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Agneepath (1990 film)

2026-05-07T14:25:47Z

Promotiondon: done

{{Short description|1990 film by Mukul Anand}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agneepath
| image = Agneepath.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mukul S. Anand]]
| producer = [[Yash Johar]]
| screenplay = [[Santosh Saroj]] [[Kader Khan]]
| story = Santosh Saroj
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] [[Neelam Kothari]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Rohini Hattangadi]] [[Archana Puran Singh]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Pravin Bhatt]]
| studio = [[Dharma Productions]]
| distributor = [[Dharma Productions]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1990|02|16}}
| runtime = 181 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{INRConvert|102.5|m}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |title=Box office 1990 |work=Box office india |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017072637/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
'''''Agneepath''''' ({{IPA|hi|əɡnɪpətʰ}}, {{translation|''The Path of Fire''}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime film|action crime film]] directed by [[Mukul Anand]], written jointly by [[Santosh Saroj]] and [[Kader Khan]], and produced by [[Yash Johar]]. It stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Vijay Deenanath Chauhan, a man who sets out to avenge the death of his father and injustices done to his family by joining the [[D-company|Mumbai underworld]].

The film was inspired by the life of Mumbai gangster [[Manya Surve]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/dec/27sat.htm|title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: Satya is the latest movie to depict predator as prey|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The title was taken from a poem of the same name called ''Agneepath'' which was penned by [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan|Amitabh]]'s father, and which is recited at the beginning of the movie and creates a thematic link that continues through the movie, both literally and metaphorically.

''Agneepath'' has grown into a strong [[cult film]] over the years. [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s performance as a crimefighter has been generally lauded and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] received his first [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] at the [[38th National Film Awards]] for his performance. At the [[36th Filmfare Awards]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Rohini Hattangadi]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] respectively. The film, despite being the 4th highest-grosser of 1990, had collections way below its high budget, and thus, the film was unsuccessful at the box-office.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/film-of-the-month-agneepath-amitabh-bachchan-6270570/|title=Film of the Month: Amitabh's Agneepath is more than mere Scarface, maloom?|date=16 February 2020}}</ref> The film was remade in 2012 [[Agneepath (2012 film)|with the same title]], and directed and writer by [[Karan Malhotra]] and produced by Hiroo Yash Johar and Johar's son [[Karan Johar]], as a tribute to his father.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=September 2024}}
In 1965, much-loved village schoolmaster Deenanath Chauhan strongly opposes the plans of Kancha Cheena, an underworld don, and his band of gangsters to set up a base for heroin smuggling. After being discredited in a set-up scandal by Kancha and the village landlord Dinkar Rao, Dinanath is lynched by the manipulated villagers to death, and his family is evicted and made destitute, much to Cheena's advantage. Swearing revenge over his father's murder and the attempted rape of his mother, Suhasini Chauhan, gone unpunished, and with a burning desire to clear his father's name, his son Vijay Deenanath Chauhan takes on the responsibilities of caring for his mother and sister, Shiksha Chauhan, that, by a strange twist of fate, cause him to descend into the murky underbelly of the [[Mumbai Underworld]]. He is taken by gangsters Hasmukh, Usman Bhai, and Anna Shetty under their wing. Working his way up the ladder, Vijay grows up attaining notoriety as an underworld kingpin.

In 1990, a grown-up Vijay Deenanath Chauhan is warned by police commissioner M.S. Gaitonde (who, while critical of him, nurtures a sympathetic spot for him) of a possible assassination attempt on his life by his former bosses after he refuses to cooperate with their drug-smuggling operations. However, Vijay brushes off Gaitonde's concern, stating that he is already aware of the planned attempt and intends to let it be carried out without any preemptive attack or resistance. Vijay's car is ambushed by his bosses, who fired multiple rounds at him. Left to die, he is discovered by a [[Tamilian]] coconut vendor, Krishnan Iyer M.A., who transports him to the hospital and saves his life, becoming his friend and eventually finding employment as Siksha's bodyguard. During his time in the hospital, Vijay is cared for by Nurse Mary Matthew. Commissioner Gaitonde deduces that Vijay basically played a gamble by letting the assassination attempt on him take place so as to elevate himself to demigod status in the perception of his followers, sending his enemies scurrying for cover. While recovering at the hospital, Krishnan saves Vijay from yet another assassination attempt at the hands of his bosses by sneaking him out of his bed.

Vijay avenges his assassination attempt by targeting the assassins one by one. He begins by killing Hasmukh and Usman Bhai, who are lodged in jail after surrendering to the police to escape Vijay's wrath. Vijay's mother strongly disapproves of his criminal tendencies and stays separately from him with Siksha. One night, when Vijay arrives for a dinner programme, his mother drives him away from home after chastising him for sullying the good name of his father. Vijay, hurt and upset, seeks solace in Mary's arms and begins a relationship with her. Siksha is then kidnapped and held in a slum by Anna Shetty, who wants to avenge the deaths of his associates killed by Vijay, and an unsuccessful rescue attempt by Krishnan ends up with the two of them brawling. Vijay hears of this and arrives to kill Anna in a fit of rage. After brutally beating up Anna, Vijay castrates him with a sword.

The close encounter between Krishnan and Siksha causes a growing intimacy between the two of them, and they fall in love with each other. Vijay is outraged and strongly protests against the relationship with his mother, but is rebuffed again when his mother disowns him and considers Krishnan the "good son" she once had. Stung and deeply hurt by this slight, Vijay seeks solace in Mary and later marries her and resolves to do things "in the right way" to gain his mother's favour.

After cutting a deal with Kancha Cheena to allow him access into his old village, Vijay sets in motion a number of strategies that undercut Cheena's criminal operations and gain him the legal ownership of the village. He kills Kanchas's henchman, Gora, who is sent by the former to assassinate Commissioner Gaitonde. He gets Dinkar Rao lynched at the hands of the debased and impoverished villagers, similar to the manner in which his father was killed. Revenge is a dish best served cold as Vijay informs Cheena of his identity as the son of Dinanath Chauhan and lands Cheena in jail by arranging for Cheena's mistress Laila to testify against Kancha in court. Laila reveals herself as Shanti, the daughter of the prostitute who helped set up Master Dinanath to discredit him, and she has been working with Vijay all along to get back to Kancha. Vijay returns the village to his mother and finds himself back in her favour, but Cheena ensures his release by arranging for the witnesses to be gunned down and Vijay's family to be kidnapped and held hostage. This is the last straw for Vijay, who is forced to return to his criminal ways and to walk the "Path of Fire" in order to rescue them. A violent and bloody struggle takes place as Cheena bombs every building and demolishes the entire village before he is killed by Vijay, who throws him into the raging fires and burns him alive. However, Vijay succumbs to the various bullet wounds inflicted on him by Kancha. While dying in the lap of his mother at the site of his family's old house, Vijay tries to justify the life he chose and the deeds he committed; that he indeed walked the "Agneepath," the "path of fire" (personifying his father's poem that was taught to him as a boy), to get justice for his family and insists that he is not a criminal. His mother weeps over his body piteously along with Krishnan, Siksha, and Mary, finally forgiving him and acknowledging that he was never a criminal.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Vijay Deenanath Chauhan, Master's and Suhasini's real elder son and Shiksha's real elder brother.
**[[Master Manjunath]] as Young Vijay Deenanath Chauhan
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Krishnan Iyer M.A.
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Mary Mathew
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Kancha Cheena, the main antagonist
*[[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] as Shiksha Deenanath Chauhan, Vijay's real younger sister,
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Dinkar Rao
*[[Alok Nath]] as Master Deenanath Chauhan, Suhasini's real husband, Vijay's and Shiksha's real father.
*[[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Suhasini Deenanath Chauhan, Master's real wife and widow, Vijay's and Shiksha's real mother.
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Teraline
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Nathu
*[[Vikram Gokhale]] as Commissioner M. S. Gaitonde
*[[Sudhir Pandey]] as Inspector Pathan
*[[Archana Puran Singh]] as Shanti aka Laila
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Usman Bhai
*[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Tara Bai
*[[Bob Christo]] as Gora
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Himself in the song "Ali Baba"
*[[Asha Sachdev]] as Chanda Bai
*[[Deepak Shirke]] as Anna Shetty
*[[Arvind Rathod]] as Hasmukh
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Vijay's Henchman
*[[Anjan Srivastav]] as Police Constable
}}

==Production==
The film was inspired by the life of Mumbai don [[Varadarajan Mudaliar]] and gangster [[Manya Surve]]. Bachchan modelled his mannerisms and voice on Surve for his character.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/on-the-vijay-path-again/story-uQMDy4D8dYk7tq6EwjhU9H.html#:~:text=But%20what%20made%20the%20Indian,character%20of%20Vijay%20Dinanth%20Chauhan.|title=On the Vijay path again!|date=29 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/one-don-many-interpretations/articleshow/16122655.cms|title = One don, many interpretations}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Tracklist
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| all_music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]

| title1 = Kisko Tha Pata
| extra1 = [[SP Balasubramanyam]], [[Alka Yagnik]]

| title2 = I Am Krishnan Iyer M. A.
| extra2 = [[SP Balasubramanyam]]

| title3 = Ali Baba Mil Gaye Chalis Choron Se
| extra3 = [[Runa Laila]], [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lyricsmotion.com/song/lyrics/ali-baba-mil-gaye-chalis-choron-se|title=Ali Baba Mil Gaye Chalis Choron Se Lyrics |work=LyricsMotion |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

| title4 = Ganpati Apne Gaon Chale
| extra4 = [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Anupama Deshpande]]
}}

==Reception==
Upon release the film received polarized reviews.<ref name="auto1"/> Film Trade Analyst [[Komal Nahta]] wrote about Bachchan's voice: "But the biggest undoing of the film is Amitabh Bachchan’s voice. He has spoken the dialogue in a different voice (similar to what [[Marlon Brando]] did in ''[[The Godfather]]'') which will not be accepted by the audience. Further the mixing not being clear, his dialogues are incomprehensible at places." He further wrote that the film lacked a gripping drama, well-set script, and that even the murder scenes lacked excitement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/blast-from-the-past-agneepath-1990-review/|title=Blast From The Past: Agneepath (1990) Review|date=27 January 2012}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]]'s review of ''Agneepath'' suggested that perhaps, the grim, violent, aggressive, and dark portrayal of the underbelly of [[Mumbai|Bombay]]'s underworld had worked against the film.<ref name="agneepathredifffours">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-revisiting-amitabh-bachchan-s-agneepath/20120124.htm|title=Revisiting Amitabh Bachchan's Agneepath (Slide 1)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210000326/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-revisiting-amitabh-bachchan-s-agneepath/20120124.htm |date=10 February 2012|archive-date=10 February 2012|work=Rediff Movies}}</ref>

However, the perception of the film changed gradually over the years.<ref name="auto1"/> [[Karan Johar]] recounts in an interview how younger city-based audiences thought it was a cool film.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Johan|first1=Karan|title=Interview with Karan Johan : Indu Mirani|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBTUJQdXFkw|website=YouTube|date=11 April 2014 |publisher=The Boss Dialogues|access-date=18 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105225440/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBTUJQdXFkw|archive-date=5 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's review in Rediff.com, mentioned that: "''Agneepath'', despite its amplified sentimentality, strong language and violence works on account of this very dynamism. "<ref name="agneepathrediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-revisiting-amitabh-bachchan-s-agneepath/20120124.htm|title=Rediff.com-Movies-Reviews-Revisiting Amitabh Bachchan's Agneepath(Slide 3)|work=Rediff|access-date=8 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210000326/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-revisiting-amitabh-bachchan-s-agneepath/20120124.htm|archive-date=10 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{awards table}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1990
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
{{end}}

==Remakes and legacy==
{{main|Agneepath (2012 film)}}
In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', [[Karan Johar]] explained that he had the intention of remaking the original ''Agneepath'' ever since the film released 22 years ago, because according to him, the failure of the film broke his father's heart.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Agneepath-broke-my-fathers-heart-Karan-Johar/articleshow/11628129.cms | title=Agneepath broke my father's heart: Karan Johar | date=26 January 2012 | access-date=14 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023164409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/news-interviews/30663491_1_agneepath-karan-johar-kancha-cheena | archive-date=23 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live }}</ref> The idea of the remake materialised on the sets of Johar's film ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' in which [[Karan Malhotra]] was an associate director. Johar told Malhotra his desire to remake the original film and asked him to revisit it again, to which he agreed immediately.

