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Adolf Hitler in popular culture

2026-05-08T08:11:45Z

Providentecopoliten: put up basic stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|none}}

[[File:Dictator charlie3.jpg|thumb|[[Charlie Chaplin]] as "Adenoid Hynkel" in the film ''[[The Great Dictator]]'', 1940]]
[[Adolf Hitler]], dictator of [[Nazi Germany]] from 1933 to 1945, has been represented in [[popular culture]] ever since he became a well-known politician in Germany. His distinctive image was often parodied by his opponents. Parodies became much more prominent outside Germany during his period in power. Since the end of [[World War II]] representations of Hitler, both serious and satirical, have continued to be prominent in popular culture, sometimes generating significant controversy.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3791103|title=The Hitler Controversy|first=Geoffrey |last=Cocks |journal= Political Psychology |volume= 1 |issue= 2 |date=Autumn 1979 |pages=67–81 |publisher=International Society of Political Psychology |doi=10.2307/3791103}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-wants-indian-menswear-shop-hitler-renamed/|title=Israel wants Indian menswear shop Hitler renamed|date=September 3, 2012|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In many periodicals, books, and movies, Hitler and [[Nazism]] fulfill the role of [[archetypal]] [[evil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/An-attempt-to-fathom-Hitler-Robert-Carlyle-2647584.php|title=An attempt to fathom Hitler / Robert Carlyle conveys depths of tyrant's evil|date=May 16, 2003|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/287194/Hitler-The-Rise-of-Evil/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027230853/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/287194/Hitler-The-Rise-of-Evil/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Hitler: The Rise of Evil (2003): Movie review|last=Erickson|first=Hal|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author-link=Hal Erickson (author)|date=2014|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> This treatment is not confined to fiction but is widespread amongst nonfiction writers who have discussed him in this vein.<ref>{{cite book | last =Victor | first =G. | title =Hitler: The Pathology of Evil | year =1999 | publisher =Potomac Books | isbn =1-57488-228-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Rosenbaum | first =R. | title =Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil | year =1999 | publisher =Harper Perennial | isbn =0-06-095339-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Johnson | first =E. | title =Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans | year =2000 | publisher =Basic Books | isbn =0-465-04908-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Levenda | first =P. | title =Unholy Alliance: A History of Nazi Involvement with the Occult | year =2005 | publisher =Continuum | isbn =0-8264-1409-5 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/unholyalliancehi00leve }}</ref> Hitler has retained a fascination from other perspectives; among many comparable examples is an exhibition at the [[German Historical Museum]] which was widely attended.<ref>{{Cite news | author = A. J. Goldman | date = 3 November 2010 | title = Why Did Germans Embrace Him? | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303362404575580281932712418 | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | access-date = 20 October 2014 | quote = Nazis are never far from the news here, but 'Hitler and the Germans: Nation and Crimes' is Hitler's biggest coup in Berlin since Mel Brooks's 'The Producers' lit up the German capital last year. The exhibition at the German Historical Museum has attracted a mountain of domestic and international media attention and brisk business. }}</ref>

==Depictions of Hitler during his lifetime==
{{stack|
[[File:What Does Hitler Look Like?.png|thumb|''What Does Hitler Look Like?'' A satirical gallery by [[Thomas Theodor Heine]] for the May 1923 issue of [[Simplicissimus (magazine)|Simplicissimus]] before photos of Hitler were publicly available. The final caption: The questions had to remain unanswered. Hitler is not an individual at all. He is a state. Only the futurist can depict him.]]
[[File:Heinrich_Vogeler-Das_Dritte_Reich-1934.jpg|thumb|"The Third Reich", 1934 painting by the anti-Nazi exile German painter [[Heinrich Vogeler]]]]
[[File:Arno Breker Adolf Hitler(1938).jpg|thumb|upright|A heroic image of Hitler (1938 sculpture by [[Arno Breker]]).]]
}}

Numerous works in popular music and literature feature Adolf Hitler prominently.

In Germany, before he gained power, Hitler was often portrayed satirically in newspaper cartoons and propaganda by political enemies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-materials/lesson-plans/germanys-sculptor.html |title=Propaganda and the Visual Arts in the Third Reich |access-date=25 December 2018 |work=[[Yad Vashem]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_02.shtml |title=Nazi Propaganda |first=Professor David |last=Welch |author-link=David Welch (historian) |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=25 December 2018 |work=[[BBC History]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> The [[Photomontage|photomontagist]] [[John Heartfield]] regularly depicted Hitler in absurd ways in his anti-Nazi poster designs. After the Nazis came to national power in January 1933, Hitler was mostly depicted as a god-like figure, loved and respected by the German people, as shown for example in the [[Leni Riefenstahl]] [[propaganda film]] ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'' (1935), which Hitler co-produced.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/06/movies/homevideo/triumph-of-the-will-fascist-rants-and-the-hollywood-response.html |title='Triumph of the Will': Fascist Rants and the Hollywood Response |first=J. |last=Hoberman |author-link=J. Hoberman |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=25 December 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref>

An exception was the German [[Fritz Lang]] film ''[[The Testament of Dr. Mabuse|Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse]]'' (''The Testament of Dr. Mabuse'') from 1933, which was banned by the [[Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda|Nazi propaganda ministry]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/06/archives/langs-testament-of-dr-mabuse-at-cultural-center-tomorrowthe-cast.html |title=Lang's 'Testament of Dr. Mabuse,' at Cultural Center Tomorrow:The Cast |first=Nora |last=Sayre |author-link=Nora Sayre |date=1973-12-06 |access-date=2018-12-25 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Many critics consider Lang's depiction of a homicidal maniac masterminding a criminal empire from within the walls of a criminal asylum to be an [[allegory]] of the Nazi ascent to power in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=6631 |title=Home Cinema @ The Digital Fix - The Testament of Dr. Mabuse |publisher=Dvdtimes.co.uk |date=2004-03-22 |access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref>

Outside Germany, Hitler's persona was often parodied. The [[George Bernard Shaw]] play ''[[Geneva (play)|Geneva]]'' (1936) includes a caricature of Hitler as "Herr Battler", appearing at an international tribunal with his friends "Signor Bombardone" (Mussolini) and "General Flanco" (Franco). Numerous cartoons satirize his distinctive features, such as those by [[David Low (cartoonist)|David Low]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbr.com/stars-of-political-cartooning-david-low/ |title=Stars of Political Cartooning - David Low |first=Brian |last=Cronin |date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2018-12-25 |work=[[CBR.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/nazisovietpactrev2.shtml |title=The Nazi-Soviet Pact |page=2 |access-date=2018-12-25 |work=[[BBC]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816201854/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/nazisovietpactrev2.shtml |archivedate=2018-08-16 |author=BBC |date=2014 }}</ref>

In the United States the 1934 '''Production Code Administration''' made the 1927 [[Hays Code]] binding on American studios which put a damper on films mocking public figures or national identities including Hitler and the Nazis. Another discouraging factor was that Germany and Italy contributed to 30% of the American film industry's overseas profits. In 1933 two animated shorts, ''Cubby Bear in World Flight''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWOy87lDYa4 |title=Cubby Bear in World Flight 1933 |date=2023-12-27 |last=tvdays |access-date=2025-11-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and ''Bosko's Picture Show''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSpYdwdocEw |title=Looney Tunes {{!}} Bosko's Picture Show {{!}} 1933 Classic Cartoon {{!}} Part 2/3 |date=2025-08-18 |last=Classic Cartoon Theater |access-date=2025-11-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> appeared in theatres. The former only had Hitler waving a beer stein but the latter depicted him chasing [[Jimmy Durante]] with an axe. In 1934 two documentaries, ''[[Hitler's Reign of Terror]]'' and ''[[Are We Civilized?]]'' were released but were both were unable to obtain a wide distribution. American isolationists and those harboring anti-war sentiments tended to view any criticism of Nazism as pro-war propaganda and the studio heads were arguably afraid exacerbating public antisemitism which were already at high levels.<ref name="Haunted">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Jonathan C. |title=Haunted Laughter |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-7936-4015-4 |location=Lantham Maryland |pages=62-63}}</ref>

===After the start of the war===
{{See also|Adolf Hitler's cult of personality}}
Another early example of a cryptic depiction is in the [[Bertolt Brecht]] play ''[[The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui]]'' (1941), in which Hitler, in the persona of the principal character Arturo Ui,<ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24174279 |title=Henry Goodman on Brecht's Hitler satire Arturo Ui |first=Tim |last=Masters|date=2013-09-25 |work=BBC News |access-date=2014-10-21 }}</ref> a [[Chicago]] [[racketeering|racketeer]] in the cauliflower trade, is ruthlessly [[satire|satirised]]. Brecht, who was German, but left when the Nazis came to power, also expressed his opposition to the National Socialist and [[Fascist]] movements in other plays such as ''[[Mother Courage and Her Children|Mother Courage]]'' and ''[[Fear and Misery of the Third Reich]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2008/may/26/dontbashbrecht |title=Don't bash Brecht - It's Brecht-bashing season once again. Will this sorry bunch of carping critics never learn? |date=2008-05-25 |work=The Guardian |first=Mark |last=Ravenhill }}</ref>

Outside Germany, Hitler was made fun of or depicted as a maniac. There are many notable examples in contemporary Hollywood films. Several [[Three Stooges]] [[short (film)|shorts]], the first being ''[[You Nazty Spy!]]'' (1940), the very first Hollywood work lampooning Hitler and the Nazis in which the boys, with [[Moe Howard]] portraying "Moe Hailstone", as the Hitler character, are made dictators of the [[fictional country]] of Moronika.<ref name=Dancis>{{cite news |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/article9005615.html |title=They used nyuk-nyuks against Nazis |first=Bruce |last=Dancis-McClatchy |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018 |newspaper=[[The Charlotte Observer]]}}</ref> This short in particular implies that business interests were behind [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Hitler's rise to power]], and was said to be Moe Howard's and [[Larry Fine]]'s favorite Stooges short subject.<ref>{{cite book|last3=Lenburg|first1=Jeff |last1=Lenburg|first2= Joan Howard|last2= Maurer|first3= Greg|title=The Three Stooges scrapbook|year=1994|publisher=Citadel Press|location=New York|isbn=0-8065-0946-5}}</ref> A sequel was released a year later entitled ''[[I'll Never Heil Again]]''. This one illustrated the disagreements between Hitler and the [[League of Nations]]. In other Three Stooges shorts, Hitler is referred to as "Schicklgruber" in reference to his father [[Alois Hitler]]'s birth name. First released some nine months after the Stooges' initial Nazi-lampooning short subject, [[Charlie Chaplin]] made fun of Hitler as "Adenoid Hynkel", the buffoonish dictator of Tomainia, in his film ''[[The Great Dictator]]'' (1940).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/when-charlie-chaplin-imitated-adolf-hitler/a-18912840 |title=When Charlie Chaplin imitated Adolf Hitler |date=11 December 2015 |access-date=25 December 2018 |first=Jochen |last=Kürten |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> This is one of the most recognizable Hitler parodies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/04/29/chaplins-the-great-dictator-might-be-the-most-popular-but-it-was-the-three-stooges-who-first-openly-mocked-hitler-on-film/ |title=Chaplin's The Great Dictator might be the most popular, but it was The Three Stooges who first openly mocked Hitler on film |first=Martin |last=Chalakoski |date=29 April 2017 |access-date=25 December 2018 |work=The Vintage News}}</ref>

Especially during [[World War II]], Hitler was [[caricature]]d in numerous animated shorts, including ''[[Der Fuehrer's Face]]'', a 1942 [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] wartime propaganda cartoon featuring [[Donald Duck]] (inspired by [[Spike Jones]]' performance of the song written by [[Oliver Wallace]]), and the [[Warner Bros.]] cartoon ''[[Herr Meets Hare]]'' featuring [[Bugs Bunny]]. Another 1942 Warner cartoon ''[[The Ducktators]]'' caricatures Hitler as a duck hatched from a black egg, [[Benito Mussolini]] as a goose and [[Hideki Tojo]] as a Japanese styled duck. However, Hitler's first appearance on a Warner Brothers cartoon was in ''[[Bosko's Picture Show]]'' in 1933 in a short gag where Hitler is shown chasing after [[Jimmy Durante]] with an ax. [[George Grosz]] painted ''[[Cain, or Hitler in Hell]]'' (1944) showing the dead attacking Hitler in hell. The [[photomontage]] artist [[John Heartfield]] made frequent use of Hitler's image as a target for his brand of barbed satire during Hitler's lifetime. In [[Fritz Lang]]'s 1941 movie ''[[Man Hunt (1941 film)|Man Hunt]]'', which opened in theaters before America's entry into the war, Hitler is seen in the scope of a British hunter's rifle. In [[Ernst Lubitsch]]'s 1942 films ''[[To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)|To Be or Not to Be]]'' (as well as in [[Mel Brooks]]' [[To Be or Not to Be (1983 film)|remake]] in 1983), an actor from a Polish stage group impersonates Hitler to enable the escape of the troupe to England.

[[File:Lambeth Walk - Nazi Style - by Charles A. Ridley.webm|thumb|''[[Schichlegruber - Doing the Lambeth Walk]]'', AKA ''Lambeth Walk - Nazi Style'', a short propaganda spoof made in 1942 by Charles A. Ridley editing together clips from ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'' to make appear as if Hitler and other Nazis were marching to [[The Lambeth Walk]] (a dance craze that the Nazis despised).]]
One spoof of Hitler appeared in a short propaganda film created in 1942 by Charles A. Ridley of the [[British Ministry of Information]] that had among other names, ''[[Schichlegruber - Doing the Lambeth Walk]]'' and ''Lambeth Walk – Nazi Style''.<ref name="Charles A. Ridley">{{cite web | url=https://planet.okfn.org/category/charles-a-ridley/ | title=Charles A. Ridley | access-date=2022-05-08 | archive-date=2022-01-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101004913/https://planet.okfn.org/category/charles-a-ridley/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="slate.com">{{cite journal | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2013/02/12/_lambeth_walk_nazi_style_the_goofy_anti_nazi_parody_video_that_enraged_goebbels.html | title=The Goofy, Anti-Nazi Parody Video That Enraged Goebbels | journal=Slate | date=19 December 2014 | last1=Onion | first1=Rebecca }}</ref> The film features footage of Hitler and other Nazis taken from ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'' and edited in such a way to make it appear they are marching and dancing to "[[The Lambeth Walk]]", a dance common at the time (including in Germany) but despised by the Nazis.<ref name="Charles A. Ridley"/> The use of the footage was intended to give audiences is Britain and other Allied countries a good laugh and make Nazis angry.<ref name="Charles A. Ridley"/><ref name="slate.com"/> The film was distributed uncredited to various [[newsreel]] companies that gave the film other titles such as ''Hoch der Lambeth Valk: A Laugh-Time Interlude'', ''Lambeth Walk - Nazi Style'', ''Gen. Adolf Takes Over''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/1942-01-07_Gen_Adolph_Takes_Over | title=Gen. Adolf Takes over, 1942/01/07 | year=1942 }}</ref> and ''Panzer Ballet''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://film.iwmcollections.org.uk/record/1326 | title=GERMANY CALLING [Main Title] }}</ref> The newsreel companies would supply their own narration for the clip.<ref name="slate.com"/> When Nazi propaganda chief [[Joseph Goebbels]] saw this film, he ended up so enraged that he left the screening room kicking chairs and screaming profanities.<ref name="Charles A. Ridley"/><ref name="slate.com"/>

Apart from films, Hitler was the enemy of several [[comic book]] [[superhero]]es who battled Hitler directly or indirectly in comics published during World War II. Superheroes that fought Hitler include [[Superman]], [[Captain America]], the [[The Shield (Archie)|Shield]], and [[Namor the Sub-Mariner]]. The front cover of ''[[Captain America Comics]]'' #1, Captain America's first appearance, showed him punching Hitler in the jaw.<ref name="fromm">{{cite journal|last= Fromm|first= Keif|title= The Privacy Act Of Carl Burgos|journal= [[Alter Ego (magazine)|Alter Ego]]|volume= 3|issue= 49|page= 4|publisher= [[TwoMorrows Publishing]]|date= June 2005|location= Raleigh, North Carolina}}</ref> Captain America's archenemy, the [[Red Skull]], was established as being an apprentice to Hitler. In ''[[Superman (comic book)|Superman]]'' #15 the dictator Razan appeared, who attempted to invade a nearby democratic nation. [[Superman]] defeated his army, and Razan was shot while trying to escape.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

One Superman story where Superman defeats Hitler is notable for triggering a response in an official Nazi media outlet. The story was called "How Superman would end the War" and was published not in a comic book but in [[Look (American magazine)|''Look'']] magazine in 1940. The story was published with the full cooperation of [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]], the creators of the Superman character. Both Siegel and Shuster were Jewish and therefore are considered enemies by Nazi Germany so while the United States was still officially neutral, Siegel and Shuster were not. "How Superman would end the War" is acknowledged in the magazine itself as outside of normal Superman continuity and non-canon. As implied by its title, "How Superman would end the War" is a story detailing a hypothetical scenario in which Superman intervenes in World War II. The story starts in the [[Siegfried Line]] where German soldiers see Superman flying towards them. Superman then lands and while the soldiers shoot at him, the bullets have no effect and bounce off. Superman puts an artillery gun out of service by using his super strength to tie a knot into the gun's barrel. After that, Superman flies away and when an airplane tries to stop him, he tears off the propeller, confusing the pilot. Superman continues his flight where he lands in Berlin and kidnaps Hitler (who complains about his kidnapping). Superman, while holding on to Hitler, flies to Moscow in the Soviet Union where he kidnaps another dictator, [[Joseph Stalin]] (at this point not yet in the war, he was against Hitler starting from 1941 onwards) and flies them both to the [[Palace of Nations]], the [[League of Nations]] headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Hitler and Stalin are then both put on trial for war crimes including among others, the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Nazi-Soviet joint occupation of]] [[Poland]]. This trial thus ends the war.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cbr.com/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-65/ | title=Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #65 | date=24 August 2006 }}</ref>

A Nazi in the United States had read the ''Look'' issue and Superman comic strip within it when it was published and alerted the [[SS]] newspaper ''[[Das Schwarze Korps]]'' to its contents. In April 1940, ''Das Schwarze Korps'' published an article condemning the comic strip, Superman and his co-creator Jerry Siegel personally. The article, titled "Jerry Siegel Attacks!" criticizes Superman as someone "with an overdeveloped body and underdeveloped mind" and in typical Nazi fashion, repeatedly uses anti-Semitic language to describe the story and denounce Siegel. Such language includes the opening sentence where Siegel is described as "an intellectually and physically circumcised chap". The article is also an attack on Siegel's own morals, claiming that he only created Superman to make money off him. Superman is further condemned when it mentions the scene of Hitler and Stalin handed over to the League of Nations and noting his superhero costume probably breaks the dress code in the building but that Superman ignores those rules "as well as the other laws of physics, logic, and life in general". The article ends with a final attack on Siegel where ''Das Schwarze Korps'' describes him as feeding "poison" on a daily basis to the hearts and minds of American children.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/superman.htm | title=The SS and Superman }}</ref>

Hitler was mocked in satirical [[Folk music|folk songs]] such as "[[Stalin Wasn't Stallin']]{{-"}} or when new lyrics were created to old songs such as "[[Hitler Has Only Got One Ball]]" (to the tune of the "[[Colonel Bogey March]]").{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Representations of Hitler after his death==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2025}}
[[File:Adolf Hitler Wax Statue in Madame Tussauds London.jpg|thumb|upright|Wax model of Hitler at the [[Chamber of Horrors (Madame Tussauds)|Chamber of Horrors]] section in [[Madame Tussauds]], London (pictured June 2011)]]

[[Death of Adolf Hitler|Hitler's last days]] have been depicted in several films, first in ''Der letzte Akt'' (1955), directed by [[Georg Wilhelm Pabst]], starring Albin Skoda as the dictator; next was the fifth and final installment of the Soviet film series ''[[Liberation (film series)|Liberation]]'' (1969–72), directed by [[Yuri Ozerov (film director)|Yuri Ozerov]], starring [[Fritz Diez]] (an actor who commonly portrayed Hitler in a number of East German films from 1955 onwards). ''[[The Death of Adolf Hitler (ITV Sunday Night Theatre)|The Death of Adolf Hitler]]'', a British (7 January 1973) made-for-television production, starring [[Frank Finlay]] in the title role, and ''[[Hitler: The Last Ten Days]]'' (1973), directed by [[Ennio De Concini]], starring Sir [[Alec Guinness]] were the first Western contributions. The fifth iteration was the U.S. television film ''[[The Bunker (1981 film)|The Bunker]]'' (1981), directed by [[George Schaefer (director)|George Schaefer]], starring Sir [[Anthony Hopkins]]. Finally, there was the [[Academy Award]]–nominated ''[[Downfall (2004 film)|Downfall]]'' (2004), directed by [[Oliver Hirschbiegel]] and starring [[Bruno Ganz]] as Hitler. Also depicting Hitler's final hour in the bunker, the short film ''Hundert Jahre Adolf Hitler - Die letzte Stunde im Führerbunker'' (1989), directed by [[Christoph Schlingensief]], starring [[Udo Kier]].

Films covering periods in Hitler's life include, the television miniseries ''[[Inside the Third Reich (film)|Inside the Third Reich]]'' (1982) starring Sir [[Derek Jacobi]], who was nominated for an Emmy Award for his performance. Hitler was also portrayed in the film ''[[Valkyrie (film)|Valkyrie]]'' by [[David Bamber]], which tells the story of the July 1944 bomb attempt on his life.<ref name="Dibbits">{{cite news |url=https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/4065136.hitler-my-part-in-his-downfall/ |title=Hitler - my part in his downfall |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=25 December 2018 |first=Kat |last=Dibbits |newspaper=[[The Bolton News]] }}</ref> [[Moloch (1999 film)|''Moloch'']] (1999), directed by [[Alexander Sokurov]], starring Leonid Mozgovoy, deals with Hitler's life on his ''[[Berghof (residence)|Berghof]]'' mountain retreat near [[Berchtesgaden]] during the war, drawing heavily from [[Hitler's Table Talk]] published after the war. The 2003 television film ''[[Hitler: The Rise of Evil]]'' stars [[Robert Carlyle]] in the title role and depicts a semi-fictional account of Hitler's life.

Comedic examples of Hitler include comedy films such as [[Mel Brooks]]' 1968 comedy ''[[The Producers (1968 film)|The Producers]]'' featured a satirical play-within-a-play called ''[[Springtime for Hitler]]'', featuring dancing Nazis and songs about the conquest of Europe. Brooks' 1981 comedy, ''[[History of the World, Part I]]'', featured "Hitler on Ice."

Hitler has also been portrayed in experimental films. ''[[Hitler: A Film from Germany]]'' (1978), a four part, 442-minute experimental film on Hitler, directed by [[Hans-Jürgen Syberberg]], starring [[Heinz Schubert (actor)|Heinz Schubert]]. A similar non-linear approach to Syberberg's, likening Hitler to a film director as well, was used in the film ''[[The Empty Mirror]]'' (1996), directed by Barry J. Hershey, starring [[Norman Rodway]], which speculates that Hitler surviving World War II, lives in a secret subterranean bunker, and is today undergoing psychoanalysis conducted by [[Sigmund Freud]].

[[File:HIM byMaurizio Cattelan in Warsaw Ghetto 2013.JPG|thumb|''Him'' by [[Maurizio Cattelan]] (2001), depicting Adolf Hitler kneeling in prayer, exhibited in a courtyard in the former [[Warsaw Ghetto]]]]
''Him'' (2001) is a sculpture resembling a schoolboy kneeling in prayer, except that the head has been replaced with the realistic likeness of Adolf Hitler. The sculpture was frequently displayed at the end of a long hallway or at the opposite end of a white room, turned away from the viewer so that they wouldn't be able to recognize the individual until they advanced close enough. The [[artist's proof]] of ''Him'' (2001) was sold at auction by Christie's in 2016 for $17,189,000.<ref>Christie's [http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/sculptures-statues-figures/maurizio-cattelan-him-5994820-details.aspx?from=salesummary&intObjectID=5994820&sid=4683881d-eb34-44b9-9708-3d270f3b7557 auction results] for 'Bound To Fail' sale</ref> Kosovar [[Emin Xhinovci]] has attracted considerable media attention for his striking resemblance to Hitler, and subsequent impersonation of him.<ref name="Hajdari">{{cite news |author=Una Hajdari |date=23 December 2014 |title=On je sa Kosova, izgleda kao Hitler i od toga dobro živi |trans-title=He's From Kosovo, Looks Like Hitler and Earns a Living That Way |url=https://www.vice.com/sr/article/ta-se-sve-moe-na-kosovu-hitler-u-najam/ |access-date=25 December 2014 |publisher=Vice Serbia |language=sr}}</ref>

==Hitler in fiction==
WorldCat lists 553 published books under this heading.<ref>{{cite web|last=French |first=Jackie |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Hitler+fiction&qt=results_page |title=Results for 'Hitler fiction' |publisher=Worldcat.org |access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref>

===Novels===

* The 1962 short story ''[[Genesis and Catastrophe: A True Story]]'' by [[Roald Dahl]] portrays an unhappy husband in Austria in 1889 whose wife is about to give birth. The father is pessimistic about the child's survival as their previous three children have all died in infancy. Rebuked by the doctor for his gloominess, his confidence is boosted by his wife's conviction that their new baby, a boy, will survive. The father names his newborn son Adolf Hitler.
* The 1968 book ''Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf - Gezeichnete Erinnerungen an eine Große Zeit'' [''Adolf Hitler's My Struggle - drawn memories of a big time''] by {{ill|Kurt Halbritter|de}} {{ISBN|3-446-15063-3}}. is a satire of ''[[Mein Kampf]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halbritter |first1=Kurt |author1-link=:de:Kurt Halbritter |title=Adolf Hitlers Mein Kampf: Gezeichnete Erinnerungen an eine grosse Zeit |date=1968 |publisher=Bärmeier u. Nikel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUtKAAAAIAAJ |language=de}}</ref>
* In the novel ''[[Young Adolf]]'' (1978) by English author [[Beryl Bainbridge]], the 23-year-old Hitler travels to Liverpool to visit his English relatives.
* [[Ron Hansen (novelist)|Ron Hansen]]'s 1999 [[historical fiction]] novel ''Hitler's Niece'' parallels Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s with his relationship with his niece (and secret mistress) [[Geli Raubal]].
* In the novel ''Hunters in the Snow'' (2014) by English author [[D. M. Thomas]], a young Hitler (going by the nom de guerre 'Wolf') becomes involved with [[Anna Freud]] and her father [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund]] whilst residing in Vienna.

Hitler appears in many [[alternate history (fiction)|alternate history]] novels.
* In [[Philip K. Dick]]'s 1962 ''[[The Man in the High Castle]]'', where the [[Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II|Axis Powers]] won the Second World War, America has been conquered and carved up between the [[Greater Germanic Reich]] and [[Imperial Japan]], Hitler, after being stricken by the later stages of [[syphilis]], was confined to a [[mental hospital|lunatic asylum]] shortly after World War II, and his place taken by [[Martin Bormann]] and, later, [[Joseph Goebbels]] and possibly [[Reinhard Heydrich]]. ''The Grasshopper Lies Heavy'', by Hawthorne Abendsen, the story within the story, where the Allies won the war, in this timeline the United Kingdom contributes more to the Allied war effort, leading to joint British and Russian forces capturing Berlin, Hitler is also present at this [[Nuremberg trials]] and is eventually found guilty and executed for [[crimes against humanity]].
* Similarly, in [[Eric Norden]]'s 1973 ''[[The Ultimate Solution]]'' Nazi Germany won the war and rules the world, but Hitler personally got little benefit of it. Having gone entirely mad, he is kept closely confined, constantly shouting at uncaring guards that he had been betrayed - while a double is taking his place in public ceremonies.
* In [[Nancy Kress]]' ''And Wild for to Hold'', time-travelers intervene to change the past.<ref>Published in [[Asimov's Science Fiction]], July 1991.</ref> Rather than assassinate Hitler, the humane emissaries from the future kidnap him alive from the year 1932, and keep him captive under comfortable conditions, preventing his rise to power in Germany.
* In [[Norman Spinrad]]'s 1972 alternate history novel ''[[The Iron Dream]]'', Hitler in the early 1920s stopped dabbling in politics, emigrated to America, learned English and became a well-known and respected science fiction pulp novelist - author of ''Lord of the Swastika'', the text of which provides the bulk of the book.
* In the controversial 1981 novella ''[[The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H.]]'' by [[George Steiner]] Hitler survives the end of the war and escapes to the Amazon jungle, where he is found and tried by Nazi-hunters 30 years later. Hitler's defence is that since Israel owes its existence to the Holocaust, he is really the benefactor of the Jews.
* In [[Irving Wallace]]'s ''[[The Seventh Secret]]'' (1985), Hitler and [[Eva Braun]] survive [[World War II]] by having doubles (a comedian named Manfred Müller and his girlfriend) murdered in their place, staging the murder to look like suicide.
* In [[Ira Levin]]'s 1976 ''[[The Boys from Brazil (novel)|The Boys from Brazil]]'', Hitler conspired with [[Josef Mengele]] to clone himself prior to his death. Using Hitler's blood, Mengele begins a project in the 1960s to clone several Hitlers and distribute the Hitler infants to families similar to that of the original. Mengele later attempts to recreate the sociological environment of Hitler's youth, beginning with killing the fathers of all the Hitler clones. Mengele's plan is to eventually create a second Hitler who will come of age in the 21st century and establish the Fourth Reich.
* Forged journals of Hitler, known as the ''[[Hitler Diaries]]'', were published in West Germany by the magazine ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' in 1983.
* The 1995 [[Robert Ludlum]] novel ''[[The Apocalypse Watch]]'' meets its climax with the destruction of a Fourth Reich set in the 1990s, and the discovery of an ancient Adolf Hitler controlling a massive multinational corporation.
* [[Robert Harris (novelist)|Robert Harris]]' 1992 novel ''[[Fatherland (novel)|Fatherland]]'' is based on a fictional German victory in WWII and Hitler meeting with U.S. President [[Joseph P. Kennedy]] during the 1960s.
* In ''[[The Plot Against America]]'' (2004), [[Philip Roth]] envisions what life would have been like in the United States had [[Charles Lindbergh]] defeated [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and became president during the 1940s, allying America with Nazi Germany.
*Hitler is also the main 'protagonist' in the German dark satire novel ''[[Er ist wieder da]]'' ("Look Who's Back") by [[Timur Vermes]], published in 2012. Hitler is shown to somehow reawaken, alive again, in [[Berlin]] of 2011 and, since no one believes him to really be Hitler, becomes a meme on YouTube as a Hitler impersonator.<ref>[http://www.n-tv.de/leute/buecher/Adolf-Hitler-Er-ist-wieder-da-article7485021.html Thomas Badtke: "'Bild' finanzierte den Führer: Adolf Hitler - Er ist wieder da!" book review]. Retrieved April 04, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/02/10/hes-back-hitler-satire-tops-germanys-bestseller-list/ Kharunya Paramaguru: "He's Back: Hitler Satire Tops Germany's Best-Seller List"]. Retrieved April 04, 2013.</ref>
* [[Lavie Tidhar]]'s novel, ''[[A Man Lies Dreaming]]'' (2014) features a thinly-disguised Hitler (going by the nom de guerre 'Wolf' – which Hitler used during the 1920s) as a down-at-heels private eye in a 1930s London, in a world where the communists, rather than the Nazis, came to power in Germany.
* [[Newt Gingrich]] and [[William R. Forstchen]]'s novel, ''[[1945 (1995 novel)|1945]]'' (1995) Where the United States only went to war, and won against the [[Empire of Japan]], allowing Nazi Germany to force a peace treaty with the [[Soviet Union]], America has no interest in getting involved with the European conflict, even the [[British Empire]] with a [[German-occupied Europe|German-dominated Europe]] at its doorstep, squander much of their resources on a [[First Indochina War|colonial war]] in the former [[French Indochina]], however when a meeting between Hitler and U.S. President Andrew Harrison goes bad, after the meeting in [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]], Hitler makes a plan to destroy the U.S. and U.K this involves, as part of the preparations, a beautiful German spy seduces and suborns the [[White House Chief of Staff]] and makes him a key German spy, and [[Erwin Rommel]] invading [[Scotland]].
* [[James Herbert]]'s novel, ''[['48 (novel)|'48]]'' (1996) before committing suicide, Hitler orders launches a biological weapon in the shape of a [[V-2]] missile to wipe out all life on Earth.
* [[Stephen Fry]]'s novel, ''[[Making History (novel)|''Making History'']]'' (1996) features two men, Michael Young and Professor Leo Zuckerman, who build a time machine, go back in time and put a permanent [[Male oral contraceptive|male contraceptive pill]] in [[Alois Hitler|Hitler's father]]'s drink, making him [[infertility|infertile]], thus Hitler is never born, however when they return to the present they discover they got rid of Hitler only to replace him with someone far worse, Rudolf Gloder.
* [[Hans Alfredson]]'s novel, ''[[Attentatet i Pålsjö skog]]'' (1996) In 1941 Swedish Communists blow up a German train passing through Sweden, killing Eva Braun, leading Hitler to successfully invade Sweden, because of this [[Operation Barbarossa]] is delayed by three weeks allowing Joseph Stalin to be better prepared, the allied [[invasion of Normandy]] is in spring 1944 rather than June, in December that same year Hitler commits suicide, Sweden is liberated by joint British and Russian forces and the war ends a year earlier.
* [[Guy Walters]]' ''The Leader'' (2003), [[Edward VIII|King Edward VIII]] never abdicates, marries [[Wallis Simpson]], leading to [[Oswald Mosley]] winning the [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935 election]], allying the United Kingdom with the [[Axis powers]], Mosley conspires with Hitler to join him in the Final Solution.
* In [[K. A. Applegate|Katherine Applegate]]'s series ''[[Animorphs]]'', Adolf Hitler makes an appearance in the third book of the spinoff series ''[[List of Animorphs books|Megamorphs]]'' as an alternate version of himself where he is but a mere driver for the French-German troops. He is killed by Tobias using Tobias' Hork-Bajir morph, where his throat is slit by the wrist blades of the Hork-Bajir.
* [[Harry Turtledove]] frequently uses alternate history in his novels, including Adolf Hitler. "[[Uncle Alf]]" features Hitler as a Sergeant in the [[Feldgendarmerie]], ''[[In the Presence of Mine Enemies (2003 novel)|In the Presence of Mine Enemies]]'' has an axis victory and the Fuhrer is the most powerful man in the world. In [[The War That Came Early]] Hitler is assassinated and the Nazi Government overthrown in a [[Coup d'etat]]. The ''[[Worldwar Series|Worldwar]]'' series (1993–2004) imagines an [[alien invasion]] of Earth during [[World War II]]. Hitler sends [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] to negotiate and armistice between the Axis and Allied powers, and remains Fuhrer until his death, he is succeeded by [[Heinrich Himmler]].
*[[Jo Walton]]'s ''[[Farthing (novel)|Farthing]]'' in this alternative history [[Rudolf Hess#Flight to Scotland|Rudolf Hess's flight to Scotland in May 1941]] manages to successfully negotiate peace terms with the United Kingdom, mainly because the United States never gets involved with the conflict, this is because [[Imperial Japan]] never attacks [[Pearl Harbor]], resulting in the British Empire pulling out of the war, and by 1949, Britain has also become a fascist dictatorship, the sequel ''[[Ha'penny (novel)|Ha'penny]]'' the main character Inspector Peter Carmichael, has to stop an attempt to kill Hitler as he comes to London as part of the two countries new friendship.
* In [[Philip Kerr]]'s ''Hitler's Peace'' (2005) Hitler, realising he is going to lose the war, tries to negotiate peace with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and [[Winston Churchill]].
* In [[Guy Saville]]'s ''[[The Afrika Reich]]'' (2011) the United Kingdom is defeated by Nazi Germany during the [[Battle of Dunkirk|Dunkirk Campaign]], [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]] becomes Prime Minister and signs a [[non-aggression pact]] with Germany ending the war. 1952 the two empires have carved up [[Africa]] between themselves. ''[[The Madagaskar Plan]]'' Hitler is deporting Jews as part of the [[Madagascar Plan]].
* In [[Len Deighton]]'s ''[[XPD]]'' A group of former SS officers attempt to seize power in [[West Germany]], in which they intend to publish some wartime documents about a secret meeting between Winston Churchill and Hitler in June 1940.
* In [[Mike Resnick]]'s 1992 [[alternate history]] [[anthology]] ''[[Alternate Presidents]]''. In the short story "A Fireside Chat" by Jack Nimersheim Hitler becomes [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] earlier than in real life and in 1925 establishes an alliance with Franklin D. Roosevelt to maintain the balance of power. In the short story "Truth, Justice, and the American Way" by [[Lawrence Watt-Evans]] In 1938, Hitler was overthrown and killed by a cabal of generals, and [[Hermann Göring]] succeeded him as the second Führer, continuing to serve in that position until at least 1953. In the short story "Kingfish" by [[Barry N. Malzberg]], [[Huey Long]] wins the presidential election of [[1936 United States presidential election|1936]] as an [[Independent politician|independent]]. Long invites Hitler to Washington in 1938 and assassinates him via a bomb, leading to a war between the U.S. and Nazi Germany.
* In [[Patrick Sheane Duncan]]'s ''[[Dracula vs. Hitler]]'' (2016), a sequel to [[Bram Stoker]]'s ''[[Dracula]]'', [[vampire]] hunter [[Abraham Van Helsing]] awakens Dracula in 1941 to fight the Nazis in Romania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seattlebookreview.com/product/dracula-vs-hitler/|title=''Dracula vs. Hitler''|website=Seattle Book Review|first=Glenn|last=Dallas|date=2016|access-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/183162/dracula-vs-hitler-book/|title=''Dracula vs. Hitler'' (Book)|website=[[Dread Central]]|first=Trisha|last=Chambers|date=October 25, 2016|access-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781942645085|title=Review: ''Dracula vs. Hitler''|website=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=2016|access-date=August 3, 2022}}</ref>

===Theatre===


[[File:Hitler Punch and Judy Show.jpg|thumb|right|Hitler character appearing in a ''[[Punch and Judy]]'' puppet show in England]]
Hitler made it onto the stage through [[Japan]]ese novelist [[Yukio Mishima]], who wrote a play called ''My Friend Hitler'' (''Wagatomo Hitora''), retelling the [[Night of the Long Knives]]. Moreover, the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] writer [[George Tabori]] wrote a comedy called ''Mein Kampf'' which portrayed Hitler as a poor young man who enters Vienna, wanting to become an artist. Hitler appears as a minor character in [[Stanley Eveling]]'s ''The Dead of Night'', set above the [[Führerbunker]] as the Russians are entering Berlin. ''Dr Freud Will See You Now Mr Hitler'' (2008) was a radio drama by [[Laurence Marks (British writer)|Laurence Marks]] and [[Maurice Gran]] presenting an imagined scenario in which [[Sigmund Freud]] treats the young Hitler. [[Toby Jones]] played Hitler. [[Utpal Dutt]]'s 1975 [[Bengali theatre|Bengali play]] ''[[Barricade (Bengali drama)|Barricade]]'' is set in the time that Hitler is rising to power.

In 2021, Gamma Ray Theatre launched their debut production [https://www.gammaraytheatre.com/ayuphitler "Ay Up, Hitler!]" Written by Hampshire playwright David McCulloch, the play tells the untold "true" story of how Hitler and other high-ranking members of the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], actually escaped Germany at the end of the war, and went into hiding in [[Yorkshire]]. The play was praised for its 'outrageous satire'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=UK Theatre |title=Ay Up, Hitler {{!}} Fri, 11th Aug 23 {{!}} UKTW news and reviews |url=https://www.uktw.co.uk/news/Ay-Up-Hitler/6333.html |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=UK Theatre Web |language=en}}</ref> and was described as a 'riotous hour of innovative theatre.'<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Ay Up, Hitler! ★★★★ |url=https://www.jewishrenaissance.org.uk/blog/ay-up-hitler |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Jewish Renaissance |language=en-US}}</ref> It made its Edinburgh Fringe Debut in 2023, achieving a sell-out run.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tran |first=Diep |date=18 August 2023 |title=How These Fringe Artists Are Selling Out a Farcical Show About Hitler |url=https://playbill.com/article/how-these-fringe-artists-are-selling-out-a-farcical-show-about-hitler |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Playbill}}</ref>

==Motion pictures==

=== Film ===
*[[Bobby Watson (actor)|Bobby Watson]] played Hitler in
**''[[The Devil with Hitler]]'' (1942)
**''[[Hitler – Dead or Alive]]'' (1942)
**''[[That Nazty Nuisance]]'' (1943)
**''[[The Miracle of Morgan's Creek]]'' (1944)
**''[[The Hitler Gang]]'' (1944)
**''[[A Foreign Affair]]'' (1948)
**''[[The Story of Mankind (film)|The Story of Mankind]]'' (1957)
**''[[On the Double (film)|On the Double]]'' (1961)
**''[[Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (film)|The 4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Ace of Aces (1982 film)|The Ace of Aces]]'' (1982), [[Günter Meisner]] plays Hitler and his half-sister [[Angela Hitler|Angela]]
* ''[[Blazing Saddles]]'' (1974): an actor playing Hitler in a film eats at the Warner Bros. commissary
* ''[[Blubberella]]'' (2011): played by the film's director, [[Uwe Boll]]
* ''[[The Boys from Brazil (film)|The Boys from Brazil]]'' (1978): a madman [[cloning|clones]] Hitler
* ''[[The Bunker (1981 film)|The Bunker]]'' (1981), played by [[Anthony Hopkins]]
* ''[[BloodRayne: The Third Reich]]'' (2011), played by [[Boris Bakal]]
* ''[[Bosko's Picture Show]]'' (1933): Hitler chases [[Jimmy Durante]] with an [[axe]].
* ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' (2011): [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Steve Rogers]] performs in a [[war bond]] tour in which he "knocks out" Hitler; he tells the members of [[Bucky Barnes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bucky Barnes]]' unit that he has "knocked out Adolf Hitler over 200 times!".
* Carl Ekberg played Hitler in
** ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941)
** ''[[Man Hunt (1941 film)|Man Hunt]]'' (1941)
** ''[[The Wife Takes a Flyer]]'' (1942)
** ''[[Once Upon a Honeymoon]]'' (1942)
** ''[[What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Chaplin (film)|Chaplin]]'' (1992): [[Charlie Chaplin]] refuses to shake hands with a man discussing Hitler at a party and discusses him with his brother [[Sidney Chaplin|Sidney]] during pre-production on ''[[The Great Dictator]]''
* ''[[Countdown to War]]'' (1989), played by [[Ian McKellen]]<ref>{{Cite news | title = Countdown to War | url = https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/196482/Countdown-to-War/overview | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811012636/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/196482/Countdown-to-War/overview | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 August 2014 | department = Movies & TV Dept. | work = [[The New York Times]] | author = Sarah Ing | date = 2014 | access-date = 21 October 2014 }}</ref>
* ''[[The Crazy Adventure]]'' (1965), played by [[Andrew Hughes (actor)|Andrew Hughes]]: Hitler escapes Berlin and travels via [[U-boat]] to his secret base located on an island near Japan where he remains making missiles to destroy his adversaries until the [[Crazy Cats]] discover the location decades later.
* ''[[Daffy – The Commando]]'' (1943): [[Daffy Duck]] hits Hitler on the head with a mallet
* ''[[Deadpool 2]]'' (2018): In the post-credits scene of the film's extended cut, [[Wade Wilson (film character)|Deadpool]] uses [[Cable (character)|Cable]]'s time-travel device to [[killing baby Hitler|kill Hitler as a baby]].
* ''[[Dear Friend Hitler]]'' (2011), played by [[Raghuvir Yadav]]
* ''[[The Death of Adolf Hitler]]'' (1973), played by [[Frank Finlay]]
* [[Fritz Diez]] played Hitler in
** ''[[Ernst Thälmann (film)|Ernst Thälmann – Führer seiner Klasse]]'' (1955)
** ''[[Frozen Flashes (film)|Frozen Flashes]]'' (1967)
** ''[[I, Justice (film)|I, Justice]]'' (1967)
** ''[[Liberation (film series)|Liberation]]'' (1970–1)
** ''[[Seventeen Moments of Spring]]'' (1973)
** ''[[Take Aim (1974 film)|Take Aim]]'' (1974)
** ''[[Soldiers of Freedom]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn]]'' (1995): Hitler escapes from Hell and attempts to take over a city
* ''[[The Empty Mirror]]'' (1996), played by [[Norman Rodway]]
* ''[[Europa, Europa]]'' (1990), played by [[Ryszard Pietruski]]
* ''[[Fatherland (1994 film)|Fatherland]]'' (1994), directed by [[Christopher Menaul]]
* ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa]]'' (2005): [[Edward Elric]] learns from Lang that the Thule Society plans to use the weapons from his world to help Hitler in his attempt to start a revolution
* [[Hitler Goes Kaput!]] (2008), played by Mikhail Krylov
* ''[[The Good Shepherd (film)|The Good Shepherd]]'' (2006): Fredericks takes Wilson to a meeting where Hitler is discussed; Murach recruits Wilson to expose Fredericks as a Nazi
* ''[[The Great Dictator]]'' (1940): Adenoid Hynkel is a parody of Hitler
* ''[[Hellboy (2004 film)|Hellboy]]'' (2004): New BPRD agent John Myers is told Hitler died in 1958, not in 1945
* ''[[Hitler (1962 film)|Hitler]]'' (1962), played by [[Richard Basehart]]
* ''[[Hitler: A Film from Germany|Hitler, ein Film aus Deutschland]]'' (1977) documentary by [[Hans-Jürgen Syberberg]]<ref name="GermanFilms">{{cite web
| title = Hitler – Ein Film aus Deutschland
|trans-title=Hitler – A Film from Germany
| publisher = German Films
| url = http://www.german-cinema.de/app/filmarchive/film_view.php?film_id=404
| access-date = 2008-05-22
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080513004036/http://www.german-cinema.de/app/filmarchive/film_view.php?film_id=404| archive-date= 13 May 2008 | url-status= live}}
</ref>
* ''[[Hitler: The Last Ten Days]]'' (1973), played by [[Alec Guinness]]
* ''[[Hitler Umanath]]'' (1982): a timid man who resembles Hitler becomes a leader
* ''Hitler's Brain and the Robot from Hell'' (2015): A scientist inadvertently resurrects Hitler by inserting his brain into a robot meant for another historical figure
* ''[[Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil]]'' (1985), played by [[Colin Jeavons]]
* [[The Three Stooges]] [[Moe Howard]] parodied Hitler as "Moe Hailstone" in two of the Stooges' [[short subject]] films:
** ''[[You Nazty Spy!]]'', the first Hollywood film work to lampoon Hitler, released nine months (January 1940) before ''The Great Dictator''<ref>{{cite book |title=Fighting the War of Ideas Like a Real War |last=Waller |first=J. Michael |publisher=[[Lulu.com]] |isbn= 978-0-615-14463-4 |page=101 |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jzr5fI-ae1kC&pg=PA101}}{{self-published source|date=May 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}
** ''[[I'll Never Heil Again]]'', the sequel to ''You Nazty Spy!'' (released July 1941)
* ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' (2009), played by [[Martin Wuttke]]
* ''[[Is Paris Burning? (film)|Is Paris Burning]]'' (1966), played by Billy Frick
* ''[[Jackboot Mutiny|Es geschah am 20. Juli]]'' (1955), directed by [[G. W. Pabst]]
* ''[[Jojo Rabbit]]'' (2019), played by [[Taika Waititi]], the film's director: he appears as the imaginary friend of [[Hitler Youth]] member Johannes 'Jojo' Betzler, initially behaving in a friendly and childlike manner, but becoming more like the real-life dictator as Jojo develops sympathy for a runaway Jewish girl named Elsa and increasingly questions Nazi doctrine. After the real Hitler's suicide, Jojo erases the imaginary Adolf by visualizing himself kicking him out a window.
* ''[[The King's Speech]]'' (2010), [[King George VI]] watches a newsreel of Hitler giving a speech
*''[[King of Hearts (1966 film)|King of Hearts]]'', young Corporal Adolf played by [[Philippe de Broca]] suggests burning a French town.
* ''[[A Kitten for Hitler]]'' (2007) by [[Ken Russell]]
* [[Jorma Taccone]] played Hitler in
** ''[[Kung Fury]]'' (2015)
** ''[[Kung Fury 2]]'' (2020)
* [[Luther Adler]] played Hitler in
**''The Magic Face'' (1951)
**''[[The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel|The Desert Fox]]'' (1951)
* ''[[The Man Who Crossed Hitler]]'' (2011), played by [[Ian Hart]]
* ''[[Look Who's Back (film)|Look Who's Back]]'' (2015), played by [[Oliver Masucci]]
* ''[[Max (2002 film)|Max]]'' (2002), played by [[Noah Taylor]]
* ''[[Meet the People]]'' (1944), played by Frederick Giermann
* ''Mein Kampf'' (2009), played by [[Tom Schilling]]
* ''[[Moloch (1999 film)|Moloch]]'' (1999), directed by [[Alexander Sokurov]]
* ''[[Night Train to Munich]]'' (1940), played by [[Billy Russell (comedian)|Billy Russell]]
* ''[[The Plot to Kill Hitler]]'' (1990), played by [[Mike Gwilym]]
* ''[[The Producers (1968 film)|The Producers]]'' (1968): two men agree to produce a [[Broadway play]] about Hitler, hoping it will flop
* ''[[Star Spangled Rhythm]]'' (1942), played by [[Tom Dugan (actor, born 1889)|Tom Dugan]]
* ''[[The Strange Death of Adolf Hitler (film)|The Strange Death of Adolf Hitler]]'' (1943), played by [[Ludwig Donath]]
* Udo Schenk played Hitler in
** ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' (2004)
** ''[[Stauffenberg (film)|Stauffenberg]]'' (2004)
* [[Michael Sheard]] played Hitler in
** ''[[The Tomorrow People]]'' (1973)
** ''[[Rogue Male (1976 TV film)|Rogue Male]]'' (1976)
** ''[[The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission]]'' (1985)
** ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (1989)
** ''[[Secret History (TV series)|Secret History]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Timecop 2: The Berlin Decision]]'' (2003): a member of the Time Enforcement Commission travels back in time to assassinate Hitler
* ''[[Tomorrow I'll Wake Up and Scald Myself with Tea]]'' (1977), time travel comedy, directed by [[Jindřich Polák]]
* ''[[They Saved Hitler's Brain]]'' (1969): Nazi madmen preserve Hitler's brain so they can resurrect him
*''[[The Fall of Berlin (film)|The Fall of Berlin]]'' (1950) played by Vladimir Savelyev
* ''[[The Plot to Assassinate Hitler|Der 20. Juli]]'' (1955), directed by [[Falk Harnack]]
* ''[[Downfall (2004 film)|Der Untergang]]'' (English: ''Downfall'') (2004), played by [[Bruno Ganz]]
* ''[[Valkyrie (film)|Valkyrie]]'' (2008), played by [[David Bamber]]<ref name=Dibbits/>
* ''[[War and Remembrance (miniseries)|War and Remembrance]]'' (1988), played by [[Steven Berkoff]]
* ''[[White Tiger (2012 film)|White Tiger]]'' (2012), directed by [[Karen Shakhnazarov]]
* ''[[Elser – Er hätte die Welt verändert]]'' (2015), directed by [[Oliver Hirschbiegel]]. Hitler is played by Udo Schenk and the film is based on the assassination attempt at [[Bürgerbräukeller]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2017/07/28/ordinary-german-tries-to-kill-hitler-in-13-minutes/ |title=Ordinary German tries to kill Hitler in '13 Minutes' |date=28 July 2017 |access-date=26 January 2019 |newspaper=[[Boston Herald]] |publisher=[[MediaNews Group, Inc.]]}}</ref>
*''[[Iron Sky: The Coming Race]]'' Hitler is played by [[Udo Kier]] and is the leader of an alien race called the [[Vril]].
* ''[[The Winds of War (miniseries)|The Winds of War]]'' (1983), played by [[Gunter Meisner]]
* ''[[Which Way to the Front?]]'' (1970): a comedy film about the [[20 July Plot]].
* ''[[The King's Man]]'' (2021), played by [[David Kross]]

===Television===
* [[Doctor Who]] (1963-): Hitler is played by [[Albert Welling]]) in ''[[Let's Kill Hitler]]'', the eighth episode of [[Doctor Who series 6]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Roz|last=Laws|url=http://www.sundaymercury.net/entertainment-news/tv-news/2011/08/19/hitler-crop-circles-school-uniforms-and-moles-it-s-just-what-the-doctor-ordered-66331-29269160/|title=Hitler, crop circles, school uniforms and moles – it's just what the Doctor ordered|work=[[Sunday Mercury]]|date=19 August 2011|access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>
* [[Monty Python]] sketch "''Mr. Hitler and the North Minehead By-Election''" (1970): Hitler, [[Himmler]] and [[Von Ribbentrop]] plot their political comeback at a B&B in a remote British constituency.<ref name="Haunted"/>{{rp|74-75}}
* ''[[The Simpsons]]'' (1989-): In the episode "[[Bart vs. Australia]]" (1995), [[Bart Simpson]] calls an elderly man in Argentina who is implied to be Adolf Hitler while attempting to confirm the [[Coriolis effect]].
* ''[[Heil Honey I'm Home!]]'' (1990). Played by Neil McCaul.This British sitcom, which centred on Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun moving live next door to a [[Jews|Jewish]] couple, Arny and Rosa Goldenstein, was deemed so controversial it was [[List of television series canceled after one episode|cancelled after one episode]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/heil-honey-im-home-british-tv-show/|title='Heil Honey I'm Home': the incredibly tasteless British TV show|last=Campbell|first=Scott|date=2 March 2024|work=Far Out|accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Horrible Histories (2009 TV series)|Horrible Histories]]'' (2009-): Played by [[Ben Willbond]]
* ''[[Danger 5]]'' (2012–2015): Allied spies chase after Hitler, who is inexplicably [[Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death|still alive]] in the 1960s–1980s.
* ''[[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|The Man in the High Castle]]'' (2015): An old Hitler makes an appearance in an alternative world where the Axis Powers won World War II.
* [[Man Seeking Woman]] (2015–2017): The main character's ex-girlfriend is seen dating an old Hitler on the first episode of the first season.
* In March 2016 [[Sarah Silverman]] portrayed Hitler on the [[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]] to mock [[Donald Trump]].<ref name=Haunted/>{{rp|84}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/g-T89YK8il0 |title=Sarah Silverman as Hitler on Trump (Conan, 2016) |language=en |access-date=2025-10-30 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* [[Gilbert Gottfried]] played Hitler in the [[Anne Frank]] episode of [[Jeff Ross]]'s ''[[Historical Roasts]]''. [[Rachel Feinstein (comedian)|Comedian Rachel Feinstein]] concludes the roast by addressing "Hitler" saying "Today the Jewish people are thriving more than ever before. In fact, guess what, Hitler: You're being portrayed by a Jew right now, and it's the loudest, most annoying Jew we could find!"<ref name=Haunted/>{{rp|207-209}}
* [[Hunters (2020 TV series)]]: In the late 1970s Hitler (portrayed by [[Udo Kier]]) escaped the defeat of Nazi Germany and is living in Argentina with [[Eva Braun]] and their 4 look-alike male children in the late 1970s. Together Hitler and Eva plan to attack America and create the Fourth Reich.<ref name=Haunted/>{rp|181}

==== Documentaries ====

* ''[[The World at War]]'' (1974): a [[Thames Television]] series which contains much information about Hitler and Nazi Germany, including an interview with his secretary, [[Traudl Junge]]
* "Adolf Hitler's Last Days": from the BBC series ''Secrets of World War II'', the episode tells the story of Hitler's last days
* ''[[The Nazis: A Warning from History]]'' (1997): six-part BBC TV series on how cultured and educated Germans accepted Hitler and the Nazis. Historical consultant was [[Ian Kershaw]]
* ''[[Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary|Im toten Winkel – Hitlers Sekretärin]] (Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary)'' (2002): a 90-minute interview with Traudl Junge. Made by Austrian Jewish director [[André Heller]] shortly before Junge's death from lung cancer. Junge recalls the last days in the Berlin bunker. Clips of the interview were used in ''[[Downfall (2004 film)|Downfall]]''.
* ''[[The Architecture of Doom|Undergångens arkitektur]] (The Architecture of Doom)'' (1989): documentary about the National Socialist aesthetic as envisioned by Hitler
* ''Das Fernsehen unter dem Hakenkreuz (Television Under the Swastika)'' (1999): documentary by Michael Kloft about the use of television in Nazi Germany for propaganda purposes from 1935 to 1944
* ''[[Hitler: The Rise of Evil]]'' (2003): two-part TV series about the early years of Adolf Hitler and his rise to power (up to 1933), starring [[Robert Carlyle]].
* ''[[Ruins of the Reich]]'' (2007): a four-part series detailing the rise and fall of Hitler's Reich, created by historian [[R.J. Adams]]
* ''[[Apocalypse: Hitler]]'' (2011): a two-part television series chronicling the rise of Adolf Hitler and the birth of Nazi ideology

=== Comics and cartoons ===
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2018}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300
| image1 = AmericasBestComics0701.jpg
| image2 = CaptMarvelJr10.jpg
| image3 = Daredevil Battles Hitler cover - number 1.jpg
| image4 = Captain America Comics-1 (March 1941 Timely Comics).jpg
| footer = Depictions of Adolf Hitler in American comic books during World War II. Clockwise from upper left: [[America's Best Comics#History|America's Best Comics #7]] October 1943, "Why is Hitler so miserable?" ''[[Captain Marvel Jr.]]'' #10, August 1943. Artwork by [[Mac Rayboy]], ''[[Daredevil (Lev Gleason Publications)|Daredevil Battles Hitler]],'' July 1941, [[Lev Gleason Publications]]. Cover art by "Woodro" ([[Charles Biro]] and Bob Wood), ''Captain America Comics'' #1 (March 1941). Cover art by [[Joe Simon]] (inks and pencils) and [[Jack Kirby]] (pencils).|
}}

[[DC Comics]] feature Hitler on several occasions. In ''[[Strange Adventures]]'' #3 (December 1950-January 1951), there is a story in which Hitler is captured by [[space aliens]] just before his attempted suicide. A fake corpse is left for the [[SS]] to find. As punishment for Hitler's crimes, he is imprisoned for life alone on a rocket ship which will travel through space until he dies (the rocket ship can automatically manufacture its own food for him); during his waking hours, he is forced to listen to an endless loop recording of all the speeches he has ever made. The character known as the [[Unknown Soldier (DC Comics)|Unknown Soldier]], who first appeared in June 1966, kills Hitler, impersonates him for a short time, then pretends his death was a suicide. In ''[[Outsiders (comics)|Adventures of the Outsiders]]'' #33-35, a clone of Hitler is created by [[Baron Bedlam]]. Planning to give the clone the same persona as the original, Bedlam gives him an [[intellectual disability|intellectually disabled]] Jewish maid, several films of the Holocaust and a handgun, Bedlam's intention being for the clone to embrace Nazism and ultimately murder the maid to "prove himself" as Hitler. Instead, the clone—realizing his connection to the atrocities he views—commits suicide.

In DC Comics' [[Elseworlds]] imprint, ''[[The Golden Age (comics)|The Golden Age]]'', Hitler's brain is successfully transplanted into the brain pan of [[TNT (character)|Dyna-Mite]]. Now pretending to be a superhero called Dynaman, he plots in resurrecting Nazi ideals with the aid of the [[Ultra-Humanite]]. He possessed a magical item, the [[Spear of Destiny]], which gave him control over superpowered beings that entered Nazi territory, an explanation for why the [[Justice Society of America]] did not enter Berlin and end the war.

In [[Fawcett Comics|Fawcett]] pre-''Crisis'' comics, he was a member of the [[Monster Society of Evil]] with [[Benito Mussolini]] and [[Hideki Tojo]], and other Nazis like Herr Phoul were other members of the Society. He was shown to have helped in the creation of super-strong Aryan supervillain [[Captain Nazi]].

In ''[[Weird War Tales]]'' #58 (1977) "Death of a dictator" Hitler kills a raving man dressed in rags before going into suspended animation in the belief history will repeat and he will be able to rebuild the Third Reich. The story ends with our Hitler with long hair being killed in exactly the same manner the raving man dressed in rags was. The final panel reveals that the scientist was all too correct in that history would repeat as our Hitler's killer looks exactly like he did originally and he is going to his suspended animation chamber and these events will replay themselves forever.

In the comic book ''[[The Savage Dragon]]'' by [[Erik Larsen]] (published by [[Image Comics]]), Hitler did not die in 1945, but after a fight against [[Hellboy]] in [[Romania]] in 1952. His body ruined, the brain is [[Organ transplant|transplanted]] to the body of a large [[gorilla]]. Suffering [[amnesia]] and calling himself Brainiape, the [[Chimera (mythology)|chimera]] possesses great psionic powers and joins the [[Chicago, IL]] criminal organization known as the [[Vicious Circle (comics)|Vicious Circle]], eventually becoming its leader. He remembers his past only in 1996 when he encounters Hellboy again, alongside the Vicious Circle's enemy, the meta-talented policeman called Dragon. The ape body is killed, and it is revealed that Hitler's brain had [[Mutation|mutated]] and could live unaided by any technology or host body, ambulatory on tiny legs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brainiape/Hitler's profile at Comic Book Gorillarama |url=http://members.shaw.ca/gorillagallery/myweb2/brainiape.htm |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804202836/http://members.shaw.ca/gorillagallery/myweb2/brainiape.htm|archive-date=2004-08-04}}</ref>

[[Marvel Comics]]' villain the [[Hate-Monger]] is revealed to be the consciousness of Hitler transferred to a cloned body by Nazi scientist [[Arnim Zola]]. The original Hitler, rather than committing suicide, was confronted by the [[Human Torch (android)|Human Torch]] and his sidekick [[Toro (character)|Toro]] after Eva Braun committed suicide. The two heroes set Hitler ablaze as he attempted to set off a bomb. As he died, he commanded one of his loyal followers nearby to tell the world he had committed suicide. The clone is killed in ''[[Fantastic Four (comic book)|Fantastic Four]]'' #21 when the [[Invisible Woman|Invisible Girl]] makes him hit his own troops with his hate-ray, causing them to shoot him for getting them into a battle with the [[Fantastic Four]]. At the time of his death, he was planning to start wars using a ray which caused hatred and to which only he possessed the antidote to, having started with a [[South America]]n country. He preached ideas of bigotry also while in America. In another story, Hitler is seen in the Hellish realm of the demon [[Mephisto (Marvel Comics)|Mephisto]].
In the British comic ''[[2000 AD (comics)|2000 AD]]'' a storyline called The Shicklgruber Grab from ''[[Strontium Dog]]'' mutant bounty hunters Johnny Alpha and Wulf Sternhammer are hired to go back to 1945 and bring Hitler to the future the stand trial, Hitler who murdered Eva Braun shortly after marrying her, and used his simpleton body double to commit suicide so he could escape and start the [[Fourth Reich]], however gets dragged to the future not understanding what's going on.

[[Warner Bros.]] produced wartime cartoons which constantly parodied Hitler and his personality traits and quirks. Most (if not all) cartoons with Hitler and the Nazis as the antagonists ended up with the American hero cartoon character (such as [[Bugs Bunny]] or [[Daffy Duck]]) making a mockery out of Hitler.

[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] produced an episode in their ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' series called "[[The Lonesome Mouse]]" in 1943, with Tom's face being painted to resemble Hitler, before Jerry spit on it.

Hitler appears as an antagonist in the ''[[Captain Planet and the Planeteers]]'' episode "A Good Bomb Is Hard to Find", voiced by [[Matt Frewer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cracked.com/article_28410_remember-that-time-captain-planet-fought-hitler.html|title=Remember That Time Captain Planet Fought Hitler?|last=Duddy|first=Dan|date=19 August 2020|work=[[Cracked.com]]|accessdate=13 May 2025}}</ref>

Japanese manga artist [[Shigeru Mizuki]] wrote ''[[Gekiga]] Hitler'', first serialized in ''[[Weekly Manga Sunday]]'' in 1971 and published in English in 2015 as ''[[Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler]]'' by [[Drawn & Quarterly]].<ref name=Arul>{{cite web|author=Arul, Davin|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/books/2016/03/22/book-review-shigeru-mizukis-hitler|title=Review: Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2016-03-22|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>

The episode "Alternative Histories", from the Netflix animated series ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]'', centers in five scenarios where an alternative death of the dictator occurs.

In the comic book series ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'' by [[Alan Moore]], set in an alternate universe where several other works of fiction are real, Adenoid Hynkel, the Hitler spoof played by [[Charlie Chaplin]] in his film ''[[The Great Dictator]]'', is a real person and has the same role in the comic series that Hitler had in real life. In the world of ''The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen'', Tomainia (the country Hynkel ruled in ''The Great Dictator'') was annexed by Nazi Germany in a similar manner to the [[Anschluss]] and the "Double Cross" emblem used in the film for Hynkel-controlled Tomainia is instead used as the Nazi flag instead of the Swastika in reality, meaning that this version of Hynkel is not exactly the same as the film. The personality of the comic book Hynkel combines the buffoonish mentality of the film Hynkel with the evil tyranny of Hitler both in real life and in the various fictional works that depict him. Hynkel is mentioned in passing in ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century|Volume III: Century]]''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcKWAQAACAAJ | title=The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (Vol III): Century | isbn=9781603094375 | last1=Moore | first1=Alan | date=June 2018 | publisher=National Geographic Books }}</ref> but only appears as a character in ''Nemo: The Roses of Berlin'' which is part of the ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Nemo Trilogy|Nemo Trilogy]]''. ''Nemo: The Roses of Berlin'' also mentions that an American comedian named "Addie Hitler" has made a movie that mocked Hynkel's regime, an obvious reference to ''The Great Dictator''.

Belgian comic series ''[[The Adventures of Nero]]'' shows two incarnations of Hitler having survived the war: once in "De man met het gouden hoofd" where he is pictured living hidden in an [[igloo]] in the American Far North, and again in "Het knalgele koffertje" which pictures him on an unidentified Pacific Island.

British comic series ''[[2000 AD (comics)|2000 AD]]'' in the [[Strontium Dog]] stories, mutant bounty hunters Johnny Alpha and Wulf Sternhammer from the 22nd century go back in time to 1945 to bring Hitler back with them to stand trial. Hitler, who murdered Eva Braun and had his simpleton body double commit suicide to fake his death, so he could escape. Alpha and Sternhammer eventually capture Hitler and bring him back with them.

==Hitler in music==
Many songs tell a story about Hitler one way or the other, for example "Götterdämmerung" by [[Stratovarius]] directly mentions the history of Hitler and the Nazi regime. David Bowie has also been quoted saying "Hitler was the first rock star" and, at one time, wanted to direct a film based on the life of [[Heinrich Himmler]]. "Heads We're Dancing" by [[Kate Bush]] tells the story of a woman who dances all night with a charming stranger, only to discover the following morning that he is Adolf Hitler. [[Texas]] [[Groove metal]] band [[Pantera]] wrote and recorded a song called "By Demons Be Driven". It tells the story of how Hitler was plagued by paranoia and began to hate the Jewish people and religion. Australian band [[TISM]]'s debut single was "[[Defecate on My Face]]", which was about Adolf Hitler's supposed [[coprophilia]]. Australian comedy troupe the [[Doug Anthony Allstars]] had a song called "Mexican Hitler", which told the story of what Hitler would have been like if he was born Mexican. It made an appearance in their television show, ''[[DAAS Kapital]]''.<ref name="DAAS">{{cite book |title=DAAS Kapital (scriptbook) |last=The Doug Anthony Allstars |author-link=Doug Anthony All Stars |author2=Paul McDermott|author3=Tim Ferguson|author4=Richard Fidler |year=1992 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Australia |isbn=1-86373-101-6 |page=33 }}</ref>

The song "Hitler as Kalki" by [[apocalyptic folk]] band [[Current 93]] makes use of [[Savitri Devi]]'s idea that Hitler was an avatar of the [[Hindu]] god [[Kalki]]. "Two Little Hitlers" by [[Elvis Costello]], superficially a song about a loveless couple but reportedly a real-life reflection of the relationship between the singer and his producer Nick Lowe (who had previously recorded a song entitled "Little Hitler", the similarities leading to speculations about the origins of the later song) on the album ''[[Armed Forces (album)|Armed Forces]]''. [[Antony and the Johnsons]] have released the song "Hitler in My Heart" on their [[Antony and the Johnsons (album)|debut]] in which the term "Hitler" is generally used as a metaphore for the bad within oneself - likewise in the song "Crack Hitler" by [[Faith No More]] from [[Angel Dust (Faith No More album)|''Angel Dust'']].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

American rapper [[Westside Gunn]] released a series of [[mixtape]]s named ''Hitler Wears Hermes''. He later said that the title was inspired by the movie [[The Devil Wears Prada (film)|''The Devil Wears Prada'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pryor |first=Lex |date=2020-10-02 |title=The Flygod Takes Flight |url=https://www.theringer.com/2020/10/2/21496839/westside-gunn-griselda-who-made-the-sunshine-interview |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Ringer |language=en}}</ref>

Other songs take a more serious approach and deal with Hitler's impact on the world. [[Thrash metal]] group [[Flotsam and Jetsam (band)|Flotsam and Jetsam]] recorded the song "Der Fuhrer" for their album ''[[Doomsday for the Deceiver]]''. The song discusses the devastation Hitler caused in Europe. New York metal band [[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]] recorded the song "The Enemy" for their album ''[[Spreading the Disease]]''. The song discusses Hitler's role in [[the Holocaust]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

There are some examples of parodies involving Hitler. [[Bing Crosby]] and the [[Andrews Sisters]] reference Hitler in the song, [[Hot Time in the Town of Berlin]]. "[[Der Fuehrer's Face]]" is an elaborate parody on Nazism created by musical comedian [[Spike Jones]]. It is one of his most well-known tunes. A novelty [[Rapping|rap]] song entitled "[[To Be or Not to Be (The Hitler Rap)]]" performed by [[Mel Brooks]] is on the movie ''[[To Be or Not to Be (1983 film)|To Be or Not to Be]]'s'' soundtrack album, but it was not in the movie itself. Mel Brooks dressed as Hitler sings from behind a desk while male dancers in pants, harnesses and [[SS]] caps made of [[black leather]] and female dancers in [[fishnet stockings]] dance wildly with each other around Hitler on a large dance floor with a [[checkerboard]] design.

The heavy metal band [[Gwar]] has maimed and mangled a Hitler character during many live stage shows.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

Songs about Adolf Hitler include:
*"[[Adolf Hitler (calypso)|Adolf Hitler]]" by Clifford Morris, better known as the [[Mighty Destroyer]]
*"[[Mr. Hitler]]" by [[Lead Belly]]
*"[[Hot Time in the Town of Berlin]]" by [[Bing Crosby]] and the [[Andrews Sisters]]
*"[[Defecate on My Face]]", by [[TISM]]
*"[[Even Hitler Had a Girlfriend (song)|Even Hitler Had a Girlfriend]]" by [[Mr. T Experience]]
*"[[Der Fuehrer's Face]]" by [[Spike Jones]]
*"[[The Sensual World|Heads We're Dancing]]" by [[Kate Bush]]
*"[[Hitler Has Only Got One Ball]]" — World War II British soldiers marching song
*"[[Springtime for Hitler]]" from the film and play ''The Producers'' by [[Mel Brooks]]
*"[[WW3 (Kanye West song)|WW3]]" and "[[Heil Hitler (song)|Heil Hitler]]" by [[Kanye West]]

==Internet==
{{see also|List of Internet phenomena}}

Parodied clips from the 2004 film ''[[Downfall (2004 film)|Downfall]]'' have proliferated internationally via [[YouTube]] and other video sites.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24461161-26063,00.html |title=There's life after Downfall |publisher=The Australian |author=Stephen Matchett |access-date=22 October 2014 |date=11 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122133726/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0%2C25197%2C24461161-26063%2C00.html |archive-date=November 22, 2008 }} {{cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4710863a28.html |title=YouTube Hitler parodies go viral |access-date=2008-10-21 |date=2008-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084215/http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4710863a28.html |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The parodies replace the subtitles from the original movie with incorrect subtitles. The most frequently used clips include the scene where Hitler receives news of the advancing Red Army vastly outnumbering the forces commanded by [[Felix Steiner]], and where Hitler orders [[Otto Günsche]] to find SS-''[[Gruppenführer]]'' [[Hermann Fegelein]]. They are subtitled with references to Hitler becoming angry over various facets of modern pop culture such as politics, online gaming, films, television, music, sports and many other local or international events.

The phenomenon started in English but has spread to other languages including [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (massive number of videos on [[Nico Nico Douga]] on various topics), [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (influenced by Japan, comments on [[Wenzhou train collision]] and many other sensational topics mainly on [[Tudou]] and [[Youku]]. In addition, Hong Kong people used the clip to criticize social events, like Cable TV un-subscription, salt shortage due to misbelief of salt being able to protect from radiation from the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima nuclear disaster]]), [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] (to ridicule Bulgarian president [[Georgi Parvanov]] for being a State Security agent during the [[communist]] dictatorship and for being a poacher<ref>{{YouTube|Dv5Mlh9tFAQ}}</ref>), [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (for the 2009 presidential election), [[Croatian language|Croatian]] (comments about frequent affairs in the government), [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (regarding poor results by football team [[Red Star Belgrade|FK Red Star]]), [[Quebec French|French]] (about the weather), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (about a wide variety of topics mainly related to Argentine and Chilean local events), [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (mainly about local politics, presidential elections, cultures, and also everyday life), and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (about the difficulty of finding parking space in [[Tel Aviv]]).<ref>{{YouTube|198kIhOQV24}}</ref>

Footage or characters from other films, ranging from other depictions of Hitler in the likes of ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' or ''[[Hitler: The Last Ten Days]]'', or even films that have little or nothing to do with ''Downfall'', are also juxtaposed for humorous effect.

On April 21, 2010, [[Constantin Film]], the production and distribution company responsible for the film, initiated a massive removal of parody videos on YouTube.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/21/constantin-films-intellectual-property-spoofs|title=Downfall filmmakers want YouTube to take down Hitler spoofs|author=Finlo Rohrer|work=The Guardian|date=2010-04-21|access-date=2010-04-21 | location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422211308/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/apr/21/constantin-films-intellectual-property-spoofs| archive-date= 22 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> This removal was criticized by digital rights advocates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/04/everyone-who-s-made-hitler-parody-leave-room |title=Everyone Who's Made a Hitler Parody Video, Leave the Room | Electronic Frontier Foundation |publisher=Eff.org |date=2010-04-20 |access-date=2011-01-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110108123730/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/04/everyone-who-s-made-hitler-parody-leave-room| archive-date=January 8, 2011| url-status= live}}</ref> and was followed by the appearance of self-referential parody videos on the very subject of Constantin's actions with respect to the parodies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Melanson |first=Mike |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/youtube_weighs_in_on_hitler_parodies_mashups_fair.php |title=YouTube Weighs In on Hitler, Parodies, Mashups & Fair Use |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=2010-04-22 |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114030148/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/youtube_weighs_in_on_hitler_parodies_mashups_fair.php |archive-date=2010-11-14 }}</ref>

In the shared [[alternate history]] of [[Ill Bethisad]] (1997 and after), Adolf Hitler never went into politics but instead moved to New Amsterdam (Ill Bethisad's version of [[New York City]]) and wrote science fiction, in a similar manner to the version of Hitler depicted in the novel ''[[The Iron Dream]]''. Unlike in real life or ''The Iron Dream'', the fictional alternate universe of Hitler was never anti-Semitic. Hitler actually ''liked'' the Jewish people he met early in life in Vienna, preventing his anti-Semitism. Hitler also created the alternate history genre in Ill Bethisad and his most famous work there, ''The Dream of Iron'', is an example of one. The villains of ''The Dream of Iron'' are the "Empire of Zand" which resemble the Nazis.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ib.frath.net/w/Adolf_Hitler | title=Adolf Hitler - IBWiki }}</ref>

The website [[Cats That Look Like Hitler]] features pictures of cats that bear some resemblance to the German leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finkelstein |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Finkelstein |date=26 February 2007 |title=Cats That Look Like Hitler |url=http://timesonline.typepad.com/comment/2007/02/cats_that_look_.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719025347/http://timesonline.typepad.com/comment/2007/02/cats_that_look_.html |archive-date=19 July 2008 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

[[Godwin's Law]] states "As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one". From this is derived an additional formulation, also encountered online, which states "The first person to mention the Third Reich automatically loses the argument".

