''3'''–0
|-
| 12. || align=center|'''4'''–0
|-
| 13. || align=center|'''11'''–0
|-
| 14. || align=center|'''16'''–0
|-
| 15. || 29 July 2016 || {{fbw|MAS}} || align=center|'''2'''–1 || align=center| 2–1
|-
| 16. || rowspan=2| 2 August 2016 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|VIE}} || align=center|'''1'''–2 || rowspan=2 align=center| 3–3 {{aet}} (4–5 [[penalty shoot-out|p]])
|-
| 17. || align=center|'''2'''–2
|-
| 18. || 3 April 2017 || rowspan=8| Vietnam YTF Center, [[Hanoi]], Vietnam || {{fbw|IRN}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || align=center| 2–0 || rowspan=8| [[2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| 19. || rowspan=5| 7 April 2017 || rowspan=5| {{fbw|SYR|1980}} || align=center|'''3'''–0 || rowspan=5 align=center| 14–0
|-
| 20. || align=center|'''4'''–0
|-
| 21. || align=center|'''5'''–0
|-
| 22. || align=center|'''8'''–0
|-
| 23. || align=center|'''9'''–0
|-
| 24. || rowspan=2| 9 April 2017 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|SIN}} || align=center|'''3'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 6–0
|-
| 25. || align=center|'''6'''–0
|-
| 26. || rowspan=2| 15 August 2017 || rowspan=2| [[UM Arena Stadium]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] || rowspan=2| {{fbw|THA}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 2–3 || rowspan=6| [[Football at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games - Women's tournament|2017 Southeast Asian Games]]
|-
| 27. || align=center|'''2'''–2
|-
| 28. || rowspan=2| 17 August 2017 || rowspan=2| [[UiTM Stadium]], [[Shah Alam]], Malaysia || rowspan=2| {{fbw|MAS}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 5–0
|-
| 29. || align=center|'''4'''–0
|-
| 30. || 20 August 2017 || rowspan=2| UM Arena Stadium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia || {{fbw|VIE}} || align=center|'''1'''–1 || align=center| 1–3
|-
| 31. || 22 August 2017 || {{fbw|PHI}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || align=center| 6–0
|-
| 32. || 1 July 2018 || rowspan=7| [[Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium]], [[Palembang]], [[Indonesia]] || {{fbw|PHI}} || align=center|'''3'''–0 || align=center| 4–0 || rowspan=7| [[2018 AFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 33. || rowspan=4| 5 July 2018 || rowspan=4| {{fbw|IDN}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=4 align=center| 6–1
|-
| 34. || align=center|'''2'''–0
|-
| 35. || align=center|'''4'''–0
|-
| 36. || align=center|'''5'''–0
|-
| 37. || rowspan=2| 9 July 2018 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|VIE}} || align=center|'''1'''–4 || rowspan=2 align=center| 3–4
|-
| 38. || align=center|'''2'''–4
|-
| 39. || rowspan=2| 8 November 2018 || rowspan=3| [[Thuwunna Stadium]], [[Yangon]], Myanmar || rowspan=2| {{fbw|BAN}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 5–0 || rowspan=3| [[2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament]]
|-
| 40. || align=center|'''2'''–0
|-
| 41. || 13 November 2018 || {{fbw|IND}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 2–1
|-
| 42. || 9 February 2019 || rowspan=3| [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]] || {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || align=center| 3–0 || rowspan=3| [[2019 Women's Gold Cup (India)|2019 Women's Gold Cup]]
|-
| 43. || 13 February 2019 || {{fbw|IND}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || align=center| 2–0
|-
| 44. || 15 February 2019 || {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|'''2'''–1 || align=center| 3–1
|-
| 45. || rowspan=2| 23 March 2019 || rowspan=8| Mandalarthiri Stadium, Mandalay, Myanmar || rowspan=2| {{fbw|VIE}} || align=center|'''2'''–2 || rowspan=2 align=center| 3–2 || rowspan=2| [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 46. || align=center|'''3'''–2
|-
| 47. || rowspan=2| 3 April 2019 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|'''2'''–1 || rowspan=2 align=center| 3–1 || rowspan=6| 2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament
|-
| 48. || align=center|'''3'''–1
|-
| 49. || 6 April 2019 || {{fbw|IDN}} || align=center|'''3'''–0 || align=center| 6–0
|-
| 50. || rowspan=3| 9 April 2019 || rowspan=3| {{fbw|IND}} || align=center|'''1'''–1 || rowspan=3 align=center| 3–3
|-
| 51. || align=center|'''2'''–1
|-
| 52. || align=center|'''3'''–3
|-
| 53. || 16 August 2019 || rowspan=3| [[Institute of Physical Education Chonburi Campus Stadium|IPE Chonburi Stadium 1]], [[Chonburi (city)|Chonburi]], [[Thailand]] || {{fbw|IDN}} || align=center|'''5'''–0 || align=center| 7–0 || rowspan=3| [[2019 AFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 54. || rowspan=2| 18 August 2019 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|CAM}} || align=center|'''4'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 10–1
|-
| 55. || align=center|'''9'''–1
|-
| 56. || 25 January 2020 || Mandalarthiri Stadium, Mandalay, Myanmar || {{fbw|THA}} || align=center|'''1'''–2 || align=center| 1–2 || Friendly
|-
| 57. || 18 October 2021 || rowspan=3| [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]], [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] || {{fbw|LIB}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 4–0 || rowspan=3| [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| 58. || rowspan=2| 21 October 2021 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|GUM}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 8–0
|-
| 59. || align=center|'''8'''–0
|-
| 60. || 28 January 2022 || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{fbw|VIE}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 2–2 || [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup]]
|-
| 61. || 10 May 2022 || rowspan=4| [[Cẩm Phả Stadium]], [[Cẩm Phả]], Vietnam || {{fbw|LAO}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 3–0 || rowspan=4| [[Football at the 2021 Southeast Asian Games - Women's tournament|2021 Southeast Asian Games]]
|-
| 62. || 13 May 2022 || {{fbw|THA}} || align=center|'''1'''–1 || align=center| 1–1
|-
| 63. || 15 May 2022 || {{fbw|SIN}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 1–0
|-
| 64. || 21 May 2022 || {{fbw|PHI}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 1–2
|-
| 65. || 8 April 2023 || Thuwunna Stadium, Yangon, Myanmar || {{fbw|IRN}} || align=center|'''1'''–1 || align=center| 1–1 || [[2024 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament]]
|-
| 66. || 3 May 2023 || rowspan=2| [[RCAF Old Stadium]], [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]] || {{fbw|PHI}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 1–0 || rowspan=2| [[Football at the 2023 Southeast Asian Games - Women's tournament|2023 Southeast Asian Games]]
|-
| 67. || 12 May 2023 || {{fbw|THA}} || align=center|'''2'''–2 || align=center| 4–2
|-
| 68. || 9 July 2024 || rowspan=3| Thuwunna Stadium, Yangon, Myanmar || {{fbw|IND}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 2–1 || rowspan=3| Friendly
|-
| 69. || 12 July 2024 || {{fbw|IND}} || align=center|'''1'''–1 || align=center| 1–1
|-
| 70. || 23 October 2024 || {{fbw|HKG}} || align=center|'''4'''–1 || align=center| 4–1
|-
| 71.|| 17 February 2025 || rowspan=2| [[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]], Nepal || {{fbw|LBN}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center|3–1 || rowspan=2| [[2025 International Women's Championship|2025 Vianet Championship]]
|-
| 72. || 26 February 2025 || {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || align=center| 2–0
|-
| 73. || 5 July 2025 || Thuwunna Stadium, Yangon, Myanmar || {{fbw|BHR}} || align=center|'''4'''–0 || align=center| 6–0 || [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| 74. || rowspan="3" | 10 August 2025 || rowspan=3| [[Việt Trì Stadium]], [[Việt Trì]], Vietnam || rowspan=3| {{fbw|TLS}} || align="center" |'''1'''–0 || rowspan=3 align=center| 3–0 || rowspan=6| [[2025 ASEAN Women's Championship]]
|-
| 75. || align=center|'''2'''–0
|-
| 76. || align=center|'''3'''–0
|-
| 77. || 13 August 2025 || rowspan=3| [[Lạch Tray Stadium]], [[Hải Phòng]], Vietnam || {{fbw|PHI}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 1–1
|-
| 78. || rowspan=2| 16 August 2025 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|THA}} || align=center|'''1'''–1 || rowspan=2 align=center| 2–1
|-
| 79. || align=center|'''2'''–1
|-
| 80. || 5 December 2025 || rowspan=2| IPE Chonburi Stadium, Chonburi, Thailand || {{fbw|PHI}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 2–1 || rowspan=2| [[Football at the 2025 Southeast Asian Games - Women's tournament|2025 Southeast Asian Games]]
|-
| 81. || 8 December 2025 || {{fbw|MAS}} || align=center|'''3'''–0 || align=center| 3–0
|-
|}

==Honours==
'''Myanmar'''
* [[2019 Women's Gold Cup (India)|Women's Gold Cup]]: [[2019 Women's Gold Cup (India)|2019]]
* [[AFF Women's Championship]] silver medal: [[2015 AFF Women's Championship|2015]]; bronze medal: [[2016 AFF Women's Championship|2016]], [[2019 AFF Women's Championship|2019]], [[2022 AFF Women's Championship|2022]]
* [[Football at the Southeast Asian Games|Southeast Asian Games]] silver medal: [[Football at the 2023 Southeast Asian Games|2023]]; bronze medal: [[Football at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games|2017]], [[Football at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games|2019]]

'''Myawady'''
* [[Myanmar Women League]]: [[2016-17 Myanmar Women League|2016-17]], [[2017–18 Myanmar Women's League|2017–18]]; runner-up: [[2018–19 Myanmar Women's League|2018–19]]

'''Gokulam Kerala'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2021–22 Indian Women's League season|2021–22]]
*[[AFC Women's Club Championship]] third place: [[2021 AFC Women's Club Championship|2021]]

'''Lords FA'''
*[[Kerala Women's League]]: [[2022–23 Kerala Women's League|2022–23]]

'''Odisha'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha FC take home the IWL trophy with stunning ease|url=https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-take-home-the-iwl-trophy-with-stunning-ease/|website=i-league.org|publisher=I-League|date=24 March 2024|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>

'''Thitsar Arman'''
* [[Myanmar Women League]]: runner-up: [[2022 Myanmar Women's League|2022]]

'''Individual'''
*[[Kerala Women's League]] Top Scorer: [[2022–23 Kerala Women's League|2022–23]] (56)goals
*[[Kerala Women's League]] Assist King: [[2022–23 Kerala Women's League|2022–23]] (31)assists
* All Time Top Scorer: [[Myanmar Women League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|650646}}

{{Myanmar squad 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}
{{Myanmar squad 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Burmese women's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Burmese women]]
[[Category:Myanmar women's international footballers]]
[[Category:SEA Games silver medalists for Myanmar]]
[[Category:SEA Games bronze medalists for Myanmar]]
[[Category:SEA Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2017 SEA Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2019 SEA Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2021 SEA Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2023 SEA Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2025 SEA Games]]
[[Category:Burmese expatriate sportspeople in India]]
[[Category:Burmese expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for Myanmar]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Burmese expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Sabah FA Women's players]]
[[Category:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]

Madan Mohan temple, Cooch Behar

2026-02-19T16:57:54Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Added First Place W/ Infobox

{{short description|Hindu temple in Cooch Behar, West Bengal in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image = File:Madan Mohan Bari Cooch Behar.jpg
| alt = Madan Mohan temple dedicated to Lord Madan Mohan in Cooch Behar
| caption = Madan Mohan temple
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_caption = [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3204295|N|89.4453538|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district =
| location = [[Cooch Behar]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Krishna|Madan Mohan]]
| festivals =
* ''[[Panguni Uthiram|Raas Purnima]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Pooja |title=Madan Bari Rash Mela: রঙিন সাজে মদন মোহন বাড়ি, রাত পোহালেই রাস ‌যাত্রা! দেখুন ছবি |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/north-bengal/rash-purnima-special-madanmohan-house-of-cooch-behar-decorated-well-for-rash-mela-l18-pbd-1385869.html |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=26 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Rath Yatra]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=পিছল কোচবিহারের রাসের মেলা, উৎসবের উদ্বোধন আজ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/cooch-behar-rash-mela-delayed/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=14 November 2016 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Cooch Behar Rash Mela|Raas Mela]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Sarthak |title=মনিতেই রয়েছে নামডাক, এবার আরও চমক থাকছে কোচবিহারের রাস মেলায়, দেখে নিন প্রস্তুতি |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/north-bengal/preparations-of-madan-mohan-bari-temple-rash-mela-2024-l18-local18-1943945.html |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=12 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
| architecture = Dalan style of [[Bengal temple architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1889
| established = 21 March 1990
| creator = [[Maharaja]] [[Nripendra Narayan]]
| website =
| governing_body = Debuttor Trust Board
}}

'''Madan Mohan temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], who is worshipped in the form of [[Govinda|Madan Mohan]] in this temple. [[Kali|Maa Kali]], [[Kali|Maa Tara]] and Maa Bhavani are the other major [[Hindu deities]] who are also worshipped in the temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=মদন মোহন মন্দির |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/bn/tourist-place/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[Government of West Bengal]] |language=bn}}</ref>

Situated in the center of [[Cooch Behar]] town in [[Cooch Behar district]] of [[West Bengal]], the temple has been a centerpiece of devotion and spiritual significance since its establishment in the late 19th century by [[Maharaja]] [[Nripendra Narayan]] of the [[Koch dynasty]]. Besides being a house of worship, the temple and its architecture also serve as a landmark in the timeline of Cooch Behar's princely state.<ref name="ie">{{cite news |title=ইতিহাসের পাতা থেকে আজকের পথে মদনমোহনের রাসযাত্রা, দেখুন ফটো গ্যালারি |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle/madanmohan-temple-cooch-behar58811/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=18 December 2018 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cooch Behar in north Bengal has an Italian Renaissance palace so beautiful it will blow your mind |url=https://scroll.in/roving/807724/cooch-behar-in-north-bengal-has-an-italian-renaissance-palace-so-beautiful-it-will-blow-your-mind |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=8 July 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
Madan Mohan temple was established by [[Maharaja]] [[Nripendra Narayan]] of the [[Koch dynasty]] in the late 19th century. [[Govinda|Madan Mohan]] is the [[kuladevata]] of the Koch dynasty and hence over time, Shree Madan Mohan also became the primely worshipped deity of most of the [[Hindu]] people in the Cooch Behar district. The temple was constructed over 5 years between 1885 and 1889. On 8th July, 1889 Maharaja Nripendra Narayan laid the foundation stone of the temple. The temple was inaugurated by Rajmata Nishimoyee Devi in 21st March, 1890. On the same day, Maharaja Nripendra Narayan inaugurated the Anandamoyee Dharamshala on the eastern premises of the temple.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Sarthak |title=কোচবিহারের ঐতিহ্য মদনমোহন বাড়ি! ঘুরে দেখে আসুন এই মন্দির |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/north-bengal/madan-mohan-house-is-a-heritage-of-cooch-behar-rajbari-l18-syr-1440711.html |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=3 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="ie"></ref>

== Madan Mohan ==
[[Govinda|Madan Mohan]] is the principal deity of the temple and his deity is located in the central room, whose ceiling is carved in the form of a white lotus. There are two ''murtis'' of Madan Mohan are placed on a four stand ''chowdola''. The larger one is known as the "Bara Madan Mohan" and the smaller one is known as the "Chhoto Madan Mohan". Devotees can have darshan of Bara Madan Mohan daily. Chhoto Madan Mohan stays behind and gives darshan to the devotees for only 3 days in a year. Madan Mohan's statue is made up of ''ashtadhatu'' and is painted with gold on it.

The statue was originally sculpted by [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] devotee Maharaja Nara Narayan. He was influenced by an Assamese Vaishnav preacher Sankardev. Though he preached to Maharaja about Madan Mohan, [[Radha]] was not a part of his preaching. Hence, the main sanctum sanctorum is without any image or deity of Radha. The statue of Madan Mohan is alone, which is a unique feature compared to most of the [[Radha Krishna]] temples.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shashikesh |title=Madan Mohan's Rath Yatra celebrated with royal traditions |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/madan-mohans-rath-yatra-celebrated-with-royal-traditions-570916 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=7 July 2024}}</ref>

== Deities worshipped ==
[[Govinda|Madan Mohan]] is the principal deity of the temple, while several other deities are worshipped. A [[Shaligram|Shaligram Shila]] named Anantadeb or Ananta Narayan is worshipped prior the worship of Bara Madan Mohan. Two other shilas named Janaradhan Narayan and [[Lakshmi Narayan]] are also worshipped daily.

A black stone known as Maa Pat Devi or Pat Parvati, on which a das-bhuja avatar of Madan Mohan is drawn, is worshipped in Joytara temple. There is also a Banalinga in the shrine. There is a separate temple dedicated to Maa Bhavani on the eastern boundary of the temple complex. A brightly red coloured idol of das-bhuja [[Bhavani|Maa Bhavani]] killing an [[asura]] is worshipped in the temple.

Every year, a clay idol of [[Durga|Maa Durga]] is sculptured in the same style during the [[Durga Puja]] and she is worshipped in the Debibari. The eastern side of the temple complex also houses silver idols of [[Katyayani|Maa Katyayani]], Maa Joytara and [[Annapurna (goddess)|Maa Annapurna]]. On the west, a statue of Maa Anandamoyee Kali standing on Lord [[Shiva]] is also worshipped.