[[Hrithik Roshan]] played the role of Vijay Deenanath Chauhan and [[Sanjay Dutt]] plays the role of the Kancha Cheena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/nov/281110-Agneepath-remake-Sanjay-Dutt-Karan-Johar.htm |title=Sanjay Dutt is the bad man now |work=MidDay |access-date=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617084139/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/nov/281110-Agneepath-remake-Sanjay-Dutt-Karan-Johar.htm |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Priyanka Chopra]] was the female lead. The character of Krishnan Iyer played by [[Mithun Chakraborty]] in the original was removed and [[Rishi Kapoor]] played a newly introduced negative character, Rauf Lala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/2011010620110106022045461abd4a9fe/Rishi-to-do-a-%E2%80%98looks-test%E2%80%99-for-Agneepath.html |title=Rishi to do a 'looks test' for Agneepath |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=12 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109013448/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/2011010620110106022045461abd4a9fe/Rishi-to-do-a-%E2%80%98looks-test%E2%80%99-for-Agneepath.html |archive-date=9 January 2011 }}</ref> Other members of the cast include [[Om Puri]] and [[Zarina Wahab]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/zarina-star-agneepath-remake-782 |title=Zarina to star in Agneepath remake |work=Asianage |access-date=12 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113035328/http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/zarina-star-agneepath-remake-782 |archive-date=13 January 2011 }}</ref>

The film was also modified and remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Sivasakthi]]'', directed by [[Suresh Krissna]].{{cn|date=March 2022}}

''Agnipath Meri Atmakatha'', the Hindi translation of ''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir]]'', a 2006 autobiography by then President of Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] was titled after the film, who was reported have liked Amitabh Bacchan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2006 |title=Musharraf's memoirs named after Hindi film |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/musharrafs-memoirs-named-after-hindi-film-1.256780 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Agnipath Scheme]], an Indian military recruitment program launched by the government of India in 2022, was taken to be named after the poem by [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] and the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Agnipath Scheme : जानिए कहां से प्रेरणा मिली भारत सरकार को इस नाम की |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/lifestyle/report-agnipath-scheme-know-where-indian-government-got-inspired-about-name-4033645 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|URL=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219234905/http://www3.dharma-production.com:80/FMovie/FMovieDetails.aspx?movieid=8bc11b19-2a31-4b2d-b1b3-0428da32d2e8|Agneepath (Path of Fire)}}
* {{IMDb title|0098999|Agneepath}}

{{Dharma Productions}}

[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mukul S. Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas

2026-05-01T11:06:57Z

Promotiondon:

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{family name hatnote|Bellamkonda|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas
| image = Bellamkonda Sai Srinivas (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sreenivas in 2016
| birth_name = Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|1|3|df=yes}}<ref name="toi" />
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name="toi">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-03|title=Happy Birthday Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas: 5 hit films of the actor that should be in everyone's to-watch list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas-5-hit-films-of-the-actor-that-should-be-in-everyones-to-watch-list/photostory/73069245.cms|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|Kavya Reddy|2026}}
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 2010–present
| parents = [[Bellamkonda Suresh]]
| relatives = Bellamkonda Ganesh Babu (brother)
| awards =
}}
'''Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas''' (born 3 January 1993) is an Indian actor and the son of film producer [[Bellamkonda Suresh]]. He made his acting debut in the action drama ''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' (2014), and has since starred in the crime thriller ''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' (2019), and the horror thriller ''[[Kishkindhapuri]]'' (2025).

==Career==
Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas is the son of Telugu film producer [[Bellamkonda Suresh]]. He finished the acting course at Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in Los Angeles (USA) and Barry John Acting Studio in Mumbai. He also underwent professional training in Vietnam for martial arts and stunts.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas/biography.html Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas Biography]</ref> His younger brother Ganesh Bellamkonda is also a Telugu actor.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sai-sreenivass-younger-brother-ganesh-bellamkonda-to-make-his-telugu-debut-with-this-film-deets-inside/articleshow/85559284.cms Sai Sreenivas's younger brother Ganesh Bellamkonda to make his Telugu debut soon]</ref>

Sreenivas made his debut in the 2014 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' opposite [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] along with [[Prakash Raj]] which won him [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut – South]]..<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Alludu-Seenu-is-a-routine-action-fun-filled-entertainer/articleshow/37081638.cms Tamannaah: Alludu Seenu is a fun-filled entertainer | Telugu Movie News]. ''Times of India''. Retrieved on 1 August 2018.</ref> After the success of the film, he starred in ''[[Speedunnodu]]'', a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[remake]] of the Tamil superhit film ''[[Sundarapandian]]'', along with [[Sonarika Bhadoria]] and [[Prakash Raj]]. He also featured in ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' opposite [[Rakul Preet Singh]], ''[[Saakshyam]]'' opposite [[Pooja Hegde]], ''[[Kavacham (2018 film)|Kavacham]]'' opposite [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Mehreen Pirzada]] and ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Bellamkonda-Srinivas-remaking-Sundarapandian/articleshow/45739937.cms Boyapati Srinu: Bellamkonda Srinivas remaking Sundarapandian | Telugu Movie News]. ''Times of India''. Retrieved on 1 August 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170617/boyapati-srinivass-film-is-titled-jaya-janaki-nayaka.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617101934/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170617/boyapati-srinivass-film-is-titled-jaya-janaki-nayaka.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2017|title=Boyapati Srinivas's film is titled Jaya Janaki Nayaka|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=17 June 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/saakshyam/movie-review/65163221.cms|title=Saakshyam Movie Review {1.5/5}: A real test of patience and endurance of audience|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavacham-masala-laden-armour/article25689502.ece|title='Kavacham' review: Masala-laden armour|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 December 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sonu-sood-all-set-for-a-mighty-tollywood-comeback-with-sita/articleshow/68042291.cms|title=Sonu Sood all set for a mighty Tollywood comeback with 'Sita'|website=The Times of India|date=18 February 2019 }}</ref> again opposite [[Kajal Aggarwal]]. He also starred in ''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]'', the Telugu remake of the Tamil blockbuster film ''[[Ratsasan]]'', opposite [[Anupama Parameswaran]]. In 2021, he starred in ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' with [[Nabha Natesh]] and [[Anu Emmanuel]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rakshashudu-review-highlights-a-gripping-thriller/articleshow/70493147.cms|title=Rakshashudu review highlights: A gripping thriller|website=The Times of India|date=2 August 2019 }}</ref>

In November 2020, the [[Hindi]] remake of the Telugu film [[Chatrapathi (2005 film) |'' Chatrapathi'']] (2005) was announced, which would mark his [[Bollywood]] debut. V. V. Vinayak is signed as its director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kiara-advani-star-chatrapathi-hindi-remake-alongside-bellamkonda-sreenivas-138680|title=Kiara Advani to star in 'Chatrapathi' Hindi remake|website=The News Minute|date=30 November 2020}}</ref> In August 2021, he announced his next film titled ''Stuartpuram Donga''. The movie chronicles the life of notorious thief Tiger Nageswara Rao of Stuartpuram.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bellamkonda-sai-sreenivass-new-film-titled-stuartpuram-donga-7448734/ Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas’ new film is titled Stuartpuram Donga]</ref>

In 2025 he worked in, ''[[Bhairavam]]'' co-starring [[Aditi Shankar]] and directed by Vijay Kanakamedala. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aditi-shankar-to-make-her-telugu-debut-with-bellamkonda-sreenivas-bhairavam/article68872081.ece#:~:text=%27Bhairavam%27%20is%20the%20Telugu%20remake,Garudan%27%20starring%20Soori%20and%20Sasikumar&text=It%20looks%20like%20Aditi%20Shankar,be%20making%20her%20Telugu%20debut.&text=Aditi%20is%20playing%20the%20lead,with%20her%20first%20look%20poster.&text=Aditi%20plays%20the%20character%20Vennela,that%20she%27s%20a%20milk%2Dseller.&text=Bhairavam%20is%20written%20and%20directed,Kadali%20and%20cinematographer%20Hari%20Vedantam | title=Aditi Shankar to make her Telugu debut with Bellamkonda Sreenivas' Bhairavam | work=The Hindu | date=15 November 2024 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas tied the knot with his girlfriend Kavya Reddy in an intimate ceremony at Karnataka Bhavan in [[Tirumala]] on 29 April 2026 and was attended by close family members, friends and a few special guests.<ref name="#Sreenivasakavyanam trends as wedding photos of Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas and Kavya go viral">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=#Sreenivasakavyanam trends as wedding photos of Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas and Kavya go viral |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/30/sreenivasakavyanam-trends-as-wedding-photos-of-bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas-and-kavya-go-viral |access-date=30 April 2026 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=30 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430114616/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/30/sreenivasakavyanam-trends-as-wedding-photos-of-bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas-and-kavya-go-viral |archive-date=30 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas ties the knot with Kavya Reddy; traditional Tirumala wedding held at 11:13 PM at night">{{cite news |title=Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas ties the knot with Kavya Reddy; traditional Tirumala wedding held at 11:13 PM at night |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas-ties-the-knot-with-kavya-reddy-traditional-tirumala-wedding-held-at-1113-pm-at-night/articleshow/130624176.cms |access-date=30 April 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=30 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430114745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bellamkonda-sai-sreenivas-ties-the-knot-with-kavya-reddy-traditional-tirumala-wedding-held-at-1113-pm-at-night/articleshow/130624176.cms |archive-date=30 April 2026}}</ref>
== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

* ''All films are in the Telugu language unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2014
|''[[Alludu Seenu]]''
||Alludu Seenu||
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=27 June 2015|title=Winners list: 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627012915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms|archive-date=27 June 2015|access-date=17 July 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2016
| ''[[Speedunnodu]]''
||Sobhan||
|
|-
|2017
| ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]''
||Gagan Chakravarthy
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''[[Saakshyam]]''
||Viswa
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kavacham (2018 film)|Kavacham]]''
||[[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Vijay
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]''
||Raghuram
|
|
|-
|''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]''
| Arun Kumar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=16 July 2017|title=SS Rajamouli launches Bellamkonda Sreenivas's Chatrapathi Hindi remake|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamouli-launches-bellamkonda-sreenivas-s-chatrapathi-hindi-remake-1828862-2017-07-16|url-status=live|access-date=17 July 2017|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716063746/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamouli-launches-bellamkonda-sreenivas-s-chatrapathi-hindi-remake-1828862-2017-07-16 |archive-date=16 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Dhira (film)|Dhira]]''
|[[Tenali Rama]]
|Animated film
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bellamkonda Sreenivas gives his voiceover for animated film 'Dhira'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bellamkonda-sreenivas-gives-his-voiceover-for-animated-film-dhira/articleshow/79193403.cms|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Times of India|date=12 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]''
|Sai "Sreenu" Sreenivas
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 December 2020|title=Alludu Adhurs Arriving For Sankranthi|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/alludu-adhurs-arriving-for-sankranthi-109862|access-date=28 December 2020|website=Great Andhra}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|Chatrapathi]]''
|Chatrapathi / Shivaji
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi film debut]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|Seenu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-11-04 |title=First look of Bellamkonda Srinivas starrer Bhairavam unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/04/first-look-of-bellamkonda-srinivas-starrer-bhairavam-unveiled#:~:text=The%20makers%20of%20Bellamkonda%20Sreenivas,Naresh%20in%20the%20lead%20role. |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kishkindhapuri]]''
|Raghava
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-11 |title=Samyuktha's first look from 'Sharwa 37' and 'BSS 12' revealed on her birthday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samyukthas-first-look-from-sharwa-37-and-bss-12-revealed-on-her-birthday/article68629180.ece |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Tyson Naidu}}
|Tyson Naidu
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2024-08-31 |title=Bellamkonda Sreenivas gives an update on Tyson Naidu {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/bellamkonda-sreenivas-gives-an-update-on-tyson-naidu.html/amp |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=123telugu.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Haindava}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Filming
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of awards and nominations
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
|[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]]
|''[[Alludu Seenu]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== See also ==

* [[Lists of Indian actors|List of Telugu film actors]]
* [[List of Indian male film actors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Facebook|BellamkondaSreenivas}}
* {{IMDb name|6618354|Sai Srinivas Bellamkonda}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Bellamkonda, Sreenivas}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Ganapathi Sundara Natciyar Puram

2026-04-27T15:56:20Z

Promotiondon: adding post

{{short description|Village in Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=May 2016}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

'''Ganapathi Sundara Natciyar Puram''' is a village in [[Virudhunagar district]] in the Indian State of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Located between [[Rajapalayam]] and [[Tenkasi]] on [[NH208]]. The economy is based on agriculture. Authority: SUN TV NEWS 12.9.21.Natural beauty scenes are there in this village

==Education==
There is an elementary school.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Virudhunagar district]]