In 2010, Hitler has been portrayed by [[EpicLLOYD]] in the second episode of YouTube series ''[[Epic Rap Battles of History]]'', "Darth Vader vs Hitler", where he faces [[Darth Vader]] (portrayed by co-creator [[Nice Peter]]) in a rap battle.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Darth Vader vs Hitler. Epic Rap Battles of History 2 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFA-rOls8YA | website = YouTube | date=10 November 2010 | access-date = 23 October 2014 }}</ref> In 2011, in Season two's first episode, "Hitler vs. Vader 2", EpicLLOYD and Nice Peter reprised their roles in a second rap battle between Darth Vader and Hitler<ref>{{Cite web | title = Hitler vs Vader 2. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 2. | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeLrlmV9A-s | website = YouTube | date=8 December 2011 | access-date = 23 October 2014 }}</ref> and again for the start of season three, in the episode "Hitler vs. Vader 3", which was uploaded on October 7, 2013, on the series' YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Hitler vs Vader 3. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 3. | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpqNvskS_kM | website = YouTube | date=7 October 2013 | access-date = 23 October 2014 }} In early 2023, the first "Darth Vader vs Hitler" battle became a meme again after [[Kanye West]] started making anti-semitic statements, and the song (specifically Hitler's first verse) would be presented as West's latest single.</ref>

In 2012, the statement [[Hitler was right|"Hitler did nothing wrong"]] (HDNW) became an [[Internet meme]] varyingly for trolling, support of Hitler, and/or [[Holocaust denial]]. Its use on the internet was popularized by [[4chan]] after members of the website attacked an ad campaign ran by [[Mountain Dew]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/news/4chan-mountain-dew-name-contest/|title=4chan users hijack Mountain Dew contest|date=August 13, 2012|website=The Daily Dot}}</ref>

In 2013, a kettle, which was dubbed the "[[Hitler teapot]]", went viral on [[Reddit]] and other social media sites because of its apparent resemblance to Hitler.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=JC Penney's 'Hitler' tea kettle sells out but finds a new home on eBay |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/us-news-blog/2013/may/29/jc-penney-hitler-tea-kettle |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

==Video games==
* The first part of ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]'' culminates in a battle with Hitler in a robotic suit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=published |first=Jody Macgregor |date=2019-05-20 |title=Great moments in PC gaming: Fighting mecha Hitler in Wolfenstein 3D |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/great-moments-in-pc-gaming-fighting-mecha-hitler-in-wolfenstein-3d/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref>

* ''[[Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus]]'' features Adolf Hitler in the 1960s after Nazis win World War II. It is revealed B.J. Blazkowicz assassinated Hitler during the Second American Revolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2017/11/03/hitler-is-wretched-pathetic-and-disgusting-in-wolfenstein-ii-the-new-colossus/|last=Kain|first=Erik|access-date=August 19, 2024|date=November 3, 2017|title=This Is The Most Important Scene In 'Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus'|publisher=Forbes}}</ref>

* He appears in the game, ''[[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]]'' as one of the last bosses in the game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilliard |first=Kyle |date=August 23, 2015 |title=Learn How Hitler's Cameo In Persona 2: Innocent Sin Complicated Localization For North America |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/08/23/learn-how-hitler-39-s-cameo-in-persona-2-innocent-sin-complicated-localization-for-north-america.aspx |access-date=May 21, 2025 |website=[[Game Informer]] |language=en}}</ref>

* In the game [[Mewgenics]] a mech piloted by the Hitler's disembodied head appears as a boss.

* He is the protagonist in the video game series [[Sex with Hitler]].

==Art==
[[File:Arthur Szyk (1894-1951). Satan Leads the Ball (1942), New York.jpg|thumb|400px|''Satan Leads the Ball'' by [[Arthur Szyk]]]]
[[File:Wolf Howard. Being on the Dole.jpg|thumb|''Being on the Dole'' by [[Wolf Howard]]]]
[[Salvador Dalí]] painted several pictures involving Hitler. ''The Enigma of Hitler'' (1939) depicts a torn photograph of Hitler on a plate in a typically surreal landscape over which hangs a broken telephone and an umbrella.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/collection/artwork/enigma-hitler |title=Salvador Dalí - The Enigma of Hitler |website=Reina Sofía Museum|author=Paloma Esteban Leal |access-date= 5 March 2017}}</ref> He also painted the ''Metamorphosis of the Face of Hitler into a Moonlit Landscape'' (1958). One of his late works was ''[[Hitler Masturbating]]'' (1973), depicting just that, with Hitler seen from behind in an armchair in the center of a snow-filled desolate landscape.

Hitler is depicted in a balloon overlooking marching, helmeted troops in the painting ''Vision of War'' by Indian artist [[A. Ramachandran]]. A picture of him with Gandhi by [[M. F. Husain]] was controversial with Hindutva groups in India.

==In India==
The name "Hitler" is widely used for anyone who is overly authoritarian in manner, but it does not have the same negative connotation as it does in the West. For example, in the 1998 film ''Hitler'', the disciplinarian hero nicknamed Hitler is simply a person with staunch traditional values.<ref name = "hit"/>

In Indian popular culture, Hitler is synonymous with rigidity; people often refer to their boss or a strict teacher as Hitler.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 28, 2020|title=Explained Hitlers relationship with India|url=https://www.wionews.com/opinions-blogs/explained-hitlers-relationship-with-india-277103|url-status=live|website=wionews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806191114/https://www.wionews.com/opinions-blogs/explained-hitlers-relationship-with-india-277103 |archive-date=2020-08-06 }}</ref>

Hitler is also used as a personal name in India, as in the case of the politician [[Adolf Lu Hitler Marak]]. The film ''[[Hero Hitler in Love]]'' is about a man called "Hitler" who tries to love everyone. Furthermore, the swastika has for centuries been a common symbol in India with positive connotations. According to ''The Indian Republic'',

{{blockquote|A more recent cinematic outing- ''[[Gandhi to Hitler]]'' (2011) was decried for painting the man as a lost hero of India's struggle for Independence while Hitler memorabilia, including his autobiography ''Mein Kampf'', continues to grow in sales. In 2006, a Mumbai restaurant was forced to change its name from the ill advised "Hitler's Cross" while in 2012, a clothing store named "Hitler" in Ahemdabad drew considerable anger (tellingly the owner of the unfortunately named store said that he had picked the name in memory of his grandfather, a strict disciplinarian whom the family referred to as "Hitler").<ref name = "hit">"Is Hitler loved in India?", ''The Indian Republic'', Wednesday, 20 August 2014.</ref>}}

According to Navras Jaat Aafreedi, such references to Hitler are not usually linked to pro-Nazi sympathies, but some Hindu nationalist groups see Hitler's use of the swastika as a "great service to Hinduism" and link anti-Semitic ideology to anti-Islamism.<ref name = "hit"/>

The "Hitler" clothing store in [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]] opened in mid-August 2012. The store immediately became embroiled in controversy over its name.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nelson, Dean |title=India's Jewish community condemn 'Hitler' clothes shop |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/9505660/Indias-Jewish-community-condemn-Hitler-clothes-shop.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830222520/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/9505660/Indias-Jewish-community-condemn-Hitler-clothes-shop.html |archive-date=August 30, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The store's logo even had a [[swastika]] embedded in the [[Tittle|dot above]] the "i" in Hitler's name. The owner, Rajesh Shah, told media he did not expect all the commotion. He had chosen the name because the grandfather of his business partner was nicknamed "Hitler" because of his strict demeanor. He stated he did not intend to change the name unless somebody else paid the expenses. Among the groups that objected to the store's name was the small Jewish community in Ahmedabad. A diplomat at the Israeli embassy in [[New Delhi]] said that the embassy would protest in "the strongest terms possible" to the Indian government. The Israeli consul general in Mumbai asked state officials to ensure the store was renamed,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israel wants Indian menswear shop Hitler renamed|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-wants-indian-menswear-shop-hitler-renamed/|agency=[[CNN]]|date=September 3, 2012|access-date=September 3, 2012}}</ref> but commented that she believes the use of the name most likely is a product of ignorance rather than [[antisemitism]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hitler-butikk vekker avsky |trans-title=Hitler store engenders disgust |url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utrolige-historier/artikkel.php?artid=10068278 |newspaper=[[Verdens Gang]] |language=no |agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=August 29, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611133445/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utrolige-historier/artikkel.php?artid=10068278&fb_comment_id=fbc_278042175637712_1296375_278043528970910 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reports suggested that the shop owner had agreed to rename the store following an offer by a Jewish organization to pay the costs. In October 2012, the Ahmedabad Municipal authorities allegedly removed the store sign without proper procedure.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140518170645/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/article/3/2012103120121031030705198ce1c13d/AMC-turns-%E2%80%98Hitler%E2%80%99-at-Vastrapur-store.html AMC turns 'Hitler' at Vastrapur store, Owners of garment store approach police commissioner, claim civic officials removed their signboard without serving a notice, Ahmedabad Mirror Bureau, October 31, 2012]</ref> It was later renamed ''Gladiator''.<ref>[http://www.cityshor.com/ahmedabad/fashion/vastrapur/gladiator-fashion-ahmedabad/ Gladiator Fashion Ahmedabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004224655/http://www.cityshor.com/ahmedabad/fashion/vastrapur/gladiator-fashion-ahmedabad/ |date=2016-10-04 }} CityShor</ref>

[[Cross Cafe]] in Mumbai was formerly Hitler's Cross cafe. The business sought to attract attention by using the Hitler theme, and was decorated with Nazi imagery. Actor [[Murli Sharma]] attended the opening party; when asked what he thought about the name, he said "I am not really agitated as I have not read much about the man. However, from what I know about Hitler, I find this name rather amusing."<ref name="guardian">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2010/jun/11/bollywood-film-hitler | title=Why Bollywood's film about Hitler is profoundly misguided | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=2010-06-11 | access-date=April 17, 2011 | author=Tunzelmann, Alex von | location=[[London]]}}</ref> Alternative names suggested included Stalin Samosa Shop, Ayatollah Khomeini's Falafels, and Kim Jong's Juicy Juice.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/24/world/asia/24iht-fuhrer.html In India, a café named Hitler's Cross, Anand Giridharadas, August 24, 2006]</ref>

==In Thailand==
Hitler Fried Chicken was a fast-food restaurant in Thailand based on [[Yum! Brands]] [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]] restaurant chain.<ref name="grub street">{{cite news | url=http://www.grubstreet.com/2013/07/hitler-fried-chicken.html | title=Hitler-Themed Chicken Restaurant in Thailand Ruffles Many Feathers | work=[[Grub Street]] | date=2013-07-08 | access-date=January 23, 2019 | author=Merwin, Hugh | location=[[New York City|New York]]}}</ref> The mascot of Hitler Fried Chicken is Adolf Hitler wearing a [[Colonel Sanders]] outfit. {{As of|2012}} Adolf Hitler is considered 'chic' by many in Thailand.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news | url=http://travel.cnn.com/bangkok/life/hitler-chic-trend-138530 | title=Bangkok's 'Hitler chic' trend riles tourists, Israeli envoy | work=[[CNN]] | date=2012-02-27 | access-date=January 23, 2019 | author=Kraus, Tibor | location=[[New York City|New York]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anti-American caricatures in Nazi Germany]]
* ''[[Anophthalmus hitleri]]'', a species of blind cave beetle named for Adolf Hitler

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*''Faschismus in der populären Kultur'' [Fascism in popular culture] by Georg Seesslen Berlin : Edition Tiamat, 1994–1996. {{ISBN|3-923118-24-4}}, OCLC: 80476144
*''The world Hitler never made : alternate history and the memory of Nazism'' by [[Gavriel David Rosenfeld]]. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-521-84706-0}} OCLC: 58052431
*''Hitler's imagery and German youth'' by Erik H Erikson; Berkeley, Calif. : Institute of Child Welfare, University of California, 1940-1950? OCLC: 26533155

==Further reading==
* Aafreedi, Navras J. (2023). "[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003251224-8/hitler-popularity-trivialization-holocaust-india-navras-aafreedi Hitler's Popularity and the Trivialization of the Holocaust in India]." In ''Holocaust vs. Popular Cuture: Interrogating Incompatibility and Universalization'', edited by Mahitosh Mandal and Priyanka Das (London and New York: Routledge) [ISBN 9781032169736], pp. 83-100, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003251224
* Aafreedi, Navras J. (2014). "[https://asianjewishlife.org/images/issues/Issue14-April2014/PDFs/Feature-Hilter-in-India.pdf The Paradox of the Popularity of Hitler in India]”, ''Asian Jewish Life'' (ISSN 2224-3011), Issue 14, April, pp. 14-16.
* Butter, Michael. ''The Epitome of Evil: Hitler in American Fiction, 1939-2002''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], April 28, 2009. {{ISBN|0230620809}}, 9780230620803.

{{Adolf Hitler}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hitler In Popular Culture, Adolf}}
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Celebrities in popular culture]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler| ]]
[[Category:Germany in popular culture]]
[[Category:Lists of music by theme|Hitler]]
[[Category:Nazism in popular culture]]
[[Category:Politics in popular culture]]
[[Category:Works about Adolf Hitler| ]]
[[Category:World War II in popular culture]]

Nagercoil Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T08:25:37Z

Providentecopoliten: Creating A Article

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagercoil
| type = SLA
| map_image = Constitution-Nagercoil.svg
| map_caption = Nagercoil Assembly constituency
| constituency_no = 230
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[M. R. Gandhi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 258,928
|incumbent_image = MR Gandhi.png
}}

'''Nagercoil Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency located in [[Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[C. Sankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1954]]
| [[D. Anantaraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Madras State Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2"|[[A. Chidambaranatha Nadar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[M. C. Balan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. Moses]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"|M. Vincent
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[S. Retnaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="3"|M. Moses
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Austin (Nagercoil MLA)|S. Austin]]
| {{Full party name with color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[A. Rajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[A. Nanjil Murugesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[N. Suresh Rajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[M. R. Gandhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|48.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|48.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#1954|1954]]|{{party color|Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress}}|43.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|24.01}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Austin]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,880 |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Bervin Kings |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=62,310 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Gandhi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 52,355|percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthu Kumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,573 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=447 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 7,570|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =257022 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2021"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web |title=nagercoil Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a230|access-date= 26 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. R. Gandhi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=88,804 |percentage=48.21 |change=+21.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Suresh Rajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,135 |percentage=41.88 |change=+3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijayaragavan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,753 |percentage=5.84 |change=+4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Maria Jacob Stani Raja |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=4,037 |percentage=2.19 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Ammu Anto |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,094 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=930 |percentage=0.50 |change=-0.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,669 |percentage=6.34 |change=-5.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=184,185 |percentage=68.12 |change= 2.37 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=259 |percentage=0.14 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,402 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

<section end="Assembly Election 2021"/>

=== 2016 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2016"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Suresh Rajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,369 |percentage=38.87 |change=+3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. R. Gandhi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46,413 |percentage=26.78 |change=+3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Nanjil Murugesan|Nanjil A. Murugesan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,824 |percentage=26.44 |change=-13.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Christin Rani |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,803 |percentage=3.35 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Dhanam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,855 |percentage=1.07 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,802 |percentage=1.04 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. M. S. Jackson |party= Left Democratic Front|votes=1,411 |percentage=0.81 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,956 |percentage=12.09 |change=7.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=173,324 |percentage=65.74 |change= -4.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,633 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

<section end="Assembly Election 2016"/>

=== 2011 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2011"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2011"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Nanjil Murugesan|Nanjil A. Murugesan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,819 |percentage=40.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mahesh |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,092 |percentage=35.43 |change=-2.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pon Radhakrishnan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,623 |percentage=22.87 |change=+13.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,727 |percentage=4.58 |change=-6.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=209,685 |percentage=70.11 |change= 7.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,019 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Rajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,354 |percentage=38.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Austin ]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,609 |percentage=26.49 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Rethinaraj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,990 |percentage=18.43 |change=+6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Udhaya Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,752 |percentage=9.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,098 |percentage=3.43 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. M. Lion Rajan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,783 |percentage=3.17 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Madhu Soothana Perumal |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=695 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,745 |percentage=11.52 |change=8.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,334 |percentage=62.39 |change= 12.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,270 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Austin (politician)|S. Austin]] |party=MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,583 |percentage=44.11 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Moses]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=44,921 |percentage=40.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Retnaraj]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,531 |percentage=12.28 |change=+1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ramesh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,872 |percentage=1.70 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kathiresan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=742 |percentage=0.67 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,662 |percentage=3.32 |change=-23.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,147 |percentage=50.21 |change= -9.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,583 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -4.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Moses]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=51,086 |percentage=48.40 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Velpandian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,608 |percentage=21.42 |change=+5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Seluvai Antony |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,368 |percentage=14.56 |change=-42.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Retnaraj]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,046 |percentage=10.46 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rathakrishnan |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=4,153 |percentage=3.93 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Suresh |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=570 |percentage=0.54 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,478 |percentage=26.98 |change=-3.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,560 |percentage=59.42 |change= 2.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,144 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Moses]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,363 |percentage=56.81 |change=+22.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Retnaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,311 |percentage=26.52 |change=-1.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. A. Kumaravel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,833 |percentage=15.96 |change=+14.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,052 |percentage=30.29 |change=23.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,205 |percentage=57.10 |change= -9.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,734 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 22.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Moses]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,647 |percentage=34.48 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Dharmaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,782 |percentage=27.84 |change=-20.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rathjakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=21,090 |percentage=20.40 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Thangamony |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,203 |percentage=11.80 |change=-34.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Sivathanu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,497 |percentage=2.42 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. R. Gandhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,964 |percentage=1.90 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,865 |percentage=6.64 |change=5.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,391 |percentage=66.79 |change= -0.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,744 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Retnaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,572 |percentage=47.86 |change=+6.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Jagatheeson |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,301 |percentage=46.39 |change=-8.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Navis |party=Independent politician |votes=2,427 |percentage=2.79 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lekshmanan Pillay |party=Independent politician |votes=1,081 |percentage=1.24 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Devadasan |party=Independent politician |votes=892 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,271 |percentage=1.46 |change=-11.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,868 |percentage=66.86 |change= 11.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,489 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Vincent |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,328 |percentage=54.76 |change=+18.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Thiraviam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,045 |percentage=41.83 |change=+24.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Kuruzmichcal |party=Janata Party |votes=1,512 |percentage=2.11 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. R. Gandhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=693 |percentage=0.96 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,283 |percentage=12.92 |change= 12.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,824 |percentage=55.42 |change= -0.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,424 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Vincent |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,973 |percentage=36.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Muhammed Ismail |party=Janata Party |votes=26,780 |percentage=36.19 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. C. Michael Raj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,824 |percentage=17.33 |change=-30.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. James |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,721 |percentage=9.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poomedai S. Lakshmanan Pillay |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=193 |percentage=0.26 |change= -0.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,994 |percentage=56.00 |change= -17.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,870 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -11.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Moses]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=34,726 |percentage=48.09 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Christopher |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,185 |percentage=47.34 |change=-7.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Gopinath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,304 |percentage=4.58 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=541 |percentage=0.75 |change= -9.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,215 |percentage=73.75 |change= -4.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,962 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. C. Balan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,502 |percentage=55.05 |change=+29.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,810 |percentage=44.95 |change=-9.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,692 |percentage=10.09 |change= -18.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,312 |percentage=78.13 |change= 7.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,263 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Chidambaranatha Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,079 |percentage=54.13 |change=-9.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. C. Balan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,318 |percentage=25.28 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=14,098 |percentage=20.58 |change=-10.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,761 |percentage=28.85 |change= -4.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,495 |percentage=70.42 |change= -6.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,408 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Chidambaranatha Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,073 |percentage=63.70 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Sankar]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,163 |percentage=30.59 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muthu Wamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,949 |percentage=4.26 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doraswamy Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=999 |percentage=1.44 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,910 |percentage=33.11 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,184 |percentage=76.42 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,534 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===1954===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831201332/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |archive-date=31 Aug 2021 | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954|last =The Legislative Assembly of Travancore Cochin | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Anantaraman]] |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=14,063 |percentage=43.14 |change=+21.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Sankar]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,468 |percentage=32.11 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sree V. Das Nadar S. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,142 |percentage=18.84 |change=+13.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sivathanu Pillai M. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,923 |percentage=5.90 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,595 |percentage=11.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,596 |percentage=72.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,126 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagercoil<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_TRAV-COCH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127212440/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_TRAV-COCH.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013 | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951|last =The Legislative Assembly of Travancore Cochin | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Sankar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,280 |percentage=24.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Thomas |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=5,595 |percentage=21.39 |change=+21.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Anantaraman]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,453 |percentage=20.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Moni |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=4,082 |percentage=15.61 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thanumalaya Perumal Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,513 |percentage=5.78 |change=+5.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Markandan Pillai |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,470 |percentage=5.62 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ananthakishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,219 |percentage=4.66 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ramalinga Panickar |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=2.07 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=685 |percentage=2.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,154 |percentage=69.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,849 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|8.17|N|77.43|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Salem Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T15:16:53Z

Providentecopoliten: adding basic post more to come

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Salem
| map_image = salem lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Salem constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 1952-present
| incumbent_image = File:T. M. Selvaganapathy.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Omalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Omalur]] [[Edappadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Edappadi]] [[Salem West (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem West]] [[Salem North (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem North]] [[Salem South (State Assembly Constituency)|Salem South]] [[Veerapandi (State Assembly Constituency)|Veerapandi]]
| electors = 16,11,982<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result]</ref>
}}
'''Salem''' is a parliamentary ([[Lok Sabha]]) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 15 of 39. It includes 6 Assembly constituencies like Edappadi, Omalur, Salem North, Salem South, Salem West and Veerapandi.

==History==
Since 1952, the Salem parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress eight times (1952, 1957, 1962, 1984, 1989, 1991 and 2004) by DMK five times (1967, 1971 , 1980 , 2019 and 2024 ) by the ADMK four times (1977, 1991, 2009 and 2014), and once each by an independent (1998) and the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (1996).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010220539/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=67|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011003936/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=71|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009211004/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=80|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009193317/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=79|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=73|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010172057/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=81|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011052618/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011125200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=85|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011114340/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=85|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009232255/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=29 December 2012|page=94|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010203826/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Salem Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-09
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 4 May 2006
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|84.
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Salem district|Salem]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|86.
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|88.
|[[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem West]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
|89.
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]
|None
|-
|90.
| [[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem South]]
|None
|-
|91.
| [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|None
|-
|}

=== Before 2009 ===

# [[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem I]] (defunct)
# [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem II]] (defunct)
# [[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
# [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercuad (ST)]] (moved to [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]] in 2009)
# [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
# [[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatti]] (defunct)

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Duration
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| First||1952-57||rowspan=3|[[S. V. Ramaswamy]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Second||1957-62
|-
| Third||1962-67
|-
| Fourth||1967-71||[[K. Rajaram]]||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Fifth||1971-77||[[E. R. Krishnan]]
|-
| Sixth||1977-80||[[P. Kannan]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| Seventh||1980-84||C. Palaniappan||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| Eighth||1984-89||rowspan=3|[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Ninth||1989-91
|-
| Tenth||1991-96
|-
| Eleventh||1996-98||R. Devadass ||{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| Twelfth||1998-99||[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy|Vazhappady Ramamurthy]] ||{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Thirteenth||1999-04||[[T. M. Selvaganapathi]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09||[[K. V. Thangabalu]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14||[[S. Semmalai]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-19||[[V. Pannerselvam]]
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-24||[[S. R. Parthiban]]||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024-incumbent||[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|55.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|47.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|69.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.44}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Salem}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 566,085|percentage=43.38 |change= {{decrease}}5.13 }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Vignesh|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 495,728|percentage=37.99 |change={{increase}}1.23 }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Annadurai|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=127,139|percentage=9.74 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=76,207 |percentage=5.84 |change= {{increase}}3.13 }}

{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes= 14,894|percentage=1.14 |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 70,357|percentage=5.39 |change=- }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,304,844 |percentage=78.16 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,58,681 |change =}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. R. Parthiban]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,06,302 |percentage=48.51 |change=22.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. S. Saravanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,59,376 |percentage=36.76 |change=-12.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Prabhu Manikandan Mudaliar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=58,662 |percentage=4.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. K. Selvam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=52,332 |percentage=4.19 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Rasa |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=33,890 |percentage=2.71 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=17,130 |percentage=1.37 |change=-0.45 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,46,926 |percentage=11.76 |change=-11.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,49,755 |percentage=77.91 |change= 2.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,12,512 |change =7.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Pannerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,56,546 |percentage=49.27 |change=6.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Umarani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,88,936 |percentage=25.58 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. K. Sudhish |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,01,265 |percentage=17.82 |change=4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,477 |percentage=4.11 |change=-33.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=20,601 |percentage=1.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Chinnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,374 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Satheesh Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=5,198 |percentage=0.46 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,67,610 |percentage=23.69 |change=18.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,29,695 |percentage=76.80 |change= -0.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,98,350 |change =27.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Semmalai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,80,460 |percentage=42.51 |change=6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. V. Thangkabalu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,33,969 |percentage=37.32 |change=-22.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Mohan Raj]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,20,325 |percentage=13.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Selladurai |party=Independent politician |votes=23,056 |percentage=2.58 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,491 |percentage=5.20 |change=-18.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,94,916 |percentage=76.42 |change= 17.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,71,839 |change =-6.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. V. Thangkabalu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,44,591 |percentage=59.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Rajasekaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,68,964 |percentage=36.28 |change=-13.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. Shah Jahan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,466 |percentage=1.14 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. D. Jaya Venugopal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,346 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Balakrishnan |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=4,101 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajavel |party=Janata Party |votes=3,916 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,75,627 |percentage=23.69 |change=20.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,41,437 |percentage=59.29 |change= 0.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,51,141 |change =-0.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. M. Selvaganapathy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,63,689 |percentage=49.73 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] |party=Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress |votes=3,38,278 |percentage=46.26 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Devadass |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=19,604 |percentage=2.68 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,411 |percentage=3.47 |change=-17.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,31,277 |percentage=59.17 |change= -6.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,57,383 |change =6.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,65,557 |percentage=55.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Devadass |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,29,677 |percentage=34.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. V. Thangkabalu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,027 |percentage=7.29 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sampathkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=10,311 |percentage=1.56 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,35,880 |percentage=20.62 |change=2.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,58,973 |percentage=57.70 |change= -7.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,78,177 |change =9.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 8.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Devadass |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=3,15,277 |percentage=47.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. V. Thangkabalu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,94,392 |percentage=29.02 |change=-38.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,20,345 |percentage=17.97 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajamani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,538 |percentage=1.42 |change=0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Mohanraj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,245 |percentage=0.93 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. C. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,927 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,20,885 |percentage=18.05 |change=-28.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,69,817 |percentage=65.36 |change= 4.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,80,762 |change =4.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -19.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,06,042 |percentage=67.03 |change=6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Arthanarisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,23,474 |percentage=20.38 |change=-3.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Arjunan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=56,775 |percentage=9.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Ramanathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,867 |percentage=1.30 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,82,568 |percentage=46.65 |change=9.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,05,749 |percentage=61.11 |change= -3.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,30,128 |change =-0.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,00,936 |percentage=60.85 |change=-8.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Karthikeyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,59,166 |percentage=24.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sadasivam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=85,628 |percentage=13.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Balasumbramaniam |party=Tamiliar Kazhagam |votes=5,721 |percentage=0.87 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,41,770 |percentage=36.69 |change=-8.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,58,885 |percentage=64.78 |change= -6.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,32,058 |change =34.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,59,819 |percentage=69.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. Kandasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=1,23,644 |percentage=23.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Sambalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=6,808 |percentage=1.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. K. Ekambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,218 |percentage=1.20 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=5,785 |percentage=1.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. Vachravel |party=Independent politician |votes=3,445 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sengottuvelu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,430 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,752 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Thangaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=2,660 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,36,175 |percentage=45.43 |change=39.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,19,863 |percentage=71.47 |change= 3.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,66,792 |change =10.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. S. Chandirakumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,33,971 |percentage=50.85 |change=10.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kamnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,07,713 |percentage=45.14 |change=-13.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Gandhinathan |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=5,381 |percentage=1.17 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Sambalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,327 |percentage=0.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. N. Balasubramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,007 |percentage=0.65 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,258 |percentage=5.71 |change=-12.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,60,108 |percentage=68.07 |change= 3.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,91,389 |change =1.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Kannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,54,138 |percentage=58.71 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Rajaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,74,534 |percentage=40.32 |change=-15.55 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=79,604 |percentage=18.39 |change=5.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,32,869 |percentage=64.96 |change= -5.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,77,947 |change =13.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. R. Krishnan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,30,736 |percentage=55.87 |change=-1.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. P. Subramanyam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,75,940 |percentage=42.60 |change=2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Lakshmanan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,944 |percentage=0.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. V. Anganna Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,339 |percentage=0.57 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=54,796 |percentage=13.27 |change=-3.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,12,959 |percentage=70.87 |change= -4.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,96,531 |change =14.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Rajaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,19,380 |percentage=57.07 |change=11.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ramakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,55,871 |percentage=40.55 |change=-8.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Rao |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=9,168 |percentage=2.38 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=63,509 |percentage=16.52 |change=12.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,84,419 |percentage=75.61 |change= 5.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,20,373 |change =18.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. V. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,47,525 |percentage=49.34 |change=2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rajagopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,35,787 |percentage=45.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,605 |percentage=1.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. Periasami |party=Independent politician |votes=5,493 |percentage=1.84 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Srinivasan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=4,581 |percentage=1.53 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,738 |percentage=3.93 |change=-26.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,98,991 |percentage=69.62 |change= 24.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,40,434 |change =9.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. V. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=85,342 |percentage=47.18 |change=2.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Babie Kandasami |party=Independent politician |votes=30,764 |percentage=17.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ganesasankaran |party=Independent politician |votes=29,529 |percentage=16.32 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. V. Govindaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=26,878 |percentage=14.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manicka Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,370 |percentage=4.63 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=54,578 |percentage=30.17 |change=24.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,80,883 |percentage=45.02 |change= -10.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,01,741 |change =9.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Salem}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. V. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=90,570 |percentage=44.44 |change=44.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Sahaib S. Durai samy Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=79,705 |percentage=39.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=33,517 |percentage=16.45 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,865 |percentage=5.33 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,03,792 |percentage=55.62 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,66,410 |change =0.00 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/salem/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Salem lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.67|78.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Government of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]

India at the Deaflympics

2026-05-02T06:24:13Z

Providentecopoliten: Adding the page from scratch

{{infobox country at games|NPC=IND|NPCname=All India Sports Council of the Deaf|games=Deaflympics|year=|flagcaption=|oldcode=|website={{url| https://www.aiscd.org/}}|location=|competitors=|sports=|flagbearer=|rank=23|gold=35|silver=16|bronze=21|officials=|appearances=|app_begin_year=1965|app_end_year=2025|summerappearances=1965}}India first participated at the [[Deaflympics]] in 1965.<ref name=":4" /> The country won its first Deaflympic medal at the [[1981 Summer Deaflympics]] in [[Cologne]], where [[Satish Kumar (athlete)|Satish Kumar]] secured a [[silver medal]] in the 25 km event and a [[bronze medal]] in the 10,000 m athletics event.<ref name=":5" /> India later won its first [[gold medal]] at the [[1989 Summer Deaflympics]] in badminton, when [[Sandeep Singh Dhillon]] secured a gold medal in men’s badminton doubles.<ref name=":8" />

Indian athletes have won a total of 72 medals, all at the Summer Games. India's best performance came at the [[2025 Summer Deaflympics]] in [[Tokyo]], where India won 20 medals, including nine gold and seven silver.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Guntha |first=Bavana |date=2025-11-27 |title=India’s Deaflympians clinch record 20 medals in Tokyo |url=https://tmv.in/article/indias-deaflympians-clinch-record-20-medals-in-tokyo |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Morning Voice |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
India became affiliated with the [[Comité International des Sports des Sourds|International Committee of Sports for the Deaf]] in 1963 through the [[All India Federation of the Deaf]], which was established in 22 December 1955.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Who we are – All India Federation of the Deaf |url=https://aifdeaf.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[All India Sports Council of the Deaf]], established in 1965 as the federation’s sports wing, later assumed responsibility for managing India’s participation in the Deaflympics.<ref name=":10" /> As of 2024, the AISCD has affiliations with a total of 24 National Sports Federations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliations of AISCD with National Sports Federations |url=https://www.aiscd.org/download/MINUTES%20OF%20MEETING%20-%2048th%20AISCD%20General%20Body%20Meeting%2C%20Mysuru%20on%20January%2006%20%26%2007%2C%202025.pdf}}</ref>

== Deaflympic overview ==
India began participating in the Deaflympics since the [[1965 Summer Deaflympics]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2025-11-24 |title=Pranjali Prashant Dhumal wins 25m pistol gold at Deaflympics |url=https://assamtribune.com/sports/pranjali-prashant-dhumal-wins-25m-pistol-gold-at-deaflympics-1598962 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1965 Summer Deaflympics ===
India sent a delegation to compete at the [[1965 Summer Deaflympics]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]] which took place from June 27 to July 3, 1965. It was the nation's debut appearance at the Deaflympics. The delegation consisted of seven athletes competing in athletics, table tennis and tennis.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Pragati |date=2025-11-08 |title=India Sends Record 111-Member Squad To Deaflympics 2025 In Tokyo |url=https://english.bharatexpress.com/sports/india-sends-record-111-member-squad-to-deaflympics-2025-in-tokyo-238517 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Bharat Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 1981 Summer Deaflympics ===
India sent six athletes to compete at the [[1981 Summer Deaflympics]] in [[Cologne]], [[Germany]] which took place from July 23 to August 1, 1981.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Athlete count of India during the Deaflympics |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/countries/IND |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251111222610/https://www.deaflympics.com/countries/IND |archive-date=2025-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=www.deaflympics.com |language=en}}</ref> India won its first Deaflympics medals at the Games.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Intern |date=2022-08-27 |title=Disability Sports in India-Inclusion and Adaption of the Differently Abled ‣ The International Prism |url=https://www.theinternationalprism.com/disability-sports-in-india-inclusion-and-adaption-of-the-differently-abled/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Satish Kumar (athlete)|Satish Kumar]] secured a silver medal in the 25 km event and a bronze medal in the 10,000 m athletics event.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Satish KUMAR |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/satish-kumar |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251109223453/https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes/satish-kumar |archive-date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.deaflympics.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

=== 1989 Summer Deaflympics ===
India sent ten athletes to compete at the [[1989 Summer Deaflympics]] in Christchurch, New Zealand.<ref name=":1" /> India won its first Deaflympics gold medal at the [[1989 Summer Deaflympics]] in Christchurch, New Zealand in badminton. [[Sandeep Singh Dhillon]] won gold in the men’s doubles event.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Sport |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050116/sports.htm |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WSN |date=2022-01-28 |title=SPORTS RAJ SINGH — Sports Editor: The Silent Victory |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/sports-raj-singh-sports-editor-the-silent-victory/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 1993 Summer Deaflympics ===
India sent a delegation of 29 athletes to compete at the [[1993 Summer Deaflympics]] in [[Sofia]],[[Bulgaria]]. which took place from 24 July 1993 to 2 August 1993. India won seven medals, including five gold and two bronze medals, and finished eighth in the medal table.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=India announces 111-member contingent for Deaflympics 2025 |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/Sports/20251108/4381475.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=news.webindia123.com}}</ref> This was an increase from the three medals won at the [[1989 Summer Deaflympics]] and represented India’s highest medal tally at the event up to that time.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=India name record 111 member contingent for Deaflympics 2025 in Tokyo |url=https://www.sportsauthorityofindia.gov.in/sai_new/public/assets/uploads/press_release/1762929506_08Nov_Deaflympics_India_Squad_Release.pdf |website=sportsauthorityofindia}}</ref>

=== 2009 Summer Deaflympics ===
India sent a delegation of 24 athletes to compete at the [[2009 Summer Deaflympics]] in [[Taipei]],[[Taiwan]] , which took place from 5 to 15 September 2009. [[Virender Singh (wrestler, born 1986)|Virender Singh]] won India's only medal. He won a bronze medal in [[wrestling]].<ref name=":15" />
[[File:Virender Singh after the 2013 Deaflympics win.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Virender Singh won a gold medal in wrestling in 2013 Deaflympics]]

=== 2013 Summer Deaflympics ===
India sent a delegation of 35 athletes to compete at the [[2013 Summer Deaflympics]] in [[Sofia]],[[Bulgaria]], which took place from July 26 to August 4, 2013. [[Virender Singh (wrestler, born 1986)|Virender Singh]] won India's only medal. He won a gold medal in [[wrestling]].<ref name=":15" />

=== 2017 Summer Deaflympics ===
{{main|India at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics}}
India sent a delegation of 46 athletes to compete at the [[2017 Summer Deaflympics]] in [[Samsun]],[[Turkey]], which took place from July 18 to July 30, 2017. Indian athletes claimed 5 medals in the event including a gold medal and 2 bronze medals.<ref name=":18" /> [[Diksha Dagar]] claimed a silver medal in the women's individual event in golf ,which made its debut at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics.<ref name=":19" /> [[Prithvi Sekhar]] and [[Jafreen Shaik]] won a bronze medal in Tennis (mixed doubles).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aranha |first=Jovita |title=Athletes Who Won 5 Medals at the Summer Deaflympics in Turkey |url=https://thebetterindia.com/110922/deaflympics-deaf-athletes-2017/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2021 Summer Deaflympics ===
{{main|India at the 2021 Summer Deaflympics}}

[[File:Jerlin Anika J.jpg|thumb|270x270px|[[Jerlin Anika]] won three gold medals at the 2021, making her the first Indian woman to win multiple medals in one Deaflympics.<ref name=":13" />]]
India achieved one of its best performances at the [[2021 Summer Deaflympics]] held in 2022 in [[Caxias do Sul|Caxias do Sul, Brazil]]. India won 16 medals including 8 gold medals, and finishing among the top ten countries in the medal table.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's medal tally in 2025 |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/deaflympics-2025-india-medal-tally-winners|website=olympics.com}}</ref> [[Jerlin Anika]] won 3 gold medals, making her the first Indian woman Deaflympian to win multiple medals in one Games.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=17-year-old shuttler who won three gold medals at Deaflympics felicitated |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/17yearold-shuttler-who-won-three-gold-medals-at-deaflympics-felicitated-101652726324775.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India At Tokyo Deaflympics: Shuttler Jerlin Jayaratchagan Named Flagbearer {{!}} Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/india-at-tokyo-deaflympics-2025-jerlin-jayaratchagan-named-flagbearer-record-contingent |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251210103433/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/india-at-tokyo-deaflympics-2025-jerlin-jayaratchagan-named-flagbearer-record-contingent |archive-date=2025-12-10 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-05 |title=Deaflympics in Brazil: TN’s Jerlin Anika part of badminton team that won gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/deaflympics-in-brazil-tns-jerlin-anika-part-of-badminton-team-that-won-gold/articleshow/91339075.cms |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deaflympics 2025: Shuttler Jerlin Jayaratchagan to be Indias flag bearer in Tokyo |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/deaflympics-2025-shuttler-jerlin-jayaratchagan-to-be-indias-flag-bearer-in-tokyo/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Diksha Dagar won India's first gold medal in [[golf]].<ref name=":20" /> [[Dhanush Srikanth]] won gold, [[Shourya Saini]] won bronze in Men's 10m air rifle shooting event.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=5 May 2022|title=Dhanush Srikanth wins gold, Shourya Saini bags bronze at Deaflympics {{!}} More sports News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/dhanush-srikanth-wins-gold-shourya-saini-bags-bronze-at-deaflympics/articleshow/91335499.cms|access-date=2022-05-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Breakthrough at the 2025 Deaflympics in Tokyo ===
{{main|India at the 2025 Summer Deaflympics}}

India recorded its best-ever performance at the [[2025 Summer Deaflympics]] in Tokyo. India won 20 medals, including 9 gold and achieved the 6th rank, which is the highest position in the overall medal table.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=A. C. |date=2025-11-27 |title=Overview of 25th Summer Deaflympics 2025 held in Tokyo, Japan |url=https://affairscloud.com/overview-of-25th-summer-deaflympics-2025-held-in-tokyo-japan/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Loma Swain]] secured India’s first-ever Deaflympics medal in [[Karate]], winning bronze in the Women's Kumite 50kg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Suranjan |title=Odisha village welcomes its champion as para-athlete Loma Swain brings glory to India |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/odisha-village-welcomes-its-champion-as-para-athlete-loma-swain-brings-glory-to-india-10826555 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=odishatv.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Diksha Dagar]] successfully defended her gold Medal by winning the event by a record-breaking 14-stroke margin.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news |title=Indian Golfer Diksha Dagar Wins Deaflympics Gold |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/golf/indian-golfer-diksha-dagar-wins-deaflympics-gold-9670347 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251210000604/https://sports.ndtv.com/golf/indian-golfer-diksha-dagar-wins-deaflympics-gold-9670347 |archive-date=2025-12-10 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=NDTV Sports}}</ref>

==== Dominance of shooting at the 2025 Deaflympics ====
At the 2025 Summer Deaflympics held in Tokyo, shooting turned out to be the most successful sport for the Indian contingent during the Deaflympic Games.<ref name=":11" />

Indian shooters won 16 medals, including 7 gold, 6 silver, and 3 bronze medals. This was the highest number of medals won by India in any single sport at the competition.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=India shines at Deaflympics: Abhinav–Pranjali strike gold, Kushagra adds bronze |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/11/19/deaflympics-indians-win-gold.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-25 |title=India end Deaflympics shooting campaign with 16 medals; Sapkal finishes sixth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/india-end-deaflympics-shooting-campaign-with-16-medals-sapkal-finishes-sixth/article70323425.ece |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Mahit Sandhu]] was India's most successful shooter with 4 medals (2 gold, 2 silver), including Gold in the Women's 50m Rifle 3 Positions and Mixed 10m Air Rifle Team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-25 |title=Fazilka’s Mahit Sandhu shatters record, wins Deaflympics gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/fazilkas-mahit-sandhu-shatters-record-wins-deaflympics-gold/articleshow/125548501.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naveen |date=2025-11-22 |title=Mahit Sandhu Wins Gold in 50m Rifle 3P at Deaflympics |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/mahit-sandhu-clinches-gold-50m-rifle-positions-fourth-medal-480 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=NewKerala.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-23 |title=Shooter Mahit Sandhu bags gold in 50m rifle 3 positions; clinches fourth medal |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/deaflympics-mahit-sandhu-wins-gold-in-womens-50m-rifle-3-positions-clinches-fourth-medal-23604452 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-22 |title=Indian shooter Mahit Sandhu clinches Gold in 50m Rifle 3 Positions, Crowning a Spectacular 4-medal Run at Deaflympics 2025 - The Logical Indian |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/indian-shooter-mahit-sandhu-clinches-gold-in-50m-rifle-3-positions-crowning-a-spectacular-4-medal-run-at-deaflympics-2025/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Dhanush Srikanth]] won gold in the Men's 10m Air Rifle with a Deaf Final World Record (252.2) and gold in the Mixed 10m Air Rifle Team.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-16 |title=Tokyo Deaflympics: Dhanush Srikanth sets world record in shooting as India open medal tally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/tokyo-deaflympics-dhanush-srikanth-sets-world-record-in-shooting-as-india-opens-medal-tally/articleshow/125362549.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=Dhanush Srikanth wins India's first gold at Deaflympics Tokyo with new world record |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/news/dhanush-srikanth-deaflympics-gold-air-rifle-oexzztfg |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> [[Abhinav Deshwal]] secured 3 medals (2 gold, 1 silver), winning gold in the Men's 25m Pistol and Mixed 10m Air Pistol Team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-23 |title=Abhinav Deshwal wins 25m pistol gold at Deaflympics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/abhinav-deshwal-wins-25m-pistol-gold-at-deaflympics/article70315225.ece |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-23 |title=New world record! Abhinav Deshwal scripts history after winning Deaflympics Gold in 25m pistol |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/new-world-record-abhinav-deshwal-scripts-history-after-winning-deaflympics-gold-in-25m-pistol/articleshow/125522959.cms |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Pranjali Dhumal]] clinched 3 medals (2 gold, 1 silver), winning Gold in the Women's 25m Pistol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-11-24 |title=Pranjali Prashant Dhumal wins 25m pistol gold in Deaflympics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Nov/24/pranjali-prashant-dhumal-wins-25m-pistol-gold-in-deaflympics |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> [[Anuya Prasad]] won gold in the Women's 10m Air Pistol with a World Record Deaflympic score.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title=Jaipur’s Anuya wins air pistol gold in World Deaf C’ship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/anuya-prasad-wins-gold-in-world-deaf-shooting-championship/articleshow/113007016.cms |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-11-17 |title=Anuya Prasad wins gold, Pranjali silver as India shine in Deaflympics shooting |url=https://telanganatoday.com/anuya-prasad-wins-gold-pranjali-silver-as-india-shine-in-deaflympics-shooting |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Mohammed Murtaza Vania]] won silver in the 10m Air Rifle (Men) and a bronze in the 10m Air Rifle Team (Mixed).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Shooting 10m Air Rifle Team (Mixed) |url=https://www.ciss.org/games/tokyo-2025/results/4094 |website=ciss.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Dhanush wins air rifle gold, Murtaza settles for silver in Deaflympics |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/dhanush-wins-air-rifle-gold-murtaza-settles-for-silver-in-deaflympics-125111600254_1.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=business-standard.com |language=}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-11-25 |title=Mahit Sandhu leads India’s medal rush in shooting at Deaflympics |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mahit-sandhu-leads-indias-medal-rush-in-shooting-at-deaflympics |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Kushagra Singh Rajawat]] won bronze at the 50m Rifle Prone (Men) .<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-29 |title=Manipal University Jaipur celebrates global sporting triumph as shooter Kushagra Singh Rajawat wins bronze medal at Deaflympics 2025 in Tokyo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/manipal-university-jaipur-celebrates-global-sporting-triumph-as-shooter-kushagra-singh-rajawat-wins-bronze-medal-at-deaflympics-2025-in-tokyo/articleshow/125639958.cms |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Medal count ==
India has won a total of 72 medals at the Summer Deaflympics since its debut in 1965.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Games !! style="background:gold;font-weight:bold;" |Gold !! style="background:silver; font-weight:bold;"|Silver !! style="background:#c96; font-weight:bold;"|Bronze !! Total !! Rank
!
|-
|[[1924 Summer Deaflympics|1924 Paris]]
| colspan="6" rowspan="9" |''Did not participate''
|-
|[[1928 Summer Deaflympics|1928 Amsterdam]]
|-
|[[1931 Summer Deaflympics|1931 Nuremberg]]
|-
|[[1935 Summer Deaflympics|1935 London]]
|-
|[[1939 Summer Deaflympics|1939 Stockholm]]
|-
|[[1949 Summer Deaflympics|1949 Copenhagen]]
|-
|[[1953 Summer Deaflympics|1953 Brussels]]
|-
|[[1957 Summer Deaflympics|1957 Milan]]
|-
|[[1961 Summer Deaflympics|1961 Helsinki]]
|-
| [[1965 Summer Deaflympics|1965 Washington DC]]|| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || –
|
|-
|[[1969 Summer Deaflympics|1969 Belgrade]]
| colspan="6" |''Did not participate''
|-
| [[Malmö|1973 Malmö]]|| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || –
|
|-
| [[Bucharest|1977 Bucharest]]|| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || –
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=13th Deaflympics in Bucharest 1977 {{!}} Deaf Sport |url=https://deafsport.be/event/223? |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=deafsport.be |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[1981 Summer Deaflympics|1981 Cologne]]|| 0 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 21st
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| [[1985 Summer Deaflympics|1985 Los Angeles]]|| 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 ||21st
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to All India Sports of the Deaf |url=https://aiscd.org/deaflympic_partici.php |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=aiscd.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[1989 Summer Deaflympics|1989 Christchurch]]|| 2 || 1 || 0 || 3 ||
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| [[Sofia|1993 Sofia]]|| 5 || 0 || 2 || 7 || 8th
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
| [[1997 Summer Deaflympics|1997 Copenhagen]]|| 3 || 3 || 1 || 7 || 15th
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
| [[Rome|2001 Rome]]|| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 15th
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rome 2001 |url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games/Rome-2001/medals/ind|website=deaflympics.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[2005 Summer Deaflympics|2005 Melbourne]]|| 3 || 1 || 3 || 7 ||
|<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Virender Singh wins gold at Deaflympics |url=https://im.rediff.com/sports/2005/jan/14deaf.htm |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=im.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Summer Deaflympics|2009 Taipei]]|| 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 ||
|<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Rudraneil |date=2013-08-12 |title=Virender Singh {{!}} Gold, naturally |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9nFYX7GZBHT9ElOg5NXSAO/Virender-Singh--Gold-naturally.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Summer Deaflympics|2013 Sofia]]|| 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 ||
|<ref name=":15" />
|-
| [[2017 Summer Deaflympics|2017 Samsun]]|| 1 || 1 || 2 || 4 || 26th
|<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=2017-07-27 |title=Deaflympics 2017: India bag gold, silver and two bronze medals in Turkey |url=https://scroll.in/field/845159/deaflympics-2017-india-bag-gold-silver-and-two-bronze-medals-in-turkey |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Summer Deaflympics|2021 Caxias do Sul]]|| 8 || 1 || '''7'''|| 16 || 9th
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Deaflympics 2021: India finishes 9th in standings with best ever show — Medal Tally, Total Medals, Standings |url=https://thebridge.in/others/deaflympics-2021-total-medal-tally-standings-31225 |access-date= |website=thebridge.in |language=}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tokyo|2025 Tokyo]]|| '''9'''|| '''7'''|| 4 || '''20'''|| '''6th'''
|<ref name=":7" />
|}

== Total athletes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Host city
!Male
!Female
!Total
!References
|-
|[[1965 Summer Deaflympics|1965 Washington DC]]
|7
|0
|7
|<ref name=":17" />
|-
|[[1969 Summer Deaflympics|1969 Belgrade]]
| colspan="4" |''Did not participate''
|-
|[[1969 Summer Deaflympics|1973 Malmö]]
|8
|0
|8
| rowspan="11" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[1977 Summer Deaflympics|1977 Bucharest]]
|3
|0
|3
|-
|[[1981 Summer Deaflympics|1981 Cologne]]
|6
|0
|6
|-
|[[1985 Summer Deaflympics|1985 Los Angeles]]
|10
|3
|13
|-
|[[1989 Summer Deaflympics|1989 Christchurch]]
|10
|0
|10
|-
|[[1993 Summer Deaflympics|1993 Sofia]]
|24
|5
|29
|-
|[[1997 Summer Deaflympics|1997 Copenhagen]]
|18
|2
|20
|-
|[[2001 Summer Deaflympics|2001 Rome]]
|4
|5
|9
|-
|[[2005 Summer Deaflympics|2005 Melbourne]]
|26
|17
|43
|-
|[[2009 Summer Deaflympics|2009 Taipei]]
|19
|5
|24
|-
|[[2013 Summer Deaflympics|2013 Sofia]]
|20
|15
|35
|-
|[[2017 Summer Deaflympics|2017 Samsun]]
|27
|19
|46
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-08-01 |title=Upset with government, Indian Deaflympics team refuse to leave airport |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Aug/01/upset-with-government-indian-deaflympics-team-refuse-to-leave-airport-1636647.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Summer Deaflympics|2021 Caxias do Sul]]
|38
|26
|64
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2025 Summer Deaflympics|2025 Tokyo]]
|45
|28
|73
|<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-11-27 |title=PM Modi lauds India’s historic triumph at Tokyo Deaflympics 2025 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/pm-modi-lauds-indias-historic-triumph-at-tokyo-deaflympics-2025-1503518405.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Milestones ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Milestones
!Medalist
!Games
!Sport
!Medals
!Ref.
|-
|First Medalist
| rowspan="2" |[[Satish Kumar (athlete)|Satish Kumar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[1981 Summer Deaflympics|1981 Cologne]]
| rowspan="2" |{{GamesSport|Athletics|Format=d}}
| rowspan="2" |{{silver2}} Silver
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":5" />
|-
|First individual medalist
|-
|First Gold medalist
| rowspan="2" |[[Sandeep Singh Dhillon]]
| rowspan="2" |[[1989 Summer Deaflympics|1989 Christchurch]]
| rowspan="2" |{{GamesSport|Badminton|Format=d}}
| rowspan="2" |{{gold1}} Gold
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":8" />
|-
|First individual gold medalist
|-
|First woman Medalist
|[[Sonu Anand Sharma]]
|[[1997 Summer Deaflympics|1997 Copenhagen]]
|{{GamesSport|Badminton|Format=d}}
|{{gold1}} Gold
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin_newzhook |date=2019-04-02 |title=Sonu Anand Sharma, 1st deaf women to win Delhi government's Nari Shakti Award, has proven everyone wrong |url=https://newzhook.com/story/21843/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Newz Hook {{!}} Disability News - Changing Attitudes towards Disability |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |First multi-medalist
| rowspan="5" |[[Virender Singh (wrestler, born 1986)|Virender Singh]]
|[[2005 Summer Deaflympics|2005 Melbourne]]
| rowspan="5" |{{GamesSport|Wrestling|Format=d}}
|{{gold1}} Gold
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Wrestler Virender Singh laments not winning Khel Ratna: 'My crime is being a deaf athlete' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/wrestler-virender-singh-khel-ratna-disappointment-deaflympics-padma-shri-2486628-2024-01-09 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=2013-08-06 |title=Virender Singh only medallist for India at Sofia Deaflympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/virender-singh-only-medallist-for-india-at-sofia-deaflympics/articleshow/21636483.cms |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15" />
|-
|[[2009 Summer Deaflympics|2009 Taipei]]
|{{bronze3}} Bronze
|-
|[[2013 Summer Deaflympics|2013 Sofia]]
|{{gold1}} Gold
|-
|[[2017 Summer Deaflympics|2017 Samsun]]
|{{gold1}} Gold
|-
|[[2021 Summer Deaflympics|2021 Caxias do Sul]]
|{{bronze3}} Bronze
|-
| rowspan="2" |First woman multi-medalist
| rowspan="2" |[[Diksha Dagar]]
|[[2017 Summer Deaflympics|2017 Samsun]]
| rowspan="2" |{{GamesSport|Golf|Format=d}}
|{{silver2}} Silver
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-26 |title=Amateur golfer Diksha wins silver at Deaflympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/golf/top-stories/amateur-golfer-diksha-wins-silver-at-deaflympics/articleshow/59777605.cms |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-28 |title=Indian amateur golfer Diksha Dagar credits dad for her silver win at Deaflympics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/indian-amateur-golfer-diksha-dagar-credits-dad-for-her-silver-win-at-deaflympics/story-ZQUIqD3vOP6UPUVb4f7rfO.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Summer Deaflympics|2021 Caxias do Sul]]
|{{gold1}} Gold
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Diksha Dagar Claims Gold Medal At Deaflympics {{!}} Golf News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/golf/diksha-dagar-claims-gold-medal-at-deaflympics-2968532 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221128175744/https://sports.ndtv.com/golf/diksha-dagar-claims-gold-medal-at-deaflympics-2968532 |archive-date=2022-11-28 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=NDTVSports.com}}</ref>
|}

== Medals by sport ==
[[File:Diksha Dagar in January 2024.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Diksha Dagar, India's only multiple gold medalist in golf.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sport
|{{gold1}} Gold
|{{silver2}} Silver
|{{bronze3}} Bronze
|Total
|-
|{{GamesSport|Badminton|Format=d}}
|17
|2
|5
|'''24'''
|-
|{{GamesSport|Shooting|Format=d}}
|10
|6
|5
|'''21'''
|-
|{{GamesSport|Wrestling|Format=d}}
|5
|1
|3
|'''9'''
|-
|{{GamesSport|Golf|Format=d}}
|2
|1
|0
|'''3'''
|-
|{{GamesSport|Athletics|Format=d}}
|1
|5
|3
|'''9'''
|-
|{{GamesSport|Tennis|Format=d}}
|0
|1
|3
|'''4'''
|-
|{{GamesSport|Table tennis|Format=d}}
|0
|0
|1
|'''1'''
|-
|[[File:Karate_pictogram.svg|20x20px]][[Karate]]
|0
|0
|1
|'''1'''
|}

== See also ==

* [[India at the Olympics]]
* [[India at the Paralympics]]
* [[India at the Asian Games]]
* [[Deaflympics]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nations at the Deaflympics]]
[[Category:India at multi-sport events|Deaflympics]]
[[Category:Parasports in India]]
[[Category:Deaf culture in India]]

Rashmi Kashyap

2026-04-26T14:13:24Z

Providentecopoliten: Put Up Basic Article And Citations

{{Infobox person
| name = Rashmi Kashyap
| image = Rashmi Kashyap.jpg
| caption = Kashyap in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|12|22}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| occupation = Entrepreneur, Transformational Coach, Educator, Blogger, Fashion Designer, Personality Groomer
| spouse = Col. Tarun Kumar (m. 1995)
| children = 2
| website = [https://soulnspiritblog.com soulnspiritblog.com]
}}

'''Rashmi Kashyap''' is an educator, fashion designer, beauty pageant winner, motivational speaker, [[India]]n entrepreneur and empowerment advocate<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Himshikha |date=2024-04-20 |title=VogueStar 2024: Forces of Fashion “Women” |url=https://www.womansera.com/voguestar-2024-forces-of-fashion-women/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Woman's era Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> recognized for her contributions to the beauty and fashion industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Times Gujarat Icons 2024: Celebrating Gujarat's Trailblazers |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/times-gujarat-icons-2024-celebrating-gujarats-trailblazers20250211175016/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Times Gujarat Icons 2024: Celebrating Gujarats Trailblazers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/times-gujarat-icons-2024-celebrating-gujarats-trailblazers/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rashmi Kashyap crowned Mrs. VogueStar India at the prestigious VogueStar show 2024 |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/rashmi-kashyap-crowned-mrs-voguestar-india-at-the-prestigious-voguestar-show-2024 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://shows.acast.com/tgvhindi/episodes/rashmikashyaptgvh |title=Unleashing soul power and inner strength (आत्मिक शक्ति और आंतरिक शक्ति को उजागर करना) {{!}} Rashmi Kashyap {{!}} #TGVH44 {{!}} TGV HINDI |date=2023-11-24 |access-date=2025-05-20 |via=shows.acast.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kashyap resides in [[New Delhi]], where her father was employed with the [[State Bank of India]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}. She studied Fashion Design at the International Polytechnic for Women in [[Delhi]] and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]. She later pursued a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.), as well as master’s degrees in English and Education (M.A., M.Ed.).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

== Personal life ==
Kashyap married Colonel Tarun Kumar in 1995. As an [[Indian Army|Army]] spouse, she lived in various parts of India while continuing her career in education and personal development. She has two sons.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" />

== Pageantry ==
In 2024, Kashyap won the title of Mrs. VogueStar India, gaining public attention for her presence in the beauty and personal development sectors.<ref name=":2" />

In 2025, she was honored with the Femina Achievers Award in the category of Excellence in Fashion, Sustainable Entrepreneurship, and Social Impact, held in New Delhi, India.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DNxZuOkXFIu/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

In 2025, she has been announced as official Glam Partner of Ahmedabad by Times week <ref>{{Citation|title=American English: This is a news article for Rashmi kashyap|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rashmi_kashyap_news_in_Economic_Times.jpg|date=2025-11-21|access-date=2025-11-29|last=Kiran02345}}</ref>

== Entrepreneurship ==
Dynamic Entrepreneur Award 2024 by The Times Group, Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Awards ==
She was crowned Mrs. VogueStar India 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uni |url=https://www.uniindia.com/rashmi-kashyap-crowned-mrs-voguestar-india-at-the-prestigious-voguestar-show-2024/pnn/news/3287129.html}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Himshikha |date=2024-04-20 |title=VogueStar 2024: Forces of Fashion "Women" |url=https://www.womansera.com/voguestar-2024-forces-of-fashion-women/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Woman's era Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> and has received accolades such as the International Icon Award 2024 and the Dynamic Entrepreneur of the Year at the Times Gujarat Icons 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Honors Trailblazing Women at Times Inspiring Women 2024-25 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/gujarat-honors-trailblazing-women-at-times-inspiring-women-2024-25/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Kashyap is also known for her work as a brand strategist, speaker, and sustainability advocate.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/times-gujarat-icons-2024-celebrating-gujarat-s-trailblazers-125021101840_1.html}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=Ek Aaina |title=Rashmi Kashyap |url=https://www.ekaainabharat.com/en/tag/rashmi-kashyap |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Ek Aaina Bharat |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

She recently got awarded with the Times power brands gujrat 2026 award for her excellence achievements at Soul&spirit<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DWlnJ49gbBI/?img_index=7 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Rashmi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-pageant-bio-stub}}

Turbo (2024 film)

2026-04-26T06:33:30Z

Providentecopoliten: adding some article w/ sources

{{Short description|2024 Indian film directed by Vysakh}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Turbo
| image = Turbo Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vysakh]]
| producer = [[Mammootty]]
| writer = [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Raj B. Shetty]] [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] [[Anjana Jayaprakash]] [[Shabareesh Varma]] [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| music = [[Christo Xavier]]
| cinematography = Vishnu Sarma
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = Mammootty Kampany
| distributor = [[Wayfarer Films]] (India) Truth Global Films (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|05|23}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|70 crore}}<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Turbo box office collection day 2 early report: Mammootty starrer sees a major drop |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/turbo-box-office-collection-day-2-early-report-mammootty-9350249/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Turbo Movie : അടി മാത്രമല്ല വെടിയും ഉണ്ട്; 70 കോടി ബജറ്റിൽ മമ്മൂട്ടിയുടെ ടർബോ, ലൊക്കേഷൻ വീഡിയോ ലീക്കായി... |trans-title=Turbo Movie : There are not only beats but also shots; Mammootty's Turbo with a budget of 70 crores, location video leaked |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/turbo-movie-70-crore-big-budget-mammootty-film-fight-scene-leaked-in-social-media-178647 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |quote=Turbo is the biggest big budget film under the production of Mammootty. 70 crores are being spent on the film. |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525171447/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/turbo-movie-70-crore-big-budget-mammootty-film-fight-scene-leaked-in-social-media-178647 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR|72.50 crore}}<ref name="year">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Year Ender 2024: Top 10 highest-grossing Mollywood movies at worldwide box office; Manjummel Boys emerges victorious |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/year-ender-2024-top-10-highest-grossing-mollywood-movies-at-worldwide-box-office-1362638 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Turbo''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Vysakh]], written by [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]] and produced by [[Mammootty]] under Mammootty Kampany. The film stars Mammootty in the title role alongside [[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Shabareesh Varma]], [[Anjana Jayaprakash]], [[Niranjana Anoop]], [[Bindu Panicker]], [[Dileesh Pothan]] and [[Johny Antony]] in supporting roles. In the film, Aruvipurathu Jose, nicknamed Turbo Jose, a short-tempered but kind-hearted jeep driver from Idukki. He often lands in trouble because he can’t tolerate injustice or bullying. Jose’s life changes when he gets involved in the love problem of his close friend Jerry, a bank manager in Chennai. Jerry loves Indulekha, but her powerful family is against the relationship. When Jose interferes to help them, things go wrong—Jerry backs out out of fear, and Jose becomes the target of legal trouble. To escape arrest, Jose leaves for Chennai.

The principal photography commenced in October 2023. [[Coimbatore]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]] and [[Chennai]] were the filming locations. It was wrapped up on 18 February 2024. The music was composed by [[Christo Xavier]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Vishnu Sarma and [[Shameer Muhammed]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-24 |title=Mammootty starrer Turbo's intriguing second poster UNVEILED |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/mammootty-starrer-turbos-intriguing-second-poster-unveiled-1281228 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

''Turbo'' received a U/A certificate and was theatrically released on 23 May 2024. It received popular appreciation from audiences and the direction by Vysakh, music and background score, action sequences and cast performances drew praise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024|title=Turbo Box Office Collection Day 4: Mammootty's Latest Earns Rs 35 Crore |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/malayalam/turbo-box-office-collection-day-4-article-110450071 |website=Times Now |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> The film grossed about ₹72.50 crores worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagh |first=Nikita |date=27 June 2024 |title=Mammootty-starrer ''Turbo'' fails to live to the given hype by the audience and ends as a box-office bomb |url=https://m.imdb.com/news/ni64668275/}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aruvipurathu Jose alias ''Turbo'' Jose, a jeep driver from [[Idukki]] with a habit of getting involved in fights, learns that his best friend Jerry, a bank manager in [[Chennai]], was attacked by henchmen sent by the family of his girlfriend Indulekha, who is also a bank manager of a different bank. Jose arrives at Indulekha's house and stops her engagement, taking her to Jerry's house. However, Jerry refuses to accept Indulekha due to the fear of his family and she goes back to Chennai for her job.

Jose learns that Indulekha's family have filed a case against him, prompting him to leave for Chennai and persuading Indulekha to return home. He decides to stay in Chennai after learning that he will be imprisoned. On Jose's request, Indulekha helps him find a job for Andrew, a rich [[Car dealership|car dealer]], as his bodyguard. Jose manages to reunite Indulekha with her family in the process.

Meanwhile, Jerry gets informed by his colleague, Sithara, that an anonymous person from the bank had used Jerry's passkey to transfer a huge amount of money to inactive accounts registered under other people's names. Jerry begins the investigation with Sithara, where he learns about the real mastermind behind the scam: Vetrivel Shanmugha Sundaram, a ruthless and charismatic kingmaker, who has been manipulating the banking system to provide money to ruling party [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] in order to shift their loyalties.

Jerry learns that Vetrivel's main [[bank account]] is in Indulekha's bank, where he tries to inform and warn Indulekha about the scam, but Indulekha does not listen to him as she has not forgiven his rejection. Vetrivel learns that Jerry has learnt about his scam and soon kills Jerry. Jerry's death is termed as suicide in the [[autopsy]] report by Vetrivel. Later, Indulekha and Jose learn about Vetrivel's scam and his involvement in Jerry's death, devastating them both.

Indulekha complains to the police, but the police are under Vetrivel's payroll and try to kill her. However, Jose rescues Indulekha by thrashing the cops and they escape, where a cat-and-mouse-game ensues in which Jose and Indulekha manage to save their families, consisting of Jose's mother, Rosakutty, and Indulekha's sister, Niranjana, with the help of Auto Billa, Andrew, and Dilli Babu. Jose and Indulekha expose Vetrivel's scam and Jose kills Vetrivel using a fish-slicing machine at his [[fishery]] factory, thus avenging Jerry's death.

in a [[post-credit scene]], Jose, Indulekha, Rosakutty and Niranjana return to Idukki. They receive a parcel containing Andrew's severed head with a letter sent by Vetrivel's friend and business partner, who plans to wage a war against Jose for Vetrivel's death.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Mammootty]] as Aruvipurathu Jose/Turbo Jose
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Vetrivel Shanmugha Sundaram, the main antagonist
* [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Vincent, Vetrivel's business partner, henchman and the secondary antagonist
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Auto Billa
* [[Shabareesh Varma]] as Jerry
* [[Anjana Jayaprakash]] as Indulekha S. Nair
* [[Niranjana Anoop]] as Sithara, Jerry's friend
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Aruvippurathu Rosakutty, Jose's mother
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Andrews, a [[Chennai]]-based businessman
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Salim, Andrews's bodyguard and driver
* Amina Nijam as Niranjana, Indulekha's sister
* [[Nishanth Sagar]] as Nikhil, Indulekha's brother
* [[Johny Antony]] as Vakkachan
* [[Namo Narayanan]] as Dilli Babu
* Basil Paulose as [[Tamil Nadu Police|Tamil Nadu]] [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Sukumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] Shankara Swamy
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Minister Arivazhagan Chella Durai
* [[Aruldoss]] as [[Tamil Nadu Police|Tamil Nadu]] [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Shakthivel
* Roshan Chandra as Jerry's elder brother
* Adarsh Sukumaran as Rajesh, Jose and Jerry's friend
* [[Prasanth Alexander]] as [[Kattapana]] Police Station [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Davis George
* Abin Bino as Sijo, Jose's friend
* Kottayam Ramesh as Mathew (Mathukutty), Jerry's father
* Spadikam Sunny as Indulekha's uncle
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Seban
* Mani Shornur as [[Father (honorific)|Fr.]] Thomas
* P R Rajasekharan as Tea shop owner
* Vineeth Thattil David as Arival Sabu
* Sandhya Manoj as employee at Vetrivel's company
* Manjula Mohandas as Reporter Yamini
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Vettu Mani
* Manju Satheesh as Susy, Jerry's mother
* Jayanthi as Indulekha's mother
* Divya Nair as Geetha, Sukumar's wife
* Jess Sweejan as Shivani, Sukumar's daughter
* Deepa Balu as Kaveri
* Sruthy Suresh as Nurse
* Ajit Koshy as [[Tamil Nadu Police]] [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Gunasekharan
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as [[Tamil Nadu Police]] [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Maarimuthu
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Vetrivel's friend and business partner (post-credits; voice role)}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The film was officially announced on 24 October 2023, titled ''Turbo'' as the fifth production venture under Mammootty's banner [[Mammootty|Mammootty Kampany]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 October 2023|title=Mammootty announces new film 'Turbo', Vysakh to direct film. See poster|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammootty-announces-new-film-turbo-vysakh-to-direct-film-see-poster-2453032-2023-10-24|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=13 April 2024|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029193933/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammootty-announces-new-film-turbo-vysakh-to-direct-film-see-poster-2453032-2023-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Turbo'' marks [[Vysakh|Vysakh's]] third film with Mammootty after their successful collaboration of ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' (2010) and ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2023 |title='Turbo': Mammootty steals heart with his suave first look in action drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/turbo-mammootty-steals-heart-with-his-suave-first-look-in-action-drama-2468017-2023-11-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204203314/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/turbo-mammootty-steals-heart-with-his-suave-first-look-in-action-drama-2468017-2023-11-27 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This is the fifth film for Mammootty's home banner, following ''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]'' (2022) ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' (2022), ''[[Kaathal – The Core|Kaathal - The Core]]'' (2023) and ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' (2023). The film is written by Midhun Manuel Thomas reuniting with Mammootty after ''[[Abraham Ozler]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title='Turbo': First look of Mammootty's next with director Vysakh out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/turbo-first-look-of-mammoottys-next-with-director-vysakh-out/article67579127.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205033547/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/turbo-first-look-of-mammoottys-next-with-director-vysakh-out/article67579127.ece |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=2024-04-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The film will be edited by [[Shameer Muhammed]] while cinematography would be done by Vishnu Sarma. The action director would be Phoenix Prabhu. There were reports that ''Turbo'' would be a sequel of Mammootty's action comedy film ''[[Kottayam Kunjachan]]'' (1990) and the film would be titled ''Adi Pidi Jose''. However, Mammootty in an interview with ''[[Asianet News]]'' said that it is not the title of the film and neither it has any connection with ''Kottayam Kunjachan''. [[Justin Varghese]] was the composer during the announcement, but he was replaced by [[Christo Xavier]]. [[Dulquer Salmaan|Wayfarer Films]] would distribute the film in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=Mammootty's film with director Vysakh titled Turbo, actor shares the first poster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammoottys-film-with-director-vysakh-titled-turbo-actor-shares-the-first-poster-8996988/lite/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Mammootty-starrer Turbo's second poster piques interest with its police station setup, see pic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-starrer-turbos-second-poster-piques-interest-with-its-jail-setup-see-pic-9177692/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316160049/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-starrer-turbos-second-poster-piques-interest-with-its-jail-setup-see-pic-9177692/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Anjana Jayaprakash]] was cast as the female lead in the film who takes on the role of Indulekha. The film would focus around her character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-20 |title=Mammootty says 'Turbo' will focus on its female lead character Indulekha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-says-turbo-will-focus-on-its-female-lead-character-indulekha/articleshow/110273868.cms |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In November 2023, Kannada actor Raj B Shetty was cast to feature a antagonist role in the film marking his debut in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada Actor Raj B Shetty Officially Joins The Cast Of Mammootty's Turbo |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kannada-actor-raj-b-shetty-officially-joins-the-cast-of-mammoottys-turbo-8672262.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Telugu actor Sunil was cast in his Malayalam cinema debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-11-10 |title=Sunil joins the cast of Mammootty's Turbo |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Nov/10/sunil-joins-the-cast-of-mammoottys-turbo-49432.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> In May 2024, [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] was announced to be part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kabir Duhan Singh to play Vincent in Mammootty's 'Turbo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kabir-duhan-singh-to-play-vincent-in-mammoottys-turbo/articleshow/110296737.cms |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The cast of the film also includes Shabareesh Varma, Dileesh Pothan, Bindu Panicker, Amina Nijam, and Niranjana Anoop among others.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-13 |title='Turbo' trailer: Mammootty takes on Raj B Shetty in a high-octane action feast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/turbo-trailer-mammootty-takes-on-raj-b-shetty-in-a-high-octane-action-feast/article68170364.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The prinEdit summarycipal photography commenced in October 2023 on the occasion of Vijayadashami and was planned for a shot of 100 days.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty, Vysakh and Midhun Manuel Thomas team up for 'Turbo', film goes on floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-vysakh-and-midhun-manuel-thomas-team-up-for-turbo-film-goes-on-floors/articleshow/104667850.cms |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Initial filming took place in [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2023|title=Shoot Of Vysakh-Mammootty Film 'Turbo' Progressing In Coimbatore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shoot-of-vysakh-mammootty-film-turbo-progressing-in-coimbatore/articleshow/104722011.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 April 2024|archive-date=14 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414083010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shoot-of-vysakh-mammootty-film-turbo-progressing-in-coimbatore/amp_articleshow/104722011.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Mammootty joined the shoot on November 3, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty to join 'Turbo' shoot on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-join-turbo-shoot-on-this-date/articleshow/104915979.cms |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The shooting was shifted to the scenic locales of [[Idukki district|Idukki]] in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2023|title=Mammootty's 'Turbo' shoot progresses in Idukki|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/mammoottys-turbo-shoot-progresses-in-idukki/videoshow/106128487.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 April 2024|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226054159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/mammoottys-turbo-shoot-progresses-in-idukki/amp_videoshow/106128487.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The final schedule happened in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-16 |title=Mammootty and Vysakh's action comedy 'Turbo' nears completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-vysakhs-action-comedy-turbo-nears-completion/articleshow/107755614.cms |access-date=2024-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228140119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-vysakhs-action-comedy-turbo-nears-completion/articleshow/107755614.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up on 18 February 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Mammootty's 'Turbo' may hit theatres in June 2024: Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-turbo-release-date-june-2024/articleshow/107824391.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303231930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-turbo-release-date-june-2024/articleshow/107824391.cms |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=2024-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Turbo'' was made on a budget of around {{INR|70 crore}}.<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Turbo Movie : അടി മാത്രമല്ല വെടിയും ഉണ്ട്; 70 കോടി ബജറ്റിൽ മമ്മൂട്ടിയുടെ ടർബോ, ലൊക്കേഷൻ വീഡിയോ ലീക്കായി... |trans-title=Turbo Movie : There are not only beats but also shots; Mammootty's Turbo with a budget of 70 crores, location video leaked |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/turbo-movie-70-crore-big-budget-mammootty-film-fight-scene-leaked-in-social-media-178647 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |quote=Turbo is the biggest big budget film under the production of Mammootty. 70 crores are being spent on the film. |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525171447/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/turbo-movie-70-crore-big-budget-mammootty-film-fight-scene-leaked-in-social-media-178647 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=മമ്മൂട്ടിയുടെ ഹിറ്റിന്റെ ബജറ്റ് 23 കോടി, ടര്‍ബോ ശരിക്കും നേടിയതിന്റെ കണക്കുകള്‍, തിയറ്ററുകളില്‍ ഇനി അറബിയില്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mammootty-hit-turbo-arabic-film-release-announcement-hrk-sha17f}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Turbo box office collection day 2 early report: Mammootty starrer sees a major drop |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/turbo-box-office-collection-day-2-early-report-mammootty-9350249/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
Initially, [[Justin Varghese]] was signed in for the music and background score for the film. Later, some schedule issues led to the signing of [[Christo Xavier]] as the music and the score composer. The lyrics was written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]], Vaisakh Sugunan and SVDP. The track "Turbo Trailer Theme", which released on 12 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2024|title=Arjun Ashokan turns playback singer for 'Turbo' mass song|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/arjun-ashokan-as-playback-singer-forturbo-movie-1.9554146|website=[[Mathrubhumi News|Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> The first single "Burnout The Engine" was released on 29 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2024|title=Burnout The Engine song from Mammootty's Turbo is out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2024/May/30/burnout-the-engine-song-from-mammoottys-turbo-is-out|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=13 June 2024|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613190759/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2024/May/30/burnout-the-engine-song-from-mammoottys-turbo-is-out|url-status=live}}</ref> The second single "Maayika Maname" was released on 5 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2024|title=Watch: Maayika Maname Video Song From Turbo Is Out!|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/maayika-maname-video-song-from-turbo-is-out-article-110760548|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=13 June 2024|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613190756/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/maayika-maname-video-song-from-turbo-is-out-article-110760548|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Turbo Trailer Theme
| length1 = 2:14
| lyrics1 = Vaisakh Sugunan
| extra1 = [[Arjun Ashokan]] Christo Xavier
| title2 = Burnout The Engine
| length2 = 2:43
| lyrics2 = SVDP
| extra2 = SVDP
| title3 = Maayika Maname
| length3 = 3:13
| lyrics3 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra3 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Turbo'' was released on 23 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=Mammootty's film Turbo gets release date: 'Turbo mode activated' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammoottys-film-turbo-gets-release-date-9299475/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503174206/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammoottys-film-turbo-gets-release-date-9299475/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=turbo release date: Mammootty's 'Turbo' set for early arrival in theatres: Check new release date - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mammoottys-turbo-set-for-early-arrival-in-theatres-check-new-release-date/articleshow/109746405.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=m.economictimes.com | date=May 2024 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503180009/https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/mammoottys-turbo-set-for-early-arrival-in-theatres-check-new-release-date/amp_articleshow/109746405.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming and satellite rights were bought by [[SonyLIV]] and [[Zee Keralam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turbo Movie Ott and satellite rights sold for a record price here is where you can watch mammoottys mass action comedy movie {{!}} Turbo Ott Satellite Rights |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/turbo-movie-ott-and-satellite-rights-sold-for-a-record-price-here-is-where-you-can-watch-mammoottys-mass-action-comedy-movie-200120/amp |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=zeenews.india.com |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712072332/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/turbo-movie-ott-and-satellite-rights-sold-for-a-record-price-here-is-where-you-can-watch-mammoottys-mass-action-comedy-movie-200120/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-23 |title=Mammootty's Turbo Gearing Up For OTT Release |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/mammootty-film-turbo-gearing-up-for-ott-release-article-111205081 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712072331/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/mammootty-film-turbo-gearing-up-for-ott-release-article-111205081 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was premiered in Sony LIV on 9 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-11 |title='Turbo' OTT release date confirmed: Check where and when to watch Mammootty's action-comedy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/turbo-ott-release-date-confirmed-check-where-and-when-to-watch-mammoottys-action-comedy/articleshow/111659453.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
On its opening day ''Turbo'' earned {{INR}}6.25 crore from [[Kerala]] (highest first-day gross in Kerala in 2024 surpassing ''[[The Goat Life]]'') becoming the third highest opening day for a Malayalam film in Kerala, behind ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea|Marakkar]]'' and ''[[Odiyan]]''. Domestically it grossed {{INR}}7.40 crore on the first day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Turbo box office collections: Mammootty starrer takes Biggest opening of 2024 in Kerala |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/turbo-box-office-collections-mammootty-starrer-takes-career-best-and-biggest-opening-of-2024-in-kerala-1309124 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094452/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/turbo-box-office-collections-mammootty-starrer-takes-career-best-and-biggest-opening-of-2024-in-kerala-1309124 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-19 |title=Aaraattu has a Good opening day; Biggest of the year for a Malayalam film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aaraattu-has-good-opening-day-biggest-year-malayalam-film-1027575 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Opening day worldwide gross was ₹16.25 crore.<ref>https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-can-mammoottys-bazooka-beat-turbos-rs-16-25-crore-to-become-his-biggest-opener-1380337</ref> By the second day, the film grossed {{INR}}12 crore in India of which ₹10.25 crore coming from Kerala and ₹14.50 crore from overseas to a total of {{INR}}26.50 crore worldwide.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=Turbo box office collections: Mammootty starrer has a Good hold on Day 2, Tops 25Cr Worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/turbo-box-office-collections-mammootty-starrer-has-a-good-hold-on-day-2-tops-25cr-worldwide-1309550 |website=PinkVilla |language=en |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526012722/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/turbo-box-office-collections-mammootty-starrer-has-a-good-hold-on-day-2-tops-25cr-worldwide-1309550 |url-status=live }}</ref> By May 28, 2024, it grossed ₹24 crore in India and ₹25 crore in overseas to a worldwide gross of ₹49 crore.<ref>https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/turbo-box-office-collections-mammootty-starrer-holds-well-on-monday-nears-50cr-worldwide-in-5-days-1310577</ref> In its first week, the film grossed {{INR|58 crore}} worldwide, with {{INR|29.5 crore}} from [[India]] and {{INR|28.5 crore}} from overseas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Turbo box office collections: Mammootty led film gross Rs. 58 Crore Worldwide in First Week |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/turbo-box-office-collections-mammootty-led-film-gross-rs-58-crore-worldwide-in-first-week-1311701 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> The film ended its box office run by earning ₹72.50 crore worldwide.<ref name="year" />

===Critical response===
''Turbo'' received mixed reviews from critics.

Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "Mammootty, like Malayalam cinema, is at an energetic high. There is a clue about a part two and this is a sequel that audiences will be waiting for."<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Turbo Movie Review: A Turbo Charged Entertainer With All Elements In Place|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/turbo/movie-review/110360246.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523091557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/turbo/movie-review/110360246.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Goutham S of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The 2-and-a-half-hour flick would surely satisfy many movie lovers who are craving an out-and-out action movie. On a side note, for anyone who is a fan of ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' or [[Tamil cinema]] in particular, make sure to stick around for the tail-end for a surprise, potentially leading to a sequel."<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Turbo movie review: Mammootty and Raj B Shetty deliver a knockout in this self-aware commercial action flick|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/turbo-movie-review-mammootty-and-raj-b-shetty-deliver-a-knockout-in-this-self-aware-commercial-action-flick-1308754%3famp|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|access-date=23 May 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528004159/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/turbo-movie-review-mammootty-and-raj-b-shetty-deliver-a-knockout-in-this-self-aware-commercial-action-flick-1308754?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Mammootty aces the five action scenes in Vysakh's directorial, but it doesn't rise above that. The generic script and a weak villain robs Turbo off the power to deliver a knockout punch."<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Turbo movie review: Generic script and weak villain weigh down Mammootty's action-thriller|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/turbo-movie-review-generic-script-and-weak-villain-weigh-down-mammoottys-action-thriller/8e1f33f1c3738|website=[[OTTplay]]|access-date=23 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523121713/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/turbo-movie-review-generic-script-and-weak-villain-weigh-down-mammoottys-action-thriller/8e1f33f1c3738|url-status=live}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "'Turbo' is a predictable action drama with a few quirks in the bag that make it a watchable affair."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title='Turbo' Review: Mammootty's charm saves this predictable mass masala entertainer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/turbo-review-mammoottys-charm-saves-this-predictable-mass-masala-entertainer-2542896-2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and wrote "While Turbo may not break new ground, it serves as a testament to Mammootty's unwavering allure, captivating audiences across generations."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turbo Packs A Punch In Parts|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/turbo-review/20240524.htm|date=24 May 2024|website=Rediff|access-date=25 May 2024|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525151221/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/turbo-review/20240524.htm|url-status=live}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated 2/5 stars and wrote "Even as the script drags on endlessly, Vysakh's movie is predominantly salvaged by Mammootty's no-holds-barred performance, operating in top gear, complemented by Raj B Shetty's remarkable presence as the villain."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Turbo movie review: A double-engine Mammootty and nefarious Raj B Shetty shoulder this wafer-thin actioner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/turbo-review-a-double-engine-mammootty-shoulders-wafer-thin-actioner-9346249/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "The movie uses an interplay of comedy and fights to move from one situation to the next. Unfortunately, most of the comedy falls flat so it's up to the fight sequences to save the day".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Turbo movie review: Weak, jaded script hampers this Mammootty ride |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/turbo-movie-review-weak-jaded-script-hampers-this-mammootty-ride-101716464796476.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523172210/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/turbo-movie-review-weak-jaded-script-hampers-this-mammootty-ride-101716464796476.html |url-status=live }}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Vysakh's ‘Turbo’ will be remembered for recycling all the old tropes that have been part of its genre since time immemorial and for its reluctance to try anything new."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/turbo-movie-review-weak-screenplay-holds-back-mammoottys-charge/article68207377.ece|title='Turbo' movie review: Mammootty's charge held back by a weak screenplay|website=The Hindu|date=23 May 2024|last1=Praveen|first1=S. R.|access-date=27 May 2024|archive-date=12 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712072332/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/turbo-movie-review-weak-screenplay-holds-back-mammoottys-charge/article68207377.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lakshmi Priya of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "Credit to the stunt and VFX teams and to cinematographer Vishnu Sharma, some of the stunt and chase sequences in ''Turbo'' are exhilarating, with Mammootty once again in his element as an action hero. Despite the occasional letdowns, the music and background score by Christo Xavier also live up to the film's energy for the most part, amping up the thrills that the stunts seek to deliver."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priya |first=Lakshmi |date=2024-05-07 |title=Turbo review: Mammootty's star vehicle is let down by cliché-ridden plot |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/turbo-review-mammoottys-star-vehicle-is-let-down-by-clich%C3%A9-ridden-plot |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Arjun Menon of [[Anupama Chopra|''Film Companion'']] wrote, "The action entertainer holds much promise through its leading man's charisma but the meandering writing fails to impress. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=2024-05-05 |title=Turbo Review: A Generic Action Entertainer That Misses More Than It Hits |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/turbo-review-a-generic-action-entertainer-that-misses-more-than-it-hits-mammootty-vysakh-raj-b-shetty-sunil |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt29608104}}
{{Vysakh}}

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Ahmad Hasan Amrohi

2026-04-25T11:03:39Z

Providentecopoliten: creating

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar (1850-1912)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ahmad Hasan Amrohi
|title = Muhaddith Amrohi
|honorific_prefix = Mawlānā
|office1= 1st Principal of [[Madrasa Shahi]]
|term_start1= 1879
|term_end1= 1885
|predecessor1 = "post established"
|successor1= "unknown"
|office2 = 1st Principal of Jamia Islamia Arabia Amroha
|term_start2 =
|term_end2 =
|predecessor2 = "post established"
|successor2 = Abdur Rahman Siddīqi Sandelwi{{Sfn|Fareedi|2009|p=175}}
|module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes
|religion=Islam
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|creed = [[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Saharanpuri|first=Khalil Ahmad|title=Mabahith fi 'Aqa'id Ahl al-Sunna|date=2001|publisher=Dar al-Fath|pages=101}}</ref>
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|birth_date = {{birth year|1850}}
|birth_place = [[Amroha]], [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]], North-Western Provinces
|death_date = {{date of death and age|1912|3|18|1850|df=y}}
|death_place = Amroha, Moradabad, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], British India
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|disciple_of = [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]]
}}}}

'''Ahmad Hasan Amrohi''' (1850 – 18 March 1912) also known as '''Muhaddith Amrohi''' within the [[Deobandi movement]];<ref name="asir"/> was an Indian Muslim scholar and [[Indian independence movement|freedom struggle activist]] who served as the first principal of [[Madrasa Shahi]] in [[Moradabad]]. He was an alumnus of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and among the founding members of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]'s Thamratut-Tarbiyat. He was an authorized disciple of [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]].

==Biography==
Ahmad Hasan was born in 1850 in [[Amroha]], which at that time was part of the [[Moradabad district]].<ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|pages=19|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=Urdu |date = 2 April 2016}}</ref> He received his primary education from Sayyid Rafat Ali, Karim Bakhsh Bakhshi, Muhammad Hussain Jafri, and studied medicine with Amjad Ali Khan.{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=369–370}} He went to [[Meerut]] for higher education, where he studied with [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]].{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=156}} Nanautawi taught him all the academic sciences and then sent him to [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], from where he graduated in 1290 [[Hijri year|AH]], alongside [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] and [[Fakhrul Hasan Gangohi]].<ref name="asir"/>{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=156}} Ahmad was an authorized disciple of [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] in [[Sufism]] and was authorized to transmit [[hadith]] by [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]] and Shah Abdul Ghani.{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=369–370}}

After completing his studies, Hasan became the principal of Madrasa Qasmia, an Islamic school established by his teacher Nanautawi in [[Khurja]].{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=371}}<ref>{{cite news |author1=Imdadul Haq Bakhtiyar |title=سید العلماء قاسم ثانی حضرت مولانا سید احمد حسن محدث امروہی: حیات وخدمات |trans-title= Ahmad Hasan Amrohi: Life and contributions|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/122482 |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Baseerat Online |date=16 October 2020 |language=ur}}</ref> He then served in the Islamic institutions in [[Delhi]] and [[Sambhal]] as a principal, the institutions being likely Madrasa Abdur-Rab, Delhi; and Madrasa Jama Masjid, Sambhal.{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=156}}{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=371}} He became the principal of [[Madrasa Shahi]] in [[Moradabad]] upon its inception it 1879 (1296 [[Hijri year|AH]]), a post he served until 1885 ([[Dhu al-Qadah]] 1303 AH).{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=156}} Later, he moved to Amroha, where he re-established an old [[madrasah]] in the Jama Masjid,{{efn|This is now known as Madrasa Islamia Amroha or Jamia Islamia Arabia Amroha, and is among the prominent Islamic institutions in India. It was earlier established by [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]].{{Sfn|Fareedi|2009|p=33}}}} and occupied himself with the teaching responsibilities, and served as the first rector, principal and senior hadith professor.{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=156}}{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=24}}{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=375}} Few years later, the executive council of Darul Uloom Deoband, called him to teach at the seminary. He taught there for just two months and then moved back to Amroha.{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=379–380}} His students included [[Ismail Sambhali]].{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=385}}

Hasan was a member of the executive council of the Darul Uloom Deoband from 1895 to 1912.{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2020|p=564}} He was a founder members of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi's Thamratut-Tarbiyyat.{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=156}} He debated with [[Arya Samaj]] people and was among the prominent Muslim scholars who debated [[Ahmadis]].{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=388, 395}} On 15 June 1909, he debated with Ahmadis in [[Rampur State|Rampur]] alongside [[Sanaullah Amritsari]], and defeated them.{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=397}} His literary works include ''Ifādāt-e-Aḥmadiyyah'', ''Izālatul Waswās'' and ''Al-Ma'lūmāt al-Ilāhiyyah''.<ref name="asir"/> He was a jurist and his religious edicts are found in the libraries of [[Phalauda]] and [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]].<ref name="asir"/>

Hasan died of [[Plague (disease)|plague]] on 18 March 1912 in Amroha, Moradabad.{{Sfn|Mansoorpuri|2014|p=156-157}} His funeral prayers were led by [[Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|1999|p=62}} [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], [[Habibur Rahman Usmani]] and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] expressed grief over his death.{{Sfn|Fareedi|2000|p=416-422}}
== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |first1=Naseem Ahmad |last1=Fareedi |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]]|volume = 2 |pages=366–430 |date=January 2000 |language=Urdu |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlānā Sayyid Ahmad Hasan Muhaddith Amrohi}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mansoorpuri |first1=Salman |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |pages=156–157 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Muhammad Tayyib |author-link1=Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi |editor1-last=Bukhari |editor1-first=Akbar Shah |title=50 Misaali Shaksiyaat |trans-title=50 Exemplar personalities |publisher=Maktaba Faiz-ul-Qur'an |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=50–633 |date=July 1999 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |authorlink1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |location=Deoband |date=1981 |pages=23–26}}
* {{cite book |last1= Qāsmi |first1=Muḥammadullah|title=Darul Uloom Deoband ki Jami' wa Mukhtasar Tārīkh |edition=2|publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy |location=Deoband |pages=564–565 |date=October 2020 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fareedi |first1=Naseem Ahmad |editor1-last=al-Haqq |editor1-first=Muhib |title=Sayyid al-Ulama | trans-title = The Leader of the Scholars|date=2009 |publisher=Jamia Islamia Arabia |location=Amroha |url=https://archive.org/details/Swaneh-Hayat-Syed-ul-Ulama-Maulana-Syed-Ahmad-Hasan-Amrohi-ra |language=ur}}
{{refend}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amrohi, Ahmad Hasan}}
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Amroha]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Duru Shah

2026-04-18T02:54:10Z

Providentecopoliten: Added Initial Post More To Come

{{short description|Indian gynecologist and academic}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Resume-like|date=March 2025}}
{{COI|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Duru Shah
| image = Dr Duru Shah.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Gynecologist
| known_for = Promoting Women's Health
| spouse =
| children = [[Ameera Shah]]
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''Duru Shah''' is a Mumbai-based [[gynaecologist]] academic and women activist. She is the Founder President of the PCOS Society, India and a promoter of adolescent girls and women's health and infertility in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETHealthworld.com|title=IVF could be much cheaper with Indian products : Dr Duru Shah - ET HealthWorld|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ivf-could-be-much-cheaper-with-indian-products-dr-duru-shah/68312437|access-date=2020-11-04|website=ETHealthworld.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Disha|date=2015-09-22|title=One out of every 10 Indian women have polycystic ovary syndrome: Dr Duru Shah, Founder President, PCOS Society|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-one-out-of-every-10-indian-women-have-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-dr-duru-shah-founder-president-pcos-society-2127640|access-date=2020-11-04|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Scholar|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=Duru+Shah&btnG=|access-date=2020-11-04|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Shah is also the promoter of Metropolis Healthcare Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramarathinam |first=Ashwin |date=2020-06-25 |title=Metropolis Healthcare promoter sells 6% stake for ₹422.6 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/metropolis-healthcare-promoter-sells-6-03-stake-for-rs-422-58-crore-11593072259230.html |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> She is also a Consultant ObGyn.: Breach Candy Hospital,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Duru Shah {{!}} Breach Candy Hospital Trust |url=https://www.breachcandyhospital.org/dr-duru-shah |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.breachcandyhospital.org}}</ref> Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai.<ref name="gynaecworld.com">{{Cite web |title=Best IVF Doctor in Mumbai, India, Infertility Specialist Mumbai |url=https://www.gynaecworld.com/dr-duru-shah.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.gynaecworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Duru Shah |url=https://www.centreforsbcc.org/governance-structure/governing-board-members/dr-duru-shah/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=www.centreforsbcc.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

She is also the guide for postgraduate students in Obs. Gyn. for Doctorate of Medicine at [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Home - IMS - International Menopause Society|url=https://www.imsociety.org/ims_officers_board_details.php?cid=c5ppIcMZfjfuqkOY4BOho01Rxt2F6d6VwtKMbN39NSE|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.imsociety.org}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She is the Director of [[Gynaecworld Clinic|Gynaecworld]] the center for Women's Health and Fertility, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETHealthworld.com|title=IVF could be much cheaper with Indian products : Dr Duru Shah - ET HealthWorld|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ivf-could-be-much-cheaper-with-indian-products-dr-duru-shah/68312437|access-date=2021-02-11|website=ETHealthworld.com|language=en}}</ref> Dr Duru Shah has authored five books and published various research articles. She is a member of the Editorial Board of The Obstetrician & Gynecologist (TOG), Climacteric and the Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=admin|title=Dr. Duru Shah|url=http://aspire2021.com/dr-duru-shah/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=Aspire 2021|language=zh-TW}}</ref> In 2000, Dr Shah initiated adolescent reproductive and sexual health project in India and got it included in the School Curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Social Commitment - Gynaecologist in Mumbai, India, IVF Clinic & Surrogacy Clinic in Mumbai|url=https://drrishmapai.com/social-activities.php|access-date=2021-01-22|website=drrishmapai.com}}</ref> She is currently the Chair of the Council of Affiliated Menopause Societies (CAMS) IMS,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Affiliated Menopause Societies (CAMS) |url=https://www.imsociety.org/membership/cams/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=International Menopause Society |language=en-GB}}</ref> and the Vice President of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Executive Board |url=http://aspire-reproduction.org/executive-board/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=ASPIRE |language=en-US}}</ref> and member of the Women’s Health Vertical of C-20, India. She has been the Past President of the Federation of Obstetrics & Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI), Indian Society of Assisted Reproductive (ISAR), Indian Menopause Society (IMS, India) and Chair of the Indian College of [[Obstetrics and gynaecology|Obstetrics and Gynaecology]] (ICOG).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garg |first=Vaishali |title=जानिए डाॅ दुरु शाह कैसे महिलाओं को उनके स्वास्थ्य के बारे में जागरूक करती हैं |url=https://hindi.shethepeople.tv/interview/inspirational-journey-of-dr-duru-shah |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=hindi.shethepeople.tv |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shah did her medical education (MBBS) from Grant College, Mumbai<ref name="IP 2023"/> and holds a Post Graduate Degree in ObGyn and a Fellowship of the Royal College of ObsGyn.<ref name="IP 2023"/> She was a resident doctor at Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital in ObGyn during 1972-75 and an Honorary Professor of ObsGyn of the Mumbai University.<ref name="IP 2023">{{Cite web |last=Practitioner |first=The Indian |date=2023-07-05 |title=Dr. Duru Shah, a Revered Individual in the Field of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |url=https://theindianpractitioner.com/dr-duru-shah-a-revered-individual-in-the-field-of-obstetrics-and-gynaecology/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Indian Practitioner |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shsh started her career in 1977 at Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital in Mumbai. She worked there as a [[Senior registrar|Senior Registrar]] and became a Lecturer at the Grant Medical College, Mumbai, where she taught young doctors about pregnancy and women's health.<ref name="expresshealthcare.in">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Duru Shah: Empowering the women of India |url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/life-healthcare/duru-shah-empowering-the-women-of-india/934/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Express Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1981, Shah became part time Research officer at Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital and the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]. At the same time, she also started her own private practice.<ref name="gynaecworld.com"/><ref name="IP 2023"/> She became an Honorary Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology at Mumbai University's Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital in 1985.<ref name="expresshealthcare.in"/> As a President of FOGSI she initiated “The Suprabha Ganga Yatra” (a 5 year project) – A Rural Women’s health program to reduce the rate of women dying during childbirth (maternal mortality) which was very high in the region through which the Ganga flows. She has been the Convenor of FOGSI’s “Violence against women” cell and she initiated the “STAR” programme (Survivor Treatment Advocacy & Responsibility) on how to correctly collect medical evidence in cases of sexual abuse.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-23 |title=City doctors commemorate International Day for Elimination of Violence against Women with an e-conclave |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/city-doctors-commemorate-international-day-for-elimination-of-violence-against-women-with-an-e-conclave/articleshow/79364326.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As a Member of the Ethics Committee of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), she spearheaded the creation of two documents on ‘Ethical Guidance on Health Care Professional’s Responses to Violence Against Women’ and ‘Ethical Issues After Sexual Assault’.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Figo Committee For The Ethical Aspects Of Human Reproduction And Women's Health |first1=null |last2=International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics |date=January 2015 |title=Ethical guidance on healthcare professionals' responses to violence against women |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.10.004 |issn=1879-3479 |pmid=25458409|s2cid=969370 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=FIGO Committee for Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health |date=February 2015 |title=Ethical issues after sexual assault |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=187–188 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.10.007 |issn=1879-3479 |pmid=25458412|s2cid=36535546 }}</ref>

== Publications (Books) ==
* Practical Infertility Management (2002) {{ISBN|9788125022060}} <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Duru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnlRG0wKxFoC|title=Practical Infertility Management|last2=Allahbadia|first2=Duru And|last3=Gautam|date=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2206-0|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Polycystic ovary syndrome|Polycystic Ovary Syndrome]] (2004) {{ISBN|9788125026334}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Duru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jxd03OBIn9wC|title=The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome|last2=Bhathena|first2=R. K.|last3=Shroff|first3=Safala|date=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2633-4|language=en}}</ref>
* Fetal Attraction (2005) {{ISBN|9788179923528}} <ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaz|first=Dr Duru Shah With Dr Safala Shroff & Ivor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kCndoCQdvUC|title=Fetal Attraction|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7992-352-8|language=en}}</ref>
* Clinical Progress in Obstetrics & Gynecology (2009) {{ISBN|9788184482157}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Duru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTS5GYReVwIC|title=Clinical Progress in Obstetrics & Gynecology|last2=Shah|last3=Ray|first3=Sudeshna|date=2013-06-30|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5090-444-2|language=en}}</ref>
* Pregnancy and You Plan, Prepare Push! (2016) {{ISBN|9788184958782}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Dr Duru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyo2DAAAQBAJ|title=Pregnancy and You: Plan, Prepare Push!|last2=Shroff|first2=Dr Safala|date=2016-05-23|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-878-2|language=en}}</ref>
* Text Book on Obstetrics & Gynecology in perceptive, 2 Volume, First Edition Dr. Usha Krishna and Second Edition with Narendra Malhotra [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] B08QS1RGMW
* Current Practice in Obstetrics & Gynecology- 3 Endometriosis (2023) {{ISBN|978-93-5696-156-2}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Practice in Obstetrics & Gynecology-3 Endometriosis |url=https://www.aibh.in/product/18773/current-practice-in-obstetrics-gynecology-3-endometriosis |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=All India Book House |language=en}}</ref>

== Editorial responsibilities ==

* Editor in chief, of the “Journal of Mid-life Health” of the Indian Menopause Society, 2012-2014-2016<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Duru Shah Archives |url=https://smlm.in/kol-team/dr-duru-shah/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Society of Meaningful Life Management |language=en-US}}</ref>
* “Post Reproductive Health” Journal of the British Menopause Society, London, 2008 -2016<ref name=":2" />
* “Climacteric” – the Journal of the International Menopause Society, 2010 onwards<ref name=":3" />
* “The Obstetrician & Gynecologist”, the Journal of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) London, 2006 onwards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top IVF Clinic Mumbai, Infertility Specialist India - Gynaecworld |url=https://www.gynaecworld.com/dr-duru-shah-cv.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.gynaecworld.com}}</ref>
* The Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences (JRHS), the Journal of the Indian Society for Assisted Reproduction 2017 onwards.<ref name=":3" />
* Editorial Board of "Gynecological and Reproductive Endocrinology and Metabolism", of the International Society of Gynaecological Endocrinology (ISGE)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The editors |url=https://gremjournal.com/the-editors |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=GREM – Gynecological and Reproductive Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* Director''':''' Digital EducationInternational Menopause Society(IMS)''2016-2018''
* Past President of the Indian Society of Assisted Reproduction (ISAR) - 2017-2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=EFSS|url=https://www.efss-eg.com/speakers.html|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.efss-eg.com|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127174105/https://www.efss-eg.com/speakers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Past President of the Indian Menopause Society<ref name=":0" />
* Chair of the Special Interest Group (SIG) on Reproductive Endocrinology at ASPIRE (Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction)
* Chair of the Indian Special Interest Group (ISIG) at ASRM ([[American Society for Reproductive Medicine]])
* International Advisor: Special Interest Group (SIG), “Safety & Quality in ART”(SQART)
* European Society of Human Reproduction & Embryology (ESHRE) 2019 -2021
* Chair of the Indian College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists (ICOG)
* Technical expert to the Ministry of Health, [[Government of India]] and WHO<ref name=":1" />
* President of the Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI),
* President Mumbai Obstetric and Gynaecological Society (MOGS)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-29|title=Dr Duru Shah is the new President of Indian Society of Assisted Reproduction|url=https://indiamedtoday.com/dr-duru-shah-is-the-new-president-of-indian-society-of-assisted-reproduction/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=IndiaMedToday|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Member of the Ethics Committee of FIGO

== Awards and recognition ==
* Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynecology– November 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=THE EGYPTIAN FERTILITY AND STERILITY SOCIETY|url=https://www.efss-eg.com/assets/docs/history/2011_program_preface.pdf|journal=REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Update on the Land of Pharaohs|pages=16}}</ref>
* First Indian to receive international FIGO Distinguished Merit Award (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-15|title=Duru Shah: Empowering the women of India|url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/life-healthcare/duru-shah-empowering-the-women-of-india/934/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=Express Healthcare|language=en-US}}</ref>
* “OPPI Recognition Award” by Hon. Minister of State, Smt. Anupriya Patel, for outstanding contribution in the field of women’s health, Delhi, India, July 2018.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dr. Duru Shah, featured in ET NOW-Greatest Brands & Leaders 2020-21 Asia, ME & Africa | date=14 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpqS5olEiNs |access-date=2023-09-15 |language=en}}</ref>
* Awarded the “Iconic Gynecologist & Fertility Expert” March 7, 2022, by the Honorable Bhagat Singh Koshyari (Governor of Maharashtra).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=Gynaecologist & Fertility Expert Dr Duru Shah Speaks About Assisted Reproduction Techniques |url=https://www.babychakra.com/learn/dr-duru-shah |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=BabyChakra |language=en-in}}</ref>
* “Mahatma Award 2021” for Social Responsibilities and Gender Equality, New Delhi by the Ex-Governor Ms. Kiran Bedi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Recipients |url=https://www.mahatmaaward.com/2021-recipients |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Mahatma Award |language=en}}</ref>
* Lifetime Achievement Award for Valuable Services rendered to FOGSI and lifelong Commitment to our Speciality”, by “The Federation of Obstetric & Gynecological Societies of India on January 10th, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-13 |title=FOGSI Dr. Duru Shah Distinguished Community Service Award for FOGSI Members 2022 - FOGSI |url=https://www.fogsi.org/fogsi-dr-duru-shah-distinguished-community-service-award-for-fogsi-members-2022/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.fogsi.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
* “MOGS- Dr. B. N. Purandare Outstanding Service Award” for Lifelong Commitment and Yeoman Services rendered to the Cause of Women’s Health & Rights, 19 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOGS Newsletter Buzz & Bytes Volume 1 (Issue I to IV) |url=https://www.mogsonline.org/MOGS-News-&-Views |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.mogsonline.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
She initiated project Kishori - an 8 years program for urban slum Dharavi. Which focussed on community-based adolescent empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2013-03-06|title=If you educate the girl and the mother, you are educating the family ... and an entire nation|url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/life-healthcare/if-you-educate-the-girl-and-the-mother-you-are-educating-the-family-and-an-entire-nation/1648/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Express Healthcare|language=en-US}}</ref> She also initiated a 10 year program called “Growing Up” in schools all over the country from 2000 to 2010 to educate young girls on their menstruation and puberty and adolescence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Duru Shah |url=https://www.centreforsbcc.org/governance-structure/governing-board-members/dr-duru-shah/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.centreforsbcc.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

She is the founder of the "Women's Empowerment Foundation," which is now known as the Metropolis Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Metropolis |title=Metropolis Foundation - India |url=https://www.metropolisfoundation.org/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=www.metropolisfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref> The Foundation has developed a health education app called "TooShyToAsk" with Metropolis Healthcare Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Too Shy To Ask - Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.neuronimbus.metropolis&hl=en_US |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=play.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Dr. Duru Shah also heads the PCOS Society of India. PCOS is a long term health problem, and she aims to update physicians on the latest research in the field. She organizes digital and in-person activities to share knowledge about PCOS with physician who deal with PCOS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One out of every 10 Indian women have polycystic ovary syndrome: Dr Duru Shah, Founder President, PCOS Society |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-one-out-of-every-10-indian-women-have-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-dr-duru-shah-founder-president-pcos-society-2127640 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She is married to Sushil Shah who is the Chairman of Metropolis Healthcare and Chairs the Metropolis Foundation. She has two daughters, Aparna Shah, who is a Molecular Geneticist in Miami (USA) and Ameera Shah, who is the MD of Metropolis Healthcare, and has 3 grandchildren, Alisha, Neil and Karma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-14 |title=Ameera Shah {{!}} Diagnosis: a risk-taker |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/ameera-shah-diagnosis-a-risktaker-111646992724516.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Duru}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Activists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian ethicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]

Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami

2026-04-16T00:24:06Z

Providentecopoliten: Put Up The Details More To Come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1912|04|23}}
| birth_place = Puliyur, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|03|11|1912|04|23}}
| occupation = Orthopedic surgeon
| yearsactive = 1942–1974
| known for = Orthopedic research Medical academics
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[British Orthopaedic Association|BOA]] Robert Jones Medal [[British Orthopaedic Association|BOA]] Presidential Merit Award
}}
'''Puliyur Krishnaswamy Duraiswami''' (1912–1974){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} was an Indian orthopedic surgeon, medical writer and the Director General of Health Services under the Government of India.<ref name="Report of the Regional Committee">{{cite web | url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130426/9/Annex%201.pdf | title=Report of the Regional Committee | publisher=WHO | date=2016 | access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Besides being a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] and a founder Fellow of the ''National Academy of Medical Sciences'',<ref name="NAMS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/webpages/obituary.html | title=NAMS Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> he published several articles on orthopedics and was a recipient of Robert Jones Medal and the ''Presidential Merit Award'' of the [[British Orthopaedic Association]].<ref name="Duraiswami, Puliyur Krishnaswami (1912 - 1974)">{{cite web | url=http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E006442b.htm | title=Duraiswami, Puliyur Krishnaswami (1912 - 1974) | publisher=The Royal College of Surgeons of England | date=2016 | access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1966, for his contributions to the Medical Science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Duraiswami was born on 23 April 1912 at Puliyur, in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and secured his graduate (MBBS) and post graduate (MS) degrees in medicine from the [[University of Madras]], Chennai in 1936 and 1942 respectively.<ref name="Duraiswami, Puliyur Krishnaswami (1912 - 1974)" /> Starting his career as a surgeon at the [[Government Royapettah Hospital]] in 1942 and working there for one year, he joined the Armed Forces towards the later stages of [[World War II]] and served the forces till 1947 as a surgical specialist. In 1948, he moved to England, on a research fellowship from the [[University of Liverpool]],<ref name="Experimental Causation of Congenital Skeletal Defects and its Significance in Orthopedic Surgery">{{cite journal | url=http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/34-B/4/646.full.pdf | title=Experimental Causation of Congenital Skeletal Defects and its Significance in Orthopedic Surgery | author=P. K. Durainswami | journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery | date=November 1952 | volume=32B | issue=4}}</ref> and stayed there at the Department of Surgery of the university<ref name="Alumni Relations">{{cite web | url=http://missing.liv.ac.uk/results.php?year=1948 | title=Alumni Relations | publisher=University of Liverpool | date=2016 | access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> from where he secured MCh, and later, FRCS in 1949.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/obit.pdf | title=Obituary | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Continuing his researches, he obtained a doctoral degree from the university in 1951, reportedly the first time the [[University of Liverpool]] awarding a doctorate in orthopedics for an original research.<ref name="Duraiswami, Puliyur Krishnaswami (1912 - 1974)" /> Afterwards, he worked at the [[Johns Hopkins University]] as a member of faculty in orthopedic surgery for two years. His stay of five years in UK earned him several honours including a Hunterian Professorship of Liverpool University and two medals, the ''Robert Jones Medal'' and the ''Presidential Merit Award'', from the [[British Orthopaedic Association]].

He returned to India in 1953 to join the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]], as the chairman of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and contributed to the establishment of the ''Central Institute of Orthopaedics'', New Delhi, as a satellite centre of the [[Safdarjang Hospital]], New Delhi.<ref name="Duraiswami, Puliyur Krishnaswami (1912 - 1974)" /> In 1954, he was appointed as the director of the Institute but moved to the hospital mainstream activities as the senior orthopedic surgeon in 1960, a post he held till his death in 1974.<ref name="In Memoriam Professor Puliyur Krishnaswami Duraiswami (1912-1974) And Dr. B. P. Bhatnagar (1917-1973)">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ijoonline.com/article.asp?issn=0019-5413;year=1974;volume=8;issue=2;spage=161;epage=163;aulast=P.K.S.;type=0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327063934/http://www.ijoonline.com/article.asp?issn=0019-5413;year=1974;volume=8;issue=2;spage=161;epage=163;aulast=P.K.S.;type=0 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=27 March 2016 | title=In Memoriam Professor Puliyur Krishnaswami Duraiswami (1912-1974) And Dr. B. P. Bhatnagar (1917-1973) | author=P. K. S. | journal=Indian Journal of Orthopaedics | year=1974 | volume=8 | issue=2 | pages=161–163}}</ref> He also held the post of the Director General of Health Services of the Government of India, advising on ''orthopaedics and rehabilitation'' related matters, during which time he is reported to have proposed and implemented the concept of mobile medical units as an outreach programme to cater to the rural areas. When the National Academy of Medical Sciences was established in 1961, he was among the founder fellows of the Academy.<ref name="NAMS Fellow" /> He was the author of several notable articles on orthopedics<ref name="Experimental Causation of Congenital Skeletal Defects and its Significance in Orthopedic Surgery" /><ref name="Treatment of Tuberculosis of the Spine ">{{cite journal | url=http://lrsitbrd.nic.in/IJTB/Year%201958/September%201958.pdf | title=Treatment of Tuberculosis of the Spine | author=P. K. Duraiswami | journal=Ind J.Tub. | date=September 1958 | volume=V | issue=4 | pages=133–135}}</ref> and a historical account, ''5000 years of Orthopaedics in India''.<ref name="5000 years of orthopaedics in India">{{cite journal | title=5000 years of orthopaedics in India |vauthors=Duraiswami PK, Orth M, Tuli SM | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | date=March 1971 | volume=75 | issue=2 | pages=69–80 | pmid=4929008}}</ref> The Government awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1966.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> Duraiswami, a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]], died on 11 March 1974, succumbing to the complexities following a [[cerebral haemorrhage]].<ref name="Duraiswami, Puliyur Krishnaswami (1912 - 1974)" />

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duraiswami, Puliyur Krishnaswamy}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian orthopaedic surgeons]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:20th-century science writers]]

Mandya Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:04Z

Providentecopoliten: Creating A Stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandya
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 189
| map_image = 189-Mandya constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
| established = 1956
| electors = {{formatnum:224370}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| mla = Ravikumar Gowda (Ganiga)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = M. Srinivas
}}
'''Mandya Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is a segment of [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Ravikumar Gowda]] is the current MLA from this constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || K. V. Shankara Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1954 elections in India#Mysore|1954 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned in 1954}} || rowspan="2" | G. S. Bomme Gowda
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || J. Devaiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Nagappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || M. H. Borauiah
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || M. S. Athmananda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || B. Dodda Boregowda
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || S. D. Jayaram
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || M. S. Athmananda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || S. D. Jayaram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 elections in India#Karnataka|1998 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 27/01/1998}} || K. R. Prabhavathi
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || M. S. Athmananda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | M. Srinivas || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Ambareesh|M. H. Ambareesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || M. Srinivas || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Ravikumar Gowda Ganiga]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections Results 2023 - Mandya">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections Results 2023 - Mandya |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10189.htm?ac=189 |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401152837/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10189.htm?ac=189 |archive-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravikumar Gowda Ganiga]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,411 |percentage = 35.18% |change = {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Ramachandra |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 59,392 |percentage = 34.03% |change = {{decrease}}7.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok S. D. Jayaram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,661 |percentage = 17.57% |change = {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Vijayananda |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,334 |percentage = 8.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhuchandan Organic |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 2,438 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 930 |percentage = 0.53% |change = {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,019 |percentage = 1.16% |change = {{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,749 |percentage = 77.88% |change = {{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,546}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,370 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}6.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Srinivas |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 69,421 |percentage = 41.99% |change = {{increase}}11.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ravikumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,813 |percentage = 28.92% |change = {{decrease}}28.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Shivanna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,064 |percentage = 19.39% |change = {{increase}}17.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. S. C. Shankaregowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,564 |percentage = 6.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Shivaramu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,814 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,008 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,608 |percentage = 13.07% |change = {{decrease}}14.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,412 |percentage = 72.66% |change = {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,327}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,644 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ambareesh|M. H. Ambareesh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 90,329 |percentage = 57.24% |change = {{increase}}33.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Srinivas |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 47,392 |percentage = 30.03% |change = {{decrease}}6.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. L. Ravishankar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,094 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{decrease}}26.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammad Tahir |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 3,074 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaprakash. S. D |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,587 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Venkatesh Achar |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. Harish |party = Independent politician |votes = 983 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,937 |percentage = 27.21% |change = {{increase}}19.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,908 |percentage = 68.58% |change = {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,950 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}20.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Srinivas |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 47,265 |percentage = 36.39% |change = {{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vidya Nagendra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,736 |percentage = 28.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Ramu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,407 |percentage = 24.18% |change = {{decrease}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abbas Ali Bohra |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,452 |percentage = 2.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Varaprasad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,078 |percentage = 2.37% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaprakash. S. D |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,740 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Dyavappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,168 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. T. Manjunath |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 1,435 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,529 |percentage = 8.11% |change = {{decrease}}6.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,970 |percentage = 62.63% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,871}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,505 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Srinivas |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 46,985 |percentage = 46.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atmananda Ms |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,105 |percentage = 32.06% |change = {{decrease}}23.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abbas Ali Bohra |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 10,832 |percentage = 10.82% |change = {{decrease}}25.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rudrappa Mr |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,033 |percentage = 4.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikeerti. C |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,971 |percentage = 3.96% |change = {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaprakash. S. D |party = Independent politician |votes = 817 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddegowda. J |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 672 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,880 |percentage = 14.86% |change = {{decrease}}4.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,291 |percentage = 61.35% |change = {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,154}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,470 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Athmananda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,703 |percentage = 55.79% |change = {{increase}}23.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Srinivas |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 34,647 |percentage = 36.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. S. Guruswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,721 |percentage = 2.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Srinivasa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,248 |percentage = 2.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arifpasha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,592 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,056 |percentage = 19.11% |change = {{increase}}8.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,643 |percentage = 66.22% |change = {{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,474}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,141 |percentage = 6.10% |change = {{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,982 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.31 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}12.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1998 elections in India#Karnataka|1998 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/byeelection/BE98/Bye-June1998.htm |title=Bye Elections - Jun. 1998 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 29 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041029185359/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/byeelection/BE98/Bye-June1998.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Prabhavathi |party = Janata Dal |votes = 35,654 |percentage = 43.30% |change = {{decrease}}14.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Srikantha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,880 |percentage = 32.64% |change = {{increase}}5.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Srinivas |party = Lok Shakti |votes = 19,586 |percentage = 23.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,774 |percentage = 10.66% |change = {{decrease}}19.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,102 |percentage = 57.03% |change = {{decrease}}13.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,343}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 735 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,706 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}14.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. D. Jayaram |party = Janata Dal |votes = 57,216 |percentage = 57.95% |change = {{increase}}46.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Athmananda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,183 |percentage = 27.53% |change = {{decrease}}28.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Dodda Boregowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,727 |percentage = 4.79% |change = {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Atheeq Ahamed |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,589 |percentage = 3.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramalingaiah |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,703 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Boraiah |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 1,575 |percentage = 1.60% |change = {{decrease}}5.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,033 |percentage = 30.42% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,473 |percentage = 70.83% |change = {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,736}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,699 |percentage = 1.69% |change = {{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,845 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Athmananda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,332 |percentage = 55.81% |change = {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. D. Jayaram |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,503 |percentage = 24.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddaramegowda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 9,945 |percentage = 11.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Boraiah |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 6,173 |percentage = 6.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,829 |percentage = 30.86% |change = {{increase}}25.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,461 |percentage = 67.54% |change = {{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,184}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,277 |percentage = 4.53% |change = {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,863 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. D. Jayaram |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,672 |percentage = 51.90% |change = {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Ramesh Raju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,668 |percentage = 46.38% |change = {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,004 |percentage = 5.52% |change = {{decrease}}12.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,579 |percentage = 64.48% |change = {{decrease}}6.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,586}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 993 |percentage = 1.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,114 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Dodda Boregowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,984 |percentage = 57.66% |change = {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadath Ali Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,335 |percentage = 39.98% |change = {{increase}}35.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Atheeq Ahamed |party = Independent politician |votes = 815 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 743 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,649 |percentage = 17.68% |change = {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,140 |percentage = 71.04% |change = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,877}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,263 |percentage = 1.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,505 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Athmananda |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,041 |percentage = 48.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadath Ali Khan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,294 |percentage = 44.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Siddegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,808 |percentage = 4.40% |change = {{decrease}}44.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deve Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 397 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,747 |percentage = 4.31% |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,040 |percentage = 75.71% |change = {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,758}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,282 |percentage = 1.97% |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,905 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}6.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. H. Borauiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,552 |percentage = 49.30% |change = {{decrease}}4.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Shankara Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 28,405 |percentage = 49.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Gundu Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 953 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 147 |percentage = 0.25% |change = {{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,142 |percentage = 64.30% |change = {{decrease}}8.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,979 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,462 |percentage = 53.54% |change = {{increase}}7.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chikkalingiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,099 |percentage = 46.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,363 |percentage = 7.07% |change = {{increase}}5.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,420 |percentage = 73.24% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,561}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,840 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. Devaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,299 |percentage = 47.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Shankara Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,639 |percentage = 45.97% |change = {{increase}}4.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. L. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,304 |percentage = 6.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 660 |percentage = 1.34% |change = {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,265 |percentage = 74.98% |change = {{increase}}11.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,242}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,709 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Bomme Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,910 |percentage = 46.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Channaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,035 |percentage = 41.92% |change = {{decrease}}16.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. L. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,309 |percentage = 11.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,875 |percentage = 4.90% |change = {{decrease}}11.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,254 |percentage = 63.64% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,254}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,107 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1954 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1954 elections in India#Mysore|1954 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/5assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fifth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Bomme Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,311 |percentage = 58.16% |change = {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chikkalingiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,296 |percentage = 41.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,015 |percentage = 16.32% |change = {{decrease}}8.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,607}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandya <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Shankara Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,980 |percentage = 50.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chikkalingiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 6,727 |percentage = 26.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Bore Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,903 |percentage = 23.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,253 |percentage = 24.42% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,610 |percentage = 60.05% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,610}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,645 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Mandya District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.52|76.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mandya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

A. Manoharan

2026-04-14T02:34:58Z

Providentecopoliten: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Manoharan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 May 2016
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (since 15 February 2026)
| other_party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
(–2025)
}}
'''A. Manoharan''' (born 7 June 1978)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoharan Ayyasamy, AIADMK MLA from Vasudevanallur - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/manoharan-ayyasamy/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician who served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasudevanallur, Tamil Nadu Election 2021 – Get Vasudevanallur constituency news updates and complete details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-election/vasudevanallur-945376330 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.oneindia.com/vasudevanallur-assembly-elections-tn-220/ |title=Vasudevanallur Assembly Election Results 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manoharan, A.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Dhobi Ghat (Mumbai)

2026-04-13T20:37:17Z

Providentecopoliten: Added Initial Data Basic Info

{{short description|Open air commercial laundry in Mumbai; a generic term for the same throughout India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{coord|18|58|58.52|N|72|49|31.47|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Mumbai Dhobi Ghat Laundry District.JPG|thumb|Mumbai Dhobi Ghat Laundry District]]
[[File:Dhobi ghat Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Individual wash pens at Dhobi Ghat]]
[[File:Dhobi Ghat in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Mumbaikar dhobis at work in the [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]] area]]

'''Dhobi Ghat''' is an open air laundry in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/mumbai-boasts-the-worlds-largest-open-air-laundry/article637392/ | title=Mumbai boasts the world's largest open air laundry | newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] | date=8 November 2010 | accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> It was constructed in 1890.<ref name="TI1" /> The washers, known as ''[[dhobi]]s'', work in the open to wash clothes and [[linens]] from Mumbai's hotels and hospitals.

The phrase ''[[dhobi ghat]]'' is used all over India to refer to any place where many washers are present. Inspired by the Mumbai Dhobi Ghat (then Bombay), the British built Dhobi Ghat in Kolkata (then Calcutta) in 1902<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/17579/In-Pictures-South-Dhobikhana-Calcutta-Established-1902 | title=Archived copy | access-date=2 March 2020 | archive-date=19 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419064635/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/17579/In-Pictures-South-Dhobikhana-Calcutta-Established-1902 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and there are other dhobi ghat places elsewhere in southern Asia.

==Overview==
There are rows of open-air concrete wash pens, each fitted with its own flogging stone. Claimed to be the world's largest outdoor laundry, Dhobi Ghat is a very popular attraction among foreign tourists.

It is located next to [[Mahalaxmi railway station]] on the [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway]] suburban line in southern Mumbai. It is also accessible from the [[Jacob Circle monorail station]] and the [[Mahalaxmi metro station|Mahalaxmi Metro Station]] on the [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Mumbai Metro]]. It is located near the Saat Rasta roundabout.

The Dhobi Kalyan & Audhyogik Vikas Cooperative Society, the apex body that represents washermen, estimates the annual turnover of the Mahalaxmi Dhobi Ghat at around Rs 100 crore. For 18 to 20 hours each day, over 7,000 people flog, scrub, dye and bleach clothes on concrete wash pens, dry them on ropes, neatly press them and transport the garments to different parts of the city. Over one [[lakh]] (100,000) clothes are washed each day. Some of the wealthier dhobis have given up on manual cleaning and have now installed large mechanical washing and drying machines.
The dhobis collect clothes from all parts of the city, from [[Colaba]] to [[Virar]]. Their biggest clients are neighbourhood laundries, garment dealers, wedding decorators and caterers, and mid-sized hotels and clubs.<ref name=TI1>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/did-you-know-dhobi-ghat-still-makes-rs-100cr-a-year/articleshow/57352659.cms | title=Did you know Mumbai's Dhobi Ghat still makes Rs 100 crore a year? | first=Nauzer | last=Bharucha | date=26 February 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=15 June 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:Dhobi Ghat 2025.jpg|thumb|Dhobi Ghat view in year 2025]]
The Saat Rasta Project is a proposed Public Space Project along the Bapurao Jagtap Road, connecting Jacob Circle to the Mahalaxmi Railway Station. This public space will connect to Dhobi Ghat, which is also a major tourist attraction.
Home to the dhobis and their families (around 200 families), the Dhobi Ghat has seen this occupation passed down from one generation to the next.<ref name=TI1 />

==See also==
* [[Dhoby Ghaut]], Singapore
* [[Dhoby Ghaut, Penang]], Malaysia

==References==
{{commons category|Dhobi Ghat, Mumbai}}
{{reflist}}

{{Laundry navbox}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Laundry places]]
[[Category:Economy of Mumbai]]
[[Category:1890 establishments in India]]

Rūpa

2026-04-12T05:17:08Z

Providentecopoliten: Put Up New Stub Initial Version.

{{Short description|Form of object in Indian philosophy}}
{{Other uses|Rupa (disambiguation)}}
{{Buddhist term
| title=rūpa
| pi= रूप (rūpa)
| bo= གཟུགས (gzugs)
| sa= रूप (rūpa)
| my= ရူပ (ruupa)
| zh=[[:zh:色 (佛教)|色]]
| zh-Latn=sè
| ja=[[:ja:色 (仏教)|色]]
| ja-Latn=shiki
| ko=[[:ko:색 (불교)|색]]
| ko-Latn=saek
| ms= rupa
| th=[[:th:รูป|รูป]]
| si= රෑප (rūpa)
| en=form, material object
| vi= sắc (色)
|}}
'''Rūpa''' ({{Lang-Deva|रूप}}) means "form". As it relates to any kind of basic [[Object (philosophy)|object]], it has more specific meanings in the context of [[Indic religions]].

==Definition==
According to the Monier-Williams Dictionary (2006), rūpa is defined as:
:* ... any outward appearance or phenomenon or colour (often pl.), form, shape, figure [[Rigveda|RV]]. &c &c ...
:* to assume a form ; often ifc. = " having the form or appearance or colour of ", " formed or composed of ", " consisting of ", " like to " ....<ref>Monier-Williams Dictionary, pp. 885-6, entry for "Rūpa," retrieved 2008-03-06 from "Cologne University" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/ (using "rUpa" as keyword) and http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0886-rUpakartR.jpg.</ref>

==Hinduism==
In Hinduism, many compound words are made using ''rūpa'' to describe subtle and spiritual realities such as the ''svarupa'', meaning the form of the self. It may be used to express matter or material phenomena, especially that linked to the power of vision in [[samkhya]],<ref>Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali, I.3. "“tadā draṣṭuh svarūpe ‘vasthānam” (Edwin F. Bryant. “The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali.” p.95)</ref> In the Bhagavad Gita, the [[Vishvarupa]] form, an esoteric conception of the Absolute is described.

{{anchor|rupabuddhism}}

==Buddhism==
{{PancaKhandha|figno=1}}
{{Chachakka|figno=2}}
Overall, ''rūpa'' is the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[concept]] of material form, including both the body and external matter.

More specifically, in the [[Pali Canon]], ''rūpa'' is contextualized in three significant frameworks:<ref>E.g., see Hamilton (2001), p. 3 and ''passim''.</ref>
* ''rūpa-khandha'' – "material forms," one of the five aggregates (''[[skandha|khandha]]'') by which all phenomena can be categorized (see Fig. 1).
* ''rūpa-āyatana'' – "visible objects," the external sense objects of the eye, one of the six external sense bases (''[[ayatana|āyatana]]'') by which the world is known (see Fig. 2).
* ''[[namarupa|nāma-rūpa]]'' – "name and form" or "mind and body," which in the causal chain of dependent origination (''[[Pratītyasamutpāda|paticca-samuppāda]]'') arises from consciousness and leads to the arising of the sense bases.

In addition, more generally, ''rūpa'' is used to describe a statue, in which it is sometimes called [[Buddharupa]].

===''Rūpa-khandha''===
As matter, rūpa is traditionally analysed in two ways: as four primary elements (Pali, ''[[mahābhūta]]''); and, as ten or twenty-four secondary or derived elements.

==== Four primary elements ====
Existing ''rūpa'' consists in the four primary or underived (''no-upādā'') elements:
* earth or solidity
* [[fire]] or heat
* [[water]] or cohesion
* [[air]] or movement

==== Derived matter====
In the [[Abhidhamma Pitaka]] and later [[Pali literature]],<ref>Hamilton (2001), p. 6.</ref> ''rūpa'' is further analyzed in terms of ten or twenty-three or twenty-four types of secondary or derived (''upādā'') matter. In the list of ten types of secondary matter, the following are identified:
* eye
* ear
* nose
* tongue
* body<ref>Here, "body" (''kāya'') refers to that which senses "touch" (''pho{{IAST|ṭṭ}}habba''). In the [[Upanishad]]s, "skin" is used instead of "body" (Rhys Davids, 1900, p. 172 ''n''. 3).</ref>
* form
* sound
* odour
* taste
* touch<ref>The first ten secondary elements are the same as the first five (physical) [[ayatana|sense bases]] and their sense objects (e.g., see Hamilton, 2001, pp. 6-7).</ref>

If twenty-four secondary types are enumerated, then the following fifteen are added to the first nine of the above ten:
* femininity
* masculinity or virility
* life or vitality
* heart or heart-basis<ref>According to [[Visuddhimagga|Vsm]]. XIV, 60 (Buddhaghosa, 1999, p. 447), the heart-basis provides material support for the mind (''mano'') and mind consciousness. In the [[Sutta Pitaka]], a material basis for the mind sphere (''[[āyatana]]'') is never identified.</ref>
* physical indications (movements that indicate intentions)
* vocal indications
* space element
* physical lightness or buoyancy
* physical yieldingness or plasticity
* physical handiness or wieldiness
* physical grouping or integration
* physical extension or maintenance
* physical aging or decay
* physical impermanence
* food<ref>The list of 24 can be found, for instance, in the [[Visuddhimagga]] (Vsm. XIV, 36 ff.) (Buddhaghosa, 1999, pp. 443 ff.; and, Hamilton, 2001, p. 7).</ref>

A list of 23 derived types can be found, for instance, in the Abhidhamma Pitaka's [[Dhammasaṅgaṇī]] (e.g., Dhs. 596), which omits the list of 24 derived types' "heart-basis."<ref>Compare [[Dhammasaṅgaṇī|Dhs]]. 596 (Rhys Davids, 2000, p. 172) and [[Visuddhimagga|Vsm]]. XIV, 36 (Buddhaghosa, 1999, p. 443).</ref>

{{Aggregate relationships}}

==== Yogacara views ====
According to the [[Yogachara|Yogacara]] school, rūpa is not matter as in the metaphysical substance of [[materialism]]. Instead it means both materiality and sensibility—signifying, for example, a tactile object both insofar as that object is made of matter and that the object can be tactically sensed. In fact rūpa is more essentially defined by its amenability to being sensed than its being matter: just like everything else it is defined in terms of its function; what it does, not what it is.<ref>Dan Lusthaus, ''Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogācāra Buddhism and the Chʼeng Wei-shih Lun.'' Routledge, 2002, page 183.</ref>

=== ''Rūpa-āyatana'' ===
{{Main|Āyatana}}
''Rūpa-āyatana'' refers to "visual form, visual object, visible object," which is one of the six external sense bases (''[[āyatana]]'') as the object-element (external sense-object) of the sense-element (internal sense-organ) of the eye.
{{Eighteen elements}}

=== ''Nāmarūpa'' ===
{{Main|Nāmarūpa}}{{See also|Skandha}}

=== The ''rūpa jhānas'' ===
{{Main|Dhyana in Buddhism}}
{{JhanaFactors}}{{Dhyana}}

== See also ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* [[Abhidharma]]
* [[Human body|Body]]
** [[Consciousness]]
** [[Perception]]s
** [[Sensation and perception psychology|Sensations]]
* [[Buddharupa]]
* [[Buddhism and the body]]
** [[Consciousness (Buddhism)]]
* [[Namarupa]] (concept)
* [[Skandhas]]
** [[Sankhata]]
** [[Saṃjñā|Sanna]]
** [[Vedana]]
** [[Vijnana]]
* [[Substantial form]]
* [[Three marks of existence]]
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{reflist| group=note|35em}}

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation |last=Arbel |first=Keren |year=2016 |title=Early Buddhist Meditation: The Four Jhanas as the Actualization of Insight |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315676043 |isbn=9781317383994 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317383994 |url-access=subscription}}

* {{Citation |last=Berzin |first=Alexander |year=2006 |title=Primary Minds and the 51 Mental Factors |url=http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/science-of-mind/mind-mental-factors/primary-minds-and-the-51-mental-factors}}
* {{Citation |last=Bucknell |first=Robert S. |year=1993 |title=Reinterpreting the Jhanas |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |volume=16 |issue=2}}
* [[Buddhaghosa]], Bhadantācariya (trans. from Pāli by Bhikkhu Ñā{{IAST|ṇ}}amoli) (1999). ''The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga''. Seattle, WA: [[Buddhist Publication Society|BPS]] Pariyatti Editions. {{ISBN|1-928706-00-2}}.

* {{Citation |last=Chen |first=Naichen |year=2017 |title=The Great Prajna Paramita Sutra, Volume 1 |publisher=Wheatmark}}

* {{Citation |last=Fuller-Sasaki |first=Ruth |year=2008 |title=The Record of Lin-Ji |publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}

* {{Citation |last1=Guenther |first1=Herbert V. |last2=Kawamura |first2=Leslie S. |year=1975 |title=Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding" |publisher=Dharma Publishing |edition=Kindle}}

* Hamilton, Sue (2001). ''Identity and Experience: The Constitution of the Human Being according to Early Buddhism''. Oxford: Luzac Oriental. {{ISBN|1-898942-23-4}}

* {{Citation |last=Johansson |first=Rune Edvin Anders |year=1981 |title=Pali Buddhist Texts: Explained to the Beginner |publisher=Psychology Press}}

* {{Citation |last=Kunsang |first=Erik Pema |year=2004 |title=Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1 |publisher=North Atlantic Books}}

* {{Citation |last=Lusthaus |first=Dan |year=2002 |title=Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun |publisher=Routledge}}

* {{Citation |last1=Maezumi |first1=Taizan |last2=Cook |first2=Francis Dojun |year=2007 |chapter=The Eight Awarenesses of the Enlightened Person": Dogen Zenji's Hachidainingaku |editor-last1=Maezumi |editor-first1=Taizan |editor-last2=Glassman |editor-first2=Bernie |title=The Hazy Moon of Enlightenment |publisher=Wisdom Publications}}
* [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams, Monier]] (1899, 1964). ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. London: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-864308-X}}. Retrieved 2008-03-06 from "Cologne University" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf

* {{Citation |last=Polak |first=Grzegorz |year=2011 |title=Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology |publisher=UMCS}}

* [[Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids|Rhys Davids, Caroline A.F.]] ([1900], 2003). ''Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, of the Fourth Century B.C., Being a Translation, now made for the First Time, from the Original Pāli, of the First Book of the Abhidhamma-Pi{{IAST|ṭ}}aka, entitled Dhamma-{{IAST|Saṅgaṇi}} (Compendium of States or Phenomena)''. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7661-4702-9}}
* {{Citation |editor-last1=Rhys-Davids |editor-first1=T.W. |editor-last2=Stede |editor-first2=William |year=1921–25 |title=The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary |publisher=Pali Text Society) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:1489.pali}}

* {{Citation |last1=Sangpo |first1=Gelong Lodro |last2=Dhammajoti |first2=Bhikkhu K.L. |year=2012 |title=Abhidharmakosa-Bhasya of Vasubandhu: Volume 3 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarbacker |first=Stuart Ray |year=2021 |title=Tracing the Path of Yoga: The History and Philosophy of Indian Mind-Body Discipline |publisher=State University of New York Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Shankman |first=Richard |year=2008 |title=The Experience of Samadhi: An In-depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation |publisher=Shambhala}}
* {{Citation |last=Stuart-Fox |first=Martin |year=1989 |title=Jhana and Buddhist Scholasticism |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |volume=12 |issue=2}}

* {{Citation |last=Vetter |first=Tilmann |year=1988 |title=The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism |publisher=BRILL}}

* {{Citation |last=Wayman |first=Alex |year=1997 |chapter=Introduction |title=Calming the Mind and Discerning the Real: Buddhist Meditation and the Middle View, from the Lam Rim Chen Mo Tson-kha-pa |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers}}
* {{Citation |last=Wynne |first=Alexander |year=2007 |title=The Origin of Buddhist Meditation |publisher=Routledge}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (2003). ''Maha-hatthipadopama Sutta: The Great Elephant Footprint Simile'' ([[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]] 28). Retrieved 2008-03-06 from "Access to Insight" at [https://web.archive.org/web/20050405170209/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/majjhima/mn028-tb0.html].

{{Hinduism (compact)}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Physical objects]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rūpa}}

Gaṇikā

2026-04-11T02:58:20Z

Providentecopoliten:

{{Short description|Courtesan in Ancient India}}
{{copy edit|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Amrapali greets Buddha Roundel 36 buddha ivory tusk.jpg|thumb|The courtesan, Amrapali of ''Mularsavastivada'']]

'''Gaṇikā''' (Devanagari:गणिका) is the [[Sanskrit]] term for [[courtesan]]s in [[ancient India]], with earliest reference in the [[Vedic period]]. In the ''[[Kamasutra]]'', ganikas are dubbed "courtesans ''de luxe''," distinguishing them from other prostitutes such as ''vesya''s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vatsyayana |first1=Mallanaga |editor1-last=Doniger |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Kakar |editor2-first=Sudhir |title=Kamasutra.A new, complete English translation of the Sanskrit text with excerpts from the Sanskrit Jayamangala commentary of Yashodhara Indrapada, the Hindi Jaya commentary of Devadatta Shastri, and explanatory notes by the translators |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=xxix |url=https://archive.org/details/OxfordWorldsClassicsMallanagaVatsyayanaAuth.WendyDonigerSudhirKakarTr.KamasutraO/page/n29/mode/2up?q=ganika}}</ref> According to Indian historian [[Moti Chandra]], ''ganika'' occupied the highest place in the hierarchy of courtesans.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Moti |title=The World Of Courtesans |date=1973 |publisher=Hindi Pocket Book |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37290/page/n13/mode/2up}}</ref>

According to the ''Kamasutra'', to become recognized as a ganika, a woman had to master the sixty-four arts of [[Kalā]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vatsyayana |first1=Mallanaga |editor1-last=Doniger |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Kakar |editor2-first=Sudhir |title=Kamasutra. A new, complete English translation of the Sanskrit text with excerpts from the Sanskrit Jayamangala commentary of Yashodhara Indrapada, the Hindi Jaya commentary of Devadatta Shastri, and explanatory notes by the translators |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=87|url=https://archive.org/details/OxfordWorldsClassicsMallanagaVatsyayanaAuth.WendyDonigerSudhirKakarTr.KamasutraO/page/n29/mode/2up?q=ganika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana: Part I: Introductory: Chapter III. On the Study of the Sixty-Four Arts |url=https://sacred-texts.com/sex/kama/kama103.htm |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> which include musical, performing, and visual arts; writing; architecture; clairvoyance; and chemistry.<ref>Srinivasan, Doris M. "Royalty's Courtesans and God's Mortal Wives: Keepers of Culture in Precolonial India." ''The Courtesan's Arts'', edited by Martha Feldman and Bonnie Gordon, Oxford University Press, 2006, 162-163.</ref> After earning the title of ''ganika'', they were revered as the most virtuous, beautiful, and luxurious of all courtesans.<ref name=":0" /> They would use these arts to entertain rulers, princes, and other wealthy patrons on religious and social occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ganika in Buddhist and Jaina literature |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ganika-buddhist-and-jaina-literature |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

==Terminology==
Ganika refers more to a courtesan who is cultured, educated and skilled in the arts, distinct from a prostitute. Indian tradition has categorized and clearly distinguished between the two.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dange |first1=Sindhu S. |title=The institutions of Ganika and Devadasi from ancient to medieval times |date=1990 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |location=New Delhi |page=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14853/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-didarganj-figurine-a-yaksi-or-a-ganika/ |title=The Didarganj Figurine: A Yakshi or a Ganika |date=3 December 2023 |publisher=Daily |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref>[[Nagarvadhu]] was a royal courtesan, known as the "bride of the city," chosen only by the most beautiful and most skilled courtesan in dance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/sanatan-dharma-history/nagaravadhu-117031000047_1.html |title=नगरवधू कौन होती थी, जानिए... |publisher=Hindi Webdunia}}</ref>Rajnartaki means a female dancer who dances in the court.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081214/spectrum/main6.htm |title=Amrapali: Buddha's gorgeous disciple}}</ref>Roopjiva or Roopajeeva refers to a woman who performs for the general public; she is a courtesan and actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.herzindagi.com/hindi/society-culture/who-were-nagarvadhu-in-ancient-india-know-who-received-this-title-and-their-mythological-history-article-1025093 |title=नगरवधू किसे कहते थे और किन्हें मिलती थी यह पदवी? जानिए इनका पौराणिक इतिहास |publisher=Herzindagi |access-date=2025-04-16}}</ref>[[Devadasi]] are dancers and musicians dedicated to temples. They care for the temples and perform during ceremonies.<ref>{{citation|url=https://unframed.lacma.org/2013/05/15/devadasi-the-eternal-dancer|title=Devadasi: The Eternal Dancer | Unframed|date=15 May 2013 }}</ref>Vesya refers to a prostitute who engages in prostitution in society. Rupajiva refers to a prostitute who provides sexual services to the military.<ref>{{cite web|title=WOMEN IN THE MAURYAN EMPIRE|date=12 August 2023 |url=https://enrouteindianhistory.com/women-in-the-mauryan-empire/|access-date=2024-10-13}}</ref>

== Religious Contexts ==
Gaṇikās are mentioned in Sanskrit literature under the context of [[Hinduism]], which focuses on the four goals of human life or [[puruṣārtha]]s, as well as other texts which falls under other religions such as [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganika, Gaṇika, Gaṇikā: 28 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ganika |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Hinduism ===

====''Kamasutra''====
[[Vātsyāyana]] dedicated Book Six of the Kamasutra to discussing the topic of Courtesans. Below are the following chapters in which they appear<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/kamasutra-9780199539161?cc=in&lang=en& |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=global.oup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamasutra, I,1 |url=https://www.payer.de/kamasutra/kamas101.htm |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=www.payer.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-03 |title=Paradarika, Para-darika, Pāradārika, Paradārika: 15 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/paradarika |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>:

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = "background: transparent; "
|+Book Six: Courtesans<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vatsyayana |first1=Mallanaga |editor1-last=Doniger |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Kakar |editor2-first=Sudhir |title=Kamasutra. A new, complete English translation of the Sanskrit text with excerpts from the Sanskrit Jayamangala commentary of Yashodhara Indrapada, the Hindi Jaya commentary of Devadatta Shastri, and explanatory notes by the translators |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=131–159 |url=https://archive.org/details/OxfordWorldsClassicsMallanagaVatsyayanaAuth.WendyDonigerSudhirKakarTr.KamasutraO/page/n29/mode/2up?q=ganika}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''Chapter'''
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''Title'''
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''Page numbers'''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''1'''
|Deciding on a Friend, Eligible Lover and Ineligible Lover, and How to Get a Lover
| pp. 131 - 136
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''2'''
| How to Give a Beloved What He Wants
| pp. 137 - 142
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''3'''
| Ways to Get Money from A Man, Signs That His Passion is Dying and How to Get Rid of Him
| pp. 142 - 147
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''4'''
| How to Get Back Together with an Ex-lover
| pp. 147 - 151
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''5'''
| How to Weight Different Kinds of Profits
| pp. 151 - 155
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #DABFFF;" | '''6'''
| Ways to Calculate Gains, Losses, Consequences and Doubts, and Types of Courtesans
| pp. 155 - 160
|}
In the final chapter of Book Six, ganikas are specifically mentioned in a list, "The servant woman who carries water, the servant girl, the promiscuous woman, the loose woman, the dancer, the artist, the openly ruined woman, the woman who lives on her beauty, and the courtesan de luxe: those are the types of courtesans."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vatsyayana |first1=Mallanaga |editor1-last=Doniger |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Kakar |editor2-first=Sudhir |title=Kamasutra. A new, complete English translation of the Sanskrit text with excerpts from the Sanskrit Jayamangala commentary of Yashodhara Indrapada, the Hindi Jaya commentary of Devadatta Shastri, and explanatory notes by the translators |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=160 |url=https://archive.org/details/OxfordWorldsClassicsMallanagaVatsyayanaAuth.WendyDonigerSudhirKakarTr.KamasutraO/page/n29/mode/2up?q=ganika}}</ref>However, when a ganika lives with her lover, she maintains the relationship like a wife.<ref>{{cite web|title="CHAPTER II OF LIVING LIKE A WIFE"|url=https://sacred-texts.com/sex/kama/kama602.htm|access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref>

====''Dharmasastra''====

[[File:A Courtesan Unveiling ( unknown artist), Wallace Collection.png|thumb|A courtesan in the midst of unveiling herself.]]

Written by [[Yajñavalkya]], the ''Dharmasastra'' is a compilation or handbook focused on the laws and conducts which govern individuals' social and ethical behaviour in society. However, unlike the other texts, as far as we know, the ''Dharmasastra'' sheds light on the differences between the classes of courtesans and more or less has divided them into distinctive groups, such as:
# ''Vesyas,'' public women who openly entertain people and do not earn a lot of income
#''Dasi'' (slave women) and ''Savarini'' ''(''fallen women), who can be taken as concubines and live in a man's house
#''Gaṇikās,'' courtesans who are handsomely paid for their skills.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darshini |first1=Priya |title=Status of The Ganikas in the Gupta Period: Change or Continuity? |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2003 |volume=64 |pages=168–169 |jstor=44145457 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44145457.}}</ref>

====''Arthasastra''====
Chanakya, also known as Kautilya, devoted a chapter in Book II of the Arthasastra to discuss the duties of ''gaṇikādhyaka'', who is the supreme courtesan and a supervisor who enforces the rules regarding them. It was vitally important for other ''[[shastra]]''s (manuals) to discuss gaṇikās because they were not there for sexual pleasure, but were state-recognised and appointed institutionalised positions of the court in the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Suvira |title=Female Images in the Arthasastra of Kautilya |journal=Social Scientist |date=2001 |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |page=53 |doi=10.2307/3518338 |jstor=3518338 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518338 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to Kautilya, gaṇikās earned around 1,000 [[Karshapana]] and their duties mostly consisted of attending to the king's every need, such as fanning him or fetching water for him. On certain occasions, if a King wishes her to entertain men, she must do so; if not, this would result in a punishment of either whips or a heavy fine. Furthermore, gaṇikās earned part of their income from taxpayers or the king's treasury.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Suvira |title=Female Images in the Arthasastra of Kautilya |journal=Social Scientist |date=2001 |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |pages=53–54 |doi=10.2307/3518338 |jstor=3518338 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518338 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The presence of gaṇikās in the ''[[Arthasastra]]'' suggests that, although courtesans were highly prized and well compensated, they were restricted to specific duties and could not freely pursue their own paths. All trade and transactions were strictly regulated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Suvira |title=Female Images in the Arthasastra of Kautilya |journal=Social Scientist |date=2001 |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |page=54 |doi=10.2307/3518338 |jstor=3518338 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518338 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Monika |title=Ganikas in Early India: Its Genesis and Dimensions |journal=Social Scientist |date=2006 |volume=34 |issue=11/12 |page=8 |jstor=27644180 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644180 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref>Although ganika was respected in the past, women were not allowed to be both entertainers and housewives at the same time; women with public lives were considered "baazaru of the market." Even if she remained a performer, she did not engage in prostitution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mujra, a misunderstood concept|url=https://www.esamskriti.com/e/Culture/Dance/Mujra,-a-misunderstood-concept-1.aspx|access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref>

====Āgamas====
Leslie Orr, a scholar of the religious and social history of medieval [[Tamil Nadu]] and of women in pre-colonial [[South Asia]], opened new possibilities for understanding how gaṇikās may have been involved in these texts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leslie Orr - Concordia University |url=https://www.concordia.ca/faculty/leslie-orr.html |website=www.concordia.ca |language=en}}</ref> She studied and collected several passages and [[Sanskrit]] texts that indicate women were involved in temple work.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Orr |first=Leslie |date=1993 |title=Hindu Temple Women of the Chola Period in South India|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/qn59q560w |degree=PhD |page=4 |publisher=McGill University}}</ref>

Rudrakanyas or Rudraganikas meaning "daughters of [[Rudra]]" or "the female [[Gana|ganas]] of Rudra", were an ancient female religious order related to Shaivism that included formal spiritual initiation ([[diksha]]) and were at the high end of the religious hierarchy of temples. The confusion of their names with the generic term [[gaṇikā]] which came to colloquially refer to courtesans led to them being persecuted during colonial times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rolinson |first=Curwen |date=2022-01-01 |title=The Rudragaṇikās - A Radical Revaluation |url=https://www.academia.edu/92411413 |journal=Academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Restoring Vedic Culture & Civilization {{!}} SHRIKAILASA |url=https://kailaasa.org/about/restoring-vedic-culture-civilization/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ''[[Therīgāthā]]'' illuminates another potential identity for these women. The ''Therīgāthā'' is part of the Buddhist canon, and it includes poems of nuns who were previously courtesans. It suggests that women did leave courtesan profession to become renunciates.They yearn to escape the secular world and embark on the path of freedom and enlightenment.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Meill |first=Kyung |date=2020|title=Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā|url=https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/mindfulness_theses/29/ |degree=Mindfulness Studies Theses |page=3|publisher=Lesley University}}</ref>

====''Kavyamimamsa''====
A work and compilation by [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]], a Sanskrit poet, suggests that ganikas and princesses were excellent poets. Both mastered the 64 arts of Kala, distinguishing them from vesyas and non-courtesans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vatsyayana |first1=Mallanaga |editor1-last=Doniger |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Kakar |editor2-first=Sudhir |title=Kamasutra. A new, complete English translation of the Sanskrit text with excerpts from the Sanskrit Jayamangala commentary of Yashodhara Indrapada, the Hindi Jaya commentary of Devadatta Shastri, and explanatory notes by the translators |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=xxix |url=https://archive.org/details/OxfordWorldsClassicsMallanagaVatsyayanaAuth.WendyDonigerSudhirKakarTr.KamasutraO/page/n29/mode/2up?q=ganika}}</ref> Courtesans were required to master all these fine arts to prove themselves, and were paid for this. Contrary to the stereotypical and contemporary view of courtesans or ganikas suggests they were more refined and skilled in many arts, not just sex.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajasekhara |editor1-last=Dalal |editor1-first=C. D. |editor2-last=Sastry |editor2-first=R. A. |title=Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Rājaśekhara |date=1934 |publisher=Oriental Institute |url=https://archive.org/details/Kavyamimamsa/page/n35/mode/2up}}</ref>

====''Nāṭyaśāstra''====
[[Bharata (sage)|Bharata]]'s ''[[Nāṭyaśāstra]]'' is a second-century BCE work in which gaṇikās are described as heroes or idealized women. They "should have the qualities of light-heartedness, exaltedness and expertise in dance, music and other arts."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |pages=348–349 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> This idealized view of a gaṇikā's skills in the theatrics was circulated throughout ancient India. This resulted in courtesans being the stars of many Sanskrit plays, such as ''[[Meghadūta]]'', ''The Farce of the Pious Courtesan'', ''[[Vikramaditya|King Vikramaditya]] and the Courtesan'' and ''[[Kathasaritsagara|The Ocean of Story]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=349 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

====''Mṛcchakaṭikam''====
[[File:Vasantsena.JPG|thumb|Vasantsena in her courtesan house, possibly one of the early art representations of courtesans during Gupta period.]]
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Vasanthasena (Oleographic print).jpg|thumb|Vasanthansena, famous for her role as a courtesan in Sanskrit play, ''Mṛcchakaṭika (The Little Clay Cart).'']]