In the eastern room of the shrine, there are deities of several other [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]] including a five-faced [[Ganesha]] statue, idols of [[Chandi|Mangala Chandi]], a idol of [[Durga|Mahishasura Mardini]] and a small idol of [[Mahakali]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Abhilash |title=Madan Mohan Temple in Cooch Behar West Bengal - Cooch Behar Madan Mohan Bari History |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2019/06/madan-mohan-temple-in-cooch-behar-west.html#google_vignette |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=Hindu Blog}}</ref>

Also in the eastern side of the complex is the Kathamiya temple, where each year Kathamiya durga puja is held. The durga puja is named Kathamiya because every year the same wooden structure or kathamo/ {{langx|bn|কাঠামো}} is built upon. Some other pujas too are held in that temple.

== Boro Tara ==
The "Boro Tara" puja is one of the oldest Kali pujas in Cooch Behar district, dating back to the time of the Cooch Behar royals. The puja takes place in the Madan Mohan temple complex and is more than 150 years old. The goddess is referred to as the Boro Tara by the local community. The puja is conducted by the Debuttor Trust Board, which is responsible for carrying out all the religious ceremonies in Cooch Behar which used to take place under the patronage of the Maharajas of Cooch Behar. Earlier, the puja was conducted in the royal palace by the Maharajas, but later it has been shifted to the Madan Mohan temple.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shashikesh |title=Cooch Behar's historic Baro Tara Puja carries on centuries-old tradition |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cooch-behars-historic-baro-tara-puja-carries-on-centuries-old-tradition-585017 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

The puja involves five major and customary sacrifices. Goat, pigeon, duck, sheep and [[catfish]] are being sacrificed in the present times. Although, the ritual during the Maharaja's times was sacrificing tortoises, later it was replaced by catfishes in order to resolve the low count of tortoises. Besides, the goddess is also offered roasted "[[Channa striata|shol mach]]".

The idol of Boro Tara is black in colour and stands at ten-and-a-half hands. The weapons she helds in her 4 hands is a message for her devotees regarding the potential punishments which they could face if they commit any wrongs and sins. The weapons deviates from the usual Kali idol weapons. The deity holds a "kharga" in her right hand and a vessel filled with blood in her lower left hand, in place of the usual severed head. The upper left hand holds a floral structure while the lower right hand holds a spade-like structure. The Chitrakar family has been crafting this idol over generations.

After [[Lakshmi puja]] is performed, the crafting of the idol is started at the Kathamiya temple in the Madan Mohan temple complex. Every year, a large number of people gather on the day of puja. People visit during the puja and to offer ''[[Pushpanjali|anjali]]'' to the goddess. People also visit the temple in the evening to light lamps, agarbattis and offer food offerings to the deity on the day of the puja.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shashikesh |title=Centuries-old tradition honours Goddess Kali in Cooch Behar |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/centuries-old-tradition-honours-goddess-kali-in-cooch-behar-539582 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=7 November 2023}}</ref>

== The temple complex ==
[[File:Nahabat Khana of Madan Mohan Temple, Cooch Behar 03.jpg|thumb|right|The Nahabat Khana (entrance gate) of Madan Mohan temple]]
The temple has char chala combined dalan style architecture, similar to most of the temples of [[Bengal architecture]]. Parts of the temple also shows influence from the [[British architecture]], which is evident from the fact that Cooch Behar was a princely state under the [[British Raj|Colonial British Rule]]. The temple has a dome built over the cornice of the four rooms side by side facing south. The ground has been maintained with a well designed grass field with several floral plants bordering the sides of the paths.<ref>{{cite news |title=Temple of heritage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/temple-of-heritage/cid/1524317 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

Besides Madan Mohan, several other deities are worshipped in the temple. A [[Shaligram|Shaligram Shila]] named Anantadeb or Ananta Narayan is worshipped everyday before the worship of Bara Madan Mohan. Two other shilas named Janaradhan Narayan and [[Lakshmi Narayan]] are also worshipped daily. On the cradle of Madan Mohan, there is black stone of seven inches length. It is known as the Maa Pat Devi or Pat Parvati. A das-bhuja avatar of Madan Mohan is drawn on the stone. This idol is worshipped in Joytara temple and after that, it is put back into the cradle. There is also a Banalinga in the shrine.

A separate temple dedicated to [[Bhavani|Maa Bhavani]] is situated on the eastern boundary of the Madan Mohan temple complex. A brightly red coloured idol of das-bhuja Maa Bhavani killing an [[asura]] is worshipped in the temple. The deity is 2 feet tall and is made of stone. In the eastern room of the shrine, there are deities of several other [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]]. There is five-faced [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]] statue seated on a lion, two idols of [[Chandi|Mangala Chandi]], a idol of [[Durga|Mahishasura Mardini]] and a small idol of [[Mahakali]]. On the right hand after entrance, there are statues of [[Durga|Maa Durga]] and [[Shiva|Mahadev]] seated on the stones.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |title=কোচবিহারের রাজ আমলের ঐতিহ্যবাহী মদনমোহনের বাড়ি দেখেছেন? রইল ছবিতে |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/cooch-behar/cooch-behar-tourism-madan-mohan-bari-is-one-of-the-traditional-temple-of-the-royal-period-sdg-851989.html |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=20 July 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

Every year, a clay idol of Maa Durga is sculptured in the same style during the [[Durga Puja]]. She is worshipped in the Debibari. Slightly different from the conventional form of Durga, here the goddess can be seen riding a tiger on right and lion on the left, while killing an asura with her [[trishula|trishul]]. The temple complex also houses idols of [[Katyayani|Maa Katyayani]], Maa Joytara and [[Annapurna (goddess)|Maa Annapurna]]. They are present on the eastern side of the main temple complex. Seated on a throne, the three deities have been carved out of silver. The Western side of the temple complex houses a 4 feet tall statue of Maa Anandamoyee Kali, standing on the statue of Lord Shiva. This statue was established by Maharaja Harendra Narayan in 1831.<ref name="ie"></ref>

== Timings and Prasad ==
Everyday the temple is open for the devotees between 9 a.m. and 8 p.m. It anyone wants to offer bhog to the deities, the person will have to take a coupon of {{INR|10}} from the temple committee and then offer the bhog.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Purnendu |title=Madan Mohan Temple: পর্যটকদের মূল আকর্ষণ জেলার এই মন্দির! এখানেই বিরাজমান কোচবিহারের প্রাণের ঠাকুর মদন মোহন |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/cooch-behar/coochbehar-modan-mohan-bari-heritage-temple-l18-1322794.html |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=12 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Every year, the temple receives donations of lakhs of rupees. After the Raas Utsav, the donations are being counted in a strong room under strict security, put in the temple's bank account and later used for the temple development and puja rituals. The temple received {{INR|5}} lakhs donations during the Raas Mela in 2023 alone.<ref>{{cite news |last1=সাহা |first1=অয়ন্তিকা |title=স্ট্রং-রুমে কড়া নিরাপত্তা! ভক্তের প্রণামী গোনা হচ্ছে |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/north-bengal-news/tight-security-on-counting-the-devotee-salutation-in-madan-mohan-temple-cooch-behar/200335704.cms |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=8 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Rath Yatra ==
The [[Rath Yatra]] of Madan Mohan temple is conducted as per the customs of the royal era. On the day of Rath Yatra, a special puja is conducted at the Kathamiya temple. After the puja is performed, the deity of Madan Mohan is placed on a chariot and it goes to Gunjabari, Cooch Behar. Accompanying Madan Mohan are the deities from Rajmata temple. They visit Madan Mohan's maternal aunt's house (Mashir Bari) at the Dangrai temple in Gunjabari, Cooch Behar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Sarthak |title=Madan Mohan Temple Rath: নতুন চাকায় রথ ছুটবে মদনমোহন দেবের মাসির বাড়ি, দূর-দূরান্ত থেকে উপচে পড়ে মানুষের ঢল |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/north-bengal/madan-mohan-temple-rath-will-run-on-new-wheels-on-rathyatra-in-cooch-behar-l18-rds-1726691.html |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=27 June 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The Royal representative gives a tug on the rope of the chariot, symbolising the beginning of the procession of Rath Yatra. Subsequently, thousands of local residents and devotees join the festival to pull the rope of the chariot, which is believed to cleanse a person from their sins. After traversing through the heart of the city, the procession arrives at Madan Mohan's aunt's house in the evening. After staying at his aunt's house for seven days, Madan Mohan returns to his house, at the Madan Mohan temple. The returning procession is known as the "Ulto Rath'. In this period, special pujas are offered in the Madan Mohan temple to Choto Madan Mohan. Additionally, a fair is organised in the Gunjabari area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cooch Behar celebrates Madan Mohan's Rath Yatra |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cooch-behar-celebrates-madan-mohans-rath-yatra-522789 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=20 July 2023}}</ref>

== Raas Chakra ==
[[File:Coochbehar Raschakra.jpg|thumb|left|The Raas Chakra at the Raas Mela in Madan Mohan temple]]
The [[Rashchakra|Raas Chakra]] or The Holy Wheel is a structure built during the Cooch Behar Rash Mela that is held in honour of Lord Madan Mohan. Every year the Raas Chakra is built by a group of artisans on behalf of the Debuttor Trust Board which organizes the Madan Mohan Raash Utsav. Every year, the Raas festival is started by the president of Cooch Behar Debottur Trust Board by swinging the Raas Chakra, which was done by the Maharajas earlier.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shashikesh |title=Cooch Behar's grand Madan Mohan Rash festival begins |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cooch-behars-grand-madan-mohan-rash-festival-begins-586979 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

A symbol of secularism in the district, this Raas Chakra is built on the "Raas Danda". Every year, it is made by a family of muslim artisans from the Ghughumari area since three generations. The chakra is a straight log of "Saal Tree" that is kept submerged throughout the year in the waters of "Bairagi Dighi", which is situated adjacent to the Madan Mohan temple complex,each year it is recovered before the festival by Debuttor Trust Board .<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Chitralekha |title=Cooch Behar - Fit for a queen |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/XopZdbWtzPjhTxk81wuD2H/Cooch-Behar--Fit-for-a-queen.html |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=11 December 2009}}</ref>

The Raas-Danda measures 34 ft in length with 30 ft above the ground and 4 feet below the ground. On all sides with the support of the Raas Danda, a structure is made with wooden posts, bamboo and colourful papers, creating in a 15-20 ft wide conically tapering semi-cylindrical structure to form the entire Raash-Chakra.<ref>{{cite news |title=কোচবিহারে রাস উৎসবের সূচনা, দেওয়া হল মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর নামে পুজো |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/raas-yatra-festival-and-raas-mela-2024-begins-in-cooch-behar-west-bengal-news-wbs24111601221 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=16 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Before turning the Chakra, the "pasar" is broken by a priest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cooch Behar Rash 2022: রাসচক্র ঘুরিয়ে রাস উৎসবের সূচনা কোচবিহারে - Cooch Behar Rash 2022 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/coochbehar/200-years-old-rash-festival-of-cooch-behar/wb20221108114942138138704 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=8 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

The height of holding bars are typically 7 feet above the ground and all devotees, tourists visit the Madan Mohan temple during Raash Mela to rotate the Raas Chakra, which is believed to provide bliss and happiness. The religious symbolisms of Hinduism and Buddhism are inbuilt in the design of Raas Chakra with the semi-cylindrical structure resembling the Dharma Chakra of the Buddhism and the motifs of [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]] ornamenting the Raas Chakra on all sides representing [[Hinduism|Sanatan Hinduism]].<ref name="ie"></ref>

== Raas Utsav and Raas Mela ==
[[File:Cooch Behar Ras Mela 2023 07.jpg|thumb|Cooch Behar Raas Mela entrance in 2023]]
The Raas Utsav and its accompanying [[Cooch Behar Rash Mela|Raas Mela]] is one of the largest annual celebrations and public event in North Bengal. Started by the Cooch Behar royals, the tradition is more than 212 years old.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cooch Behar aims to finish beautification projects worth Rs 30 crore before Raas Utsav |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cooch-behar-aims-to-finish-beautification-projects-worth-rs-30-crore-before-raas-utsav/cid/1977916 |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=6 November 2023}}</ref> The fair was first started in 1812 by Maharaja Harendra Narayan on Raas Purnima, the day on which he entered the new royal palace at Bhetaguri.<ref name="ie"></ref> Every year, while the festival is held at the Madan Mohan temple complex, the fair is held in the Raasmela ground.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raas Mela in Cooch Behar: An annual event with a 200-year-old tradition and one of the largest public events in north Bengal. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/covid-cancels-this-years-raas-mela-in-cooch-behar/cid/1799021 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Earlier, although the fair took place for over a month during the royals' time, the span has reduced over the years and occurs for over a fortnight in the recent years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=সাহা |first1=অয়ন্তিকা |title=ধাক্কা রাসমেলায়, ব্যবসায় ঘাটতি ১০০ কোটি টাকা |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/north-bengal-news/cooch-behar-municipality-organized-a-rashmela-from-november-16-to-november-30/200325515.cms |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=1 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shashikesh |title=Cooch Behar's Raas Mela to be shortened to 15 days instead of the usual 20-day fair |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cooch-behars-raas-mela-to-be-shortened-to-15-days-instead-of-the-usual-20-day-fair-581853 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

The Raas Mela is also marked by the construction of idols of several characters from the Hindu epics Mahabharata and Ramayana.<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=শ্রেয়শ্রী |title=রাসমেলার জন্য প্রস্তুত গোটা কোচবিহার |url=https://kolkatatvonline.in/west-bengal/211-year-madan-mohan-dev-rash-mela-cooch-behar-kolkatatv-online-district-news/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Kolkata TV]] |date=25 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Another principal attraction is a 15 ft statue of the [[Putana]] demoness, which is being constructed over a time of two weeks every year. Made of twigs and soil, it is demolished every year, as a sign of the victory of good over the evil, right over the wrong and ''[[dharma]]'' over ''[[adharma]]''. [[Kirtan|Kirtans]] and [[Jagran|jagratas]] are organised during the night.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Anamika |title=Madan Mohan temple in coochbehar: কোচবিহারের ঐতিহ্যবাহী রাস উৎসব আজ শুরু! এই মেলার মূল আকর্ষণ কী? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/madan-mohan-temple-in-coochbehar-raas-festival-start-form-today-check-out-the-main-attraction-of-this-fair-31731660788650.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125061350/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/madan-mohan-temple-in-coochbehar-raas-festival-start-form-today-check-out-the-main-attraction-of-this-fair-31731660788650.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

A fair is held in the ground which includes amusement rides like ferris wheel, mini-roller coasters and many others.<ref>{{cite news |title=বছরে একবারই তৈরি এই 'বিশেষ' জিলিপি! খেতে হলে যেতে হবে এখানে |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/coochbehar-rash-mela-vetaguri-jilipi-know-this-unique-bengal-sweet-you-can-only-get-in-rash-mela-west-bengal-1029396 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=6 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Besides this, food stalls, handicraft stores, book stalls, household goods stalls, clothing stores and street game setups are organised.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rash Mela held at Cooch Behar |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/rash-mela-held-at-cooch-behar-270941 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=13 November 2017}}</ref> Traders from the neighbouring countries including [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and from the adjoining Indian states of [[Bihar]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] also visit the event every year. Apart from these, a concert stage is set up in the center of the ground which hosts numerous artists' performances.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shashikesh |title=Cooch Behar's historic Rash Festival flagged off |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cooch-behars-historic-rash-festival-flagged-off-541903 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Millennium Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shashikesh |title=Cooch Behar's 'Rash Mela' set to shine with int'l flair |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cooch-behars-rash-mela-set-to-shine-with-intl-flair-538679 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

In 2017, a musical fountain was inaugurated at Bairagi Daghi, the waterbody located opposite to the Madan Mohan temple. Bairagi Dighi is one of the important ponds in Cooch Behar besides the Sagar Dighi, which were dug by the royals. The pond is visited by the devotees who pray at the temple. Made on a budget of {{INR|3}} crore, it was jointly funded by the North Bengal Development Department and West Bengal State Tourism Department, in order to boost the number of devotees during Raas Utsav.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musical fountain for lake |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/musical-fountain-for-lake/cid/1450894 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fountain fiasco in Cooch Behar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/fountain-fiasco-in-cooch-behar/cid/1452014 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2020, for the fist time ever, the fair was cancelled and not conducted to prevent any surge in the then ongoing Covid 19 infections. Like every year, the festival was conducted but the fair was not organised owing to the then ongoing pandemic situation. Special guidelines like wearing masks and using sanitizer were issued by the temple committee for the devotees who went to visit the temple in that period. But, to maintain the spirit, a small "Shilpi Mela" was organised at the local stadium with 200 odd stalls, unlike the usual thousands of stall at the regular Raas Mela.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid cancels this year's Raas Mela |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/covid-cancels-this-years-raas-mela-in-cooch-behar/cid/1799021 |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=30 November 2020}}</ref>