{{Virudhunagar-geo-stub}}

Ival Draupadi

2026-04-24T09:13:46Z

Promotiondon:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ival Draupadi
| image = Ival Draupadi.jpg
| caption =
| director = T Rajan
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Vani Viswanath]]
| music = {{Ubl| Sunil Bhaskar
| Rajamani | NP Prabhakaran | Perattupuram Madhu}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|06|30|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?4471|title=Ival Draupadi|accessdate=2014-11-18|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129072554/http://en.msidb.org/m.php?4471|url-status=live}}</ref>|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Ival Draupadi''''' (spelt onscreen as '''''Ival Droupathi''''') is a 2000 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film directed by T Rajan and starring [[Vani Viswanath]] and [[Kalabhavan Mani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3294|title=Ival Draupadi|accessdate=2014-11-18|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/music-director-np-prabhakaran-passes-away/articleshow/98558985.cms|title=Music director NP Prabhakaran passes away|date=11 March 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 February 2025|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319031328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/music-director-np-prabhakaran-passes-away/articleshow/98558985.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vani Viswanath]] as Ajitha Madhavan
* [[Sujitha]] as Anitha Madhavan
* Kozhikode Narayanan Nair as Madhavan
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Ravunni
* Shaju as Sudhi
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Comm. Alex David
* [[Madhupal]] as Ameer Khan
* Mafia Sasi
* [[Spadikam George]] as Divakaran
*[[VK Sreeraman]] as Koya
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film has songs composed by Sunil Bhaskar, Rajamani, NP Prabhakaran, and Perattupuram Madhu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eval Dhrowpathi Songs Download, Eval Dhrowpathi Malayalam MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Malayalam Songs |url=https://www.raaga.com/malayalam/movie/eval-dhrowpathi-songs-M0003195 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |access-date=20 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620132924/https://www.raaga.com/malayalam/movie/eval-dhrowpathi-songs-M0003195 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Girish Puthenchery]].
| title1 = Kalakalam
| length1 =
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran]]
| music1 = Sunil Bhaskar
| title2 = Mizhi Nananju
| length2 = 3:31
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| music2 = Rajamani
| title3 = Nunachi Penne
| length3 = 3:23
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]], Sunil Kumar P. K., Viswanath
| music3 = Rajamani
| title4 = Onnaam Veli
| length4 =
| extra4 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| music4 = NP Prabhakaran
| title5 = Pakalppakshi
| note5 = Solo
| length5 = 5:36
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas
| music5 = Perattupuram Madhu
| title6 = Pakalppakshi
| note6 = Duet
| length6 = 4:02
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra
| music6 = Perattupuram Madhu
| title7 = Thaliridum
| length7 = 5:06
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra
| music7 = Rajamani
| title8 = Thaliridum
| length8 = 5:17
| extra8 = Sunil Kumar P. K.
| music8 = Rajamani
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "With a rather weak script and ineffective dialogues and dialogue-delivery and of course almost poor performance by those in the cast, ''Ival Droupadi'' is most likely to satisfy only a limited number of the audience". The reviewer added that "the film was anyhow not worse than the recently released Mohanlal-starrer" ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=6007528&ctid=5&cid=2428|title=Review: Ival Droupadi|author=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040108100326/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=6007528&ctid=5&cid=2428|archive-date=8 January 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* https://m3db.com/film/ival-droupadi

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ahmedabad–Varanasi City Sabarmati Express

2026-04-19T18:42:36Z

Promotiondon:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Ahmedabad-Varanasi Sabarmati Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad}} (ADI)
| stops = 50
| end = {{stnlnk|Varanasi City}} (BCY)
| distance = {{convert|1592|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 35hrs 05 mins
| frequency = 4 days a week
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 19165/19166 Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 19167 / 19168
| speed = {{cvt|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 19167 / 19168 '''Ahmedabad–Varanasi Sabarmati Express''' is an express train which connects the city of [[Ahmedabad]] in the western state of [[Gujarat]] to [[Varanasi]] city in the northern state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] through [[Jhansi]]. The train may take up to two days to complete the journey. It travels through [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]].

== History ==
On 27 February 2002, the train was stopped outside [[Godhra Junction railway station]] because of the emergency chain being pulled. The train was then [[Godhra train burning|attacked]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12534127] BBC News</ref><ref name="India 2008">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130602070023/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&ID=Ar01400 The Godhra conspiracy as Justice Nanavati saw it] The Times of India, 28 September 2008. Retrieved 2012-02-19. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602070023/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&ID=Ar01400 Archived] 21 February 2012.</ref>

Fifty-nine Hindu pilgrims who were returning from the holy city of [[Ayodhya]], were trapped and killed in the burning train. The incident is perceived as the trigger for the widespread 2002 Gujarat riots.

== Route and halts ==

The important stops of the train are:
* '''{{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Maninagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chhayapuri||Chhayapuri (Vadodara)}}
* {{stnlnk|Godhra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dahod}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ruthiyai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ashoknagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Bina Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{stnlnk|Faizabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Goshainganj}}
* {{stnlnk|Akbarpur Junction}}
* [[Malipur]]
* {{stnlnk|Shahganj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jaunpur Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}'''

== Coach composite ==

The train consists of 22 coaches:
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General
* 1 Seating and luggage / Generator car

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive for its entire journey.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time (IST) !! Departure days !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival days
|-
| 19167 || ADI || Ahmedabad Junction || 11:10 PM (Day 1)|| MON TUE THU SAT || Varanasi City || 10:15 AM (Day 3)|| WED THU SAT MON
|-
| 19168 || BCY || Varanasi City || 2:05 PM (Day 1)|| SUN TUE THU FRI || Ahmedabad Junction || 12:55 AM(Day 3) || TUE THU SAT SUN
|}

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 2 times:
* {{stnlnk|Bina Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 19165/19166 Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express

== See also ==
* [[2002 Gujarat violence]]
* [[Godhra Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabarmati Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:2002 Gujarat riots]]
[[Category:Indian Railways trains]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Horamavu metro station

2026-04-17T06:45:02Z

Promotiondon: adding some stub more to come!

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Horamavu Metro Station
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image = Horamavu metro station (Aug '25).jpg
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Phase 2B of Namma Metro's [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] as of August 2025
| address = Annaiah Reddy Layout, Banaswadi, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043
| coordinates = {{coord|13.01702|77.66035|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = {{rint|bus|1}} Vijaya Bank Colony Bus Stop
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| zone =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Kasturinagara|to-left1=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=HRBR Layout|to-right1=KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
| baggage_check =
| wifi =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}
'''Horamavu''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. Around this metro stations holds the main [[Horamavu]] suburban area which is adjacent to [[Banaswadi]], [[Kalkere]] and [[Ramamurthy Nagar]], followed by some prime furniture locations like '''Royaloak Furnitures''', '''Cauvery Furnitures''', [[Damro|Damro Furnitures]] and the famous '''Horamavu Bridge''' leading towards Kalkere and Dodda Banaswadi areas. This metro station is slated to become operational around June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Horamavu metro station, part of the 11 km Reach 2B – Package 1 (Krishnarajapura - Kempapura) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro’s Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Horamavu track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kasturinagara}} **
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|HRBR Layout}} **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''** Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |Street level
| style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Mezzanine
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
| rowspan="4" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Kasturinagara metro station|Kasturi Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} '''Next Station:''' [[HRBR Layout metro station|HRBR Layout]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" align="center" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |
|-
|}
== See also ==
* [[Bangalore]]
* [[List of Namma Metro stations]]
* [[Transport in Karnataka]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Akul Balaji

2026-03-27T09:56:06Z

Promotiondon: started

{{Short description|Indian film actor (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akul Balaji
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ter
| image =
| caption = Akul at the Big Boss Kannada season 2 reality show
| birth_name = Akula Balaji
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|2|23}}
| birth_place = [[Railway Koduru|Koduru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2002–present
| spouse = [[Jyothi Akul]] (2008–present)
| children = Krishaan Nag
| website =
}}

'''Akul Balaji''' (born '''Akula Balaji''' on 23 February 1979) is an [[Indian actor]], television host and dancer who works in [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] television shows and films. He started his career by acting and hosting television shows and has participated in the [[Kannada film|Kannada Film]] Industry for almost a decade. He shot to fame for co-hosting the hit Kannada reality show ''Pyate Hudgir Halli Lifu''<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyate Hudgir Halli Life |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=35&News_id=38089 |publisher=Exchange for Media.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195407/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=35&News_id=38089 |archivedate=29 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> on [[Asianet Suvarna]] Channel, with Kannada Star [[Sudeep]]. He recently hosted a Kannada dance reality show named Takadhimita on Colors Kannada Channel.

In 2014, by public vote, Akul won the second season of game show [[Bigg Boss Kannada]] – the Indian version of Celebrity Big Brother and currently produced by Endemol India<ref>{{cite web|title=Breaking : Bigg Boss 8 Kanada Winner Is Akul Balaji|date=4 October 2014|url=http://businessofcinema.com/tele/breaking-bigg-boss-8-kanada-winner-akul-balaji/176169|publisher=Business of cinema|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006152147/http://businessofcinema.com/tele/breaking-bigg-boss-8-kanada-winner-akul-balaji/176169|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Originally from a small town called [[Rly. Kodur]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Akul Balaji was born on 23 February 1979. After moving to [[Bangalore]] at age 16, he trained in [[Bharathanatyam]] under Smt. Usha Datar and later joined "Natya STEM Dance Kampni", headed by Madhu Nataraj as a contemporary dancer and learned [[Kathak]] from Guru Smt. Dr. [[Maya Rao]]. He also dabbled in theater in Director [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]'s adaptation of [[Badal Sarkar]]'s ''Evam Inderjit'' in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=Evam Inderjit|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep302004/metro9.asp|newspaper=Deccan Herald Metrolife|date=2004-09-30|access-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217073159/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep302004/metro9.asp|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has also done an advance acting workshop under [[Mahesh Dattani]]. Akul Balaji married his wife [[Jyothi Akul]] in 2008. The couple have a son.

== Career ==
From beginnings as a small screen actor, he has become an actor and television host in [[Karnataka]]. He had won "The most popular anchor award" by Big FM Big TV for the year 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=Kannada Television Awards|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/dec/dec230.php|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|access-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217070509/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/dec/dec230.php|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and he has to his credit superhit shows like ''Kuniyonu Baara'' and<ref>{{cite web|title=Kuniyonu Baara |url=http://zeekannadatv.com/contest-kb-boysvsgirls.aspx |publisher=Zee Kannada |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501160751/http://www.zeekannadatv.com/contest-kb-boysvsgirls.aspx |archivedate=1 May 2010 }}</ref> ''Comedy Killadigalu'' on [[Zee Kannada]]. He has hosted super hit reality shows for [[Asianet Suvarna]] like ''Pyate Hudgir Halli Lifu'' season 1 & 2, ''Halli Haida Pyateg Banda'', ''Pyate Mandi Kadige Bandru 1'', ''Pyate Mandi Kaadige Bandru 2'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyate Mandi Kaadige Bandru |url=http://www.mediaworldasia.dk/index.php/media-articles/773-suvarna-takes-second-season-of-reality-show-to-andaman-islands |publisher=Media Asia |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403203001/http://mediaworldasia.dk/index.php/media-articles/773-suvarna-takes-second-season-of-reality-show-to-andaman-islands |archivedate=3 April 2013 }}</ref> which was shot in [[Andaman Islands]], ''Hosa Luv Story'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Hosa Luv Story|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan95.php|publisher=IndianTelevision|access-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217070507/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan95.php|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Nodi Swamy Naavirode Heege''. He hosted ''Mane Munde Mahalakshmi'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Mane Munde Mahalakshmi|date=29 December 2012|url=http://kannada.oneindia.in/movies/tv/2012/12/mane-munde-mahalakshmi-on-etv-kannada-070550.html|publisher=Oneindia Kannada|access-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217105626/http://kannada.oneindia.in/movies/tv/2012/12/mane-munde-mahalakshmi-on-etv-kannada-070550.html|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> a game show for [[ETV Kannada]] and ''Indian''. He hosted ''Sye Ante Sye'' for [[Zee Telugu]]. He also hosted the reality show called ''Thakadimitha Dancing Stars''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/102069.html|publisher=Cineblitz|title=Dancing Star in ETV|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110143745/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/102069.html|archive-date=10 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> for [[ETV Kannada]]. He has acted in the television series ''Agatha'' (2002), ''Guptha Gamini'', ''Yava Janumadha Maithri'', ''Jagalagantiyaru'', ''Pellinati Pramanalu'' (2012). He made a comeback in the Telugu television industry in 2021 with ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade (TV series)|Oohalu Gusagusalade]].'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akul Balaji returns to acting with Telugu TV show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/akul-balaji-returns-to-acting-with-telugu-tv-show/articleshow/82629958.cms|access-date=2021-09-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Work
! scope="col"|Role
!Network
!Language
|-
|2007
| ''Kuniyonu Baara''
|Host
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Kannada]]
| rowspan="10" |Kannada
|-
|2008
| ''Comedy Killadigalu''
| Host
|-
|2009
| ''Kuniyonu Baara Boys vs Girls''
| Mentor
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''Pyate Hudgir Halli Lifu Season 1''
| Host
| rowspan="7" |[[Star Suvarna|Suvarna]]
|-
| ''Halli Haida Pyateg Banda''
| Host
|-
| ''Pyate Mandi Kaadige Bandru Season 1''
| Host
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''Pyate Hudgir Halli Lifu Season 2''
| Host
|-
| ''Hosa Luv Story''
| Host
|-
| ''Pyate Mandi Kaadige Bandru Season 2''
| Host
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''Nodi Swami Naavirodhe Heege''
| Host
|-
|''Pellinati Pramanalu''
|Abhi
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''Mane Mundhe Mahalakshmi''
| Host
|[[ETV Kannada]]
|Kannada
|-
| ''Sye Ante Sye''
| Host
|[[Zee Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
| ''Indian''
| Host
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| ''[[Thaka Dhimi Tha Dancing star]]''
| Host
| rowspan="4" |Kannada
|-
| [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 2)|''Bigg Boss Kannada'' (season 2)]]
| Winner
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV Kannada]]
|-
|''Pyate Hudgir Halli Lifu'' (season 3)
|Mentor
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
| ''Dancing Stars'' Season 2<ref>{{cite web|title=ETV Twin Treat|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/etv-twin-treat-kannada-news-124523|website=India Glitz|date=2 February 2015|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520175445/http://www.indiaglitz.com/etv-twin-treat-kannada-news-124523|archive-date=20 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Host
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|-
| ''3.2.1.GO''
|Host
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Telugu
|-
|''Dancing Star Junior''
|Host
|[[Colors Kannada]]
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|-
|''Super Jodi''
|Host
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|''13 Fear is Real''
|Host
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''Star Suvarna Dance Dance''
|Host
|[[Star Suvarna]]
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|-
|''KICK''
|Host
|[[Udaya TV]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''Super Jodi Season 2''
|Host
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|''Deshamudurlu''
|Host
|[[MAA TV]]
|Telugu
|-
|''Super Talk Time''
|Host
| rowspan="2" |[[Colors Super]]
| rowspan="8" |Kannada
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''Master Dancer''
|Host
|-
|''Pyate Hudgir Halli Lyfu'' Season 4
|Host
| rowspan="3" |[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|''Sixth Sense Kannada''
|Host
|-
|''Halli Haida Pyateg Banda'' Season 4
|Host
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Thakadimitha''
|Host
| rowspan="2" |[[Colors Kannada]]
|-
|''Colors Comedy Company''
|Host
|-
|2021
|''[[Cookku with Kirikku|Cookku With Kirikku]]''
|Host
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|2021–present
|''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade (TV series)|Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
|Abhiram
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Telugu
|-
|2021
|''Bigg Boss Kannada Mini Season''
|Task Master
|[[Colors Kannada]]
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Dancing Champion]]''
|Host
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|-
|''Dance India Dance Telugu''
|Host
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Telugu
|-
|''Ghana Bajaana Season 3''
|Host
|[[Star Suvarna]]
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|-
|2023
|''[[Bharjari Bachelors]]''
|Host
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Comedy Killadigalu Premier League]]''
|Judge / Team Owner
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Zee Entertainers]]''
|Show Host
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Halli Power]]''
|Show Host
|[[Zee Power]]
|Kannada
|}