Also known as ''The Little Clay Cart'', is a famous Sanskrit play, written by Śūdraka. It is widely known and has even been adapted into a film, known as ''[[Utsav]]''. In this play, the youthful courtesan known as [[Vasantasena|Vasantasenā]], is rich and famous and is pursued by a married Cārudatta, who is also a father.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Basham |first1=A. L. |last2=Sharma |first2=Arvind |title=The little clay cart: an English translation of the Mṛcchakaṭika of Śūdraka, as adapted for the stage |date=1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0791417255}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Monika |title=Ganikas in Early India: Its Genesis and Dimensions |journal=Social Scientist |date=2006 |volume=34 |issue=11/12 |pages=8–9 |jstor=27644180 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644180 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> The role of the ''Gaṇikā'' here, or the courtesan is dramatized and is introduced into a different medium compared to the treatise. Additionally, there is a narrational aim to turn the ''Gaṇikā'' into a ''kulavadhü'' (wife), this transformation is further complicated with Cārudatta's son refusing to acknowledge Vasantasenā because she didn't wear his mother's jewelry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Shalini |title=In the Business of Kāma: Prostitution in Classical Sanskrit Literature from the Seventh to the Thirteenth Centuries |journal=The Medieval History Journal |date=April 2002 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=140 |doi=10.1177/097194580200500106 |url=https://journals-sagepub-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/doi/abs/10.1177/097194580200500106 |language=en |issn=0971-9458|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In this play, ''Gaṇikās'' were not simply courtesans and are restricted to this role after taking it. There is a shift of roles for Vasantasenā, from being a courtesan to a wife, and taking one the role of a step-mother. It is interesting to see this process and direction a ''Gaṇikās'' can discover, because the treatise so far have only identified the roles of ''Gaṇikā'' play in the big schema of men, instead of how their role could signify more, instead of fulling man's desire in a patriarchal society. Also, as Shalini Shah, a scholar, states that Vasantasenā, herself goes through a psychological and symbolical change because she forsake her jewels (and therefore her pride as a courtesan) to Cārudatta's son, by placing them in his toy clay cart, hence the name.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Shalini |title=In the Business of Kāma: Prostitution in Classical Sanskrit Literature from the Seventh to the Thirteenth Centuries |journal=The Medieval History Journal |date=April 2002 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=140 |doi=10.1177/097194580200500106 |url=https://journals-sagepub-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/doi/abs/10.1177/097194580200500106 |language=en |issn=0971-9458|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Buddhism===
====Jatakas====
The [[Jataka tales]] are Indian stories about the births and rebirths of [[the Buddha]]. However, scholars such as Monika Saxena argue that gaṇikās appear in texts under terms such as ''nagarasobhani'' (town beauty) or ''nagaramandana'' (ornament of the city), and that, like the necklaces and earrings they wear, gaṇikās helped beautify the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Monika |title=Ganikas in Early India: Its Genesis and Dimensions |journal=Social Scientist |date=2006 |volume=34 |issue=11/12 |page=8 |jstor=27644180 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644180 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref>

Pride is addressed in these texts because of the gaṇikās' mastery of arts. Citizens of the [[Gupta period]] were proud of these courtesans, and many women who followed the path of a courtesan emulated the gaṇikā as the "ideal". Despite being texts focused on the Buddha, the Jatakas make numerous references to the types of beautiful women and the skills they require, as these were important to royals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Monika |title=Ganikas in Early India: Its Genesis and Dimensions |journal=Social Scientist |date=2006 |volume=34 |issue=11/12 |page=8 |jstor=27644180 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644180 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref>

====Mulasarvastivada====
One of the early texts that highlights and allows us insights into the reasons for the prestige of ''gaṇikās'' is the ''[[Mulasarvastivada]]''. As the term ''[[gana]]'' means to be in a group and to associate with, by adding a feminine suffix which is ika, the word ''Gaṇikā'' is derived. The text further highlights this through a narrative of [[Amrapali]] who tried to understand how ''gana'' works in ''Gaṇikā''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=348 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

[[Amrapali]] is famous because she was more than just a ''Gaṇikā'', she is celebrated and given the title of ''[[nagarvadhu]]'' (royal courtesan). This was because during an assembly with the nobles, princes and the King, they all decided that she was too good of a woman to belong to one man, and so she earned the title ''Striratna'' (jewel of woman), basically suggesting that she was the crème de la crème and she was to be enjoyed by the ''gana''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=347 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

===Jainism===
[[File:A courtesan arranging a flower in her hair. Gouache Wellcome V0046388.jpg|thumb|A courtesan arranging a flower in her hair to beautify herself.]]

In the Jain literature, ''ganikas'' are well known and are extremely respected by the kings and is known to be the jewel of the city and almost every large city had their own ''ganika''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=347 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> Similar to the other texts in Hinduism, the ''ganikas'' are paid handsomely for their skills and that is how they are recognized away from ''veshyas''. The similarity between the two is that they both are women who are open and accessible to all members of ''gana'', and to gain access to ''ganikas'', men would need to pay a fee to them, and in a sense, ''ganikas'' are valued based on how much they charge. Whilst ''veshyas'' also sell their physical charms but not their cultural and intellectual skills as they have not yet mastered the 64 arts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=347 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

Due to many different interpretations of the term ''ganikas'', this leads to the word itself losing its original meaning, and therefore, subjective. [[Ludwik Sternbach]], an [[Indologist]], in his compilation on texts about courtesans which he translated from Sanskrit, was extensive detailed research of courtesans mentioned in all Sanskrit literature, however, he also did not make a clear distinction between the different types of courtesans, or at least between veshyas and ganikas. This is possibly due to the difficulty of translating Sanskrit, as well as the lack of information to really differentiate the two.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sternbach |first1=Ludwik |title=Ganika-vrtta-sangrahah: or Texts on courtezans in classical Sanskrit. Compiled and presented by Ludwik Sternbach |date=1953 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eju3twAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Gupta Period===
*Social
''Ganikas'' were mostly famous during the reign of the [[Gupta Empire]], as this was the golden age of when the ideas of the court and courtliness was established<ref name=":0" /> and so was the position of [[courtesans]]. They also did exist around the time of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan empire]].<ref name=":0" />

So far there has been no recording of the first ''ganika'' in any sources or scholarly works, instead their history is rich and is based on the current [[Sanskrit]] texts that has already been translated and studied by scholars. She is clearly recognized for her professionalism and identity in the working class, but where is placed in the working class level is unknown and unclear. As she is part of the working class, but she was also vital to the state and remunerated for her services to the King. Nitin Bora, a scholar suggested that a ''ganika'' social position could be lower than a doorkeeper or the most rich and powerful person in the state or city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gayatri |date=January 2008 |editor-last=Sahni |editor-first=Rohini |title=Prostitution and Beyond: An Analysis of Sex Work in India |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=282 |chapter=Chapter 20: The ''veshya'', the ''ganika'' and the ''tawaif'': Representations of prostitutes and courtesans in Indian language, literature and cinema |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329157024}}</ref>

Even in the profession of courtesans there were level of hierarchies and categories. Not only were ''ganikas'' part of the category of [[courtesans]], they also had their own subsets: ''uttama'', ''Madhyama'', and ''Kanishta''. The three of them were segregated based on their physical attributes and working skills, as this made it easier to properly renumerate them. As the basis for earning the title of ''ganikas'' was to master the 64 arts, there is a need to further segregate the ''ganikas'' when there more of them based on their level of skills in singing, dancing and playing musical instruments.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gayatri |date=January 2008 |editor-last=Sahni |editor-first=Rohini |title=Prostitution and Beyond: An Analysis of Sex Work in India |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=282 |chapter=Chapter 20: The ''veshya'', the ''ganika'' and the ''tawaif'': Representations of prostitutes and courtesans in Indian language, literature and cinema |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329157024}}</ref>

*[[Economic history of India|Economic]]
[[File:The sheep lover, a courtesan leading a sheep with a human head - Anon, c.1865 - BL Add.Or.1875.jpg|thumb|A courtesan leading a sheep with a human head, symbolic of woman leading the man or satire on female domination over men]]

{{Blockquote
|text = From the ganika's point of view, the sole motive for joining her profession was pecuniary gain. The term used and discussed at length in Kuttanimatta is ratishilpa. Thus, it was skill, not just beauty and charm, which enabled her to secure her means of livelihood. One might say that the body was treated as a legitimate tradeable commodity.
|author = Monika Saxena, Associate Professor in History of University of Delhi (2023)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Monika |title=Facets of Economic and Cultural Life of a Courtesan in Ancient India |journal=Studies in People's History |date=December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=146 |doi=10.1177/23484489231198557}}</ref>
}}

While Gaṇikās certainly had more autonomy than a typical housewife, ancient texts like the ''Arthashāstra'' show they weren't entirely "free." They were heavily regulated by the state, had to pay 2/15th of their earnings as tax, and had to report their income to a government official<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Science |first=International Research Journal Commerce arts |title=GANIKA OF KAUTILYA |url=https://www.academia.edu/32220744}}</ref>. Her chief objective above all else was monetary gain<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Kama Sutra - Part 6 - CHAPTER 1 |url=https://www.matrubharti.com/book/19943749/the-kama-sutra-part-6-chapter-1 |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Matrubharti |language=en}}</ref>, and as such their clients were mostly or rather had to be wealthy and generous. However, at the same time, the ''ganikas'' must not let the man know that pleasuring him was because of a material gain<ref name=":1" />. As this may bruised the man's ego because initially they would expect ''ganikas'' to be into him, because he is "the man", instead of his wealth<ref name=":1" />.

How much a ''ganika'' should charge will be based on several factors such as her social status (her lineage and her family standing), where her establishment is located, and the quality of both her business and the neighborhood, the customs of the region she lives in or has lived at, the time of the year, the habits of her clients, her worth, her cultural accomplishments in relation to her competitors (other local courtesans).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Monika |title=Facets of Economic and Cultural Life of a Courtesan in Ancient India |journal=Studies in People's History |date=December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=150 |doi=10.1177/23484489231198557}}</ref> ''Ganikas'' are also prided because not only were they cultural entities, but also cultural benefactors, who when have sufficient money, instead of spending the money to ornament and beautify themselves further, they would spend on expanding their influence through the erection of temples, gardens or bridges, and this only made society love them more because they were giving back to the community, as much as they were taking from the men.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darshini |first1=Priya |title=Status of The Ganikas in the Gupta Period: Change or Continuity? |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2003 |volume=64 |page=171 |jstor=44145457 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44145457.}}</ref>

*[[Culture of India|Cultural]]
According to the Kāmasūtra, a courtesan who mastered the 64 arts earned the title of ganika — a courtesan of high quality — and was held in esteem by kings and learned men alike.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vatsyayana |title=Kamasutra |publisher=Sanskriti Pratishthan |year=1982 |isbn=0391022245 |edition=1 |location=United States |pages=70–71 |language=English}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text = The ganikas were generally more educated and better skilled in the arts than the married women, and the nagarakas, though they had devoted wives at home, as the ideal of a waife drawn by Vatsyayana shows, were attracted by the intellectual and artistic qualities of the educated ganika.
|author = Priya Darshini, in "Status of the ''Gaṇikās'' in the Gupta Period: Change or Continuity?" (2003)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darshini |first1=Priya |title=Status of The Ganikas in the Gupta Period: Change or Continuity? |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2003 |volume=64 |pages=167–172 |jstor=44145457 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44145457.}}</ref>
}}

Praised by society and loved for their skills in arts and culture, they were aesthetic beings who refined the culture of Ancient India. They were literally always and must be mentioned and participated in the arts such as performances at festivals or were the main characters of plays. This may be why they could also be considered as "dancing girl" because they did dance, but they also did many other things.Of the many skills, the first two that ganikas must master are music and dance.Ganikas will learn singing, chanting, dancing, acting, calligraphy and painting. They will also learn to play the [[Veena]], venu and [[mridangam]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darshini |first1=Priya |title=Status of The Ganikas in the Gupta Period: Change or Continuity? |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2003 |volume=64 |page=171 |jstor=44145457 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44145457.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Archaeology: Ancient Courtesans who performed arts but did not engage in prostitution |website=[[Sohu]] |url=https://m.sohu.com/n/242000769/|access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref>

==Early Indian Art==
[[File:Didarganj_Yakshi_statue_in_the_Bihar_Museum.jpg| thumb|Possibly an early art depiction of Ganikas]]

A possibly early depiction of a Ganika is the ancient Pataliputra sculpture, also known as Didarganj Yakshi statue. As Doris Meth Srinivasan, a historian of Indological studies and writer suggests:

{{Blockquote
|text = I propose that an ancient Pataliputra sculpture represents an image of a royal Ganika. A beauteous female image, carved in the environs of the Mauryan capital, is imbued with the characteristics that mark her as a Ganika, possibly the chief Ganika or the pratiganika, attached to the imperial court.
|author = Doris Meth Srinivasan, historian of [[Indology|Indological studies]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=351 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>
}}

The statue itself, even though found in 1917 in Didarganj, India is still being investigated on her identity. Her name was only given because of the "typical" traits she gave off. Yaksi being a name for a fertility figure, as the statue fits the characteristics of having large breasts, curved hips and a thin waist.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=352 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

Although in terms of figure such as its thin waist and large breasts, it fits the category of being a Yakshi, but the most important accessory which may deviate her from being a Yakshi is her hand fan. Her hand fan, which Srinivasan and other art historians, Frederick Asher and Walter Spink suggested that is a key accessory for courtesans.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chawla |first1=Noor |title=The Didarganj Figurine: A Yakshi or a Ganika? |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-didarganj-figurine-a-yaksi-or-a-ganika/ |website=JSTOR Daily |date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

The hand fan, which is also quite a common accessory for courtesans in other cultures. For example, the Japanese "Courtesan with Fan and Koto" by [[Eishi|Chōbunsai Eishi]] 鳥文斎栄之.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chōbunsai Eishi 鳥文斎栄之 {{!}} Courtesan with Fan and Koto {{!}} Japan {{!}} Edo period (1615–1868) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/845152 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> Another example would be the Chinese "Courtesans with fan and flute" possibly by Zhang gui, found in 1916 to 1919.<ref>{{cite web |title=Courtesans with fan and flute |url=https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1916.107/ |website=National Museum of Asian Art}}</ref> Despite their vast difference in time periods, it shows how courtesans and fans go hand-in-hand. Especially since ''gaṇikās'' who attended the king, had duties in fanning him, so having a hand fan would be natural for a courtesan to have.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=356 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> There is also many other attributes which this statute has pointing her to be a ''Gaṇikā''.

{{Blockquote
|text = The presence of the fly whisk, the reason for the slight bow, the general stylistic similarity with other pieces produced by royal ateliers in Pataliputra, the size of the figure, perhaps even the small tiara on the head, to say nothing of her exceptional beauty, all these become signposts designating the ''gaṇikā''.
|author = Doris Meth Srinivasan, historian of Indological studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |page=362 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>
}}

==Famous Courtesan==
* [[Amrapali]]
* Purasati<ref>{{cite web|url=https://levekunst.com/courtesans-of-ancient-india/ |title=COURTESANS OF ANCIENT INDIA |date=26 July 2015 |publisher=Levekunst |access-date=2015-07-26}}</ref> :A ganika and poet. She achieved her accomplishments through the practice of Vajra Tikshana. She is considered one of the teachers of the philosopher Nagarjuna.
* Barani<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian courtesans |url=https://www.delhipoetryslam.com/blogs/archive/indian-courtesans |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Delhi Poetry Slam |language=en}}</ref> : A ganika and poet. She was a daughter of the commoner Rahuta and Joyful Dhari. Kashmiri scholar Brilliance also consulted her on academic matters.
* Buta<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Devdutt |date=2023-02-17 |title=Donation of Courtesans |url=https://devdutt.com/donation-of-courtesans/ |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Devdutt Pattanaik |language=en-US}}</ref> : A Durga temple built in the 7th century refers to ganika called Buta.
*Anukkiyara Paravai Nankiyara<ref name=":2" /> : A dancer in the Chola empire, donated gold, copper and jewels to the shrine of Tiruvarura, in the 10th century.
* Vithanayakaci Nayaki<ref name=":2" /> : One of the 200 donors to the Vithoba Temple in the 13th century.
* Panditaci Nayaki Hira<ref name=":2" /> : One of the 200 donors to the Vithoba Temple in the 13th century.
* Nandavva<ref name=":2" /> : Ganga King Simhavarman's concubine.
* Paliyakka<ref name=":2" /> : Vikrama Santaras's concubine.
* Camekamba<ref name=":2" /> : Amma II of the Eastern Chalukyas's concubine.
* Sirima<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iwr.cass.cn/xw/201707/t20170727_3593414.shtml |title=Archaeological Excavation and Research of Early Buddhist Sites in India |publisher=China Religious Studies Website |access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref>: A ganika.Through her Buddhist faith and offerings to monks, she entered the palace of Indra. After her death, her image was carved on a stupa, becoming an idol and gaining acceptance from mainstream society.

==Popular culture==
Although the term ''ganika'' is not very well known unlike ''tawaif'' who has been in numerous Bollywood films, ''ganika'' may have appeared in:
===In films===
* ''[[Utsav]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)]]''

===In Sanskrit plays and dramas===
* ''[[Bhagavadajjukam]]''
* ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]''
* ''[[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Sternbach |first1=Ludwik |title=Ganika-vrtta-sangrahah: or Texts on courtezans in classical Sanskrit. Compiled and presented by Ludwik Sternbach |date=1953 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eju3twAACAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Moti |title=The World Of Courtesans |date=1973 |publisher=Hindi Pocket Book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37290/page/n13/mode/2up}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite web |title=The Ganika in Buddhist and Jaina literature |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ganika-buddhist-and-jaina-literature |access-date=22 September 2014 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |title=The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana: Part I: Introductory: Chapter III. On the Study of the Sixty-Four Arts |url=https://sacred-texts.com/sex/kama/kama103.htm |access-date=22 September 2014 |website=sacred-texts.com}}
*{{cite web |title=Leslie Orr - Concordia University |url=https://www.concordia.ca/faculty/leslie-orr.html |website=www.concordia.ca |language=en}}
*{{cite web |title=Ganika, Gaṇika, Gaṇikā: 28 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ganika |website=www.wisdomlib.org |date=3 August 2014 |language=en |access-date=22 September 2014}}
*{{cite web |title=Chōbunsai Eishi 鳥文斎栄之 {{!}} Courtesan with Fan and Koto {{!}} Japan {{!}} Edo period (1615–1868) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/845152 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}
*{{cite web |title=Courtesans with fan and flute |url=https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm:fsg_F1916.107/ |website=National Museum of Asian Art}}
*{{cite book |last1=Basham |first1=A. L. |last2=Sharma |first2=Arvind |title=The little clay cart: an English translation of the Mṛcchakaṭika of Śūdraka, as adapted for the stage |date=1994 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0791417255}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Moti |title=The World Of Courtesans |date=1973 |publisher=Hindi Pocket Book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37290/page/n13/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gayatri |date=January 2008 |editor-last=Sahni |editor-first=Rohini |title=Prostitution and Beyond: An Analysis of Sex Work in India |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=279–300 |chapter=Chapter 20: The ''veshya'', the ''ganika'' and the ''tawaif'': Representations of prostitutes and courtesans in Indian language, literature and cinema |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329157024}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dange |first1=Sindhu S. |title=The institutions of Ganika and Devadasi from ancient to medieval times |date=1990 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14853/page/n1/mode/2up}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Darshini |first1=Priya |title=Status of The Ganikas in the Gupta Period: Change or Continuity? |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2003 |volume=64 |pages=167–172 |jstor=44145457 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44145457.}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Suvira |title=Female Images in the Arthasastra of Kautilya |journal=Social Scientist |date=2001 |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2307/3518338 |jstor=3518338 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518338 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite thesis |last=Orr |first=Leslie |date=1993 |title=Hindu Temple Women of the Chola Period in South India|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/qn59q560w |degree=PhD |page=1-634 |publisher=McGill University}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Meill |first=Kyung |date=2020|title=Diversity in the Women of the Therīgāthā|url=https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/mindfulness_theses/29/ |degree=Mindfulness Studies Theses |page=1-74|publisher=Lesley University}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Monika |title=Ganikas in Early India: Its Genesis and Dimensions |journal=Social Scientist |date=2006 |volume=34 |issue=11/12 |pages=2–17 |jstor=27644180 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644180 |issn=0970-0293}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Monika |title=Facets of Economic and Cultural Life of a Courtesan in Ancient India |journal=Studies in People's History |date=December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=143–160 |doi=10.1177/23484489231198557}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Shalini |title=In the Business of Kāma: Prostitution in Classical Sanskrit Literature from the Seventh to the Thirteenth Centuries |journal=The Medieval History Journal |date=April 2002 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=121–156 |doi=10.1177/097194580200500106 |url=https://journals-sagepub-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/doi/abs/10.1177/097194580200500106 |language=en |issn=0971-9458|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris Meth |title=The Mauryan Gaṇikā from Dīdārgañj (Pāṭaliputra) |journal=East and West |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1/4 |pages=345–362 |jstor=29757653 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757653 |issn=0012-8376}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sternbach |first1=Ludwik |title=Ganika-vrtta-sangrahah: or Texts on courtezans in classical Sanskrit. Compiled and presented by Ludwik Sternbach |date=1953 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eju3twAACAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rajasekhara |editor1-last=Dalal |editor1-first=C. D. |editor2-last=Sastry |editor2-first=R. A. |title=Kāvyamīmāṃsā of Rājaśekhara |date=1934 |publisher=Oriental Institute |url=https://archive.org/details/Kavyamimamsa/page/n35/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Vatsyayana |first1=Mallanaga |editor1-last=Doniger |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Kakar |editor2-first=Sudhir |title=Kamasutra. A new, complete English translation of the Sanskrit text with excerpts from the Sanskrit Jayamangala commentary of Yashodhara Indrapada, the Hindi Jaya commentary of Devadatta Shastri, and explanatory notes by the translators |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/OxfordWorldsClassicsMallanagaVatsyayanaAuth.WendyDonigerSudhirKakarTr.KamasutraO/page/n29/mode/2up?q=ganika}}
{{refend}}

{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Obsolete occupations]]
[[Category:Courtesans by type]]

Revuri Prakash Reddy

2026-04-10T07:35:19Z

Providentecopoliten: Put Up Initial Details From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Revuri Prakash Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
| term_start1 = 7 December 2023
| predecessor1 = Challa Dharma Reddy
| constituency1 = [[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal ]]
| office2 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| predecessor2 = Kammampati Laxma Reddy
| successor2 = Donthi Madhava Reddy
| constituency2 = [[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet ]]
| term_start3 = 1994
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = Maddikayala Omkar
| successor3 = Kammampati Laxma Reddy
| constituency3 = [[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet ]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Revuri Prakash Reddy''' (born 1952) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Parkal Assembly constituency]] in [[Warangal district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parkal assembly election results 2023: Parkal Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/parkal-assembly-result-29104 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Parkal Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/parkal-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687967.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in [[Narsampet]] to late Revuri Narayana Reddy. He passed Intermediate in 1974 from Government Junior College, [[Kagaznagar, Telangana|Sirpur Kaghaz Nagar]], [[Adilabad district]]. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revuri Prakash Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PARKAL(HANUMAKONDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=263 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy won from [[Parkal Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 72,573 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Challa Dharma Reddy of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] by a narrow margin of 7,941 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parkal Election Result 2023 Live, Parkal Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-parkal-constituency-104.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en|date=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parkal Constituency Election Results 2023: Parkal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/parkal |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash Reddy, Revuri}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
{{Telangana-INC-politician-stub}}

Khaderan Singh

2026-04-10T04:50:55Z

Providentecopoliten: Adding the biography basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fan POV|date=December 2023}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babu Khaderan Singh
| image = Khaderan Singh.jpg
| caption = Khaderan Singh
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bikram Assembly constituency|Bikram]]
| predecessor = [[Mahabir Gop]]
| term_start = 1969
| term_end = 1974
| successor = [[Kailashpati Mishra]]
| office9 = [[Chief minister]] [[Bhola Paswan Shastri|bhola Paswan shastri]]
| office4 = [[information]] and [[Tourism minister|tourism Minister]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| 4blankname4 =
| 4namedata4 = Tenure
| 4blankname5 =
| 4namedata5 = 22 June 1969 -- 4 July 1969
| office7 = Urban development and housing minister Government of Bihar
| 4blankname7 =
| 4namedata7 = Tenure
| 4blankname8 =
| 4namedata8 = 2 June 1971 -- 9 January 1972
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1899|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhri]] [[Bikrampur|Bikram]], [[Patna District]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1974|08|20|1899|03|09}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Indian national congress]], [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Indian national congress organisation]], [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|Bhartiya kranti dal]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
}}
'''Khaderan Singh''' (10 October 1899 – 20 August 1974), also known as Khaderan Babu,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=khaderan+babu&pg=PT187 | title=Brahmins Who Refused to Beg: Brief History of Bhumihars, "Ayachak" Brahmins of East India) | isbn=9798888333716 | last1=Sharma | first1=Anurag | date=12 November 2022 | publisher=Notion Press }}</ref> was an Indian politician, Indian freedom fighter, philanthropist, social reformer, [[advocate]], and former minister in the Bihar government. He was elected two times as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Bikram, Bihar|Bikram]] Vidhan Sabha constituency from 1969 to 1972 and 1972 to 1974.

== Early life ==

'''Khaderan Singh''' was born in Village Gorakhri in the Bikram block of [[Patna]] district. He was born to the Late Thakur Sharan Singh. He belonged to an agriculturalist family. He married Ram Sakhi Devi who fought the Zilla Parishad elections in 2001. He completed his schooling in Bikram and then pursued his graduation and L.L.B. degree from [[Patna Law College]], [[Patna University]]. He began his career as a teacher and then he became an [[advocate]] in the Patna district court and later became a public prosecutor from 1957 to 1960 and again from 1960 to 1963.

== Political career ==

After completing his [[LLB]] degree, he got to known to the social and economic problems of farmers in his area. He started practicing in Patna district court in 1930. He then joined the Peasant Movement started by [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]] and became one of the prominent leaders of this movement in Bihar. He also participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 and went to Jail for conspiracy against [[Britishers]]. Then he became vice chairman of the [[Patna]] district board for 6 years from 1942 to 1948. Then he became Chairman of the [[Patna]] District Board for 12 years from 1948 to 1960 defeating [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]] also known as Sher-e-Bihar by one vote. Then he was elected as a member of the Bihor Legislative Assembly from Bikram two times. His first tenure was from 1969 to 1972 with the [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|Bhartiya Kranti Dal]], and his second tenure was from 1972 to 1974 with the Indian National Congress organization. He also served as an ex-minister in the [[Bhola Paswan Shastri]] government, holding the Information and Tourism Ministry in 1969 and the Urban Development and Housing Ministry in 1971.

== Contribution to the society ==

After becoming Chairman of [[Patna]] District Board he provided education and Jobs to 40 to 50 thousand people in various fields. By fighting the [[British Empire|British]] '''Khaderan Singh''' head brought the Bakhtiyarpur-Bihar Light railway which was run by Martin Company under the name RD Light Railway) under the District board at that time [[Patna]] Nalanda were together and '''Khaderan Singh''' was its chairman. He made canals for farmers for irrigation. He laid a strong foundation of Educational Institutes right up to the village level for basic education secondary education and higher education. He opened P.H.C. in every grom Panchayat and made doctors and compounders available in it. He opened veterinary hospitals in almost all the Panchayat. He got all the big villages electrified in the 50s. Apart from constructing the main roads of Naubatpur Bikram, Bihta-Bikram, and Bikram-Pali, he laid a network of rural roads. Due to the sugar mill located in Bihta, the income and standard of living of the farmers of the area improved. In this, '''Khaderan Singh''' played a big role. S.D.O. offices of electricity, REO, minor, irrigation, and major irrigation were constructed under '''Khaderan Singh's''' tenure.

== Family ==

'''Khaderan Singh''' was married to '''Ram Sakhi Devi'''. They had five children three sons and two daughters. The eldest son named Dr.C. P. Sinha was a famous Doctor of Gaya, there is also a statue of him which was unveiled by the ex-minister of the Bihar government, [[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]. The mediocre son's name is Ajat Shatru and the Youngest one name is Abinash Kumar who is currently doing social work for the welfare of society and is also a member of Indian national Congress.The eldest daughter's name is Pushpa Singh and the youngest Daughter's name is Sushma Singh, His granddaughter is Dr. Usha Sharma is a gynecologist, and obstetrician and served as vice president of [[Lok Janshakti Party]] Her husband Dr. R.B. Sharma was a most famous Neurosurgeon of Bihar. The grandson of his brother Justice Birendra Kumar is a currently Rajasthan High Court Judge but earlier was a [[Patna]] High Court Judge.

== Death ==
He died on the 20th of August, 1974 due to a heart attack at [[Patna]] Medical College and Hospital Patna .

== Remarks ==
There is a statue of him in the Patna District Court, which was unveiled by the former Chief Justice of the Patna High Court, B.C. Basak. There is also a statue of him in Bikram, which was unveiled by the former Chief Minister and Union Minister of India, [[Jagannath Mishra|Dr. Jaganath Mishra]], the former Leader of Opposition and ex-minister in the Bihar government, Ramashray Prasad Singh, and ex-minister in the Bihar government, Budh Deo Singh. Additionally, there is a street named after him, '''Khaderan Singh''' Marg, in Kadam Kuan, [[Patna]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://resultuniversity.com/election/bikram-bihar-assembly-constituency Bikram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency]
* [https://www.livehindustan.com/assembly-elections/bihar-election-2020/election-stories/story-bikram-assembly-seat-congress-supremacy-broken-in-1967-election-but-got-lifeline-in-2015-3490064.html Bikram assembly seat: Congress supremacy broken in 1967 Election but got lifeline in 2015 - बिक्रम विधानसभा सीट: 1967 में कांग्रेस का वर्चस्व टूटा, फिर 2015 में मिली संजीवनी, किस्से न्यूज]
* [https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/bikram-constituency-bihar-assembly-election-1969-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/?no_third_party_tracking=true Bikram 1969 Assembly MLA Election Bihar | ENTRANCE INDIA]
* [https://resultuniversity.com/election/bikram-bihar-assembly-constituency Bikram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency]
* [https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Bikram-in-Bihar Bikram assembly election results in Bihar]
* [https://www.livehindustan.com/assembly-elections/bihar-election-2020/election-stories/story-bikram-assembly-seat-congress-supremacy-broken-in-1967-election-but-got-lifeline-in-2015-3490064.html Bikram assembly seat: Congress supremacy broken in 1967 Election but got lifeline in 2015 - बिक्रम विधानसभा सीट: 1967 में कांग्रेस का वर्चस्व टूटा, फिर 2015 में मिली संजीवनी, किस्से न्यूज]
* [https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/bikram-constituency-bihar-assembly-election-1969-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/?no_third_party_tracking=true Bikram 1969 Assembly MLA Election Bihar | ENTRANCE INDIA]
*[https://www.livehindustan.com/news//article1-story-25308.amp.html गरीबोंे के हितैषी थे खदेरन बाबू: रामाश्रय]
*[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1584058/ Bukhtiarpur Bihar Light Rly. Co. ... vs State of Bihar And Ors. on 8 September, 1950] indiankanoon.org
*[https://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/browse/Case?CaseId=710591721000&Title=BUKHTIARPUR-BIHAR-LIGHT-RLY-CO-LTD-Vs.-STATE-OF-BIHAR BUKHTIARPUR Bihar Light Rly. Co. ... vs State of Bihar]
*[https://www.casemine.com/search/in/light%20railway light+railway | Indian Case Law | Law]
*[https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/patna/news/bikram39s-post-changed-in-ruins-burglars-taken-up-to-door-window-045705-3569077.html?no_third_party_tracking=true खंडहर में बदल गया बिक्रम का डाकबंगला, दरवाजे-खिड़की तक उखाड़ कर ले गए चोर]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=zVmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=khaderan+babu&pg=PT187 BRAHMINS WHO REFUSED TO BEG: BRIEF HISTORY OF BHUMIHARS, “AYACHAK” BRAHMINS OF EAST INDIA)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Khaderan}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1969–1972]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Kranti Dal politicians]]

Abhijit Sen (writer)

2026-04-07T19:43:45Z

Providentecopoliten: new

{{Short description|Indian writer (1945- )}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=March 2025}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=April 2025}}
}}
'''Abhijit Sen''' (born 1945) is an Indian Bengali writer in late 20th Century. He received [[Bankim Puraskar]] for his novel ''Rohu Chandaler Har'' in 1992.

== Early life and career ==
Abhijit Sen was born in the village of Mahakumar Keora in [[Jhalakathi]], [[Barisal Division|Barisal]], British India. After the partition, he came to Calcutta and became involved in the political [[Naxalite movement]]. He completed his MA in history. He began writing while living in [[Balurghat]] from 1970. His first novel, ''Rahu Chandaler Haar'', was published in 1985. This novel, which tells the story of the life and struggle of a nomadic group in [[North Bengal]], brought him special fame in the Bengali literary world. <ref>{{Cite web |title=অভিজিৎ সেন / বিশ্বজিৎ পাণ্ডা |url=https://www.jaladarchi.com/2022/07/storyteller-abhijit-sen.html?m=1 |access-date=2025-03-10}}</ref> In 1992, Abhijit Sen received the [[Bankim Puraskar]]for Rahu Chandaler Haar and in 2005, the [[University of Calcutta]] awarded him the Saratchandra Smriti Puraskar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=abhijitsen |date=2022-08-09 |title=Abhijit Sen, Author at Blue Pencil |url=https://www.bluepencilpublishers.com/authors/abhijitsen/?srsltid=AfmBOoq0g64Xx22RToQ_NtLuCsebOxTYDsOWdSoAI9FCkBdF0I6VBel8 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.bluepencilpublishers.com |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2025|reason=Bio page on publishing site, generally not a good source}}

==Published books==

* Rahu Chandaler Haar (1985)
* Ondhokarer Nodi (1988)
* Chaayar Pakhi (1993)
* Aandhar Mahish (1993)
* Halud Ronger Surjo (1996)
* Swapno Ebong Onnano Nilima (2000)
* Nimno Gotir Nadi (2006)
* Megher Nadi (2007)
* Mousumi Samundrer Upokul (2006)
* Rajpat Dharmapat (2008)
* Nangno Nirjan Haat (2008)
* Lash Kata Ghorer Samne Opekha (2011)
* Debangshi (1990)
* Brahmanya and Onnano Golpo (1995)
* Abhijit Sen's Best Stories (2005)
* Abhijit Sen's Ten Stories (2008)

==Awards==
*[[Bankim Puraskar]] (1992)<ref name=":0" />
*Saratchandra Smriti Puraskar (2005)<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20210118103734/https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2015/01/23/15480.php

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Abhijit}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]

Braz Fernandes

2026-04-07T09:36:05Z

Providentecopoliten: Added The Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|Portuguese diplomat (1791–1865)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=January 2025}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Braz Fernandes
| honorific_suffix = [[List of post-nominal letters (Portugal)|ComC]]
| image = Braz Fernandes.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Fernandes
| office = [[Vice-Consul]] of Portugal at [[Bombay]]
| monarch = [[Ferdinand II of Portugal]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor = None
| occupation = {{hlist|Diplomat|philanthropist}}
| relatives = [[Braz Anthony Fernandes]] (grandson)
| children = 8
| spouse = Quiteria de Mello e Fernandes
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1791|02|3|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1865|11|9|1791|02|3|df=yes}}
| resting_place = [[St. Andrew's Church, Mumbai]]
}}

'''Braz Fernandes''' [[List of post-nominal letters (Portugal)|ComC]] (3 February 1791 – 9 November 1865) was a Portuguese [[diplomat]] and philanthropist. He was the scion of an ancient and wealthy family.<ref>''Noted Historian Dead'', Obituary, Times of India, 9 June 1951</ref>

==Personal life==
Braz Fernandes was born to Manuel Salvador Fernandes and Ana Maria Fernandes. He was married to Quiteira de Mello. Quiteira's grandfather, John Barretto, was known for founding the Barretto Charity School in [[Cavel]], [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai), now known as Barretto High School, where originally education was free, and the school taught Portuguese, Latin, and English.

Fernandes had eight children: John (who became a [[Reverend]]), Euphrasia, Antonio Lourenco, Quiteria Angelica, Matilda (Sister Philomena), Gabriel, Anna Maria, and Braz. The eminent historian [[Braz Anthony Fernandes]] was his grandson, from Gabriel.

==Career==
Fernandes was the first ever [[Vice-Consul]] for Portugal in [[Bombay]]. Prior to the establishment of the Vice-Consulate in Bombay, the Portuguese representative was known as the [[Consular Agent]].<ref>''Bandra: Its Religious Secular History'', By Braz A. Fernandes, D.K. Parker at "the Fine Art Press", Bombay, 1927, page 104-105</ref>

== Order of Christ ==
Fernandes's tombstone states he was a Commander of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)]]. It is not known whether he was appointed directly to Commander or whether he was promoted to there from the rank of Knight. Knights in the Order of Christ were not advanced to a commandery until they had given proofs of their military prowess and valour, in those fortresses which Portugal retained on the African coast.

According to the then statutes of the order, the knights were obliged to prove at least four degrees of hereditary nobility, but this requirement could be dispensed with by the sovereign. The knights were under the same regulations and enjoyed the same privileges as those of the [[Order of Calatrava]] in Spain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robson (engraver.) |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmEBAAAAQAAJ |title=The British herald, or Cabinet of armorial bearings of the nobility & gentry of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1830 |language=en}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Amador Viegas founded the Maria Viegas Girls School in March 1874, but his untimely death shortly thereafter put the school in jeopardy as he died before he could make a provision that would have guaranteed the permanence of the school.

Deprived of the founder's support, the school would have closed down prematurely but for the intervention of Braz Fernandes who spared no sacrifices to give a new lease of life to the school. The Convent School is today the School of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.<ref>''In the mission field : the Diocese of Damaun'', Catholic Church Archdiocese of Goa and Daman, Bombay 1925, page 153</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Braz}}
[[Category:People from Chorão (island)]]
[[Category:Portuguese diplomats]]
[[Category:Portuguese philanthropists]]
[[Category:1791 births]]
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]

Mukesh Mohamed

2026-04-06T18:06:46Z

Providentecopoliten: Creating Stub

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language playback singer}}

{{about|the Tamil playback singer|the Hindi playback singer (1923–1976)|Mukesh (singer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name =
| image =
| caption = ''' Mukesh Mohamed '''
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|7|06}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| instrument = Vocals
| genre =
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 1995 – current
| website =
}}
'''Mukesh Mohamed''' (formerly known as '''Mukesh'''; born 6 July 1980) is an Indian playback singer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Our song is a street-style fusion single for the youth, says musician Ram Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/our-song-is-a-street-style-fusion-single-for-the-youth-says-musician-ram-kumar/articleshow/86292879.cms |access-date=22 January 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> As a singer, he sings melody, folk and gana songs. He has sung more than 500 film songs in various Indian languages. {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} He has also recorded a number of devotional albums. He has performed in numerous live concerts across the world, and has regular appearance in [[Ilaiyaraaja]]’s musical orchestras. {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} Mukesh Mohamed has sung some songs including "Vaa Saamy" in ''[[Annaatthe (soundtrack)|Annatthe]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Imman cracked the Rajinikanth intro song for 'Annaatthe' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/annaatthee-will-bring-back-the-rajinikanth-of-the-90s-says-imman/article37172809.ece |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Singer Thirumoorthi thanks Imman for opportunity to sing in Annaatthe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/singer-thirumoorthi-thanks-imman-for-opportunity-to-sing-in-annaatthe/articleshow/87278053.cms |access-date=22 January 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life ==
Mukesh Mohamed was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. His parents are from Seythunganallur village, [[Tirunelveli]] district, Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |title=அடங்க மறு பாடகர் முகேஷ் |url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9760&id1=40&issue=20191101 |website=Kungumam |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> He was actively participating in singing competitions during his school days. His teacher had foreseen his future in music, and advised him to enter into film industry. Mukesh Mohamed was determined to make a career in the film industry as it was his passion since his childhood. His father, N.P. Abdul Kadar, who was also a musician, trained Mukesh Mohamed to sing some of the toughest classical songs sung by the legendary playback singers<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanakkam Tamizha with Singer Mukesh and Actor Shyam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Wks0Ag-Ig&t=616s |website=SUN TV | date=31 October 2020 |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> including [[K. B. Sundarambal]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]] and [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], and encouraged him to learn music properly. Mukesh Mohamed, then, started learning music from Dinakaran, a music composer, who changed his name to Mukesh.

==Singing career==
Mukesh Mohamed started his singing career in Dinakaran's musical orchestra. In the beginning, he used to sing a number of popular Tamil devotional songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=எந்த மேடைக்கு போனாலும் கண்டிப்பா இந்த பாட்ட பாடனும்னு அப்பா சொல்லிருக்காரு |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN9u3uPvleg |website=Youtube | date=20 January 2022 |publisher=JAYA TV |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> He later participated in different musical competitions organised by TV channels. In 2002, he was adjudged as the best singer of the year for "Raja Geetham", a musical competition conducted by [[Raj TV]], and received the award in the presence of legendary musicians including [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[A. R. Rahman]]. This reward gave him an entry to film industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=An interview with Singer Mukesh-P01 |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/an-interview-with-singer-mukesh-p01 |website=SBS Tamil |publisher=SBS Tamil Radio Australia |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
Mukesh Mohamed's debut in playback singing was for the song "Thee Kuriviyai" in the 2004 Tamil film ''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]''. [[A. R. Rahman]] composed the music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singer Mukesh sings his first song composed by A R Rahman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAzAkfT4Bi8 |website=Youtube | date=29 November 2015 |publisher=News7 Tamil |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> He has sung a number of songs for many popular music directors including [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Srikanth Deva]], [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[D. Imman]], [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Sirpy]], [[Karthik Raja]], [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].
Some of Mukesh Mohamed's hit songs include "Enn Theivathaikku" (''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''), "Love Letter" (''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]''), “Azhage Azhage” (''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'') and Kacheri Kacheri (''[[Kacheri Arambam]]'').
He is popularly known for his singing of “Ullathil Nalla Ullam”, a song from the 1964 Tamil movie ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' in live orchestras across the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=ரோகிணி |first1=ஆர் ஜே |title=எங்க பாட்ட கேட்டு கரோனா பயப்படணும் - பாடகர் முகேஷ் உடன் லாக்டவுன் கலாட்டா |work=Asiaville |url=https://tamil.asiaville.in/article/lock-down-chat-with-singer-mukesh-42576 |publisher=Asiaville (Tamil ) |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mukesh nice song ullathil nalla ullam | date=11 October 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7pCUfovMes |publisher=Panchalingam Arudselvan (Youtube) |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>

==Discography==
The discography of Mukesh Mohamed includes:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukesh Songs |url=https://thiraitamilpaadal.com/singer/244/Mukesh |website=thiraitamilpaadal/ |publisher=Thirai tamil paadal |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
===Tamil songs===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!!Film!!Songs!!Music director!!Co-singers
|-
|2004
! ''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]''
| Thee Kuriviyai || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2005
! [[Selvam (2005 film)|''Selvam'']]
| Ennai Sathiyama|| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] ||
|-
! ''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]''
| Madhura Karichi || rowspan="2" | [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Srilekha Parthasarathy|Srileka]]
|-
! [[Sivakasi (film)|''Sivakasi'']]
| Enn Theivathaikku ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Aaru (film)|''Aaru'']]
| Soda Bottle|| rowspan="2" | [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| Freeya Vudu||[[Jassie Gift]], Vadivelu, M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Grace Karunas]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Bambara Kannaley]]''
| En Kadhalum Kadha || rowspan="2" | [[Srikanth Deva]] || Reshmi
|-
| Mana Magale|| [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2006
! [[Kodambakkam (film)|''Kodambakkam'']]
| Oh! Pappa Oh! Pappa || [[Sirpy]] || [[Jassie Gift]]
|-
! ''[[Vattaram]]''
| Ovvoru Pillaiyum || rowspan="3" | [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] ||
|-
! ''[[Thiruttu Payale]]''
| Thiruttu Payale ||
|-
! ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]''
| Urikka Urikka || [[Ceylon Manohar]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | ''[[Thagapansamy]]''
| Aararo Aariraro || rowspan="3" | [[Srikanth Deva]] ||
|-
| Semparuthi||
|-
| Porantha Manula||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
!''Vettai Aarampam''
|Pattai Katikitu||EM. Ramamoorthi||Reshmiravi
|-
![[Kanna (film)|''Kanna'']]
| Sembaruthi|| [[Ranjit Barot]]|| [[Manikka Vinayagam]], Vinaya
|-
! [[Muni (film)|''Muni'']]
| Varranda Muni || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
! [[Dharmapuri (film)|''Dharmapuri'']]
| Karuthamachan || rowspan="2" | [[Srikanth Deva]] || Reshmi
|-
! [[Pazhani (2008 film)|''Pazhani'']]
| Thaayai Polathaan ||
|-
! [[Silambattam (film)|''Silambattam'']]
| Where Is The Party || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadharshini]]
|-
! ''[[Vannathupoochi]]''
| Eai Vangadaa || Rehan ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2009
! ''Vanam Partha Seemayile''
| Thaayi Oru Boomidaa ||[[Srikanth Deva]] ||
|-
! ''[[Kannukulle]]''
| Paattu Ketka||[[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||[[Velmurugan]], [[Bhavatharini]]
|-
! ''[[Madurai Ponnu Chennai Paiyan]]''
| Kalaikalama || Kanmani Raja || Sri Vardhini
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]''
| Deepavali || rowspan="2" | Jeevan Thomas || [[Saindhavi ]], Kalyani, [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
| Theeratha || [[Suchitra]]
|-
! ''[[Maasilamani]]''
| Odi Odi Vilayadu ||[[D. Imman]] || Emcee Jesz, [[SuVi]]
|-
! ''[[Naai Kutty]]''
| Adichi Potta || Vijayabharathi ||
|-
! ''[[Eesa]]''
| Aagayam Idi Muzhanga|| Haran || [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
|-
| rowspan="18" |2010
! ''[[Tamizh Padam]]''
| Pacha Manja || [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] ||
|-
! ''[[Thambikku Indha Ooru]]''
| Thambikku Indha Ooru || [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]] || [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
! ''Oru Koodai Mutham''
| Kokko Kokko || Shanthan || [[Srimathumitha]]
|-
! ''Munnavar''
| Purushan Veetil || Nandhaji ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Kutty (2010 film)|''Kutty'']]
| Nee Kadhalikkum Ponnu || rowspan="2" | [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||
|-
| Kannu Rendum|| [[Priya Himesh]]
|-
! ''Munnavar''
| Adi Nenjil Siraku Mulaikha || Nandhaji ||[[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|-
! ''Oru Koodai Mutham''
| Majakka Majakka || Shanthan || [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], Narayanan
|-
! ''[[Kacheri Arambam]]''
| Kacheri Kacheri ||[[D. Imman]]|| [[Madhushree]]
|-
! ''[[Aasal]]''
| Tottodaing||[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]|| Janani
|-
! [[Sura (film)|''Sura'']]
| Vettri Kodi Yeathu ||[[Mani Sharma ]]|| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
! [[Kanimozhi (film)|''Kanimozhi'']]
| Yaaro Ival Ival || [[Satish Chakravarthy ]]|| Bela Shende, [[Parthiv Gohil]]
|-
! ''[[Vamsam]]''
| Marudhaani Poovapole ||[[Taj Noor]]|| [[Surmukhi Raman]]
|-
! ''[[Pa. Ra. Palanisamy]]''
| Singarimava Singakutty||[[Dhina]]|| [[Chinnaponnu]]
|-
! ''[[Aaravadhu Vanam]]''
| Yarodu Yaridam || R.Haribabu ||
|-
! ''[[Maanja Velu]]''
| Maanja Maanja || [[Mani Sharma]] || Priya Subramani
|-
! ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
| Oyyale || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Suchitra]], [[Karthik Kumar]]
|-
! ''[[Irandu Mugam]]''
| Yanai Katti || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] || [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
|-
| rowspan="34" |2011
! ''Pazhagiyathey Pirivatharkka''
| Ulagam Muzhuvadhum || Pakeya || Deepika Theyagarajan
|-
! [[Aivar (film)|''Aivar'']]
| Aaja Kujha || Kavi Periya Thambi ||
|-
! ''[[Thambikottai]]''
| Vaa Pulla || [[D. Imman]] || [[Velmurugan]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Senthildass Velayutham]]
|-
!''Nandu Baaski''
| Thodaiye Kaattatha|| Jeyam Senthil|| [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadharshini]]
|-
! ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]''
| Osiyillae Sarakku || [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Mappillai (2011 film)|''Mappillai'']]
| Aaru Padai || rowspan="2" | [[Mani Sharma ]]|| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
| Onnu Rendu || [[Saindhavi]]
|-
! ''[[Kullanari Koottam]]''
| Adugira Maatai || [[V. Selvaganesh ]]|| Krishnna Iyer
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]''
| Ennanra Nee Ennanra || rowspan="2" | Kavi Periya Thambi || [[Krishna Beuraa]], [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|-
| Vanakkam||Sriram, Janani
|-
! ''[[Singam Puli]]''
| Naadilla || rowspan="2" | [[Mani Sharma]] ||
|-
! ''[[Uyarthiru 420]]''
| Natchathira Hotelu||
|-
! ''[[Venghai]]''
| Pudikale Pudikudhu || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Suchitra]]
|-
! ''[[Arumbu Meesai Kurumbu Paarvai]]''
| Aadaatha Aattam || Mohammed Riswan || Hema
|-
! ''[[Eththan]]''
| Kadanai Kodutha Nanba || [[Taj Noor]]||
|-
! ''Thirumangalam Perundhu Nilayam''
| Pongathiruvizhaa || Hitesh ||
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Nandhi (2011 film)|''Nandhi'']]
| Mayanginen Mayanginen || rowspan="3" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadharshini]]
|-
| Tanjore Thavil|| rowspan="2" | [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], Karpagam, [[Surmukhi Raman]]
|-
| Vedhagosham
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Kathal Alla Adhaiyumthaandi''
| Ethirparthirundhen || rowspan="2" | Agni Raj||
|-
| Saittadikkum || Raghupathy, Agni
|-
! [[Raa Raa (2011 film)|''Raa Raa'']]
| Aambalaina Dhillu || [[Srikanth Deva]] ||
|-
! ''Konjam Veyil Konjam Mazhai''
| Thennamara Thoppukkulle || [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] || [[Srimathumitha]]
|-
! ''Chaplin Samanthi''
| Kavala Oor Kavala || [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] || [[Suchitra]]
|-
! ''Mallukattu''
| Colour Colourai || [[Taj Noor]] ||
|-
! ''Madhikettan Saalai''
| Madhayana Nanthanda || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Suchitra]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Sagakkal]]''
| Aaru Padayappaa || rowspan="2" | Thayarathnam || [[Haricharan]]
|-
| Vilaiyaattaa|| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
! [[Sankarankovil (film)|''Sankarankovil'']]
| Puli Varuthu || Rajini || [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadharshini]]
|-
! ''Pathinettan Kudi Ellai Aarambam''
| Margazhi Maasam || L.D.Saravana Ganesh || Priya
|-
! ''Payapulla''
| Karisakkattu Boomiyile || Kabileshwer ||
|-
! ''[[Rendavathu Padam]]''
| Aappu Birthday || [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] || [[Velmurugan]], [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
! ''Ramanathapuram''
| Aandi Ooru|| SPL. Selvadasan, S. Ebenezer||
|-
! ''[[Gurusamy]]''
| Naanga Banthatta || Vasanthamani ||
|-
| rowspan="26" |2012
! ''Ivanum Panakkaran''
| Vettukkili Kothuthadi || [[Srikanth Deva]] ||[[Suchitra]]
|-
! ''[[Vilayada Vaa]]''
| Vanthenda Vettriku Veerana || Srimurali ||
|-
! ''Theni Mavattam''
| Yekka Yekka || Kingsley Vincent || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
! ''Madhuvum Mythiliyum''
| Sanda Sanda Sanda || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Suchitra]]
|-
! [[Nanban (2012 film)|''Nanban'']]
| Heartiley Battery || [[Harris Jayaraj]]|| [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
|-
! ''[[Sembattai]]''
| Dagara Dagara || Sree Raghav||[[Chinnaponnu]]
|-
! ''[[Udumban]]''
| Oram Kizhinjalum || Ramji S Balan ||
|-
! ''Udumban''
| Nallarukkum Pollarukkum || Ramji S Balan ||
|-
! ''[[Kadhal Pisase]]''
| Evan Evan Yaar Evan ||[[Sabesh–Murali]] ||
|-
! ''[[Aravaan]]''
| Oore Oore Ennapetha ||[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]], [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], Priya, Krishnaraj
|-
! [[Marina (2012 film)|''Marina'']]
| Vanakkam Chennai || [[Girishh G.]]|| Shilpa Natarajan, Ramshanker
|-
! ''Koyambedu Perundhu Nilayam''
| Vittuputada || Ramesh Raja || Amirtha Varsha
|-
! ''[[Pudhumugangal Thevai]]''
| Adicha Ghilli || Twinz Tunes|| [[Senthildass Velayutham]], [[Priya Himesh]]
|-
! ''Mayanginen Thayanginen''
| Aadi Varum Thera Adungada || [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] || [[Chinnaponnu]]
|-
! ''[[Pachai Engira Kaathu]]''
| Naan Unnaiparthen || R.Haribabu || Banumathi
|-
! ''Vellai Kaagitham''
| Licence Illamae|| Sathish Varshan||
|-
! rowspan="3" | ''[[Oruvar Meethu Iruvar Sainthu]]''
| Adi Aathi|| rowspan="3" | Shiva || rowspan="2" | Anitha
|-
| Kadalikira (Naa Rajamundri)
|-
| Laddu Thinga Variya||[[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]]
|-
! ''[[Nellai Santhippu]]''
| Kalavaani Kalavaani || [[Yugendran]] || [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
! ''Unnathamanavan''
| Thiruvizhanna Koottam || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
! ''Veyilodu Vilayadu''
| Lungi Lungarre|| [[Karthik Raja]] || Anitha
|-
! ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
| Azhage Azhage || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || rowspan="2" | [[Srimathumitha]]
|-
! ''[[Pachai Engira Kaathu]]''
|Meesai Illa Sura Puli || R.Haribabu
|-
! [[Racha (soundtrack)|''Racha'']]
| Neyveli Inga|| [[Mani Sharma]]|| [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
|-
! ''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]''
| Azhagu Saroja|| Kavi Periya Thambi||
|-
| rowspan="20" |2013
! rowspan="4" |''Iru Killadigal''
| Silu Siluvendru || rowspan="4" | Denmark Shan|| rowspan="4" | [[Ramya NSK]]
|-
| Kathal Saaral
|-
| Kuliradikuthu
|-
| Pen Enna
|-
! [[Yasakhan|''Yaasagan'']]
| Urangi Kidakkum|| [[Satish Chakravarthy]]|| Asha
|-
! ''Muyal''
| Nee Muyandraal Vinnum|| JV||
|-
! ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]''
| Vaa Machi ||[[K (composer)|K]] || [[Velmurugan]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan
|-
! ''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]''
| Va Va Vennilave || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[Swetha Mohan]]
|-
! ''[[Kolagalam]]''
| Yelae Yelae Payalae || [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] || [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Karuppampatti]]''
| Adaleru Kaalaiyelam || rowspan="2" | [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] ||
|-
| Karupampatti Karupampatti || [[Suchitra]], Naveen Madhav
|-
! ''Angusam''
| Thanjavooru Singari|| [[Srikanth Deva]]|| [[Suchitra]]
|-
! ''[[Alex Pandian]]''
| Onnam Class || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadharshini]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Nadodi Paravai''
| Nilavapola|| rowspan="2" | V. Kishore Kumar|| Padmalatha
|-
| Vizhi Moodi||
|-
! ''[[Yaaruda Mahesh]]''
| Yemathitta || [[Gopi Sundar]] ||
|-
! ''Ennai Piriyathey''
| Poomi Kaalkizha|| A L S Velen||
|-
! ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]''
| Love Letter || [[S. Thaman]] ||
|-
! [[Kantha (film)|''Kantha'']]
|Pathu Lorry||Shakthi R. Selva||[[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]]
|-
! [[Masani (film)|''Masani'']]
| Aatha Ingey || N Fazil ||
|-
| rowspan="20" |2014
! ''Hogenakkal''
| Quattarukku Matter Venum || Saran Prakash || [[Chinnaponnu]]
|-
! [[Tenaliraman (film)|''Tenaliraman'']]
| Rampapa Rampapa || [[D. Imman]] ||
|-
! ''Manam Nilluna Nikkadhadi''
| Entry Nallarukku|| R G Allen ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Pagadai Pagadai]]''
| Pakatai || rowspan="2" | [[John Peter (composer)|A. C. John Peter]], Ramji ||
|-
| Thookkividu Collor ||
|-
! ''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]''
| Takkaru Takkaru || [[Siddharth Vipin]]||
|-
!''Brahmaputra''
| Kera Kera|| Sunil Xavier|| [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadharshini]]
|-
! ''[[Vallinam]]''
| Maaman Machaan || [[S. Thaman]] || [[S. Thaman]], [[Silambarasan]]
|-
! ''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]''
| Vidudaa Ponungalae Venam || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
! ''Molivathu Yadhenil''
| Acham Embathedhu|| Nithyan Karthick ||
|-
!''[[Gnana Kirukkan]]''
| Sadha Sadha Shiva|| [[Taj Noor]]||
|-
! ''[[Sandiyar]]''
| Konna Usura || Yathish Mahadev ||
|-
! [[Vu (film)|''Vu'']]
| Aahaa Idhu Cinema|| Abijith Ramaswami ||
|-
! ''Balu Thambi Manasile''
| Chikku Bukku || [[Devendran ]]|| Reshmi
|-
! ''[[Azhagiya Pandipuram]]''
| Orekkannale || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]|| [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
|-
! ''[[Velmurugan Borewells]]''
| Velmurugan Borewells Raasiyana || [[Srikanth Deva]] || M.C.Rude, M.C.Vicky
|-
! ''[[Aranmanai]]''
| Unnaye Enniye ||[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]|| [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan
|-
!''[[Pongadi Neengalum Unga Kadhalum]]''
| Thaaru Maara|| [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]]||
|-
! ''[[Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya]]''
| Seerivarum ||[[Aruldev ]]||[[Velmurugan]]
|-
! [[Kaaviya Thalaivan (soundtrack)|''Kaaviya Thalaivan'']]
| Sollividu Sollividu ||[[A. R. Rahman ]]||
|-
| rowspan="13" |2015
! ''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]''
| Touring Talkies || [[Ilayaraaja]] ||[[Vijay Antony]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]
|-
|-
! ''Settaikkaranga''
| Otha Ruba|| Kavi Kannan||
|-
! ''[[Bhooloham]]''
| Maasana Kollaiyila|| [[Srikanth Deva]]||
|-
! ''[[Thilagar]]''
| Oorellam Vettu Satham || [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]]
|| [[Chinnaponnu ]], Anitha
|-
! ''Beedi''
| Malai Azhaga|| Ganesh Raghavendra||
|-
! ''[[Dummy Tappasu]]''
| Adiayae Flowerae || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]||
|-
! ''Vandha Mala''
| Cyberaagalam || Sam D Raj || Nincy
|-
! ''[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai]]''
| Marina Beachula || Varshan || [[Diwakar]]
|-
! [[Eli (2015 film)|''Eli'']]
| Kollai Alagu Ada Kotti ||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]|| [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
|-
! ''[[Patra (film)|Patra]]''
| Super Figure ||Sri Krishna || Nivas
|-
!''[[Jippaa Jimikki]]''
|Paraparannu Irukkudhaiya||Ranib||[[Surmukhi Raman]]
|-
! ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]''
| Pa Paba Pa || [[Karthikeya Murthy]]|| [[S. P. Charan]]
|-
! ''Kadhal Payanam''
| Vaanam Enna Boomi Enna || R.K. Sundar ||
|-
| rowspan="16" |2016
! ''[[Arjunan Kadhali]]''
| Ennamo Senchale || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
|-
! ''Manathil Oru Margazhi''
| Vaalibamthan || Anuraj ||
|-
! ''[[Valeba Raja]]''
| Thada Thada Thada Thada || Radhan || [[Blaaze]], Radhan
|-
! ''[[Ammani]]''
| Life E Machaan Machaan|| [[K (composer)|K]] ||
|-
! ''Selvanthan''
| Dhammathundu || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Priya Himesh]]
|-
! ''[[Uyire Uyire]]''
| Once Upon A Time || [[Anup Rubens]] ||[[Anup Rubens]]
|-
! [[Anjala (film)|''Anjala'']]
| Ayyankuli || [[Gopi Sundar]] || Tamil, Thala Muthu
|-
! ''[[Sandikuthirai]]''
| Achacho Aasai || rowspan="2" | Vaarasree|| rowspan="3" | [[Priya Himesh]]
|-
! ''Sandikuthirai''
| Adikkura Ootha
|-
! ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana|Sokkali Mainar]]'' (D)
| Kallu Koncham Ullappona|| [[Anup Rubens]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Athithi (2014 film)|''Athithi'']]
| "Shutter Moodum Neerathile" (Tamil Beats)|| rowspan="2" | [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] || rowspan="2" |M. L. R. Karthikeyan
|-
| "Shutter Moodum Neerathile" (Club Mix)
|-
! ''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]''
| Roller Coster || [[Dharan Kumar]] || [[M. M. Manasi]], Dr.Narayanan, S. Kousihan
|-
! ''[[Narathan]]''
| Thada Thada Thada Thada || [[Mani Sharma]] || Gana Selvam, [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadharshini]]
|-
! ''Kandaen Kadhal Kondaen''
| Karichaanukku Kadhalikka || Naga ||
Sunandan
|-
! [[Paisa (2016 film)|''Paisa'']]
| Chikku Bukku|| JV|| Hema Ambika
|-
| rowspan="8" |2017
! [[Taramani (film)|''Taramani'']]
| Paavangalai || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Senthildass Velayutham]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
!''[[Yeidhavan]]''
| Sakkara Barabara|| Paartav Barggo||
|-
!''Aarambame Attakasam''
| Uttalakkadi|| JK Doss||
|-
! [[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|''Katha Nayagan'']]
| Tappu Tippu|| [[Sean Roldan]]||
|-
! ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]''
| Mannenna Vepenna || [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]] ||
Dholak Gana Jagan
|-
! ''[[Palli Paruvathile]]''
| Mamarathu Kilai Maela|| Vijay Narayanan|| Padmalatha
|-
! ''[[Kadamban]]''
| Uchimalai Azhagu || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
! [[Vikram Vedha (soundtrack)|''Vikram Vedha'']]
| Tasakku Tasakku|| [[Sam C. S.]] || M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Guna
|-
| rowspan="10" |2018
! ''[[Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala]]''
| Vechi Seiraan|| [[A. R. Reihana]]|| [[A. R. Reihana]], Deepika Thyagarajan
|-
! ''[[Adanga Maru]]''
| Aangu Vaangu|| rowspan="2" | [[Sam C. S.]] || [[Sam C. S.]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan
|-
! ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]''
| Raajadhi Raja|| Ranjith Govind
|-
! ''Ondikatta''
| Chandira Sooriyan|| [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] || [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]], Shalini
|-
! ''Kilambitaangayaa Kilambitaangayaa''
| Buva Buva|| Sreekanth||
|-
! ''[[Kadikara Manithargal]]''
| Pattasu Vedingada|| [[Sam C. S.]] || [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Velmurugan]]
|-
! ''Maragathakkaadu''
| Kaatin Veedae|| Jey Prakash || Vinaitha, Nanjil Rajendran
|-
! ''[[Padaiveeran]]''
| Kombadhi Kombanada|| [[Karthik Raja]] ||
|-
! ''[[Kasu Mela Kasu]]''
| Kasu Kasu || M. S. Pandian ||Gayathri
|-
! ''[[Dhoni Kabadi Kuzhu]]''
| Thadaigalai Udaithidu|| Roshan Joseph||
|-
|2019
! [[Gorilla (film)|''Gorilla'']]
| So Mitta || [[Sam C. S.]]|| Guna
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
! ''[[Vellai Yaanai]]''
| Thandhom Thana|| [[Santhosh Narayanan]] ||
|-
! ''[[Raajavamsam]]''
| Mapila Vandha|| [[Sam C. S.]] || [[Sam C. S.]], Sindu Sampath
|-
! ''[[Aranmanai 3]]''
| Lojakku Mojakku|| [[C. Sathya]] ||
|-
! [[Annaatthe (soundtrack)|''Annatthe'']]
| Vaa Saamy|| [[D. Imman]] || Nochipatti Thirumoorthy, Keezhakkarai Samsudheen
|-
|2022
![[The Legend (2022 film)|''The Legend'']]
| Mosalo Mosalu || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Armaan Malik]]
|-
|2023
!''[[Kuiko]]''
| Adi Penne || [[Anthony Daasan]] ||
|-
|2025
!''[[Kombuseevi]]''
|"Usilampatti"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Sinduri Vishal
|}

=== Other language songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!!Film!!Songs!!Music director!!Co-singers
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2004
!''Mellusire Savigana''
|Tham Nam Thannam
|[[V. Manohar]]
|Gokul, Abhishek, Bhutto, Deepa Ganesh
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|
|-
|2007
![[Manmatha (film)|''Manmatha'']]
|"Surya Kirana"
|Bharathi Das
|
|
|-
|2008
! ''[[CID Eesha]]''
| Don't Worry Don't Worry || Vijaya Bharathi ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
! ''[[Kanimozhi (film)|Love Journey]]''
| Evaro Ee Cheli || Niveditha
|
| rowspan="6" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |Dubbed versions
|-
! ''[[Manmadan Ambu|Manmadha Banam]]''
| "Uyyala" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Suchitra]], [[Karthik Kumar]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
! ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]''
| Rangu Rangu || [[V. Selvaganesh]] || [[Priya Himesh]]
|
|-
! ''[[Oosaravelli]]''
| Dandiya India || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Suchitra]]
|
|-
| 2012
! ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi|OKOK]]''
| Areree Areree || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Srimathumitha]]
|Dubbed versions
|-
| 2015
! ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai|Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]''
| Pa Paba Pa || [[Karthikeya Murthy]]|| [[S. P. Charan]]
|
|-
| 2018
!''[[Bhairava Geetha]]''
|Appikondu Nange
|Ravi Shankar
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.raaga.com/tamil/singer/Mukesh/ Raaga.com, Mukesh Songs]
*[https://gaana.com/artist/mukesh-2/tamil-songs/ Gaana.com, Mukesh Tamil Songs]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukesh Mohamed}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]

Salakaar

2026-04-06T07:50:46Z

Providentecopoliten:

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Salakaar series poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Action fiction|Action]],[[Spy fiction|Espionage]],[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on =
| creator =
| writer = Faruk Kabir, Spandan Mishra, Srinivas Abrol,Swati Tripathi
| director = [[Faruk Kabir]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Naveen Kasturia]]
* [[Mouni Roy]]
* [[Mukesh Rishi]]
* }}
| theme_music_composer = Amar Mohile
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 5
| location =
| cinematography = Jitan Harmeet Singh
| editor = Sandeep Francis
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| company = [[Sphere Origins]], Mahir Films<ref>{{cite news |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=Mouni Roy’s spy-thriller series Salakaar gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Jun/18/mouni-roys-spy-thriller-series-salakaar-gets-release-date |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 June 2025 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710175704/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Jun/18/mouni-roys-spy-thriller-series-salakaar-gets-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>
| executive_producer =
| producer = Surag Brahmbhatt
| runtime = 27–39 min
| num_seasons = 1
| list_episodes =
| related =
}}

'''''Salakaar''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action fiction|action]] [[Spy fiction|espionage]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] series created and directed by [[Faruk Kabir]] starring [[Naveen Kasturia]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], Purnendu Bhattacharya, Ashwath Bhatt, and Surya Sharma. It was released as [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]-original on 8 August 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Arpita |title=Salakaar out on OTT: Stream these 5 series exploring themes of sacrifice and loyalty |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/salakaar-out-on-ott-stream-these-5-series-exploring-themes-of-sacrifice-and-loyalty-ottplay-101754650878740.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Salakaar OTT Release: When and Where to Watch Mouni Roy Starrer Spy Thriller Online? |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/salakaar-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-mouni-roy-starrer-spy-thriller-online-8713640 |website=Gadgets 360 |access-date=8 August 2025 |language=en |date=21 June 2025 |archive-date=14 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714045442/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/salakaar-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-mouni-roy-starrer-spy-thriller-online-8713640 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Sakshi |title=Salakaar Teaser Out: Naveen Kasturia's series is based on real-life incident, know its release date and cast |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/salakaar-teaser-out-naveen-kasturia-s-series-is-based-on-real-life-incident-know-its-release-date-and-cast-2025-07-21-999857 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[India TV News|India TV]] |date=21 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Prabal |title=Latest OTT releases (August 4-August 10): 10 new movies and TV shows on Netflix, Prime Video, JioHotstar and more |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/latest-ott-releases-streaming-netflix-prime-video-jiohotstar-august-4-august-10-2025 |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=[[Vogue India]] |date=4 August 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823060743/https://www.vogue.in/content/latest-ott-releases-streaming-netflix-prime-video-jiohotstar-august-4-august-10-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Naveen Kasturia]] as young Adhir Dayal
** Purnendu Bhattacharya as [[National Security Advisor (India)|NSA]] Adhir Dayal
* [[Mouni Roy]] as Mariam / Srishti Chaturvedi
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as [[Zia-ul-Haq]]
* Surya Sharma as [[Colonel]] Ashfaq Ulla
** Hassan Syed as young Ashfaq
* [[Ashwath Bhatt]] as Mohseen Alam
* Janhavi Hardas as Jyoti Chaturvedi

== Release ==
''Salakaar'' was released on 10August 2025 at [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Mohit |title=Salakaar Twitter Review: Read these 7 tweets before watching Naveen Kasturia and Mouni Roy's spy thriller |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/salakaar-twitter-review-read-these-7-tweets-before-watching-naveen-kasturia-and-mouni-roys-spy-thriller-1395308 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820163225/https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/salakaar-twitter-review-read-these-7-tweets-before-watching-naveen-kasturia-and-mouni-roys-spy-thriller-1395308 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sujata. |title=5 Naveen Kasturia Shows To Watch On OTT Ahead Of Salakaar |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/web-series/salakaar-release-naveen-kasturia-ott-shows-ws-l-9492883.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[News18|CNN-News18]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809022917/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/web-series/salakaar-release-naveen-kasturia-ott-shows-ws-l-9492883.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Review ==
Writing review for [[India Today]] ''Shweta Keshri'' raised the concern of logic in the script, and wrote "For instance, a dramatic explosion at the nuclear plant leaves Dayal with just a few scratches. Security in a high-alert zone like Kahuta seems inconsistent. Dayal faced a lot of scrutiny while entering the territory, but how did he return and then come back again?"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Salakaar review: Naveen Kasturia's nuclear spy drama is intriguing but inconsistent |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/salakaar-review-naveen-kasturia-spy-thriller-india-pakistan-nuclear-espionage-jiohotstar-2767982-2025-08-08 |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> ''[[Shubhra Gupta]]'' for [[The Indian Express]] stated the series is a cringe.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Subhra |author1-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Salakaar review: This Naveen Kasturia series is a cringe-fest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/salakaar-review-this-naveen-kasturia-series-is-a-cringe-fest-10178098/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812063729/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/salakaar-review-this-naveen-kasturia-series-is-a-cringe-fest-10178098/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|1|5}}</ref> Reviewing for [[The Free Press Journal]] critic ''Troy Ribeiro'' wrote "While the series flirts with rewriting history (or veers into patriotic fan fiction), Salakaar leaves you wondering—does it stir pride or resurface old wounds? Either way, it’s audacious—and in the world of espionage, audacity counts."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Troy |title=Salakaar Review: Mouni Roy And Naveen Kasturia Patriotic Spy Thriller Twists History With Style⁠⁠ |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/salakaar-review-mouni-roy-and-naveen-kasturia-patriotic-spy-thriller-twists-history-with-style |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=6 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916145623/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/salakaar-review-mouni-roy-and-naveen-kasturia-patriotic-spy-thriller-twists-history-with-style |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> ''Nandini Ramnath'' of [[Scroll.in]] wrote "''Salakaar'' claims to be inspired by actual events. But the show is too dumbed-down, amateurish and contrived to be credible. The five-episode series doesn’t give any real sense of how espionage is conducted or how officials and leaders in both countries behave."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title='Salakaar' review: A dumbed-down show about Pakistan's nuclear programme |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1085179/salakaar-review-a-dumbed-down-show-about-pakistans-nuclear-programme |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810060755/https://scroll.in/reel/1085179/salakaar-review-a-dumbed-down-show-about-pakistans-nuclear-programme |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Rahul Desai'' for [[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] stated "sounds like a great show - a long-form ''[[Raazi]]'' perfaps."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Rahul |title='Salakaar' Series Review: Double the Heroism, Double the Mediocrity in Mouni Roy's Espionage-Thriller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/salakaar-series-review-mouni-roys-espionage-thriller-has-double-the-heroism-double-the-mediocrity |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901104110/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/salakaar-series-review-mouni-roys-espionage-thriller-has-double-the-heroism-double-the-mediocrity |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Vinamra Mathur'' of [[Firstpost]] praised performance of ''[[Mouni Roy]]'' and ''[[Mukesh Rishi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Vinamra |title='Salakaar' web-series review: Mukesh Rishi steals the show, Mouni Roy surprises with her character |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/salakaar-web-series-review-mukesh-rishi-steals-the-show-mouni-roy-surprises-with-her-character-13922025.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en-us |archive-date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826165411/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/salakaar-web-series-review-mukesh-rishi-steals-the-show-mouni-roy-surprises-with-her-character-13922025.html |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> ''Nonika Singh'' for [[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] wrote "Much of the India-Pakistan action does not rouse patriotic sentiments, nor is it adrenaline pumping."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nonica |title=Salakaar: Fact or spy fiction, it lacks conviction |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/salakaar-fact-or-spy-fiction-it-lacks-conviction/ |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=9 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809173909/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/salakaar-fact-or-spy-fiction-it-lacks-conviction/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> ''Chirag Sehgal'' for [[CNN-News18|News18]] stated "The show’s dialogues are another major letdown, often feeling forced and unnatural."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1=Chirag |title=Salakaar Review: Naveen Kasturia Steals The Show In This Badly Executed Show |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/salakaar-review-naveen-kasturia-steals-the-show-in-this-badly-executed-show-ws-l-9492621.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=9 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809020744/https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/salakaar-review-naveen-kasturia-steals-the-show-in-this-badly-executed-show-ws-l-9492621.html |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35077054}}

[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series by language]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]

Shekar Basha

2026-04-03T08:59:29Z

Providentecopoliten: adding first post needs work

{{Short description|Indian radio jockey}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shekar Basha
| image = XL2J9363.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name = Gudimella Raja Sekhar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor, director, television presenter, radio jockey
| years_active = 2005–present
| height =
| awards = India Radio Forum's "RJ of the Year 2017" and 19 more.
| website = {{URL|http://www.shekarbasha.com/}}
}}

'''Shekar Basha''' is an Indian radio jockey.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Y Krishna Jyothi|title=Desperate to give in, seriously!|journal=Hyderabad|date=18 July 2010|volume=1|issue=7|pages=65|url=http://www.hydjournal.com/viewnews.php?id=468|accessdate=2010-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RJ Shekhar to host 'BIG Sandadi' on BIG 92.7FM|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rjshekhartohost%E2%80%98bigsandadi%E2%80%99big927fm_296779.html|accessdate=7 August 2007|newspaper=CNBC TV 18|date=7 August 2007}}</ref> He is the only RJ in India to have won the Excellence in Radio Award 18 times,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabadi RJ makes history|url=http://www.thehansindia.info/news/Article.asp?category=1&subCategory=12&ContentId=64376|accessdate=15 June 2012|newspaper=The Hans India|date=5 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bashastram|url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/apnews/Hyderabad-City/11062012/10|accessdate=15 June 2012|newspaper=Sakshi Telugu Daily|date=11 June 2012|archive-date=15 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615124829/http://epaper.sakshi.com/apnews/Hyderabad-City/11062012/10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RJ Sekhar wins IRF awards for the 6th time|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article3498692.ece|accessdate=15 June 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Breakfast with Sekhar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3529970.ece|accessdate=15 June 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RJ Shekar bags his sixth excellence award|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rj-shekar-bags-his-sixth-excellence-award/264444-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608064454/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rj-shekar-bags-his-sixth-excellence-award/264444-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2012|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RJ Shekar creates history, won honours 6th year in row at India Radio Forum 2012|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/rj-shekar-creates-history-won-honours-6th-year-row-india-radio-forum-2012|publisher=RadioandMusic.com|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Excellence in radio awards|url=http://www.indiaradioforum.com/sites/default/files/banners/winnerslist2014.xls|website=India radio forum|accessdate=4 June 2014|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223655/http://www.indiaradioforum.com/sites/default/files/banners/winnerslist2014.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Latest being India radio forum's "RJ of the year 2019",<ref>{{cite news |title=IRF 2019 |url=https://www.indiaradioforum.com |accessdate=31 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> India's most prestigious award for a radio jockey.<ref>{{cite news|title=Radio Awards|url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/1214610/Hyderabad-District/21-05-2017#page/14/3|accessdate=21 May 2017|issue=Sakshi, Hyderabad edition|publisher=Sakshi Daily News Paper (Telugu)|date=19 May 2017|archive-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526073544/http://epaper.sakshi.com/1214610/Hyderabad-District/21-05-2017#page/14/3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Excellence in Radio Awards|url=http://www.asiaradiotoday.com/news/red-fm-and-radio-mirchi-shine-excellence-radio-awards|website=www.asiaradiotoday.com|date=20 May 2017|publisher=RadioWise productions|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="indiaradioforum_era15_winners_list">{{cite web|last1=Shekar|first1=RJ|title=Excellence in Radio Award|url=http://www.indiaradioforum.com/sites/default/files/banners/era15_winners_list.pdf|website=www.indiaradioforum.com|publisher=India Radio Forum|accessdate=15 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100209/http://www.indiaradioforum.com/sites/default/files/banners/era15_winners_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Excellence in Radio Awards|url=http://www.asiaradiotoday.com/news/red-fm-shines-excellence-radio-awards|accessdate=18 May 2015|agency=Radiowise Productions|issue=15 May 2015|publisher=Asia Radio Today, Australia|date=15 May 2015}}</ref> According to a survey conducted by [[The Times of India]] (TOI) published on 18 May 2018, he is one of the "top 10 Most Desirable Men on Television". TOI termed him as "The original radio guru who won tons of applause for his signature brand of infotainment, with equally successful stint on TV".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Basha|first1=Shekar|title=Here's to tv's dishy dudes: Hyderabad times most desirable men on TV 2017 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/heres-to-tvs-dishy-dudes-hyderabad-times-most-desirable-men-on-tv-2017/articleshow/64208302.cms|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=The Times of India|issue=Hyderabad Times|publisher=The Time Group|date=18 May 2018}}</ref> As a VJ, he received Best Video Jockey of the year 2016 of Padma Mohana awards held at [[Ravindra Bharathi]], Hyderabad on 23 August 2016.<ref name="namasthetelangaana_914741">{{cite news|last1=Awards|first1=Padma mohana|title=eye catching festival - Padmamohana Awards|url=http://epaper.namasthetelangaana.com/914741/Hyderabad/24-August-2016#page/19/2|accessdate=25 August 2016|publisher=Namasthe Telangana|date=24 August 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828033315/http://epaper.namasthetelangaana.com/914741/Hyderabad/24-August-2016#page/19/2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early phase (2005–2007) ===
Basha started his career as a [[video jockey]] on Gemini Music, an Indian Telugu music channel, on 10 April 2005. He hosted more than 3,000 live shows on the channel, but he received acclaim for his role in ''Hi Bujji'', a kids theme based TV show, and ''SundayHum-Sandeham'', a live comedy show based on ''Guru-Sishya'' theme.