After Ulto Rath, Bara Madan Mohan returns to his house after being in his "Mashir bari". At that time, Choto Madan Mohan goes to sleep for four months. After being in a deep sleep for 4 months, Choto Madan Mohan wakes up every year on the day of Uthhan Ekadashi. He is bathed with 108 ghatis of milk, water, ghee and honey each.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deity Madan Mohan's Idol bathed with 108 pots of water ahead of Rath Yatra in Cooch Behar |url=https://siliguritimes.com/diety-madan-mohans-idol-bathed-with-108-pots-of-water-ahead-of-rath-yatra-in-cooch-behar/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=Siliguri Times |date=4 June 2023}}</ref> After the bathing rituals are completed, special puja is performed. Thousands of devotees from all over Bengal and Eastern India visit the temple on this day. The deity of Choto Madan Mohan is brought to the main temple and he is worshipped there. It is one of the 3 times in a year, when devotees get darshan of Choto Madan Mohan. During this period of Raas, Bara Madan Mohan remains outside the main temple and Choto Madan Mohan is worshipped in place of him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দত্ত |first1=এলিনা |title=Rash Utsav: রথে বাড়ি ফিরে ঘুমিয়ে চার মাস বাদে জাগেন মদন মোহন, কোচবিহারে শুরু রাস উৎসবের প্রস্তুতি |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/cooch-behar-news/cooch-behar-madan-mohan-mandir-rash-utsav-preparation-starts-from-friday/105474068.cms |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=24 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}

{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Cooch Behar district]]

Friederike Irina Bruning

2026-02-07T19:12:42Z

Pt.debotosh dey: minor cleanup

{{short description|German animal rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Friederike Irina Bruning
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|61|2019|05|26}}<ref name="NDTVReturn2019" />
| birth_place = [[Berlin, Germany]]
| birth_name = Friederike Irina Bruning
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Animal rights activist
| years_active = 1996–present
| agent =
| title =
| spouse =
| alias = Sudevi Mataji
| status =
| networth =
| credits = [[Radha Surabhi Goshala]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2019)
| children =
}}
'''Friederike Irina Bruning''', now called '''Sudevi Mataji''', is a German [[animal rights activist]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fiapo.org/fiaporg/news/meet-sudevi-mataji-the-german-woman-has-saved-over-a-thousand-cows-in-mathura-2/|title = Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations }}</ref> She was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award, the [[Padma Shri]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2019AwardeesList.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards, Government of India | access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> She was the founder of Radha Surabhi Goshala in 1996. A German citizen,<ref name="NDTVReturn2019" /> Sudevi Mataji has resided in [[Radha Kund]] (Vrindavan) for over 35 years, taking care of cows in need.<ref>{{cite news |title='Lady Tarzan' to 'Mother of Trees': 6 Awe-Inspiring Women Who Just Won the Padma Shri |date=19 March 2019 |work=[[The Better India]] |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/175401/padma-shri-women-winners-achievers-inspiring-india/}}</ref>

==Early life==
At the age of 20, in 1978, she arrived in India as a tourist after completing her education in [[Berlin, Germany]]. In search of life's purpose, she went to [[Radha Kund]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She then became a disciple of guru Srila Tinkudi Gosvami. At a neighbour's request, she bought a cow. She also taught herself [[Hindi]], bought books related to cows and devoted herself completely to taking care of stray animals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/meet-this-german-lady-who-provides-shelter-to-1200-sick-cows-in-mathura-her-tale-will-bring-tears-to-your-eyes/860386/|title=Meet this German lady who provides shelter to 1200 sick cows in Mathura; her tale will bring tears to your eyes|date=18 September 2017|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
She has been staying in India for more than 25 years. Her way of life is highly influenced by the teachings of ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', ''[[Upanishads]]'', traditions and the temples built there. Since this knowledge was not readily available in her country, she considers Indians as lucky, where even children are taught through their tradition and mythology stories without having to search for it, it is imbibed in them.<ref name="LifeNosGerman">{{Cite web|url=https://lifebeyondnumbers.com/friederike-irina-bruening-sudevi-mataji-german-tourist-who-became-a-gaurakshak-in-mathura/|title=The German Tourist Who Became A Gaurakshak In Mathura, Mothering 1800+ Sick Cows For Last 40 Years|date=26 February 2019|website=LifeBeyondNumbers|first=Deepannita|last=Das|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

She is a vegetarian and considers any form of activity that causes violence, fear and hatred are bad for health. She believes food has a major impact on our lives. Food follows in three categories ''[[sattva]]'' (pure and light), ''[[rajas]]'' (active and passionate) and ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]'' (heavy, gross and violent). Meat falls in ''tama'' and hence she has given it up.<ref name="LifeNosGerman" />

She regards human consciousness as of highest value. According to her, people will be better without greed and selfishness. She believes in doing God's work and has thus devoted her life to selflessly helping cows in need by donating whatever she earns to her ''[[Gaushala]]''.<ref name="LifeNosGerman" />

==Career==
Friederike Irina Bruning landed in [[Mathura]], India from Berlin in 1978 as a tourist. She was moved by the plight of the stray animals and hence decided to stay back and care for them. German citizen Friederike Irina Bruning, now called Sudevi Mataji, started Radha Surabhi Gaushala Niketan in Radhakund in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifebeyondnumbers.com/friederike-irina-bruening-sudevi-mataji-german-tourist-who-became-a-gaurakshak-in-mathura/|title=The German Tourist Who Became A Gaurakshak In Mathura, Mothering 1800+ Sick Cows For Last 40 Years|date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

This ''Gaushala'' (cowshed) is spread across {{cvt|3300|sqyd}}. It takes in sick, injured, unable to walk and starved cows. Here, they receive necessary nutrition and are nursed back to health.<ref name="weebly.com">{{cite web|url=http://radhasurabhigoshala.weebly.com/about-us.html|title=About Us|website=Radha Surabhi Goshala}}</ref> Sudevi Mataji built the ''gaushala'' with minor detailing in mind. The ''gaushala'' is divided in such a manner where the cows needing special care have a place for themselves.<ref name="weebly.com"/> Blind and severely injured cows, needing attention are kept in separate enclosure. Currently she has 90 workers and 1800 sick cows. On the 71st [[Republic Day]] the government of India recognised her services and she was honoured with a Padma Shri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/mathura-german-gau-sevak-gets-padma-shri/articleshow/67714627.cms|title=Mathura: German gau sevak gets Padma Shri|last=Jaiswal|first=Anuja|date=27 January 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

Getting funds has been one of the major challenges faced by Friederike Irina. To address this, she has been renting her native property in Berlin but all her funds get exhausted in taking care in running the Gaushala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/how-a-german-tourist-turned-mother-to-over-1-200-sick-cows-in-mathura-1751460|title=How A 59-Year-Old German Turned Mother To Over 1,000 Sick Cows in Mathura|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> She does not get any support from any government agencies. Also in 2019, she was facing issue about visa, which was resolved by Sushma Swaraj and Hema Malini.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/features/padma-shri-friederike-irina-bruning-from-traveller-to-mother-of-cows/|title=Padma Shri Friederike Irina Bruning: From traveller to mother of cows|work=KalingaTV |date=3 February 2019}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]] Award given by President, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/president-ramnath-kovind-presents-padma-shri-ms-friederike-irina-bruning-social-work/|title=President Ramnath Kovind presents Padma Shri to Ms Friederike Irina Bruning for Social Work|first=Odisha Diary|last=bureau|date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/german-who-dedicated-her-life-to-cows-gets-padma/articleshow/67716663.cms|title=German woman who dedicated life to cows gets Padma Shri on R-Day|last=Jaiswal|first=Anuja|date=29 January 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In May 2019, Bruning's visa extension was denied, which prompted her to threaten to return her Padma Shri. The extension to her student visa was denied due to a technical problem which prevented her from converting her student visa to an employment visa. She later publicly apologised and thanked [[Sushma Swaraj]], the then External Affairs Minister, for looking into the matter.<ref name="NDTVReturn2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/denied-visa-extension-padma-shri-winner-says-will-return-award-report-2043298|title=Denied Visa Extension, Padma Shri Winner Says Will Return Award: Report|website=NDTV.com|date=26 May 2019|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-awardee-german-gau-rakshak-regrets-outburst-over-visa-rejection-1535707-2019-05-27|title=Padma awardee German gau rakshak regrets outburst over visa rejection|last=Mohan|first=Geeta|date=27 May 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{authority control|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruning, Friederike Irina}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Activists from Berlin]]
[[Category:German women activists]]
[[Category:German animal rights activists]]
[[Category:German expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki

2026-02-05T04:27:44Z

Pt.debotosh dey: made stub

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Pranali Rathod]]
*Kinshuk Vaidya
}}
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 50
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rajesh Ram Singh Pradeep Kumar
| director = Pankaj Batra
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment
| network = [[And TV|& TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|06|18}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2019|08|26}}
}}

'''''Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki''''' ({{Translation|Don't ask the caste of love}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic drama television series that premiered from 18 June 2019 to 26 August 2019 on [[And TV|& TV]] and is digitally available on [[ZEE5]]. An adaptation of the films ''[[Sairat]]'' and ''[[Dhadak]]'', it starred Kinshuk Vaidya and [[Pranali Rathod]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki is the official television adaptation of the films 'Sairat' and 'Dhadak'|work=Jagaran.com|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-jaat-na-puchho-prem-ki-is-new-tv-serial-after-sairat-and-dhadak-film-19282762.html|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
Badal and Suman are from two different caste backgrounds. While Badal is a dalit, Suman is a brahmin. They are in love and try to pursue their relationship despite the social dictates of casteism.

They attempt to change the mindset of their respective families and eventually, the society. After facing several tribulations, Suman and Badal are reunited and they get married.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Kinshuk Vaidya as Badal: Chatura's son; Suman's husband
* [[Pranali Rathod]] as Suman Pandey: Pujan's daughter; Badal's wife

===Recurring===
* Sai Ballal as Pujan Pandey: Suman's father
* [[Avinash Mukherjee]] as Arjun Mishra: Sharmila's son; Suman's prospective groom
* Amita Choksi as Chatura: Badal's mother
* Garima Agarwal as Sharmila Mishra: Arjun's mother
* Aloknath Pathak as Ramashish Shukla
* Geetika Mehandru as Jhimli
* Daksh Sharma as Rajendra
* Mohit Tiwari as Gajju
* Yogendra Singh
* Sanjay Sonu

==Production==
===Casting===
Kinshuk Vaidya was cast to portray a Dalit boy, Badal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kinshuk Vaidya: Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki deals with issues that needs to be discussed|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kinshuk-vaidya-jaat-na-poocho-prem-ki-5833488/lite/|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> For his role, he lost 10 kg. to fit into the character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kinshuk Vaidya to follow Keto diet, set to lose 10 kilos for his new role in 'Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki'|work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kinshuk-vaidya-to-follow-keto-diet-set-to-lose-10-kilos-for-his-new-role-in-jaat-na-poocho-prem-ki/articleshow/69430115.cms |access-date=2023-01-29 |date=2019-05-21}}</ref>

[[Pranali Rathod]] was cast to portray Suman, marking her fiction debut with the show. She played a Banarasi character."<ref name="PR">{{Cite web |title=Banaras is a complete package. Yahan ki har cheez badhiya hai: Pranali Rathod |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 July 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/banaras-is-a-complete-package-yahan-ki-har-cheez-badhiya-hai-pranali-rathod/articleshow/70092234.cms}}</ref>

Sai Ballal was cast to portray Rathod's father.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sai Ballal to reinvent his negative side with Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki|access-date=8 June 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sai-ballal-to-reinvent-his-negative-side-with-jaat-na-poocho-prem-ki/articleshow/69684331.cms#_ga=2.28540284.1991476989.1666275083-amp-2tmPd8oAjfyJA2CCHFxuUcZjNuKDCxcRLLeMnPsDlLy6qolCDhUwcs3fsZRtbKjB|work=Times Of India}}</ref> [[Avinash Mukherjee]] was cast to portray the negative lead in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avinash Mukherjee returns to TV with ‘Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki’; to portray the negative lead|work=Times Of India|access-date=7 August 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/avinash-mukherjee-returns-to-tv-with-jaat-na-poocho-prem-ki/articleshow/70551135.cms}}</ref>

===Filming===
The series is set in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="PR" /> It is mainly shot at the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]] and Varanasi. Some initial sequences were also shot at [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2019 |title=Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki's Kinshuk Vaidya and Pranali Rathod chill out in Lucknow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kinshuk-vaidya-and-pranali-rathod-chill-out-in-lucknow/articleshow/69740984.cms#_ga=2.36864992.1103323969.1659338152-766253310.1659338152 |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===Release===
''Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki'' promos were released in May 2019. It premeried on 18 June 2019 on [[And TV|&TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Jaat Na Poocho Premi Ki' show launch with the leads, Kinshuk Vaidya and Pranali Rathod|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/jaat-na-poocho-premi-ki-show-launch-with-kinshuk-vaidya-and-pranali-rathod/videoshow/69134197.cms|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>

===Cancellation===
''Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki'' went off air within 2 months on 26 August 2019, due to low viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kinshuk Vaidya and Pranali Rathod's Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki wraps up abruptly within 2 months|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/avinash-mukherjees-comeback-show-wraps-up-abruptly-in-2-weeks-after-his-entry/articleshow/70808132.cms#_ga=2.241868610.1991476989.1666275083-amp-2tmPd8oAjfyJA2CCHFxuUcZjNuKDCxcRLLeMnPsDlLy6qolCDhUwcs3fsZRtbKjB|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
''Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki'' is the official television adaptation of the 2016 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film ''[[Sairat]]'' and the 2018 [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film ''[[Dhadak]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36457512 |title=Sairat: Why a doomed love story has become India's sleeper hit |date=7 June 2016 |publisher=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722054307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36457512 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=2023-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/886432/shashank-khaitan-on-making-dhadak-its-the-most-sincere-and-honest-tribute-to-sairat-possible|title=Shashank Khaitan on making 'Dhadak': 'It's the most sincere and honest tribute to Sairat possible'|first=Devarsi|last=Ghosh|access-date=27 July 2018|work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 3:51
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = Rajesh Ram Singh Pradeep Kumar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

The ''Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki'' soundtrack is composed by [[Ajay–Atul]]. The title song is sung by [[Yasser Desai]] & Aishwarya Pandit.<ref>{{cite web|title=&TV's Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki's Soundtrack is sung by Yasser Desai & Aishwarya Pandit and composed by Ajay-Atul|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spo-TtqGL04 |website=YouTube|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki: Tracklisting
| title1 = Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki
| note1 = Duet
| extra1 = [[Yasser Desai]], Aishwarya Pandit
| length1 = 3:51
}}

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by &TV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10366058}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jaat-na-poocho-prem-ki/0-6-1767 Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki on Zee5]

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

List of speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly

2026-02-04T21:10:39Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Added The Article Needs Work

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
| insignia = File:Seal of Gujarat.svg
| insigniacaption = Seal of Gujarat
| department =
| member_of = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| appointer = Members of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| incumbent = [[Shankar Chaudhary]]
| inaugural =
| incumbentsince = 20 December 2022
| termlength = During the life of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly (five years maximum)
| image = SC Pro Pic 10-04-2016.jpg
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Speaker]] {{small|(informal)}}
| reports_to = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| residence =
| deputy = Deputy Speaker of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
}}