=== Film ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! class="unsortable" !| Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]'' || Thippaga ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''Athmeeya'' || Vijay ||
|-
| ''[[Paramesha Panwala]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Neramu Siksha (2009 film)|Neramu Siksha]]''
|| Rohit || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/09/neramu-siksha-in-re-recording-39766.html|title=Neramu-Siksha in re-recording|date=15 May 2012|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''Banni'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]'' || Game show host || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Pyarge Aagbittaite (film)|Pyarge Aagbittaite]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Loosegalu]]'' || Shankara ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=5834505|name=Akul Balaji}}

{{Bigg Boss Kannada}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Vijay Raghavendra]] |
title= [[Bigg Boss Kannada]] Winner |
years= ([[Bigg Boss Kannada 2|Series 2]]) 2014 |
after= [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balaji, Akul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss Kannada winners]]

A. N. Murthy Rao

2026-03-25T14:42:15Z

Promotiondon: brief fix formatting for consistency and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian writer and activist (1900–2003)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = A.N. Murthy Rao
| image = Murthy_Rao.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1900|6|16}}
| birth_place = [[Akkihebbalu]], [[Mysore State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|8|23|1900|6|16}}
| occupation = Professor and writer
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Fiction
| awards = [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada|Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| movement = [[Kannada literature#Modern Kannada (hosagannaDa)|Navodaya]]
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.anmoorthyrao.com/}}
}}

'''Akkihebbalu Narasimha Murthy Rao''' (16 June 1900 – 23 August 2003) was an Indian writer. He wrote in [[Kannada]].

==Biography==
Kannadiga scholar and critic A. N. Murthy Rao, popularly known for his book "Devaru", was born on June 18, 1900, in Akkihebbal, Mandya district. He was born to M. Subbarao and Puttamma. He spent his childhood in Melukote and Nagamangala. After completing his early education at Wesley Mission School in Mysore in 1913, he joined Mysore Maharaja's College. He completed his B.A. in 1922 and M.A. in 1924.

In 1924, he joined Mysore Maharaja's College as a tutor. In 1927, he joined Mysore University as a lecturer. In 1940, he was promoted to Assistant Professor. From 1940 to 1943, he was a lecturer at the Government College in Shimoga. In 1943, he became Assistant Director of All India Radio. In 1948, he became Principal of the Chitradurga College. He served as Professor at the Bangalore Central College and retired in 1955.

In 1955, he became Director of the Government's Department of Literature and Culture. He served as President of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat from 1954 to 1956. He also served as the Chairman of the Kannada Branch of the Southern Languages Book Trust and as a member of the Central Program Advisory Committee of All India Radio for four years.

A. N. Murthy Rao traveled extensively abroad. He received the Karnataka Rajyotsava Award, the Nadoja Award, and the Pampa Award for his book "Devaru". He was also awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his book "Chitragalu Mattu Patragalu".

In 1984, he was elected President of the 56th Kannada Sahitya Sammelana held at Kaivara.

His other works include "Hagala Kanasugalu", "Aleyuva Mana", "Minugu Minchu" (essay collections), "B.M.Shri", "Purushurugala Sannegalu", "Shakespeare", "Masthiyavaru Kathagalu" (critical works), "Ashadhabhooti", "Molyaire's 2 Plays", "Chandramaruta" (plays), and "Paschathya Sanna Kathagalu".

He also wrote several books in English, including the translation of K.P.P. Karantha's novel "Marali Manchiye" as "The Return to the Soil". He also wrote independently in English about S. Radhakrishnan, M. Visvesvaraya, and B.M. Srikantaiah.

Rao died on 23 August 2003 in Bangalore, at the age of 103. He was cremated with [[State funeral|state honours]] the following day at Shantivana electric crematorium in [[Banashankari]], Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Murthy Rao cremated with state honours |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug25/s3.asp |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=Deccan Herald |date=25 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904095958/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug25/s3.asp |archive-date=4 September 2005}}</ref>

===Accomplishments===

As President of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat, Rao helped to integrate the organization with the government's Department of Literature and Culture. He also oversaw the publication of several new books by the Parishat.
He was a prolific writer and critic, and his work had a significant impact on Kannada literature. He was awarded numerous prizes and honors for his work, including the Karnataka Rajyotsava Award, the Nadoja Award, the Pampa Award, and the Sahitya Akademi Award.
He was a respected scholar and educator, and he played a major role in the development of Kannada literature and culture.

==Works==
* ''AaShaDhaBhoothi'' (Based on one of [[Molière]]'s dramas)
* ''Devaru:''<ref name="Murthy">[http://www.carvaka4india.com/search/label/AN%20Murthy%20Rao A.N. Murthy Rao]. carvaka4india.com.</ref>
* ''aleyuva mana:'' (essay, including [[Homer]])
* ''Aparavayaskana America Yatre'' (travelogue, account of his travels in [[Chicago]] and other places in the U.S.)
* ''sanjegaNNina hinnOTa(Aftersights in the Evening)''
* ''Hagaluganasugalu (Daydreams)''
* ''Minugu Minchu (Flickering Lightning)''
* ''Janatha Janardhana (Citizen God)''
* ''Mahabharatadalli Kedu Aembudara Samasye (The problem of evil in Mahabharatha)''
* ''Ganavihara (Traveling through music)''
* ''Sahitya Mattu Satya (Literature and Truth)''
* ''Hemavathi Teerada Tavasi (The hermit on the banks of Hemavathi)''
* ''Poorvasoorigalodane (With the ancient masters)''
* ''Shakespeare''
* ''B. M. Srikantaiah''
* ''Paschatya Sanna kathegalu (Western short stories)''
* ''Chitragalu Patragalu (Sketches and Letters)''
* ''Socratesana Koneya Dinagalu (Last days of Socrates)''
* ''Yodhana Punaragamana (Return of the soldier)''

And multiple collections of light essays which he was widely known for.<ref>[https://www.sapnaonline.com/shop/Author/a-n-murthy-rao A. N. Murthy Rao]. [[Sapna Book House]].</ref>

== See also ==
[[Kuvempu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy Rao, A. N.}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian atheism activists]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]

Parvez Sharma

2026-03-19T05:30:43Z

Promotiondon: starting new bio...

{{Short description|Indian film director and journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parvez Sharma
| image = 2008-09-07 18-35-57ParvezSharma.JPG
| alt = Parvez Sharma at a showing of ''A Jihad for Love'' in Washington, DC, USA, 2008-09-07
| caption = Sharma at a showing of ''A Jihad for Love'' in Washington, D.C., on 7 September 2008
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 8 July 1973
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| website = https://parvezsharma.com/
| occupation = Filmmaker and writer
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[Jamia Millia Islamia University]] [[Cardiff University]] [[American University]]
}}