=== Breakthrough ===
In November 2006 he joined [[Red FM 93.5]] (then S FM). He hosted "Thellarindoy Mama" (Breakfast Show) and "Guroo Hoja Shuro" (Afternoon Band). The latter won "The Best Program of the Year-2007"<ref>{{cite web|title=93.5 S FM wins India Radio Forum Awards 2007|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/sfm-award.html|work=press release by 93.5 S FM|publisher=idlebrain|accessdate=8 June 2007}}</ref> Award at India Radio Forum. He also introduced the phrase "kevvu keka"<ref>{{cite news|title=On November 6, 2009, I first started Kevu Keka on my show. It referred to anything that means 'too good.' I am not really looking for credit but when the song Kevu Keka came out for from Gabbar Singh happened, I was the happiest," says Sekhar, who's a very good mimic too.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3528115.ece|accessdate=15 June 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2012}}</ref> to the industry. It became so popular that both films and TV programs were titled after it, including films and lyrics of films' songs (such as [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s [[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]] and [[Allari Naresh]]'s [[Kevvu Keka|movie]]) as well as their film dialogues.[[File:RJ Shekar.jpg|thumb|left|RJ Shekar IRF Award Winning pose]]

=== Success (2007–present) ===

In August 2007 Shekar moved from [[Red FM 93.5]] to [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]]. There he took charge of the show "Big Sandadi" which was until then hosted by the very popular Telugu TV anchor and film actress, [[Jhansi (TV anchor)]]. On 27 May 2008 the show was named the Best Radio Show of the Year by IRF.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ruling the airwaves|url=http://www.go-nxg.com/?p=1692|work=Young Achievers|publisher=NXg is a weekly tabloid from The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2008|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005215703/http://www.go-nxg.com/?p=1692|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shekar has a habit of saying "Happy mornings" instead of "Good morning", which caught on quickly with the listeners. As a result, in 2009 the program was renamed as "Happy Mornings". After the formation of the state of Telangana, the show was renamed as "Sallaam Telangana" reflecting the pride of the state, and the show was awarded the "best breakfast show (Telugu) 2017".<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Breakfast Show 2017 |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/170520-irf-awards-2017-red-fm-and-big-fm-bag |website=radioandmusic.com | accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> In addition to radio and video jockeying, Shekar also produced award-winning promos and Humor capsule sparklers which include the radio humour capsules "Kotigadu & Raogaru", BigBaba, Sangeetham Mastar, Google Gurooji, and Anandam Paramaanandam.

=== Awards and Records ===
Shekar holds the record for winning the highest number of India Radio Forum awards with a total of 18 awards from 2007 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Radio Forum 2007 Excellence in Radio Awards (ERA)|url=http://www.indiaradioforum.com/EARResults.pdf|work=List of IRF Award Winners for 2007|publisher=India Radio Forum|accessdate=28 May 2007}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Radio Forum 2008 Excellence in Radio Awards (ERA)|url=http://www.indiaradioforum.com/ERAWinner08.pdf|work=List of IRF Award Winners for 2008|publisher=India Radio Forum|accessdate=28 May 2008|archive-date=28 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828022015/http://www.indiaradioforum.com/ERAWinner08.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Radio Forum 2009 Excellence in Radio Awards|url=http://www.indiaradioforum.com/WinnersList09.pdf|work=List of IRF Award Winners for 2009|publisher=India Radio Forum|accessdate=28 May 2009}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Radio Forum 2010 Excellence in Radio Awards (ERA)|url=http://www.indiaradioforum.com/WinnersList2010.pdf|work=List of IRF Award Winners for 2010|publisher=India Radio Forum|accessdate=28 May 2010}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India Radio Forum 2011 Excellence in Radio Awards (ERA)|url=http://www.indiaradioforum.com/WinnersList2011.pdf|work=List of IRF Award Winners for 2011|publisher=India Radio Forum|accessdate=28 May 2011|archive-date=26 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626092510/http://www.indiaradioforum.com/WinnersList2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shekar Basha|first1=RJ|title=RJ Shekar bags his sixth excellence award in 2012|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/rj-shekar-bags-his-sixth-excellence-award-480839.html|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=News18|publisher=New18 Live TV|date=5 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=shekar basha|first1=RJ|title="India Radio Forum 2012 Excellence in Radio Awards" TelevisionPost.com|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/printradio/red-fm-picks-up-11-awards-at-india-radio-forum-2014/|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=Television Post|date=1 June 2014|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517200840/http://www.televisionpost.com/printradio/red-fm-picks-up-11-awards-at-india-radio-forum-2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="indiaradioforum_era15_winners_list"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Excellence in Radio Awards 2017|url=https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/b8b834_fe8bb4c943a8420a93e7ac3069a19704.xlsx?dn=Excellence%20Radio%20Awards%202017%20Winners%20List.xlsx|website=www.indiareadioforum.com|publisher=India Radio Forum|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref>

His other awards include:

* Best Video Jockey - 2016 for his show "F-club" in Gemini Music.<ref name="namasthetelangaana_914741"/>
* Santhosham Cine Magazine's "Best Radio Jockey for 2014".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shekar|first1=RJ|title=Santhosham Awards|url=http://english.tupaki.com/enews/view/Santosham-Awards-2014-Winners-List/75091|website=www.Tupaki.com|publisher=Tupaki.com|accessdate=18 May 2015}}</ref>
* Young Communicator Award for 2010 from International School of Business Management.<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Communicator Awards 2010|url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/2010102866821.htm|website=www.IndiaPRwire.com|accessdate=20 May 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213939/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/2010102866821.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
He trained in radio jockeying at [[MICA (institute)]] (Mudra Institute of Communications), [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]].

=== Marathons ===
As of August 2018 Shekar has hosted Four marathon radio jockeying feats:<ref>{{cite news |title=The New Indian Express-Hyderabad, 15-10-2019 : readwhere |url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/m5/2372450/The-New-Indian-Express-Hyderabad/#page/22/1 |access-date=16 October 2019 |issue=Hyderabad Edition |work=The Indian Express|date=15 October 2019}}</ref>

* 92.7 hours non-stop, the first stunt of its kind on Telugu radio, in September 2007,<ref>{{cite news|title=RJ Sekhar launches the 92-hour marathon|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/18/stories/2007091858710200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111142126/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/18/stories/2007091858710200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2008|accessdate=18 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2007}}</ref> which created huge buzz in the city and helped radio as a whole to grow in Hyderabad.
* 100 hours on-wheels, from 12 to 16 August 2008,<ref>{{cite news|title=RJ Shekar's 100-hour marathon live from a mobile studio|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/release/y2k8/aug/augrel38.php|accessdate=31 January 2016|publisher=IndiaTelevision|date=12 August 2008}}</ref> live on-air from a mobile studio in an attempt to achieve the feat of non-stop radio jockeying, towards peace in the city and with a purpose to highlight the importance of all to stay together and support each other in times of high alert where society is being challenged constantly by people wanting to wreak havoc.
* 106 hours on-wheels, from 7am on 26 January 2016 to 5pm on 30 January 2016, with a purpose to highlight the importance of using mobile Internet.<ref>{{cite news|title=RJ Marathon|url=http://www.pocketnewsalert.com/2016/01/Regina-Cassandra-participates-in-RJ-Marathon-by-92-7-BIG-FM.html|accessdate=31 January 2016|publisher=PocketNewsAlert|date=30 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RJ marathon|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad/2016-01-27/Sai-Kumar-joins-RJ-Marathon-/202840|accessdate=31 January 2016|publisher=TheHansIndia|date=27 January 2016}}</ref>
*72 hrs non-stop Rjing from 13 August 2018 7am to 16 August 2018 7am to raise awareness on the effects of using disposable plastic products.<ref>{{cite web |title=RJ shekar Basha Radio Marathon for 72 Hours {{!}} Plastic and its Harmful Effects {{!}} 92.7 BIG FM |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbPc_YX4llA |publisher=Hybiz TV |accessdate=18 August 2018 |date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basha |first1=RJ shekar |title=Hyderabad Main, 22 August 2018 : readwhere |url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/m5/1786088#issue/8/1 |accessdate=23 August 2018 |work=readwhere.com |agency=www.NTnews.com |issue=Hyderabad Main edition |publisher=Namasthe TeLangana |date=22 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=shekar basha |first1=RJ |title=Telangana Today - Local to Global News. |url=http://epaper.telanganatoday.com/Hyderabad/2018-08-25/TGTODAY_HDE/3#Page/3/Article/TGTODAY_HDE_20180825_3_1/290px/1C78C4A |accessdate=26 August 2018 |work=Nikisha |issue=huderabadd English daily |publisher=Telangana today |date=25 August 2018 |ref=talking marathon |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113330/http://epaper.telanganatoday.com/Hyderabad/2018-08-25/TGTODAY_HDE/3#Page/3/Article/TGTODAY_HDE_20180825_3_1/290px/1C78C4A |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Movie debut ===
Shekar made his debut as an actor with the movie "Welcome Obama", directed by veteran director [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|last=movie review|first=welcome obama|title=RJ Shekar Basha and Ananth Sriram have done justice to their respective roles|date=20 September 2013|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/reviews/2013/welcome-obama-movie-review-120348.html#slide337828|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=11 January 2014|archive-date=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111013421/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/reviews/2013/welcome-obama-movie-review-120348.html#slide337828|url-status=dead}}</ref> He directed the movie "Vethika nenu naa ishtamga".<ref>{{cite web|title=Vethika Audio Launch|date=4 October 2012|url=http://pressreleasewatch.blogspot.in/2012/10/vethika-nenu-naa-ishtamga-audio-launch.html|publisher=Press release|accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref> He played a director in the movie ''Panchamukhi'' directed by Challa Bhanu Kiran, which was released in 2014.

==Filmography==
*''[[Welcome Obama]]'' (2013) as Subramanyam (son-in-law & purohit)
*''Vethika Nenu Naa Ishtamga'' (2014) as Basha bhai (Don)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vethika Nenu Naa Ishtamga (2014) {{!}}{{!}} Comedy Scenes 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylTpAJEq01E |website=teluguOne |publisher=objet1 |accessdate=18 August 2018 |date=22 September 2014}}</ref>
*''Pancha Mukhi'' (2014) as Aspiring Director<ref>{{cite web |title=Panchamukhi Trailer and songs. Telugu movie trailers, songs and clips from - IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/panchamukhi-telugu-movie-trailers-18717 |website=indiaglitz |accessdate=18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Panchamukhi Songs Trailers - ABCD Studio loki Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_nWp8b_0uY |publisher=sillymonks |accessdate=18 August 2018 |date=28 August 2014}}</ref>
*''[[Naa... Nuvve]]'' (2018) as RJ

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2024
|[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 8|''Bigg Boss 8'']]
|Contestant
|[[Star Maa]]
|style="background:Orange" |Evicted Day 14
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Shekar Basha ELIMINATED from Nagarjuna's Show | date=16 September 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-telugu-8-shekar-basha-eliminated-from-nagarjunas-show-article-113381467 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite news |title=Shekar basha in Lockdown |url=https://epaper.v6velugu.com/m5/2675560/Darwaza-Sunday-Magazine/17-05-2020#page/11/1 |accessdate=17 May 2020 |work=epaper.v6velugu.com |issue=Sunday special |publisher=V6 Velugu Telugu Daily |date=17 May 2020}}
* {{cite web |last1=Basha |first1=Shekar |title=Roja with RaJa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yItyMwiviSo&ab_channel=hmtvNews |website=HM TV |date=9 January 2022 |publisher=Hans India |access-date=12 January 2022}}
* {{cite web |last1=Basha |first1=Shekar |title=Candid Conversation with Swapna |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzuBrBMngKM&list=RDCMUC60U1OtwT9Y6Buecc6P0L5g&index=2&ab_channel=iDreamTeluguMovies |website=Idream Media |publisher=Idream News |access-date=12 January 2022}}
* {{cite news |title=Radio Jockey Shekar Basha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GIG6QC3wF8 |accessdate=17 May 2020 |issue=Exclusive Interview |publisher=AT News Republic |date=17 February 2019}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basha, Shekar}}
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]

A. Thangavelu

2026-04-01T02:19:29Z

Providentecopoliten: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Thangavelu
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|4|6|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Members of Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu
| constituency1 = [[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''A. Thangavelu''' was an [[Indian politician]] and former member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu Assembly]]. He was a member of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) and served as the MLA of [[Tindivanam Assembly constituency]] from 1962 to 1967.

==Personal life==
Thangavelu was born on 6th April 1917 at [[Kaveripakkam]] of [[Ranipettai district|Ranipettai District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. He has completed special teacher training at [[Chidambaram]], [[Annamalai University]].<ref>Madras Legislative Assembly Who Who 1962. Madras-9: Legislative Assembly Department. April 1962. p. 225.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{{transcluded section|source=Tindivanam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tindivanam Assembly constituency|1962}}}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thangavelu, A.}}
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

Atmanirbhar Bharat

2026-03-26T16:03:12Z

Providentecopoliten: updated details

{{short description|Concept created by the Modi government of India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=December 2024}}
{{Peacock|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

'''Atmanirbhar Bharat''' (translation: Self-Reliant India)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=30 January 2022|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat new definitions of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement: Amit Shah|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/make-in-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-new-definitions-of-mahatma-gandhis-swadeshi-movement-amit-shah|access-date=8 February 2022|publisher=[[Udayavani]]}}</ref> is a Hindi phrase and a policy framework in India. Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] first used the term "self-reliance" in English in 2014 in discussions of national security, poverty alleviation, and the [[Digital India|Digital India initiative]]. The phrase gained prominence during the announcement of India's economic stimulus package in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
In 2022, Union [[Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] acknowledged that slogans such as "Atmanirbhar Bharat" ({{IPA|hi|ˈaːt̪mənɪrbʱərət̪|pron}}), "[[Make in India]]", and "[[Vocal for Local]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2014411|title=NITI Aayog Launches 'Vocal for Local' Initiative Fostering Grassroots Entrepreneurship and Self- reliance|website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref> were inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s efforts during the [[Swadeshi movement]].<ref name=":26">{{Cite web|date=30 January 2022|title=Make In India, Atmanirbhar Bharat New Definitions Of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi Movement: Amit Shah|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/make-in-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-new-definitions-of-mahatma-gandhi-s-swadeshi-movement-amit-shah-news-50305|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Outlook India}}</ref> He stated that pre-independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived, adapted, and put into practice.

=== Defence Sector ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = HAL Tejas IOC variants of Squadron 45 Flying Daggers doing air manoeuvre.jpg
| image2 =
| footer = Indigenous [[HAL Tejas]] is a multirole light fighter, with indigenous content being 59.7% by value and 75.5% by numbers (2016). Indigenization of a number of parts is underway.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2016|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers/articleshow/55498923.cms?from=mdr|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| caption1 = [[Initial operating capability]] variants of [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] doing air maneuvers.
| caption2 = Integration of Helmet Mounted Display and Sight [[Helmet-mounted display#Display and sight helmet (DASH)|DASH-IV]] from [[Elbit Systems]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=31st Annual Report 2015 - 2016|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf#page=15|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2021|website=ada.gov.in|publisher=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]], Ministry of Defence, India|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214304/https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2017}}</ref>
}}
The Indian defence sector also requires self-sufficiency in [[military logistics]], including food supplies during emergencies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fazalbhoy|first=Y. A.|url=https://indianliberals.in/forum-of-free-enterprise/towards-self-reliance-and-greater-productivity-y-a-fazalbhoy-b-t-dastur-april-12-1966.pdf|title=Towards Self-Reliance|publisher=Forum of Free Enterprise|year=1966|pages=3–4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328015738/https://indianliberals.in/forum-of-free-enterprise/towards-self-reliance-and-greater-productivity-y-a-fazalbhoy-b-t-dastur-april-12-1966.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2022}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) amended the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123181353/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.mod.gov.in}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2025|reason=Has it been amended or not? It's been 5 years}} Under the new rules, the private sector was allowed to form joint ventures with [[public sector undertakings in India]] by acquiring a 51% stake. The private sector was also permitted to export up to 25% of the production. The [[Indian Armed Forces]] have also stated that they would purchase the final product. The [[Indian Multi Role Helicopter|Indian Multi-Role Helicopter]] was the first major project to follow this process.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=17 July 2022|title=Defence ministry to allow private companies to develop military helicopters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/defence-ministry-to-allow-private-companies-to-develop-military-helicopters-101658025719093.html|access-date=4 August 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2020 Economic Stimulus ===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus pandemic in India]], amid [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] measures and an existing economic slowdown, the government issued an adapted version of the self-reliance policy.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=2}} On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time, stating:<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|date=14 November 2020|title=Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/indian-economy-what-is-aatmanirbhar-bharat-and-where-will-it-take-india/story/421952.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2021|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114030738/https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/indian-economy-what-is-aatmanirbhar-bharat-and-where-will-it-take-india/story/421952.html|archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> (trans.) "''The state of the world today teaches us that (Atmanirbhar Bharat) 'Self-reliant India' is the only path. It is said in our scriptures-Eshah Panthah. That is self-sufficient India''."<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":23" /> While the speech was in Hindi, the reference by the [[Press Information Bureau]] to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" led to some confusion.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Misra|first=Udit|date=17 August 2020|editor=Explained Desk|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explainspeaking-atmanirbhar-bharat-a-brief-and-not-so-affectionate-history-6556627/|url-status=live|access-date=12 September 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918024331/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explainspeaking-atmanirbhar-bharat-a-brief-and-not-so-affectionate-history-6556627/|archive-date=18 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1623418|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523233046/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1623418|archive-date=23 May 2020|access-date=10 November 2021|website=pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau)|publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] announced an economic package known as the "''Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan"'' ({{Translation|Self-reliant India Mission}}).{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1}} The initiative received a mixed response.{{sfnp|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021|p=3}}

{{External media|topic=|headerimage=|caption=|video1={{YouTube|P4QjOhu9eIQ|''PM Modi's address to the Nation on COVID-19 (12 May 2020)'', PMO India (Timestamp 4:39 to 5:14)}}|video2=|width=220px}}

According to [[Swaminathan Aiyar]], writing for [[The Economic Times]], "Atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. In the 1960s and 1970s, India's drive for self-sufficiency was unsuccessful,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=30 June 2020|title=Govt needs to understand the difference between self-sufficiency and self-reliance: Swaminathan Aiyar|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/govt-needs-to-understand-the-difference-between-self-sufficiency-and-self-reliance-swaminathan-aiyar/articleshow/76710928.cms|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref> and doing the same thing again was not advisable.<ref name=":5" /> [[Sadanand Dhume]] was sceptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it was meant for the revival of [[Economic liberalisation in India|pre-liberalization era]] policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhume|first=Sadanand|author-link=Sadanand Dhume|date=1 June 2020|quote=From TOI print edition|title=The false promise of self-reliance: An inward-looking India could quickly slide towards closed-mindedness, cronyism and mediocrity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/the-false-promise-of-self-reliance-an-inward-looking-india-could-quickly-slide-towards-closed-mindedness-cronyism-and-mediocrity/?frmapp=yes|access-date=10 November 2021|website=The Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> "''Aatmanirbharta"'' or Self-Reliance was the Oxford [[Hindi]] [[Word of the year|Word of the Year]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canton|first=Naomi|date=3 February 2021|title='Aatmanirbharta' chosen Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbharta-chosen-oxford-hindi-word-of-year-2020/articleshow/80656419.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202185430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbharta-chosen-oxford-hindi-word-of-year-2020/articleshow/80656419.cms|archive-date=2 February 2021|access-date=3 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 |url=https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/hindi-word-of-the-year-2020-en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313122622/https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/hindi-word-of-the-year-2020-en/ |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=languages.oup.com |language=en-GB |quote=The Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020 is... Aatmanirbhar Bharat or Self-Reliance.}}</ref>

This adapted plan for self-reliance or "Atmanirbharta" emerged with a readiness to associate with and challenge the global [[economy]], unlike the past decades, when there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence [[Swadeshi movement]] and with post-independence foreign aid.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=7}} Swadeshi, however, has been adapted with slogans such as "vocal for local," while at the same time, global interconnectedness is being promoted.{{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=7}} The government aims to reconcile this; according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], "The policies created by Modi aim to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time to open the economy and export to the rest of the world."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Samrat|date=23 September 2020|title=Modi's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' has downside risks too; will India take pre-liberalisation stand again?|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modis-atmanirbhar-bharat-has-downside-risks-too-will-india-take-pre-liberalisation-stand-again/2089891/|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925202426/https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modis-atmanirbhar-bharat-has-downside-risks-too-will-india-take-pre-liberalisation-stand-again/2089891/|archive-date=25 September 2020}}</ref>

Along with the coronavirus pandemic, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India-China border relations and India's economic dependence on China in some sectors.{{sfnp|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021|p=14}} There were calls for India to [[boycott Chinese products]] and promote an ''Atmanirbhar Bharat.'' In contrast, India faces practical challenges in the near term, as it imports ₹6.4 trillion ($75 billion USD) worth of goods from China annually, and certain sectors of its economy are reliant on China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=HV|first=Harish|date=5 June 2020|title='Atmanirbharta' from China—easier said than done|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/atmanirbharta-from-china-easier-said-than-done/article31758424.ece|access-date=5 June 2020|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref> Following the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmish]] on 15 June 2020, which resulted in many deaths, [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]], an affiliate of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], said if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given contracts for projects such as the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arnimesh|first=Shanker|date=15 June 2020|title=RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project|url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-affiliate-wants-modi-govt-to-cancel-chinese-firms-bid-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-project/442119/|access-date=18 June 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava|first=Rahul|date=16 June 2020|title=Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chinese-firm-delhi-meerut-project-rss-modi-govt-stec-sjm-1689438-2020-06-16|access-date=18 June 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> A Chinese company was awarded a contract for {{Convert|5.6|km|miles|abbr=on}} of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2021|title=Chinese firm to build stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/chinese-firm-to-build-stretch-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-7131677/|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

While Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]], especially in rhetoric and speeches, this is not always apparent in government policies. {{Sfn|Joshi|Muchhal|Brennan|Pradhan|2021|p=1, 8}} There has been concern that ''Atmanirbhar Bharat'' is political messaging that has no economic impact.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'souza|first=Renita|date=29 June 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan: A true commitment or a cosmetic gimmick?|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-68686/|access-date=28 March 2022|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref> India's [[trade deficit]] restricts a reduction in dependence on imports, limiting protectionism and isolationism.{{Sfn|Alam|Khan|Ghosal|Satpati|2021|p=6}} Protectionist tendencies such as tariff increases, however, have been seen during this phase.<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Andy|date=17 January 2022|title=View: Will India's self-reliance stance prove to be a costly mistake?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/view-will-indias-self-reliance-stance-prove-to-be-a-costly-mistake/articleshow/88940814.cms|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> The general trend of the Modi government has been to support domestic industries rather than global ones.{{sfnp|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021|p=18-19}} Subsidies are being used as incentives to get global business leaders into India.<ref name=":28" /> The initiative has been accused of [[crony capitalism]] and of giving false hope to small businesses that align with the messaging.{{sfnp|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021|p=18}} On 7 December 2021, the [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] said that for India to be self-reliant, states must be self-reliant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 December 2021|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|title=States need to be 'self-reliant' for 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': MP CM|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/states-need-to-be-self-reliant-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-mp-cm/81813495.html|access-date=15 February 2022|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=PHD Research Bureau|date=December 2021|title=States' Policy Conclave 2021. Role of States in Making Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India)|url=https://www.phdcci.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/States-Conclave-Report-2021-cmprd.pdf|publisher=PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry}}</ref>

==Use By The NDA Government==

Prime Minister Modi used the phrase "self-reliance" in June 2014 about defense manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=14 June 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|title=PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614213622/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref> He reiterated this over the years; in 2018, he spoke of the need for India to make its weapons.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=14 July 2018|title=Indigenous defence production must for India's self-reliance: PM Narendra Modi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-defence-production-must-for-indias-self-reliance-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/50427033.cms?from=mdr|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> In August 2014, he connected self-reliance to [[Digital India]],<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|title=PM Narendra Modi calls for 'Digital India' to improve governance|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-narendra-modi-for-digital-india-to-improve-governance/story/209253.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610041434/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-narendra-modi-for-digital-india-to-improve-governance/story/209253.html|archive-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> in September 2014, about making the poor self-reliant,<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=17 September 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitches schemes to make poor self-reliant|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-pitches-for-schemes-to-make-poor-self-reliant/|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917113230/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-pitches-for-schemes-to-make-poor-self-reliant/|archive-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> and in March 2022, in relation to technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2022|title=PM Modi bats for self-reliance in technology sector|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-bats-for-self-reliance-in-technology-sector-11646199640637.html|access-date=28 March 2022|publisher=Livemint}}</ref>

Proponents of Atmanirbhar Bharat, including Modi and his cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said this self-reliance policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist, or isolationist. For India, self-reliance means being a larger and more important part of the world economy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=13 May 2020|title='To spur growth': Nirmala Sitharaman on PM Modi's Atamanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/to-spur-growth-nirmala-on-pm-modi-s-atamanirbha-bharat-abhiyan/story-s71j5O0ZG21QY4qsTsUnTP.html|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=26 May 2020|title=Bennett University webinar: Need to tap Artificial Intelligence to fight Covid, says IT minister Ravi Shankar Prasad|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/prasad-need-to-tap-artificial-intelligence-to-fight-covid/articleshow/75984783.cms?from=mdr|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The concept requires policies that are efficient and resilient and encourage equity and competitiveness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=''Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment'': PM assures global investors|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/aatmanirbhar-bharat-not-selfcontainment-pm-assures-global-investors/1890629|access-date=12 September 2020|website=Outlook India}}</ref> It means being self-sustaining and self-generating;<ref name=":2" /> and creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 March 2021|title=Creating wealth, values for humanity at core of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-core-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-to-create-wealth-values-for-humanity-pm-modi/articleshow/81444502.cms|access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> In March 2021, Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] said the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign is not about bringing back [[socialism]] or import substitution; rather, the intent is to boost manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 March 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat not to stop imports but to boost manufacturing: FM|work=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/atmanirbhar-bharat-move-not-to-stop-imports-but-to-boost-manufacturing-capabilities-fm/story/434446.html|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> The five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat are economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography, and demand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliant India, lays down 5 pillars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lists-5-pillars-of-self-reliant-india/articleshow/75700425.cms|access-date=25 November 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 Pandemic Initiatives ===
[[File:Covaxin.jpg|thumb|A 5ml vial of [[Covaxin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|editor-last=Bhaduri|editor-first=Ayshee|title=Covaxin demonstrates prowess of Atmanirbhar Bharat, says ICMR chief|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covaxin-demonstrates-prowess-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-says-icmr-chief-101614781634940.html|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303143201/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covaxin-demonstrates-prowess-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-says-icmr-chief-101614781634940.html|archive-date=3 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 March 2021|title=Humbled,' tweets Bharat Biotech after PM Modi takes Covaxin dose at AIIMS|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/humbled-tweets-bharat-biotech-after-pm-modi-takes-covaxin-dose-at-aiims/2204099/|access-date=18 March 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> has been conveyed as a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":12" />]]

The research, development, and manufacture of [[COVID-19 vaccination in India|COVID-19 vaccinations in India]] were connected in separate statements to ''atmanirbharta'' by the President,<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 January 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan will make world order more just and fair: Kovind|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyaan-will-make-world-order-more-just-and-fair-kovind-11610200600936.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109142812/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyaan-will-make-world-order-more-just-and-fair-kovind-11610200600936.html|archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> Vice-president,<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2021|agency=Press Trust of India|title=India's emergency approval to 2 Covid vaccines a leap of science, says Venkaiah Naidu|url=https://theprint.in/india/indias-emergency-approval-to-2-covid-vaccines-a-leap-of-science-says-venkaiah%E2%80%89naidu/579364/|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=ThePrint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104144218/https://theprint.in/india/indias-emergency-approval-to-2-covid-vaccines-a-leap-of-science-says-venkaiah%E2%80%89naidu/579364/|archive-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Prime Minister,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=31 January 2021|title='Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/made-in-india-vaccines-are-a-symbol-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-11612078225077.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131084300/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/made-in-india-vaccines-are-a-symbol-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-11612078225077.html|archive-date=31 January 2021|access-date=14 March 2021|website=Livemint}}</ref> and other Union ministers.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=23 January 2021|title=Manufacture Of Covid-19 Vaccine, A Fulfilment Of Atmanirbhar Bharat Vision: Prakash Javedekar|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-large-scale-manufacture-of-covid-19-vaccine-fulfills-atmanirbhar-bharat-vision-prakash-javedekar/371588|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2021|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143018/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-large-scale-manufacture-of-covid-19-vaccine-fulfills-atmanirbhar-bharat-vision-prakash-javedekar/371588/|archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Modi stated, "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".<ref name=":12" />

On May 12, October 12, and November 12, 2020, the government announced three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth {{INRConvert|29.87|t|lk=on|year=2020}} in response to the COVID-19 crisis. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.<ref name=":442">{{Cite web|last1=Misra|first1=Udit|date=13 May 2020|title=PM Modi's self-reliant India Mission economic package: Here is the fine print|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/narendra-modi-coronavirus-economic-package-india-self-reliance-6406939/|access-date=13 May 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=PM Modi Speech LIVE Updates: To battle Covid-19, Rs 20,00,000 crore economic package|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-india-lockdown-live-news-updates-pm-modi-address-to-nation-speech-today-lockdown-extension-6406297/|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":652">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=12 November 2020|title=Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 November 2020|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116015509/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages, the government decided to change the definition of [[Small and medium-sized enterprises]] (MSMEs),<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Union Cabinet approves changes in definition of MSMEs|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/atmanirbhar-bharat-union-cabinet-approves-changes-in-definition-of-msmes-120060100950_1.html|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> boosting the scope for private participation in several sectors,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Hari Hara|date=1 June 2020|title=Post-COVID-19 Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Time to usher in an industrial and agricultural revolution|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/coronavirus-impact-govt-focus-on-industry-and-agriculture-economic-stimulus-package-industrial-policy/story/405568.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609201808/https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/coronavirus-impact-govt-focus-on-industry-and-agriculture-economic-stimulus-package-industrial-policy/story/405568.html|archive-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> increasing [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in the defence sector;<ref name=":0" /> and the changes found support in many sectors such as solar energy manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2020|title=Solar manufacturers extend support to govt's Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-manufacturers-extend-support-to-govts-atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan/76146564|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Economic Times Energyworld|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610153801/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-manufacturers-extend-support-to-govts-atma-nirbhar-bharat-abhiyan/76146564|archive-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

The growth of India's [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) sector from limited production before March 2020 to 450,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020 is considered an example of a self-reliant India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Building Atmanirbhar Bharat & Overcoming COVID-19|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113042/https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/building-atmanirbhar-bharat-overcoming-covid-19|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=12 June 2020|website=india.gov.in (National Portal of India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2020|author=ANI|title=From zero, India now produces around 4 lakh PPE kits per day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-zero-india-now-produces-around-2-lakh-ppe-kits-per-day/articleshow/75556879.cms|access-date=12 June 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The PPE industry in India became a {{INRConvert|100|b|lk=on|year=2020}} industry in three months, the second largest after China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Ranjit|date=10 June 2020|title=From PPE kits to sanitisers to ventilators, COVID-19 has sparked off an indigenous cottage industry boom|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/from-ppe-kits-to-sanitisers-to-ventilators-covid-19-has-sparked-off-an-indigenous-cottage-industry-boom-5384981.html|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

In July 2020, the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution]] issued a statement placing food rationing within the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":9" /> In August 2020, following the [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|migrant workers crisis during the pandemic]], the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants within the concept's ambit.<ref name=":9" />

=== Other initiatives ===

The importance of education and research for self-reliance has been recognised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=National Education Policy will help make India self-reliant: PM Modi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pm-modi-to-address-session-on-education-skill-development-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-7212071/|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In an address to the students of [[Visva-Bharati University]], the new [[National Education Policy 2020|National Education Policy]] of India was connected to the creation of an Atmanirbhar Bharat,<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=22 September 2020|title=NEP will play key role in creating 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/nep-will-play-key-role-in-creating-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi/article32669169.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=11 November 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Prime Minister Modi challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|date=19 February 2021|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Shankhyaneel|title=New education policy will pave path for Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-education-policy-will-pave-path-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-101613725782902.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219091642/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-education-policy-will-pave-path-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-pm-modi-101613725782902.html|archive-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> The [[Minister of Education (India)|Indian Minister of Education]] has also stressed the link between education and Atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=C. Raj|author-link=C. Raj Kumar|date=28 September 2020|title=Building India's Atmanirbhar Universities|url=https://www.educationworld.in/building-indias-atmanirbhar-universities/|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Education World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031154415/https://www.educationworld.in/building-indias-atmanirbhar-universities/|archive-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Educationist and university administrator [[C. Raj Kumar]] said the vision of an "Atmanirbhar University" combines the vision of [[John Henry Newman|John Henry Newman's]] work "Idea of a University" with the [[Humboldtian model of higher education]].<ref name=":25" /> Apex public education bodies such as [[AICTE]] have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote Atmanirbhar Bharat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=5 February 2021|title=Use books by Indian authors to promote PM's Atmanirbhar Bharat mission — AICTE to colleges|url=https://theprint.in/india/education/use-books-by-indian-authors-to-promote-pms-atmanirbhar-bharat-mission-aicte-to-colleges/599538/|access-date=11 November 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home minister]] acknowledged that the new policy also gives due importance to ''svabhasha'', the [[Languages of India|Indian language]].<ref name=":26" />

During a speech in 2017, Prime Minister Modi said his government was trying to tap [[human capital flight]] and had the aim of engaging [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|India's diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Peermohamed|first1=Alnoor|last2=Pramanik|first2=Ayan|date=9 January 2017|title=India to tap NRIs for R&D and turn 'brain drain' into 'brain gain': Modi|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-to-tap-nris-for-r-d-and-turn-brain-drain-into-brain-gain-modi-117010800273_1.html|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> To this effect, new organisations such as the [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre|Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe)]] in the space sector would aim to channel India's space talent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2020|editor-last=Saxena|editor-first=Sparshita|title='Another step towards making India self-reliant': PM Modi lauds govt's 'historic' move in space sector|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/another-step-towards-making-india-self-reliant-pm-modi-lauds-govt-s-historic-move-in-space-sector/story-0z4O4gU0NnSz4DJMK16ChI.html|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626004126/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/another-step-towards-making-india-self-reliant-pm-modi-lauds-govt-s-historic-move-in-space-sector/story-0z4O4gU0NnSz4DJMK16ChI.html|archive-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> Dependence in the [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceutical sector]] upon [[active pharmaceutical ingredients]] is being addressed; out of 53 raw materials that were imported, 35 were being produced in India by March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Abantika|date=29 March 2022|title=Inching towards self-reliance: India now makes 35 drug raw materials that were imported before|url=https://theprint.in/health/inching-towards-self-reliance-india-now-makes-35-drug-raw-materials-that-were-imported-before/893653/|access-date=24 April 2022|website=ThePrint}}</ref>

[[File:Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach 27 August 2020.jpg|thumb|The Defence Minister, [[Rajnath Singh]], addressed an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders are in attendance.]]

In August 2020, Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] announced the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] was "now ready for a big push to the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on 101 military items in a staged manner over five years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=10 August 2020|title=Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-negative-imports-list-for-defence-announced-by-rajnath-singh-6547318/|access-date=11 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=9 August 2020|title=Artillery guns, assault rifles, AFVs — Here's a list of 101 items MoD won't import in future|url=https://theprint.in/defence/artillery-guns-assault-rifles-afvs-heres-a-list-of-101-items-mod-wont-import-in-future/478066/|access-date=11 August 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> In the following months, more positive indigenisation lists and negative import lists were released.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=29 December 2021|title=India stops import of 2,851 components used in defence platforms|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-stops-import-of-2-851-components-used-in-defence-platforms-121122900626_1.html|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 December 2021|title=Defence ministry puts restrictions on import of 351 items under staggered timeline|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-stops-import-of-2851-components-used-in-defence-platforms/articleshow/88564208.cms|access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Kalyan|date=7 April 2022|title=Defence ministry's third negative import list prohibits import of another 101 items|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/defence-ministrys-third-negative-import-list-prohibits-import-of-another-101-items-1098572.html|access-date=24 April 2022|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The new legislation{{Efn|The Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP 2020) and Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 (DAP 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203105203/https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/DAP2030new_0.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>}} was portrayed as an initiative towards increasing India's self-reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Lt Gen (Dr) (Retd.) VK|date=16 October 2020|title=DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dap-2020-solid-provisions-demand-solid-implementation/|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2020|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017225803/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/dap-2020-solid-provisions-demand-solid-implementation/|archive-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Pushan|date=15 April 2020|title=India's defence procurement policy 2020: Old wine in a new bottle|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-defence-procurement-policy-2020-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-64673/|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2021|website=ORF|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509131456/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-defence-procurement-policy-2020-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-64673/|archive-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> A new category of procurement, Indian Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured (Indian-IDDM), was created.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 March 2017|title=Defence Procurement Policy|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159864|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Defence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181913/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D159864|archive-date=27 October 2021}}</ref> Reform of the [[Ordnance Factory Board]] and giving the new defence public sector undertaking (PSU) units large-scale orders was a move towards military self-reliance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=16 October 2021|title=PM push to Atmanirbhar Bharat: Goal is to make India major military power|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-atmanirbhar-bharat-military-power-7574181/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Equipment manufactured under Indian-IDDM has been handed over to the military.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2021|title=PM Modi to lay foundation of defence plant in Jhansi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-of-defence-plant-in-jhansi-7624735/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shreya|date=31 December 2021|title=From Atmanirbhar Bharat to Women's Empowerment: A year of reforms for defence ministry|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/from-atmanirbhar-bharat-to-women-s-empowerment-a-year-of-reforms-for-defence-ministry-3353984.html|access-date=8 February 2022|website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref> In the fiscal year 2022, the Ministry of Defence decided to spend 65% of its capital budget on domestic procurement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=20 April 2022|title=Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65% of FY22 capital budget on domestic procurement|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mod-spends-65-of-fy22-capital-budget-on-domestic-procurement-122042000520_1.html|website=Business Standard}}</ref> Increased self-reliance is also being seen in the construction of its warships and submarines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Navy becoming self-reliant for Atmanirbhar Bharat, says Prez at fleet review|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/feb/22/navy-becoming-self-reliant-for-atmanirbhar-bharat-says-prez-at-fleet-review-2422338.html|access-date=24 April 2022|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The phrase was also connected to the [[2021 Union budget of India|2021]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Gireesh Chandra|date=16 December 2020|title=Mint Budget 2021: Atmanirbhar Bharat is govt's mantra for economic revival|url=https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/mint-budget-2021-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-govt-s-mantra-for-economic-revival-11608085756176.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216024830/https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/mint-budget-2021-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-govt-s-mantra-for-economic-revival-11608085756176.html|archive-date=16 December 2020|access-date=13 February 2021|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> and [[2022 Union budget of India|2022]] Union budgets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2022|title=Budget 2022-2023 Speech of Nirmala Sitharaman, Minister of Finance|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/budget_speech.pdf|website=Union Budget|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Shivani|date=1 February 2022|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Union Budget 2022: In push for Atmanirbhar defence, procurement budget raised to 68%|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/budget/union-budget-2022-in-push-for-atmanirbhar-defence-procurement-budget-raised-to-68-101643698848986.html|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Targets for self-reliance in [[Fertilizer|fertiliser]] production by 2023 have been announced.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 September 2020|agency=Press Trust of India|title=India to be self-reliant in fertilisers production by 2023: Sadananda Gowda|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-to-be-self-reliant-in-fertilisers-production-by-2023-sadananda-gowda/2082267/|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Government-backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance and associated slogans such as "vocal for local", have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair, which was digitally launched in February 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2021|title='The India Toy Fair, 2021' to be held virtually from 27th February 2021 to 2nd March 2021|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1697173|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513233116/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1697173|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=18 February 2021|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> and the associated brainstorming event [[Toycathon]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ministry of Textiles|date=11 February 2021|title=First Ever India Toy Fair to be held from 27 February to 02 March, 2021; website launched today|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1697163|access-date=26 March 2022|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> In July 2020, the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage the building of apps.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=MyGov Announces Winners of 'AatmaNirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge'; Encourages the Spirit of Self-Reliance & Innovation|publisher=Ministry of Electronics and IT, Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644229|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119143816/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1644229|archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> 6,940 entries were received, of which 24 apps were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps, and a cricket video game. The challenge's success led to its continuation through another round of entry submission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amrit Mahotsav App Innovation Challenge 2021|url=https://innovateindia.mygov.in/app-innovation-challenge/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119152222/https://innovateindia.mygov.in/app-innovation-challenge/|archive-date=19 November 2021|access-date=19 November 2021|website=innovateindia.mygov.in}}</ref> Government schemes also support the implementation of self-reliant initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mandaviya|first=Mansukh|date=25 October 2021|title=Making India self-reliant in health care|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/making-india-self-reliant-in-health-care-101635170292699.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=24 April 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Slogans ===
Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include "Vocal for Local", "Local for Global", "Make for the World" and "Brain Drain to Brain Gain".<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2020|title=PM Modi pushes for self-reliant India with 'Make for World' call|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliant-india-with-make-for-world-call/articleshow/77568558.cms|url-status=live|access-date=12 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliant-india-with-make-for-world-call/articleshow/77568558.cms|archive-date=16 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last1=James|first1=Nandana|last2=Gandhi|first2=Forum|date=2 July 2020|title=How Modi's 'vocal for local' campaign is going places|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/brandhub/vocalforlocal/how-modis-vocal-for-local-campaign-is-going-places/article31917030.ece|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en}}</ref>

==== Vocal for local ====

Products should be "Made in India" and promoted to make them competitive.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2021|title='Vocal for local': PM Modi urges people to buy 'Made in India' products on Diwali|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/vocal-for-local-pm-modi-urges-people-to-buy-made-in-india-products-on-diwali-422855|url-status=live|access-date=13 November 2021|publisher=[[WION]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061207/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/vocal-for-local-pm-modi-urges-people-to-buy-made-in-india-products-on-diwali-422855|archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> During the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said: "The mindset of free India should be 'Vocal for local" We should appreciate our local products if we don't do this, then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2020|author=ANI|title='Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Modi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vocal-for-local-should-become-mantra-for-every-indian-pm-modi/articleshow/77557766.cms|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 August 2020|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title='Mindset for free India should be vocal for local': PM Modi pushes for self-reliance in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mindset-for-free-india-should-be-vocal-for-local-pm-modi-pushes-for-self-reliance-in-independence-day-speech/story-SOOqEaqmKTxEsoAYse2nwO.html|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Amul]] managing director RS Sodhi said the phrase vocal for local, "meant that products be made competitive ''vis-à-vis'' global brands" and that "it didn't mean that one must only buy products that have a logo ,'Made in India' on it".<ref name=":6" /> An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', meaning locally made Indian products should have global appeal and reach.<ref name=":6" /> The slogan has been extended to sectors such as toy manufacturing: "Time to be vocal for local toys".<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2020|title=PM Modi: Time to be vocal for local toys, India can be major hub|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-time-to-be-vocal-for-local-toys-india-can-be-major-hub-6576711/|access-date=13 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2021|title=Toycathon Grand Finale: PM Modi urges people to be 'vocal for local toys'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-vocal-for-local-toycathon-grand-finale-7373697/|access-date=26 March 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==== Make for the world ====

[[Prime Minister Modi]], during the 2020 Independence Day speech, said 'Make for the World' should go together with 'Make in India' and that the slogan 'Make for the World' should be a key slogan like 'Make in India' is.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jayaswal|first=Rajeev|date=15 August 2020|title=New focus of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' is 'make for world': PM Modi in Independence Day speech|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/new-focus-of-atmanirbhar-bharat-is-make-for-world-pm-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-0hbU6CUDDi2RqklUNVZ03O.html|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mukul|first=Jyoti|date=11 September 2020|title=L&T deal will push Make in India for the world: Schneider India chief|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-deal-will-help-us-make-in-india-for-the-world-schneider-india-chief-120091101127_1.html|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> [[Arvind Panagariya]], the first vice-chairperson of [[NITI Aayog]], said in an interview with [[Govindraj Ethiraj]] that implementation of the slogan is a matter of optics and policy change.<ref>{{Cite web|author=[[Govindraj Ethiraj]], IndiaSpend|date=28 August 2020|title=Arvind Panagariya interview: India can't become an export powerhouse unless it's open to imports|url=https://scroll.in/article/971526/arvind-panagariya-interview-india-cant-become-an-export-powerhouse-unless-its-open-to-imports|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

Under the Make for the World vision, India in 2025 became the top [[smartphone]] exporter to the U.S. for the first time, fueled by Apple's shift in manufacturing amid global trade realignments, overtaking China with a 240% year-on-year surge in shipments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooban |first=Anna |date=2025-07-29 |title=India overtakes China as biggest smartphone exporter to the United States, report says {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/29/business/india-china-us-smartphone-supplier-intl |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Domestic Commentary ==
In June 2020, India's Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] said, "At least don't [[Chinese made Ganesha idols|buy]] Ganesha idols from China" after commenting on India's over-reliance on 'non-essential' Chinese imports.<ref>{{cite news|title='At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China': FM Sitharaman irked over non-essential imports|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/at-least-dont-buy-ganesha-idols-from-china-fm-sitharaman-irked-over-non-essential-imports/2004026/|access-date=26 June 2020|work=The Financial Express|date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called a re-packaged version or revival of the [[Make in India]] movement, using new slogans such as "Vocal for Local".<ref>{{cite news|date=13 May 2020|title='Repackaged version of Make in India': Shashi Tharoor on PM Modi's Self-reliant India Mission|work=Hindustan Times|agency=ANI|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/repackaged-version-of-make-in-india-shashi-tharoor-on-pm-modi-s-self-reliant-india-mission/story-bXuKzr5rG9XRcEnbaQpNRJ.html|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bijoor|first=Harish|date=26 May 2020|title=Self-reliant India: The bounce of vocal for local|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/may/26/self-reliant-india-the-bounce-of-vocal-for-local-2147966.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2020|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613095333/https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/may/26/self-reliant-india-the-bounce-of-vocal-for-local-2147966.html|archive-date=13 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joseph|first=M.P.|date=19 May 2020|title=OPINION: How Modi's Atmanirbhar Bharat reminds us of Ambassador car|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/opinion-how-modi-atmanirbhar-bharat-reminds-us-of-ambassador-car.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2021|website=The Week|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519182726/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/opinion-how-modi-atmanirbhar-bharat-reminds-us-of-ambassador-car.html|archive-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Opposition members have spoken about India enacting policies and building companies since its independence to make the nation Self-reliant-[[Steel Authority of India]] (SAIL) for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) for medical science, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for defence research, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for aviation, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) for space research, [[Central Coalfields]] (CCL), [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] and [[GAIL]] in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Abhay|date=31 May 2020|title=Shatrughan Sinha takes jibe at PM over 'Atma-nirbhar Bharat'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/shatrughan-sinha-takes-jibe-at-pm-over-atma-nirbhar-bharat-843979.html|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Some have rephrased it as the "Fend For Yourself" campaign;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahay|first=Anand K.|date=29 May 2020|title='Atma Nirbhar Bharat': A mantra to mask failure?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/290520/anand-k-sahay-atma-nirbhar-bharat-a-mantra-to-mask-failure.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608004632/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/290520/anand-k-sahay-atma-nirbhar-bharat-a-mantra-to-mask-failure.html|archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> it has also been called "economic nationalism".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=27 January 2021|title=The political success of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-political-success-of-atmanirbhar-bharat/592356/|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> It has been noted that the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy for growth and development".<ref name=":9" /> Unfinished reforms in the Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sabharwal|first=Manish|date=18 May 2020|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan lays strong foundations for raising our per capita GDP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aatmanirbhar-gdp-lockdown-coronavirus-economy-liquidity-migrant-labourers-disparity-narendra-modi-6414740/|url-status=live|access-date=13 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522164244/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aatmanirbhar-gdp-lockdown-coronavirus-economy-liquidity-migrant-labourers-disparity-narendra-modi-6414740/|archive-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Arvind Panagariya]] has criticised policies of self-sufficiency and protectionism as opposed to free trade in the context of India's past.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Panagariya|first=Arvind|author-link=Arvind Panagariya|date=17 November 2021|title=Why we must trade freely|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-we-must-trade-freely/articleshow/87764256.cms|url-access=subscription|access-date=8 February 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Panagariya|first=Arvind|author-link=Arvind Panagariya|date=3 March 2021|title=Self-sufficiency held India back: Some useful economic history lessons on how we manage to handicap ourselves|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/self-sufficiency-held-india-back-some-useful-economic-history-lessons-on-how-we-manage-to-handicap-ourselves/|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=Our love of self-reliance and the perils of autarky|url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/our-love-of-self-reliance-and-the-perils-of-autarky-11614786433278.html|access-date=8 February 2022|website=Livemint}}</ref>

== International Reactions ==

By mid-2021, many global policy experts and those in the [[Indian diaspora]] acknowledged that Atmanirbhar Bharat is a promising initiative while also expressing concerns.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|date=March 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat. Marching to a $5 trillion Economy|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/AB-Compendium-Final.pdf|publisher=Amway. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations.}}</ref> In June 2021, [[Vinai Thummalapally]], former [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Belize|US ambassador to Belize]], said India's global exports of manufacturing products remain low and that through this program, competitive, valuable products would lead to export-led growth.<ref name=":29" /> [[Nisha Desai Biswal]], an American businesswoman, has said the lack of clarity on the definition of Atmanirbhar Bharat has resulted in a "pause" and that the program could be counterproductive.<ref name=":29" /> Freddy Svane, Denmark's ambassador to India, and [[Himanshu Gulati]], a Member of Parliament in Norway, have both stated that Denmark and Norway can help India in its self-reliant mission in the area of energy-efficient technologies.<ref name=":29" />

In June 2021, the [[UK India Business Council]] conducted a survey that found a majority of companies thought of Atmanirbhar Bharat as an opportunity to increase business in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Finnigan|first=Kealan|date=29 June 2021|title=UKIBC launch report in support of UK-India ETP and Atmanirbhar Bharat|url=https://www.ukibc.com/ukibc-launch-report-in-support-of-uk-india-etp-and-atmanirbhar-bharat/|access-date=25 April 2022|website=UK India Business Council|language=en-GB}}</ref> In January 2021, [[Kenneth Juster]], the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to India|US ambassador to India]], said Atmanirbhar Bharat and the desire to play a larger economic role in the world may not be compatible.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=5 January 2021|title=Atmanirbhar Bharat may limit trade ties: US envoy|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-trade-policies-a-barrier-for-new-investments-says-outgoing-us-envoy-11609862974726.html|access-date=25 April 2022|website=Livemint}}</ref> In April 2022, the [[United States Trade Representative]] wrote in a report on foreign trade barriers in India: "U.S. exporters continue to encounter significant tariff and non-tariff barriers that impede imports of U.S. goods and services into India. While the Government of India has pursued ongoing economic reform efforts, it also continues to promote programs such as 'Make in India' (2014) and 'Self-Reliant India' (Atmanirbhar Bharat – May 2020) that seek to increase India's self-sufficiency by promoting domestic industry and reducing reliance on foreign suppliers and imported goods.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2022|title=Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat seek to increase India's self-sufficiency: US report|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/01/make-in-india-atmanirbhar-bharat-seek-to-increase-indias-self-sufficiency-us-report-2436726.html|access-date=25 April 2022|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers|url=https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2022%20National%20Trade%20Estimate%20Report%20on%20Foreign%20Trade%20Barriers.pdf|publisher=Office of the United States Trade Representative|page=245}}</ref>

In July 2020, the Chief Executive of [[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed Martin India]] stated that the company is "fully committed to supporting Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of self-reliance".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=28 July 2020|title=Lockheed Martin committed to strengthening India's strategic security, industrial capabilities: William L Blair, VP, Chief Executive, LM India|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lockheed-martin-committed-to-strengthening-indias-strategic-security-industrial-capabilities-william-l-blair-vp-chief-executive-lm-india/2037107/|access-date=25 April 2022|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Impact on Domestic Industries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!sector
!Indicator
!Earlier data
!Latest Data
!Source
|-
|Defence
|Defence production
|₹46,429 crore (2014-15)
|₹1.54 lakh crore(2024-24)
|[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2191937&reg=3&lang=2 PIB]
|-
|Defence
|Defence exports
|₹686 crore(2013-14)
|₹21,083 crore
|[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2114546&reg=3&lang=2#:~:text=Unprecedented%20Growth%20in%20Defence%20Exports,in%20the%20global%20defence%20sector. PIB]
|-
|Electronics
|Electronics production value
|$31 billion (2014–15)
|$133 billion (2024–25)
|[https://www.thehansindia.com/business/indias-electronics-production-reaches-133-billion-in-a-decade-exports-surge-997812# HANS INDIA]
|-
|Electronics
|Mobile phone manufacturing unit
|2 units (2014)
|300+(2025)
|[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154037&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 PIB]
|-
|Electronics
|Electronics Exports
|₹38,000 crore (2014–15)
|₹3.27 lakh crore (2024–25)
|[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2177755&reg=3&lang=2 PIB]
|-
|Solar energy
|Solar module manufacturing capacity
|~3 GW (2018)
|60+ GW capacity pipeline
|[https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2024/12/06/india-hits-solar-module-manufacturing-capacity-of-63-gw/ Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Swadeshi movement]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Autarky]]
* [[Human capital flight]]
* [[Import substitution industrialisation]]
* [[Strategic autonomy]]
* [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement|Non-alignment and India]]
{{Div col end}}

== References and notes ==
;Notes
{{notelist}}

;Citations
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://archive.org/details/TheDiscoveryOfIndia-Eng-JawaharlalNehru|title=The Discovery of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|location=New Delhi|author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru|orig-date=1946 by The Signet Press, Calcutta|via=Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Jalan|first=Bimal|author-link=Bimal Jalan|year=1972|title=A Policy Frame for Self-Reliance|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=7|issue=15|pages=757–762|jstor=4361226|issn=0012-9976}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Tendulkar|first=Suresh D.|author-link=Suresh Tendulkar|year=1974|title=Planning for Growth, Redistribution and Self-Reliance in the Fifth Five-Year Plan-I|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=9|issue=1/2|pages=27–40|jstor=4363346|issn=0012-9976}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Baru|first=Sanjaya|author-link=Sanjaya Baru|year=1983|title=Self-Reliance to Dependence in Indian Economic Development|journal=Social Scientist|volume=11|issue=11|pages=34–46|doi=10.2307/3517074|jstor=3517074|issn=0970-0293}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Chakrabarty|first=Bidyut|year=1992|title=Jawaharlal Nehru and Planning, 1938-41: India at the Crossroads|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=275–287|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009781|jstor=312676|s2cid=143462773|issn=0026-749X}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Biswas|first=A. K.|year=1995|title=Paradox of Anti-Partition Agitation and Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905)|journal=Social Scientist|volume=23|issue=4/6|pages=38–57|doi=10.2307/3520214|jstor=3520214|issn=0970-0293}}
* {{Cite book|last=Behera|first=Laxman Kumar|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph21.pdf|title=Indian Defence Industry: Issues of Self-Reliance|publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|date=July 2013|isbn=978-93-82169-21-5|series=IDSA Monograph Series No. 21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323024139/https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph21.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2021}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Bikramdeep|date=Winter 2013|title=Defence Indigenisation: Made in India, by India, for India|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/WriteReadData/Documents/DEfence%20Indigenisation.pdf|journal=CLAWS Journal|pages=248–258}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Alam|first1=Asraful|last2=Khan|first2=Amir|last3=Ghosal|first3=Nilanjana|last4=Satpati|first4=Lakshminarayan|date=18 July 2021|title=A review of resource management and self-reliance for sustainable development of India under COVID-19 scenario|journal=Journal of Public Affairs|volume=21|issue=4|language=en|article-number=e2725|doi=10.1002/pa.2725|issn=1479-1854|pmc=8420201|pmid=34512186}}
* {{Citation|last1=Joshi|first1=Shareen|title="Atman Nirbhar Bharat" - Economic Crises and Self-Reliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic|date=February 2021|url=https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf|work=International Affairs Forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308183606/https://www.ia-forum.org/Files/Atman%20Nirbhar%20Bharat_%20-%20Economic%20Crises%20and%20Self-Reliance%20in%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic.pdf|publisher=[[Center for International Relations]]|archive-date=8 March 2021|last2=Muchhal|first2=Siddharth|last3=Brennan|first3=Connor|last4=Pradhan|first4=Ria|last5=Yang|first5=Joyce}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sarukkai|first=Sundar|date=September 2021|title=Self-reliant India: self of a nation or a national self?|journal=Journal of Social and Economic Development|language=en|publication-date=2 November 2020|volume=23|issue=S2|pages=357–365|doi=10.1007/s40847-020-00115-z|pmid=34720471|issn=0972-5792|pmc=7605322}}
* {{Citation|last1=Sen|first1=Ronojoy|title=India's Self-Reliance Initiative: Old Idea or New Direction?|date=October 2021|url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Final-Special-Report-17.pdf|place=Singapore|publisher=Institute of South Asian Studies|ref={{sfnref|Sen and Murali, India's Self-Reliance Initiative|2021}}|last2=Murali|first2=Vani Swarupa}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{Citation |last=Agarwal |first=Shriman Narayan |title=The Gandhian Plan of Economic Development for India |year=1944 |place=Bombay |publisher=Padma Publications |author-link=Shriman Narayan}}
* {{Citation |last1=Banerjee |first1=B N |title=Peoples Plan for Economic Development of India |year=1944 |place=Bombay |publisher=Indian Federation of Labour, Delhi |last2=Parikh |first2=G D |last3=Tarkunde |first3=V M}}
* {{Citation |title=65th Members Annual Conference 2021 on 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat its various aspects' |date=30 October 2021 |url=https://www.iipa.org.in/cms/public/uploads/174901633932963.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Public Administration]] |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328112210/https://www.iipa.org.in/cms/public/uploads/174901633932963.pdf}}

===Speeches===
* {{Cite book |title=The Penguin Book of Modern Indian Speeches. 1877 to the Present |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-310263-2 |editor-last=Batabyal |editor-first=Rakesh |location=New Delhi |pages=603–611 |chapter=Economy and Development. Somnath Chatterjee. Surrendering Self-reliance |quote=...speech delivered on 4 March 1992...}}
* {{Cite speech |title=Capital Flows and Self Reliance Redefined |last=Reddy |first=Y. V. |location=Chennai |date=13 July 2000 |author-link=Y. V. Reddy |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=57 |event=Twenty Seventh Frank Moraes Lecture}}
* {{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Rajiv |author-link=Rajiv Gandhi |date=28 December 1985 |title=Inaugural Speech by Congress President Rajiv Gandhi and The Centenary Resolve |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/full-text-of-rajiv-gandhis-famous-1985-speech-152145-2013-01-21 |website=India Today}}
* {{Cite speech |title=Evolution of Vision |author-link=A. P. J. Abdul Kalam |last=Kalam |first=A. P. J. Abdul |event=Address at the DRDO Directors Conference, DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi |date=21 February 2007 |url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/sp210207-1.html}}
* {{Cite web |date=4 December 2021 |title=PM Narendra Modi at IIT Global Summit: 'Pan IIT movement can help realise dream of Aatmanirbhar Bharat' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/pm-narendra-modi-at-iit-global-summit-pan-iit-movement-can-help-realise-dream-of-aatmanirbhar-india-1746797-2020-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Lalmani |date=29 December 2021 |title=Be impatient for self-reliant India, PM Modi tells students at IIT Kanpur's 54th convocation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/pm-narendra-modi-addresses-students-iit-kanpur-convocation-7694941/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}

===Books===
* {{Cite book |title=Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance. |publisher=Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India |year=1980 |vauthors=Ramanujam S, Siddiq EA, Chopra VL, Sinha SK}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Prasanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnBKEAAAQBAJ |title=An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy |date=2021 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5479-189-5 |language=en |chapter=6: AatmaNirbhar Bharat: Turning the Clock Back}}

===Journals===
* {{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Krishna Nath |year=1967 |title=Self-Reliance and Aid: No Positive Relation |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=2 |issue=50 |pages=2209–2211 |jstor=24478316}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gosalia |first=Sushila |year=1979 |title=The Gandhian model of self-reliance in the Indian economy |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02930202 |journal=Intereconomics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=80–83 |doi=10.1007/BF02930202 |hdl=10419/139599 |s2cid=56358907 |issn=0020-5346 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kelkar |first=Vijay Laxman |date=February 1980 |title=India and World Economy: Search for Self-Reliance |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=15 |issue=5/7 |pages=245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257–258 |jstor=4368372}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mehrotra |first=N. N. |date=22 August 1987 |title=Indian Patents Act, Paris Convention and Self-Reliance |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=22 |issue=34 |pages=1461–1465 |jstor=4377407}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Valluri |first=S. R. |date=3 April 1993 |title=CSIR and Technological Self-Reliance |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=565–568 |jstor=4399551}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Dedrick |first1=Jason |last2=Kraemer |first2=Kenneth L. |date=May 1993 |title=Information Technology in India: The Quest for Self-Reliance |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5b5204tr/qt5b5204tr_noSplash_6de54bd467d8b946f48aad335acac3a8.pdf |journal=Asian Survey |volume=XXXIII |issue=5 |pages=463–492 |doi=10.2307/2645313 |jstor=2645313 |s2cid=153517732}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Srinivas |first1=M N |last2=Shah |first2=A M |date=10 September 1960 |title=The Myth of Self-Sufficiency of the Indian Village |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/37/the_myth_of_selfsufficiency_of_the_indian_village.pdf |journal=The Economic Weekly |pages=1375–1378}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aggarwal |first=Aradhna |date=22 January 2022 |title=Export Performance and India's Tryst with Self-reliance in the Globalised World |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2022/4/special-articles/export-performance-and-indias-tryst-self-reliance.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=7–8 |url-access=subscription}}

===News===
* {{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shantanu Nandan |date=28 February 2021 |title=Modi govt has been quietly following the idea of Aatmanirbharta for the past seven years |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/modi-govt-has-been-quietly-following-the-idea-of-aatmanirbharta-for-the-past-seven-years/articleshow/81248310.cms?from=mdr}}
* {{Cite news |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Weinraub |date=29 June 1991 |title=Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/29/world/economic-crisis-forcing-once-self-reliant-india-to-seek-aid.html |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite web |last=Panag |first=Lt Gen (Retd) H. S. |author-link=H. S. Panag |date=3 June 2021 |title='Positive indigenisation list' got lengthier but India's defence industry far from ready |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/positive-indigenisation-list-got-lengthier-but-indias-defence-industry-far-from-ready/670630/ |website=ThePrint}}
* PTI (2 June 2020). [https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/pm-modi-calls-on-india-inc-to-build-an-atmanirbhar-bharat PM Modi Calls On India Inc. To Build An 'Atmanirbhar Bharat']. ''Bloomberg Quint.''
* Jagran (2 June 2020). [https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/pm-modi-stresses-on-5-is-needed-for-aatma-nirbhar-bharat-says-we-will-definitely-get-our-growth-back-10012512 PM Modi presents 5-I formula for 'Aatma Nirbhar Bharat', says 'we will definitely get our growth back']. ''Jagran English.''
* [[Ajoy Kumar]] (31 May 2020). [https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/india-news-atmanirbhar-bharat-and-a-clueless-government/4182 Atmanirbhar Bharat and A Clueless Government]. ''Outlook India.''
* {{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |author=NITI Aayog |title=Atal Innovation Mission Launches Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-ANIC Initiative |url=http://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1652751 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}

===Think-tanks===
* {{Citation |last=Behera |first=Laxman Kumar |title=Atma Nirbhar in Defence Technology |date=10 August 2020 |url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/atma-nirbhar-in-defence-technology-lkbehera-100820 |publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}
* {{Citation |last=Mohanty |first=Aayush |title=Reforms for Atmanirbhar Bharat |date=February 2021 |url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/Reforms-for-Atmanirbhar-Bharat.pdf |publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhattacharji |first=Chetan |title=Atmanirbhar Bharat: Missing a Focus on Air Pollution and Climate Change |date=July 2020 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ORF-Issue-rief-375-Revival-Package.pdf |publisher=ORF}}
* {{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Angad |date=3 June 2021 |title=The proof of the pudding is not in the import negative list |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-proof-of-the-pudding-is-not-in-the-import-negative-list/ |website=ORF}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=आत्मनिर्भरता|commonscat=yes|n=no|s=no|author=no|b=no|v=no|d=yes}}
* Ministry of Finance (13 May 2020 to 17 May 2020). [https://covid19.india.gov.in/document-category/ministry-of-finance/ Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan Part 1 to Part 5] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200612115945/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051717.pdf Part-1: Businesses including MSMEs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120655/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051751.pdf Part-2: Poor, including migrants and farmers], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200612121248/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051736.pdf Part-3: Agriculture], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054629/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051784.pdf Part-4: New Horizons of Growth], [https://web.archive.org/web/20200613054925/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3850af92f8d9903e7a4e0559a98ecc857/uploads/2020/05/2020051740.pdf Part-5: Government Reforms and Enablers])
* [https://aatmanirbharbharat.mygov.in/ AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan]. [[MyGov.in]]
* [https://events.eletsonline.com/abs/ AatmaNirbhar Bharat Summit]

{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:2020 in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Self-sustainability]]

Jeet Toshi

2026-03-25T08:16:58Z

Providentecopoliten: Adding the data v1

{{Short description|Indian mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter and boxer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Jeet Toshi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang=
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Priyanka Jeet Toshi
| other_names =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|04|30}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| fighting_out_of = [[Bahrain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 160cm
| weight = 48 kg
| weight_class = [[Atomweight (MMA)|Atomweight]] (MMA) [[Bantamweight]] (Boxing)
| style =
| stance =
| team = Round One Boxing Bahrain
| rank =
| trainer =
| years_active = 2012–present
| box_win =
| box_kowin =
| box_loss =
| mma_win = 4
| mma_kowin =
| mma_subwin = 1
| mma_decwin = 3
| mma_loss = 4
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 2
| mma_decloss =
| mma_draw = 0
| mma_nc =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| students =
| university =
| website =
| boxrec =
| sherdog = 93219
}}

'''Priyanka "Jeet" Toshi''' (born 30 April 1991) is an [[Indians in Bahrain|Indian-Bahraini]] [[mixed martial artist]] and [[Boxer (boxing)|professional boxer]]. She is the first female mixed martial artist to represent India professionally at [[ONE Championship]] in 2012.<ref name="mint" >{{cite news |title=A woman who knows how to pick a fight |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VZU6LIpLx5t10tBErVnh6K/A-woman-who-knows-how-to-pick-a-fight.html |website=Mint |last1=Khurana |first1=Chanpreet |date=August 2, 2014}}</ref> In 2019, she became the first female professional boxer to represent Bahrain at the international level.<ref name="gdn" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Breaking down the barriers: Exclusive interview with MMA fighter Priyanka "Jeet" Toshi |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/exclusive-interview-mma-fighter-priyanka-jeet-toshi |website=Sportskeeda |last1=Gannavarapu |first1=Akhilesh |date=September 28, 2018}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Toshi started out competing in kickboxing competitions when she was 16 in Delhi.<ref name="mmafgt" />

==Mixed martial arts career==
===ONE Championship===
In 2012, Toshi became the first Indian fighter to sign with [[ONE Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |title=International Women's Day: Here are 8 women India should be proud of |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/international-women-day-india-should-be-proud-of-312328-2016-03-08 |website=India Today |last1=Agnihotri |first1=Sanjana |date=March 8, 2016}}</ref> She made her debut against Nicole Chua at [[2012 in ONE Championship#ONE Fighting Championship: War of the Lions|War of the Lions]] in Singapore and lost the fight via rear-naked choke.<ref name="mmafgt" >{{cite news |title=Indian WMMA fighter Jeet Toshi proud to be breaking barriers ahead of ONE FC 15 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2014/5/1/5670000/indian-wmma-fighter-jeet-toshi-proud-to-be-breaking-barriers-ahead-of |website=MMA Fighting |last1=Shaun Al-Shatti |first1=Shaun |date=May 1, 2014}}</ref><ref name="mint" /><ref>{{cite news |title=FEATURE: Women exercise their right to fight |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2012/04/14/2003530301 |website=Taipei Times |date=April 14, 2012}}</ref>

In 2015, Toshi got her first win in ONE by defeating Cambodia's [[Tharoth Sam]] at [[2015 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Kingdom of Khmer|ONE Championship: Kingdom of Khmer]] via unanimous decision.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Boxing career==
Toshi made her boxing debut for Bahrain on 5 November 2019 in the Sovereign Boxing Championship held at [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bahrain excel in boxing |url=https://www.newsofbahrain.com/epaper/01-12-2019/single/page-15.pdf |website=[[Daily Tribune (Bahrain)|Daily Tribune]] |date=December 1, 2019}}</ref> She defeated India's Gisel Camoens and won the bout by unanimous decision.<ref name="gdn" >{{cite news |title=Ace boxer wants more women in combat sport |url=https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/727272 |website=GDN |last1=Mruthyunjaya |first1=Vijay |date=January 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name="asbc" >{{cite news |title=Bahrain bagged five gold medals in the Clash of the Countries Sovereign Boxing Tournament which was a fantastic show in Dubai |url=http://www.asbcnews.org/bahrain-bagged-five-gold-medals-in-the-clash-of-the-countries-sovereign-boxing-tournament-which-was-a-fantastic-show-in-dubai/ |website=ASBC News |date=November 29, 2019}}</ref>

In 2022, Toshi participated in the first edition of Bahrain's Domestic Boxing event held by Bahrain Boxing Federation and became the champion in the Women's Elite 50 kg category defeating her compatriot Jyoti Singh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bahrain hosts first 'Domestic Boxing' event |url=http://www.asbcnews.org/bahrain-hosts-first-domestic-boxing-event/ |website=ASBC News |date=2 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Domestic Boxing Event - Manama, Bahrain - September 23 2022 |url=http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Tournaments/DomesticBoxing2022.pdf |website=amateur-boxing.strefa.pl |date=1 October 2022 }}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
| draws=
| nc=
| ko-wins=
| ko-losses= 2
| sub-wins= 1
| sub-losses= 2
| dec-wins= 3
| dec-losses=
| dq-wins=
| dq-losses=
| other-wins=
| other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 4–4
| Haidy Ahmed
| TKO
| UAE Warriors 26: Arabia 6
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|February|26}}
| align=center|1
| align=center|5:00
| [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|<ref>{{cite news |title=UAE Warriors 25 Africa and 26 Arabia full cards out now |url=https://mma-republic.co.za/2022/02/22/uae-warriors-25-africa-and-26-arabia-full-cards-out-now/ |website=MMA Republic |last1=Bishop |first1=Alastair |date=February 22, 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227070311/https://mma-republic.co.za/2022/02/22/uae-warriors-25-africa-and-26-arabia-full-cards-out-now/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UAE Warriors 26: Arabia 6 Preview |url=https://mmasucka.com/2022/02/25/uae-warriors-26-arabia-6-preview/ |website=MMA Sucka |last1=Okafor |first1=Chinyere |date=February 25, 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 4–3
| Fatemeh Moslemi
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Kumite 1 League]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|September|29}}
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| [[Mumbai]], India
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 3–3
| Jenny Huang
| Submission (Arm-Triangle Choke)
| [[2016 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Unbreakable Warriors|ONE: Unbreakable Warriors]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|September|2}}
| align=center|1
| align=center|3:21
| [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 3–2
| [[Tharoth Sam]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[2015 in ONE Championship#ONE Championship: Kingdom of Khmer|ONE: Kingdom of Khmer]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|December|5}}
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center| 2–2
| [[Jujeath Nagaowa]]
| TKO (Punches)
| [[2014 in ONE Championship#ONE Fighting Championship: Rise of Heroes|ONE FC: Rise of Heroes]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|May|2}}
| align=center|2
| align=center|1:07
| [[Manila]], Philippines
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 2–1
| Praveen Kalkal
| Submission (Rear-Naked Choke)
| [[2013 in SFL numbered events#SFL 30-31|Super Fight League 30-31]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|October|12}}
| align=center|1
| align=center|1:06
| [[Mumbai]], India
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center|1–1
| Nicole Chua
| Submission (Rear Naked Choke)
| [[2012 in ONE Championship#ONE Fighting Championship: War of the Lions|ONE FC: War of the Lions]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|March|31}}
| align=center|1
| align=center|2:07
| [[Kallang]], Singapore
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Pooja Mehra
| Decision (unanimous)
| Full Contact Championship 5
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|February|25}}
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| [[Mumbai]], India
|
{{end}}

==Championships and accomplishments==
===Boxing===
*'''Clash of the Countries Sovereign Boxing Tournament'''
**Sovereign Boxing Championship (2019)
*'''Bahrain Domestic Boxing'''
**Women's Elite 50 kg (2022)

== See also ==
* [[List of female mixed martial artists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sherdog|93219}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toshi, Jeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian female mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Bahraini female mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Atomweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing kickboxing]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing]]
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:Bahraini women boxers]]
[[Category:Indian female kickboxers]]
[[Category:Bahraini female kickboxers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Bahrain]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Bahrain]]
[[Category:Bantamweight boxers]]
[[Category:ONE Championship mixed martial artists]]

Udhampur

2026-03-23T21:08:13Z

Providentecopoliten: adjusted section per sources and added references

{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Udhampur district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udhampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = KrimchiTemples.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Krimchi Temples
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir #India
| pushpin_relief = y
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|32.915977|N|75.141937|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Raja Udham Singh
| named_for = Raja Udham Singh
| government_type =
| governing_body = Udhampur Municipal Committee
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=Census2011-town_pop>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html |title=A-4 Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901 |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/CLASS%20II.xlsx |title=Class - II Population of 50,000 and 99,999}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 30.42
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 755
| population_total = 91,366
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Udhampuri, Udhampuria, Udhampuriya
| population_footnotes = <ref name=Census2011-town_pop/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182101 (Udhampur)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-1992
| registration_plate = JK-14
| website = {{url|udhampur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Udhampur''' (ˌʊd̪ʱəmpur) is a city and a [[municipal council]] in [[Udhampur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is the headquarters of [[Udhampur district|Udhampur District]]. Named after Raja Udham Singh, it serves as the district capital and the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] headquarters of the [[Indian Army]]. A Forward Base Support Unit (FBSU) of the [[Indian Air Force]] is also stationed here. Udhampur is used by the Armed Forces as a transit point between [[Jammu]] and [[Srinagar]] when travelling by road on [[National Highway 1A (India, old numbering)|National Highway 1A]], which has since been renamed as [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]].