==List of speakers==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election year
!Assembly
! colspan="2" |Party in Majority
!Name
!Term
!Duration
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" | 1st
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|[[Kalyanji V. Mehta]]
|1 May 1960 – 19 August 1960
| {{ayd|1960|5|1|1960|8|19}}
|-
|[[Mansinhji Rana]]
|19 August 1960 – 19 March 1962
| {{ayd|1960|8|19|1962|3|19}}
|-
| [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| 2nd
|[[Fatehali Palejwala]]
|19 March 1962 – 17 March 1967
| {{ayd|1962|3|19|1967|3|17}}
|-
| [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
| rowspan="2" |Raghavji Leuva
| rowspan="2" |17 March 1967 – 28 June 1975
| {{ayd|1967|3|17|1975|6|28}}
|-
| [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| 4th
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| rowspan="3" | 5th
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Kundanlal Dholakia]]
|28 June 1975 – 28 March 1977
| {{ayd|1975|6|28|1977|3|28}}
|-
| |
|
|Manubhai Palkhiwala (Acting Speaker)
|28 March 1977 – 21 April 1977
| {{ayd|1977|3|28|1977|4|21}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|[[Kundanlal Dholakia]]
|21 April 1977 – 20 June 1980
| {{ayd|1977|4|21|1980|6|20}}
|-
| [[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="2" |Natwarlal Shah
| rowspan="2" |20 June 1980 – 8 January 1990
| {{ayd|1980|6|20|1990|1|8}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |7th
|-
|Karsandas Soneri (Acting Speaker)
|8 January 1990 – 19 January 1990
| {{ayd|1990|1|8|1990|1|19}}
|-
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|Barjorji Pardiwala
|19 January 1990 – 16 March 1990
| {{ayd|1990|1|19|1990|3|16}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |8th
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|Shashikant Lakhani
|16 March 1990 – 12 November 1990
| {{ayd|1990|3|16|1990|11|12}}
|-
|Manubhai Parmar (Acting Speaker)
|12 November 1990 – 11 February 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|12|1991|2|11}}
|-
|Himatlal Mulani
|11 February 1991 – 21 March 1995
| {{ayd|1991|2|11|1995|3|21}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" |9th
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=18}}
|[[Harishchandra Patel]]
|21 March 1995 – 16 September 1996
| {{ayd|1995|3|21|1996|9|16}}
|-
|Chandubhai Dabhi (Acting Speaker)
|16 September 1996 – 29 October 1996
| {{ayd|1996|9|16|1996|10|29}}
|-
|[[Gumansinhji Vaghela]]
|29 October 1996 – 19 March 1998
| {{ayd|1996|10|29|1998|3|19}}
|-
| [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| 10th
|[[Dhirubhai Shah]]
|19 March 1998 – 27 December 2002
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|2002|12|27}}
|-
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| 11th
|Prof. [[Mangaldas Patel]]
|27 December 2002 – 18 January 2008
| {{ayd|2002|12|27|2008|1|18}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="5" | 12th
|[[Ashok Bhatt]]
|18 January 2008 – 29 September 2010
| {{ayd|2008|1|18|2010|9|29}}
|-
|Prof. [[Mangaldas Patel]] (Acting Speaker)
|29 September 2010 – 23 February 2011
| {{ayd|2010|9|29|2011|2|23}}
|-
|[[Ganpat Vasava]]
|23 February 2011 – 26 December 2012
| {{ayd|2011|2|23|2012|12|26}}
|-
|[[Vajubhai Vala]] (Acting Speaker)
|26 December 2012 - 19 January 2013<ref name=vvs>{{cite news | url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/GUJ-OTC-gujarat-vala-resigns-as-speaker-to-be-made-speaker-4153072-NOR.html | title=Gujarat: Vala resigns as speaker to be made speaker | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=23 January 2013 | access-date=24 January 2013 | archive-date=26 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126092057/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/GUJ-OTC-gujarat-vala-resigns-as-speaker-to-be-made-speaker-4153072-NOR.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| {{ayd|2012|12|26|2013|1|19}}
|-
|[[Neema Acharya]] (Acting Speaker)<ref name=vvs/>
|19 January 2013 – 22 January 2013
| {{ayd|2013|1|19|2013|1|22}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="5" |13th
|[[Vajubhai Vala]]
|23 January 2013<ref name=vv>{{cite news | url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/vaju-vala-unanimously-elected-new-speakergujarat-assembly/203738/on | title=Vaju Vala unanimously elected new speaker of Gujarat Assembly | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=23 January 2013 | access-date=24 January 2013 | author=Balan, Premal | location=Gandhinagar | archive-date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215164641/http://business-standard.com/india/news/vaju-vala-unanimously-elected-new-speakergujarat-assembly/203738/on | url-status=live }}</ref> - 30 August 2014<ref name=oni>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/vajubhai-rudabhai-vala-to-take-oath-as-karnataka-governor-on-sept-1-1512186.html|work=One India News|date=30 August 2014|title=Vajubhai Rudabhai Vala to take oath as Karnataka Guv on Sept 1|access-date=31 August 2014|archive-date=10 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910233224/http://news.oneindia.in/india/vajubhai-rudabhai-vala-to-take-oath-as-karnataka-governor-on-sept-1-1512186.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{ayd|2013|1|23|2014|8|30}}
|-
|[[Mangubhai C. Patel]] (Acting Speaker)
| 30 August 2014 – 9 November 2014
| {{ayd|2014|8|30|2014|11|9}}
|-
|[[Ganpat Vasava]]
| 9 November 2014 – 7 August 2016
| {{ayd|2014|11|9|2016|8|7}}
|-
|[[Parbatbhai Patel]] (Acting Speaker)
| 7 August 2016 – 22 August 2016
| {{ayd|2016|8|7|2016|8|22}}
|-
|[[Ramanlal Vora]]<ref name="BS2016">{{cite web|title=Ramanlal Vora elected unopposed new Speaker of Gujarat Assembly|website=Business Standard News|date=22 August 2016|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ramanlal-vora-elected-unopposed-new-speaker-of-gujarat-assembly-116082201043_1.html|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823163408/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ramanlal-vora-elected-unopposed-new-speaker-of-gujarat-assembly-116082201043_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 22 August 2016 – 19 February 2018
| {{ayd|2016|8|22|2018|2|19}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[14th Gujarat Assembly|14th]]
|[[Rajendra Trivedi]]
| 19 February 2018 – 13 September 2021
| {{ayd|2018|2|19|2021|9|13}}
|-
|[[Dr. Nimaben Acharya]]
|13 September 2021 – 20 December 2022
| {{ayd|2021|9|13|2022|12|20}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[15th Gujarat Assembly|15th]]
|[[Shankar Chaudhary]]<ref name="auto">{{citation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/shankar-chaudhary-appointed-gujarat-assembly-speaker-jetha-ahir-deputy-speaker|title=Shankar Chaudhary appointed as Gujarat Legislative Assembly Speaker|date=20 December 2022 }}</ref>
|20 December 2022 - Incumbent
| {{ayd|2022|12|20|2024|9|30}} 
|}
== Deputy speaker==
== Pro tem Speaker ==

=== List of Pro tem Speakers ===
[[Yogesh Patel]] 2022
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:India politics-related lists by state or union territory|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat politics-related lists|Speakers]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Gujarat]]

Birupa River

2026-01-24T14:26:30Z

Pt.debotosh dey:

{{Infobox river
| name = Birupa River
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| image = Birupa River 03.jpg
| image_caption = Birupa River near village Mulabasant, [[Cuttack]]
| map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Birupa River mouth
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| length =
| source1 = [[Mahanadi|Mahanadi River]]
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates = {{Coord|20|29|49.9|N|85|54|15.24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_location = Dhamra
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| basincountries =
}}
The '''Birupa River''' is a river which flows through the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref name=oneindia/><ref>{{cite book |author1=N. N. Banerjei · |title=Report on the Agriculture of the District of Cuttack |date=1893 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLxAAQAAMAAJ&dq=Birupa&pg=PA11}}</ref> It is a distributary of the [[Mahanadi|Mahanadi River]]. It originates from the [[Mahanadi]]'s upper reaches and joins the [[Brahmani River]] at [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krushnanagar]] before emptying into the [[Bay of Bengal]] at [[Dhamra]].<ref name=study/> It is one of several distributaries of the Mahanadi, including the Paika, [[Chitroptala river|Chitroptala]], Genguti, and Lun rivers.

Birupa River holds historical and religious significance in coastal Orissa. The river was a popular destination for pilgrims visiting [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] shrines, and it also served as a route for [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] traveling to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] and [[Java]]. The Pancha Pandava temple in Jalauka, built around the 9th century, has beautiful carvings from the [[Somavamsi dynasty]] and is situated on the banks of the River Birupa.<ref name=oneindia>{{cite news |title=Birupa river likely to fade into history - WSO |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/21/birupa-river-likely-to-fade-into-history-wso-1164117868.html?story=1 |publisher=[[Oneindia.com]] |date=November 21, 2006}}</ref>

Badi Genguti is a river tributary of the Birupa River in the coastal plains of the Lower Sub Basin of [[Mahanadi]]. It branches out from the Birupa at Samsarpur village and flows for 25 kilometer before rejoining the Birupa at [[Kharagpur]] village. Both the Birupa and Badi Genguti rivers traverse through the districts of [[Cuttack]], [[Kendrapara]], and [[Jagatsinghpur]], characterized by elevations ranging from 10 to 50 meters.<ref name=study>{{cite book |title=Final Feasibility Report of Cluster 4 - Birupa / Badi Genguti / Brahmani River |url=https://iwai.nic.in/sites/default/files/837781983NW-22%20Birupa%20Badi%20Genguti%20Brahmani%20Final%20FSR.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Hydrography of Odisha}}
{{Hydrography of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Eastern Ghats|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]
[[Category:Rivers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Mahanadi River]]
{{India-river-stub}}

PARAM

2026-01-09T22:08:12Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made New Info Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian series of supercomputers}}
{{Infobox organization
| formation = late 1980's
| logo = PARAM supercomputers logo.jpg
| type = [[Supercomputers]]
| parent_organization = [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

'''PARAM''' is a series of [[Supercomputing in India|Indian]] [[supercomputer]]s designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in [[Pune]].<ref name="UNIDO" /><ref name="1996-kahaner" /> PARAM means "supreme" in the [[Sanskrit language]], whilst also creating an acronym for "PARAllel Machine".<ref name="UNIDO" />

==History==
{{further|Supercomputing in India}}
C-DAC was created in November 1987, originally as the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology (C-DACT).<ref name="1989-delapierre" /> This was in response to issues purchasing supercomputers from foreign sources.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> The Indian Government decided to try and develop indigenous computing technology.<ref name=1999-bbc />

===PARAM 8000===
The PARAM 8000 was the first machine in the series and was built from scratch.<ref name="1996-kahaner" /> A [[prototype]] was [[Benchmark (computing)|benchmarked]] at the "1990 Zurich Super-computing Show":<ref group="note">This is likely the CONPAR 90 - VAPP IV, Joint International Conference on Vector and Parallel Processing, which took place in Zurich, Switzerland, 10–13 September 1990. The statement is difficult to fully attest to other than the referenced article. The proceedings of the conference can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53065-7</ref> of the machines that ran at the show it came second only to one from the United States.<ref name=1998-outlook />

A 64-node machine was delivered in August 1991.<ref name="1996-kahaner" /><ref name="UNIDO" /> Each node used [[Inmos]] T800/T805 [[transputer]]s.<ref name="UNIDO" /> A 256-node machine had a theoretical performance of 1GFLOPS, however in practice had a sustained performance of 100-200MFLOPS.<ref name="UNIDO" /><ref name="1996-kahaner" /> PARAM 8000 was a [[distributed memory]] [[Multiple instruction, multiple data|MIMD]] architecture with a reconfigurable interconnection network.<ref name=1997-marvin />

The PARAM 8000 was noted to be 28 times more powerful than the Cray X-MP that the government originally requested, for the same $10 million cost quoted for it.<ref name="1999-rajaraman-p75" />

====Exports====
The computer was a success and was exported to [[Germany]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/02/26/stories/102618ma.htm |title=''Only protected usable knowledge can create wealth.'' |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=26 February 2001 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Apart from taking over the home market, PARAM attracted 14 other buyers with its relatively low price tag of $350,000.<ref name="Washington Post Archive">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1993/03/19/cray-deal-a-casualty-of-atomic-weapon-fears/24f11e87-effe-4a2c-8976-d3d844cb4275/ |title=CRAY DEAL A CASUALTY OF ATOMIC WEAPON FEARS|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

The computer was also exported to the ICAD [[Moscow]] in 1991 under [[Russia]]n collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdac.in/html/about/success/moscow.aspx |title=C-DAC furthering ties with ICAD, Moscow: From PARAM 5ooo to PARAM 10000|publisher=Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) |access-date=15 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdac.in/html/press/1q06/spot563.aspx |title=Supercomputer being developed at Pune, Bangalore will be ready in 6 months| quote=...giving India her first indigenous supercomputer in 1991 (PARAM 8000)|publisher=Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) |access-date=15 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdac.in/index.aspx?id=aboutus_digital_india_week|title=Digital India Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/82076/india-first-supercomputer-param-cdac-vijay-bhatkar/|title=The Little Known Story of How India's First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991|date=13 January 2017|work=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

===PARAM 8600===
PARAM 8600 was an improvement over PARAM 8000. In 1992 C-DAC realised its machines were underpowered and wished to integrate the newly released [[Intel i860]] processor.<ref name="1994-bhatkar" /> Each node was created with one i860 and four Inmos T800 transputers.<ref name=1997-marvin /><ref name="1996-kahaner" /><ref name="UNIDO" /> The same PARAS programming environment was used for both the PARAM 8000 and 8600; this meant that programs were portable.<ref name="1996-kahaner" /><ref name="UNIDO" /> Each 8600 cluster was noted to be as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters.<ref name="UNIDO" />

===PARAM 9000===
The PARAM (param vashisht lega) 9000 was designed to be merge [[Computer cluster|cluster processing]] and [[Massively parallel (computing)|massively parallel processing]] computing workloads.<ref name="mohan-param9000" /> It was first demonstrated in 1994.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> The design was changed to be modular so that newer processors could be easily accommodated.<ref name=1997-marvin /> Typically a system used 32–40 processors, however it could be scaled up to 200 CPUs using the [[clos network]] topology.<ref name=1997-marvin /> The PARAM 9000/SS was the [[SuperSPARC|SuperSPARC II]] processor variant,<ref name="1995-van-der-steen" /> the PARAM 9000/US used the [[UltraSPARC]] processor,<ref name="1999-rajaraman-p75" /> and the PARAM 9000/AA used the [[DEC Alpha]].<ref name="1996-harkar" />

===PARAM 10000===
The PARAM 10000 was unveiled in 1998 as part of C-DAC's second mission.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> PARAM 10000 used several independent nodes, each based on the [[Sun Enterprise|Sun Enterprise 250]] server; each such server contained two 400[[Mhz]] [[UltraSPARC|UltraSPARC II]] processors. The base configuration had three compute nodes and a server node. The peak speed of this base system was 6.4 [[FLOPS|GFLOPS]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Abraham| last2= Baets|last3=Köppen| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYgCFX6VnT8C&q=param%2010000&pg=PA54|publisher=Springer| year=2006| title=Applied soft computing technologies: the challenge of complexity| page=54| access-date=15 September 2011| isbn= 9783540316626}}</ref> A typical system would contain 160 [[CPU]]s and be capable of 100 [[FLOPS|GFLOPS]]<ref name=bram>{{cite book | last=Ram| first= B.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICjqr6V9S6UC&q=param%20padma&pg=SA1-PA20|publisher=New Age International| title=Computer Fundamentals, Architecture & Organisation| pages=1–20| access-date=15 September 2011| isbn= 9788122420432| date= December 2009}}</ref> But, it was easily scalable to the [[FLOPS|TFLOP]] range. Exported to Russia and Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/computer/1999/sep/28param.htm|title=Rediff on the Net, Infotech: Exporting speed|date=28 September 1999|work=Rediff.com|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>

===Further computers===
Further computers were made in the PARAM series as one-off supercomputers, rather than serial production machines. From the late 2010s many machines were created as part of the [[Supercomputing in India#National Supercomputing Mission|National Supercomputing Mission]].