'''Parvez Sharma''' is a New York-based [[Indian people|Indian]] filmmaker, author, and journalist. He is a recipient of the 2018 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] in the film/video category.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/parvez-sharma/|title=Fellow Parvez Sharma|last=Guggenheim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230457/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/parvez-sharma/|archive-date=6 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/|title=Guggenheim Website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406180043/https://www.gf.org/|archive-date=6 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2018/04/05/john-simon-guggenheim-memorial-foundation-names-2018-fellows/|title=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Names 2018 Fellows|last=Halio|first=Grace|date=2018-04-05|website=ARTnews|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053557/http://www.artnews.com/2018/04/05/john-simon-guggenheim-memorial-foundation-names-2018-fellows/|archive-date=7 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/best-of-the-best-ten-outstanding-indian-americans-named-guggenheim/article_831d8874-3afc-11e8-9cbc-8f9c5c34f649.html|title='Best of the Best': Ten Outstanding Indian Americans Named 2018 Guggenheim Fellows|work=India West|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001244/http://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/best-of-the-best-ten-outstanding-indian-americans-named-guggenheim/article_831d8874-3afc-11e8-9cbc-8f9c5c34f649.html|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/guggenheim-foundation-announces-2018-fellows-74905|title=Artforum - Guggenheim 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082006/https://www.artforum.com/news/guggenheim-foundation-announces-2018-fellows-74905|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsindiatimes.com/eleven-indian-american-and-indian-origin-researchers-artistes-awarded-prestigious-guggenheim-fellowships|title=Eleven Indian-American and Indian-origin researchers, artistes awarded prestigious Guggenheim Fellowships|date=2018-04-09|work=News India Times|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082141/http://www.newsindiatimes.com/eleven-indian-american-and-indian-origin-researchers-artistes-awarded-prestigious-guggenheim-fellowships|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He was amongst the 173 fellows selected from 3000 applicants in the 94th year of the fellowship, which originally started in 1925. In an official press release by the [[Guggenheim Fellowship|foundation]], president [[Edward Hirsch]] said, "The winners of the 94th annual competition as "the best of the best...This diverse group of scholars, artists, and scientists are appointed on the basis of prior achievement and exceptional promise."<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/guggenheim-foundation-announces-2018-fellows|title=Guggenheim Foundation Announces 2018 Fellows|work=Philanthropy News Digest (PND)|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082056/http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/guggenheim-foundation-announces-2018-fellows|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Official Guggenheim Press Release|url=https://www.gf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-Press-release.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053355/https://www.gf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-Press-release.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> Sharma is best known for his two films ''[[A Jihad for Love]]''<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://ajihadforlove.org/|title=A JIHAD FOR LOVE:::A FIlm by Parvez Sharma|website=ajihadforlove.org|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119195049/http://ajihadforlove.org/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>'','' ''[[A Sinner in Mecca]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asinnerinmecca.com/|title=A Sinner in Mecca: A Film by Parvez Sharma|website=A Sinner in Mecca|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103415/http://asinnerinmecca.com/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>'','' and his 2017 book [[A Sinner in Mecca: A Gay Muslim Hajj of Defiance|''A Sinner in Mecca: A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance'']].<ref name="Sharma">{{Cite book|title=A Sinner in Mecca: A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance|last=Sharma|first=Parvez|date=2017-08-15|publisher=BenBella Books|isbn=9781944648374|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kaiser">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/10/a-sinner-in-mecca-review-islam-homosexuality-gay-muslim|title=A Sinner in Mecca review – Islam, homosexuality and the hope of tolerance|last=Kaiser|first=Charles|date=2017-09-10|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302131630/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/10/a-sinner-in-mecca-review-islam-homosexuality-gay-muslim|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/10/a-sinner-in-mecca-review-islam-homosexuality-gay-muslim|title=A Sinner in Mecca review – Islam, homosexuality and the hope of tolerance|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302131630/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/10/a-sinner-in-mecca-review-islam-homosexuality-gay-muslim|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Sinner in Mecca: A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance Paperback – August 15, 2017|isbn = 978-1944648374|last1 = Sharma|first1 = Parvez|year = 2017| publisher=BenBella Books }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://asinnerinmecca.com/the-book/|title=A Sinner in Mecca, the book is here!|work=A Sinner in Mecca|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043739/http://asinnerinmecca.com/the-book/|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''A Jihad for Love'' was the world's first film documenting the lives of [[LGBT in Islam|gay and lesbian Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://secure.denverfilm.org/tickets/film.aspx?id=21859|title=Cinema Q: A Jihad For Love {{!}} Denver Film Society {{!}} Parvez Sharma {{!}} USA|website=secure.denverfilm.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172600/https://secure.denverfilm.org/tickets/film.aspx?id=21859|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaiser"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laemmle.com/films/6996|title=A Jihad for Love - Laemmle.com|website=www.laemmle.com|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120213649/https://www.laemmle.com/film/jihad-love|archive-date=20 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=http://cinereach.org/films/a_jihad_for-love/|title=A Jihad For Love {{!}} Cinereach|work=Cinereach|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055614/http://cinereach.org/films/a_jihad_for-love/|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="A Jihad for Love">{{Citation|title=A Jihad for Love|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_jihad_for_love/|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203002011/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_jihad_for_love/|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="metacritic.com">{{Citation|title=A Jihad for Love|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/a-jihad-for-love|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319130650/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/a-jihad-for-love|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/1317-parvez-sharma-a-jihad-for-love/#.WjgMviOZPG4|title=Parvez Sharma, A Jihad For Love {{!}} Filmmaker Magazine|last=Dawson|first=Nick|work=Filmmaker Magazine|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172521/https://filmmakermagazine.com/1317-parvez-sharma-a-jihad-for-love/#.WjgMviOZPG4|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Citation|last=Sharma|first=Parvez|title=A Jihad for Love|date=2008-05-21|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780046/|others=Muhsin Hendricks, A. K. Hoosen, Mazen|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014003558/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780046/|archive-date=14 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Sharma|first=Parvez|title=A Jihad for Love|date=2009-04-21|url=https://www.amazon.com/Jihad-Love/dp/B001P9G3B0|publisher=FIRST RUN FEATURES|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312141530/http://www.amazon.com/Jihad-Love/dp/B001P9G3B0|archive-date=12 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/06/gayrights.religion|title=Jeremy Kay on A Jihad for Love, a film about Islam and homosexuality|date=2007-09-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220151936/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/06/gayrights.religion|archive-date=20 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/jihad4love/review1.htm|title=Indo-American Arts Council, Inc.|website=www.iaac.us|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015659/http://www.iaac.us/jihad4love/review1.htm|archive-date=5 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> He received the 2009 [[GLAAD Media Award]] for Outstanding Documentary amongst several other international awards for ''A Jihad for Love''. In 2016, Sharma was named "a human rights defender" by [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://joop.bnnvara.nl/nieuws/een-zondaar-in-mekka|title=Een zondaar in Mekka - Joop|date=2015-08-31|work=Joop|access-date=2018-03-20|language=nl-NL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230907/https://joop.bnnvara.nl/nieuws/een-zondaar-in-mekka|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://winq.nl/articles/224809/ik-wist-niet-zeker-of-ik-terug-zou-keren-van-deze-reis/|title=Ik wist niet zeker of ik terug zou keren van deze reis|date=2016-03-28|access-date=2018-03-20|language=nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230628/https://winq.nl/articles/224809/ik-wist-niet-zeker-of-ik-terug-zou-keren-van-deze-reis/|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This was an award given at the [[The Hague|Hague]] in the [[Netherlands]] to "worldwide human rights activists" which he shared with the Saudi human rights activist [[Ensaf Haidar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviesthatmatter.nl/zoeken/?q=parvez+sharma&s=1|title=Zoeken - Movies that Matter Film Festival|website=www.moviesthatmatter.nl|language=nl|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063029/https://www.moviesthatmatter.nl/zoeken/?q=parvez+sharma&s=1|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When the Personal is Political and the Political is Personal…on Film|url=http://www.kzoo.edu/praxis/sinner-in-mecca/|access-date=2020-07-20|website=Praxis Center|language=en-US|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082300/http://www.kzoo.edu/praxis/sinner-in-mecca/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His second film, ''A Sinner in Mecca'', premiered at the 2015 [[Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxoffice.hotdocs.ca/WebSales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=38296~446634ba-e848-4237-9b3c-72aceddb5263|website=Hot Docs|access-date=7 May 2015|title=Error Occurred|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054655/http://boxoffice.hotdocs.ca/WebSales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=38296~446634ba-e848-4237-9b3c-72aceddb5263|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and is a New York Times Critics' Pick<ref>{{Cite news|title = A-Sinner-in-Mecca - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com|url = https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/481622/A-Sinner-in-Mecca/overview|access-date = 2015-12-21|last1 = Webster|first1 = Andy|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160325115542/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/481622/A-Sinner-in-Mecca/overview|archive-date = 25 March 2016|department = Movies & TV Dept.|work = [[The New York Times]]|date = 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> amongst other press attention. Over the years, worldwide press have profiled Parvez Sharma and reviewed his work.[http://ajihadforlove.org/PressKit.pdf]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/TimesofIndia/posts/10153290186687139|title=The Times of India|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/04/AR2008090403231.html|title=Gay Muslims, Victims of 'A Jihad for Love'|journal=The Washington Post and Times-Herald|last=Kennicott|first=Philip|date=2008-09-05|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705033202/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/04/AR2008090403231.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Being-gay-is-a-part-of-my-identity-so-is-being-a-devout-Muslim/articleshow/47055111.cms|title="Being gay is a part of my identity, so is being a devout Muslim" - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823024332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Being-gay-is-a-part-of-my-identity-so-is-being-a-devout-Muslim/articleshow/47055111.cms|archive-date=23 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-gay-muslim-parvez-sharma-s-a-sinner-in-mecca-20150911-story.html|title=Filmmaker Parvez Sharma on Islam, homosexuality and the new 'A Sinner in Mecca'|last=Ali|first=Lorraine|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=2018-03-19|date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419145856/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-gay-muslim-parvez-sharma-s-a-sinner-in-mecca-20150911-story.html|archive-date=19 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-26-me-beliefs26-story.html|title=Film airs secret struggle of gay Muslims|last=Helfand|first=Duke|date=2008-07-26|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016221343/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jul/26/local/me-beliefs26|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/a-sinner-in-mecca-documents-gay-muslims-pilgrimage/|title='A Sinner in Mecca' Documents Gay Muslim's Pilgrimage|date=2015-08-31|work=Newsweek Pakistan|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319213922/http://newsweekpakistan.com/a-sinner-in-mecca-documents-gay-muslims-pilgrimage/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, [[The New York Times]] collectively in two excerpts and two reviews, says "There is no doubting the courage and conviction of the New York documentarian Parvez Sharma…We emerge from (Sharma's) films more enlightened, but arranging to meet (this filmmaker) is a little like setting up an appointment with an extremely polite spy. Nothing in his difficult processes -- including the threats to himself -- have destroyed Mr. Sharma's faith in the ability of [[Islam]] to tolerate diversity."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Glaser|first=Gabrielle|date=2015-09-24|title=A Gay Muslim Filmmaker Goes Inside the Hajj|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/nyregion/parvez-sharma-a-sinner-in-mecca.html|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705005912/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/nyregion/parvez-sharma-a-sinner-in-mecca.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/04/movies/in-a-sinner-in-mecca-a-gay-director-ponders-his-sexuality-and-islamic-faith.html|title=In 'A Sinner in Mecca,' a Gay Director Ponders His Sexuality and Islamic Faith|last=Webster|first=Andy|date=2015-09-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705014026/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/04/movies/in-a-sinner-in-mecca-a-gay-director-ponders-his-sexuality-and-islamic-faith.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The newspaper also showcased his short films online.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/nyregion/100000003927060/filming-in-mecca.html|title=Filming in Mecca|work=The New York Times|date=24 September 2015 |access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021937/https://www.nytimes.com/video/nyregion/100000003927060/filming-in-mecca.html|archive-date=12 August 2017|url-status=live|last1=Films |first1=Haram }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/nyregion/100000003927055/the-kaaba.html|title=The Kaaba|work=The New York Times|date=24 September 2015 |access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224706/https://www.nytimes.com/video/nyregion/100000003927055/the-kaaba.html|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live|last1=Films |first1=Haram }}</ref> In 2004 the New York Times had said, "threats to the director have become routine."<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/movies/act-of-faith-a-film-on-gays-and-islam.html|title=Act of Faith: A Film on Gays and Islam|last=Hays|first=Matthew|date=2004-11-02|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003622/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/movies/act-of-faith-a-film-on-gays-and-islam.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/movies/21jiha.html|title=A Jihad for Love - Review - Movie|last=Lee|first=Nathan|date=2008-05-21|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304113244/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/movies/21jiha.html|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This was almost four years before ''A Jihad for Love'' was released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/movies/act-of-faith-a-film-on-gays-and-islam.html|title=Act of Faith: A Film on Gays and Islam|date=2 November 2004|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Hays|first1=Matthew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003622/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/movies/act-of-faith-a-film-on-gays-and-islam.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> The New York Times said "After ''A Jihad for Love'', Mr. Sharma was labeled a [[Kafir]], and in the intervening years, he has gotten more death threats than he cares to recall."<ref name="Glaser"/>

==Early life==
Sharma was born on 8 July 1973 in New Delhi and grew up in various cities all over India. His high school was a [[Catholic school|Catholic School]] called St Mary's Academy where all students had to recite the [[Lord's Prayer|Pater Noster]] during morning assembly. He studied English literature at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]]. He received his master's degrees in [[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre|Mass Communication (Film and Television)]] from [[Jamia Millia Islamia University]], Broadcast Journalism from the [[Cardiff University|University of Wales, Cardiff]], and Video from [[American University]]'s School of Communication. He moved to the United States in 2000 as a student at [[Columbia University]]'s Film School, but was unable to continue a second semester due to lack of funds and moved to [[American University]] where he was given scholarships.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parvez Sharma {{!}} HuffPost|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/parvez-sharma|access-date=2018-03-05|website=www.huffingtonpost.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Early career===
Parvez Sharma worked as television journalist in India and the United Kingdom, including for India's 24-hour news television network [[NDTV]]. A journalist, Sharma has worked in radio,<ref>
{{cite web|date=2003-08-15|title=The Democracy Now! Staff Talks About the Blackout of 2003|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/08/15/1415212|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114020519/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03%2F08%2F15%2F1415212|archive-date=14 November 2007|access-date=2007-02-11|publisher=Democracy Now!|df=dmy-all}}
</ref> print, and broadcast. Sharma worked as a producer at [[Democracy Now!]] in New York in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Democracy Now! Staff Talks About the Blackout of 2003|language=en|work=Democracy Now!|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2003/8/15/the_democracy_now_staff_talks_about|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224650/https://www.democracynow.org/2003/8/15/the_democracy_now_staff_talks_about|archive-date=24 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title="A Jihad for Love": New Film Explores Challenges Facing Gay Muslims Worldwide|language=en|work=Democracy Now!|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2008/5/20/a_jihad_for_love_new_film|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215020/https://www.democracynow.org/2008/5/20/a_jihad_for_love_new_film|archive-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> He has taught as an adjunct professor at American University, developing and teaching that university's first curriculum on [[Bollywood]] and other Indian cinemas.

His piece "Emerging from the Shadows" for ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' in India was the country's first major newspaper article to discuss the life of Indian lesbians.<ref name="Rajan" />

He was involved in the organization of the first organized [[LGBT]] effort in the state of [[West Bengal]] and has spoken internationally on LGBT issues, human rights violations across the world and the crisis in 21st century Islam.