Tourist attractions include [[Patnitop]], Panchari Landhar, Ladha Dhar, Dudu Basantgarh, Ramnagar, Yug Dhar, Shivgarh, Sudhmahadev, Mantali International Yoga Center, Benesangh, and [[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel|Chenani Nashri Tunnel.]]

==Geography==
The district of Udhampur is located in the [[Shivalik Hills|Shivalik]] range of [[Himalayas]] and the terrain is mostly mountainous. The upper reaches of the district experience snowfall in the winter season like Panchari Landhar, ladha dhar, Patnitop, Sudhmahadev, Latti, Dudu, and Basantgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Udhampur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Udhampur, India|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> The city itself is in a relatively flatter part of the district at an elevation of 756 metres (2480 feet) and it experiences snowfall in upper altitude of the district.

==Administration==
The town of Udhampur is governed by Udhampur Municipal Committee with 22 municipal wards. Udhampur district includes 4 Sub Divisions, 8 Tehsils, 17 blocks, 204 Panchayats, 357 villages and 21 Niabats.

==Climate==
The city's climate is subtropical. Summer temperatures may exceed 40 degrees while temperatures below freezing have been recorded in winter. The annual rainfall is 130 cm, mainly in monsoons and winters. Central Udhampur rarely experiences [[snow]]fall, though its outer regions do occasionally. Due to changing climate patterns, heavier snowfall has been experienced in recent years. In 2011, there was about 15 cm snow. Heavy hailstorms with piles of hail can be experienced in February and March.

==Agriculture==

Agriculture is the mainstay of more than 80 per cent people in Jammu & Kashmir. Major food crops are wheat, paddy and maize. Barley, jowar and bajra are cultivated in some parts of the state. The agro-climatic condition of this state supports horticulture.

{{Weather box
| location = Udhampur
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 24.1
| Feb record high C = 26.7
| Mar record high C = 31.1
| Apr record high C = 36.2
| May record high C = 38.5
| Jun record high C = 41.9
| Jul record high C = 42.1
| Aug record high C = 38.8
| Sep record high C = 34.1
| Oct record high C = 31.1
| Nov record high C = 28.2
| Dec record high C = 26.1
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 12.8
| Feb high C = 15.9
| Mar high C = 20.6
| Apr high C = 28.9
| May high C = 31.3
| Jun high C = 34.6
| Jul high C = 34.1
| Aug high C = 33.7
| Sep high C = 32.6
| Oct high C = 29.7
| Nov high C = 21.8
| Dec high C = 15.1
| year high C =
| Jan low C = 1.2
| Feb low C = 4.7
| Mar low C = 7.6
| Apr low C = 11.0
| May low C = 16.4
| Jun low C = 20.8
| Jul low C = 21.5
| Aug low C = 21.0
| Sep low C = 20.0
| Oct low C = 11.4
| Nov low C = 6.4
| Dec low C = 3.5
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -7.4
| Feb record low C = -7.0
| Mar record low C = -1.8
| Apr record low C = 2.7
| May record low C = 7.1
| Jun record low C = 9.4
| Jul record low C = 11.2
| Aug record low C = 12.4
| Sep record low C = 9.8
| Oct record low C = 2.1
| Nov record low C = -4.7
| Dec record low C = -7.1
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 50.0
| Feb rain mm = 46.4
| Mar rain mm = 53.2
| Apr rain mm = 26.3
| May rain mm = 16.0
| Jun rain mm = 51.8
| Jul rain mm = 283.4
| Aug rain mm = 244.5
| Sep rain mm = 123.9
| Oct rain mm = 38.1
| Nov rain mm = 11.9
| Dec rain mm = 42.2
| year rain mm =
| source 1 = BBC Weather {{Failed verification|date=February 2021}}
| source 2 = <ref>{{citation |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/jammu2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121121151/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/jammu2.htm |archive-date=21 November 2011 |title=Climatological Table, Period: 1971-2000 |work=India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=February 2021}}
| date = October 2011
}}

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Udhampur City (2011)<ref name="Udhampur City Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/udhampur/udhampur/udhampur-m-cl-og-population.html|title=Udhampur City Population|work=Census India|accessdate=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080517/https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/udhampur/udhampur/udhampur-m-cl-og-population.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 89.55
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 6.43
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 2.52
|color3 = Darkkhaki
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 1.34
|color4 = Blue
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|value5 = 0.07
|color5 = Yellow
|label6 = [[Jainism]]
|value6 = 0.03
|color6 = Pink
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.00
|color7 = Grey
|label8 = Not stated
|value8 = 0.06
|color8 = Black
}}

According to the 2011 Indian [[census]], Udhampur urban area has a population of 91,366, of which 35,507 live in the Udhampur Municipal Council area, 48,508 live in Udhampur's out-growths, and 5,743 live in Rehambal.<ref name=Census2011-town_pop/> Males constitute 60.2% of the population and females 39.8%.<ref name=Census2011-town_pop/> The large male percentage is due to the army constituting a large part of the city's population. Udhampur has an average literacy rate of 91.5%.
The dominant religion in the city is [[Hinduism]].

{{Historical populations
|title =
|type =
|align =
|direction =
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages = pagr
|footnote =
|source = <ref name=Census2011-town_pop/>
|1911 | 2,360
|1921 | 2,390
|1931 | 3,633
|1941 | 4,666
|1951 | 7,464
|1961 | 10,263
|1971 | 16,392
|1981 | 28,652
|2001 | 86,299
|2011 | 91,366
}}

==Education==
{{expand section|date=August 2023}}
===Colleges===
*[[Government Medical College, Udhampur]]
*[[Government Degree College, Udhampur]]
<ref>{{Cite web |title=COLLEGES {{!}} District Udhampur, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://udhampur.nic.in/public-utility-category/colleges-en/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Road===

Udhampur is located on [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway NH-44]], which is the only national highway that connects [[Srinagar]] to the rest of India. Bus services (both private and state owned) are the most common mode of public transportation to and from [https://photos.jammuredefine.in/jammu-region/udhampur-tourism/ Udhampur]. Frequent connections to the [[Kashmir Valley]] and [[Jammu]] are available. Taxi services are also available for going to Jammu and Srinagar and other nearby towns, and minibuses operate within the city.

===Rail===

Udhampur is connected to Jammu which is the [[List of cities in Jammu and Kashmir by population|winter capital of UT Jammu and Kashmir in India]]. The [[Uttar Sampark Kranti Express]] train from [[New Delhi]] was the first train to run on this link in 2005. More than a dozen long-distance trains either originate from [[Udhampur railway station]] or connect Udhampur to the rest of India. Commuter unreserved passenger trains link Jammu and Udhampur.

The project to connect Udhampur to the Kashmir valley by railway track is progressing. The railway line has been laid to Katra. Now Katra to Banihal track remains to be laid to complete the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]].

The Northern Railway Construction Organization ([[Jammu–Baramulla line]]) is working on connecting Udhampur and Srinagar.

=== Air ===

[[Udhampur Air Force Station]] of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is located in Udhampur but it is not open for civilians. [[Jammu Airport]] is the nearest civilian airport.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Udhampur Jammu Highway.jpg|[[Udhampur-Jammu highway]]
File:Udhampur railway station.jpg|[[Udhampur railway station]]
File:Krimchi Temples, Udhampur.jpg|[[Krimchi temples]]
File:Kirimachi temple complex.JPG|Kirmachi Temples
File:Maharaja fort.jpg|[[Ramnagar Fort]]
File:Rani samadhi.jpg|Samadhi of Queen of Raja Suchet Singh
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi visiting after inaugurating the Chenani-Nashri Tunnel, in Jammu and Kashmir on April 02, 2017.jpg|[[Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel|Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel also known as Chenani Nashri Tunnel]]
File:Ramnagar fort and mausoleum.JPG|[[Ramnagar Fort Udhampur|Ramnagar Fort]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Udhampur-Jammu highway]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://udhampur.nic.in/ Udhampur Government Website]
* [http://maavaishnodevi.org/ Vaishno Devi Shrine]
* [http://www.udhampur.net/ Udhampur District]
*[https://beingdogra.com/ Being Dogra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109090636/https://beingdogra.com/ |date=9 January 2022 }}

{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Udhampur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Udhampur district]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]
[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]

India women's national kho kho team

2026-03-22T15:12:26Z

Providentecopoliten: Adding some entry basic info

{{Short description|National kho kho team}}
{{About|the women's team|the men's team|India men's national kho kho team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox national kho kho team
| name = India
| image = Flag of India.svg
| size =
| nickname =
| association = [[Kho Kho Federation of India]]
| confederation = [[International Kho Kho Federation]]
| coach =
| captain = [[Priyanka Ingle]]
| most caps =
| first game =
| largest win =
| largest defeat =
| World cup apps = 1
| World cup first = 2025
| World cup best = First place, [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| Regional name =
| Regional cup apps =
| Regional cup first =
| Regional cup best =
| 2ndRegional name =
| 2ndRegional cup apps =
| 2ndRegional cup first =
| 2ndRegional cup best =
| type =
| medaltemplates =
}}

The '''India women's national kho kho team''' represents [[India]] in women's international [[Kho Kho]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=First-ever Kho Kho World Cup to Take Place in India Next Year |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-to-take-place-in-india-next-year-9071114.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It is governed by the [[Kho Kho Federation of India]] and is a [[International Kho Kho Federation#Members|member]] of [[International Kho Kho Federation]]. The team won the World Cup during its first edition in [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]], as a host nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India to host first-ever Kho Kho World Cup in 2025 - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/india-to-host-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-in-2025/articleshow/113870958.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>

== History ==
India women's team defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] women's team in the final match of the first ever [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup#Matches|2025 Kho Kho World Cup]].<ref>[https://gms.kkwc2025.com/live/matches/scores/1 IND vs NEP : 13 Jan Result]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kho Kho World Cup kicks off today: Nepal to face India in opener |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/kho-kho-world-cup-kicks-off-today-nepal-to-face-india-in-opener.html |accessdate=13 January 2025}}</ref> Indian women defeated South Korea, IR Iran and Malaysia in the group stages, Bangladesh in quarterfinals and later, beat South Africa in semifinals to enter the finals. They defeated Nepal 78–40 in the finals.

== Sponsorship ==
The Indian national kho kho teams are sponsored by the Odisha state government for a period of three years from January 2025 to December 2027. Odisha committed Rs 5 crore per year for a total of Rs.15 crore for three years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=Subadh |date=19 January 2025 |title=Historic Victory! Indian men’s and women’s teams become first ever Kho Kho World Cup Champions |url=https://kalingatv.com/sports/historic-victory-indian-mens-and-womens-teams-become-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-champions/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=KalingaTV.com}}</ref>

== Results and fixtures ==
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixture|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

=== 2025 ===
{{khokhobox
|date = {{nobr|14 January}}
|time = {{nowrap|19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]}}
|team1 = {{kkw-rt|IND}}
|score=175-18
|report =
|team2 = {{kkw|KOR}}
|result =
|stadium= [[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|potm=
}}
{{khokhobox
|date = {{nobr|15 January}}
|time = {{nowrap|19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]}}
|team1 = {{kkw-rt|IND}}
|score=100-16
|report =
|team2 = {{kkw|IRI}}
|result =
|stadium= [[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|potm=
}}
{{khokhobox
|date = {{nobr|16 January}}
|time = {{nowrap|19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]}}
|team1 = {{kkw-rt|IND}}
|score=100-20
|report =
|team2 = {{kkw|MAS}}
|result =
|stadium= [[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|potm=
}}

;Quarter-final 1
{{Khokhobox
|date = 17 January 2025
|time = 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = {{kk-rt|IND}}
|score =109-16
|team2 = {{kk|Bangladesh}}
|report =
|result =
|stadium= [[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
}}

;Semi-final 1
{{Khokhobox
|date = 18 January 2025
|time = 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = {{kk-rt|IND}}
|score =66-16
|team2 = {{kk|South Africa}}
|report =
|result =
|stadium= [[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
}}

;Final
{{Khokhobox
|date = 19 January 2025
|time = 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = {{kk-rt|IND}}
|score =78-40
|team2 = {{kk|Nepal}}
|report =
|result =
|stadium= [[Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
}}
== Coaching staff ==

'''Physios:''' Amit Ravhate, Vandana and Kumkum.
{| class="wikitable"
! Position !! Name !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| Team Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rajkumari
|
|-
| Head Coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sumit Bhatia
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2025 |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Assistant Coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Munni Joon
| <ref>{{Cite web |title="We have created world record": India Women's Kho Kho team head coach |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/we-have-created-world-record-india-womens-kho-kho-team-head-coach20250119233923/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Defence Coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sushma Golwalkar
| <ref name="coach def&atk">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Two good at kho-kho World Cup: Pune’s Waikar leads men’s kho kho team to glory, his kin coach of winning women’s squad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/punes-waikar-leads-mens-kho-kho-team-to-glory-his-kin-coach-of-winning-womens-squad-9789706/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Attack Coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prachi Waikar
| <ref name="coach def&atk"/>
|-
| Skill Analyst
| {{flagicon|IND}} Eslavath Naresh
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2025-01-20 |title=Karimnagar’s Eslavath Naresh lives his dream through Indian Women’s Kho Kho World Cup victory |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-women-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-eslavath-naresh-karimnagar-coach-news/article69119569.ece |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Physio
| {{flagicon|IND}} Amit Ravhate {{flagicon|IND}} Vandana {{flagicon|IND}} Kumkum
|
|}
== Current squad ==
{{Updated|13 January 2025}}
Following is the team that represented India in the [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|first Kho Kho World Cup]] in January 2025 at Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left"
!No.
! style="text-align:center;" |Name
!Date of birth
!Pos
!State
|-
|
|[[Anshu Kumari]]
|30 January 2008
|All rounder
|Delhi
|-
|55
|[[Ashwini Shinde|Ashwini Appasaheb Shinde]]
|10 October 2007
|Defender
|Maharashtra
|-
|9
|[[Opina Bhilar|Opinaben Devjibhai Bhilar]]
|8 July 2001
|All rounder
|Gujarat
|-
|4
|[[Chaithra B.]]
|8 January 2002
|Defender
|Karnataka
|-
|3
|[[Magai Majhi]]
|18 August 2004
|Attacker
|Odisha
|-
|36
|[[Meenu Dhatterwal]]
|23 November 2006
|Defender
|Haryana
|-
|11
|[[Monika Sah]]
|
|All rounder
|Bihar
|-
|7
|[[Nasreen Shaikh]]
|7 November 1998
|All rounder
|Delhi
|-
|18
|[[Nazia Bibi]]
|
|Attacker
|Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|
|[[Neeta Devi]]
|
|Wazir*
|Himachal Pradesh
|-
|
|[[Nirmala Bhati]]
|
|Wazir
|Rajasthan
|-
|6
|[[Priyanka Ingle|Priyanka Hanumant Ingle]] (Captain)
|3 October 2000
|All rounder
|Maharashtra
|-
|66
|[[Reshma Rathod|Reshma Subhash Rathod]]
|31 December 2001
|All rounder
|Maharashtra
|-
|4
|[[Subhashree Singh|Subhashree Sing]]
|19 April 2006
|All rounder
|Odisha
|-
|5
|[[Vaishnavi Powar|Vaishnavi Bajarang Powar]]
|2 September 2006
|Defender
|Maharashtra
|}
'''*'''''Wazir is a chasing player who wears a different colour jersey than their teammate.''

'''Standby:''' Sampada More, Ritika Siloriya and Priyanka Bhopi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Team India Squad For Upcoming Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Announced {{!}} Odisha |url=https://ommcomnews.com/odisha-news/team-india-squad-for-upcoming-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-announced/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Breaking News, Odisha Latest News {{!}}{{!}} Ommcom News |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Competitive record ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:50%;"
|-
! colspan="10" #0000FF;|[[Kho Kho World Cup]] record
|-
!Year
!Result
!Position
!{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}
!{{Abbr|W|Won}}
!{{Abbr|D*|Drawn}}
!{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
|style="background:gold;"|'''Champion'''
|{{gold1}}||6||6||0||0
|-
|'''Total'''||'''1/1'''|||'''1 Title'''||'''6'''||'''6'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:Kho kho in India]]
[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|Kho kho]]
[[Category:Women's kho kho teams|India national]]

Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer

2026-03-21T13:11:31Z

Providentecopoliten:

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Suseenthiran}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer
| image = Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Suseenthiran]]
| producer = D.N.Thai Saravanan
| writer = Clinton & Suseendhiran '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = Suseendharin Nagarajan Vijay Anand
| story = Suseendharin '''(Additional Story)''' Lenin Bharathi '''(Original Story)'''
| starring = Santosh Ramesh [[Manisha Yadav]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = Soorya A. R.
| editing = [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = Nallu Studios
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|08|15}}
| runtime = 101 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer''''' ({{translation|Therefore, Go Ahead and Love}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Suseenthiran]].<ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Suseenthiran starts his next film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Suseenthiran-starts-his-next-film/articleshow/13409077.cms |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It features debutant Santhosh Ramesh (Singanamala Ramesh Babu's second son) and [[Manisha Yadav]] of ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' fame in the lead roles.<ref name="a" /> It is produced by Nallu Studios and music by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. Cinematography is by Soorya A. R., editing by Antony, stunts by Anal Arasu, lyrics by Vaali and Yugabharathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poornima Bhagyaraj's comeback in Suseenthiran's next |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82660.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605204002/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82660.html |archive-date=5 June 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> The film released with highly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhalaal Kadhal Seiveer is hard hitting! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-aadhalal-kaadhal-seiveer-is-hard-hitting-50246242-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819021655/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-aadhalal-kaadhal-seiveer-is-hard-hitting-50246242-in-1.html |archive-date=19 August 2013 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada as ''[[Naduve Antaravirali]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2018 |title='Naduve Antaravirali' review: A teenage love story that hinges on an unexpected climax |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/naduve-antaravirali-review-teenage-love-story-hinges-unexpected-climax-89501}}</ref>

==Plot==

The plot revolves around two college-going students, Karthik and Shwetha, who fall in love. They hail from upper-middle-class families. Shwetha's friend Genelia is against their relationship and advises her to break up with Karthik and focus on her studies and future. Since Shwetha is equally interested in Karthik, she continues to meet him behind Genni's back. A worried Genni discloses Shwetha's relationship status to the latter's mother, before anyone is ready to open up to their parents. Shwetha handles her mom by blaming Genni's jealousy and lies that she is still single. Karthik and Shwetha continue to see each other in secrecy, and on one such weekend getaway, they have sex. Within a few weeks, Shwetha finds that she has missed her period and suspects that she might be pregnant, which she confides in Karthik and a few common friends.

On their idea, they try to abort the fetus, posing as a married couple. The doctor gets suspicious when they answer irrelevantly and chucks them out. While they try to find other means to perform the abortion, Shwetha's mother, who was already suspicious of her activities since Genni's warning, finds out the truth, and then all hell breaks loose. After the initial commotion and arguments, Shwetha's parents want to get the couple married to avoid further disgrace. However, Karthik's dad is not interested since his reputation will be ruined. The lovers, on the other hand, plan to elope, but Shwetha changes her mind halfway. One argument leads to another, and the rift between the couple and their families continues to widen. Karthik's parents agree to a wedding on the condition that Shwetha aborts the fetus, so that they can focus on their future and well-being. Shwetha is scared that they might change their mind later on and call off the wedding once her abortion is done, so she refuses to abort. To add fuel to the fire, Shwetha's parents are insulted by Karthik's relatives when they try to patch them up and proceed smoothly. Ego clashes and insults rage between the families; at one point, Shwetha and Karthik find they are incompatible, so they break up bitterly.

Finally, a few months later, a baby boy is born, and Shwetha's father leaves him in an orphanage. Two years later, Shwetha happily gets engaged to someone else; Karthik flirts with another girl in a coffee shop; and the little child grows up in the orphanage without parental love and care.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Santhosh Ramesh as Karthik
* [[Manisha Yadav]] as Shwetha
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Shweta's father
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Thulasi]] as Shweta's mother
* [[Poornima Jayaram]] as Karthi's mother
* Ramnath Shetty as Karthi's father
* Varun as Karthik and Shweta's friend
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Jai
* Archana Raja as Genelia
* Durga as Karthik's sister
* Srinidhi Vasudevan as Radhi
}}

==Production==
After ''[[Rajapattai]]'', which was based on a script by a friend, Suseenthiran went back to new scripts and chose ''Aadhalaal Kadhal Seiveer''. "This is a story that has never been explored before in Tamil cinema. You cannot classify this film as mainstream. The enormous impact of the script will be felt in the film’s second half", he said.<ref name="Script over stars">{{Cite news |date=22 September 2012 |title=Script over stars? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/script-over-stars/article3926171.ece |access-date=25 September 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Santhosh, a third year Loyola College student, plays the hero, while [[Manisha Yadav]], who played one of the leads in the critically acclaimed ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'', the heroine. Some students from both [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola]] and [[M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women|MOP Vaishnav]] colleges have acted in the film. Actor [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] makes a comeback with this film. Apart from her, actors Jayaprakash, Thulasi and Arjun, who played a commendable role in ''[[Kadhalil Sodhapuvadhu Eppadi]]'', are the other three familiar faces in the cast. The rest are newcomers. For the film all artistes attended a two-month rehearsal.<ref name="Script over stars" />

Suseenthiran came up with the script of ''Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer'' while chatting with a friend who was talking about one of his relatives, a college girl, who had fallen in love. "As he discussed her story, several issues one would normally not associate with a couple in love emerged. The impact was such that I was prompted to make a movie out of the story," says Suseenthiran.<ref name="Script over stars" /> Suseenthiran has convinced the young music director [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] to appear in a music video for a song from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja, a lucky mascot for Tamil films |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=271885&subcatg=&keyword=regional&nid=271885 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130105901/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=271885&subcatg=&keyword=regional&nid=271885 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=25 September 2012 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Unlike most other films, this film's title will not be showcased at the beginning but at the end.<ref name="Script over stars" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover = Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer album.jpg
| alt =
| released = 17 October 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Aadhi Bhagavan]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. There are six songs but only four will be featured in the album as the director feels that the lyrics of the other two songs would give out the plot details. These two songs will only be a part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The title of this movie would be displayed only in the end |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-04/suseenthiran-aadhalaal-kadhal-seiveer-23-09-12.html |access-date=25 September 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The audio launch was held on 17 October at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvan repeats Billa 2 act ! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-12-04/yuvan-billa-2-24-09-12.html |access-date=25 September 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The first audio CD was released by actor [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and received by director-actor [[K. Bhagyaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athatlal Kadhal Seiveer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/athatlal-kadhal-seiveer/article4037955.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204103905/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/athatlal-kadhal-seiveer/article4037955.ece |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=1 November 2012 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The music was praised by critics. Behindwoods wrote, "Yuvan Shankar Raja proves why he is the 'Little Maestro' in the finale of the movie and the little pathos song sung by Yuvan himself, will surely move you".<ref name="behindwoods1">{{Cite web |title=Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer Movie Review Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer, Suseendiran |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-review.html |access-date=17 August 2013 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[The Hindu]] wrote, "topping the list of other highlights is Yuvan Shankar Raja’s score. The songs have been chartbusters for quite a while. Now you notice his RR beautifully enhancing the mood of the sequences".<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=17 August 2013 |title=Climax wins the heart |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aadhalaal-kaadhal-seiveer-climax-wins-the-heart/article5032233.ece?homepage=true |access-date=17 August 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]] wrote, "Yuvan Shankar Raja’s background score is a key strength to the film".<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=13 August 2013 |title=Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer, a must watch |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Aadhalal-Kadhal-Seiveer-a-must-watch/2013/08/17/article1737692.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820135748/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Aadhalal-Kadhal-Seiveer-a-must-watch/2013/08/17/article1737692.ece |archive-date=20 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Rediff]] wrote, "music by Yuvan Shankar Raja is melodious and pleasing to the ear, particularly the Poovum Poovum number by Vijay Yesudas and Vinaitha".<ref name="rediff1">{{Cite web |title=Review: Aadhalaal Kadhal Seiveer is compelling – Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-aadhalaal-kadhal-seiveer-is-compelling/20130816.htm |access-date=17 August 2013 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "Yuvan Shankar Raja’s music is peppy and the pathos song sung by the music director in the climax and picturised on the child artist is heart-warming and will move you to tears".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-review-tamil-15036504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817100223/http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-review-tamil-15036504.html |archive-date=17 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Mella Sirithal
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length1 = 3:52
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| title2 = Alaipayum Nenjile
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length2 = 5:19
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| title3 = Thappu Thanda
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Bhavatharini]]
| length3 = 4:39
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| title4 = Poovum Poovum
| extra4 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Vinaitha
| length4 = 4:42
| lyrics4 = J. Francis Kiruba
| title5 = Mella Sirithal (Repeat)
| extra5 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length5 = 3:52
| lyrics5 = [[Yugabharathi]]
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Bonus tracks
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title6 = Aaraaro
| extra6 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length6 = 5:25
| lyrics6 = Na. Muthukumar
| title7 = Kaadhale
| extra7 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length7 = 1:57
| title8 = Nenje Kel
| extra8 = [[Shweta Pandit]]
| length8 = 2:49
}}

==Release==
It was released by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]'s Red Giant Movies<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2013 |title='Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer' changes hands |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-changes-hands-news-tamil-ng4kIddafde.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819233500/http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-changes-hands-news-tamil-ng4kIddafde.html |archive-date=19 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> though [[Studio Green]] had initially acquired the distribution rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNN |date=2 July 2013 |title=Red Giant Movie's next release |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-02/news-interviews/40328390_1_aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-singanamala-ramesh-vazhakku-enn-18-9-fame |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706051152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-02/news-interviews/40328390_1_aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-singanamala-ramesh-vazhakku-enn-18-9-fame |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film which supposed to hit screens on 23 August 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=Aadhalal Kaadhal Seiveer release date |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/aadhalal-kaadhal-seiveer-release-date/75252/story.htm |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=nowrunning.com |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827022639/http://www.nowrunning.com/aadhalal-kaadhal-seiveer-release-date/75252/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> was advanced to 15 August,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2013 |title=Red Giant Movies' new romantic musical from 15 August, Aadhalaal Kadhal Seiveer, AKS |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/red-giant-movies-new-romantic-musical-from-august-15-aadhalaal-kadhal-seiveer-aks-28-07-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814022413/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/red-giant-movies-new-romantic-musical-from-august-15-aadhalaal-kadhal-seiveer-aks-28-07-13.html |archive-date=14 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2013 |title=Two movies to hit on Independence Day – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/95923.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731201335/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/95923.html |archive-date=31 July 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

===Reception===
Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and called ''Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer'', "a return to form for the director after the misfire that was ''[[Rajapattai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer/movie-review/21875380.cms |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer'' comes as a breath of fresh air. Clear and focused in its screenplay, it is sensitive in handling the issue of premarital sex and teen pregnancy. Brilliantly narrated by Suseenthiran, it capsules a relevant issue in just 106 minutes. ''Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer'' is an experience not to be missed".<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> [[Sify]] wrote, "Suseenthiran is back in form with his latest realistic ''Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer''. He has come out with a different kind of film which is sure to pull at your heartstrings and at the same time make you think of the realities of life".<ref name="autogenerated1" /> S Saraswathi of [[Rediff]] gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Aadhalaal Kaadhal Seiveer'' is a must watch. A simple and honest screenplay with a liberal dose of realism coupled with some excellent editing, but most of all, the totally unexpected climax, sets this film apart".<ref name="rediff1" /> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Nearly two years after ''Rajapaatai'', Suseenthiran bounces back with AKS that has a neatly told story and a finale that touches an interesting emotional acme".<ref name="thehindu1" /> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] wrote, "Suseenthiran handles the film bravely without compromising on the message it sets out to deliver to its audiences. Any story dealing with a social problem is either extremely preachy or overtly melodramatic, but what we get here is an intelligent output sans cliches. Kudos to the director for writing and narrating an impactful story".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer: A bold attempt sans cliches (IANS Tamil Movie Review) – NY Daily News | NewsCred SmartWire |url=http://india.nydailynews.com/entertainmentarticle/87a29897637c140dbaee74d463ab72a5/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-a-bold-attempt-sans-cliches-ians-tamil-movie-review#ixzz2cFwSC1rg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821062627/http://india.nydailynews.com/entertainmentarticle/87a29897637c140dbaee74d463ab72a5/aadhalal-kadhal-seiveer-a-bold-attempt-sans-cliches-ians-tamil-movie-review#ixzz2cFwSC1rg |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=India.nydailynews.com}}</ref> Behindwoods wrote, "AKS is a 'slice of life' tale topped by a really impactful climax. Suseenthiran is back in form with a short impactful teenage romance".<ref name="behindwoods1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=2419576|title=Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer}}

{{Suseenthiran}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Teenage pregnancy in film]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]

Lalsavunga

2026-03-15T05:42:02Z

Providentecopoliten: Creating A Info

{{Short description|Early Lushai chief (c.1750-c.1820}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lalsavunga
| image =
| title = Chief of [[Aizawl]] {{lang|lus|Aizawl Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Lalpuiliana]]
| regent = [[Lallula]]
| reg-type =
| successor = [[Vanhnuailiana]]
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = [[Vanhnuailiana]] Lalphunga hawmvunga [[laltheri|Lalchawngpuii]] Thangpuii Chawngpuituali
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = Lalpuiliana
| mother = Khuangtiali ([[Pawi people|Pawi]])
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}
'''Lalsavunga''' ({{langx|en|'''Lalsavoonga'''}}; {{circa|1755}}-{{circa|1840}}) was an early Mizo chief. He was the grandson of Chief [[Lallula]] and father of [[Vanhnuailiana]]. He helped consolidate Sailo dominance in the Lushai Hills as chief and is credited with founding the original site of what is now [[Aizawl]].

==Early life==
Lalsavunga was born to Lalpuiliana and Khuangtiali. Since Lalpuiliana was sickly and unhealthy since a young age, [[Lallula]] arranged for a wife. A brave Pawi girl known as Khuangtiali who had a reputation for living alone was married to him.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=185}} He had a sister named Vanhnuaithangi.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=131}} Lalsavunga was approximately born after the Thlanrawn massacre which was circa 1750.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=185}}
==Chieftainship==
Lalsavunga's grandfather, Lallula assigned him chief of Zawngtah village in 1782. Lalpuiliana had passed when Lalsavunga was very young and hence he was taken under the care of Lallula. Lalsavunga, his sister Vanhnuaithangi and his mother Khuangtiali would reside at Zawngtah upon him becoming chief.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=131}}{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=185}} In 1790, Lalsavunga would move to Phulpui and then Kelsih. However, early into chieftainship at Kelsih, the Hualngos would attack and loot his village. In revenge Lalsavunga drove away the Hualngos encamped at Hualngohmun. After Kelsih, Lalsavunga shifted to South Hlimen circa 1805. Around this period his grandfather Chief Lallula died at Hreichuk. To better fend his people, Lalsavunga encouraged his men to procure firearms. A policy was introduced to give the first choice of jhum plots to men with firearms, hence incentivising gun ownership and prestige of his chiefdom. As result of this, a location near Hlimen was named ''Silai Muakl'' (mount of the guns).{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=131}}{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=186}}

After Hlimen, Lalsavunga would build the village of [[Aizawl]], which later became a British outpost and the capital of Mizoram. The estimated time for establishing Aizawl village under Lalsavunga is around 1810. During his rule at Aizawl, Lalsavunga began to subjugate the Zadeng chiefs. At this point, Lallula and his sons occupied the country between [[Champhai]] and [[Demagiri]] up to Cachar and Bengal. Due to the Mizo custom of free migration between chiefs, Lalsavunga's prestige attracted many villagers to his chiefdom. His chiefdom grew and thus made him one of the most powerful chiefs of his time.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=131}}

When [[Vuta]] was captured by the Pawi chiefs in 1806 and held at Falam, Lalsavunga began to raise a ransom for his uncle's release. The chiefs complied and pooled their wealth, however, the Zadeng chiefs such as Lalchungnunga did not. Due to this Vuta was unable to be released from captivity. Lalsavunga, in vengeance, held Ngurapuilala, the son of Lalchungnunga, hostage.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}} Ngurpuilal had been captured during a joint attack with his uncle [[Mângpawrha]].{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=187}} While Vuta requested him to release Ngurapuilala, Lalsavunga attempted to extort and disgrace the Zadeng chiefs.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}} Lalsavunga took the weapons and [[bawi system|bawi]]s of the Zadeng chiefs. The Zadeng bawis respected Lalsavunga as their treatment in the Zadengs saw them being refused to drink water in any household.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=187}} The bawis were allowed to escape, and those who could not were released.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=188}} Lalchungnunga and his people provided their property in order to ransom Ngura which contributed to a significant decline in the power of the Zadeng chiefs. Lalchungnunga was forced to migrate from Darlawingh to Khawlring in Tripura at the time. After subduing the remaining chiefs into his sphere of influence, Lalsavunga turned his attention east.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}}

Lalsavunga intended to raid the Pawis of Falam for their conduct towards Lallula and his family. His sister, Vanhnuaithangi, who was married to Tinawna Khiangte, was ordered to establish a village south of Lungpher. This would become a launching pad for his invasion against the Pawi.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}} However this would not take place due to a war with the Pawis. Lalsavunga's pasaltha, [[Vana Pa]] would be responsible for pursuing the Hmars and fight against Manipur in 1910.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=189}} Lalsavunga left his younger son, Lalphunga, and his mother, Khuantuali, at Kelsih. Vuta joined Lalsavunga in getting revenge on the Pawis. He used his intelligence of the inroads of the Chin Hills based on his experiences as a captive to guide Lalsavunga's men. Lalsavunga migrated his villagers and built a new settlement of Darlawng around 1818. At this point in his rule as chief, Lalsavunga was considered to be at the peak of his power.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}}

===Famous Pasalṭha===
Lalsavunga would boast multiple [[Pasalṭha]] of great fame in his settlements. These warriors would be inherited by [[Vanhnuailiana]] at his village in Tualte after Lalsavunga's death. Lalsavunga's most trusted advisor and warrior was [[Vana Pa]] (Thangzachhinga). Vana Pa was known for pursuing the Hmars into the territories of Manipur and capturing weapons from their settlements.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=133}}

The most famous Pasalṭha are as follows:{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=190}}
*[[Vana Pa]] (Chawngthu)
*Chawngduma (Tlau)
*Tawktiala (Hmar)
*[[Zampuimanga]] (Ralte)
*Darphawka (Kawlni)
*Chhunkeuva (Khiangte)
*Zabiaka (Fanai)
*Darbuta (Chhakchhuak)
*Dokuala (Tlau)
*Chalkhenga (Fanai)
*Darkuala (Kawlni)
*Darruma (Khawlhring)
*Doruma (Vangchhia)
*Keikawla (Khiangte)

==Later life==
Lalsavunga's daughter Lalchawngpuii also known as [[Laltheri]] shifted to Ruallang. At Ruallang she fell in love with Chalthianga a commoner and became pregnant. Out of fear of Lalsavunga and his sons, Chalthanga ran away from the village. He was followed and overtaken by the village men who caught up to him at Lungpher. Chalthanga was killed by them in the pursuit. While Lalsavunga and his sons were concerned with the scandal their intention was not to kill but rather let him migrate to another village. Lalthawngpuii was married to a widower named Dingmanga. Lalsavunga bequeathed Dinmanaga and Lalchawngpuii, a village they would rule jointly until the east-west war.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=133}}

Lalsavunga's death is argued to have occurred at either Saitual or Darlawng. His death date is argued to be around 1820 or 1840.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}}{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=191}} He was succeeded by his son Vanhnuailiana who would wage wars against the Pawi and Suktes.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}}

==Legacy==
[[Lalsavunga Park]] was opened on 3 October 2018 and named after him.
==Genealogy==
{{Vonolel Family tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Zawla |first1=K. |title=Mizo Pi Pute leh an thlahte Chanchin |date=1964 |publisher=Gosen Press |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467485/mode/2up |access-date=5 March 2025}}

*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Early Lushai chiefs]]

National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film

2026-03-13T06:36:07Z

Providentecopoliten:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best [[Telugu cinema|Telugu feature film]] of the year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1955
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Telugu (1954–1968) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu (1969–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The [[National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].

Awards for films in seven regional language ([[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) started from [[2nd National Film Awards]] which were presented on 21 December 1955. Three awards of "President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film", "Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film" and "Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film" were instituted. The later two certificate awards were discontinued from [[15th National Film Awards]] (1967). Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Telugu Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=28 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

The 1954 film, directed by [[K. V. Reddy]], ''[[Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)|Peddamanushulu]]'' was honoured with the first president's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Telugu. Certificate of Merit for Second and Third Best Feature Films in Telugu were received by ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]'' and ''[[Vipra Narayana]]'' respectively.

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#F4F4F4;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EFECD1;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#D6E0CC;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#E0EAEA;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[2nd National Film Awards|1954 {{small|(2nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)|Pedda Manushulu]]''
| [[Vauhini Studios|Vauhini Productions]]
| [[K. V. Reddy]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="2ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf|title=2nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|Thodu Dongalu]]''
| [[N. Trivikrama Rao|National Art Theater, Madras]]
| [[D. Yoganand]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Vipra Narayana]]''
| [[Bharani Pictures]]
| [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[3rd National Film Awards|1955 {{small|(3rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bangaru Papa]]''
| [[Vauhini Studios|Vauhini Productions]]
| [[B. N. Reddy]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="3rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf|title=3rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Ardhangi]]''
| Ragini Films
| [[P. Pullayya]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[4th National Film Awards|1956 {{small|(4th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]''
| Vikram Productions
| [[B. S. Ranga]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="4thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf|title=4th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Edi Nijam]]''
| Pratibha Productions
| [[S. Balachander]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[5th National Film Awards|1957 {{small|(5th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Bhagya Rekha]]''
| Ponnaluri Brothers
| [[Bomireddi Narasimha Reddy|B. N. Reddy]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="5thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/5th_nff.pdf|title=5th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Thodi Kodallu]]''
| [[D. Madhusudhana Rao|Annapurna Pictures]]
| [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[6th National Film Awards|1958 {{small|(6th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pelli Naati Pramanalu]]''
| Jayanthi Pictures
| [[K. V. Reddy]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="6thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx|title=6th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054317/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Mangalya Balam]]''
| [[Annapurna Studios#Annapurna Pictures|Annapurna Pictures]]
| [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[7th National Film Awards|1959 {{small|(7th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nammina Bantu]]''
| Sambhu Films
| [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]''
| Navashakthi Films
| [[Gutha Ramineedu]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Jayabheri]]''
| Vasireddy Narayana Rao
| [[P. Pullaiah|P. Pullayya]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[8th National Film Awards|1960 {{small|(8th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]''
| Sarani Productions
| [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao|K. Kameswara Rao]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Seeta Rama Kalyanam (1960 film)|Seetharama Kalyanam]]''
| [[N. Trivikrama Rao|National Art Theater, Madras]]
| [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|-
| align="center" | [[9th National Film Awards|1961 {{small|(9th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bharya Bharthalu]]''
| [[Prasad Art Pictures]]
| [[Kotayya Pratyagatma|K. Pratyagatma]]
| align="center" |<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[10th National Film Awards|1962 {{small|(10th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]''
| Gowthami Productions
| [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao|K. Kameswara Rao]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Kula Gothralu]]''
| [[Adurthi Subba Rao|A. Subba Rao]]
| [[Kotayya Pratyagatma]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Siri Sampadalu]]''
| V. Venkateswarlu
| [[P. Pullayya]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[11th National Film Awards|1963 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]''
| Lalita Sivajyoti Films
| [[C. Pullayya]] and [[C. S. Rao]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Amara Silpi Jakkanna]]''
| [[B. S. Ranga]]
| [[B. S. Ranga]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Mooga Manasulu]]''
| C. Sundaram
| [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
!scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Doctor Chakravarthy]]''
|[[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]
|[[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/ramadasu-movie-awards/15991|title=Ramadasu (1964) Awards – Award Winners Of Ramadasu Telugu Movie|work=gomolo.com|access-date=5 May 2013|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212638/http://www.gomolo.com/ramadasu-movie-awards/15991|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Ramadasu (1964 film)|Ramadasu]]''
| [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]]
| [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[13th National Film Awards|1965 {{small|(13th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Antastulu]]''
| [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
| [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref name="13thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|title=13th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''[[Palnati Yudham (1966 film)|Palnati Yudham]]''
| Y. Lakshmaya Choudaray
| [[Gutha Ramineedu]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]''
| [[Adurthi Subba Rao|A. Subba Rao]]
| [[Kotayya Pratyagatma|K. Atma]]
|-
| align="center" | [[14th National Film Awards|1966 {{small|(14th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]''
| [[B. N. Reddy]]
| [[B. N. Reddy]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/rangula-ratnam-movie-awards/16100|title=Rangula Ratnam (1967) Awards – Award Winners Of Rangula Ratnam Telugu Movie|work=gomolo.com|access-date=6 April 2013|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306065254/http://www.gomolo.com/rangula-ratnam-movie-awards/16100|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/11/28/stories/2008112851140100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tale of a celluloid poet|date=28 November 2008}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sudigundalu]]''
| Chakravarthi Chitra
| [[Adurthi Subba Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Varakatnam]]''
| [[N. Trivikrama Rao]]
| [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]''
| [[N. Trivikrama Rao]]
| [[Kotayya Pratyagatma|K. Pratyagatma]]
| align="center" |<ref name="17thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Desamante Manushuloyi]]''
| K. M. K. Naidu and G. K. Naidu
| [[C. S. Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]''
| [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]]
| [[B. V. Prasad]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1971|title=National Film Awards (1971)|work=gomolo.com|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023137/http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1971|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]''
| G. Hanumantha Rao
| [[Lakshmi Deepak]]
| align="center" |<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mutyala Muggu]]''
| M. V. L. Narasimha Rao
| [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| align="center" |<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Oorummadi Brathukulu]]''
| [[B. S. Narayana]]
| [[B. S. Narayana]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G49qfMZZqbEC&q=OOrummadi+Bratukulu&pg=PA212|title=Encyclopaedia Of Modern Journalism And Mass Media (Set Of 10 Vols.) 2005|isbn=9788126124206|last1=Syed|first1=M. H.|year=2005}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1976|title=National Film Awards (1976)|work=gomolo.com|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316201442/http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1976|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Oka Oori Katha]]''
| A. Parandhama Reddy
| [[Mrinal Sen]]
| align="center" |<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nimajjanam]]''
| Red Rose Art Films
| [[B. S. Narayana]]
| align="center" |<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nagna Sathyam]]''
| [[U. Visweswar Rao]]
| [[U. Visweswar Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1979|title=National Film Awards (1979)|work=gomolo.com|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145408/http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1979|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/nagna-sathyam-movie-cast-crew/16758|title=Nagna Sathyam (1979) Cast and Crew|work=gomolo.com|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080913/http://www.gomolo.com/nagna-sathyam-movie-cast-crew/16758|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Harischandrudu]]''
| U. D. Murali Krishna
| [[U. Visweswar Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]''
| [[Edida Nageswara Rao]]
| [[Bharathiraja]]
| align="center" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Meghasandesam]]''
| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Rangula Kala]]''
| K. Venkateswara Rao
| [[B. Narsing Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sitaara]]''
| [[Edida Nageswara Rao]]
| [[Vamsy]]
| align="center" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sravanthi (film)|Sravanthi]]''
| [[Jaya Krishna]]
| [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| align="center" |<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]''
| [[Edida Nageswara Rao]]
| [[K. Viswanath]]
| align="center" |<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Daasi (1988 film)|Daasi]]''
| B. Ramachandra Rao
| [[B. Narsing Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Suthradharulu]]''
| Sudhakar Reddy and C. Karunakar Rao
| [[K. Viswanath]]
| align="center" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Matti Manushulu]]''
| K. Mukherjee and Veda Kumar
| [[B. Narsing Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhadram Koduko]]''
| V. Ramachandra Rao
| [[Akkineni Kutumba Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ankuram]]''
| K. V. Suresh Kumar
| [[C. Umamaheswara Rao]]
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mister Pellam]]''
| Gavara Partha Sarathi
| [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Stri]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] and [[Doordarshan]]
| [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]''
| [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
| [[Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi|Krishna Vamsi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]''
| [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]''
| [[G. V. G. Raju]]
| [[A. Karunakaran]]
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]''
| [[Daggubati Suresh Babu]]
| [[Director Udayasankar|Udayasankar]]
| align="center" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
| [[Ramoji Rao]]
| [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Show (film)|Show]]''
| [[Manjula Ghattamaneni]]
| [[G. Neelakanta Reddy]]
| align="center" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aithe]]''
| [[Gunnam Gangaraju]]
| [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]]
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Swarabhishekam]]''
| H. Gopalakrishna Murthy
| [[K. Viswanath]]
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bommalata]]''
| R. K. Film Associates, [[Rana Daggubati|Spirit Media]] and [[Gunnam Gangaraju]]
| [[Prakash Kovelamudi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kamli (2006 film)|Kamli]]''
| B. C. Hari Charana Prasad and P. V. Sukanya
| [[K. N. T. Sastry]]
| align="center" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]''
| N. C. Narasimham
| [[Narasimha Nandi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Eega]]''
| [[Korrapati Ranganatha Sai|Sai Korrapati]]
| [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| align="center" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Naa Bangaaru Talli]]''
| Sun Touch Productions
| [[Rajesh Touchriver]]
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Chandamama Kathalu]]''
| Working Dream Production
| [[Praveen Sattaru]]
| align="center" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kanche]]''
| Y. Rajeev Reddy
| [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
| Dharamapatha Creations
| [[Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam|Tharun Bhascker]]
| align="center" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[The Ghazi Attack|Ghazi]]''
| [[Prasad V. Potluri]] and K. Anvesh Reddy
| [[Sankalp Reddy]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-for-mom-newton-wins-best-hindi-film-1717053.html|title=65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award |publisher=News 18|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahanati]]''
| [[Priyanka Dutt]]
| [[Nag Ashwin]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-national-film-awards-andhadhun-kgf-padmaavat-win-the-prestigious-award/articleshow/70604186.cms|title=66th National Film Awards winners' list: 'Andhadhun', 'KGF', 'Padmaavat' win the prestigious award|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09|title=66th National Film Awards: Full winners list|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''
| Suryadevara Naga Vamsi
| [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/article/full-list-of-winners-of-67th-national-film-awards/735686|title=Full list of winners of 67th National Film Awards: Best Actress award goes to Kangana Ranaut|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Colour Photo]]''
| [[Sai Rajesh]] and Benny Muppaneni
| [[Sandeep Raj]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/68th-national-film-awards-live-here-are-all-the-winners/article65670011.ece|title=68th National Film Awards {{!}} Updates|website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Uppena]]''
| Naveen Yerneni and Y. Ravi Shankar
| [[Buchi Babu Sana]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/|title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun, RRR, Gangubai Kathiawadi win big|date=24 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Karthikeya 2]]''
| Abhishek Agarwal and T. G. Viswa Prasad
| [[Chandoo Mondeti]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-full-winners-list-aataam-rishabh-shetty-kgf-2-9517350/|title=70th National Film Awards full winners list: Aattam wins Best Film, Rishab Shetty is Best Actor, KGF 2 and Kantara bag top honours|date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
| [[Sahu Garapati]] and Harish Peddi
| [[Anil Ravipudi]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]
{{National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film}}{{National Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Film Award For Best Feature Film in Telugu}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Telugu]]
[[Category:Telugu cinema]]

Pasham Yadagiri

2026-03-08T03:35:14Z

Providentecopoliten: adjusted lead per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pasham Yadagiri
| image = File:Pasham Yadagiri.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad State]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for = Telangana agitation
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Pasham Yadagiri''' is a journalist, [[activist]] and Convenor of the Telangana Aikya Karyacharana Samiti.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article1064904.ece Pro-Telangana activists protest against report - The Hindu]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080328161154/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/24/stories/2008032459260800.htm The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh News : Bhongir meet cancellation shocks many]</ref> He fought in the [[Telangana Rebellion|1969 Telangana agitation]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/protection-of-tribal-people-should-be-discussed-in-cop-11/article3976647.ece ‘Protection of tribal people should be discussed in CoP 11’ - The Hindu]</ref> He is also considered as one of the most senior journalist and advisor to journalist schools. He has also worked with many newspapers namely 'Udayam'. He is a political analyst and philosopher.

He was awarded with a cash award of ₹1 crore at [[Telangana Formation Day]] celebrations in [[Parade grounds|Parade Grounds]], [[Secunderabad]] on 2 June 2025 for his contributions to the Telangana movement.<ref name="Telangana Formation Day 2025">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=2 June 2025 |title=Telangana Formation Day 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-formation-day-2025-cm-revanth-reddy-envisions-state-as-a-3-trillion-economy-by-2047/article69648133.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603071821/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-formation-day-2025-cm-revanth-reddy-envisions-state-as-a-3-trillion-economy-by-2047/article69648133.ece |archivedate=3 June 2025 |accessdate=3 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Life==
He was born in [[Hyderabad State]] and went to an Urdu medium school.

He played a prominent role in [[Telangana movement]]. Before the political parties took the idea of bifurcation as their policy, Pasham Yadagiri along with others were demanding for a separate state in 1990's itself.

He is also a founder member of Hyderabad Zindabad. He has been organizing, attending public meetings to activate the real form of development. His ideas and thinking on Telangana and other political beliefs has marked the generations to rethink and revise the thoughts.

He is an expert in toponymy of Hyderabad locations. Telangana advises political leaders and journalists on varied issues relating to rural development, agrarian crisis, economy, politics and current affairs.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadagiri, Pasham}}
[[Category:Activists from Telangana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sankissa

2026-03-07T06:40:32Z

Providentecopoliten: basic cleaned up structure for accuracy and updated info

{{short description|Historical city in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Sankissa
| native_name =Uttar Pradesh, India
| alternate_name =
| image = [[File:Elephant capital Sankasya.jpg|270px]] Elephant capital at Sankissa, one of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], 3rd century BCE [[File:Sankissa elephant abacus detail.jpg|270px]]
| alt =
| caption = Detail of the abacus.
| map_type = India# India Uttar Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|27|20|02|N|79|16|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Farrukhabad district]], Uttar Pradesh, India.
| region =
| type = Settlement
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
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| abandoned =
| epochs =
| cultures =
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| public_access =
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| notes =
| designation1 =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_type = C
| designation1_criteria =
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}}
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
'''Sankissa''' (also ''Sankasia'', ''Sankassa'' and ''Sankasya'') is an ancient city in India renown for the descent of [[Gautama Buddha]] from the [[Tushita]] heavens where he taught his mother before landing at Sankissa. Considered among the eight great pilgrimage sites, it was thirty leagues from [[Sravasti]].<ref name="DhA_224">''Dhammapadatthakathā'', iii, 224</ref> Around 300 years after the Gautama Buddha's [[Mahaparinirvana]], king [[Ashoka]] visited and built a [[Pillars of Ashoka|Pillar of Ashoka]] of which the elephant capital survives. He also built a [[stupa]] and a temple commemorating the Buddha's descent from the heavens. The ruins of the stupa are still present, as is a temple of Vishari Devi and an ancient staircase.<ref>Akashdeep Asok, "2600-year-old Stairwcase to Heaven", ''Times of India'', 25 December 2023</ref>

[[File:Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|thumb|left|Descent of the Buddha from the [[Trayastrimsa]] Heaven at Sankissa.<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p.56]</ref>]]
Sankissa has ruins of ancient Buddhist monasteries, and other monuments from Buddhist and Hindu traditions. The Briton Alexander Cunningham explored the site in 1842.

Sankissa is now identified with Sankisa Basantapura on the north bank of the [[Ikkhumati]] river (Kalinadi), between [[Kampil]] and [[Kannauj]]. It is twenty-three miles west of [[Fatehgarh]], twenty-five south of [[Kaimganj]] and forty-five north of [[Kannauj]], in the [[Farrukhabad district]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of India.

==The Buddha's return at Sankissa==


Events at Sankissa are recorded in the [[Tipitaka]]. It was at Sankissa that the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] returned to earth, after preaching the [[Abhidhamma Pitaka]] in [[Tavatimsa]] heaven to his mother and to the gods, following his performance of the [[Twin miracle]] at [[Sravasti]]. As the time approached for the Buddha to leave Távatimsa after his three month stay, his disciple [[Maudgalyayana|Moggallana]] ([[Anuruddha]], according to Sutta Nipāta Commentary ii 570<ref>cf. ''Visuddhi magga'', p. 391</ref>) announced his coming return to the multitude who had been waiting at Sravasti. They had been fed by Culla Anathapindika as Moggallana taught the [[Dhamma]]. They all then made their way to Sankissa to meet the Buddha at his return.

The descent of the Buddha took place on the day of the Mahapavarana festival. The king of the gods [[Indra]] built three ladders for the Buddha's descent from [[Mount Meru]] to the earth with his retinue: On the right was a ladder of gold for the gods; on the left a silver ladder for [[Maha Brahma]] and his retinue; and in the middle a ladder of jewels for the Buddha. The assembled people covered the earth for thirty leagues round. At the top of the ladder, there was a clear view of the nine Brahma worlds above and of the [[Avici]] [[hell]] below. The Buddha was accompanied by many beings including Pañcasikha, Mátali, Mahá Brahmá and Suyáma. His disciple [[Sariputta]] was the first to welcome him, followed by [[Uppalavanna]].<ref name="SNC_570">''Sutta Nipāta Commentary'', ii, 570</ref>

On this occasion the ''Parosahassa Jataka'' was taught to proclaim to the multitude the unparalleled wisdom of Sariputta.<ref name="DhA_224"/><ref name="SNC_570"/> It is also written that the Buddha's descent at Sankissa had provided opportunities for Moggallana to show his eminence in [[iddhi]] (supranormal knowledge), [[Anuruddha]] in dibbacakkhu (ability to see far), and [[Punna]] in his skills in [[teaching]], while the Buddha wished to give [[Sariputta]] a chance of showing his profound wisdom.<ref name="DhA_224"/><ref name="SNC_570"/><ref>''Jātaka'', ed. Fausboll, iv, 266</ref><ref>see also Jhánasodhana, Sarabhamiga, and Candábha Játakas</ref>

The location of the city gate of Sankissa is said to be at one of the "unchangeable" spots of the world, or ''avijahitatthanam'', where all of the Buddhas descend to the human world after preaching the [[Abhidhamma]] to their mothers in the Heavens.<ref>Buddhavamsa Commentary 106, 247</ref><ref>Papañca Sūdanī, Majjhima Commentary i 371</ref> From Sankissa, the Buddha went to [[Jetavana]] grove.<ref>''Jātaka'', ed. Fausboll, i, 193</ref>
<gallery>
File:Bharhut Ajatasattu Pillar - Descent From Tavatimsa.jpg|Descent to Sankissa in [[Bharhut]].
File:Buddha Panel from Afghanistan.jpg|Descent to Sankissa, in the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]].
File:Life Scenes of Buddha - Birth-Enlightenment-Descent from Heaven-First Sermon-Passing Away - Circa 2nd Century CE - Rajghat - ACCN 00-H-1 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5843.JPG|Descent from Heaven, 2nd century CE, Mathura.
File:Thai - Buddha Preaching in Sankassa - Walters 20101231.jpg|The Buddha Preaching in Sankissa, Thailand
</gallery>

==Architecture==
[[File:Ancient Site, Sankissa-002.jpg|thumb|left|The Sankissa elephant under a protective roof.]]
[[File:Sankissa elephant simulation.jpg|thumb|Possible reconstitution of the elephant.]]
[[File:Mahabodhi pillar of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Bodh Gaya]] [[Mahabodhi Temple]] pillar, another Ashokan elephant pillar, portrayed in a [[Bharhut]] relief, 100 BCE.]]
A shrine was erected on the spot where the Buddha's right foot first touched the ground at Sankissa.<ref>''Dhammapadatthakathā'', iii, 227</ref> When the Chinese pilgrims, [[Xuanzang]] and [[Faxian]], visited the place, they found three ladders, which had been built of brick and stone by the ancients, to commemorate the Buddha's descent, but the ladders were nearly sunk in the earth.<ref>[[Samuel Beal]], ''Romantic Legend of the Buddha'', i, 203</ref><ref>Fa Hien, p. 24</ref>

There was, in the Buddha's time, a deer park at Sankissa where [[Suhemanta Thera]] heard the Buddha preach.<ref>Theragāthā Commentary, i, 212</ref> During the [[Second Buddhist Council|Vajjiputta controversy]], [[Revata]] Thera, on his way from [[Soreyya]] to [[Sahajati]], went through Sankissa. The road he took passed through Sankissa, [[Kannauj|Kannakujja]], [[Udumbara]] and [[Aggalapura]].<ref>''Vinaya Pitaka'', ed. Oldenberg, ii, 299f</ref> The excavations carried out in the place did not reveal any artifacts of importance.

An elephant capital from the period of the [[Mauryas]] was found at the site.<ref name=Sen>{{cite book|title=Buddhist shrines in India|last=Sen|first=Dr. A. C.|publisher=Maha Bodhi Book Agency|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87032-78-6|year=2008|page=63}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Geographical spread of known Ashoka Capitals in India.jpg|Geographical spread of known [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] of the [[pillars of Ashoka]].
File:Sankissa elephant drawing.jpg|Sankissa elephant (drawing).
File:Sankissa_elephant_abacus_detail.jpg|[[Abacus (architecture)|Abacus]] in hellenistico-persian style.<ref name="JI">{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/136703111/Chronology-of-Asokan-Pillars |title=John Irwin, The true chronology of Ashokan Pillars |access-date=23 June 2018 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430182342/https://www.scribd.com/document/136703111/Chronology-of-Asokan-Pillars |url-status=dead }}</ref>
</gallery>

==Location==
{{Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg}}
Sankissa is about 250 km and is a 4 hours 30 minutes' drive from [[Kanpur Airport]].

==References==
{{Commons category|Sankissa}}
{{reflist|24em}}

==External links==
*{{ppn|sa/sankassa.htm|Sankassa}}
*{{RBK|17|Sankasya}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wArCYCA2xJA Sankassa Video Documentary (in Sinhalese)] Ancient Buddhist events at Sankissa
* http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/sa/sankassa.htm
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=27.500106,82.052357&spn=0.006014,0.013078&t=h&z=17&vpsrc=0&lci=com.panoramio.all maps.google The place where Lord Buddha show Twin Miracle (Pali:Yamaka Patihara). - Sravasti]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=27.334641,79.27434&spn=0.024094,0.052314&t=h&z=15&vpsrc=6&lci=com.panoramio.all maps.google The place where Lord Buddha came down from Daowadung. - Sankisa]
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Farrukhabad district]]

Chillakur mandal

2026-03-05T06:45:59Z

Providentecopoliten: Added Initial Details V1

{{Short description|Mandal in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chillakur mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gudur revenue division|Gudur]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| population_total = 53138
| population_as_of = 2011
| area_total_km2 = 323.25
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />{{rp|p-50}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />{{rp|p=50}}
| population_urban = 687
| population_rural = 52451
| coordinates = {{coord|14|7|48|N|79|52|5|E}}
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| mapframe = yes
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Chillakur]]
| area_urban_km2 = 0
| area_rural_km2 = 323.25
| leader_party = [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]
}}

'''Chillakur mandal''' is one of the [[Mandal|mandal]] in [[Nellore district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Gudur revenue division]] and is headquartered at [[Chillakur]].

== History ==
Chillakur mandal was a part of [[Nellore district]] until 2022. It was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district effective from 4 April 2022 by the [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]-led [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=Jindal Steel to set up Rs.7500 cr steel plant in Nellore district |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150721/jindal-steel-to-set-up-steel-plant-in-nellore-district.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
| title = Religions in Chillakur mandal (2011)
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| bars = {{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|93.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|5.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.53}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.36}}
| caption = Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />{{rp|pp=38-40}}
| float = right
}}

{{As of|2011|alt=As per 2011 census}}, Chillakur mandal had a total population of 53,138 with 27,376 male population and 25,762 female population with a density of {{Pop density|53138|323.25|km2|prec=0}}. It had a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 941, making it the mandal with lowest sex ratio in the erstwhile Nellore district. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 16,806 and 8,490 of the population respectively. It had a literacy rate of 60.05% with 66.8% among males and 52.84% among females.<ref name=":1">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/08/2019080553.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |date=2011 |pages=28,50–51,372 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=28, 50-51}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/07/2019072494-1.pdf |title=Hand book of Statistics S.P.S. Nellore district 2018 |date=2018 |pages=22,29,38-40,58,65-73 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>{{Rp|page=29}}

== Administration ==
Chillakur mandal is a part of [[Gudur revenue division]].<ref name=":2" /> The headquarters are located at [[Chillakur]].<ref name="map">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Part-III District and Sub-district [Mandals] Guntur to Chittoor [7 Districts] |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223154356/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |publisher=[[Census of India]] |page=220}}</ref> As of 2011 census, the mandal comprises the following 30 villages:<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=372}}
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Village
|-
|Addepalle
|-
|Ankulapaturu
|-
|Annambaka
|-
|Ballavolu
|-
|Budanam
|-
|[[Chillakur]]
|-
|Chinthavaram
|-
|Kadivedu
|-
|Kalava Konda
|-
|Ippapudi*
|-
|Momidi
|-
|Mutyalapadu
|-
|Nakkalakalva Khandrika
|-
|Nelaballi
|-
|Oduru
|-
|Pallamala
|-
|Pallamala Khandrika*
|-
|Pentapadu
|-
|Ponnavolu
|-
|Thamminapatnam
|-
|Theepanur
|-
|Thikkavaram
|-
|Thonukumala
|-
|Turpu Kanupur
|-
|Udathavaripalem
|-
|Udathavariparlapalle
|-
|Vallipadu
|-
|Vellapalem
|-
|Yeruru
|-
|Yogeswarunipalle
|}

* Note: Ippapudi and Pallamala Khandrika were uninhabited<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=372}}

== Economy ==
In 2019, a [[desalination plant]] was proposed to be set up in the mandal to resolve drinking water issues in the erstwhile Nellore district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2019 |title=Desalination plant will come up in Chillakur mandal, says Nellore Collector |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/desalination-plant-will-come-up-in-chillakur-mandal-says-nellore-collector-542561 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Rice is the major crop grown in the mandal primarily during the Rabi season. Greengram and Blackgram are also cultivated during Rabi season although sparsely. Groundnuts, fresh and dry fruits are grown widely during the Kharif season and less prominently during the Rabi season.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=65-73}}

=== Industrial sector ===
The mandal is proposed to be a part of the [[Chennai Bangalore Industrial Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathri |first=Rajasekhar |date=24 February 2018 |title=Nellore: Panel constituted for CBIC land acquisition |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240218/nellore-panel-constituted-for-cbic-land-acquisition.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Kriscity, an industrial city comprising educational institutions, skill development units, research and development projects, residential, commercial, and tourism projects is proposed to be set up in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. V. Prasad |date=15 March 2021 |title=Kriscity to come up in coastal belt of Nellore |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kriscity-to-come-up-in-coastal-belt-of-nellore-676997 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Chillakur mandal is a part of [[Gudur Assembly constituency]] and [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]]. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, Chillakur mandal had 36,132 eligible voters with 17,849 male voters and 18,283 female voters.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=22}} [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]] is representing the Gudur constituency as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly election result: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla/1585284/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Maddila Gurumoorthy]] is representing the Tirupati constituency as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=A. D. Rangarajan |date=19 July 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Another Central institution likely to be set up in Tirupati |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-another-central-institution-likely-to-be-set-up-in-tirupati/article65658930.ece |access-date=25 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nellore district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Nellore district]]

Desh Ke Mentor

2026-03-04T21:20:45Z

Providentecopoliten: Added A Stub With Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Desh Ke Mentor''' is a programme started by the [[Government of Delhi]] with the main objective of connecting voluntary [[Mentorship|mentors]] with students of classes IX to XII of [[Delhi]] [[State school|Government schools]] and nurturing them in [[education]] and [[Career counseling|career guidance]]. The mentors from various [[professional]] and [[Academy|academic]] backgrounds will be assigned a set of students to be trained in 2 to 6 months based on their gender and personal interests. Mentors are required to allot a weekly time of 10 minutes to train the students. The programme is expected to benefit nine [[lakh]] students each year.

== History and objective ==

Desh Ke Mentor programme was launched by Government of Delhi in October'2021 with the idea of connecting students of classes IX to XII of Delhi government schools<ref name="dm ref2">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Arvind Kejriwal launches 'Desh Ke Mentor' Programme |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/arvind-kejriwal-launches-desh-ke-mentor-programme/ |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=adda247 |date=12 October 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref> with volunteers who chose to be mentors after fulfilling the eligibility criteria for the same.<ref name="dm ref1">{{cite news |title=Explained: Why NCPCR sought suspension of Delhi govt's Desh ke Mentor programme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-desh-ke-mentor-controversy-explained-7724352/ |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=16 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The programme is designed to facilitate young students with guidance on higher education and career choices and preparing them for various entrance exams and also teaching them on handling various pressures.<ref name="dm ref2" /><ref name="dm ref10">{{cite news |last1=Oberoi |first1=Pragatti |title=Delhi Government launches 'Desh ke Mentor' for guiding students on Career Choices |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/delhi-government-launches-desh-ke-mentor-for-guiding-students-on-career-choices/822982 |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=timesnownews.com |date=12 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Under the programme each mentor will be assigned 4 students based on their gender and skills in respective areas.

[[Bollywood actor]] [[Sonu Sood]] is chosen as [[Brand ambassador|Brand Ambassador]]. Various famous personalities like Olympian Ravi Dahiya, Singer [[Palash Sen]], RJ Adi and Comedian Saloni Gaur were present during launch of the programme and interacted with students. Anyone can participate in the initiative launched by Directorate of Education under "Youth For Education" programme by giving a missed call on 7500040004 and downloading "Desh Ke Mentor" app.<ref name="dm ref4">{{cite news |title=Delhi CM launches 'Desh Ke Mentors' programme |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-cm-launches-desh-ke-mentors-programme-101633975509671.html |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dm ref5">{{cite news |title=Desh Ke Mentor App - Delhi Govt School Students to Get Career Guidance |url=https://sarkariyojana.com/desh-ke-mentor-app-delhi/ |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=sarkariyojana.com |date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

Till January 2022, around 1,74,000 students have been mentored by 44000 mentors, among whom 500 members are from [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] and [[Indian Institutes of Management|Indian Institute of Management]] and 15,600 members are doing graduation or Doctors in Philosophy from reputed educational Institutes and around 7500 mentors are working in top posts of reputed organisations.<ref name="dm ref8">{{cite news |title=1,74,000 Students Mentored Under Delhi Government's "Desh Ke Mentor" Programme: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/174000-students-mentored-under-delhi-governments-desh-ke-mentor-programme-report |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=14 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Mentor selection and requirements ==

Following are the requirements of Mentor under this programme:<ref name="dm ref3">{{cite news |title=All You Need to Know About Delhi Govt's 'Desh Ke Mentor' Programme |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/all-you-need-to-know-about-delhi-govts-desh-ke-mentor-programme-4313711.html |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=News18 |date=12 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

* Through an Desh ke Mentor app created by Saarathi, in collaboration with the [[Delhi Technological University]] team, anyone in the age group of 18 to 35 years can register themselves.
* Fill the details on date of birth, educational qualification, nature of profession, work experiences in various organisation and sign with undertaking.
* Students connected with mentors on mutual interest basis.
* Mentorship includes regular contact over phone for two months to be extended to four months on optional basis.
* Mentors to complete a brief ‘psychometry test’ on a set of questions.
* On completion of registration based on mentors gender and interests, set of students are assigned.
* Each mentor to schedule weekly time of 10 minutes for the students allotted to them.
* Mentorship programme to run from two to six months. Initial two months are based on compulsory module and remaining four months to be optional.
* Mentors to be from various professional and academic backgrounds.
* Each mentor will be allotted 5 to 10 students categorised on gender and skill requirements of students.

== Concerns ==

Desh Ke Mentor faces following concerns from [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (NCPCR):<ref name="dm ref1" /><ref name="dm ref6">{{cite news |title=Pause 'Desh Ke Mentor' scheme for sake of student safety, child rights body tells Delhi govt |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/pause-desh-ke-mentor-scheme-for-sake-of-student-safety-child-rights-body-tells-delhi-govt/802625/ |access-date=31 January 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=13 January 2022}}</ref>

* Concerns on child abuse and safety after assigning to mentors.
* Concerns on lack of police verification of mentors.
* Concerns on Psychometric Test authenticity.
* Concerns on child abuse through phone.
* Even after parental consent, child safety is in responsibility of Delhi Government.

== Safeguards ==

Following protective measures which are already included in the program:<ref name="dm ref7">{{cite news |title=Delhi govt adds new features to Desh Ke Mentor programme - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/delhi-govt-adds-new-features-to-desh-ke-mentor-programme/articleshow/89000545.cms |access-date=31 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=19 January 2022}}</ref>

* Gender is the primary criteria. Hence female students will get female mentors only and male students will get male mentors.
* All Mentors will be verified via Aadhaar Verification System of UIDAI.
* All Conversation between student and their mentor will be recorded and audited periodically.
* All numbers will be masked, hence no sharing of Student / Mentors numbers. All calls will go through centralized IVR number.
* Psychometric tests designed by qualified professionals and team of professors.
* Respective police stations will do mandatory verification of mentors (In case of any suspicion).
* Offline meeting of mentor and students not allowed.
* Personal details of mentors and students will not be made public at any cost.
* Stringent safeguard mechanism system included in app. Robust grievance redressal system for students.