== Supercomputer summary ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+PARAM Timeline
! Name
! Release year
! Notes
! [[LINPACK benchmarks#HPLinpack|Rmax]]
! [[LINPACK benchmarks#HPLinpack|Rpeak]]
! Location
|-
| PARAM 8000
| 1991
| Inmos T800 Transputers, Distributed Memory MIMD, 64 processors
|
|
| Multiple
|-
| PARAM 8600
| 1992
| Improved version of PARAM 8000. Intel i860, 256 processors. Each 8600 cluster was as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nataraj |first=Poornima |date=2022-03-11 |title=Indian PARAM Supercomputers (Complete List) |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-mysteries/a-complete-list-of-indian-param-supercomputers/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=AIM |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 5 [[GFLOPS]]
|
| Multiple
|-
| PARAM 9900
| 1994
| [[Clos network]]. SuperSPARC II, [[UltraSPARC]] and [[DEC Alpha]] variants, 32 to 200 processors
|
|
| Multiple
|-
| PARAM 10000
| 1998
| [[Sun Enterprise|Sun Enterprise 250]], 400Mhz UltraSPARC [[UltraSPARC II]] processor, 160 processors
| 6.4 GFLOPS
|
| [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj]]
|-
| PARAM Padma
| 2002<ref name="2004-sinha" />
| 1TB storage, 248 [[IBM]] [[POWER4|Power4]] – 1 GHz,<ref name="2004-sinha" /> [[IBM AIX|IBM AIX 5.1L]], PARAMNet. PARAM Padma was the first Indian machine ranked on a worldwide supercomputer list.<ref name="2004-sinha" />
| 1024 GFLOPS
|
| [[C-DAC]] [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| PARAM Yuva
| 2008
| 4608 cores, [[Tigerton (microprocessor)#Tigerton|Intel 73XX]] – 2.9 GHz, 25 to 200 TB,<ref name="pri"/> PARAMnet 3.
| 38.1 TFLOPS<ref name=top500yuva>{{cite web|url=http://www.top500.org/system/performance/9746|title=Top500: "PARAM Yuva" Cluster (Performance)|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320010215/http://www.top500.org/system/performance/9746|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 54 TFLOPS<ref name=top500yuva />
|
|-
| PARAM Yuva II
| 2013
| Created in three months at a cost of {{INRConvert|160|m|0}} - first Indian supercomputer to achieve more than 500 teraflops.<ref name=toi9f>{{cite news|title=C-DAC unveils India's fastest supercomputer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/it-services/c-dac-unveils-indias-fastest-supercomputer/articleshow/18410535.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602020130/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-09/infrastructure/37007113_1_petaflop-supercomputer-dac|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=dnai8f>{{cite news|title=India's fastest supercomputer 'Param Yuva II' unveiled|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-s-fastest-supercomputer-param-yuva-ii-unveiled_1797925|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=DNA India|date=8 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=ect9f>{{cite news|title=C-DAC unveils India's fastest supercomputer Param Yuva II|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/c-dac-unveils-indias-fastest-supercomputer-param-yuva-ii/articleshow/18411041.cms|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=9 February 2013}}</ref> Intel is the original equipment manufacturer and NetWeb technologies is the system integrator. It is interconnected with [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] and [[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]] via National Knowledge Network.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mhaske |first=Pavan |date=2016-04-13 |title=Top 5 Supercomputers in India |url=https://www.digit.in/features/general/top-5-supercomputers-in-india-29784.html |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Digit |language=en}}</ref>
| 360.8 TFLOPS<ref name=iw9f>{{cite news|title=C-DAC launches India's fastest supercomputer; becomes first R&D institution in India to cross 500 teraflops milestone|url=http://www.informationweek.in/software/13-02-09/c-dac_launches_india_s_fastest_supercomputer_becomes_first_r_d_institution_in_india_to_cross_500_teraflops_milestone.aspx|access-date=9 February 2013|newspaper=Information Week|date=9 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213082334/http://www.informationweek.in/software/13-02-09/c-dac_launches_india_s_fastest_supercomputer_becomes_first_r_d_institution_in_india_to_cross_500_teraflops_milestone.aspx|archive-date=13 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=cdag9f>{{cite web|title=C-DAC reaffirms India's position on supercomputing map with PARAM Yuva - II|url=http://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl210|publisher=CDAC|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref>
| 524 TFLOPS
| C-DAC [[Pune]]
|-
| PARAM Kanchenjunga<ref>{{cite web|title = PARAM Kanchenjunga inaugurated at NIT Sikkim| url = https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl228|access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref>
| 2016
| Cost ₹3 crore.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Misal |first=Disha |date=2019-07-15 |title=Top 8 Supercomputers Used By Indian Educational Institutes For Research |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-mysteries/8-supercomputers-used-by-indian-educational-institutes-for-their-research/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=AIM |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 15 TFLOPS
|
| [[National Institute of Technology, Sikkim]]
|-
|PARAM Ishan
|2016
|Storage 300TB based on [[Lustre (file system)|Lustre]].<ref name=":2" />
|250 TFLOPS<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Guwahati Gets 'Param-Ishan' Supercomputer, Fastest In Neighborhood |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iit-guwahati-gets-param-ishan-supercomputer-fastest-in-neighborhood-1460622 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|
|[[IIT Guwahati]]
|-
|PARAM Bio-Embryo<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National PARAM Supercomputing Systems - Annual Report 2021 |url=https://nsmindia.in/sites/default/files/National%20PARAM%20Supercomputing%20Systems%20-%20Annual%20Report%202021%2029-04-2022.pdf}}</ref>
|
|
|100 TFLOPS
|
|[[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]], Pune
|-
|PARAM Bio-Inferno<ref name=":0" />
|
|
|147.5 TFLOPS
|
|C-DAC Pune
|-
|PARAM Shrestha<ref name=":0" />
|
|
|100 TFLOPS
|
|C-DAC Pune
|-
|PARAM Neel<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=National Supercomputer Mission- Annual Report 2022 |url=https://nsmindia.in/sites/default/files/NSM-%20AnnualReport-2022-28-v9_master_record.pdf}}</ref>
|
|India's first HPC system that uses the Fujitsu A64fx- NSP1 CPU, an ARM processor with 48 cores and a speed of 1.8 GHz
|100 TFLOPS
|
|C-DAC Pune
|-
|PARAM Shivay<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-19 |title=PM Modi inaugurates supercomputer 'Param Shivay' at IIT-BHU |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pm-modi-inaugurates-supercomputer-param-shivay-at-iit-bhu-5591430/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PARAM Shivay {{!}} NSM |url=https://nsmindia.in/node/155 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=nsmindia.in}}</ref>
|2019
|192 CPU compute nodes, 20 High memory nodes, 11 GPU compute nodes. Cost ₹32.5 crore.
|0.43 PFLOPS
|0.84 PFLOPS
|[[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]
|-
| PARAM Brahma<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/param-brahma-will-allow-scientists-to-address-complex-scientific-problems-6037829/| title=PARAM Brahma will allow scientists to address complex scientific problems|date=29 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.iiserpune.ac.in/research/research-facilities| title=IISER Pune Research Facilities| date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
| 2019
| 1PB storage. Uses Direct Contact Liquid Cooling.<ref name=":2" />
| 0.85 PFLOPS
| 1.7 PFLOPS
| [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]]
|-
| PARAM Siddhi-AI<ref name="PARAMSiddhi">{{Cite news|title=Indias AI supercomputer Param Siddhi 63rd among top 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world|url=https://dst.gov.in/indias-ai-supercomputer-param-siddhi-63rd-among-top-500-most-powerful-non-distributed-computer#:~:text=Param%20Siddhi%2C%20the%20high%20performance,on%2016th%20November%202020.|work=Department of Science and Technology|access-date=2020-12-08}}</ref>
| 2020
| [[Nvidia DGX]] SuperPOD based networking architecture, HPC-AI engine software frame works and cloud platform from [[C-DAC]]
| 4.6 PFLOPS
| 5.267 PFLOPS
| C-DAC Pune
|-
| PARAM Sanganak<ref name="2020-10-12-IITK">{{cite web |title=IIT Kanpur signs an MoU with CDAC for establishing PARAM SANGANAK |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/param-sanganak |website=Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403082925/https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/param-sanganak |archive-date=3 April 2022 |date=12 October 2020}}</ref>
| 2020
|
|
| 1.67 PFLOPS
| [[IIT Kanpur]]
|-
|PARAM Yukti<ref name=":1" />
|2020
|
|
|1.8 PFLOPS
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research|Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific Research]], Bengaluru
|-
|PARAM Sampooran<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=37 supercomputers with a total computing power of 40 Petaflops deployed under the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2201437&reg=3&lang=1 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251213092830/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2201437&reg=3&lang=1 |archive-date=2025-12-13 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|2020
|
|
|27 TFLOPS
|C-DAC Pune
|-
|PARAM Utkarsh<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=PARAM Utkarsh C-DAC Bengaluru |url=https://paramutkarsh.cdac.in/}}</ref>
|2021
|Based on Intel Cascade Lake processor and [[Nvidia Tesla]] V100 GPU with 100 Gbit/s infiniband non-blocking interconnect
|838 TFLOPS
|
|C-DAC Bengaluru
|-
|PARAM Smriti<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIAB {{!}} HOME |url=http://www.ciab.res.in/newsEventsDetails.aspx?id=215 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.ciab.res.in}}</ref>
|2021
|
|
|838 TFLOPS
|National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, [[Mohali]]
|-
|PARAM Seva<ref name=":0" />
|2021
|Based on heterogeneous and hybrid configuration of [[Intel]] [[Xeon]] [[Cascade Lake]] processors, and Nvidia Tesla V100.
|
|838 TFLOPS
|[[IIT Hyderabad]]
|-
|PARAM Spoorthi<ref name=":1" />
|2021
|
|
|100 TFLOPS
|Society for Electronic Transactions and Security, [[Chennai]]
|-
| PARAM Pravega<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iisc.ac.in/events/param-pravega-an-nsm-supercomputer-at-iisc/ | title=Indian Institute of Science }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.serc.iisc.ac.in/supercomputer/for-traditional-hpc-simulations-param-pravega/ | title=For Traditional HPC Simulations: Param Pravega – SUPERCOMPUTER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CENTRE }}</ref>
| 2022
| It runs on [[CentOS]] 7.x, has 4PB storage, Intel Xeon Cascade Lake processors and Nvidia Tesla V100.<ref name=":2" />
|
| 3.3 PFLOPS
| [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru
|-
| PARAM Ganga<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1803833 | title=Petascale Supercomputer "PARAM Ganga" established at IIT Roorkee under National Supercomputing Mission }}</ref>
| 2022
|
|
| 1.67 PFLOPS
| [[IIT Roorkee]]
|-
| PARAM Shakti<ref>{{cite web |title=IIT Kharagpur |url=http://www.hpc.iitkgp.ac.in/HPCF/paramShakti }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Inaugurated on 27 March 2022</ref>
| 2022
|
| 850 TFLOPS
|1.66 PFLOPS
| [[IIT Kharagpur]]
|-
|PARAM Ananta<ref>{{Cite web |title=PARAM ANANTA Supercomputer commissioned at IIT, Gandhinagar |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1829512 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|2022
|
|
|838 TFLOPS
|[[IIT Gandhinagar]]
|-
|PARAM Himalaya<ref name=":1" />
|2022
|
|
|838 TFLOPS
|[[IIT Mandi]]
|-
| PARAM Kamrupa<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India in Assam; Inaugurates supercomputer facility and laboratory for the design and development of high power microwave components at IIT Guwahati and medical college and hospital at Dhubri; also lays foundation stones for two zonal institutes of NIV |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1867510 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
| 2022
|107 CPU nodes, 10 GPU nodes, 9 high memory nodes, 740 CPU cores, 102400 [[CUDA]] cores. It runs on low and high microwave power with active and passive high energy source.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates supercomputer facility at IIT Guwahati |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/president-droupadi-murmu-inaugurates-supercomputer-facility-at-iit-guwahati-101665672889959.html |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalita |first=Prabin |date=October 11, 2022 |title=President Droupadi Murmu to inaugurate supercomputer 'Param Kamrupa' at IIT-Guwahati on October 13 {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/president-droupadi-murmu-to-inaugurate-supercomputer-param-kamrupa-at-iit-guwahati-on-october-13/articleshow/94781197.cms |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates 'PARAM KAMRUPA' Supercomputer facility at IIT Guwahati |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=President-Droupadi-Murmu-inaugurates-%E2%80%98PARAM-KAMRUPA%E2%80%99-Supercomputer-facility-at-IIT-Guwahati&id=449269 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India in Assam; Inaugurates supercomputer facility and laboratory for the design and development of high power microwave components at IIT Guwahati and medical college and hospital at Dhubri; also lays foundation stones for two zonal institutes of NIV |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1867510 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> [[Liquid cooling for computers|Liquid cooling]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalita |first=Kangkan |date=2022-10-14 |title=IIT-Guwahati gets northeast's fastest supercomputer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/iit-g-gets-nes-fastest-supercomputer/articleshow/94849460.cms |access-date=2024-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|838 TFLOPS
|1.5 PFLOPS
|IIT Guwahati<ref>{{cite news |title=President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates 'PARAM KAMRUPA' Supercomputer facility at IIT Guwahati |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=President-Droupadi-Murmu-inaugurates-%E2%80%98PARAM-KAMRUPA%E2%80%99-Supercomputer-facility-at-IIT-Guwahati&id=449269 |work=newsonair.gov.in |agency=[[All India Radio|All India Radio News]] |publisher=[[Prasar Bharati]] |date=13 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|PARAM Porul<ref>{{Cite web |title=PARAM PORUL Supercomputer inaugurated at NIT, Tiruchirappalli |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1828171 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|2022
|107 CPU nodes, 10 GPU nodes, 39 high memory nodes, 102400 CUDA cores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PARAM Porul |url=https://paramporul.nitt.edu/ }}</ref>
|
|838 TFLOPS
|[[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]
|-
|PARAM Vidya<ref name=":4" />
|2022
|
|
|52.3 TFLOPS
|Multiple<ref name=":4" />
|-
|PARAM AIRAWAT
|2023
|The combined AIRAWAT PoC of 200 AI Petaflops and PARAM Siddhi-AI of 210 AI Petaflops results in a sustained computing capacity of 8.5 Petaflops (Rmax) Double Precision and a total peak compute of 410 AI Petaflops Mixed Precision. 13 Petaflops is the maximum computation capacity (Double Precision, Rpeak). A plan for expanding AIRAWAT to 1,000 AI Petaflops of Mixed Precision computing capacity has been envisioned by MeitY.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2023 |title=AI Supercomputer 'AIRAWAT' puts India among top supercomputing league |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1926942 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India.}}</ref>
|8.5 PFLOPS
|13 PFLOPS
|C-DAC Pune
|-
|Param System
|2024
|
|
|50 AI PF/1.3 PF
|NIC Delhi
|-
|PARAM Rudra<ref name=":0" />
|2021 - 2026
|Based on Intel Xeon 2nd Generation Cascade Lake dual socket processors, [[Nvidia A100]] GPU, 35TB memory, and 2PB storage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Named after Lord Shiva: All about India's Param Rudra Supercomputer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/named-after-lord-shiva-all-about-indias-param-rudra-supercomputer-2607212-2024-09-27 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Cost ₹130 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2024 |title=PM Modi launches 3 PARAM Rudra supercomputers developed indigenously |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-launches-3-param-rudra-supercomputers-developed-indigenously-101727355406739.html |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|
|
|Multiple<ref name=":4" />
|}

==PARAMNet==
'''PARAMNet''' is a high speed high [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] low [[latency (engineering)|latency]] [[Local area network|network]] developed for the PARAM series. The original PARAMNet used an 8 port cascadable non-blocking [[Network switch|switch]] developed by C-DAC. Each port provided 400 [[Mbps#Megabit per second|Mb/s]] in both directions (thus 2x400 Mbit/s) as it was a [[Full duplex#Full-duplex|full-duplex]] network. It was first used in PARAM 10000.<ref name="1999-rajaraman-p75"/>

'''PARAMNet II''', introduced with PARAM Padma, is capable of 2.5 [[Gigabit per second|Gbit/s]] while working [[Full duplex#Full-duplex|full-duplex]]. It supports interfaces like [[Virtual Interface Architecture]] and [[Active messages]]. It uses 8 or 16 port [[System Area Network|SAN]] [[Network switch|switches]].<ref name=sci>{{cite book | last=Singh| first=Ashok Kumar | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CzV1MgFH6oMC&q=paramnet&pg=PA217|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education| title=Science And Technology For Civil Service| page=216| access-date=15 September 2011| isbn=9780070655485 | date=July 2007 }}</ref>

'''PARAMNet-3''', used in PARAM Yuva and PARAM Yuva-II, is next generation high performance networking component for building supercomputing systems. PARAMNet-3 consists of tightly integrated hardware and software components. The hardware components consist of Network Interface Cards (NIC) based on CDAC's fourth generation communication co-processor "GEMINI", and modular 48-port Packet Routing Switch "ANVAY". The software component "KSHIPRA" is a lightweight protocol stack designed to exploit capabilities of hardware and to provide industry standard interfaces to the applications. Other application areas identified for deployment of PARAMNet-3 are storage and database applications.<ref name=paramnet3>{{cite web|title = PARAMNet3| url = https://cdac.in/index.aspx?id=hpc_ss_paramnet3|quote=PARAMNet-3, a high performance clusters interconnect developed indigenously by CDAC.|access-date=26 November 2018 }}</ref>

==Operators==
PARAM supercomputers are used by both public and private<ref name=pri>{{cite news | title= PARAM Yuva supercomputer now open to private sector| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2906865.stm| newspaper=Indian Express| quote=With an enhanced storage capacity of 200 TB from 25 TB, a large number of users can use it for data processing and storage at the same time.|date=26 February 2011|access-date=15 September 2011 }}</ref> operators for various purposes. As of 2008, 52 PARAMs have been deployed. Of these, 8 are located in [[Russia]], [[Singapore]], [[Germany]] and [[Canada]].
PARAMs have also been sold to [[Tanzania]], [[Armenia]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], [[Ghana]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=cdacNewP>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdac.in/html/press/3q09/spot687.aspx|title=C-DAC Press Release: Faster PARAM to take on US supercomputer |access-date=15 September 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[EKA (supercomputer)|EKA]]
* [[SAGA-220]], a 220 TeraFLOP supercomputer built by [[ISRO]]
* [[Supercomputing in India]]
* [[Wipro Supernova]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="1996-kahaner">{{cite journal |last1=Kahaner |first1=D.K. |title=Parallel computing in India |journal=IEEE Parallel & Distributed Technology: Systems & Applications |date=1996 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=7–11 |doi=10.1109/88.532134 |quote="L.M. Patnaik developed a significant amount of the factual material for this report."}}</ref>
<ref name="UNIDO">{{cite web |last1=Patnaik |first1=LM |title=High Performance Computing in India and Far-East |url=https://open.unido.org/api/documents/4807303/download/HIGH%20PERFORMANCE%20COMPUTING%20IN%20INDIA%20AND%20FAR-EAST%20%2821339.en%29 |website=United Nations Industrial Development Organisation |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="1994-bhatkar">{{cite book |last1=Bhatkar |first1=V.P. |title=Proceedings of 8th International Parallel Processing Symposium |chapter=PARAM parallel supercomputer: Architecture, programming environment, and applications |date=April 1994 |pages=388–389 |doi=10.1109/IPPS.1994.288273 |isbn=0-8186-5602-6 |s2cid=9917838 }}</ref>
<ref name="mohan-param9000">{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=RN |title=A Microkernel Based Operating System for PARAM 9000 |url=http://gridbus.csse.unimelb.edu.au/~raj/papers/mkernel.pdf |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326212636/http://gridbus.csse.unimelb.edu.au/~raj/papers/mkernel.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="1989-delapierre">{{cite journal |last1=Delapierre |first1=Michel |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Jean-Benoît |title=La nouvelle politique industrielle : le cas de l'informatique |journal=Tiers-Monde |date=1989 |volume=30 |issue=119 |pages=559–576 |doi=10.3406/tiers.1989.3862 }}</ref>
<ref name="2004-sinha">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=P. K. |last2=Dixit |first2=S. P. |last3=Mohanram |first3=N. |last4=Purohit |first4=S. C. |last5=Arora |first5=R. K. |last6=Ramakrishnan |first6=S. |title=Proceedings. 10th IEEE International Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems, 2004. FTDCS 2004 |chapter=Current state and future trends in high performance computing and communications (HPCC) research in India |date=2004 |pages=217–220 |doi=10.1109/FTDCS.2004.1316619 |isbn=0-7695-2118-5 |s2cid=47348115 }}</ref>
<ref name=1999-bbc>{{cite news | first= Habib| last= Beary | title= India unveils huge supercomputer| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2906865.stm| quote=India began developing supercomputers in the late 1980s after being refused one by the US. | newspaper=BBC News| date=25 April 1999 }}</ref>
<ref name=1997-marvin>{{cite book|author1-link=Marvin Victor Zelkowitz| last=Zelkowitz| first=Marvin V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXcFxFEzJjQC&q=param%208000&pg=PA186| year=1997 | title=Advances in Computers, Volume 44| page=186| publisher=Academic Press| access-date=15 September 2011| isbn=9780080566764}}</ref>
<ref name="1996-harkar">{{cite book |last1=Harkar |first1=A. |last2=Shaligram |first2=A.D. |last3=Ghaisas |first3=S.V. |last4=Sundararajan |first4=V. |title=Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC) |chapter=Monte Carlo device simulation on PARAM |date=December 1996 |pages=33–35 |doi=10.1109/HIPC.1996.565792 |isbn=0-8186-7557-8 |s2cid=40870947 }}</ref>
<ref name="1995-van-der-steen">{{cite book |last1=Van der Steen |first1=Aad J. |last2=Dongarra |first2=Jack J |title=Overview of recent supercomputers |date=1995 |publisher=National Computing Facilities Foundation (Netherlands) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2810620}}</ref>
<ref name=1998-outlook>{{cite web |url=http://archive.outlookbusiness.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=102117 |title=God, Man And Machine|publisher=PARAM SUKHADIA India |date=1 July 1998 |access-date=15 September 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="1999-rajaraman-p75">{{cite book |last1=Rajaraman |first1=V. |title=Super computers |date=1999 |publisher=Universities Press (India) |location=Hyderabad |isbn=978-8173710971 |page=75 |access-date=15 September 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9Nxe0SPeVkC }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100102081213/http://www.cdac.in/HTML/parampma.asp PARAM Padma information page from C-DAC website]
*[https://nsmindia.in/node/165 National Supercomputing Mission, INDIA]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Param}}
[[Category:Supercomputers]]
[[Category:Information technology in India]]
[[Category:Supercomputing in India]]

Samudrala Sr.