==Career==
On 18 November 2017, [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] and the Sanctuary for Independent Media said, "For the past decade he has made fearless, multiple award winning films about faith, identity, religious extremism and social justice."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hass.rpi.edu/pl/hass-events/?objectID=100004347 |title=iEAR Presents! SINNER in MECCA with filmmaker and author Parvz Sharma - School of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)|website=www.hass.rpi.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-03-06}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[The Washington Post]] said about the [[A Sinner in Mecca|second film]], "In the film, Sharma condemns the [[House of Saud|Saudi]] government's strict [[Islam in Saudi Arabia|interpretation]] of Islam, which he says promotes the dangerous ideology that produces groups such as the militant [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]]."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/gay-muslim-films-secret-pilgrimage-in-a-sinner-in-mecca/2015/09/10/c893f854-57e5-11e5-9f54-1ea23f6e02f3_story.html|title=Gay Muslim films secret pilgrimage in 'A Sinner in Mecca'|first=Rachel|last=Lowry|date=2015-09-10|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307083811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/gay-muslim-films-secret-pilgrimage-in-a-sinner-in-mecca/2015/09/10/c893f854-57e5-11e5-9f54-1ea23f6e02f3_story.html|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing ''A Jihad for Love'' the newspaper had said, "Sharma is right to keep his focus tight. He is interested in the faithful and their conflicts, not the broader cultural issues surrounding sex and Islamic society."<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/04/AR2008090401024.html|title=Courage in the Face of Oppression|journal=The Washington Post and Times-Herald|date=2008-09-05|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307083802/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/04/AR2008090401024.html|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Los Angeles Times|The Los Angeles Times]] said Sharma "crossed several dangerous lines in his work and the government in [[Singapore]] banned ''A Jihad for Love'' and that the [[Muslim Judicial Council]] in [[South Africa]] has declared him an [[Apostasy|apostate]]."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-26-me-beliefs26-story.html|title=Film airs secret struggle of gay Muslims|last=Helfand|first=Duke|date=2008-07-26|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016221343/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jul/26/local/me-beliefs26|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/film-singapore-censorship-dc/singapore-censor-bans-4-films-at-film-fest-report-idUSSIN15900020080405|title=Singapore censor bans 4 films at film fest: report|date=2008-04-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022809/https://www.reuters.com/article/film-singapore-censorship-dc/singapore-censor-bans-4-films-at-film-fest-report-idUSSIN15900020080405|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/04/06/47922.html|title=Singapore bans gay Muslim movie from film fest|website=www.alarabiya.net|access-date=2018-03-06|date=6 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307082310/https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/04/06/47922.html|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Fridae Asia reported, "A Jihad for Love - which Singapore censors say is too controversial to be shown at the country's international film festival last year - was broadcast to potentially more than a billion in India and other countries by India's NDTV."<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.fridae.asia/gay-news/2009/08/12/8767.a-jihad-for-love-shown-on-indian-tv-network-and-website|title='A Jihad for Love' shown on Indian TV network and website|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330212829/http://www.fridae.asia/gay-news/2009/08/12/8767.a-jihad-for-love-shown-on-indian-tv-network-and-website|archive-date=30 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''A Jihad for Love'' was banned from the [[Singapore International Film Festival]] in 2008 by the Media Development Authority, which oversees the censorship board, "in view of the sensitive nature of the subject that features Muslim homosexuals in various countries and their struggle to reconcile religion and their lifestyle." About 14 percent of Singapore's 4.4 million population is Muslim.<ref name=":8" /> [[Singapore]] banned ''A Sinner in Mecca,''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sgiff.com/update/sinner-in-mecca/|title=A Sinner in Mecca {{!}} Singapore International Film Festival|work=Singapore International Film Festival|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330212636/http://sgiff.com/update/sinner-in-mecca/|archive-date=30 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> as did [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Yet semi-open screenings were held in [[Cairo]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pluralsg.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/a-jihad-for-love-banned-in-singapore/|title='A jihad for love' banned in Singapore|date=2008-04-06|work=PLURAL|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023308/https://pluralsg.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/a-jihad-for-love-banned-in-singapore/|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In just its opening week during a limited release of 33 cities, ''[[A Jihad for Love]],'' for example, ran for four weeks at New York's [[IFC Center|IFC]] theaters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ifccenter.com/films/a-jihad-for-love/|title=IFC Center - A Jihad for Love|work=IFC Center|access-date=2018-03-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421185420/http://www.ifccenter.com/films/a-jihad-for-love/|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed $22,287, out of which $10,519 was just in New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2008&wknd=21|title=Weekend Box Office Results for May 23-25, 2008 - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230629/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2008&wknd=21|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://johanna-hypatia.livejournal.com/123472.html|title=New York declares "A JIHAD FOR LOVE"|last=Cybeleia|first=Johanna-Hypatia|date=2008-05-29|language=en-us|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jihadforlove.htm|title=A Jihad for Love (2008) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151013/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jihadforlove.htm|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Domestic Total Gross for the film is $105,659.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=jihadforlove.htm|title=A Jihad for Love (2008) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063020/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=jihadforlove.htm|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''A Jihad for Love'' was theatrically released in 33 cities,<ref name="firstrunfeatures.com">{{Cite web|title=First Run Features: A JIHAD FOR LOVE|url=https://www.firstrunfeatures.com/jihadforlove_synopsis.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203002021/http://www.firstrunfeatures.com/jihadforlove_synopsis.html|archive-date=3 December 2017|access-date=2018-03-08|website=www.firstrunfeatures.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=First Run Features: A JIHAD FOR LOVE|url=https://www.firstrunfeatures.com/jihadforlove_playdates.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529163308/http://www.firstrunfeatures.com/jihadforlove_playdates.html|archive-date=29 May 2016|access-date=2018-03-08|website=www.firstrunfeatures.com}}</ref> while ''[[A Sinner in Mecca]]'' was released in only four cities, for a week each.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/movies/2015/09/16/film-events-metro-detroit-sept-17-23/72271028/|title='Sinner in Mecca' chronicles gay Muslim's pilgrimage|work=Detroit Free Press|access-date=2018-03-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612231603/https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/movies/2015/09/16/film-events-metro-detroit-sept-17-23/72271028/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kpbs.org">{{Cite news|url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2015/oct/14/review-sinner-mecca/|title=Guest Review: 'A Sinner In Mecca'|last=Romani|first=Rebecca|work=KPBS Public Media|access-date=2018-03-20|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232310/http://www.kpbs.org/news/2015/oct/14/review-sinner-mecca/|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Its box office numbers were low, except in New York where it had a higher box office return of $11,220.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=A Sinner in Mecca - Laemmle.com|url=https://www.laemmle.com/films/39755|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813112252/http://www.laemmle.com/films/39755|archive-date=13 August 2018|access-date=2018-03-08|website=www.laemmle.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Year
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|[[Dance of the Wind]]
|1997
|Assistant Director, Assistant Casting
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Khosa|first=Rajan|title=Dance of the Wind|date=1998-04-23|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118924/|others=Ami Arora, Roshan Bano, Kitu Gidwani|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013235816/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118924/|archive-date=13 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Twenty Four Hours ([[Farooq Abdullah]]) ([[Star India|Star TV]])
|1998
|Producer, Correspondent
|
|-
|The Gujarat Trilogy ([[Star India|Star TV]])
|1999
|Producer, Correspondent
|
|-
|Arranged Shaadi ([[BBC Worldwide|BBC World]] and Star TV)
|1999
|Producer, Correspondent
|
|-
|In The Name of Allah
|2002
|Director, cinematographer, producer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://montages.blogspot.in/2005/01/i-exist-and-in-name-of-allah.html|title=''I Exist'' and ''In the Name of Allah'': Documentaries on Gay and Lesbian Arabs and Muslims|website=montages.blogspot.in|access-date=2018-03-05|date=6 January 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306023346/http://montages.blogspot.in/2005/01/i-exist-and-in-name-of-allah.html|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Silverlake Life: The View from Here|Silverlake Life]]
|2003
|Additional Camera, Assistant Editor (DVD)
|
|-
|Tying The Knot
|2004
|Associate Producer
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Sève|first=Jim de|title=Tying the Knot|date=2004-05-02|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0410818/|others=Bob Barr, Mary Bonauto, Brian Brown|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216170537/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0410818/|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Hour (Canadian talk show)|The Hour]] (TV Series)
|2007
|Interviewed
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Russell|first=Dave|title=Episode dated 2 October 2007|date=2007-10-02|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1116234/|others=Joan Jett, Parvez Sharma|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210070813/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1116234/|archive-date=10 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[A Jihad for Love]]
|2008
|Director, cinematographer, producer
|<ref name="imdb.com">{{Citation|last=Sharma|first=Parvez|title=A Jihad for Love|date=2008-05-21|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780046/|others=Muhsin Hendricks, A. K. Hoosen, Mazen|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014003558/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780046/|archive-date=14 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[A Sinner in Mecca]]
|2015
|Director, writer, producer, cinematographer
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Sharma|first=Parvez|title=A Sinner in Mecca|date=2015-10-04|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4666618/|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509205411/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4666618/|archive-date=9 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== General ===
As a commentator on Islamic, racial and political issues, Sharma's writings have appeared on ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Parvez Sharma|url = https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sharma-parvez|website = the Guardian|access-date = 2015-12-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160811124209/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sharma-parvez|archive-date = 11 August 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2009 Sharma reported about the aborted [[Iranian Green Movement|Green Movement]] in Iran using firsthand accounts and interviews with friends in Tehran and often giving readers of ''The Huffington Post'' and ''The Daily Beast'' a look into the workings of the uprising.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/parvez-sharma/the-basij-will-face-retri_b_218311.html|title = The Basij Will Face Retribution: Exiled by the regime, Ayatollah Mohsen Kadivar Gives His Own Sermon|date = 2009-07-21 |access-date = 2015-12-19|website = The World Post|publisher = The Huffington Post|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110507/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/parvez-sharma/the-basij-will-face-retri_b_218311.html|archive-date = 22 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>

In early 2011 Sharma blogged about the revolution in Egypt, providing a local perspective on the events.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/parvez-sharma/egypt-is-burning-and-it-i_b_815605.html|title = Egypt Is Burning, and It Is Not a Facebook or Twitter Event|date = 2011-01-28 |access-date = 2015-12-19|website = The World Post|publisher = The Huffington Post.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113008/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/parvez-sharma/egypt-is-burning-and-it-i_b_815605.html|archive-date = 22 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> He spoke about the nature and extent of social media influence in the Middle East to press across the world, including interviews with newspapers in China, including the [[South China Morning Post]] and interviews on various US networks including [[CNBC]], [[MSNBC]] and [[Fox News Channel|FOX News.]]

Sharma continues to be a commentator on Islamic, racial and political issues. In 2009 Sharma wrote the foreword for the anthology ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&dq=praeger+parvez+sharma&pg=PR3 Islam and Homosexuality]''<ref>{{Cite book|title = Islam and Homosexuality|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC|publisher = ABC-CLIO|date = 2010-01-01|isbn = 9780313379031|first = Samar|last = Habib|access-date = 19 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160507125317/https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC|archive-date = 7 May 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> (Praeger, 2009). He was interviewed and his work was profiled in journalist [[Robin Wright (author)|Robin Wrights]] book 'Rock the Casbah: Rage and Rebellion in the Middle East'.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Rock the Casbah: Rage and Rebellion Across the Islamic World with a New Concluding Chapter by the Author|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x4fQDPclBmsC|publisher = Simon and Schuster|date = 2012-08-07|isbn = 9781439103173|first = Robin|last = Wright|access-date = 22 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425211534/https://books.google.com/books?id=x4fQDPclBmsC|archive-date = 25 April 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> His work on the [[Arab Spring]] was profiled in author Cole Strykers book 'Hacking the Future: Privacy, Identity and Anonymity on the Web'.<ref>{{Cite book|edition = 1|title = Hacking the Future: Privacy, Identity, and Anonymity on the Web|publisher = The Overlook Press|date = 2012-09-13|location = New York, NY|isbn = 9781590209745}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Hacking the Future|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v0sjCQAAQBAJ|publisher = Overlook Press|date = 2012-09-13|isbn = 9781468305456|first = Cole|last = Stryker|access-date = 22 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160427123117/https://books.google.com/books?id=v0sjCQAAQBAJ|archive-date = 27 April 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2007 he wrote a chapter for the book ''Gay Travels in the Muslim World''.<ref>{{Cite book|edition = 1|title = Gay Travels in the Muslim World|publisher = Routledge|date = 2007-05-16|location = New York|isbn = 9781560233404}}</ref>

The US-based '''[[Out (magazine)|OUT]]''' Magazine named Sharma one of the OUT 100 twice for 2008 and 2015- "one of the 100 gay men and women who have helped shape our culture during the year". In 2016 Sharma won the [[Monette-Horwitz Trust|Monette Horowitz]] award given to individuals and organizations for their significant contributions toward eradicating homophobia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://monettehorwitz.org/awardees.html#Parvez|website=The Monette-Horwitz Trust|access-date=5 May 2016|title=Current Awardees 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603194042/http://monettehorwitz.org/awardees.html#Parvez|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his early career he has worked on programming for [[BBC World|BBC World Television]] (India), the [[Discovery Channel]] (United States), and the [[World Bank]] (United States).