== See also ==

* [[Government School]]s

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://deshkementor.com/ Official Website]


[[Category:Educational programs]]
[[Category:Education in Delhi]]

Vasantha Maligai

2026-03-04T04:53:37Z

Providentecopoliten: adding new bio v1

{{short description|1972 film by Kovelamudi Surya Prakash Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vasantha Maligai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Vanisri]]
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| story = Kousalya Dev
| based_on = ''[[Prema Nagar]]'' (Telugu)
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = K. A. Marthand Narasimha Rao
| studio = [[Suresh Productions|Vijaya & Suresh Combines]]
| released = {{Film date|1972|09|29|df=yes}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vasantha Maligai''''' ({{translation|Palace of Spring}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] and produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Vanisri]]. It is remake of the 1971 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Prema Nagar]]'', which also directed by K. S. Prakash Rao himself and Vanisri reprised her role from original film.

''Vasantha Maligai'' was released on 29 September 1972 and became a major commercial success, running at the box office for nearly 750 days. A digitally restored version of the film was released on 8 March 2013, and another one on 21 June 2019.

== Plot ==
Anand is a rich [[Playboy lifestyle|playboy]] and an alcoholic. Aboard an aeroplane, he meets Latha, an air hostess. Latha lives with her father, mother, two brothers, and a sister. Her elder brother resides at home with his wife, but Latha is the highest earning member of the family. Latha's mother objects to her being an air hostess; she begs her to change profession so that she can be home at more decent hours.

While Anand is celebrating his birthday in a pub near his home, Latha arrives at the same pub for a job interview with the manager. However, the lustful manager, in the guise of interviewing her, tries to rape her. Anand hears Latha screaming, subdues the manager, rescues Latha, then drives her home. The next day, Latha goes to Anand's house to return the coat he had lent her the night before. She then asks him for a job, to which he agrees, hiring her as his secretary.

The next day Anand shows her around his house, and she meets his mother, elder brother Vijay, and sister-in-law. Latha soon notices that Anand is an alcoholic, and therefore wishes to resign, but a servant begs her not to because Anand's behaviour has changed for the better since meeting her.

Anand's fiancée comes to his home and starts ranting that she no longer wishes to marry him because he is an alcoholic. Meanwhile, his sister-in-law, who concludes that Latha has come to steal Anand's affections, disturbs his mother with these comments. Latha, however, assures the mother, after everyone has left the table, that she will, in fact, try and stop Anand from drinking. Later on, she catches him drinking with his servant Panchavarnam. His servant runs away upon seeing her, but Anand continues to drink. Latha throws the glass after arguing with him, infuriating Anand into throwing a glass bottle onto her forehead.

When Anand realises what he has done, he destroys all his bottles, promising Latha that he will never drink again. He confides in her the anguish of his soul, how when he was young both his father and his Ayya died. After this transformative incident, he announces that he is going to build a new palace for himself and the girl that he truly loves. He will call the palace "Vasantha Maligai" (palace of spring).

Anand brings Latha to this new house; everyone in his family goads Latha to find out who this mysterious woman is. Latha, too, is curious to meet the girl of Anand's heart. He then shows her her own reflection in a separate room revealing that she is the girl of his affections. However, Vijay witnesses this and runs to tell his mother. He conjures up a story about Latha having stolen his wife's jewellery. Hearing this, Anand becomes suspicious of Latha. He asks Latha about it, but she runs away, dejected that he could suspect her of such wrongdoing. Fortunately, Anand learns about Vijay's malicious plan.

Anand confesses his ignorance and apologises. But Latha does not forgive him. Anand loses his composure and becomes seriously ill. Meanwhile, Latha receives a marriage proposal. Anand's mother goes to apologise to Latha while Latha hands her an invitation to her wedding. Anand's mother shows this to her son, who then decides to attend the wedding. Latha is shocked to see him. She meets him privately to reconcile their differences, but her sister-in-law and the groom's mother spot them and announce it to the guests who depart, botching Latha's marriage. All of a sudden, Anand's mother enters the room and declares that Latha should marry Anand. When Latha arrives at the palace, she is shocked to see Anand's condition. She does not know that, out of desperation and lovesickness, he drank poison. As soon as Latha enters the room he collapses. Anand is hospitalised and after recovering, he re-unites with Latha.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-break|width=22%}}
;Lead
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Ananth<ref name="TCRC">{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P. V. |date=11 September 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples – The 'spirited' Screen Characters |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/09/11/filmy-ripples-the-spirited-screen-characters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003928/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/09/11/filmy-ripples-the-spirited-screen-characters/ |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=29 September 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref>
*[[Vanisri]] as Latha<ref name="TOI review" />
{{col-break|width=29%}}
;Supporting actors
*[[K. Balaji]] as Vijay Kumar "Vijay"<ref name="TOI review" />
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Latha's father
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Ananth's home butler
*[[Nagesh]] as Panchavarnam<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title="Nagaichuvai Mannan" Nagesh: Monarch of Humorous Actors in Tamil Movies |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/44523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509230423/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/44523 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |access-date=26 April 2020 |website=dbsjeyaraj.com}}</ref>
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Ponnaiya
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Latha's elder brother
*[[S. V. Ramadas]] as the Hotel manager
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Jameen Property Diwan
*[[C. R. Parthiban]] as an Aeroplane Passenger
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Young Vijay Kumar (archival footage from ''[[Prema Nagar]]'')
{{col-break|width=35%}}
;Supporting actresses
*[[Santha Kumari]] as Ananth and Vijay's mother (archival footage from ''[[Prema Nagar]]'')<ref name="TOI review" />
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Latha's mother
*[[Sukumari]] as Vimala, Vijay's wife
*[[Kumari Padmini]] as Srikanth's wife
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Panchavarnam's lover
*[[Sridevi]] as Vijay's daughter
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Dancers
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala]] as Dancer
*Aalam as Dancer
*L. Kanchana as Dancer
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Guest appearances
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Ananth and Vijay's father (archival footage from ''[[Prema Nagar]]'')
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Doctor
*[[T. K. Bhagavathi]] as Guest Appearance
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Guest Appearance
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Ananth's guardian mother (Aaya)
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
''Vasantha Maligai'' is a remake of the 1971 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Prema Nagar]]''. [[D. Ramanaidu]], the producer of the Telugu film, returned to produce the Tamil remake.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2015 |title=The remake that stood out |language=en |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-02-22/The-remake-that-stood-out/133050 |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006185356/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-02-22/The-remake-that-stood-out/133050 |archive-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> [[A. Vincent]] worked as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2015 |title=Cinematographer-director A Vincent passes away |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/cinematographer-director-a-vincent-passes-away/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180929050903/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/cinematographer-director-a-vincent-passes-away/ |archive-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> [[J. Jayalalithaa]] initially signed on to play the female lead, but could not continue due to her mother's death; the role later went to [[Vanisri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2019 |title='வசந்தமாளிகை'யில் ஜெயலலிதா – சிவாஜி நினைவுநாள் இன்று! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/508083-sivaji.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610150859/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/508083-sivaji.html |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 1972 |title=Vasantha Maaligai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vasantha-maaligai/qv2P,fE1SsQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620053633/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vasantha-maaligai/qv2P,fE1SsQ_ |archive-date=20 June 2019 |access-date=20 June 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Oru Kinnathai" was remixed by Yathish Mahadev in ''[[Indira Vizha]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=12 March 2009 |title=Melodious songs and a remix |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Melodious-songs-and-a-remix/article15930586.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813082259/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Melodious-songs-and-a-remix/article15930586.ece |archive-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Music review: Indira Vizha (Tamil – Yatish)|url=https://milliblog.com/2009/01/17/music-review-indira-vizha-tamil-yatish/|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|date=2009-01-17|website=[[Milliblog]]|last=Karthik|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260130004201/https://milliblog.com/2009/01/17/music-review-indira-vizha-tamil-yatish/|archive-date=2026-01-30|url-status=live|author-link=Karthik Srinivasan}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "O Maanida Jaathiye" ||[[T. M. Soundararajan]]|| 02:02
|-
| "Oru Kinnathai" ||T. M. Soundararajan, [[L. R. Eswari]], [[B. Vasantha]]|| 03:16
|-
| "Kudimagane" ||T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari|| 03:17
|-
| "Kalaimagal Kai Porule" ||[[P. Susheela]]|| 03:27
|-
| "Adiyamma Rajathi" ||T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela|| 03:15
|-
| "Mayakkamenna" ||T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela|| 03:30
|-
| "Irandu Manam" ||T. M. Soundararajan|| 04:10
|-
| "Yaarukkaga" ||T. M. Soundararajan|| 03:28
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Vasantha Maligai'' was released on 29 September 1972.<ref name="southscope">{{Cite news |last=Pyarilal |first=Vasanth |date=26 November 2012 |title=Vasantha Maligai to Storm Theatres Again |url=https://southscope.in/vasantha-maligai-storm-theatres-again/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929045603/https://southscope.in/vasantha-maligai-storm-theatres-again/ |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2018 |work=[[South Scope]]}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Vanisri's performance, but criticised the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=15 October 1972 |title=வசந்த மாளிகை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1972/oct/15-10-1972/p49.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726110818/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1972/oct/15-10-1972/p49.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=ta}}</ref> The film was one of the biggest successes for Ganesan, running for over 750 days in theatres. It held the record of running the highest continuous full-house showings in [[Chennai|Madras]]. The film had 271 continuous full-house screenings in all the three theatres it was released, namely, Shanthi, Crown, and Bhuvaneswari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2013 |title=Vasantha Maligai – again in big screen |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20130406050448/Vasantha-Maligai--again-in-big-screen.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927174837/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20130406050448/Vasantha-Maligai--again-in-big-screen.col |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> It was also successful in Sri Lanka where it ran for two years, becoming the first Indian Tamil film to achieve this feat.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ராமநாதன் |first=ஆர். கே. |date=31 October 1982 |title=? |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-10-31/page/n55/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230416161106/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-10-31/page/n55/mode/2up |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=56 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film initially had Anand dying in the climax, but three days after its release it was changed into one where he survives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2007|title=Kireedam- Climax changed!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kireedam-climax-changed-news-tamil-kkfuJFhchiasi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190727142836/https://www.sify.com/movies/kireedam-climax-changed-news-tamil-kkfuJFhchiasi.html|archive-date=27 July 2019|access-date=27 July 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Re-releases ==
=== Theatrical ===
A digitally restored version of ''Vasantha Maligai'' was released on 8 March 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saqaf |first=Syed Muthahar |date=9 March 2013 |title=Sivaji fans rejoice re-release of 'Vasantha Maligai' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivaji-fans-rejoice-rerelease-of-vasantha-maligai/article4490887.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423075041/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivaji-fans-rejoice-rerelease-of-vasantha-maligai/article4490887.ece |archive-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> The restoration was done by P. Srinivasan of Sai Ganesh Films at a cost of {{INRConvert|10|m|year=2012}}, consuming five months of work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=2 March 2013 |title=Second coming |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/second-coming/article4469137.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619050547/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/second-coming/article4469137.ece |archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saju |first=M T |date=26 November 2012 |title=Revisit 'Vasantha Maligai' on Dec 7 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Revisit-Vasantha-Maligai-on-Dec-7/articleshow/17367805.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615130314/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Revisit-Vasantha-Maligai-on-Dec-7/articleshow/17367805.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=15 June 2018}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the digital version 4.5 out of 5 stars saying, "To be frank, the opening 20 minutes are as choppy a ride as that experienced by the characters in the introductory scene." He continued, "But forget K V Mahadevan's songs, forget Krishnarao's dazzling sets and forget the leading man. This film still holds up so well – 40 years after its release – because of the writing and characterisation. Yes, for a film that is dismissed as melodramatic romance, the writing (Balamurugan) is quite nuanced." He concludes that the film is "further proof that old is indeed gold."<ref name="TOI review">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=8 March 2013 |title=Vasantha Maligai Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Vasantha-Maligai/movie-review/18870236.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405044759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Vasantha-Maligai/movie-review/18870236.cms |archive-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>

Another digitally restored version was released on 21 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=21 June 2019 |title=72ல் ஏழு சிவாஜி படம்; 'வசந்தமாளிகை' மெகா ஹிட்! – இன்று டிஜிட்டலில் படம் ரிலீஸ் |language=ta |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/171422-72.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408185312/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/171422-72.html |archive-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> The restoration on this version was done by Groupcom Systems who remastered it in [[Digital intermediate|DI]] colour, besides other technology upgrades such as [[DTS (company)|DTS]], 4K Sony and 2K Qube.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=19 June 2019 |title='Vasantha Maaligai' returns in remastered digital avatar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vasantha-maaligai-returns-in-remastered-digital-avatar/articleshow/69849153.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190622051019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vasantha-maaligai-returns-in-remastered-digital-avatar/articleshow/69849153.cms |archive-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Vasantha Maligai'' is included alongside various other hit Sivaji Ganesan films in the compilation DVD ''8 Ulaga Adhisayam Sivaji''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aruna V. |date=12 May 2012 |title=For the love of Sivaji |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704094406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In ''[[Kalyana Galatta]]'' (1998), Rajagopalan ([[Sathyaraj]]) does a spoof on song "Yaarukkaga" and imitates Anand's mannerisms.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kalyana Galatta |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Malar Films |year=1998}}{{time needed|date=April 2023}}</ref> In ''[[En Purushan Kuzhandhai Maadhiri]]'' (2001), Angusaamy ([[Vadivelu]]) who is drunk will be seen singing "Kudimagane".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=En Purushan Kuzhandhai Maadhiri |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=RR Movie Makers |year=2001}}{{time needed|date=April 2023}}</ref> In ''[[Manal Kayiru]]'' (1982), Kittumani ([[S. Ve. Shekher]]) sings "Yemandha Sonagiri" with his situation being similar to Anand.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Manal Kayiru |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Kavithalayaa Productions]] |year=1982}}{{time needed|date=April 2023}}</ref> In ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007), the title character ([[Rajinikanth]]) and Tamizhselvi ([[Shriya Saran]]) imitate the song "Mayakkam Enna".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=214 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 romance films]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Girl Friend (2002 film)

2026-03-03T18:05:16Z

Providentecopoliten: Added The Post V1

{{Short description|2002 Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Girl Friend (2002 film).jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]
| writer = '''Story''': [[B. V. S. Ravi|Ravi]]-[[Koratala Siva|Siva]] '''Screenplay''': G. Nageswara Reddy '''Dialogues''': [[Marudhuri Raja]]
| based_on = 
| producer = M Kumara Swamy
| starring = [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] Anitha Patil Babloo Santosh Pavan
| narrator =
| cinematography = S. Arun Kumar
| editing =
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = Sri Kumara Swamy Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|7|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Girl Friend''''' is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[G. Nageswara Reddy]] and starring [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]], Anitha Patil, Babloo, and Santosh Pavan.

The film was released to mixed reviews although the film's dialogues and music were praised.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]] as Vamsi
*Anitha Patil as Suvarna
*Babloo as Babloo
*Santosh Pavan as Pavan
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Vamsi's father
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Suvarna's father
*[[L. B. Sriram]] as Babloo's father
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Pavan's father
*Sivaparvathi as Vamsi's mother
*Padmaja Choudary as Babloo's mother
*Padma Jayanti as Pavan's mother
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as college principal
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as a film producer
*[[Ruthika]] as an actress (cameo appearance in the song "Thaluku Thaluku")
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-girlfriend.html|title=Premante - Girl Friend|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020705143810/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-girlfriend.html|archive-date=5 July 2002}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Song !! Lyricist !! Singer(s)
|-
|"Line Maar De"
|Taidala Bapu
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|-
|"Nuvvu Naaku Nachave"
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]]
|-
|"Nuvvu Yaadikelte"
|[[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|"Prementha Panichesi"
|Taidala Bapu
|[[R. P. Patnaik]], Usha
|-
|"Kandireega Nadumu"
|Taidala Bapu
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|"Taluku Taluku"
|Taidala Bapu
|Shankar Mahadevan, Usha
|}

== Reception ==
Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "It is a routine film that shows the whole college in a bad light".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/youthful-woes/article28375211.ece|title=Youthful woes|date=9 July 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Gudipoodi Srihari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127003924/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/youthful-woes/article28375211.ece|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "This film is a paisa-vasool ({{translation|money's worth}}) film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-girlfriend.html|title=Movie review - Girl Friend|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|author=Jeevi|date=6 July 2002|access-date=2 August 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127011701/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-girlfriend.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Manju Latha Kalanidhi of ''Full Hyderabad'' criticised the film for being in the same tried and tested genre as ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/girlfriend-telugu/telugu/girlfriend-telugu-movie-reviews-1360-2.html|title=Girlfriend (Telugu) Review|author=Manju Latha Kalanidhi|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=2022-08-02|archive-date=2022-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127003924/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/girlfriend-telugu/telugu/girlfriend-telugu-movie-reviews-1360-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Box office ==
Similar to G. Nageswara Reddy's and Rohit's first outing, ''[[6 Teens]]'', this film was also a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece|title=Finding a foothold|date=26 November 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=M. L. Narasimham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802225232/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/finding-a-foothold/article28387124.ece
|archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDB title|tt1324016}}
{{G. Nageswara Reddy}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Nakash Aziz

2026-03-02T19:11:46Z

Providentecopoliten: improved details for consistency for clarity

{{short description|Indian music composer and singer}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Bharatpedia is not an indiscrimiate list of information. The discography showing every song this person has done, along with it being unsourced, does not meet inclusion criteria. Needs to be sourced or removed.|date=May 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Nakash Aziz
| image = Nakash Aziz.jpg
| caption = Nakash Aziz at studio
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|2|24}}<ref name="sify_Welc">{{Cite web | title = Nakash Aziz | work = [[Sify]] | access-date = 8 September 2016 | url = http://www.sify.com/indianidol2/contestants/nakash/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160908024125/http://www.sify.com/indianidol2/contestants/nakash/ | archive-date = 8 September 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref name="sify_Welc"/>
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Indian pop]], [[Folk-pop]], [[acoustic music]], [[pop rock]]
| occupations = Composer, singer
| years_active = 2010–present
| spouse = {{Marraige|Ruby Shaikh|2020}}
}}

'''Nakash Aziz''' (born 24 February 1985),<ref name="sify_Welc"/> also known as Nakash, is an Indian singer and assistant composer. He has worked as an assistant to composer [[A. R. Rahman]] on films such as ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]'', ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'', ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'', ''[[Delhi 6]]'' and ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (Hindi dubbed). He is known for playback performances of songs like "Jabra Fan" from ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'',<ref name="http://www.Deccan Chronicle/ 2016">{{cite web | title=Tamil is a great language: Nakash Aziz | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=3 September 2016 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/030916/tamil-is-a-great-language-nakash-aziz.html | access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> "Sari Ke Fall Sa" and "Gandi Baat" from the film ''[[R... Rajkumar]]'' (2013) and "Dhating Nach" from film ''[[Phata Poster Nikhla Hero]]'' (2013).<ref name=Journey>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/the-music-man/ |title=Singer and composer Nakash Aziz's musical journey |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date= 22 August 2014 | access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aziz is originally from [[Moodabidri]], a taluk centre of [[Mangaluru]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] district.<ref name="time_Naka">{{Cite web | title = Nakash Aziz: I was living the song for quite some time | last = Fernandes | first = Kasmin | work = The Times of India | date = 15 July 2015 | access-date = 8 September 2016 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Nakash-Aziz-I-was-living-the-song-for-quite-some-time/articleshow/48098180.cms }}</ref> He belongs to a family of singers. He worked as a composer for jingles and devotional albums before becoming a playback singer. He married Ruby Shaikh in August, 2020. He now lives in Mumbai with his family.<ref name="time_Naka"/>

In 2021, Nakash Aziz appeared on Jay-Ho! The Jay Kumar Show pointed out that reality TV often values ratings and drama over real experiences. He noted that while some shows cause controversy for views, the best ones balance entertainment with genuine talent. Nakash also shared his interest in hosting or judging a show someday, aiming to add his own fresh twist. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-02 |title=Exclusive Interview: A Conversation with Nakash Aziz |url=https://jay-ho.com/exclusive-interview-a-conversation-with-nakash-aziz/ |website=jay-ho.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography as vocalist==
=== Hindi film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2010
! ''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]''
| "Suno Aisha"
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
| [[Javed Akhtar]]
| [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Ash King]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
! ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''
| "[[Pyaar ki Pungi|Pungi]]"
|rowspan=5| [[Pritam]]
|rowspan=2|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| [[Mika Singh]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Pritam]], [[Javed Jaffrey]]
|-
! ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| "Second Hand Jawaani"
| [[Miss Pooja]], [[Neha Kakkar]]
|-
| rowspan="5"|2013
! ''[[Baat Bann Gayi]]''
| "Bhago Mohan Pyare"
|
|-
! Rowspan="2"|''[[R... Rajkumar]]''
| "Saree Ke Fall Sa (Touch Karke)"<ref name=Sari>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/saree-ke-fall-sa-from-rrajkumar-is-shahid-kapoors-favourite-song/15583166 |title='Saree Ke Fall Sa' from 'R...Rajkumar' is Shahid Kapoor's favourite song |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=7 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref>
| [[Mayur Puri]]
| [[Antara Mitra]]
|-
| "Gandi Baat" (Film Version)<ref name=Sari/>
| [[Anupam Amod]]
| [[Ritu Pathak]]
|-
! ''[[Phata Poster Nikhla Hero]]''
| "Dhating Naach"<ref name=Sari/>
| Amitabh Bhattacharya
| [[Neha Kakkar]]
|-
! ''[[Raanjhanaa]]''
| "Nazar Laaye"
|rowspan="5"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Irshad Kamil]]
| [[Rashid Ali (singer)|Rashid Ali]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
! rowspan="2" |''[[Lekar Hum Deewana Dil]]''
| "Beqasoor"
|rowspan="2"|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| [[Shweta Pandit]]
|-
|"Tu Shining"
|[[Hriday Gattani]]
|-
! ''[[The Hundred Foot Journey]]''<ref name=Journey/>
| "Afreen"
|
| K.M.M.C. Sufi Ensemble
|-
| rowspan="5"|2015
! ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (D)
| "Issak Tarri"
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
| [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
! ''[[Hunterrr]]''
| "Thaali Hai Khaali"
| Probit Dutt
|
|
|-
! ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
| "Selfie Le Le Re"
| rowspan="2"| [[Pritam]]
| Mayur Puri
| [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Pritam]] and [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|-
! ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]''
| "Afghan Jalebi"
| Amitabh Bhattacharya
|
|-
! ''[[Tamasha (soundtrack)|Tamasha]]''
| "Heer Toh Badi Sad Hai"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| Irshad Kamil
| [[Mika Singh]]
|-
|rowspan="14"|2016
!rowspan="2"|''[[Jugni (2016 film)|Jugni]]''
|"Dil Ke Sang"
|rowspan="2"|[[Clinton Cerejo]]
|[[Shellee]]
|
|-
|"Heer"
|[[Waris Shah]]
|
|-
! ''[[Mastizaade]]''
| "Dekhega Raja Trailer"
|colspan=2|[[Anand Raj Anand]]
| [[Neha Kakkar]]
|-
! ''[[Ishq Forever]]''
| "Happy Birthday"
| [[Nadeem Shravan|Nadeem Saifi]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Yea Toh Two Much Ho Gayaa]]''
|"Chappan Taal"
|Avishek Majumdar
|Jairaj Selwan, Vishal V.Patil
|[[Monali Thakur]]
|-
! ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]''
| "Jabra Fan (Fan Anthem)"
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
|
|-
!''[[Ishq Click]]''
|"Mana Tujhi Ko Khuda (Reprise)"
|Ajay Jaiswal, Satish Tripathi
|Satish Tripathi, Manisha Upadhyay
|Hricha Narayana
|-
! ''[[Housefull 3]]''
| "Pyar Ki Maa Ki"
| Shaarib-Toshi
| Manoj Yadav, [[Sajid-Farhad]], Danish Sabri
| [[Sharib Sabri]], [[Toshi Sabri]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Anmoll Mallik]], [[URL (rapper)|Earl Edgar]]
|-
! Rowspan="2"|''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
| "The Breakup Song"
| rowspan="3"| [[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2"|Amitabh Bhattacharya
| [[Arijit Singh]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|-
| "Cutiepie"
| Pradeep Singh Sran
|-
!''[[Dishoom]]''
| "Jaaneman Aah" (Film Version)
| Mayur Puri
| Antara Mitra
|-
! rowspan="3"|''[[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]]''
| "Pee Paa Ke"
| rowspan="3" |[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|-
|"Om Ganapataye"
|-
|"Rada"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2017
! ''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''
| "Ye Jawani Teri"
| [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| [[Kausar Munir]]
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|-
! ''[[Machine (2017 film)|Machine]]''
| "Chatur Naar"
| [[Rahul Dev Burman]] (Recreated by: [[Tanishk Bagchi]])
|
| [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Ikka Singh]]
|-
! ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]''
| "Naughty Billo"
| [[Shashwat Sachdev]]
| [[Anvita Dutt Guptan|Anvita Dutt]]
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]], Shilpi Paul, [[Anushka Sharma]]
|-
! ''[[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]]''
| "Naach Meri Jaan"
| [[Pritam Chakraborty|Pritam]]
| Amitabh Bhattacharya
| Kamaal Khan, [[Dev Negi]], Tushar Joshi
|-
! ''[[Bank Chor]]''
| "Jai Baba Bank Chor"
| [[Rochak Kohli]]
|
|
|-
! ''[[Ok Jaanu]]''
| "Saajan Aayo Re"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Gulzar]]
| [[Jonita Gandhi]]
|-
!''[[Sallu Ki Shaadi]]''
|"Sallu Ki Shaadi Title Track"
|Prashant Singh, Manu Rajeev
|Mohammad Israr Ansari
|Manu Rajeev
|-
!''Muzaffar Nagar - The Burning Love''
|"Main Tera Majnu"
|colspan="2"|Rahul Bhatt
|Neetu Singh
|-
!''Mukkadarpur Ka Majnu''
|"Something Something"
|Kashi Richards
|Shweta Raj
|
|-
!''Ashley''
|"Aaja Nachley"
|Dushyant Dubey
|Amitabh Ranjan
|Varun Likhate
|-
|rowspan="8"|2018
!rowspan="2"|''[[Udanchhoo]]''
|"Udanchhoo"
|rowspan="2"|Avishek Majumder
|Jairaj Selwan, Vishal Kumar Patil
|rowspan="2"|[[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|-
|"Bhul Bhulaiya"
|Tahmina Khaleel
|-
! ''[[Sanju]]''
| "Bhopu Baj Raha Hain"
| [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| Shekhar Astitwa, Rohan Gokhale
|
|-
! ''[[Batti Gul Meter Chalu]]''
| "Gold Tamba"
| [[Anu Malik]]
| Siddharth-Garima
|
|-
! ''[[Simmba]]''
| "Mera Wala Dance"
| Lijo George-DJ Chetas
| [[Kumaar]], Kunaal Verma
| [[Neha Kakkar]]
|-
! ''[[Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle]]''
| "Tequila Shot"
|Aanamik Chauhan, Vijay Verma
| Rajesh Manthan
| Geet Sagar, Amrita Talukder
|-
!''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' (D)
| "Rakshassi"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Abbas Tyrewala]]
|[[Blaaze]], [[Kailash Kher]]
|-
! ''[[Padmaavat]]''
| "Binte Dil"
| [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| A. M. Turaz
| [[Arijit Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="11"| 2019
!rowspan="2"| [[Bharat (film)|''Bharat'']]
| "Slow Motion"
|rowspan="2"| Vishal–Shekhar
|rowspan="2"| Irshad Kamil
| Shreya Ghoshal
|-
| "Aithey Aa" (Dance Version)
| [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
! ''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]''
| "Aaya Re Thackeray"
| [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| Dr Sunil Jogi
|
|-
! ''[[Rangeela Raja]]''
| "Jogi Dil"
|Ishwar Kumar
|[[Mehboob (lyricist)|Mehboob]]
|Sarodee Borah
|-
![[Petta (film)|''Petta'']] (D)
|"Ullaallaa"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Raqueeb Alam~
|
|-
![[Penalty (2019 film)|''Penalty'']]
|"Footballer"
|Siddhant Madhav
|Prini S. Madhav, Ozil
|
|-
! Rowspan="2"| ''[[Chhichhore]]''
| "Fikar Not"
| rowspan="2"|Pritam
| rowspan="2"|Amitabh Bhattacharya
| Antara Mitra, [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], Dev Negi, [[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati|Sreerama Chandra]], Amitabh Bhattacharya
|-
| "Control"
| Manish J. Tipu, Geet Sagar, Sreerama Chandra, Amitabha Bhattacharya
|-
! ''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]''
| "Dil Ka Telephone"
| [[Meet Bros]]
| Kumaar
| [[Jonita Gandhi]]
|-
! ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]''
| "Walla Walla"
| Nayeem-Shabir
| Arafat Mehmood
| [[Neeti Mohan]], Nayeem Shah
|-
!''Gun Pe Done''
|"Gun Pe Done" (Title Track)
|Rimi Dhar
|Saaveri Verma
|Geet Sagar, Dileish Doshi, Prashant Satose, Rimi Dhar
|-
| rowspan="9" |2020
!''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' (D)
|"Napde Killi"
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| Raqueeb Alam
|
|-
!''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru|Sarileru]]'' (D)
|"Daang Daang"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Vaibhav Joshi, Raqueeb Alam
|Lavita Lobo
|-
!''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (D)
|"[[Ramuloo Ramulaa]]"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|Urmila Dhangar
|-
!''[[Khaali Peeli]]''
|"Duniya Sharma Jayegi"
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| [[Kumaar]], [[Raj Shekhar]]
| [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
!''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''
|"Rekha O Rekha"
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
| [[Kausar Munir]]
|
|-
!''[[Lootcase]]''
|"Pavitra Party"
|Rohan-Vinayak
|Shreyas Jain
|Keka Ghoshal, Arhaan Hussain
|-
!''[[AK vs AK]]''
|"Shivali"
| Alokananda Dasgupta
| Rajeshwari Dasgupta Ghose
|
|-
!''[[Sir (2018 film)|Is Love Enough? - Sir]]''
|"Zindagi Ka Feel"
|Ragav Vagav
|Mohit Chauhan
|
|-
!''Crazzy Lamhen''
|"Dhayein Dhayein"
|Amit Sharad Trivedi
|Suresh Rana
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
! ''[[Master (2021 film)|Vijay the Master]]'' (D)
|"[[Kutti Story|Chhoti Story]]"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|
|-
! ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (D)
|"Eyy Bidda Ye Mera Adda"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|
|-
!''[[Hello Charlie]]''
|"One Two One Two Dance"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
|
|-
!''[[Aafat-E-Ishq]]''
|"Love Ka Bhoot Reloaded"
|[[Gaurav Chatterji]]
|Ginny Diwan
|[[Indrajit Nattoji]]
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2022
!''[[Badhaai Do]]''
|"Badhaai Do - Title Track"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
|[[Rajnigandha Shekhawat]], Raja Sagoo<ref>{{Citation |title=Badhaai Do - Title Track |date=2022-02-01 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/15ADAMsE3CjojhAuQYYxDK |language=en |access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''
|"Current Laga"
|DJ Chetas-Lijo George
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]], Vivek Hariharan
|-
![[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Raw'']] (D)
|"[[Jolly O Gymkhana]]"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|
|-
!''[[Janhit Mein Jaari]]''
|"Janhit Mein Jaari Title Track"
|Prini Siddhant Madhav
|[[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
|[[Raftaar]]
|-
!''[[Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)|Mere Desh Ki Dharti]]''
|"Naagan Naach"
|[[Vikram Montrose]]
|Azeem Shirazi
|[[Vikram Montrose]]
|-
!''[[10 Nahi 40]]''
|"Jogi"
|colspan="2"|Vipul Kapoor
|Divya Bhatt
|-
!''Vanshree''
|"Tere Naina Mere"
|colspan="2"|Laxmi Narayan
|Pamela Jain
|-
!''[[Goodbye (2022 film)|Goodbye]]''
|"Kanni Re Kanni"
|rowspan="2"|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|
|-
!''[[Uunchai]]''
|"Keti Ko"
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|
|-
!''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (D)
|"Ra Ra Rakkamma"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'' (D)
|"Khawabon Mein"
|rowspan="2"|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Akshay Punse
|Chinmayi Sripada
|-
|"Le le le le" (Another Version)
|Akshay Punse(Hindi Lyrics), Yogita Koli and Pravin Koli (Marathi Lyrics)
|Nagaraj Panar Valthur
|-
!''[[Good Luck Jerry]]''
|"Cutie Cutie"
|Parag Chhabra
|rowspan="2"|[[Raj Shekhar]]
|Parag Chhabra
|-
!''[[Ittu Si Baat]]''
|"Middle Class"
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|-
!''Subway''
|"Mast Maula"
|Harsh
|Faaiz Anwar
|Harsh
|-
!''Cinemaa Zindabaad''
|"Phati Padi Hai"
|Raj Prakash Bisen
|Sahil Fatehpuri
|Vikrant Bhartiya
|-
|rowspan="19"| 2023
! ''Bera: Ek Aghori''
| "Dil Mera Kho Gaya"
|colspan=2|Prem Shakti
| [[Vaishali Mhade]]
|-
! ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''
| "Let's Dance Chotu Motu"
|colspan=2|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Ravi Basrur]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
! ''[[Jogira Sara Ra Ra]]''
| "Cocktail"
|rowspan=3|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
|[[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|-
! ''[[Dream Girl 2]]''
| "Naach"
| Shaan Yadav
|
|-
! ''[[Fukrey 3]]''
| "Macha Re"
| [[Kumaar]]
|
|-
! ''[[Mrs Undercover]]''
| "Shaani Rani"
| Amit Sawant
| Shloke Lal
|
|-
! ''[[Kanjoos Makhichoos]]''
| "Damru"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|[[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|-
!''[[Tiku Weds Sheru]]''
| "Meri Jaan-E-Jaan"
|[[Gaurav Chatterji]]
|[[Shellee]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], Cyli Khare
|-
!rowspan=2|''[[Selfiee]]''
| "Selfiee Title Song"
|rowspan=2|Lijo George-[[DJ Chetas]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Azeem Dayani
|[[Akasa Singh]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Lijo George-DJ Chetas
|-
| "Selfiee Theme"
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|''[[Bicycle Days (film)|Bicycle Days]]''
| "Yaari"
|rowspan="3"|Keyur Bhagat
|rowspan="2"|Shreyash Tripathi
|
|-
|"Yaari" (Female Version)
|Priya Bhagat
|-
|"Ae Parindey"
|
|
|-
! ''[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Antony]]'' (D)
| "I Love You Rey"
|[[G.V.Prakash Kumar]]
| Arafat Mehmood
| Roshini JKV
|-
!''DarranChhoo''
|"DarranChhoo Title Track"
|Amjad Nadeem Aamir
|Alaukik Rahi
|Mellow D
|-
! ''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]'' (D)
| "Almost Dil Ka"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| Amitabh Verma
|
|-
!''[[Hi Nanna|Hi Papa]]'' (D)
| "Odiyamma"
|rowspan=2|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripaada]], [[Vishnupriya Ravi]]
|-
!''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]'' (D)
| "Meri Jaane Man"
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|
|-
! ''[[The Great Indian Family]]''
| "Kanhaiya Twitter"
|rowspan=2| [[Pritam]]
|rowspan=3|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|
|-
| rowspan="17"|2024
!''[[Chandu Champion]]''
|'Satyanaas"
|[[Arijit Singh]], [[Dev Negi]]
|-
! ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]''
| "Hai Jamalo"
| [[Sachin-Jigar]], Skeletron
|Amitabh Bhattacharya, [[Sachin-Jigar|Jigar Saraiya]]
|-
! ''[[Luv Ki Arrange Marriage]]''
|"Jab Bhi Naachey"
| Amol-Abhishek
| Abhishek Talented
|
|-
! ''[[Tera Kya Hoga Lovely]]''
|"Loafer Akhiyaan"
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
| [[Irshad Kamil]]
| Deesi Madana, Ruchika Chauhan
|-
!''[[Phooli (film)|Phooli]]''
|"Udi Re Udi"
|colspan="2"|Avinash Dhyani
|
|-
!''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (D)
|"Whistle Podu"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
!''[[Saindhav]]'' (D)
|"Wrong Usage"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|Manoj Yadav
|
|-
!''[[Raayan]]'' (D)
|"Mood Kirkira"
|[[A.R.Rahman]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|Antara Nandy
|-
!''[[Double iSmart]]'' (D)
|"SteppaMaar"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
| Mohsin Shaikh
| Sanjana Kalmanje
|-
!''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' (D)
|"Daavudi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|[[Akasa Singh]]
|-
!''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (D)
|"Manasilaayo"
|rowspan="2"|Raqueeb Alam
|[[Deepthi Suresh]], Arun Kaundinya
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Kanguva]]'' (D)
|"Maafi"
|rowspan="3"|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|"Kanga Kanguva"
|Vimal Kashyap
|
|-
!''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (D)
|"Pushpa Pushpa"
|Raqueeb Alam
|[[Mika Singh]]
|-
!''[[Dard (2024 film)|Dard]]''
|"Loot Le Tu"
|colspan="2"|Arafat Mehmood
|
|-
!''Krispy Rishtey''
|"Krispy Rishtey"
|Vijay Verma
|Jagat Singh
|
|-
!''[[UI (film)|UI]]'' (D)
|"Cheap Song"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Arafat Mahmood
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Deepak Blue
|-
|rowspan="11"|2025
![[Game Changer (film) |''Game Changer'']] (D)
|"Dam Tu Dikhaja"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|
|-
![[Emergency (2024 film) |''Emergency'']]
|"Singhasan Khali Karo"
|[[G.V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
|-
!''[[Loveyapa]]''
|"Loveyapa Ho Gaya"
|White Noise Collectives
|SOM
|[[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
|-
!''[[Thandel]]'' (D)
|"Hailessa"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
!''[[Inn Galiyon Mein]]''
|"Uda Hawa Mein"
|Arvind Sagole
|Vimal Kashyap
|
|-
!''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|"Zohra Jabeen"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan]], Danish Sabri, Mellow D
|[[Dev Negi]], Mellow D
|-
!''Oye Bhootni Ke''
|"Oye Bhootni Ke -Title Track"
|Asif Chandwani
|Nitin Raikwar
|Kapil Thapa
|-
!''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' (D)
|"God Bless U"
|[[G.V. Prakash Kumar]]
|Riya Mukherjee
|Meguhwatt
|-
!''Janki''
|"Tu Banja Premika"
|Toshant Kumar, Monika Verma
|colspan="2"|Monika Verma
|-
!''[[Kuberaa]]'' (D)
|"Jaake Aana Yaara"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|
|-
! ''[[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]''
| "Ishq Manzoor"
| A.P.S
| Jairaj
| [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Antara Mitra]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
!''Karikaada'' (D)
|"Rathuni Rathuni"
|Shashank sheshagiri
|Manoj Juloori
|Saumya Upadhyay
|-
!''[[Peddi]]'' (D)
|"Rai Rai Raa Raa"
|[[A.R.Rahman]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|
|-
|}

=== Hindi non-film songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Album
!Composer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
|2023
|'''''Iss Chand Ka Kya Kehna'''''
|Iss Chand Ka Kya Kehna - Single
|Sanjeev Chaturvedi
|Deepak Jeswal
|
|}

=== Telugu songs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2010
! ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]''
| "Vandemataram"
| [[Mickey J Meyer]]
|
|
|-
| 2014
! ''[[Rowdy Fellow]]''
| "Yentha Vaaru Gani"
| [[Sunny M.R.]]
| C. Narayana Reddy
| Natasha Pinto
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
![[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|''Bengal Tiger'']]
|"Aasia Khandamlo"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Soukhyam]]''
|"You Are My Honey"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Maryan (film)|Mariyan]]'' (D)
|"Sonapareeya"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016
![[Devi (2016 film)|''Abhinetri'']]
|"Chalmaar"
|[[Sajid–Wajid]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' (D)
|"Love Selfie"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|
|-
! ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''
| "Tauba Tauba"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
| [[M. M. Manasi]]
|-
! ''[[Sarrainodu]]''
| "Blockbuster"
| [[S. Thaman]]
|
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Simha, Sri Krishna, Deepu
|-
!''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' (D)
|"Veera Fan"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2017
!''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]''
|"MCA"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Angel (2017 film)|Angel]]''
|"Amaravathi"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
|"Dochestha"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Goutham Nanda]]''
|"Basthi Dorasani"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Mister (2017)|Mister]]''
|"Jhoomore Jhoomore"
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]''
|"Na B C Centrelu"
| rowspan="2" |[[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
! ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]''
| "Bammalu Bammalluuu"
|
|
|-
! ''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]''
| "Mecchuko"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|
|-
! ''[[Katamarayudu]]''
| "Laage Laage"
| [[Anup Rubens]]
|
|
|-
! ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]''
| "Ratthalu"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
| [[Jasmine Sandlas]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |2018
! ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
| "AB Yevaro Nee Baby"
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
| [[Arjun Chandy]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]''
|"Raaye Raaye"
| rowspan="2" |[[JAM8]]
|[[Kasarla Shyam]]
|[[Madhu Priya]]
|-
|"Pushpa"
|Rehman
|
|-
![[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|''Amar Akbar Anthony'']]
|"Khullam Khulla Chilla"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|Balaji
|[[Mohana Bhogaraju|Mohana]], Ramya
|-
! Rowspan="2"| ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'' (D)
| "Vashamayye"
| rowspan="2"| [[Ajay–Atul]]
|
| [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
|-
| "Suraiyya"
|
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
! ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''
| "Vaaram"
| rowspan="2"| S. Thaman
| Kedarnath
|
|-
! ''[[Inttelligent]]''
| "Kala Kala Kalamandir"
|Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar
|[[Geetha Madhuri]]
|-
! ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (D)
| "Gaji Biji"
|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| Chaitanya Prasad
| Divya Kumar
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
![[Petta (film)|''Petta'']] (D)
|"Ullaallaa"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Guna 369]]''
| "Bujji Bangaram"
|[[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
|
| Deepthi Parthasarathy
|-
! ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (D)
|"Jai Jai Siva Shankaraa"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|Chaitanya Prasad
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
!''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
|"Daang Daang"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|Lavita Lobo
|-
!''[[Darbar (film)|''Darbar'']]'' (D)
|"Dhum Dhum"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]''
|"Super Cute"
|[[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
|[[Sri Mani]]
|
|-
![[Mookuthi Amman|''Ammoru Thalli'']] (D)
|"Amma Aana Raa"
|[[Girishh Gopalakrishnan]]
|Rahman
|
|-
!''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]''
|"Amrutha"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|Kasarla Shyam
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021
! rowspan="2" |''[[FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik]]''
|"Selfie Lelo"
| rowspan="2" |[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| rowspan="2" |Adithya
|Divya Bhatt
|-
|"Nenem Cheyya"
|
|-
!''[[Roberrt]]'' (D)
|"Baby Dance Floor"
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|Kasarla Shyam
|Aishwarya Rangarajan
|-
!''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
|"Power Of Youth"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|
|-
![[Annaatthe|''Peddhanna'']] (D)
|"Aha Kalyanam"
|[[D. Imman]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|"Eyy Bidda Idhi Naa Adda"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|
|-
!''Chalo Premiddham''
|"Em Ayyindiro"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2022
!''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]''
|"Penny"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
![[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']] (D)
|"Jolly O Gymkhana"
| rowspan="2" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|
|-
!''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' (D)
|"Jalabulajangu"
|
|
|-
!''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (D)
|"Ra Ra Rakkamma"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|[[Mangli]]
|-
!''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]''
|"Chill Maro"
|[[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
|[[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
|Sanjana Kalmanje
|-
!''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (D)
|"Allari Motha"
|[[Pritam]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Krishna Vrinda Vihari]]''
|"Tara Na Tara"
|Mahati Swara Sagar
|
|
|-
![[Ginna (film)|''Ginna'']]
|"Golisoda"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|
|-
![[Sardar (2022 film)|''Sardar'']] (D)
|"Mere Jaan"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Gaalodu]]''
|"Pettara DJ"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|
|-
!''Cheppalani Vundi''
|"Vaadu Veedu"
|Aslam Keyi
|
|
|-
![[Dhamaka (2022 film)|''Dhamaka'']]
|"Mass Raja"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
!''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|"Boss Party"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Devi Sri Prasad
|
|-
!''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|"Ichchipadey"
|AV Prafullachandra
|[[Ananta Sriram]]
|
|-
!''[[Hunt (2023 film)|Hunt]]''
|"Papa Tho Pailam"
|[[Ghibran]]
|Kasarla Shyam
|
|-
![[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]
|"Proud'se Single"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|Raghuram
|Bheems Ceciroleo
|-
![[Skanda (film)|''Skanda'']]
|"Gandarabai"
|[[Thaman S]]
|[[Anantha Sriram]]
|Soujanya Bhagavatula
|-
!''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (D)
|"Galatta"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Arivu]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2024
!''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|"Daavudi"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|[[Akasa Singh]]
|-
!''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (D)
|"Whistle Aesko"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
!''[[Saindhav]]''
|"Wrong Usage"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|
|-
!''[[Mukhya Gamanika]]''
|"Aa Kannula Chupullonaa"
|colspan="2"|Kiran Venna
|Revati Srita
|-
!''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (D)
|"Manasilaayo"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Srinivasa Mouli
|Deepthi Suresh, Arun Kaundinya
|-
!''[[Mechanic Rocky]]''
|"Oo Pilla"
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|Krishna Chaitanya
|
|-
!''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|"Pushpa Pushpa"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|Deepak Blue
|-
!''[[Laggam]]''
|"Mushayira"
|Charan Arjun
|Sanjay Mahesh
|Veeha
|-
![[Mr. Celebrity (2024 film)|''Mr. Celebrity'']]
|"Do Lucky"
|Vinod Yajamanya
|A.Ganesh
|
|-
!''[[UI (film)|UI]]'' (D)
|"Cheap Song"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Rambabu Gosala
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Deepak Blue
|-
|rowspan="12"|2025
!''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''
|"Raa Macha Macha"
|rowspan="2"|[[S. Thaman]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Anantha Sriram]]
|
|-
!''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''
|"The Rage of Daaku"
|Bharath Raj, Ritesh G Rao, K. Pranati
|-
!''[[Thandel]]''
|"Hilesso Hilessa"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Sri Mani|Shree Mani]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
!''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]]''
|"Atak Matak"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|[[Vishwak Sen]]
|Aditi Bhavaraju
|-
!''Barabar Premistha''
|"Reddy Mama"
|RR Dhruvan
|Suresh Gangula
|Sahithi Chaganti
|-
!''[[KD – The Devil]]'' (D)
|"Setavvade"
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|
|-
!''[[Arjun Son of Vyjayanthi|Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi]]''
|"Nayaaldhi"
|rowspan="2"|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Raghu Ram
|Sony Komanduri
|-
![[Thammudu (2025 film)|''Thammudu'']]
|"Chillax Song"
|[[Kasarla Shyam]]
|
|-
!''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' (D)
|"God Bless U"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Krishna Kanth]]
|Meguhwatt
|-
!''[[Krishna Leela (2025 film)|Krishna Leela]]''
|"Emo Emo"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|[[Bhaskarabhatla]]
|
|-
!''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]'' (D)
|"Salam Anali"
|[[Pritam]]
|Krishna Kanth
|[[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
!''[[Thamma]]'' (D)
|"Nuvvu Naa Sonthama"
|[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|Rambabu Gosala
|[[Madhubanti Bagchi]], [[Sachin-Jigar]]
|-
|rowspan="6"|2026
!''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]''
|"Bella Bella"
|rowspan="2"|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|Suresh Gangula
|Rohini Sorrat
|-
!''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''
|"Mega Victory Mass"
|[[Kasarla Shyam]]
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|-
!''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (D)
|"Janjara Janjaraja"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|Rambabu Gosala
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|"Dil Mange More"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|[[Kasarla Shyam]], Adviteeya Vojjala
|
|-
|"Nache Nache" (Hindi Song Remix)
|Recreated by [[S. Thaman]], Original by [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|[[Faruk Kaiser]], Raqueeb Alam
|Brinda, [[Usha Uthup]]
|-
!''Seetha Payanam''
|"Basavanna"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|[[Kasarla Shyam]]
|L Keerthana
|-
|}

=== Tamil songs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2013
! ''[[Maryan (soundtrack)|Maryan]]''
| "Sonapareeya"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|
| [[Javed Ali]], [[Haricharan]], [[Sofia Ashraf]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
! ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
| "Tamilselvi"
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
| Anirudh Ravichander
|-
! ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' (D)
| "Takkara Fan"
| [[Vishal-Shekhar]]
| B.Vijay
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
! ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''
|"Venilla Thangachi"
| [[D. Imman]]
|
| D. Imman, [[Ramya NSK]]
|-
!''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]''
| "Peela Peela"
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
| [[Jassie Gift]], [[Maalavika Manoj]]
|-
| rowspan="5"|2018
! ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]''
| "Heartukulla"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
| [[Pa. Vijay]]
| Sanjana Diwakar
|-
! ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]''
| "Lolikiriya"
| [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| Lalithanand
| Marana Gaana Viji
|-
! Rowspan="2"|''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'' (D)
| "Suraiyya"
| rowspan="2"|Ajay–Atul
|
| Shreya Ghoshal
|-
| "Vashamakku"
|
| rowspan="2"| Divya Kumar
|-
! ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (D)
| "Karaipurandoadudhey Kanaa"
| Sanjay Leela Bhansali
| [[Madhan Karky]]
|-
| rowspan=4| 2019
! ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
| "Ullaallaa"
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
| [[Inno Genga]], [[Arjun Chandy]]
|-
! ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]''
| "Yenga Annan"
| [[D. Imman]]
|
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
! ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (D)
|"Jai Jai Siva sankaraa"
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| [[Madhan Karky]]
| [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
! ''[[Sangathamizhan]]''
| "Oh My God"
| [[Vivek-Mervin]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2020
!''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''
|"Dumm Dumm"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|
|-
!''[[Seeru]]''
|"Kannaala Poduraaley"
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], RJ Vijay
|RJ Vijay
|-
!''[[Mookuthi Amman]]''
|"Aatha Solra"
|[[Girishh Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021
!''[[Annaatthe]]''
|"Marudhaani"
|[[D. Imman]]
|Mani Amuthavan
|[[Anthony Daasan]], Vandana Srinivasan
|-
!''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (D)
|"Eyy Beta Idhu En Patta"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
!''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (D)
|"Ra Ra Rakkamma"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Palani Bharathi
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
!''[[Sardar]]''
|"Mere Jaan"
|[[G.V. Prakash Kumar]]
|GKB
|
|-
|2023
!''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (D)
|"Pattasa"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|[[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Arivu]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2024
!''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]''
|"Maalu Maalu"
|[[D. Imman]]
| Muthamil
| Shweta Mohan, Anthakudi Ilayaraja
|-
!''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' (D)
|"Daavudi"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Vignesh Shivan]]
|[[Ramya Behara]]
|-
!''[[Bloody Beggar]]''
|"Naan Yaar" (Nakash Aziz Version)
|Jen Martin
|Vishnu Edavan
|
|-
!''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (D)
|"Pushpa Pushpa"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
|Deepak Blue
|-
!''[[UI (film)|UI]]'' (D)
|"Cheap Song"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Palani Bharathi
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Deepak Blue
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
![[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']] (D)
|"Raa Macha Macha"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|
|-
!''[[KD – The Devil]]'' (D)
|"Setaagaade"
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Madhan Karky]]
|
|-
!''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]'' (D)
|"Kalaaba"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
|2026
!''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]''
|"Namakkana Kaalam"
|[[G.V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|[[Haricharan]], [[Velmurugan]]
|-
|}

=== Kannada songs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2010
! ''[[Thamassu]]''
| "Maar Maar"
| [[Sandeep Chowta]]
|
|
|-
| 2014
! ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
| "Tingu Tingu"
| rowspan="2"| [[Gurukiran]]
| [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
|[[Chaitra H. G.]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
! ''[[Uppi 2]]''
| "Baekoo Baekoo Anno" (Reprise)
| [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
|
|-
! ''[[Bullet Basya]]''
| "Baare Kunthkolae"
| [[Arjun Janya]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
|[[Anuradha Bhat]]
|-
| 2016
! ''[[Nagarahavu (2016 film)|Nagarahavu]]''
| "Nodi Nodi"
|[[Gurukiran]]
|[[Chaitra H. G.]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
!''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
|"Power Of Youth"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|[[Santhosh Ananddram]]
|
|-
!''[[Roberrt]]''
|"Baby Dance Floor Ready"
| rowspan="2"|[[Arjun Janya]]
|[[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]]
|Aishwarya Rangarajan
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
!''[[Trivikrama (film)|Trivikrama]]''
|"Shakuntala Shake Your Body"
|[[Yogaraj Bhat]]
|Aishwarya Rangarajan
|-
![[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']] (D)
|"Jolly O Gymkhana"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
|
|-
!''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (D)
|"Dancina Huchchu"
|[[Pritam]]
|Hridaya Shiva
|
|-
!''[[Vikrant Rona]]''
|"Ra Ra Rakkamma"
| rowspan="3"|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Anup Bhandari]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|2023
!''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]''
|"Sala Sala Hoysala"
|[[Santhosh Ananddram]]
|Yogi B
|-
|rowspan="6" |2024
!''[[Yuva (2024 film)|Yuva]]''
|"Obbane Shiva Obbane Yuva"
|[[Santhosh Ananddram]]
|
|-
|-
!''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge''
|"Dollu Vadhya Tamate"
|Puran Shettigaar
|Arasu Anthare
|Sparsha
|-
!''Gosmari Family''
|"Ponna Na Telike"
|Akash Prajapati
|Sai Krishna Kudla
|Akriti Kakar
|-
!rowspan="2" |''[[UI (film)|UI]]''
|"Cheap Song"
|rowspan="5"|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Deepak Blue
|-
|"Fan India Song"
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Aishwarya Rangarajan
|-
!''[[Max (2024 film)|Max]]''
|"Hot'tu Mamma"
|[[Anup Bhandari]]
|Aishwarya Rangarajan
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
!''[[Just Married (2025 film)|Just Married]]''
|"Kelo Maccha"
|Nagarjun Sharma
|
|-
!''Mark''
|"Masth Malaika"
|[[Anup Bhandari]]
|Sanvi Sudeep
|-
|2026
!''Seetha Payana''
|"Basavanna"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|Bharatha Janani
|L Keerthana
|-
|}

=== Malayalam songs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024
!''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' (D)
|"Daavudi"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Ramya Behara]]
|-
!''[[UI (film)|UI]]'' (D)
|"Cheap Song"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Santhosh Varma]]
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Deepak Blue
|-
|}

=== Bengali songs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="5"|2014
! Rowspan="2"| ''[[Yoddha: The Warrior]]''
| "Yoddhar Saathe Ebar Pujo Katan"
| [[Savvy Gupta]]
|
|
|-
| "Ebar Jeno Onno Rokom Pujo" || [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] |||| [[Antara Mitra]]
|-
! ''[[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]''
| "Calling Bell"
| [[Savvy Gupta]]
|
| Saberi Bhattacharya
|-
! ''[[Bindaas (2014 film)|Bindaas]]''
| "Remix Qawwali" "Party Shoes"
| [[Savvy Gupta]] and [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
|
| Neha Kakkar
|-
! ''[[Bangali Babu English Mem]]''
| Honey Bunny
| Dabbu
| Satrujit
|Ajoy, Aditi Paul
|-
| rowspan="4"|2015
! ''[[Agnee 2]]''
| "Allah Jane"
| Akaash
|
| [[Lemis]]
|-
! ''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]''
|"Tumi Aashe Paashe"
| [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|
| [[Monali Thakur]]
|-
! ''[[Aashiqui (2015 film)|Aashiqui]]''
| "Topor Mathae"
| [[Savvy Gupta]]
|
|
|-
! ''[[Black (2015 Bengali film)|Black]]''
| "Dhip Dhip Buker Majhe"
| Raja Chanda
| Ajoy
|
|-
| rowspan="8"|2016
! ''[[Ki Kore Toke Bolbo]]''
| "Ishqaboner Bibi"
| [[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
| [[Akriti Kakkar]]
|-
! ''[[Beparoyaa]]''
|"Mutton Biryani"
|Indra or Kutty
|
|
|-
! ''[[Hero 420]]''
| "3G"
| [[Savvy Gupta]]
|
| [[Kalpana Patowary]]
|-
! ''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]''
| "Missed Call"
| [[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
| [[Akriti Kakar]]
|-
! ''[[Abhimaan (2016 film)|Abhimaan]]''
| "Selfie Le Na Ra"
| Suddho Roy
|
| Jolly Das
|-
! Rowspan="2"|''[[Haripada Bandwala]]''
| "Shona"
| [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|
| [[Antara Mitra]]
|-
| "Eksho Vrindaban"
| [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|
| [[Payal Dev]]
|-
! ''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]''
| "Uth Churi Tor"
| Prosen, [[Indradip Dasgupta]]
|
| Madhubanti
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017
! ''[[Shrestha Bangali]]''
| "Dhinka Chikaa"
| [[Sanjeev-Darshan]]
|
| [[Akriti Kakar]]
|-
! ''[[Boss 2: Back to Rule]]''
| "Yaara Meherbaan"
| [[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
| Jonita Gandhi
|-
! ''Bolo Dugga Maiki''
| "Lukochuri"
| Arindom
| Dipangshu Acharya
|
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2018
! ''[[Inspector Notty K]]''
|"Inspector Notty K - Title Track"
|Suddho Roy
|Raja Chanda
|
|-
! ''[[Hoichoi Unlimited]]''
| "Hobe Re Hoichoi"
| Savvy
| Riddhi Barua
|
|-
! ''[[Bhaijaan Elo Re]]''
| "[[Baby Jaan]]"
| Dolaan Mainnakk
|
| [[Antara Mitra]]
|-
! ''[[Captain Khan (film)|Captain Khan]]''
| "Mama Maw Maw"
|Lincon
|
|
|-
!''Tui Sudhu Amar''
| "Mon Amar Kemon"
|colspan="2"|Dolaan Mainnakk
|
|-
! ''[[Naqaab (2018 film)|Naqaab]]''
| "Tokhon Baje Barota"
|Dev Sen
|Prasen
|Gopika Goswami, Dev Sen, Tanish
|-
!''Ami Sudhu Tor Holam''
| "Chumma"
|Ayush
|Deep
|Nirupama De
|-
|2021
! ''[[Baazi (2021 film)|Baazi]]''
| "Aaye Na Kache Re"
| [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| Pratik Kundu
|
|-
|2022
! ''[[Jaalbandi]]''
| "Bumper Policy"
| Amit Ishan
| Ritam Sen
|
|-
| 2023
! ''[[Shatru (2023 film)|Shatru]]''
| "Police Police"
|Savvy
|Riddhi Barua
|
|}

=== Gujarati songs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
! rowspan="2" |''[[Aa Te Kevi Dunniya]]''
| "Nathalal"
|rowspan="2" | [[Viju Shah]]
|rowspan="2" | Kishore Jani
|
|-
|"Only Currency"
|
|-
| 2016
! ''[[Polam Pol]]''
| Polam Pol Title Track
| Paresh – Bhavesh
| Raeesh Maniar
| Farhaad Bhiwandiwala & Kanchan Srivas
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
! [[Karsandas Pay & Use]]
| "Aai Jyo"
| Kedar – Bhargav
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Best Of Luck Laalu]]''
| Best Of Luck Laalu Title Track Version -1 (Title Song)
|rowspan="2"|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Niren Bhatt]]
|rowspan="2"|Tanishka Sanghvi
|-
| Best Of Luck Laalu Title Track Version -2 (Title Song)
|-
!''[[Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay]]''
| Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjjay Title Track
| Rahul Munjaria
| Ankit Trivedi
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
! ''Fera Feri Hera Feri''
| "Icon"
| Parth Bharat Thakkar
| Sanjay Chhel
| Jahnvi Shrimankar
|-
! ''Y D Family''
| "Hu Taro Tu Mari"
| Maulik Mehta
| [[Niren Bhatt]]
| Nayna Sharma
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
! rowspan="2" |''[[Hungama House]]''
| "Dhing Dhing Dhamal"
| rowspan="2" |Paresh Bhavesh
| rowspan="2" |Iqbal Qureshi
| rowspan="2" | Tarnnum Malik
|-
| "Atrangi Ankho"
|-
! ''Diya . . The Wonder Girl''
| "Bhookka" (Motivational Song)
| Jatin-Pratik
| Ozil Dalal
|
|-
! ''Mazza Ni Life''
| "Mazza Ni Life (Title Track)
| Imran Raj
| Vihul Jagirdar
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
!rowspan="2"|''Tari Sathe''
| "O Tari"
| Maulik Mehta
| Anil Roy
| Meet Mehta
|-
|"Ankh Ladi Re"
| Nikhil Kamath
| Keshav Rathod
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
! ''Bhagwan Bachave''
| "Kamaal Kari Che"
| Bhavesh Shah
| Milind Gadhavi
|
|-
! ''[[Fakt Mahilao Maate]]''
| "Fakt Mahilao Maate"
| Kedar Upadhyay
|rowspan="2"|Bhargav Purohit
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
! ''[[Hu ane Tu]]''
| "Supdasaaf"
| Kedar-Bhargav
| Tanishka Sanghvi
|-
! ''Welcome Purnima''
| "Welcome Purnima" (Title Song)
| Sanjeev-Darshan
| Rishil Joshi
| Nayna Sharma
|-
|rowspan="4"|2024
! ''Parvat''
| "Disco Garba"
| Ronak Pandit
| Asif Silavat
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Danny Jigar]]''
| "Chikin Dha"
|rowspan="4"|Kedar-Bhargav
|rowspan="4"|Bhargav Purohit
| Hemali Vyas Naik, Tarannum Mallik
|-
|"Danny Jigar"
|Ritu Pathak
|-
!''[[Samandar (film)|Samandar]]''
|"Maar Halesa"
|[[Aditya Gadhvi]]
|-
|2025
!''Victor 303''
|"Pankha Fast Chhe"
|
|-
|}

=== Marathi film songs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|2014
!''[[Por Bazaar]]''
|"Chal Hawa Anede"
|Shailendra Barve
|Shrirang Godbole
|
|-
|2017
!''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''
|"Sachin Sachin"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Subodh Khanolkar
|[[Poorvi Koutish]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
!''[[Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar]]''
|"Lalya"
|[[Rohan-Rohan]]
|Sachin Pathak
|
|-
!''[[Pushpak Vimaan]]''
|"Mumbai Song"
| rowspan="4"|Santosh Mulekar
|Sameer Samant
|Vinay Mandke, Arsh Mohammed, Pravin Kuvar, Deepali Sathe, Madhavi Bharti, Varnyam Pande
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2020
! rowspan="2"|''Sweety Satarkar'' <ref>{{Cite web | title = Nakash Aziz Songs |url = https://gaana.com/album/sweety-satarkar-title-track-from-sweety-satarkar}}</ref>
|"Sweety Satarkar - Title Track"
| rowspan="4"|Mangesh Kangane
|Bharti Madhvi
|-
|"Yere Nana Yere Mama"
|Rupali Moghe
|-
|2021
!''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]''
|"Kareena Aali"
|
|-
|2022
!''Bhirkit''
|"Line De Mala"
|Shail-Pritane
|Aanandi Joshi
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2023
!''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|"Maar Dhanaadan"
|[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|Jai Atre
|[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|-
!''[[Unaad]]''
|"Yeda Mandola"
|Gulraj Singh
|[[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
|
|-
!''[[Sshort And Ssweet]]''
|"Mann Matlabi"
|rowspan="2"|Santosh Mulekar
|rowspan="3"|Mangesh Kangane
|
|-
!''Umbrella''
|"Ataa Pitaa"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
!''Pillu Bachelor''
|"Gol Gol Ek Paisa"
|Chinar Mahesh
|
|-
| 2024
!''[[Sridevi Prasanna]]''
|"Dil Mein Baji Guitar"
|[[Amitraj]]
|Kshitij Patwardhan
|Kasturi Wavre
|-
|2025
!''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
|"Jai Hanuman"
|[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|Guru Thakur
|
|-
|}

=== Pakistani films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2017
! ''[[Mehrunisa V Lub U]]''
| "Marhabaa"
| Simaab Sen
| Prashant Ingole
| Mohini Shri
|}

=== Tulu films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2016
! ''[[Pilibail Yamunakka]]''
| "Kar Baar Jorundu"
| Kishore Kumar Shetty
| Mayur R Shetty
|YemZii
|-
| 2023
! ''Circus''
| "Swapna Sundari"
| Loy Valentine Saldanha
| Roopesh Shetty
| Michelle Anisha Crasta
|}

=== Nepali films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024
! ''Rawayan''
| "Rawayan"
| Revan Aartti Singh
| Krishna Hari Baral
|
|-
!''[[12 Gaun]]''
|"Cinema Herna Jau"
|Arjun Pokharel
|Arjun Pokharel, Biraj Bhatta
|
|}

==Awards==

*2014 – [[Zee Cine Awards]] – SA RE GA MA PA Fresh Singing Talent<ref>{{Cite web | title = Nakash Aziz honored with Zee Cine Award 2014 | work = BollywoodDhamaka | date = 16 February 2014 | access-date = 8 September 2016 | url = http://www.bollywooddhamaka.in/bollywood-singer/nakash-aziz-honored-with-zee-cine-award-2014/36}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aziz, Nakash}}
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mangalore]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian singers]]

Gurukula

2026-02-27T08:23:29Z

Providentecopoliten: improved details also and updated info

{{Short description|Traditional Indian religious education system}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Parmarth4.jpg|thumb|upright 1.2|[[Guru]] teaching students in a gurukul]]

A '''{{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}}''' ({{langx|sa|गुरुकुलम्|gurukula}}) is a traditional system of religious education in [[India]] with {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Shishya|śiṣya]]}} ('students' or 'disciples') living near or with the [[guru]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Yin Cheong Cheng |editor2=Kwok Tung Tsui |editor3=King Wai Chow|editor4=Magdalena Mo Ching Mok | year=2002| title=Subject Teaching and Teacher Education in the New Century: Research and Innovation | publisher=[[SpringSikhism|Sikh]]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word Gurukulam is a classical Sanskrit compound. Its etymology is straightforward, formed by a [[tatpuruṣa]] (determinative) compound of two distinct elements: guru (गुरु) and kula (कुल).<ref name="Edu1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/4378166|title=Gurukula: A Family with Difference – An Exposition of the Ancient Indian System of Education|first=Kurian|last=Kachappilly|via=academia.edu}}</ref>

The first part, guru (गुरु), is a noun meaning "teacher," "master," or "preceptor".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Guru |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/guru-Hinduism |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=guru |encyclopedia=The Brill Dictionary of Religion |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-dictionary-of-religion/guru-SIM_00030 |access-date=27 February 2026 |quote=Derived from the Sanskrit root for 'heavy,' 'mighty,' guru denotes an outstanding religious personality and teacher}}</ref> In the context of ancient Indian traditions, it specifically denotes a spiritual guide or a venerable teacher of sacred knowledge.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Guru |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/guru-Hinduism |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Arya Samaj Gurukul School boys performing Homa ritual 1915.jpg|thumb|Arya Samaj Gurukul School boys performing [[Homa (ritual)|Homa ritual]] (1915)]]
{{See also|Sanskrit and Vedic learning}}

===Ancient times===
The {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}} system of education has been in existence since ancient times. The [[Upanishads]] (1000-800 BCE) mention multiple {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukulas}}, including that of guru [[Drona]] at [[Gurgaon]].<ref name=ITGurugram>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/did-you-know-the-true-story-behind-gurugram-253390.html|title=Did You Know The True Story Behind Gurugram?|date=April 13, 2016|website=IndiaTimes}}</ref> The {{lang|sa-Latn|Bhrigu Valli}} (a discourse on the [[Brahman]]) is said to have taken place in Guru Varuni's {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}}. The vedic school of thought prescribes the {{lang|sa-Latn|[[Upanayana]]}} (sacred rite of passage) to all individuals before the age of 8 at least by 12. From initiation until the age of 25 all individuals are prescribed to be students and to remain unmarried, as celibates.

{{lang|sa-Latn|Gurukulas}} were supported by public donations. This was followed by the many following Vedic thoughts making gurukul one of the earliest forms of public school centres.

===18th century and colonial period===
{{Main article|Dharampal#Relevance}}

[[Dharampal]] was instrumental in changing the understanding of pre-colonial [[Education in India|Indian education system]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kakkar|first=Ankur|date=2019-02-19|title=Remembering Dharampal's Seminal Contribution|url=https://indiafacts.org/remembering-dharampals-seminal-contribution/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=IndiaFacts|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Dharampal primary works are based on documentation by the [[British Raj|colonial government]] on Indian education, agriculture, technology, and arts during the period of colonial rule in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indictoday.com/reviews/dharampals-the-beautiful-tree-indigenous-traditional-indian-education-in-the-eighteenth-century/|title=Dharampal's 'The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century|date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/446501?journalCode=cer|title=Comparative Education Review Volume 29, Number 1 Feb. 1985|journal=Comparative Education Review|date=February 1985|volume=29|issue=1|pages=137–140|doi=10.1086/446501|last1=Basu|first1=Aparna|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His pioneering historical research, conducted intensively over a decade, provides evidence from extensive early British administrators’ reports of the widespread prevalence of indigenous educational institutions in Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies as well as in the Punjab, teaching a sophisticated curriculum, with daily school attendance by about 30% of children aged 6–15.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century |date=1995 |publisher=Keerthi Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revival of the {{lang|sa-Latn|Gurukul}} system ===
By the colonial era, the system was on a steep decline in India. [[Dayananda Saraswati]], the founder of [[Arya Samaj]] and [[Swami Shraddhanand]], were the pioneers of the modern {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}} system, who in 1886 founded now-widespread [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Public Schools and Universities]].<ref name=arya1>Gurukula Patrika, April–July, 1940-41, Ank 10, (12 June 1940), P.1</ref><ref name=arya2>Madalsa Ujjwal, 2008, "Swami Dayanand Saraswati Life and Ideas", Book Treasure Publications, Jodhpur, PP.96-97</ref><ref name=arya3>Gunjun H. Shakshi, 1971, "Social and Humanistic Life in India", Abhinav Publications, Delhi, PP.122-124.</ref>

In 1948, Shastriji Maharaj Shree Dharamjivan das Swami followed suit and initiated first Swaminarayan {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukul}} in [[Rajkot]] in [[Gujarat]] state of [[India]]. Recently, several {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukulam}} have opened up in India as well as overseas with a desire to uphold tradition.

Various {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukulas}} still exist in India, and researchers have been studying the effectiveness of the system through those institutions.<ref name=":0" /> With the advent of new means of [[mass communication]], many [[guru]]s and [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] scholars are opening E-gurukul. These gurukuls are operating online and are now imparting knowledge about different [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]] using the internet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/online-drive-promoting-vedas-vedic-education/articleshow/78414983.cms|title=Online drive promoting Vedas, Vedic education | Allahabad News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GRD Iyers Home|url=https://grdiyers.weebly.com/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=GRD IYERS GURUCOOL|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gurukul Online – Learn Vedic knowledge at your own place|url=https://gurukulonline.net/|access-date=2021-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Yatendra|date=2020-06-03|title=RSS affiliate starts online Vedic Mathematics course for students|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/rss-affiliate-starts-online-vedic-mathematics-course-for-students/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=The Daily Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1990, Shrii Shrii Anandamurtiji founded Ananda Marga gurukula with its headquarters at Anandanagar, Dist Purulia, [[West Bengal]], India and its branches all over the globe. {www.gurukul.edu} He nominated Acharya Shambhushivananda Avadhuta as its kulapati (chancellor) and formed a skeletal structure for spreading "neohumanist education" all over the globe.

==Education==
The students learn from the guru and help the guru in his everyday life, including carrying out of mundane daily household chores. However, some scholars suggest that the activities are not mundane and very essential part of the education to inculcate self-discipline among students.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Ankur|last2=Gupta|first2=Rajen K.|date=July 2017|title=Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul|url=https://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=85390|journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management|volume=15 |issue=1|pages=100–120|doi=10.1504/IJICBM.2017.085390|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Typically, a guru does not receive or accept any fees from the {{lang|sa-Latn|shishya}} studying with him as the relationship between a guru and the shishya is considered very sacred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Ankur|last2=Bindlish|first2=Puneet|last3=Verma|first3=Pawan Kumar|date=2014-12-01|title=A Post-colonial Perspective towards Education in Bharat|journal=Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective|volume=18|issue=4|pages=359–363|doi=10.1177/0972262914552171|s2cid=144782215|issn=0972-2629}}</ref>

At the end of one's education, a {{lang|sa-Latn|shishya}} offers the guru {{lang|sa-Latn|[[dakshina]]}} before leaving the gurukula.<ref name=Edu1/> The {{lang|sa-Latn|gurudakshina}} is a traditional gesture of acknowledgment, respect and thanks to the guru, which may be monetary, but may also be a special task the teacher wants the student to accomplish.<ref name=Edu1/> While living in a {{lang|sa-Latn|gurukula}}, the students would be away from their home from a period of months to years at a stretch.
Through Gurukul, students used to learn self discipline, politeness, good humanism and spirituality that would assist them to be an enlightened person in the future.

== Scholarly works on Gurukul ==
* [[Dharampal]] a Gandhiain Scholar authored a book titled The beautiful tree: Indigenous Indian education in the eighteenth century<ref>{{Cite book|author=DHARAMPAL|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBeautifulTree-Dharampal|title=THE BEAUTIFUL TREE - DHARAMPAL|language=English}}</ref>
* Prof. Marmar Mukhopadhayay compiled a book titled Total Quality Management in Education deriving insights from ancient education system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Marmar|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789353885977|title=Total Quality Management in Education|date=2020|publisher=SAGE Publications Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5388-281-5|location=New Delhi |doi=10.4135/9789353885977|s2cid=107904632}}</ref> He also devised concept of Multi-Channel Learning based on Gurukul Pedagogy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=Marmar|last2=Parhar|first2=Madhu|date=November 2001|title=Instructional design in multi-channel learning system|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8535.00224|journal=British Journal of Educational Technology|volume=32|issue=5|pages=543–556|doi=10.1111/1467-8535.00224|issn=0007-1013|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* Ankur Joshi authored a research papers titled - Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Ankur|last2=Gupta|first2=Rajen K.|date=2017|title=Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2017.085390|journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management|volume=15|issue=1|pages=100|doi=10.1504/ijicbm.2017.085390|issn=1753-0806|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A post-colonial perspective towards education in Bharat,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Ankur|last2=Bindlish|first2=Puneet|last3=Verma|first3=Pawan Kumar|date=December 2014|title=A Post-colonial Perspective towards Education in Bharat|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262914552171|journal=Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective|volume=18|issue=4|pages=359–363|doi=10.1177/0972262914552171|s2cid=144782215|issn=0972-2629|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and Delivering holistic education for contemporary times: Banasthali Vidyapith and the Gurukula system.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sukhada |first1=N.A. |last2=Dhital |first2=Vishwanath |last3=Joshi |first3=Ankur |last4=Nandram |first4=Sharda S. |date=2021 |title=Delivering holistic education for contemporary times: Banasthali Vidyapith and the Gurukula system |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2021.10041910 |journal=International Journal of Business and Globalisation |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=222 |doi=10.1504/ijbg.2021.10041910 |s2cid=239219043 |issn=1753-3627|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Out of India ==
The gurukula system of education is available outside of India as well.
They are known as gurukul.