2026-01-08T22:19:16Z

Pt.debotosh dey: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian writer (1902–1968)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samudrala Sr.
| birthname = Samudrala Venkata Raghavacharyulu
| birth_date = 19 July 1902
| birth_place = [[Repalle]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1968|03|16|1902|07|19|df=y}}
| death_place =
| years_active = 1937–1968
| occupation = Screenwriter
| children = [[Samudrala Jr.]]
grandson {samudrala srinivaas }
}}
'''Samudrala Raghavacharya''' (19 July 1902 – 16 March 1968), also known as '''Samudrala Sr.''', was an Indian screenwriter, lyricist, playback singer, director, and producer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA314|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|first1=Ashish|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first2=Paul|last2=Willemen|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943189|page=314}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/50-years-on-pandava-vanavaasam-is-still-appealing/article6787110.ece|title=50 years on, Pandava Vanavaasam is still appealing|first=Suresh|last=Krishnamoorthy|date=14 January 2015|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Samudrala Senior made his screen debut in 1937, and known for his collaborations with [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0710550/bio|title=Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/santhosham-1955/article6401521.ece|title=SANTHOSHAM (1955)|first=M. L.|last=Narasimham|date=11 September 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Samudrala Raghavacharya was born in 1902, in [[Pedapulivarru]], [[Repalle]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

==Filmography==
===Writer===
{{colbegin}}
# ''Kanakatara'' (1937) (debut) (dialogues and lyrics)
# ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1938 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]'' (1938)
# ''Vande Mataram'' (1939) (dialogue)
# ''[[Sumangali (1940 film)|Sumangali]]'' (1940) (dialogue)
# ''[[Devata (1941 film)|Devata]]'' (1941) (dialogue)
# ''Bhakta Potana'' (1942) (story and dialogue)
# ''[[Chenchu Lakshmi (1943 film)|Chenchu Lakshmi]]'' (1943) (story and dialogue)
# ''Garuda Garvabhangam'' (1943) (dialogue)
# ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1947 film)|Palnati Yudham]]'' (1947) (dialogue) (screen adaptation)
# ''Ratnamala'' (1947)
# ''[[Yogi Vemana]]'' (1947)
# ''[[Mana Desam]]'' (1949) (dialogue)
# ''Laila Majnu'' (1949/I) (adaptation) (dialogue)
# ''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]'' (1950)
# ''Navvite Navaratnalu'' (1951)
# ''[[Chandirani]]'' (1953)
# ''[[Bratuku Theruvu]]'' (1953) (dialogue) (story)
# ''[[Devdas (1953 Telugu film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953) (dialogue and screen adaptation)
# ''[[Vipra Narayana]]'' (1954) (dialogues and lyrics)
# ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955) (lyrics)
# ''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]'' (1955) (dialogue) (story)
# ''[[Jayam Manade]]'' (1956) (dialogue) (story)
# ''Kanakatara'' (1956)
# ''[[Sarangadhara]]'' (1957) (adaptation) (dialogue)
# ''[[Vinayaka Chaviti]]'' (1957)
# ''[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Bhookailas]]'' (1958)
# ''[[Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1960 film)|Seetarama Kalyanam]]'' (1960) (dialogue)
# ''[[Batasari]]'' (1961) (screen adaptation, dialogues and lyrics)
# ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963)
# ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' (1963) (adaptation) (dialogue)
# ''[[Babruvahana]]'' (1964) (dialogue) (story)
# ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' (1967)
# ''Sree Ramakatha'' (1968)
# ''[[Veeranjaneya]]'' (1968)
{{colend}}

===Director===
# ''[[Babruvahana]]'' (1964)
# ''Bhakta Raghunath'' (1960)
# ''[[Vinayaka Chaviti]]'' (1957)

===Producer===
# ''[[Devdas (1953 Telugu film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953) (producer)
# ''Shanti'' (1952) (producer)
# ''Strisahasam'' (1951/I) (producer)

===Playback singer===
# ''Bhakta Raghunath'' (1960) (playback singer)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0706478}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavacharya, Samudrala}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Swarajyajanani Jijamata

2025-12-30T00:16:09Z

Pt.debotosh dey: done

{{Short description|Indian biography drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| num_episodes = 573
| caption =
| genre = [[Biography|Biopic Drama]]
| creator =
| writer =
| director = Vivek Deshpande Ajay Kurne
| starring = {{ubl|[[Neena Kulkarni]]|[[Amol Kolhe]]|[[Bhargavi Chirmule]]|Amruta Pawar|Shantanu Moghe|Roshan Vichare}}
| theme_music_composer = Mandar Cholkar Abhijeet Pendharkar
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| image = Swarajya Janani Jijamata.jpg
| image_size = 300
| executive_producer =
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Amol Kolhe]] Vilas Sawant Sonali Rao
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Jagdamb Creations
| network = [[Sony Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|08|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|10|03}}
}}

'''''Swarajya Janani Jijamata''''' is an Indian Marathi television [[Biography|biopic drama]] premiered on 19 August 2019 airing on [[Sony Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV show Swarajya Janani Jijamata completes 300 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tv-show-swarajya-janani-jijamata-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/79320273.cms|access-date=2022-06-27|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Swarajya Janani Jijamata set for a time leap; Neena Kulkarni and Amol Kolhe to portray Jijamata and Shivaji respectively - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-swarajya-janani-jijamata-set-for-a-time-leap-neena-kulkarni-and-amol-kolhe-to-portray-jijamata-and-chatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-respectively/articleshow/79627160.cms|access-date=2021-03-07|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
It is the story of [[Jijabai|Jijamata]], mother of Maharashtra's idol [[Shivaji]]. It shows Jijamata's personal life since a young age and chaotic times she grew up in. The show takes us through all the phases of her life and roles she played as a daughter, wife, mother and queen of swarajya.

== Cast ==
* [[Amol Kolhe]] as [[Shivaji]]
** Divesh Medge as [[Shivaji|Young Shivaji]]
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as [[Jijabai|Elder Jijamata]]
** [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] as [[Jijabai|Middle-Aged Jijamata]]
*** Amruta Pawar as [[Jijabai|Young Jijamata]]
**** Nishtha Vaidya as [[Jijabai|Child Jijamata]]
* Shantanu Moghe as [[Shahaji]]
** Vikram Gaikwad as [[Shahaji|Middle-Aged Shahaji]]
*** Roshan Vichare as [[Shahaji|Young Shahaji]]
**** [[Sahil Deshmukh Khan]] as [[Shahaji|Child Shahaji]]
* Amit Tadwalkar as [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]]
* Smita Shewale as Umabai
* Parineeta Pawaskar as Godatai
* Gauri Kiran as Soyarabai
* Swapnali Patil as Mhalsabai Jadhav (Jijamata's mother)
* Sneha Mangal as Bhagirathibai
* Sayali Sunil as Putalabai
* Vinay Hake as Moin Khan
* Amod Jande as Jagdevrao Jadhav (Jijamata's Uncle)
* Shripad Panase as Bajiprabhu Deshpande
* Monika Dabade as Shevanta / Sakina
* [[Priya Marathe]] as Raibagan
* Ahmad Harhash as Main Khan

== Production ==
It is produced by [[Amol Kolhe]] under the banner of Jagdamb Creations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Amol Kolhe Shares Promo Of New TV Show 'Swarajya Janani Jijamata'|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/dr-amol-kolhe-shares-promo-of-new-tv-show-swarajya-janani-jijamata/5d3b001caa64ef2a19594263|access-date=2021-03-07|website=SpotboyE}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Amruta Pawar was selected for Middle age [[Jijabai|Jijamata]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=अमृता पवार साकारणार जिजाऊंची भूमिका!|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/amruta-pawar-as-jijau-in-swarajya-janani-jijamata/photoshow/70376893.cms|access-date=2021-03-07|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> After few days Amruta quits the show and [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] reprising the role of [[Jijabai|Jijamata]]{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} After that Bhargavi also quits the show then, [[Neena Kulkarni]] was selected for Elder [[Jijabai|Jijamata]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title=अभिनेत्री नीना कुळकर्णी साकारणार जिजामातांची भूमिका|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/neena-kulkarni-to-play-jijamata-in-swarajya-janani-jijamata-serial-ssv-92-2352124/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> [[Amol Kolhe]] was cast in the role of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Amol Kolhe to feature in Swarajya Janani Jijamata soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actor-amol-kolhe-to-feature-in-swarajya-janani-jijamata-soon/articleshow/77886379.cms|access-date=2021-03-07|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11349064}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/swarajya-janani-jijamata-1700000033 ''Swarajya Janani Jijamata''] at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Sony Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

P. P. Parikh

2025-12-28T16:44:05Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Made Some Pg W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian mechanical engineer}}

{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=October 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=October 2024}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
'''Pravina Pravin Parikh''' (1941–2023, published as P. P. Parikh) was an Indian mechanical engineer specializing in [[internal combustion engine]]s and [[alternative fuel]]s,{{r|obit}} and especially known for her unified method for estimating the [[higher heating value]] of a fuel from its composition.{{r|unified}} Another of her research interests was the status of [[women in engineering]].{{r|bio|obit}}

==Life, education, and career==
Parikh was born on January 14, 1941.{{r|obit}} She was an undergraduate in the [[Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute]] of the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]], and received a master's degree and Ph.D. from [[IIT Bombay]].{{r|bio}}

She became a faculty member in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at IIT Bombay in 1963, and was promoted to professor in 1984.{{r|bio}} After retiring as [[professor emerita]], she died on March 14, 2023.{{r|obit}}

==Recognition==
Parikh was a member of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],{{r|wfi}} elected in 1990.{{r|bio}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=bio>Author biography from {{citation|url=https://www.ijee.ie/articles/Vol19-4/IJEE1392.pdf|title=Job Status and Career Profile of Women Engineers in India|journal=International Journal of Engineering Education|volume=19|issue=4|pages=631–638|year=2003|first1=P. P.|last1=Parikh|first2=R.|last2=Bindu|first3=S. P.|last3=Sukhatme}}</ref>

<ref name=obit>{{citation|url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/INAE-e-newsletter-Vol-XV-Issue-1-January-2024.pdf|title=Obituary: Prof Pravina P Parikh|work=Indian National Academy of Engineering E-Newsletter|volume=XV|issue=1|date=January 2024|page=45}}</ref>

<ref name=unified>{{citation
| last1 = Channiwala | first1 = S.A.
| last2 = Parikh | first2 = P.P.
| date = May 2002
| doi = 10.1016/s0016-2361(01)00131-4
| issue = 8
| journal = Fuel
| pages = 1051–1063
| title = A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels
| volume = 81| bibcode = 2002Fuel...81.1051C
}}</ref>

<ref name=wfi>{{citation|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Women_Fellows_of_INAE|title=Women Fellows of INAE|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=2024-10-31}}</ref>

</references>

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parikh, P. P.}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Women mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]

1972–73 Durand Cup final

2025-12-25T18:05:17Z

Pt.debotosh dey:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1972–73 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Durand Cup|1972–73 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| details = East Bengal won after a [[Replay (sports)#Association football|replay]]
| firstleg = Final
| team1score1 = 0
| team2score1 = 0
| date1 = 11 January 1973
| stadium1 = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]]
| city1 = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| referee1 = J. P. Coutinho
| attendance1 = 20,000 (estd.)
| secondleg = Replay
| team1score2 = 1
| team2score2 = 0
| date2 = 12 January 1973
| stadium2 = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]]
| city2 = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| referee2 = J. P. Coutinho
| attendance2 = 15,000 (estd.)
| weather =
| previous = 1971
| next = 1973
}}

The '''1972–73 Durand Cup final''' was the 68th final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan]] first on 11 January 1973 and the replay on 12 January 1973 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].

East Bengal won the replay final 1–0 to claim their 7th Durand Cup title. [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] scored the only goal in the final as East Bengal lifted their seventh Durand Cup title.<ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=11 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 November 2022}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|B.B.Star
|colspan="1"|10–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|First Round
|style="text-align:left"|Ambala Heroes
|colspan="1"|2–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Sikh Regimental Centre
|colspan="1"|3–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Second Round
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad City Police FC|Andhra Police]]
|colspan="1"|3–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madras Regiment|Madras Regimental Centre]]
|colspan="1"|2–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
|colspan="1"|1–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Simla Youngs FC|Simla Youngs]]
|colspan="1"|1–1; 7–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|Mafatlal
|colspan="1"|1–1; 1–0
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The Durand Cup final began at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 11 January 1973 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan]] faced each other in a [[Kolkata Derby]]. East Bengal reached their ninth Durand Cup final after defeating [[Simla Youngs FC|Simla Youngs]] 7–0 in the semi-final, having won the tournament six times previously in 1951, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1967, and 1970. Mohun Bagan reached their tenth Durand Cup final after they defeated Mafatlal 1–0 in the semi-final, having won the tournament six times previously in 1953, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, and 1965.<ref name=rsssf/> -

East Bengal started as the favourites having a star studded lineup, being unbeaten throughout the season so far, having already won the [[Calcutta Football League]] and the [[IFA Shield]]. Mohun Bagan custodian Tarun Bose was the busiest throughout the match, making multiple saves as East Bengal failed to break the deadlock. Mohun Bagan did get a chance in the twenty-first minute when [[Subhash Bhowmick]] found himself in front of the goal but wasted the opportunity. In the second half, both the teams failed to break the deadlock as the game ended in a 0–0 stalemate. The Durand committee decided to host the replay final the very next day.<ref name=rsssf/><ref name=final>{{cite news |date=12 January 1973 |title= দু' প্রধানের খেলা গোলশূন্য, পুনারনুশ্তহান শুক্রবারে |trans-title=The Kolkata Derby ends in a goalless draw, replay to be held on friday |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=11 January 1973
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 0–0
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=20,000 (est.)
|referee=J. P. Coutinho}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 234f1e
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 234f1e
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Arun Banerjee
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Karmakar ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ashok Banerjee
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandreshwar Prasad
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Prabir Mazumdar
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohon Singh
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gautam Sarkar]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Latifuddin || {{suboff|}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Akbar
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samaresh Chowdhury
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shambhu Mitra || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Bose
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nimai Goswami
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Ghosh
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Nayeemuddin]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shankar Banerjee
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamsundar Manna
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Barun Mishra
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surajit Sengupta]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Parimal Dey || {{suboff|}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Najir
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*Replay if scores still level.
|}

==Replay==
===Summary===
The replay final began at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 12 January 1973 as the first final finished in a 0–0 draw.<ref name=rsssf/>

East Bengal once again started as the favourites and made attacks from the very first minute, however, Mohun Bagan custodian Tarun Bose was once again at the rescue as he saved multiple shots to keep the game scoreless. East Bengal eventually got the opportunity to score in the seventy-seventh minute of the match when Shankar Banerjee handled the ball inside the box while clearing a cross by Samaresh Chowdhury and East Bengal was awarded a penalty. [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] scored from the spot as East Bengal took a 1–0 lead which they managed to hold onto until fulltime as East Bengal lifted their seventh Durand Cup title.<ref name=rsssf/><ref name=replayfinal>{{cite news |date=13 January 1973 |title= ইস্টবেঙ্গলের ডুরান্ড জয়, এবার নিয়ে মোট সাত বার |trans-title=East Bengal are the champions of the Durand Cup for the seventh time |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata |last=Banerjee |date=7 April 2020|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era-1970/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|title=Indian Football: Down the memory lane - East Bengal’s ‘Golden era’ of 1970s|work=Goal|accessdate=28 November 2022}}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=12 January 1973
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 1–0
|goals1=[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Habib]] {{goal|77|pen}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=15,000 (est.)
|referee=J. P. Coutinho}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 234f1e
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 234f1e
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Arun Banerjee
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Karmakar ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ashok Banerjee
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandreshwar Prasad
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Santo Mitra
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohon Singh
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gautam Sarkar]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Latifuddin
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Akbar || {{suboff|}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samaresh Chowdhury
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shambhu Mitra || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Bose
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nimai Goswami
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Ghosh
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Nayeemuddin]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shankar Banerjee
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamsundar Manna
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Barun Mishra
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surajit Sengupta]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandan Gupta
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|{{sort dash}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html Durand Cup Finals]

{{Durand Cup}}
{{East Bengal Club}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:1972–73 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:1972-73 Durand Cup Final}}

Chaudagra

2025-11-24T03:22:55Z

Pt.debotosh dey: add article additionally and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Town in Fatehpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

'''Chaudagra''' is a town in [[Bindki]] municipal board, [[Fatehpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

Chaudagra is surrounded by the villages of Mauhar, Sai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur/bindki/sai.html|title=Sai Village in Bindki (Fatehpur) Uttar Pradesh {{!}} villageinfo.in|website=villageinfo.in|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref> Harsingpur, Rampur, and Rawatpur . The town is located on Kanpur Allahabad National Highway NH2, 1 km from the Bindki Road railway station and 5 km from the [[Ganges|Ganges river]]. Also Chaudagra is sandwiched between [[Fatehpur Sikri|Fatehpur]] and [[Kanpur]].