As an author Sharma is represented by literary agency [[Sterling Lord|Sterling Lord Literistic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersmarketplace.com/login.php/dealmakers/detail.cgi?id=370;cat=non-fiction_narrative;s=all|title=Publishers Marketplace: Log In|website=www.publishersmarketplace.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> As a speaker, he was represented by Lavin Speakers<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelavinagency.com/speaker-parvez-sharma.html|title=Parvez Sharma Speaking Bio & Videos |website=www.thelavinagency.com|access-date=2015-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145104/http://www.thelavinagency.com/speaker-parvez-sharma.html|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and Keppler Speakers.<ref>{{Citation|last=Keppler Speakers|title=Parvez Sharma: Islam and Identity|date=2010-01-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPOzFXpYPyw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112214407/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPOzFXpYPyw |archive-date=2021-01-12 |url-status=dead|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://speakerpedia.com/speakers/parvez-sharma|title=Parvez Sharma - Public Speaking & Appearances - Speakerpedia, Discover & Follow a World of Compelling Voices|website=speakerpedia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224400/https://speakerpedia.com/speakers/parvez-sharma|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Parvez Sharma's "A Jihad For Love" Trailer|date=2013-12-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwPG3qzORt0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111000504/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwPG3qzORt0 |archive-date=2020-01-11 |url-status=dead|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

In 2009, Sharma was named as one of "50 Visionaries changing your world" in a list headed by the [[Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yeffeth|first=Laura|title=Sharma, Parvez - BenBella Books|language=en-US|work=BenBella Books|url=https://www.benbellabooks.com/authors/sharma-parvez/|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001353/https://www.benbellabooks.com/authors/sharma-parvez/|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=November–December 2009|title=50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World|url=http://www.utne.com/politics/50-visionaries-changing-your-world-hope-2009.aspx#axzz2zAIoPD5f|url-status=live|journal=UTNE Reader|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012618/http://www.utne.com/politics/50-visionaries-changing-your-world-hope-2009.aspx#axzz2zAIoPD5f|archive-date=19 April 2014|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parvez Sharma|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/parvezsharma-144|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302181034/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/parvezsharma-144|archive-date=2 March 2017|access-date=2018-04-11|website=www.huffingtonpost.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-13|title=Film Screenins at the Athena on Islam and LGBTQ|language=en-US|work=Ohio University {{!}} College of Arts & Sciences|url=https://www.ohio-forum.com/2015/10/film-screenings-at-the-athens-on-islam-and-lgbtq-oct-13-14/|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214108/https://www.ohio-forum.com/2015/10/film-screenings-at-the-athens-on-islam-and-lgbtq-oct-13-14/|archive-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> On 29 May 2013 Sharma was honored as an "LGBT hero" by first-lady [[Michelle Obama]] at a [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] fundraiser in New York.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-05-30|title=DNC treasurer defends Michelle Obama's LGBT speech|language=en-US|work=Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights|url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/2013/05/30/dnc-treasurer-pushes-back-against-enda-immigration-criticism/|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082101/http://www.washingtonblade.com/2013/05/30/dnc-treasurer-pushes-back-against-enda-immigration-criticism/|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I just donated to support Democrats|url=https://my.democrats.org/page/contribute/LGBT2013Gala|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001331/https://my.democrats.org/page/contribute/LGBT2013Gala|archive-date=12 April 2018|access-date=2018-04-11|website=my.democrats.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=US: Jason Collins and Michelle Obama to headline Democratic LGBT gala|language=en-US|work=PinkNews|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/05/06/us-jason-collins-and-michelle-obama-to-headline-democratic-lgbt-gala/|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082201/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/05/06/us-jason-collins-and-michelle-obama-to-headline-democratic-lgbt-gala/|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
In 2018, Sharma was the recipient of the [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] in the film/video category.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

Sharma has received awards and grants over the years including

The Sundance Documentary Fund [Dec, 2006]<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|url=http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/a-jihad-for-love-and-its-worldwide-impact/|title=A Jihad for Love and its worldwide impact - A Sinner in Mecca|work=A Sinner in Mecca|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224417/http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/a-jihad-for-love-and-its-worldwide-impact/|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Andy Warhol Foundation for The Visual Arts [Dec, 2006]<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=http://ajihadforlove.org/PressKit.pdf|title=Press Kit A Jihad For Love|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055027/http://ajihadforlove.org/PressKit.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

GLAAD Media Award, 2008 for Outstanding Documentary<ref name="imdb.com" />

The Ted Snowdon Foundation [June, 2005]<ref name=":13" />

The Hartley Film Foundation [June, 2005]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hartleyfoundation.org/jihad-for-love|title=A Jihad for Love {{!}} Hartley Film Foundation|website=hartleyfoundation.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055008/https://hartleyfoundation.org/jihad-for-love|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Yip Harburg Foundation [Nov, 2005 and Aug, 2007]

Stonewall Community Fund [Nov, 2005]<ref name=":19"/>

H. van Ameringen Foundation [November 2005, June 2007, December 2007, October 2013, September 2015]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/jihad4love/sandidubowski.htm|title=Indo-American Arts Council, Inc.|website=www.iaac.us|access-date=2018-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922011325/http://www.iaac.us/jihad4love/sandidubowski.htm|archive-date=22 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Foundation for Fairer Capitalism [Feb, 2006]<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/jihad4love/parvezsharma.htm|title=Indo-American Arts Council, Inc.|website=www.iaac.us|access-date=2018-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091422/http://iaac.us/jihad4love/parvezsharma.htm|archive-date=24 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

E. Rhodes & Leona B. Carpenter Foundation [March, 2006]<ref name=":19" />

[[Tides Foundation]] 4/2006 and [April, 2008]<ref name=":17" />

Rita J. & Stanley H. Kaplan Family Foundation, Inc. [May, 2006]<ref name=":17" />

The Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program [June, 2006]<ref name=":17" />

Reid Williams Foundation [July, 2006]<ref name=":17" />

The Fledgling Fund [Aug, 2006]<ref name=":16" />

B.W. Bastian Foundation [Aug, 2006 and July, 2007]<ref name=":16" />

The Reva & David Logan Foundation [Sep, 2006]<ref name=":18" />

The [[Ford Foundation]] Matching Gift Program [Sep, 2006]<ref name=":13" />

Jeff Lewy Trust [Sep, 2006]

Horizons Foundation [September 2006, October 2006, March, 2007, July 2007 and March 2008]

Rosenthal Rev. Trust [Oct, 2006]

[[Global Fund for Women]] [Oct, 2006]

Zeigler Family Trust [Nov, 2006]

The Katahdin Foundation [Dec, 2006]

The Shelley & Donald Rubin Foundation [Dec, 2006] and [Dec, 2007]

Arcus Foundation [Jan, 2007 and Jan, 2008]

Cinereach [Oct, 2005]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/the_cinereach_project_at_sundance_institute#/|title=The Cinereach Project At Sundance Institute|website=www.sundance.org|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172613/https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/the_cinereach_project_at_sundance_institute#/|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The CAA Foundation [Jan, 2007]

Gill Foundation [Jan, 2007 and Feb, 2007]

Evelyn & Walter Haas, Jr. Fund [Jan, 2007]

Lucius & Eva Eastman Fund [April, 2007]

Arts PAC—Artists for Freedom Of Expression [June, 2007]

The Zacks Family Foundation [Aug, 2007]

The Ted Snowdon Foundation [Sep, 2007]

Cinereach Foundation [Sep, 2007 and March, 2008]<ref name=":14" />

The Paul Rapoport Foundation [May, 2008]

Lesbian Equity Fund (Astraea) [April, 2008]

The Elliott H. Matthews Foundation [June, 2008]

Best Film, Image +Nation, Montreal 2008, 2015

Best Film, Mix Brasil 2008

==== Film Festivals ====
Parvez Sharma's work was screened and awarded in many film festivals including:

Milan International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival [2008]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Citation|title=A Jihad for Love|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0780046/awards|access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref>

Outfest - Grand Jury Award [2015]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2204599/awards|title=Parvez Sharma|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>

Sheffield International Documentary Festival [2015]<ref name=":15" />

Torino International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival [2008]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Best Film, Tricontinental Festival India, 2008

Special Teddy, Berlin International Film Festival 2008<ref name="festivalblog.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festivalblog.com/archives/2008/02/a_jihad_for_lov.php5#more|title="A Jihad for Love" von Parvez Sharma|website=www.festivalblog.com|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045305/http://www.festivalblog.com/archives/2008/02/a_jihad_for_lov.php5#more|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="berlinale.de">{{Cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/de/archiv/jahresarchive/2008/02_programm_2008/02_Filmdatenblatt_2008_20081012.php#tab=filmStills|title=A Jihad For Love|website=www.berlinale.de|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045245/https://www.berlinale.de/de/archiv/jahresarchive/2008/02_programm_2008/02_Filmdatenblatt_2008_20081012.php#tab=filmStills|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Outfest, Los Angeles, Best Documentary, 2008 and 2015<ref name=":15" />

Best Film, Turin Film Festival, 2008

Best Film, Amal Arab Film Festival, 2008

Best Documentary, Rapid Lion Film Festival, Johannesburg [March, 2016]

Best Documentary, Reeling Film Festival, Chicago [Oct, 2018]

Best Documentary, One World International Film Festival, Prague, 2008

===Films: ''A Jihad for Love'' and ''A Sinner in Mecca''===
{{main|A Jihad for Love|A Sinner in Mecca}}
Sharma is best known for directing the films ''[[A Jihad for Love]] and [[A Sinner in Mecca]]. A Jihad for Love'' is a [[Documentary film|documentary]] that seeks to refute the belief that LGBT Muslims do not exist.<ref name="invite">{{cite web
|url = http://www.tremblingbeforeg-d.com/inthenameofallah/invite.html
|title = In the Name of Allah
|access-date = 2006-08-28
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061112202030/http://www.tremblingbeforeg-d.com/inthenameofallah/invite.html
|archive-date = 2006-11-12
}}</ref> This film was preceded by a short film called ''In the Name of Allah''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hartleyfoundation.org/development/in_the_name_of_Allah.php |title=A Jihad for Love |access-date=20 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706143543/http://www.hartleyfoundation.org/development/in_the_name_of_Allah.php |archive-date=6 July 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sharma, director and cinematographer of the film, came up with the idea after listening to the stories of gay Muslims when he attended [[American University]]. He decided to give a voice "to a community that really needed to be heard, and that until now hadn't been. It was about going where the silence was strongest."<ref name="Rajan">{{cite news
| last = Rajan
| first = Sujeet
| title = Film of Muslim gays stirs up sentiments
| publisher = Indian Express
| date = 10 March 2006
| url = http://www.indypressny.org/article.php3?ArticleID=2546
| access-date = 2007-02-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061005103714/http://www.indypressny.org/article.php3?ArticleID=2546  |archive-date = 2006-10-05}}</ref>

The film premiered in 2007 at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and in 2008 at the [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlinale]].<ref name="berlinale.de"/><ref name="festivalblog.com"/> It went on to premier at more than a hundred film festivals globally and was released in theaters in the US and Canada in 2008 by First Run Features and Mongrel Media.<ref>{{Cite web|title = First Run Features: A JIHAD FOR LOVE|url = http://www.firstrunfeatures.com/jihadforlove_synopsis.html|website = www.firstrunfeatures.com|access-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012503/http://www.firstrunfeatures.com/jihadforlove_synopsis.html|archive-date = 5 March 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> It was produced by [[Sandi Simcha DuBowski]] in association with [[Channel 4|Channel 4 Television]] (UK), [[ZDF]] ([[Germany]]), [[Arte]] ([[France]]), MTV-[[Logo TV|Logo]] ([[United States|US]]), The Sundance Documentary Fund and [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]. While the film reveals [[homophobia]] and persecution in the Muslim world, Sharma has stated that the purpose of the film is not to vilify Islam. In an early interview he said, "The Islam that this film is seeking to reclaim is rich, it is pulsating, it's welcoming, condemning sometimes, it's loving, it's erotic, it's sensual, it's poetic and it's musical."<ref name="BAR">{{cite news|last=Dettman|first=Katie|date=19 October 2006|title=Benefit held for gay Islam film|publisher=Bay Area Reporter|url=http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1258|url-status=live|access-date=2007-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024114912/http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1258|archive-date=24 October 2006}}</ref>

''A Jihad for Love'' had a theatrical release across 33 cities in the continental United States<ref name="firstrunfeatures.com" /><ref name=":2" /> and a theatrical release by [[Mongrel Media]] in Canada limited to Toronto and Vancouver.