=== In Belgium ===
At the [[Jain Culture Center of Antwerp]], children between the ages of 8 till 16 study [[Indian mathematics#Vedic period|Vedic mathematics]], [[Art]], [[Music]], as well as [[Jyotishi|Vedic Astrology, Jyotishi]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[Yoga]].

Children participate in this gurukul during holiday times at the traditional schools, for a week in October / November, 2 weeks during Easter break, and 1 month during summer break.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Acharyakulam]]
* [[Akhara]]
* [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]]
* [[Ananda Marga Gurukula Teacher's Training College]]
* [[Convent school]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Ekal Vidyalaya]]
* [[Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya]]
* [[History of education in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Swaminarayan Gurukul]]
* [[Uchi-deshi]] (a similar system in Japan)
* [[Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram]]
* [[Vidya Bharti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commonscatinline}}
* [https://vediconcepts.com/gurukul-list/ List of Gurukuls in India] (State-wise)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurukul}}
[[Category:School types]]
[[Category:Hindu education]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]

Tehri Dam

2026-02-12T07:09:42Z

Providentecopoliten:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Tehri Dam
| name_official =
| image_caption = The dam in 2008
| image_alt =
| location_map_caption =
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[New Tehri]], [[Tehri Garhwal district]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| status = O
| construction_began = 1978
| opening = 2006
| demolished =
| cost = US $2.5 billion
| owner = [[THDC India Limited]]
| dam_type = [[Embankment dam|Embankment]], earth and rock-fill
| dam_crosses = [[Bhagirathi River]]
| dam_length = {{convert|575|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest = {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base = {{convert|1128|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count = 2
| spillway_type = Gate controlled
| spillway_capacity = {{convert|15540|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|3.54|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on|lk=out}} (125.03 tmc ft)
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|42|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 2006
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type = P no
| plant_turbines = [[Francis pump turbine]]s
| plant_capacity = {{convert|1000|MW|abbr=on}} Planned: 2,400 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website = {{URL|www.thdc.co.in}}
| extra =
| image = Tehri_Dam_India.jpg
| image_size =
| location_map = India Uttarakhand
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|30|22|40|N|78|28|50|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| dam_height = {{convert|260.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Tehri Dam''' is a multi-purpose rock and earth-fill [[embankment dam]] on the [[Bhagirathi River]] in [[New Tehri]], [[Tehri Garhwal district]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=large_dams_in_india|title=Large Dams in India}}</ref> With a height of 260.5 m (855 ft), it is the tallest dam in India and the [[List of tallest dams|13th-tallest dam in the world]]. It is the primary dam of [[THDC India Ltd.]] and the Tehri [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] complex. The dam begun construction in 1978 and was completed in 2006. It withholds a reservoir for [[irrigation]], [[municipal water supply]] and hydroelectricity. The dam's 1,000 MW variable-speed [[pumped storage hydroelectricity|pumped-storage]] scheme is nearing completion. <ref name="THDC2">{{Cite web|title=Tehri Pumped Storage Plant|url=https://www.thdc.co.in/en/content/tehri-pumped-storage-plant|website=[[THDC India Limited]]|access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="SUN">{{cite news|title=Power Minister Manohar Lal inspects 2,400 MW Tehri hydro power complex in Uttarakhand|url=https://www.suryaa.com/153352-power-minister-manohar-lal-inspects-2-400-mw-tehri-hydro-power-complex-in-uttarakhand.html|website=Suryaa|date=15 July 2024|access-date=25 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tehri dam.jpg|thumb|left|Tehri dam in November 2004]]
A preliminary investigation for the Tehri Dam Project was completed in 1961 under Jawahar lal Nehru's ministry, its design was completed in 1972, with a 600 MW capacity power plant based on the study. Construction began in 1978 after feasibility studies but was delayed due to financial, environmental, and social impacts.

In 1986, technical and financial assistance was provided by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], but this was interrupted years later with political instability. India was forced to take control of the project and at the first, it was placed under the direction of the Irrigation Department of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. However, in 1988 the Tehri Hydro Development Corporation was formed to manage the dam and 75% of the funding would be provided by the federal government, 25% by the state. Uttar Pradesh would finance the entire irrigation portion of the project.

==Technical description==
[[File:Power House of Tehri Dam.jpg|thumb|left|The main power house of Tehri Dam that houses four generators, each capable of producing 250 MW of power]]
Tehri Dam is a '''{{convert|260.5|m|abbr=on}}''' high rock and earth-fill embankment dam. Its length is {{convert|575|m|abbr=on}}, crest width {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}}, and base width {{convert|1128|m|abbr=on}}. The dam creates a reservoir of {{convert|3.54|km3|acre.ft|lk=out}} with a surface area of {{convert|52|km2|abbr=on}}. The installed hydrocapacity is 1,000 MW along with an additional 1,000 MW of [[pumped storage hydroelectricity]]. The lower reservoir for the pumped-storage plant is created by the Koteshwar Dam downstream.

The Tehri Dam and the Tehri Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plant are part of the [[Tehri Hydropower Complex]] which also includes the 400 MW [[Koteshwar Dam]].<ref name="teheri dam">[http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/HN/article/view/2481/2214 Tehri Dam: An Engineering Marvel, by Basistha Raj Adhikari]</ref> Tehri pumped storage plant (4 X 250 MW) has variable speed features which can optimize the round trip efficiency under varying water levels in its reservoirs.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Review of Power Electronic Converters for Variable Speed Pumped Storage Plants|url=https://www.iitr.ac.in/media/facspace/thangfwt/thanga_review.pdf|access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> Power is distributed to [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] . The complex will afford [[irrigation]] to an area of {{convert|270000|ha}}, irrigation stabilization to an area of {{convert|600000|ha}}, and a supply of {{convert|270|e6impgal|e6m3}} of drinking water per day to the industrialized areas of [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].

The total expenditure for this project was [[US$]]1 billion.

===Scheduling and generation dispatch===
The scheduling and dispatch of the Tehri Hydro Power plant is done by Northern Regional Load Dispatch Center (NRLDC), which is the apex body to ensure the integrated operation of the power system grid in the Northern region and comes under [[Power System Operation Corporation Limited]] (POSOCO). At present, THDC India Ltd. is generating around 3,000 GWh annually from this dam.

==Environmental issues==
[[File:TehriDam 1.JPG|thumb|left|Tehri dam in July 2008]]
The Tehri Dam has been the object of protests by environmental organizations and local people of the region. Virendra Dutt Saklani, lawyer and founder of the Anti-Tehri Dam Struggle Committee, was quick to point out the consequences associated to the large project.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Nachowitz|first=Todd|date=June 1988 |volume=12 |issue=2|title=The Tehri Dam, India - Stumbling towards catastrophe |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/tehri-dam-india-stumbling-toward-catastrophe|access-date=2020-07-23|website=Cultural Survival Quarterly}}</ref> Environmental activist [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]] led the Anti-Tehri Dam movement from 1980s till 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/protectors-of-nature/article8761277.ece|title=Protectors of Nature |date=2016-06-23 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=2016-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bigwire.in/2016/03/08/save-earth-next-generation-chipko-legend/ |title=Save earth for next generation: Chipko legend |last=Dutta |first=Ratnajyoti |date=2016-03-08 |website=BigWire |access-date=2016-07-03}}</ref> The protest was against the displacement of town inhabitants and environmental consequence of the weak ecosystem.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Tehri Dam India.jpg|thumb|Tehri Dam is the tallest dam in India]]
In addition to the human rights concerns, the project has spurred concerns about the environmental consequences of locating such a large dam in the fragile [[ecosystem]] of the [[Himalaya]]n foothills. There are further concerns regarding the dam's geological stability.<ref name=":0" /> The Tehri dam is in the Central Himalayan Seismic Gap, a major [[geologic fault]] zone. This region was the site of a 6.8 [[moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] [[earthquake]] in October 1991, with an [[epicenter]] {{convert|53|km|abbr=on}} from the dam. Dam proponents claim that the complex is designed to withstand an earthquake of 8.4 magnitude, but some seismologists say that earthquakes with a magnitude of 8.5 or more could occur in this region. Were such a catastrophe to occur, the potentially resulting dam-break would submerge numerous towns downstream, whose populations total near half a million.

[[File:A protest message against Tehri dam, Garhwal, Uttarakhand.jpg|left|thumb|A protest message against Tehri dam, which was steered by [[Sundarlal Bahuguna]] for years. It says "We don't want the dam. The dam is the mountain's destruction."]]

The relocation of more than 100,000 people from the area has led to protracted legal battles over resettlement rights and, ultimately, resulted in the project's delayed completion.<ref>Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref>

Since 2005, filling of the reservoir has led to the reduced flow of Bhagirathi water from the normal {{convert|1000|ft3/s|abbr=on}} to a mere {{convert|200|ft3/s|abbr=on}}. This reduction has been central to local protest against the dam, since the Bhagirathi is considered part of the sacred Ganges whose waters are crucial to [[Hindu]] beliefs. At some points during the year, the tampering with Bhagirathi waters means this tributary stops flowing. This has created resentments among many Hindus, who claim that the sanctity of the Ganges has been compromised for the generation of electricity. The officials say that when the reservoir is filled to its maximum capacity the flow of the river will again become normal. In spite of concerns and protestation, operation of the Tehri Dam continues.

==NTPC Limited Takeover==
On 21 November 2019, the [[Government of India]] approved the take over of [[Tehri Hyrdo Development Corporation|Tehri Hydro Development Corporation]] (THDC) by [[NTPC Limited]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://thdc.gov.in/Projects/English/Scripts/Prj_Introduction.aspx?vid=132 Official website of the Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602114317/http://thdc.gov.in/Projects/English/Scripts/Prj_Introduction.aspx?Vid=132 |date=2 June 2013 }}, the organization in charge of the dam's construction
* [https://seven-sisters.blogspot.com/2005/11/tehri-sinking-town.html Tehri: The Sinking Town] a traveller's account of Tehri dam.
* [http://www.solobackpacker.com/2012/12/24/tehri-lake-memories-from-old-tehri Tehri Lake: Memories from Old Tehri], A Backpacker at Tehri Lake
* Gaur, Vinod K. and Valdiya, K. S. (1993) ''Earthquake Hazard and Large Dams in the Himalaya'', Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-900281-2-X}}
* Nawani, PC et al. (2006) "TEHRI DAM PROJECT – A Geotechnical Appraisal," Geological Survey of India Bulletin: Series B, No.62, {{ISSN|0445-622X}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714081401/http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=k0506n13755nq823&size=largest Tehri Hydro Power Complex on the Bhagirathi River in India] Journal Power Technology and Engineering (formerly Hydrotechnical Construction), Springer, New York {{ISSN|1570-145X}} (Print) {{ISSN|1570-1468}} (Online) Vol. 34, No. 8-9 / Aug, 2000 {{doi|10.1023/A:1004187208788}}, pp 479–484, 2 November 2004

{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}
{{Power Stations of Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2009]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2006]]
[[Category:Dams in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:New Tehri]]
[[Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India]]
[[Category:Embankment dams]]
[[Category:Dams on the Bhagirathi River]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Renewable energy]]
[[Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]
[[Category:Ganges]]
[[Category:Tehri Garhwal district]]

Nubra

2026-02-07T12:05:22Z

Providentecopoliten: adjusted intro for consistency

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2016}}
{{About|the region in Ladakh|the river|Nubra River|the proposed district|Nubra district}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nubra
| settlement_type = region
| image_skyline = 5_Nubra_valley.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nubra Valley with [[Diskit|Diskit Gompa]] and town immediately below and [[Hunder]] in the distance
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.6|N|77.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nubra''', also called '''Dumra''', is a historical region of [[Ladakh]], India<ref>
{{harvp|Shakabpa, Oe Hundred Thousand Moons|2009|pp=583-584}}: "The Tibetan soldiers pursued the remaining troops as far as a place called Dumra,[10: These days, Dumra is called Nupra] just one day’s journey from Leh, where the Tibetan army pitched their camp."
</ref> that is currently administered as a [[Leh_district#subdivision|subdivision]] and a [[tehsil]] in the [[Leh district]]. Its inhabited areas form a tri-armed valley cut by the [[Nubra River|Nubra]] and [[Shyok River|Shyok]] rivers. Its Tibetan name ''Dumra'' means "valley of flowers".<ref name=kapadia>{{cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |title=Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pl5qHu_K45kC&pg=PA230 |year=1999 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-100-9 |page=230}}
</ref> Demands have been raised and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] has hinted at creation of Nubra as a new district.<ref name=san1>[https://thewire.in/rights/sankoo-district-protests-kargil 3,000 Demonstrate for Separate District in Sub-Zero Temperatures at Kargil], The Wire, 06/FEB/2020.</ref> [[Diskit]], the headquarters of Nubra, is 120 km north of [[Leh]], the capital of Ladakh.

The [[Shyok River]] meets the [[Nubra River]] (or Siachan River) to form a large valley that separates the [[Ladakh Range|Ladakh]] and [[Karakoram]] Ranges. The Shyok river is a tributary of the Indus river. The average altitude of the valley is more than {{convert|10000|ft|m}} above the sea level. The most common way to access this valley is to travel over the [[Khardung La]] pass from Leh.

Foreign nationals are required to get a [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)|Protected area permit]] to visit Nubra. Since 1 April 2017 Indian citizens are also required to get an [[Inner Line Permit]] to visit it.<ref>[http://lehladakhxp.com/destinations/nubra-valley// People, Attractions & Transportation in Nubra Valley], The Off: Leh Ladakh XP (Jai Kishan), 17 March 2021.</ref>{{rs?|date=February 2023}}

== Etymology ==
The name ''Nubra'' ({{bo|t=ནུབ་ར|w=nub ra|s=nup ra}}) is believed to derive from the Tibetan word ''Ldumra'' or ''Dumra'' ({{bo|t=ལྡུམ་ར|w=ldum ra|s=dum ra}}), meaning "valley of flowers".<ref name=kapadia/><ref>{{Cite web | title = Nubra {{!}} The Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh {{!}} India | url = https://ladakh.gov.in/places-centres/nubra/ | access-date = 2025-06-20 | language = en}}</ref> This referred to the fertile, orchard-rich valley in contrast to the surrounding high-altitude desert. In Ladakhi, the word ''Nubra'' can also mean “western,” perhaps describing its position relative to the upper, eastern part of the Shyok Valley.

Historically, the Nubra River was called ''Yarma Tsangpo'' (“Yarma River”) in Tibetan sources. The modern usage of “Nubra River” appears to derive from the valley name.

== Geography ==
[[File:Shyok2.svg|thumb|right|275px|The region of Nubra is drained by the Shyok and Nubra rivers]]
[[Alexander Cunningham]] listed Nubra as one of the five natural and historical divisions of Ladakh.<ref>
{{harvp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=18}}: "The natural divisions of the country are: 1st, ''Nubra'' on the Shayok; 2nd, ''Ladak Proper'', on the Indus; 3rd, ''Zanskar'', on the Zanskar river; 4th, ''Rukchu [Rupshu]'', around the lakes of Tshomo Riri [Tso Moriri] and Tsho-Kar; 5th, ''Purik, Suru, and Dras'', on the different branches of the Dras river; 6th, ''Spiti'', on the Spiti river: and 7th, ''Lahul'', on the Chandra and Bhaga, or head-waters of the Chenab. These also are the actual divisions of the country, for the natural boundaries of a mountainous district generally remain unaltered, in spite of the changes wrought by war and religion. Ladak is divided politically between Maharaja Gulab Sing and the East-India Company. To the former belong all the northern districts, to the latter only the two southern districts of Lahul and Spiti."
</ref> Nubra occupies the northeastern portion of Ladakh, bordering [[Baltistan]] and [[Xinjiang Autonomous Region|Chinese Turkestan]] in the north, and the [[Aksai Chin]] [[plateau]] and Tibet in the east. In Cunningham's conception, Nubra includes all the region drained by the [[Nubra River|Nubra]] and [[Shyok River|Shyok]] rivers. it is 128 miles long and 72 miles wide, making up an area of 9,200 square miles. It extends south till the [[Pangong Lake]].{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=21}}

In modern nomenclature, the Nubra region is divided into "[[Diskit|Diskit Nubra]]" in the north and the "[[Darbuk|Darbuk region]]" in the south, both of which are regarded as tehsils and subdivisions of the [[Leh district]].<ref>[https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/tehsil/ Tehsil], Leh district administration, retrieved 15 November 2020.</ref> The Diskit Nubra region includes the [[Turtuk]] block populated by [[Balti people]], which became a part of Indian-administered Kashmir after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], and the unpopulated [[Siachen Glacier]] region.<ref>
Muhammad Raafi, [https://kashmirlife.net/border-area-deep-network-intelligence-agencies-including-ib-mi-cid-ibf-nubra-129828/ Interview of Delan Namgial], Kashmiri Life, 17 January 2017.
</ref>

The populated part of Nubra is often described as a "tri-armed valley",<ref>
Sumedha Das, [https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/voices/paradise-on-earth-2-1502825668.html Paradise on Earth], The Statesman, 24 November 2019.
</ref>
the three arms being:{{sfnp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|pp=225–226}}
* the Nubra River Valley (divided into three sections called ''Yarma'', ''Tśurka'' and ''Farka''),{{efn|''Yarma'' is the upper part of the valley above [[Panamik]], ''Tsurka'' is the right bank of the valley below Panamik, while ''Yarma'' is the left bank.}}
* ''Gyen'', the upper Shyok valley from its southern bend till the confluence with the Nubra River, and
* ''Shama'', the lower Shyok valley from the confluence till the [[Chorbat]] area.{{sfnp|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990|pp=225–226}}
The eastern Shyok valley is mostly unpopulated, even though it has numerous camping sites that have been used by trade caravans. [[Murgo]] is a village on the tributary called Murgo Nala.

=== Topography ===
[[File:India Ladakh With Some Features.png|thumb|right|275px|The topography of Ladakh]]
Like the rest of the [[Tibetan Plateau]], Nubra is a high altitude [[cold desert]] with rare precipitation and scant vegetation except along river beds. The villages are irrigated and fertile, producing wheat, barley, peas, mustard and a variety of fruits and nuts, including blood apples, walnuts, apricots and even a few almond trees. Most of Nubra is inhabited by Nubra dialect or Nubra Skat speakers. The majority are Buddhists. In the western or lowest altitude end of Nubra near the Line of Control i.e. the Indo-Pak border, along the [[Shyok River]], the inhabitants of [[Turtuk]] are [[Balti people|Balti]] of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], who speak Balti, and are [[Shia]] and [[Sufia Nurbakhshia]] Muslims.

[[Siachen Glacier]] lies to the north of the valley. The [[Sasser Pass]] and the famous [[Karakoram Pass]] lie to the northwest of the valley and connect Nubra with [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghur]] (Mandarin : [[Xinjiang]]). Previously much trade passed through the area towards western China's [[Xinjiang]] and Central Asia. The people of [[Baltistan]] also used the Nubra valley for passage to Tibet.<ref name=Sering>Senge H. Sering,
[http://www.idsa.in/strategiccomments/ReclaimingNubraLocalsShunningPakistaniInfluences_SHSering_170809 “Reclaiming Nubra” – Locals Shunning Pakistani Influences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708074525/http://www.idsa.in/strategiccomments/ReclaimingNubraLocalsShunningPakistaniInfluences_SHSering_170809 |date=8 July 2016 }}, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Delhi, 17 August 2009.</ref>

=== Places ===

[[Diskit]] town in the valley have become the congregation centre for people of the region. Diskit is the headquarters of Nubra and thus has lot of government offices with basic facilities. It is also connected by road with Leh.

Along the Nubra or Siachan River lie the villages of Sumur, Kyagar (called Tiger Village by the Indian Army), [[Tirith]], [[Panamik]], [[Turtuk]] and many others.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nubra Tehsil (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Om |first=Hari |date=2023-07-12 |title=District Status for Nubra, Zanskar Will Promote Interests of Ladakhi Buddhists |url=https://www.pgurus.com/district-status-for-nubra-and-zanskar-will-promote-interests-of-ladakhi-buddhists/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=PGurus |language=en-US}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent(%)
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhism]]|Gold|47.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in India|Islam]]|green|33.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|18.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}
}}

== Travel routes ==
[[File:Map of Tibet and Pangong Lake in 1873 from Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Historical trade routes through Nubra and Aksai Chin (Sketch map by [[Henry Trotter (Indian Army officer)|Henry Trotter]], 1878)]]

The main road access to Nubra is over [[Khardung La]] which is open throughout the year. The highest elevation of Khardung La is 5,359 m (17,582 ft), its status as the highest motorable road in the world is no longer accepted by most authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nubra Valley - World's Finest Wool|url=https://www.worlds-finest-wool.com/nubra-valley/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.worlds-finest-wool.com|language=en-US}}</ref> An alternative route, opened in 2008, crosses the [[Wari La]] from [[Sakti, Leh|Sakti]], to the east of Khardung La, connecting to the main Nubra road system via [[Agham, India|Agham]] and [[Khalsar, India|Khalsar]] along the [[Shyok River]]. There are also trekkable passes over the Ladakh Range from the Indus Valley at various points. Routes from Nubra to [[Baltistan]] and [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], though historically important, have been closed since 1947 and 1950 respectively.

== Tourism ==
[[File:Tourists riding bactrian camels.jpg|thumb|Tourists riding Bactrian camels in Hundar]]
[[File:Nubra Sand Dunes.jpg|thumbnail|right|Sand Dunes of Nubra valley.]]

The Nubra valley was open for tourists up to [[Hundar, India|Hunder]] (the land of sand dunes) until 2010. The region beyond Hunder gives way to a greener region of Ladakh because of its lower altitude. The village of [[Turtuk]] which was unseen by tourists till 2010 is a virgin destination for people who seek peace and an interaction with a tribal community of Ladakh. The local [[Balti people]] follow their age old customs in their lifestyle and speak a language which oral and not yet written. For tourists Turtuk offers serene camping sites with environment friendly infrastructure.

[[Panamic|Panamik]] is noted for its hot springs. Between Hundar and Diskit lie seven kilometres of sand dunes, and (two-humped) [[Bactrian camel]]s graze in the neighbouring "forests" of [[Hippophae|seabuckthorn]]. Non-locals are not allowed below Hundar village into the Balti area, as it is a border area.

=== Monasteries ===
[[File:Maitreya Buddha, Nubra.jpg|thumb|Maitreya - 33 metre symbol of peace facing West. '''Nubra Valley''']]

The 32-metre [[Maitreya]] Buddha statue is the landmark of Nubra and is maintained by the [[Diskit Monastery]]. On the Shyok River, the main village, Diskit, is home to the dramatically positioned Diskit Monastery which was built in 14th century. Hundar was the capital of the erstwhile Nubra kingdom in the 17th century, and is home to the Chamba Gompa.

Samstanling Monastery is between Kyagar and Sumoor villages. Across the Nubra or Siachan River at Panamik, is the isolated Ensa Gompa.

Yarma Gompa, between [[Sasser Pass|Saser]] and [[Siachen Base Camp]], is one of the large monastery belonging to the [[Drukpa Kagyu]] lineage and it manages the following village gompas, Tong-sted, Nyung-sted, Dungsa, Khemi, Tsang-lung-ka, Sarsoma, Aarunuk, Ayi, Kovet, Tangsa & Murgo. The senior to lower hierarchy of gompa administration is Lopon, Gye-nyen, Geylong, Gye-tsul, and cun-zung.<ref name=murgomp2>Prem Singh Jina, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2obhkp0B90C&q=murgo+in+ladakh Cultural Heritage of Ladakh Himalaya], p 114.</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===

The valley is famous for its forest of [[Hippophae]] shrub, popularly known as Leh Berry. It is within this shrub forest that one can spot the [[white-browed tit-warbler]]. One can also spot the [[Tibetan lark]], [[Hume's short-toed lark]], and [[Hume's whitethroat]]. The various water birds like [[ruddy shelduck]], [[garganey]], [[northern pintail]], and [[mallard]] can be observed on several small water bodies scattered along the route. Besides these, [[Charadriiformes|waders]] like [[black-tailed godwit]], [[common sandpiper]], [[common greenshank]], [[common redshank]], [[green sandpiper]], and [[Ruff (bird)|ruff]] can be spotted in Nubra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Asif|date=2016|title=Ladakh: The Land Beyond|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7UUVmCgCiGATFFhcGJqdkg3S28/view?usp=sharing|journal=Buceros|volume=21 |issue=3|pages=6–15}}</ref>

== Education ==

The valley has been secluded as has been most of the exterior parts of Ladakh. Almost all of the region has been facing problems to get good quality education. There have been initiatives in the past by the government but extreme weather conditions and vicinity to the borders have been a major hurdle in implementing a solid education base. There is also migration of the population that gets exposed to the big cities of India and hence the people do not get benefitted out of their local learned population. There are very few Non-Government organizations active in Nubra region.

== In popular culture ==
Nubra valley was appeared, mentioned in Hollywood movie ''[[Mission: Impossible – Fallout|Mission Impossible : Fallout]]'' of [[Tom Cruise]]. In the film's climax Ethan Hunt (Cruise) stop Walker ([[Henry Cavill]]) from detonating [[Plutonium bomb]] at the base of [[Siachen Glacier|Siachen glacier]] . However filming of the scene was done in New Zealand due to the denial of filming by the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise's MI... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/tom-cruise-s-mission-impossible-fallout-has-no-mention-of-kashmir-thanks-to-cbfc/story-708PY4TkngxNNHpSGbNsFO_amp.html&ved=2ahUKEwj2rJWu2M-BAxWPavUHHX05DFEQFnoECCcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1jcXR7lGccDtk2auhU28i0 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">

File:Sand dunes of Nubra Valley, Ladakh.jpg|Tourists riding camels in the sand dunes
File:Diskit gompa nubra1.jpg|[[Diskit Monastery]]
Image:Shoyok and Nubra Valley map.jpg|Local map with North towards down
File:5 Nubra valley.jpg|View from Diskit gompa on Nubra Valley
File:Seabuckthorn berries, Nubra valley, Ladakh.jpg|Seabuckthorn berries, Nubra valley, Ladakh
File:Bactrian camels - Nubra.jpg|Bactrian camels
File:Nubra valley, Ladakh.jpg|Nubra Valley
File:Nubra valley hunder.jpg|This is enroute town called [[Hunder]] in Nubra.
File:Nubra Valley 2.jpg|Nubra Valley with [[Diskit|Diskit Gompa]] and town immediately below and [[Hunder]] in the distance
File:Hunder,_Nubra_valley.jpg|Hunder, Nubra Valley
File:Nubra Valley, Ladakh.jpg|Tent Resort in Nubra Valley

</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Ladakh]]
* [[Khardung La]]
* [[Siachen Glacier]]
* [[Thoise]]
* [[Chalunka]]
* [[Himank|Project HIMANK]], road builders in the valley and creators of curious sign boards
* [[Disket|Diskit]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854}}}}
* {{citation |last=Francke |first=Rev. A. H. |author-link=A. H. Francke |title=A History of Western Tibet |publisher=S. W. Partridge & Co |date=1907 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00ahfr/page/n6 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907}}}}
* {{citation |title=Glacier Exploration in the Eastern Karakoram |first=T. G. |last=Longstaff |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=35 |number=6 |date=June 1910 |pages=622–653 |publisher=The Royal Geographical Society |doi=10.2307/1777235 |jstor=1777235 |bibcode=1910GeogJ..35..622L |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1759495 |ref={{sfnref|Longstaff, Glacier Exploration in the Eastern Karakoram|1910}}}}
* {{citation |last=Shakabpa |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C |year=2009 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17732-1 |ref={{sfnref|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2009}}}}
* {{citation |first=Nawang Tsering |last=Shakspo |chapter=The Foremost Teachers of the Kings of Ladakh |editor1=Martijn van Beek |editor2=Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen |editor3=Poul Pedersen |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=978-87-7288-791-3 |pages=284– |ref={{sfnref|Shakspo, The Foremost Teachers|1999}}}}
* {{citation |last=Thomson |first=Thomas |title=Western Himalaya and Tibet: A Narrative of a Journey Through the Mountains of Northern India, During the Years 1847-8 |year=1852 |url=https://archive.org/details/b2935173x |via=archive.org |publisher=Reeve and Company |ref={{sfnref|Thomson, Western Himalaya and Tibet|1852}}}}
* {{citation |title=Mythic Lore and Historical Documents from Nubra Valley in Ladakh |first=Rohit |last=Vohra |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=44 |number=1/2 |year=1990 |pages=225–239 |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |jstor=23658122 |ref={{sfnref|Vohra, Mythic Lore from Nubra Valley|1990}}}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{wikivoyage|Nubra Valley}}

{{Ladakh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Valleys of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]
[[Category:Karakoram]]

Semmozhi Poonga

2026-02-04T21:27:35Z

Providentecopoliten: adding first stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Botanical garden in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Cite check|article|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox park
| photo = Semmozhi poonga.jpg
| photo_caption = Entrance of the park
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0505|N|80.2514|E|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|20|acre|ha|abbr=off}}
| created = 2010
| operator = Tamil Nadu Horticultural Development Agency (TANHODA)
| visitation_num =
| status = Open
| parking = Space for around 100 cars and 500 two-wheelers
| embedded =
}}

'''Semmozhi Poonga''', variously spelled as '''Semmoli Poonga''' (literally translated to "Classical Language Park"), is a [[botanical garden]] in [[Chennai]] set up jointly by the Horticulture and Agricultural Engineering department of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The garden was opened on 24 November 2010 by then chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] and is the first botanical garden in the city.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Aishwarya
| first = S.
| title = City's first botanical garden nearing completion
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 April 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article394572.ece
| access-date = 7 Oct 2011}}</ref> The garden is located in the Cathedral Road–[[Anna Salai]] junction, opposite the [[American Consulate, Chennai|American Consulate]], on the erstwhile Drive-in Woodlands Hotel. Encompassing an area of 20 acres (320 grounds),<ref name="Garden1"/> it was built at a cost of {{INR}} 80 million. More than 500 species of plants are being grown in the area, in addition to the 80 trees that were already in existence during the development of the park, some of them being more than 100 years old. The garden houses some of the popular [[Introduced species|exotic flora]] and rare plant species, medicinal and aromatic herbs. Many of the exotic plants are imported from countries like [[China]] and [[Thailand]], including a plethora of [[bonsai]] varieties of [[Ficus retusa|ficus microcarpa]] and [[Ficus retusa|ficus ginseng]].

==History==
[[File:Semmozhi Poonga 1.jpg|thumb|left|190px|upright|alt=Walkway at the park|Walkway at the park]]
The area in which the botanical garden stands today was formerly the location of the Woodlands Drive-In restaurant, the city's first drive-in restaurant, and the Agri-Horticultural Society.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Vydhianathan
| first = S.
| title = World class botanical garden planned
| location = Chennai
| date = 15 April 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/15/stories/2008041559790300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080415225421/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/15/stories/2008041559790300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 15 April 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 7 Oct 2011}}</ref> In April 1962, the Agri-Horticultural Society sub-leased the 18-acre land to hotelier K. Krishna Rau, who started the Woodlands Drive-in Hotel on 15 April 1962.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Doctor
| first = Geeta
| title = Requiem for a drive-in
| newspaper = Live Mint
| location = Chennai
| publisher = LiveMint.com
| date = 27 June 2008
| url = http://www.livemint.com/2008/06/27000944/Requiem-for-a-drivein.html
| access-date = 15 Jul 2012}}</ref> It was an extension of the "Woodlands" brand, then popular in the city as the only "Indian hotel."<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Mohan
| first = Gopu
| title = Chennai's landmark drive-in haunt set to close
| newspaper = The Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 April 2008
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chennais-landmark-drivein-haunt-set-to-close/298752/0
| access-date = 12 Jul 2012}}</ref> In 1982, the annual [[Chennai Book Fair]] conducted by BAPASI was held in the hotel premises. Early in 1989, the Tamil Nadu Government had set in motion the closure of the restaurant. After almost two decades, the restaurant ended its operation on 12 April 2008, and through a High Court order after a prolonged legal battle, the land was handed over to the government,<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.timeschennai.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=Chennai&article=13033
|title=Chennai to have Semmozhi Poonga from Wednesday
|work=timeschennai.com
|publisher=Times Chennai
|access-date=16 Oct 2010
}}</ref> where it planned to set up the botanical garden, a research centre and a green house for developing rare species of medicinal and non-medicinal plants and flowers. On 13 November 2009, the Supreme Court gave its consent to the state government to set up the garden.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = TNN
| title = Work on botanical garden begins
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 November 2009
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-18/chennai/28091198_1_botanical-garden-lighting-systems-horticultural-department
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120921030047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-18/chennai/28091198_1_botanical-garden-lighting-systems-horticultural-department
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 7 Oct 2011}}</ref> The garden has been christened such to commemorate the Classical Tamil Conference, which was held earlier in 2010. The cost of the land was valued at more than {{INR}} 10,000 million at the time of opening.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Bhattacharya
| first = Pradip
| title = Botanical garden planned in heart of Chennai city
| newspaper = Project Monitor
| date = 21–27 April 2008
| url = http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=15981
| access-date = 7 Oct 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| title = Drive-in land to be developed a la Lalbagh
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 April 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/18/stories/2008041859960500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080421193509/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/18/stories/2008041859960500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 April 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 15 Jul 2012}}</ref> The government appointed a city-based firm of architects—Rajendra Associates—as consultant to design, supervise and manage the project.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Sivan
| first = Jayaraj
| title = City architect to design botanical garden project
| newspaper = The Times of India epaper
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 13 November 2008
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOICH/2008/11/13&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00403&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120908074408/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOICH/2008/11/13&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00403&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 September 2012
| access-date = 7 Oct 2011}}</ref>

==The garden==
[[File:Semmozhi Poonga 4.jpg|thumb|190px|upright|alt=the pond|Artificial pond at the garden]]
[[File:Semmozhi Poonga 2.jpg|thumb|190px|upright|alt=the pond|Ducks swimming in the pond]]
The garden features eight subgardens displaying flora of different varieties, such as a tree court, mural walk and bonsai, herbal and exotic gardens, in addition to an artificial duck pond. Incorporating elements of an Indian-Buddhist garden, the garden has a wide variety of indigenous species across 22 exclusive areas including palm court, tree court, golden garden (featuring plants that flower in different shades of gold), water and rock garden, butterfly garden, fern garden, sunken garden and theme garden. Twenty-five thematic gardens, including herbal, aromatic, maze and cascade adorn every corner of the park. The garden boasts several exotic herbal species and 90-odd spiral-shaped and multi-branched miniature trees grown in containers.<ref name="Garden2">
{{Cite web
|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2010/10/15&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00401&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614122914/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2010/10/15&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00401&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 June 2012
|title=Bonsais to enliven city aura
|work=timesofindia.com
|publisher=The Times Group
|access-date=16 Oct 2010
}}
</ref> The Bonsai garden is dotted with trees whose height range from 1 foot to 4 feet. At the fag end of the park is the Cascade garden.
[[File:Semmozhi Poonga 5.jpg|thumb|left|190px|upright|alt=Flower|Flower at the garden]]
The arch near the entrance plaza is a vertical garden which is a unique feature of the botanical garden. The vertical garden, with an inbuilt irrigation and drain system for easy maintenance, is 22 feet long and 14 feet high intended to improve the scenic beauty of the park at the entrance.<ref name="Garden3">
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/wall-garden-near-anna-flyover-296
|title=Wall garden near Anna flyover
|work=DeccanChronicle.com
|publisher=Deccan Chronicle
|access-date=6 Nov 2010
}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref> The arch is covered by 7,000 plants from 35 different species including [[dracena]], [[lilies]], [[ophiopogon]], [[schefflera]], [[philodendron]] and flowering plants like [[krishnagantha]]. The 10-feet-high green wall has plants raised in a poly trace imported from [[Canada]]. Micro-tube irrigation has been arranged for watering the plants. The plants cling to the 700-sq.ft. wall, which serves as the entry point. A [[butterfly]] garden near the cascade fountains along the [[Anna flyover]] has been carved up into the shape of a butterfly, with flowering plants of more than 30 species completely fenced. The aroma garden acts as a welcoming greenhouse for winged visitors, with species like parijatham and [[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis|pavalamalli]] (''Nyctanthes arbor-tristis'') found to flock the place in bulk. An amphitheatre with concrete benches and covered by ferns has been built on the rear side of garden to host social and cultural functions. Other features of the garden include disabled-friendly ramps, a mural walk-through, and areas dotted with fountains, vertical gardens, ponds and cascades.

[[File:Lights semmozhi.jpg|thumb|190px|upright|alt=Poonga with night nights|Poonga at night with dancing lights]]
In the course of the construction, the garden has received nearly {{INR}} 800,000 worth plants from China. These include flowering cacti that have a velvety, light pink at the top, non-flowering [[cactus|cacti]] with diameters up to about 45 cm, 'lucky' [[bamboo]], [[ficus]] and bonsai varieties. The cacti were planted in the cacti garden decorated with white marble chips, pebbles and rocks from [[Porbandar]]. The garden also received water lilies from Thailand and 12 varieties of orchids.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Srinivasan
| first = Meera
| title = Lending charm to Botanical Garden
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 11 August 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article563062.ece
| access-date = 7 Oct 2011}}</ref>

There is also a plan to build a 10-ft-high monolithic structure, with 'Semmozhi Poonga' carved on it to welcome the visitors. There is an open auditorium in the garden, which is available on hire, to organise functions.

==Maintenance==
Located at the central business district of Chennai, the park attracts several visitor and film crews for filming in the location. This has created maintenance problem, whereby there are complaints that the cinema shooting crews made a dent in the park's salubrious environs by damaging tender plants.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Vijayakumar
| first = Prashanth
| title = Semmozhi Poonga cries for revival
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 24 July 2013
| url = http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130724/news-current-affairs/article/semmozhi-poonga-cries-revival
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140503120044/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130724/news-current-affairs/article/semmozhi-poonga-cries-revival
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 May 2014
| access-date = 3 May 2014}}</ref>

==Visitor information==
The garden remains open for morning walkers from 6 am to 8 am. For visitors, the park remains open from 10 am through 8 pm on all days except Tuesdays.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Semmozhi Poonga to be closed on Tuesdays
| newspaper = news.oneindia
| date = 8 February 2011
| url = http://news.oneindia.in/2011/02/08/semmozhipoonga-to-be-closed-ontuesdays-aid0126.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180406/http://news.oneindia.in/2011/02/08/semmozhipoonga-to-be-closed-ontuesdays-aid0126.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 July 2011
| access-date = 8 Feb 2011}}</ref> There is an open auditorium available within the garden which can be hired to organise functions.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Entry fee, visitors' timings at Semmozhi Poonga announced
| location = Chennai
| date = 1 December 2010
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/01/stories/2010120162570300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101208234802/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/01/stories/2010120162570300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 December 2010
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 7 Oct 2011}}</ref> The garden has a parking lot that can accommodate around 100 cars and more than 500 two-wheelers. An entry fee of {{INR}} 15 is collected from all people above 10 years of age or 130 cm height. For the early morning walk, the entry is permitted only for monthly pass holders, for which {{INR}} 150 is charged.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Gardening}}
* [[Madhavaram botanical garden]]
* [[Tholkappia Poonga]]
* [[Parks in Chennai]]
* [[List of botanical gardens in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Garden1">
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.timeschennai.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=Chennai&article=8765
|title=Botanical garden to be named Semmozhi Poonga
|work=timeschennai.com
|publisher=Times Chennai
|access-date=16 Oct 2010
}}
</ref>


}}

==External links==
* [https://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in/horti/parks-gardens Parks page at Government of Tamil Nadu, Agriculture Department]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Botanical gardens in Chennai]]
[[Category:Urban public parks]]
[[Category:Urban forests in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

DJ MoCity

2026-01-31T06:51:07Z

Providentecopoliten: Added First Location From Scratch

{{Short description|Iraqi disk jockey}}
{{like resume|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = DJ MoCity
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = DJ MoCity
| caption = DJ MoCity in 2015
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Mohammed Abood Uraibi
| alias = Mo
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|3|26}}
| birth_place = [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Reggae]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[electronica]]
| occupation = [[DJ]], [[MC]], [[Promoter (entertainment)|promoter]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 2006–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|http://www.djmocity.com/}}
}}
'''Mohammed Abood Uraibi''' (born 26 March 1987), best known as '''DJ MoCity''' or simply ''Mo'', is an [[Iraq]]i-born [[DJ]], [[MC]] and [[Promoter (entertainment)|promoter]], known for having co-founded [[Reggae Rajahs]], the first Reggae Sound System in India. MoCity also founded The 264 Cru,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Workman|first1=Adam|title=Alternative UAE: the new club nights lighting up the music scene|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/alternative-uae-the-new-club-nights-lighting-up-the-music-scene-1.142906|website=thenational.ae|access-date=24 October 2017|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> a [[Dubai]]-based music, arts and culture collective, 264 Records,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keith|first1=James|title=Premiere: Daedelus Transforms AELI's "Guasba Lik" Rap Beat Into A Chaotic Banger|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2017/06/premiere-guasba-lik-daedelus-remix|website=complex.com|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=26 June 2017}}</ref> a record label based in Dubai, and most recently [[boxout.fm]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ganguly|first1=Srijani|title=Meet the founders of the new online community radio, Boxout.fm|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/music/story/online-community-radio-boxout-fm-founders-music-lifest-970391-2017-04-09|website=indiatoday.in|access-date=24 October 2017|date=9 April 2017}}</ref> [[South Asia]]’s first online [[community radio]].

== Career ==
In early 1990s, Mo moved from [[Iraq]] to India, after his father was appointed there as a General Manager for [[Iraqi Airways]]. The family settled near [[South Delhi]] where Mo attended an Iraqi school. He got acquainted with the Delhi music scene and his first official gigs were held in 2006, where he performed as a MC with a few local hip-hop crews.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

In early 2007, Mo and a crew from record label AfterShock Records International<ref>{{cite web|title=AfterShock International: DOPE JOINTS Vol. 1|url=https://aftershockrecords.bandcamp.com/|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=20 April 2012}}</ref> launched the South Delhi Block Party, a live music property that focused on bringing the main elements of hip-hop ([[breakdancing]], [[turntablism]], [[graffiti]] and [[MC'ing]]) to a new audience. Later that year, Mo hosted the Soundclash, one of the first reggae events in town featuring Delhi Sultanate & DJ Bellyas. He also organized Drop Beats Not Bombs<ref name="Drop Beats not Bombs">{{cite web|title=Indivibe - Members - DJ MoCity Jah|url=http://indivibe.com/profile.php?id=33438|website=indivibe.com|accessdate=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022516/http://indivibe.com/profile.php?id=33438|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> in early 2008 and curated alternative stages for the Holi Cow Festival in 2009, which he did for the next three editions.

After hosting the first [[Bob Marley]] tribute party in February 2009, Mo met Raghav Dang and Zorawar Shukla, who together launched [[Reggae Rajahs]], India's first [[reggae sound system]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bigg|first1=Margot|title=Inna Reggae Rajahs Style|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/inna-reggae-rajahs-style/|website=Rolling Stone India|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=10 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Betigeri|first1=Aarti|title=Jamaica Via New Delhi|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/jamaica-new-delhi|website=caravanmagazine.in|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=1 March 2012}}</ref> Mo and the Rajahs started performing in other major cities across India and internationally at several parties and festivals across Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tour Diary: Reggae Rajahs Europe Tour|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/tour-diary-reggae-rajahs-europe-tour/|website=rollingstoneindia.com|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=19 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, Mo, Dualist Inquiry and Tej Brar launched Dualism Records<ref>{{cite web|title=Dreamcatcher - Dualist Inquiry|url=https://dualismrecords.bandcamp.com/|website=dualismrecords.bandcamp.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> in Delhi. Mo got involved with Detour Asia<ref>{{cite web|title=Detour Asia|url=http://detourasia.net/|website=detourasia.net|accessdate=24 October 2017|archive-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025073410/http://detourasia.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref> projects in Malaysia before he was forced to return to Iraq in 2013 and wait for the [[Dualist Inquiry|war]] to be over.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

In 2014, Mo moved to [[Dubai]] where he worked for OHM Events<ref>{{cite web|last1=Belarabi|first1=Mohamed Amine|title=All You Need To Know About Sole DXB - Gulf EliteGulf Elite|url=http://gulfelitemag.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-sole-dxb/|website=gulfelitemag.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> and co-founded The 264 Cru. In 2015, Mo helped launch Karak Beats,<ref name="Karak Beats">{{cite web|title=The best of Dubai nightlife: The Hype Awards 2016 winners - What's On Dubai|url=http://whatson.ae/dubai/2016/04/the-hype-awards-2016-winners/|website=What's On Dubai|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=13 April 2016}}</ref> an event that featured The 264 Cru and international guest artists. The event was recognized by [[Red Bull Music Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sending Some Karak Beats to Red Bull Music Academy|url=https://www.redbull.com/mea-en/sending-some-karak-beats-to-red-bull-music-academy|website=redbull.com|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=19 January 2016}}</ref>

Mo helped launch weekly [[deep house]] event Deep Like and monthly event Lofi District,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lofi District (Dubai's First Beat Night) W/ DJ Mocity, Nasrawi & Thornwood|url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/events/651616|website=residentadvisor.net|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> which featured artists like Soulection<ref>{{cite web|title=Soulection|url=https://soulection.com/|website=soulection.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> and Daedelus.<ref>{{cite web|title=LOFI DISTRICT #6 - Daedelus (Brainfeeder / Ninja Tune)|url=https://dubai.platinumlist.net/event-tickets/26080/lofi-district-6-daedelus-brainfeeder-ninja-tune?show=9464|website=dubai.platinumlist.net/|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Garratt|first1=Rob|title=DJ Daedelus, of the inventive sounds and Victorian threads, in Dubai|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/dj-daedelus-of-the-inventive-sounds-and-victorian-threads-in-dubai-1.100563|website=thenational.ae|access-date=24 October 2017|date=10 June 2015}}</ref>

Under his role as a Business Development Manager for OHM Events, Mo curated music for and was a part of the team behind events including Meet [[Dubai Design District|D3]] and [[Sole DXB]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sole DXB|url=http://www.soledxb.com/|website=soledxb.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> which saw combined attendances of over 50,000 people. He hosts the bi-weekly “Karak Beats”,<ref name="Karak Beats"/> a music and art event.

In May 2016, Mo moved back to India and along with longtime collaborator Dualist Inquiry, co-founded [[Boxout.fm]].<ref name="Indiaexpress">{{cite web|last1=Lakhani|first1=Somya|title=Out of the Box|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/out-of-the-box-29-4617118/|website=indianexpress.com|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

== Live performances and Festivals ==
Mo has performed at several festivals, both as DJ MoCity and as part of Reggae Rajahs and The 264 Cru.

'''Reggae Rajahs'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Rototom Sunsplash]] in [[Benicassim]], [[Spain]] (2010)
* [[Sziget Festival]] in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] (2010)
* [[Outlook Festival]] in [[Pula]], [[Croatia]] (2010)
* Uprising Reggae Festival<ref name="Uprising">{{cite web|title=Uprising Reggae Festival|url=https://www.uprising.sk/en|website=uprising.sk|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]] (2010)
* [[Ostróda Reggae Festival]]<ref name="Ostrodareggae">{{cite web|title=Ostroda Reggae Festival|url=https://www.ostrodareggae.com/|website=ostrodareggae.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> in [[Ostroda]], [[Poland]] (2010)
{{div col end}}

'''DJ MoCity'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sunburn Festival]] in [[Goa]], [[India]] (2011, 2013, 2015)
* [[NH7 Weekender]] in India (2011, 2016)
* Horizons Festival<ref>{{cite web|title=Horizon Festival 2017 – Europe's Greatest Ski Party|url=http://horizonfestival.net/|website=horizonfestival.net|accessdate=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018135854/http://horizonfestival.net/|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Bansko]], [[Bulgaria]] (2012)
* Magnetic Fields<ref name="Magnetic Fields">{{cite web|title=Magnetic Fields Festival|url=http://magneticfields.in/|website=magneticfields.in|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> in [[Rajasthan]], India (2014)
* Uprising Reggae Festival<ref name="Uprising"/> in Bratislava, Slovakia (2014)
* Stir it up! Rewind it! in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] (2014)
* Soundwave Festival<ref>{{cite web|title=Soundwave Croatia|url=http://www.soundwavecroatia.com/|website=soundwavecroatia.com|accessdate=24 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> in [[Tisno]], Croatia (2015)
* Sole DXB<ref name="Uprising"/> in [[Dubai]], [[UAE]] (2015)
* Cremaillère of sir Alexandre Tosan in [[Delhi]], [[India]] (2025)
{{div col end}}

'''The 264 Cru'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Magnetic Fields<ref name="Magnetic Fields"/> in Rajasthan, India (2015)
* Dimensions Festival<ref>{{cite web|title=Dimensions Festival|url=http://www.dimensionsfestival.com/|website=dimensionsfestival.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> in Pula, Croatia (2016)
{{div col end}}

== Music curating ==
=== Boxout FM ===
In April 2017, Mo, along with Dualist Inquiry, launched [[Boxout.fm]].<ref name="Indiaexpress"/> This is the first [[online radio|online]] [[community radio]] station in [[South Asia]] and it aims to highlight India's growing [[alternative music]] interest and offers a community-run platform that supports the musical artist and industry. In addition to the online radio station, boxout.fm hosts weekly and monthly residencies in clubs and cultural spaces across the country, as well as publishing its own monthly fanzine called theplug.news. Boxout.fm was nominated in the Best Online Radio Station and Rising Star categories in Mixcloud's Online Radio Awards 2017.

== Other ventures ==
As a social activist, he was a part of the team in India (as a curator) behind the Street Art Forum,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anand|first1=Jatin|title=Graffiti artists take war against Games to walls|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/graffiti-artists-take-war-against-games-to-walls/story-UzglY6kyISDTxEepixe1EL.html|website=hindustantimes.com|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=8 August 2010}}</ref> which facilitated the interaction between artists and art lovers from across the country.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official webpage|http://www.djmocity.com/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MoCity, DJ}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Iraqi musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Baghdad]]

Ambernath Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T22:18:46Z

Providentecopoliten:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ambarnath
| constituency_no = 140
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 140-Ambernath.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Balaji Kinikar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =
}}
'''Ambernath Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Thane district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Ambernath taluka]] viz. revenue circles Ambernath (Rural),
and [[Ambernath Municipal Council]], parts of [[Ulhasnagar taluka]] that is parts of [[Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation]] that is wards 14 to 22 and 44 to 51.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626111354/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=2015-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Jagannath Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"| Nakul Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sabir Shaikh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Kisan Kathore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Balaji Kinikar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ambernath">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ambernath |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13140.htm |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225050317/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13140.htm |archive-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balaji Kinikar|Dr. Balaji Kinikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 111,368 |percentage = 61.13% |change={{increase}}14.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesh Devendra Wankhede |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 59,993 |percentage = 32.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sudhir Bagul|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,332 |percentage = 2.38% |change={{decrease}}10.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,316 |percentage = 1.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Ashok Bhalerao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,555 |percentage = 0.85% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 51,375 |percentage = 28.20% |change= {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 184,503 |percentage = 49.23% |change= {{increase}}7.55 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,187}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 374,769 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}14.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balaji Kinikar|Dr. Balaji Kinikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 60,083 |percentage = 46.36% |change={{increase}}11.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohit Chandrakant Salve |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,789 |percentage = 23.76% |change={{increase}}12.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhananjay Bhimrao Surve |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 16,274 |percentage = 12.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sumedh Hiraman Bhawar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 13,635 |percentage = 10.52% |change={{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,322 |percentage = 3.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Motiram Kharat |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,323 |percentage = 2.56% |change={{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Dhammdeep Hemraj Ganvir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,310 |percentage = 1.01% |change={{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamlakar Nagorao Suryavanshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 874 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,294 |percentage = 22.60% |change= {{increase}}21.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,989 |percentage = 42.46% |change= {{increase}}2.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,597}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 315,581 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}11.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balaji Kinikar|Dr. Balaji Kinikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,000 |percentage = 35.00% |change={{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rajesh Devendra Wankhede|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,959 |percentage = 33.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Kamlakar Nagorao Suryawanshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,740 |percentage = 11.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahesh Bharat Tapase |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 8,722 |percentage = 6.50% |change={{decrease}}20.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Vikas Tukaram Kamble |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,129 |percentage = 3.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Ananda Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,118 |percentage = 3.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Prashant Ramesh Ingle |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,557 |percentage = 2.65% |change={{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,288 |percentage = 1.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,041 |percentage = 1.52% |change= {{decrease}}16.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,647 |percentage = 39.71% |change= {{increase}}0.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,275}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 344,155 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balaji Kinikar|Dr. Balaji Kinikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,470 |percentage = 44.66% |change={{increase}}2.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=
Mahesh Bharat Tapase |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 30,491 |percentage = 26.98% |change={{decrease}}18.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shyam Ananda Gaikwad|party=Independent politician |votes = 17,007 |percentage = 15.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Kamlakar Nagorao Suryawanshi|party=Independent politician |votes = 9,009 |percentage = 7.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ganesh Pandharinath Doke |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,054 |percentage = 1.82% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sarang Shyamrao Thorat|party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,707 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,979 |percentage = 17.68% |change= {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,021 |percentage = 38.60% |change= {{decrease}}7.48 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,007}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,804 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}46.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kisan Kathore]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 114,675 |percentage = 45.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sabir Shaikh]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 106,582 |percentage = 42.38% |change={{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudha Naresh Gaikwad|party=Independent politician |votes = 15,184 |percentage = 6.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Jeetpratap Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 6,463 |percentage = 2.57% |change={{decrease}}3.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bhimarao Rupaji Dolas|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,086 |percentage = 2.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Kumud Ramdas Bendale|party=Independent politician |votes = 3,484 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,093 |percentage = 3.22% |change= {{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 251,591 |percentage = 46.09% |change= {{increase}}14.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 251,474}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 545,810 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sabir Shaikh]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 64,674 |percentage = 46.67% |change={{decrease}}6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pundlik Balu Mhatre |party=Independent politician |votes = 50,015 |percentage = 36.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrabhan Ramlakhan Yadav |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 8,789 |percentage = 6.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Surajprakash Govind Sharma |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 7,247 |percentage = 5.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasudev Savlaram Mhatre |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,921 |percentage = 2.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dasharath Vithal Patil|party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,931 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kolanchi Kaliyan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,181 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,659 |percentage = 10.58% |change= {{decrease}}13.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,070 |percentage = 33.41% |change= {{decrease}}21.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,574}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 437,149 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}6.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sabir Shaikh]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 119,283 |percentage = 52.79% |change={{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Nukul Pundalik Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 64,797 |percentage = 28.68% |change={{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shyam Ananda Gaikwad |party=Janata Dal |votes = 20,505 |percentage = 9.07% |change={{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vishnu Gopal Tare |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,645 |percentage = 4.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Kailas Pundalik Brahmane|party=Independent politician |votes = 2,908 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,486 |percentage = 24.11% |change= {{decrease}}3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 230,986 |percentage = 54.54% |change= {{increase}}0.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 225,968}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 423,514 |ref = |change= {{increase}}51.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sabir Shaikh]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 71,322 |percentage = 48.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Satish Dutt |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,121 |percentage = 20.40% |change={{decrease}}18.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ratan Buwa Patil |party=Janata Dal |votes = 19,729 |percentage = 13.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Shyam Ananda Gaikwad|party=Independent politician |votes = 15,733 |percentage = 10.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vilas Pundalik Desai|party=Independent politician |votes = 4,233 |percentage = 2.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Goverdhan Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,330 |percentage = 1.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Parmanand Shewakram Ochani Alias Rajasaheb |party=Independent politician |votes = 956 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,201 |percentage = 27.91% |change= {{increase}}18.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,146 |percentage = 53.58% |change= {{increase}}2.94 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,631}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,233 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Nakul Pundalik Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,037 |percentage = 38.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jagannath Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,772 |percentage = 29.15% |change={{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ratan Joma Mhatre |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,661 |percentage = 17.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambayane Manohar Harischandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,256 |percentage = 7.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padmanabhan V. Govindan |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 3,142 |percentage = 3.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. Sirsat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sasane Vithal Budhaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,044 |percentage = 1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,265 |percentage = 9.72% |change= {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,500 |percentage = 50.90% |change= {{increase}}6.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,289}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,550 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}8.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Nakul Pundalik Patil|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,365 |percentage = 47.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jagannath Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,158 |percentage = 42.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Krishna Kalu Gaikwad|party=Independent politician |votes = 3,654 |percentage = 5.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jathar Laxman Chintaman |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 2,823 |percentage = 4.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gupta Lalchand |party=Independent politician |votes = 465 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,207 |percentage = 4.81% |change= {{decrease}}8.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,180 |percentage = 43.98% |change= {{decrease}}14.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,615}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,017 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambernath<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jagannath Patil]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 33,087 |percentage = 47.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Nakul Pundalik Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,470 |percentage = 33.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Master Ambo Daji Kene|party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,571 |percentage = 7.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Tukaram Savalaram Ratnaparkhe|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 5,138 |percentage = 7.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Bhaurao |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,503 |percentage = 3.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,617 |percentage = 13.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,794 |percentage = 58.94% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,769}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,809 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.20|73.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ambarnath]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]

Bhoot Aaya

2026-01-22T05:14:47Z

Providentecopoliten: entry

{{Short description|Indian horror docu television series}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bhoot Aaya.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre =
| creator = [[Akashdeep Sabir]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = [[Manjit Khatoda]] Shaheen Iqbal
| director = [[Ayush Raina]]
| creative_director = Akashdeep
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 23
| list_episodes = #Episode list
| executive_producer =
| producer = Akashdeep Sabir
| editor = Nihal Ahmed
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 30 minutes
| company = [[Cinetek Telefilms Pvt. Ltd.]]
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2013|10|13|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2014|4|6|df=y}}
| related =
}}
'''''Bhoot Aaya''''' ({{Translation|''Ghost has come''}}) is an Indian [[Docudrama|drama documentary]] television series created by Akashdeep Sabir and directed by [[Ayush Raina]] for [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. Its central plot was based on paranormal experiences narrated by the real victims. The series was scheduled to telecast on 29 September 2013. But it was delayed, the series premiered on 13 October 2013 and ended on 6 April 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=SET beings back the chills with Bhoot Aaya|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/set-beings-back-the-chills-with-bhoot-aaya-113100900962_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|first=Urvi|last=Malvania|date=9 October 2013|accessdate=27 June 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Bhoot Aaya'' attempted to explore the unexplained forces of the dark world and their encounters with humans. It is based on human brain psychology; whether the belief in ghosts is innate or not. The show depicted real life, spine chilling experiences of ordinary people. Each episode of Bhoot Aaya introduced [[Gaurav Tiwari]] and other experts from Indian Paranormal Society to explain the reasons behind such unexplained events.

==Cast==
* [[Karanvir Bohra]]
* [[Teejay Sendhu]]

==Episode list==
{| class="wikitable"l|+
!Episode number
!Episode title
!Air date
|-
|1
|Black Magic
|13 October 2013<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGoeHFb0VYQ |title=Bhoot Aaya - Episode 1 - 13th October 2013 |date=2013-10-13 |last=SET India |access-date=2025-02-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Haunted House
|20 October 2013
|-
|3
|Spirit of a Lover
|27 October 2013
|-
|4
|Possessed Girl
|3 November 2013
|-
|5
|Plan Chart
|10 November 2013
|-
|6
|Fight Against the Dark
|17 November 2013
|-
|7
|Double Marriage
|24 November 2013
|-
|8
|Evil Spirit
|1 December 2013
|-
|9
|Spirit of Wife
|8 December 2013
|-
|10
|The Spirit Rises
|15 December 2013
|-
|11
|Forbidden Land
|22 December 2013
|-
|12
|Happy (!) New Year
|29 December 2013
|-
|13
|Killer Spirit
|5 January 2014
|-
|14
|Haunted House of Goa
|12 January 2014
|-
|15
|House of Dead Child
|19 January 2014
|-
|16
|Deadly Forest
|2 February 2014
|-
|17
|Haunted Desert
|9 February 2014
|-
|18
|Darr @ The Hill Station
|23 February 2014
|-
|19
|Kaala Jadu
|2 March 2014
|-
|20
|The Treasure Guard
|9 March 2014
|-
|21
|Fear Inside
|16 March 2014
|-
|22
|Dark Spirits
|23 March 2014
|-
|23
|Mayajaal
|6 April 2014
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.setindia.com/shows/bhoot-aaya Official website on SET India]
*[http://www.setasia.tv/en-ae/show/138/bhoot-aaya.html ''Bhoot Aaya'' on SET Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192636/http://www.setasia.tv/en-ae/show/138/bhoot-aaya.html |date=29 October 2013 }}

{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Paranormal reality television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]

Bharoli Junction railway station

2026-01-20T04:03:26Z

Providentecopoliten: entry

{{short description|Train station in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Bharoli Junction
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] [[junction station]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Station Rd., [[Bharoli Kalan|Bharoli]], [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = India
| elevation = {{convert|320|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = [[Amritsar–Pathankot line]] [[Jalandhar–Jammu line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3 nos {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible = No
| coordinates = {{Coord|32.2714|N|75.6166|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BHRL
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| opened =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| passengers = 253 per day
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2018
| pass_percent =
| map_dot_label = '''Bharoli Jn.''' railway station
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_size = 280
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
}}

'''Bharoli Junction''' (station code: '''BHRL''') is located in [[Pathankot district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Bharoli Kalan]] village. Bharoli station falls under [[Firozpur railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharoli railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bharoli-junction-bhrl/5494|access-date=10 October 2020|publisher=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Bharoli Junction railway station is located at an elevation of {{convert|320|m|ft}}. This station is located on the single track, {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], [[Amritsar–Pathankot line]] which was established in 1884.<ref name=punjabrailway>{{cite web | url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr16.htm | title= Chapter VII | access-date= 10 October 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022057/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr16.htm | archive-date= 10 April 2009 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> Bharoli station also lies on double track [[Jalandhar–Jammu line]] creating a junction between two routes.
<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bharoli Train Station|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/BHRL/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830140036/http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/BHRL/|archive-date=30 August 2019|access-date=10 October 2020|website=Total Train Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bharoli Junction Trains Schedule and station information|url=https://www.goibibo.com/trains/bharoli-junction-bhrl/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 October 2020|website=[[Ibibo|goibibo]]}}</ref>

== Electrification ==
Bharoli railway station is situated on single track [[Diesel multiple unit|DMU]] Amritsar–Pathankot line and double track electrified Jalandhar–Jammu line.<ref name=":0" /> It was reported in April 2019 that the electrification of the single track BG Amritsar–Pathankot line had commenced.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electrification begins on Pathankot rail track|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/electrification-begins-on-pathankot-rail-track-577715|access-date=10 October 2020|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]] newspaper online}}</ref>

== Amenities ==
Bharoli railway station has 2 booking windows, no enquiry office and just very basic amenities like drinking water, public toilets, sheltered area with adequate seating. The station had small footfall of 253 persons per day in 2018. Wheelchair availability is not there for disabled persons. There are two platforms at the station but no foot over bridge(FOB).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities details of Bharoli railway station as on 31/03/2018|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BHRL|access-date=10 October 2020|publisher=Rail Drishti}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/raildrishtiv3/initiativeGallery.jsp?initid=48&locid=BHRL&locname=BHAROLI%20JN. Pictures of Bharoli Junction railway station]

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Pathankot district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]

Shakurpur metro station

2026-01-18T23:05:48Z

Providentecopoliten: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Shakurpur
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image = Shakurpur metro station (Delhi).jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = JJ Colony, Shakurpur Colony, Shakurpur, Delhi, 110034
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Quadruple track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}} Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 3
| parking = no
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|03|14|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=Netaji Subhash Place|right=Punjabi Bagh West}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Shakurpur''' metro station is located on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=1|title=DMRC - Majlis Park - Shiv Vihar|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>

==The station==
===Station layout===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 0px gray;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Northeast bound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 0px gray;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Punjabi Bagh West}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''Platform 2''' '''Northwest bound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Netaji Subhash Place}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}''
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}};"| Shakurpur metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
|-
| Indira Gandhi Polyclinic, Wazirpur, Prachin Shiv Mandir, Gurudwara Guru Singh Sabha || JJ Colony, Shakurpur, Shakurpur Village, Shakurpur Crossing & Brittania Chowk
|}

==Connections==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 78, 78STL, 114+990, 159, 160, 442, 479, 804A, 861A, 883BLT, 889, 911A, 935, 938, 938ACL, 978, 978E, 985, 988, 990, 990A, 990B, 990CL, 990ECL, 990EXT, 997, TMS (+), TMS-Lajpat Nagar- Azadpur, TMS-PBagh serves the station from nearby Telephone Exchange bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |website=delhi.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002134451/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |archive-date=2009-10-02}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Inner Ring Road, Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[North Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Shakurpur/@28.6859557,77.1487693,185m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x390d02355891a687:0xca26d7d42e69ce29!2sOm+Pest+Control+Services!8m2!3d28.684625!4d77.13385!3m4!1s0x390d02355f36e5e5:0x64b2fe691841beef!8m2!3d28.6857782!4d77.1496251|title= Shakurpur metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Bakshirhat

2026-01-16T18:28:09Z

Providentecopoliten:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bakshirhat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.328199|N|89.758893|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736131 (Bakshirhat)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03582
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tufanganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tufanganj]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bakshirhat''' is a [[Town]] in the [[Tufanganj II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Tufanganj subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=380| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|12|0|N|89|35|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Tufanganj and Dinhata subdivisions (except Sitai CD block) in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|19|52|N|89|46|18|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Chhota Laukuthi | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chhota Laukuthi]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|40|6|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Kamat Phulbari| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kamat Phulbari]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|7|0|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Bhangri |labela3= Pratham| labelb3 = Khanda| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Bhangri Pratham Khanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|19|20|N|89|38|40|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Tufanganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Tufanganj]] (M)|shape-color4= #800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|8|20|N|89|28|32|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Dinhata| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Dinhata]] (M)|shape-color5= #800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|19|51|N|89|45|32|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Bakshirhat| numbered6=R| mark-title6= Bakshirhat (R)|shape-color6=black| label-size6=13|label-color6=black 
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|24|52|N|89|35|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Natabari| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Natabari, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color7= #C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|4|14|N|89|35|10|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bamanhat| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bamanhat]] (R)| shape-color8= #C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|1|59|N|89|29|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Gitaldaha| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Gitaldaha]] (R)| shape-color9= #C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|6|50|N|89|35|3|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Sahebganj| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sahebganj, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|9|10|N|89|23|0|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Gosanimari| numbered11=H| mark-title11= [[Gosanimari]] (H) |shape-color11=#AA6666
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|20|15|N|89|33|10|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Airani Chitalia| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Airani Chitalia]] (H)|shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|20|44|N|89|39|15|E}}| label-pos13=top|label13=Andaranfulbari| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Andaranfulbari]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|18|16|N|89|42|42|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Bara Kodali| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Bara Kodali]] (H)|shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|23|36|N|89|34|14|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Bhuchungmari| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhuchungmari]] (H)|shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|17|51|N|89|39|14|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Chamta| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Chamta]] (H)|shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|16|13|N|89|39|20|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Nakkatigachhi| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Nakkatigachhi]] (H)|shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|1|35|N|89|27|0|E}}|label18= Dharla River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=55| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|6|0|N|89|43|0|E}}|label19= Dudhkumar| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19=none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|3|30|N|89|43|0|E}}|label20= River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=100| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20=none
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|12|0|N|89|49|0|E}}|label21= Gangadhar River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=95| label-pos21=top| label-size21=11| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|17|30|N|89|32|30|E}}|label22= Mara Torsha| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=25| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|16|0|N|89|35|40|E}}|label23= River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=35| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|9|6|N|89|20|30|E}}| label-pos24=top|label24=Rajpat| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Rajpat]] (H)|shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|8|29|N|89|21|47|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Kamteswari |labela25= temple| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Kamteswari temple]] (H)|shape-color25=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|16|30|N|89|45|30|E}}|arc-textA= ASSAM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|0|30|N|89|36|30|E}}|arc-textB= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-25| arc-gapB=4.2| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Bakshirhat is located at {{coord|26.328199|N|89.758893|E|display=inline}}.

Bakshirhat is not identified in 2011 census record as a separate inhabited place but the place has a post office and a police station by that name. Census maps do not show Bakshirhat police station, but it is mentioned in Cooch Behar police records. Google maps show both [[Chhota Laukuthi]] and Bakshirhat as adjacent places. (Please see references given below)

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the eastern part of the district. In Tufanganj subdivision, 6.97% of the population lives in the urban areas and 93.02% in the rural areas. In Dinhata subdivision 5.98% of the population lives in the urban areas and 94.02% in the urban areas.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The entire district forms the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] flood plains of mighty rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Bakshirhat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://coochbeharpolice.in/index.php/admin/police_stations | title = Police Stations | publisher = Cooch Behar Police | accessdate = 26 July 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/CoB_Police.html | title = Police Stations under Cooch Behar district| publisher = Cooch Behar Police |accessdate = 26 July 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a station [[Boxirhat Railway Station]] on the New Cooch Behar-Golokganj branch line. Apart from local connections, there are trains such as Siliguri-Dhubri DEMU which passes through the [[Dooars]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/siliguri-jn-dhubri-demu-75741/18592/445/7427#st | title = Siliguri-Dhubri DEMU| publisher = IndiaRailInfo |accessdate = 2 August 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Bakshirhat Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2005. Affiliated with the [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, philosophy, history and geography, and a general course in arts.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bakshirhatmahavidyalaya.org/| title = Bakshirhat Mahavidyalaya| publisher = BM |accessdate = 26 July 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Bakshirhat Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds at Bakshirhat, is the major government medical facility in the Tufanganj II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =29 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar District}}

[[Category:Villages in Cooch Behar district]]

Kalyani Silpanchal railway station

2026-01-13T05:54:12Z

Providentecopoliten: expanded content

{{Short description|Kolkata suburban railway station in kalyani, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kalyani Silpanchal
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| image = Kalyani Silpanchal railway station 03.jpg
| address = Silpanchal Station Road, [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Nadia district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.976392|88.456416|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|13|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = 1
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Not available
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KLYS
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| opened = 1979
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1979
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Kalyani Silpanchal
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Kalyani|right=Kalyani Ghoshpara|to-left=Sealdah|to-right=Kalyani Simanta|type=[[Sealdah–Ranaghat line|Main line]]}}
| image_caption = Kalyani Shilpanchal railway station
| line = [[Kalyani–Kalyani Simanta link]]
| other =
| platform = 1
| accessible = Not available
| route_map = {{Sealdah–Ranaghat line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Kalyani Silpanchal railway station''' ({{langx|bn|কল্যাণী শিল্পাঞ্চল রেলওয়ে স্টেশন}}) is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station on the Kalyani Simanta branch line of [[Sealdah railway division]]. It is situated at Shilpanchal Road, [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] in [[Nadia district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It serves Kalyani industrial areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kalyani-silpanchal-klys/8392|title=KLYS/Kalyani Silpanchal|publisher=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/kalyani-silpanchal-klys-station|title=KALYANI SILPANCHAL (KLYS) Railway Station|publisher=NDTV|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kalyani Simanta branch line memorial at Kalyani railway station 03.jpg|left|thumb|Kalyani Simanta branch line memorial]]
The [[Calcutta]] (Sealdah)–Kusthia line of [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] was opened to run in the year of 1862. British Government in India established the railway station in the then Roosvelt town named Chandmari Halt in 1883. In 1954 it was renamed into Kalyani. In 1979, the rail line was extended from Kalyani main station to [[Kalyani Simanta railway station]] and also established direct connectivity to {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} through Kalyani Simanta local [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] trains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,470|title=TRACTION DISTRIBUTION SEALDAH|website=er.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1979-80.pdf|title=Indian Railways Budget Speech 1979-80|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Kalyani Silpanchal railway station}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1979]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Transport in Kalyani, West Bengal]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Anjula Singh Mahaur

2026-01-05T19:49:38Z

Providentecopoliten: creating

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anjula Singh Mahaur
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hathras Assembly constituency|Hathras]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Anjula Singh Mahaur''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh. She is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] representing the [[Hathras Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in Hathras district. She won the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election on [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anjula Singh Mahaur(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HATHRAS (SC)(HATHRAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1685 |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjula Singh Mahaur: undefined Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/anjula-singh-mahaur-hathras-candidate-s24a078c04/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goshwami |first=Sarmistha |date=2023-01-04 |title=UP MLA List 2023 Winner MLAs in UP District & Party Wise |url=https://dmerharyana.org/up-mla-list/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=DMER Haryana: Recruitment, News, Admit card, result |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from Agra Cantonment. She completed her LLB in 1991 at D.S. College Aligarh, affiliated with Agra University, Agra. She married Sudhir Kumar Mahaur, a government employee.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Singh won the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Hathras Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party. She polled 1,54,655 votes and defeated Sanjeev Kumar of BSP by a huge margin of 1,00,856 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-03-10 |title=BJP sails through Opposition clamour over Hathras incident, wins Assembly seat by over one lakh votes |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjp-sails-through-opposition-clamour-over-hathras-incident-wins-assembly-seat-by-over-one-lakh-votes/868203/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hathras Sc Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2022: विधानसभा मतदारसंघ 2022, Winner, Runner-Up, Winning Party |url=https://www.loksatta.com/constituencies-results/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahaur, Anjula Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Hathras]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of organizations banned by the Government of India

2026-01-05T09:01:07Z

Providentecopoliten: adding a entry w/ infobox

#REDIRECT [[List of organisations banned in India]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R from move}}
}}

Lucknow Air Force Station

2025-11-18T15:52:20Z

Providentecopoliten: slightly enhanced intro for accuracy further

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Lucknow Air Force Station
| ensign =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width =
| caption =
| image2 =
| image2-width = 
| caption2 =
| IATA =
| ICAO = VIBL
| FAA =
| LID =
| type = Military
| owner-oper =
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
| city-served =
| location = [[Bakshi Ka Talab]], [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| hub =
| built = 
| used = 
| commander = 
| occupants = 
| metric-elev =
| elevation-f = 417
| elevation-m =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|59|19|N|080|53|29|E|type:airport}}
| website =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number =
| r1-length-f = 10300
| r1-length-m =
| r1-surface = 
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lucknow Air Force Station''', also known as '''Bakshi Ka Talab Air Force Station''', is located at [[Bakshi Ka Talab]] on the outskirts of [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It comes under the [[Central Air Command, Indian Air Force|Central Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaairport.com/states/uttar_pradesh/lucknow_air_force_station.htm|title=Lucknow Air Force Station - IndiaAirport.com|work=Indiaairport.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924124953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-12/lucknow/27320876_1_air-force-station-air-marshal-tyagi-air-officer-commanding-in-chief|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-12/lucknow/27320876_1_air-force-station-air-marshal-tyagi-air-officer-commanding-in-chief|title=Air Marshal Tyagi visits Bakshi Ka Talab station|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2002|archive-date=24 September 2012|access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref> The [[No. 35 Squadron IAF]] (Rapiers), an [[electronic warfare]] and [[air superiority]] unit, was based out of the station till March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/35+Sqn|title=No 35 squadron|work=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The airstrip was established during the [[Second World War]], and was expanded later. It is used for air traffic control and emergency landings.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.internationalaircharter.com/airports/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/bakshi-ka-talab-air-force-station/ap26544/ Bakshi Ka Talab Air Force Station Information]

{{Coord|26|59|13.3|N|80|53|51.79|E|scale:50000_type:airport_region:IN|display=title}}
{{authority control}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Lucknow district]]

{{India-mil-stub}}
{{India-airport-stub}}