Local industry includes Pipes Tubes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rolltubes.com/contact_us.htm|title= Roll Tubes Ltd. Manufacturer of ERW Steel Pipes, Tubes & Tubular Poles |website=www.rolltubes.com|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref> Britannia Biscuits, Panem Saria Gurder, and Corpo Electronics.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Fatehpur district]]

{{Fatehpur-geo-stub}}

Nabarun Bose

2025-10-24T12:38:31Z

Pt.debotosh dey: Added Basic Pg W/ Refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Nabarun Bose
| image = Nabarun-Bose.jpg
| caption = Nabarun Bose
| birth_name = Nabarun Bose
| alias = Nobby
| native_name = নবারুণ বোস
| native_name_lang = Bangla, Bengali
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|12|30}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| origin =
| genre = Pop, Rock, Rap
| occupation = {{flat list|
* Composer
* Keyboard player
* Music producer
}}
| instrument = [[Electronic keyboard|Keyboard]], [[Piano]], [[Melodica]]
| associated_acts = The Anupam Roy Band, The Prophesor, Enolaton
}}

'''Nabarun Bose''' ({{langx|bn|নবারুণ বোস}}; born 30 December 1988) is an Indian [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]] player, composer and music producer from [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. He made his debut as a music director in 2018 with the feature film ''[[Rainbow Jelly]]''. Previously, he had directed music for the television film ''Loadshedding'' in 2015, and had scored the background music for many films and webseries including the short film ''[[Ahalya (2015 film)|Ahalya]]'', ''Sharate Aaj'', ''[[Kaali – Ek Agnipariksha|Kaali]] season 1 & season 2'', ''[[Feluda (series)|Feluda]]'', ''[[Bhalobashar Shohor]]'', ''[[Mafia (Indian web series)|Mafia]]'' and many others. He has been acclaimed for his work as a music director in the films Tangra Blues and Mukhosh (2021). As a music producer, his career spans over nine years. He is known for arranging and programming music for [[Anupam Roy]] in films like ''[[Piku]]'', ''[[Chotushkone]]'', [[Highway (2014 Bengali film)|''Highway'']], [[Pink (2016 film)|''Pink'']] and many others.

He is also an intrinsic part of ''The Anupam Roy Band'', where he plays keyboards. He is also the keyboard player for the experimental bleak-rock band ''Enolaton'' and he also works as a vocalist and songwriter for the rap-metal band ''The Prophesor''. As a keyboard player and music producer he has worked with many other bands and artists including [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]], Ganesh Talkies, Neel and the Ligtbulbs, Zoo and many others. He was awarded ''Song Producer of the Year'' at the Mirchi Music Awards Bangla 2018 and the best music director award at WBFJA 2021.{{Citation needed| date=April 2024}}

==Early life==
Bose's mother is an Indian classical vocalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bongrong.com/music/one-on-one-with-nabarun-bose/ |title=ONE-ON-ONE WITH NABARUN BOSE |date=2016-06-28 |website=BongRong |access-date=9 July 2017}}</ref> Nabarun completed his schooling at [[Patha Bhavan, Kolkata|Patha Bhavan]]. When he was 17, he became interested in becoming a musician. During college, he was playing for various bands and did studio sessions for music directors. He earned an undergraduate and a postgraduate degree in [[English literature]] from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College, Kolkata]]. After graduating, he taught for a year at [[Kishore Bharati Bhagini Nivedita (Co-ed) College|Kishore Bharati Bhagini Nivedita College]] as a part-time professor before quitting the job to pursue music full time.

==Music==

Bose's first professional band was a Hindi pop-rock band called ‘The Colors’ who released their first album ‘Naya Din’ from ‘Purple Music’ in 2010. In 2011, he met [[Anupam Roy]] and became one of the founding members of ''The Anupam Roy Band''. In 2013, Bose began producing and arranging music.

In 2015, he made his playback debut with ''Office Song'' from the movie [[Katmundu]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/Nabarun-debuts-in-playback-with-Kath-Mundu/articleshow/45910181.cms| work=Times of India |title=Nabarun debuts in playback with Kath Mundu |date=16 January 2015}}</ref> In the same year he debuted as music director<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Up and Rising Music Director of Kolkata|url=https://mepaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_51608_25837205_4_71_13-10-2020_14_i_1_sf.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> for the Bengali movie ''Loadshedding''. He composed background scores for the movie [[Jomer Raja Dilo Bor]] and Dwitiyo Ripu and has been recognized for his background score of [[Ahalya (2015 film)|Ahalya]], a short film directed by [[Sujoy Ghosh]].

Nabarun also fronts a Bengali alternative-metal band called ''The Prophesor'' where he works as a vocalist and songwriter. As of September 2020, ''The Prophesor'' has released their first EP - "Year One" on various digital platforms. He is also the keyboard player for the alternative-rock project ''Enolaton''.

==Discography==
===with The Anupam Roy Band===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Role

|-
| 2013 || ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (album)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' || Bengali || Keyboard Player, Backing Vocals
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bakyobageesh]]'' || Bengali || Keyboard Player, Backing Vocals
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ebar Morle Gachh Hawbo (album)|Ebar Morle Gachh Hawbo]]'' || Bengali || Keyboard Player, Backing Vocals
|}

===with other bands===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Band/ Artist !! Album !! Song(s) !! Role

|-
| 2010 || ''The Colors'' || Naya Din || All songs || Keyboard Player, composer
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2012 || ''Calcutta Blues'' || Rajkanya || Bondhu, Kolkata, Modhyoraate || Keyboard Player
|-
|| ''Ganesh Talkies'' || 3 Tier-Non AC EP || All songs || Keyboard Player, composer
|-
|| ''Neel and the Lightbulbs'' || House in a Car EP || 915 || Keyboard Player
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''Zoo'' || The Attic Sessions EP || Pulp || Organ Player
|-
|| ''[[Fossils (band)|Fossils]]'' || Fossils 4 || Khnoro amar fossil, Mohakash, Shoytaan || Keyboard Player
|-
| 2014 || ''Ganesh Talkies'' || In Technicolor || All songs || Keyboard Player
|-
| 2017 || ''Sanchita Roy'' || Kagojer Nouka || Bhir Ghire Ase || Keyboard Player and Programming
|}

==Filmography==
===As a music producer===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Music director !! Song(s) !! Role

|-
|rowspan="3"| 2012 || ''One Liner'' (Unreleased) || [[Anupam Roy]] || All songs (except one) || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Bedroom (film)|Bedroom]]'' || [[Rupam Islam]] and Alan Ao || Mayabono Biharini and Dnaare Dnaare Droom || Keyboard Player
|-
|| ''[[Teen Yaari Katha]]'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || Teen Yaari Kotha Title song || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]'' || Anupam Roy || Ki Bibhotsho Moja || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'' || [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] || Kakababu’r gaan (reprise) || Keyboard Player
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2014 || ''[[Chaya Manush]]'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || All songs || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Window Connection]]'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || All songs || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Highway (2014 Bengali film)|Highway]]'' || Anupam Roy || All songs (except Pratidin) || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Chotushkone]]'' || Anupam Roy || All songs || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2015 || ''[[Bela Seshe]]'' || Anupam Roy || Shesh Belaye and Obhabe Keno || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Piku]]'' || Anupam Roy || All songs (except Lamhe Guzar Gaye) || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''Family Album'' || Anupam Roy || All songs || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Jomer Raja Dilo Bor]]'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || All songs and Background Score || Music Arranger for the songs and background music director
|-
|| ''Dwitiyo Ripu'' || Gaurab Chatterjee, Rishabh Ray, Nabarun Bose || All songs and Background Score || Music Arranger, Keyboard Player, Co-music director
|-
|| ''[[Katmundu]]'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || Office Song and Sidhu-Sunny-Pablo || Music arranger, Vocalist
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2016 || ''[[Praktan]]'' || Anupam Roy || Kolkata and Tumi Jake Bhalobasho(Female version) || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Shaheb Bibi Golaam]]'' || Anupam Roy || All songs (except Tomar Shawhore) || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' || Anupam Roy || Tujhse Hi Hain Roshni || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' || Anupam Roy || Ami ajkal bhalo achhi and Ghawrbari || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2017 || ''Black Coffee'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || All Songs || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Running Shaadi|RunningShaadi.com]]'' || Anupam Roy || Main Farar Sa || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Dear Maya]]'' || Anupam Roy || Kehne Ko, Sune Saaye and Saat Rangon Se (Acoustic) || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Champ (2017 film)|Chaamp]]'' || Anupam Roy || Tumio Chaamp || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'' || Anupam Roy || Ahare Mon || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''Chalochchitro Circus'' || Anupam Roy || || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|| ''Chol Kuntal'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || Chol Kuntal Title Track || Music Arranger/Programmer
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Buro Sadhu]]'' || Pranjal Das || Askhara, Noyono Tomaare, Buro Sadhu Title Track || Music Arranger
|-
|| ''[[Buro Sadhu]]'' || Pranjal Das || Jole Jhapash Na || Keyboard Player
|-
| 2022 || ''[[The Eken]]'' || Subhadeep Guha || BGM || Programmer and Keyboard Player
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[The Eken]]'' || Subhadeep Guha || BGM || Programmer and Keyboard Player
|-
|| ''[[Abar Bibaho Obhijaan]]'' || Subhadeep Guha || BGM || Programmer and Keyboard Player
|-
|| ''[[Ardhangini (2023 film)|Ardhangini]]'' || Anupam Roy || Shorir Bhalo nei || Arranger/Programmer
|}

===As a music director===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Role
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2015 || ''[[Ahalya (2015 film)|Ahalya]]'' (Short Film) || [[Sujoy Ghosh]] || Background Music
|-
|| ''[[Jomer Raja Dilo Bor]]'' || Abir Sengupta || Background Music
|-
|| ''Loadshedding'' || [[Soukarya Ghosal]] || Music Director
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2017 || ''Dance of Joy'' (Documentary) || Aparajita Ghosh || Music Director
|-
|| ''The Paperman'' (Short Film) || Abhiroop Basu || Music Director
|-
|| ''Sheyal Debota Rohoshyo - [[Feluda]]'' (Web Series) || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] || Background Music
|-
|| ''Ghurghutiya'r Ghotona - [[Feluda]]'' (Web Series) || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] || Background Music
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2018 || ''Gariahat-er Ganglords'' (Web Series)|| Atreyee Sen|| Music Director
|-
|| ''[[Rainbow Jelly]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/nabarun-basks-in-praise-from-music-veterans/articleshow/64478339.cms|title=Nabarun basks in praise from music veterans - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-01-25|last1=Dasgupta |first1=Srishti }}</ref>||[[Soukarya Ghosal]] || Music Director
|-
|| ''Kaali'' (Web Series) Season 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/bangladesh/english/tvnews4u-epaper-tvnews/zee5+launches+first+bengali+original+web+series+kaali-newsid-101378393|title=ZEE5 launches first Bengali Original web series 'Kaali' - TVNews4u|website=DailyHunt|language=en|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref>||Korok Murmu|| Music Director
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''Sharate Aaj'' (Web Series)
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|Background Music
|-
|''Bhalobashar Shohor'' (Web Series)
|Rohan Ghosh & Aritro Sen, Deepayan Chatterjee
|Music Director
|-
|rowspan="5"|2020
|''Kaali'' (Web Series) Season 2
|Rohan Ghosh & Aritro Sen
|Music Director
|-
|[[Mafia (Indian web series)|''Mafia'' (Web Series)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nabarun Bose decodes the music map of Mafia|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/nabarun-bose-decodes-the-music-map-of-mafia/cid/1786393|access-date=2020-08-10|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|[[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|Music Director
|-
|''[[Tiki-Taka (film)|TikiTaka]]''
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|Music Director
|-
|''[[SOS Kolkata]]''
|Anshuman Pratyush
|Background Music
|-
|''[[Rawkto Rawhoshyo]]''
|[[Soukarya Ghosal]]
|Music Director
|-
|rowspan="5"|2021
|''[[Tangra Blues]]''
|Supriyo Sen
|Music Director
|-
|''[[Psycho (2021 film)|Mukhosh]]''
|[[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|Music Director
|-
|''Hare Krishna'' (Short Film)
|Hindol Chakraborty
|Music Director
|-
|''[[Bony (film)|Bony]]''
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
|Background Music
|-
|''F.I.R''
|Joydeep Mukherjee
|Background Music
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|''[[Shaaticup]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/nabarun-bose-on-composing-music-for-bangladeshi-web-series-shaaticup/cid/1847448|title=Nabarun Bose on composing music for Bangladeshi web series Shaaticup|website=The Telegraph (India)|access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> (TV series)
|Mohammad Touqir Islam
|Music
|-
|''Nagarbaul Katha''
|Aranyak Chatterjee
|Music
|-
|''[[Shaaticup]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/nabarun-bose-on-composing-music-for-bangladeshi-web-series-shaaticup/cid/1847448|title=Nabarun Bose on composing music for Bangladeshi web series Shaaticup|website=The Telegraph (India)|access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> (TV series)
|Mohammad Touqir Islam
|Music
|-
|rowspan="6"|2023
|''Rahasyamoy''
|Soumyaa-Supriyaa
|Music Director
|-
|''Doctor Bakshi''
|Saptaswa Basu
|Music Director
|-
|''[[Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E]]''
|Aritra Sen
|Music Director
|-
|''[[Biye Bibhrat]]''
|Raja Chanda
|Background Score
|-
|''Nikhoj - The Search Begins''
|Aranyak Chatterjee
|Music Director
|-
|''Parnashavarir Shaap (Web Series)''
|Parambrata Chatterjee
|Music Director
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''Sinpaat (Web Series)''
|Md. Touqir Islam
|Music Director
|-
|''[[Bhootpori]]''
|Soukarya Ghosal
|Music Director
|}

===As a vocalist===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Music director !! Lyricist !! Co-singer
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015 || "Office Song" || ''[[Katmundu]]'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || [[Anupam Roy]] and Nabarun Bose (Rap portion) ||
|-
| "Jomer Raja Dilo Bor Title Track" || ''[[Jomer Raja Dilo Bor]]'' || [[Anupam Roy]] || [[Anupam Roy]] and Nabarun Bose (Rap portion) || [[Silajit Majumdar]]
|-
| "Loadshedding Title Track" || ''Loadshedding'' || Nabarun Bose || Soukarya Ghosal || Prashmita Paul
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|"Rainbow Jelly Title Track"
|''[[Rainbow Jelly]]''
|Soukarya Ghosal/ Nabarun Bose
|[[Soukarya Ghosal]]
|
|-
|"Kaali Title Track"
|''Kaali''
|Nabarun Bose
|Pranjal Das and Nabarun Bose (Rap portion)
|Paloma Majumder
|-
|2023
|"Krishno Aila Radhar Kunje"
|''[[Ghore Pherar Gaan]]''
|Prabuddha Banerjee
|Rap Section by Nabarun Bose
|Bonny Chakraborty
|}

===Jingles===
*''Jibon Gorar Gaan'' (2012) for [[George Telegraph S.C.]] – Music Arranger
*''Ei Samay Theme Song'' (2012) for [[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]] – Music Arranger
* ''Nomoshkar Kolkata'' (2017) for Central ([[Future Group]]) - Organ
* ''Hiland River'' (2019) for Hiland Group - Background Score
* ''PS Group Pujo'' (2019) for PS Group - Background Score
* Solaris Shalimar Eden Real Estate (2021) - Music Director
* Ruchi Masala Promo TVC (2021) - Music Director
* Shyam Steel (Feat.Manpreet Singh and Lovlina Borgohain) (2021) - Music Director
* Mio Amore- Fatafati Pujo Song(2023)- Music Director/composer

===Singles===
*''Second Sex'' (2013) with ''The Anupam Roy Band'' – Keyboard, Melodica & Backing Vocals
*''Cha E Rock "Promo Song"'' (2016) with ''The Prophesor for Cha E Rock'' – Vocal, Music, Lyrics & Melodica
*''Voter Baddi'' (2016) with Anupam Roy for [[ABP Ananda]] – Music Arranger & Programmer
*''Pulse Rate'' (2017) for Aprokashito – Vocal, Music & Lyrics
*''Poyla Rock Official Anthem Song'' (2018) - Vocal, Rap, Music Arranger & Programmer
*''Jodi Phirey Dekhtam'' (2019) for Aprokashito - Vocal, Music & Lyrics
*''Boitoronir Teere'' (2021) - Vocal, Music & Lyrics

==Awards and nominations==
* Mirchi Music Awards Bangla 2015 - Upcoming Male Vocalist of the Year: ''Office Song'' ([[Katmundu]]) - Nominated
* Mirchi Music Awards Bangla 2016 - Best Music Producer: ''Ghorir Kaantar Mawto'' ([[Shaheb Bibi Golaam]]) - Nominated
* WBFJA Awards 2019 - Best Background Music: ''Rainbow Jelly'' - Nominated
* Mirchi Music Awards Bangla 2018 - Best Song Producer (Programming and Arranging): ''Tui Ki Kore Dili'' (Ghare & Baire) - '''Winner'''
* Virgin Spring Cinefest 2021 - Best Music Score (Silver Award): ''Three Hours in Grayscale'' (Short Film) - '''Winner'''
* WBFJA Cinemar Samabartan 2021- Best Music Director for Tangra Blues-Winner.
* WBFJA Cinemar Samabartan 2021- Best Background Score- F.I. R- Nominated.
* Filmfare Awards East 2022- Nominated- Best Music Album- Tangra Blues
* Filmfare Awards East 2022- Nominated- Best Background Score- F.I. R
* Anandalok Awards 2022- Nominated- Best Music Director- Tangra Blues

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Nabarun}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]

Metsübo Jamir

2025-10-21T10:41:21Z

Pt.debotosh dey:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Metsübo Jamir
| birth_name =
| caption = Metsubo Jamir in 2023
| image = Metsubo Jamir.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Nagaland]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[La. Ganesan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Fifth Rio ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata =
* Rural Development
* State Institute of Rural Development (SIDR)
| term_start = 7 March 2023
| successor1 =
| governor1 = [[Padmanabha Acharya]] [[R. N. Ravi]] [[Jagdish Mukhi]] [[La. Ganesan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = [[Fourth Rio ministry]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata1 =
* Rural Development
| term_start1 = 7 March 2018
| term_end1 = March 2023
| office2 = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Member of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Mokokchung Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokokchung Town]]
| term_start2 = March 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor2 = [[C. Apok Jamir]]
| successor2 =
| party = [[Naga People's Front]]
| religion =
| otherparty =
| signature =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| image_size =
}}
'''Metsübo Jamir''' is a [[Naga People's Front]] politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is the longest serving Director of Rural Development Department Nagaland . He is the son of N.I. Jamir (former minister and former chief secretary of Nagaland) and younger brother of [[Alemtemshi Jamir]] IAS (former chief secretary of Nagaland). He has been elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] election in the 2018 election from [[Mokokchung Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokokchung Town constituency]] as candidate of [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]. He has been Minister of Rural Development from 2018 till date.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-neiphiu-rio-takes-cm-oath-cabinet-moves-to-rename-indira-stadium-5091437/ | title=Nagaland: Neiphiu Rio takes CM oath, cabinet moves to rename Indira stadium | date=9 March 2018 | newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/know-all-about-incumbent-neiphiu-rio-the-new-chief-minister-of-nagaland-1821287 | title=All About Neiphiu Rio, Nagaland's Chief Minister For Fourth Term | date=8 March 2018 | publisher=NDTV }}</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/neiphiu-rio-takes-oath-as-nagaland-cm/articleshow/63215461.cms Neiphiu Rio takes oath as Nagaland CM]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/senior-politician-neiphiu-rio-back-as-nagaland-cm-1185069-2018-03-08 Senior politician Neiphiu Rio back as Nagaland CM]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kohima/neiphiu-rio-a-man-born-to-rule/articleshow/63229908.cms Neiphiu Rio, a man born to rule]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/nagaland2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5870 Myneta]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamir, Metsubo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Mokokchung district]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Sports Odisha

2025-10-15T05:18:40Z

Pt.debotosh dey: made

{{Short description|Indian multisports club based in Bhubaneswar, Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= October 2023}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Sports Odisha
| ground = [[Kalinga Stadium]] [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| capacity = 15,000
| current =
| image = Sports Odisha.svg
| image_size = 300px
| fullname = Sports Odisha
| short name =
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2011|||df=yes}}
| owner = Department of Sports and Youth Services (DSYS), [[Government of Odisha]]
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league = [[I-League 3]] [[FAO League]] [[Odisha Women's League]]
| season =
| position =
| website =
}}

'''Sports Odisha ''' is an Indian institutional [[multisports club]] based in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]. It is owned by [[Government of Odisha]] and most of the club's players are selected from the Odisha State Sports Hostel scheme,<ref>{{cite web|title= Sports Hostel| url= https://department.sportsodisha.gov.in/Sports-Hostel|website=Department of Sports & Youth Services, Government of Odisha| access-date= 30 October 2023}}</ref> due to which the team also competes as '''Odisha Sports Hostel'''.

The men's team competes in the [[FAO League]] at the state tier and in the [[2023–24 I-League 3|2023–24]] season qualified for [[I-League 3]], the fourth-tier men's professional [[football in India|football league in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=THIRD DIVISION: Dempo to play at home, Sporting away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The women's team participated in the [[Indian Women's League]]<ref>{{cite web| title=Sports Odisha Promise Fighting Challenge To Others|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sports-odisha-promise-fighting-challenge-to-others/articleshow/99780520.cms|website= [[The Times of India]]| date= 26 April 2023| access-date= 30 October 2023}}</ref> and the [[Odisha Women's League]] at the state level. Sports Odisha have also appeared at the [[Futsal Club Championship]].

==Players (men's)==
{{Updated|12 October 2023|<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 3 - 2023-24 |url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=22430 |publisher=i-league.org |access-date=12 October 2023 }}</ref>}}
{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=|name=Sanjay Hembram|other=}}
{{fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=|name=Pintu Samal|other=}}
{{fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=|name=Srinath D.|other=}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=|name=Rakesh Oram|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=|name=Mohan Majhi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=|name=Rahul Mukhi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=|name=Arpan Lakra|other=}}
{{fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=|name=Prasanta Srihari|other=}}
{{fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=|name=Raisen Tudu|other=}}
{{fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=|name=Kartik Hantal|other=}}
{{fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=|name=Dinabandhu Das|other=}}
{{fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=|name=Alok Kumar Das|other=}}
{{fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=|name=Anand Oram|other=}}
{{fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=|name=Chandrakant Das|other=}}
{{fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=|name=Chandra Mohan Murmu|other=}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=|name=D. Sanjay|other=}}
{{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=|name=Parao Tudu|other=}}
{{fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=|name=Fagu Hembram|other=}}
{{fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=|name=Chandra Muduli|other=}}
{{fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=|name=Siddhanta Padhan|other=}}
{{fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=|name=Arbin Lakra|other=}}
{{fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=|name=Indra Kujur|other=}}
{{fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=|name=Dasarath Hembram|other=}}
{{fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=|name=Jagannath Tudu|other=}}
{{fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=|name=Ganesh Naik|other=}}
{{fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=|name=Lesson Kumar Munda|other=}}
{{fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=|name=Prempiyush Bagh|other=}}
{{fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=|name=Indra Oram|other=}}
{{fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=|name=Abhinash Kishan|other=}}
{{fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=|name=Rabi Deulapadia|other=}}
{{fs end}}

==Players (women's)==
{{Updated|6 December 2023|<ref>{{cite web |title=IWL 2023-24 |url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=23307 |publisher=i-league.org |access-date=6 December 2023 }}</ref>}}
{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ratna Halder}}
{{fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sumitra Hembram}}
{{fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Manisha Naik}}
{{fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Subasini Saha}}
{{fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sangeeta Das}}
{{fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Niketa Bishi}}
{{fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Janhabi Kishan}}
{{fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Premsila Lugun}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Subhadra Sahoo}}
{{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Susmita Tanty}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ambruta Nayak}}
{{fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Bharati Das}}
{{fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Pratima Oram}}
{{fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Deepa Nayak}}
{{fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Pratima Nayak}}
{{fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Salege Majhi}}
{{fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Spandita Das}}
{{fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shibani Mundari}}
{{fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kamini Munda}}
{{fs end}}

==Honours==
===Domestic (men's)===
*'''[[FAO League]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2019 FAO League|2019]]
**Runners-up (1): [[2023 FAO League|2023]]

*'''[[FAO Super Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2023 FAO Super Cup|2023]]

*'''[[Kalinga Cup]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 2005

===Domestic (women's)===
*'''[[Odisha Women's League]]'''
**Runners-up (4): 2015, 2017, [[2021–22 Odisha Women's League|2021–22]], [[2024–25 Odisha Women's League|2024–25]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODY2Mw== |title=Nita Football Academy retain OWL crown; Sports Odisha runners-up |website=Orisports |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>

===Recognitions===
* '''[[Indian Women's League|IWL Roll of Honours]]'''
** Best Match Organisation (1): [[2023–24 Indian Women's League#Awards|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/iwl-2023-24-roll-of-honours-announced|title=IWL 2023-24 Roll of Honours announced|date=28 March 2024|access-date=28 March 2024|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Football in Odisha}}
{{FAO League}}
{{Odisha Women's League}}
{{Indian Women's League}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Odisha]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Works football clubs in India]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in India]]

Chhaigaon Makhan

2025-09-01T00:20:17Z

Pt.debotosh dey: starting a pg

{{Short description|Town in Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhaigaon Makhan
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.83|N|76.21|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Chhaigaon_Makhan.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Chhaigaon Makhan, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khandwa District]]
| elevation_m = 309
| population_total = 5,741
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 12]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 450771
}}

'''Chhaigaon Makhan''' is a town and a [[tehsil|''tehsil'']] headquarters in [[Khandwa District]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The town is also a [[Development Block]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/east-nimar/chhegaon-makhan|title=Chhegaon Makhan Pin Code | Postal Code (Zip Code) of Chhegaon Makhan, East Nimar, Madhya Pradesh, India|first=India TV|last=News|website=India TV News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/khandwa-east-nimar/cm-shivraj-announced-to-make-chaigaon-makhan-a-tehsil-in-khandwa/mp20210921212100241|title=खंडवा को सीएम शिवराज की सौगात, छैगांव माखन को तहसील बनाने का किया ऐलान|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=September 21, 2021|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref>

== Geography ==
It is about 15 km from [[Khandwa]]. It belongs to the [[Indore Division]]. Chhaigaon Makhan is 15 km away from [[Khandwa]], 70 km away from [[Khargone]] and 115 km away from [[Indore]]. Nearby cities include [[Khandwa]], [[Mandhata]], [[Punasa]], [[Pandhana]], [[Mundi]], [[Sanawad]], [[Barwaha]] and [[Khargone]].

==Demographics==
As per [[Census of India 2011]], Chhaigaon Makhan has a population of 5,741 of which 2,847 are males while 2,894 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/505826-chhaigaon-makhan-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Chhaigaon Makhan Village Population - Khandwa - East Nimar, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

People mostly use Hindi and [[Nimadi language|Nimadi languages]].

==Administration==
Chhaigaon Makhan is a [[List of tehsils of Madhya Pradesh|tehsil]] headquarters and a [[Development Block]], it includes about 44 ''gram panchayats''. The town includes a police station and several bank services are available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khandwa.nic.in/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b8/|title=पुलिस | जिला खण्‍डवा, मध्‍यप्रदेश शासन | भारत}}</ref>

== Education ==
Educational institutions include Government College, Chhaigaon, and a Government Boys and Government Girls schools. [[Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa|Dr. C.V. Raman University]], is a private institute nearby.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cvrump.ac.in/|title=Best University In Khandwa M.P. | Dr. C.V. Raman University - Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh|website=cvrump.ac.in}}</ref>

==Transport==
The town is connected to nearby major cities with a bus service.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Khandwa district]]
[[Category:Khandwa]]

Triveniganj subdivision

2025-08-29T08:28:28Z

Pt.debotosh dey: data

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Supaul district, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Triveniganj subdivision
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1305993|86.8830260|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Supaul district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Triveniganj]]
| population_total = 608,933
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_note = Combined total of Triveniganj and Chhatapur Community Development Blocks (2011 Census)
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 852139
| registration_plate = BR
}}

'''Triveniganj subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of [[Supaul district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The subdivision has its headquarters at the town of [[Triveniganj]] and comprises two [[Community development block|Community Development Blocks]]: Triveniganj (also called Tribeniganj) and Chhatapur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://supaul.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |title=Subdivision & Blocks |publisher=Supaul District, Government of Bihar|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Triveniganj subdivision lies in the lower [[Kosi River|Kosi]] basin in north-eastern Bihar. The subdivision forms part of the alluvial plains created by the Kosi river and its distributaries. Official reports describe the area as sandy and flood-prone terrain typical of the Kosi megafan region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/DIPS%20Supaul%202016.pdf |title=SUPAUL — District Industrial Potential Survey |publisher=Ministry of MSME, Government of India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/District_Profile/Bihar/Supaul.pdf |title=Supaul District — District Profile |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Government of India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The subdivision is one of four in Supaul district. It consists of two Community Development Blocks:
* Triveniganj CD Block
* Chhatapur CD Block<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/study/PCA_CDB-1006 |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Bihar - District Supaul |publisher=Census of India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

The [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub-Divisional Officer]] (SDO) for Triveniganj is based at the Sub Division Office, Triveniganj (PIN 852139).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://supaul.nic.in/whos-who/ |title=Who's Who |publisher=Supaul District, Government of Bihar|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India:
* '''Triveniganj CD Block''': population 322,477 (167,461 males; 155,016 females).
* '''Chhatapur CD Block''': population 286,456 (148,676 males; 137,780 females).

The subdivision’s combined population was '''608,933''' (316,137 males; 292,796 females), with a sex ratio of about 926 females per 1,000 males.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/study/PCA_CDB-1006 |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Bihar - District Supaul |publisher=Census of India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

The combined literate population was 284,010, giving a literacy rate of about 46.7%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/321 |title=District Census Handbook Supaul (Village & Town-wise Primary Census Abstract) |publisher=Census of India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy. Paddy and other crops typical of the Kosi floodplain are cultivated. The District Industrial Potential Survey notes the potential for agro-processing and rice mills in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/DIPS%20Supaul%202016.pdf |title=SUPAUL — District Industrial Potential Survey |publisher=Ministry of MSME, Government of India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The subdivision is connected to the rest of the district by national and state highways as well as rural roads. Supaul district has about 133 km of national highways and 229 km of state highways. Railway lines in the district total 85 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/DIPS%20Supaul%202016.pdf |title=SUPAUL — District Industrial Potential Survey |publisher=Ministry of MSME, Government of India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Education and public services ==
The Sub-Divisional Hospital at Triveniganj provides healthcare facilities to the subdivision. Government schools and residential institutions operate in both blocks under the Bihar Education Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://supaul.nic.in/notice/notice-regarding-nomination-process-for-class-1-and-class-6-in-government-ambedkar-residential-girls-high-school-daparkha-triveniganj-district-supaul-date-for-academic-session-2022-23/ |title=Government Ambedkar Residential Girls High School, Daparkha, Triveniganj |publisher=Supaul District, Government of Bihar|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Supaul district]]
* [[Triveniganj]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://supaul.nic.in/ Official website of Supaul district]

[[Category:Subdivisions of Supaul district]]

Avudai Akkal

2025-08-11T23:09:42Z

Pt.debotosh dey: updated page

{{Short description|18th-century Tamil composer and saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Avudai Akkal''', also known as '''Senkottai Sri Avudai Akkal''', was an 18th-century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[composer]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pattabhi Raman|first1=Sulochana|title=Compositions of Avudai Akkal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/br/2003/12/30/stories/2003123000121600.htm|accessdate=12 May 2017|work=www.thehindu.com|date=30 December 2003}}</ref> and [[saint]]. As was the custom those days, she was married at a very young age but her husband died too soon. At that time, the great saint [[Thirivisanallur Sri Sridhara Ayyaval]] visited their village. She approached him for guidance. He initiated her into the mystic aspects of [[Advaita]]. She mentions his name in almost every songs. She has written several plays, songs, poems full of spirituality. She is said to have mysteriously disappeared in the hills of [[Courtallam]] on an aadi amavasya day.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pisharoty|first1=Sangeeta Barooah|title=Reclaiming Akkal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/reclaiming-akkal/article5335348.ece|accessdate=12 May 2017|work=The Hindu|date=10 November 2013|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solvanam.com/2010/08/23/%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%86%e0%ae%99%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95%e0%af%8b%e0%ae%9f%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%9f%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%b8%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%80-%e0%ae%86%e0%ae%b5%e0%af%81%e0%ae%9f%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%85%e0%ae%95/|title=செங்கோட்டை ஸ்ரீ ஆவுடை அக்காள் பாடல் திரட்டு|first=நாஞ்சில்|last=நாடன்|date=23 August 2010|website=சொல்வனம் | இதழ் 310|14 ஜன 2023}}</ref>

==Works Published as==
About 100+ of Avudai Akkal's songs have been collected and published as

1. A book ″Shenkottai Sri Avudai Akkal Padal Thirattu (A collection of Vedantic songs of Avudai Akkal of Shenkottai)”

2. CD of Avudai Akkal songs sung by Bombay Sisters

3. Translation of these Tamil Verses is published as “Transgressing Boundaries – The songs of shenkottai Avudai Akkal” by Zubaan books

4. Swami Ramanacharanatirtha's talk on Devi Avudai Akkal [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9FRIJp1Ncw The Great Jñāni - Avudai Akkal ]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Natarajan|first=Kanchana|title=Transgressing boundaries: the advaitic songs of Shenkottai Avudai Akkal|date=2012|publisher=Zubaan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9381017-16-6|url=http://zubaanbooks.com/shop/transgressing-boundaries-the-songs-of-shenkottai-avudai-akkal/}}
* செங்கோட்டை ஸ்ரீ ஆவுடை அக்காள், Tamil, 2012, Sri Gyanananda Niketanam

[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]

{{India-composer-stub}}