By 2011, Sharma had conducted live events and screenings of ''A Jihad for Love'' in many Muslim nations and capitals ranging from [[Beirut]], Lebanon and [[Istanbul]], Turkey, to [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan and [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia. In [[Indonesia]], the film did an 8-city tour to acclaim and also protests. A multi city tour in Mexican theaters organized by Ambulante used the film as a tool for advocacy in deeply religious communities in that country.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Parvez Sharma - A Sinner in Mecca|url = http://asinnerinmecca.com/team/parvez-sharma/|website = A Sinner in Mecca|access-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223110101/http://asinnerinmecca.com/team/parvez-sharma/|archive-date = 23 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Ambulante {{!}} Gira de Documentales|url = http://ambulante.com.mx/en/mas/documental/una-jihad-por-amor|website = ambulante.com.mx|access-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150124111942/http://ambulante.com.mx/en/mas/documental/una-jihad-por-amor|archive-date = 24 January 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>
The film also thrived underground, with private screenings of smuggled DVDs. In July 2009 Sharma conducted workshops on Islam and homosexuality with German parliamentarians in Berlin and was invited to screen and workshop ''A Jihad for Love'' by the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Jihad for Love and its worldwide impact - A Sinner in Mecca|url = http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/a-jihad-for-love-and-its-worldwide-impact/|website = A Sinner in Mecca|access-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224417/http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/a-jihad-for-love-and-its-worldwide-impact/|archive-date = 11 August 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
Sharma was first profiled by ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 2004 which said "Given the hostility toward homosexuality in some Islamic factions, Mr. Sharma has gone to great lengths to reassure many of his interview subjects that they will remain anonymous."<ref name="Hays">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/movies/act-of-faith-a-film-on-gays-and-islam.html|title=Act of Faith: A Film on Gays and Islam|last=Hays|first=Matthew|date=2004-11-02|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2015-12-22|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003622/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/movies/act-of-faith-a-film-on-gays-and-islam.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film also had its fair share of criticism. On 5 September 2008 ''[[The Seattle Times|Seattle Times]]'' said, "For all the research, courage and passion that went into it, the movie is sometimes curiously one-note."

With his second film, ''[[A Sinner in Mecca]]'', ''The New York Times'' ran a second feature profile feature on Sharma, saying "The documentary, largely recorded on an iPhone strapped to Mr. Sharma's neck with rubber bands, shows the pilgrimage in unflinching detail. The result is a religious reality film, but also a piercing indictment of Saudi Arabia"<ref name="Glaser">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/nyregion/parvez-sharma-a-sinner-in-mecca.html|title=A Gay Muslim Filmmaker Goes Inside the Hajj|last=Glaser|first=Gabrielle|date=2015-09-24|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2015-12-22|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705005912/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/nyregion/parvez-sharma-a-sinner-in-mecca.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film premiered in Toronto at the 2015 [[HotDocs]] Canadian Film Festival and opened in theaters in the US on 4 September 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Cinema Village - Movie Information|url = http://www.cinemavillage.com/chc/cv/show_movie.asp?movieid=3529|website = www.cinemavillage.com|access-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906145839/http://www.cinemavillage.com/chc/cv/show_movie.asp?movieid=3529|archive-date = 6 September 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The film won Best Documentary at [[Outfest]] Los Angeles in July 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/other-festivals/a-sinner-in-mecca-among-2015-outfest-winners/5090676.article|title='A Sinner In Mecca' among 2015 Outfest winners|work=Screen|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231926/https://www.screendaily.com/other-festivals/a-sinner-in-mecca-among-2015-outfest-winners/5090676.article|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/nasty-baby-and-a-sinner-in-mecca-lead-outfest-winners-214896/|title='Nasty Baby' and 'A Sinner In Mecca' Lead Outfest Winners|last=Borden|first=J.D.|date=2015-07-20|work=IndieWire|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231752/http://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/nasty-baby-and-a-sinner-in-mecca-lead-outfest-winners-214896/|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''A Sinner in Mecca'' received press and audience attention but also lead to online abuse, death threats and hate mail.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Security is being added for the world premiere April 29 of A Sinner in Mecca by gay Muslim filmmaker Parvez Sharma.|url = https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2015/04/28/hot-docs-film-premiere-brings-online-threats.html|newspaper = The Toronto Star|date = 2015-04-28|access-date = 2015-12-22|issn = 0319-0781|first = Linda|last = Barnard|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170812023130/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2015/04/28/hot-docs-film-premiere-brings-online-threats.html|archive-date = 12 August 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Hot Docs: Cinema Security Heightened for 'A Sinner in Mecca' World Premiere|url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hot-docs-cinema-security-heightened-791248|website = The Hollywood Reporter| date=24 April 2015 |access-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223100728/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hot-docs-cinema-security-heightened-791248|archive-date = 23 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Gay Muslim film-maker receives online abuse for hajj documentary|url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/01/gay-muslim-film-maker-receives-online-abuse-for-hajj-documentary|website = the Guardian|access-date = 2015-12-22| date=May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170710111018/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/01/gay-muslim-film-maker-receives-online-abuse-for-hajj-documentary|archive-date = 10 July 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>

Even though both his films were banned in Singapore<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Sinner in Mecca {{!}} Singapore International Film Festival|url = http://sgiff.com/browse-all-films/sinner-in-mecca/|website = Singapore International Film Festival|access-date = 2015-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151204015453/http://sgiff.com/browse-all-films/sinner-in-mecca/|archive-date = 4 December 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> and parts of the Middle East and led to theological condemnation in many countries, Sharma is a leading spokesperson on defending Islam yet being able to speak for urgent reform, as a Muslim. He has conducted more than 200 live events<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/01/gay-muslim-film-maker-receives-online-abuse-for-hajj-documentary|title=Gay Muslim film-maker receives online abuse for hajj documentary|date=2015-05-01|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710111018/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/01/gay-muslim-film-maker-receives-online-abuse-for-hajj-documentary|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/parvezsharma-144|title=Parvez Sharma {{!}} HuffPost|website=www.huffingtonpost.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302181034/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/parvezsharma-144|archive-date=2 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/|title=The Daily Beast|website=The Daily Beast|language=en|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901010340/http://www.thedailybeast.com/|archive-date=1 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.towleroad.com/2017/09/parvez-sharma/|title=A Sinner in Mecca: This Gay Muslim Risked His Life to Reveal a Side of Islam Most Have Never Seen - Towleroad|date=2017-09-20|work=Towleroad|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401021426/http://www.towleroad.com/2017/09/parvez-sharma/|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> across the world, talking about Islam and, in part, its relation to topics ranging from ISIS to homosexuality.

==== Controversies ====
As early as 2 November 2004, a ''New York Times'' interview explained, "threats to the director have become routine. "About every two weeks I get an e-mail that berates me, condemns me to hell and, if they are nice, asks me to still seek forgiveness while there is still time."<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/movies/act-of-faith-a-film-on-gays-and-islam.html|title=Act of Faith: A Film on Gays and Islam|last=Hays|first=Matthew|date=2004-11-02|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003622/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/movies/act-of-faith-a-film-on-gays-and-islam.html|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He was provided a personal security detail at the TIFF 2007 premiere of A Jihad for Love in 2007 and A Sinner in Mecca 2015 premiere at Hotdocs in [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-sinner-mecca-hot-docs-790891|title='A Sinner in Mecca': Hot Docs Review|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412084408/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-sinner-mecca-hot-docs-790891|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The death threats and hate mail continued over the years. In 2015, The Toronto Star said " Security is being added for the world premiere 29 April of A Sinner in Mecca ".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2015/04/28/hot-docs-film-premiere-brings-online-threats.html|title=Hot Docs: Film premiere brings online threats {{!}} The Star|work=thestar.com|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812023130/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2015/04/28/hot-docs-film-premiere-brings-online-threats.html|archive-date=12 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 4, 2014, the day the film was released theatrically in the US, the ''New York Times'' said "After "Jihad," Mr. Sharma was labeled an infidel, and in the intervening years, he has gotten more death threats than he cares to recall."<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

The death threats and hate mail were widely discussed in the mainstream media. ''The Guardian'' said, "Parvez Sharma's film A Sinner in Mecca, in which he tries to reconcile his sexuality and his religion, resulted in hate mail and threats."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/01/gay-muslim-film-maker-receives-online-abuse-for-hajj-documentary|title=Gay Muslim film-maker receives online abuse for hajj documentary|date=2015-05-01|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710111018/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/01/gay-muslim-film-maker-receives-online-abuse-for-hajj-documentary|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' said that it was an "enormous amount of hate mail and death threats".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/gay-muslim-films-secret-pilgrimage-in-a-sinner-in-mecca/2015/09/10/c893f854-57e5-11e5-9f54-1ea23f6e02f3_story.html|title=Gay Muslim films secret pilgrimage in 'A Sinner in Mecca'|first=Rachel|last=Lowry|date=2015-09-10|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307083811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/gay-muslim-films-secret-pilgrimage-in-a-sinner-in-mecca/2015/09/10/c893f854-57e5-11e5-9f54-1ea23f6e02f3_story.html|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vice Media|VICE]] said the threats were a "barrage" adding that, "Sharma is no stranger to controversial filmmaking".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/meet-the-gay-muslim-filmmaker-who-secretly-filmed-his-pilgrimage-to-mecca/|title=Meet the Gay Muslim Filmmaker Who Secretly Filmed His Pilgrimage to Mecca|date=2015-06-30|work=Vice|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082301/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9bgbpd/meet-the-gay-muslim-filmmaker-who-secretly-filmed-his-pilgrimage-to-mecca|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singapore was amongst the first nations to ban the two films from being screened or being streamed online on services like Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/singapore/m/a-sinner-in-mecca-2015|title=Is A Sinner in Mecca (2015) on Netflix Singapore? {{!}} WhatsNewOnNetflix.com|website=whatsnewonnetflix.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082623/https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/singapore/m/a-sinner-in-mecca-2015|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Chairperson of the board of Film Censors Amy Chua as saying that the film was "disallowed in view of the sensitive nature of the subject".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fridae.asia/gay-news/2008/04/07/2037.singapore-bans-documentary-about-gay-muslims-from-film-festival|title=singapore bans documentary about gay muslims from film festival|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082756/https://www.fridae.asia/gay-news/2008/04/07/2037.singapore-bans-documentary-about-gay-muslims-from-film-festival|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''A Sinner in Mecca'' was "was given a "Not Allowed for all Ratings" classification."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/film-singapore-censorship-dc/singapore-censor-bans-4-films-at-film-fest-report-idUSSIN15900020080405|title=Singapore censor bans 4 films at film fest: report |access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022809/https://www.reuters.com/article/film-singapore-censorship-dc/singapore-censor-bans-4-films-at-film-fest-report-idUSSIN15900020080405|archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/screenasia/indias-the-fourth-direction-takes-top-award-at-singapore-fest/5097669.article|title=India's 'The Fourth Direction' takes top award at Singapore fest|work=Screen|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145417/https://www.screendaily.com/screenasia/indias-the-fourth-direction-takes-top-award-at-singapore-fest/5097669.article|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Gay Community News (Boston)|GCN]]'' wrote, "Sharma is no stranger to death threats; 'A Jihad for Love', his documentary about the lives of gay and lesbian Muslims, generated much controversy upon its release in 2007. Days after the film's April premier, Sharma says Iranian government propaganda websites accused him of promoting a "disgusting act of homosexuality," adding that the film was an 'insult to Islam.'"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gcn.ie/gay-sinner-mecca-director-receives-death-threats/|title=Gay 'A Sinner in Mecca' director receives death threats {{!}} GCN {{!}} Gay Ireland News & Entertainment|date=2015-09-01|work=GCN|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412083057/https://gcn.ie/gay-sinner-mecca-director-receives-death-threats/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''PinkNews'' reported Sharma saying, "The very Muslims I'm seeking acceptance from are attacking me because I'm a gay man and because I made this film. As a Muslim, you are taught from a very young age that you do not mess with Mecca, and I'm doing exactly that."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/09/12/gay-muslim-filmmaker-terrified-after-mecca-film-leads-to-hate-mail-and-threats/|title=Gay Muslim filmmaker 'terrified' after Mecca film leads to 'hate mail and threats'|work=PinkNews|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308213253/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/09/12/gay-muslim-filmmaker-terrified-after-mecca-film-leads-to-hate-mail-and-threats/|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Out (magazine)|OUT]]'' said, "Parvez Sharma ... grew up gay in a conservative city in India, but he seems impervious to vitriol, which helps, considering that his latest documentary, ''A Sinner in Mecca'' – a story of his personal journey on the hajj – has resulted in death threats since it began screening.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/out100-2015/2015/11/09/out100-parvez-sharma-dan-sickles-antonio-santini|title=Out100: Parvez Sharma, Dan Sickles & Antonio Santini|date=2015-11-09|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082418/https://www.out.com/out100-2015/2015/11/09/out100-parvez-sharma-dan-sickles-antonio-santini|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="out.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.out.com/movies/2015/8/28/focus-queer-middle-east-sinner-mecca|title=Focus on Queer Middle East: A Sinner in Mecca|date=2015-08-28|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045010/https://www.out.com/movies/2015/8/28/focus-queer-middle-east-sinner-mecca|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===A Sinner in Mecca, A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance (Book) and Islam Trilogy===
{{Main|A Sinner in Mecca: A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance}}
In 15 August 2017, Parvez Sharma released his first book [[A Sinner in Mecca, A Gay Muslim Hajj of Defiance (book)|''A Sinner in Mecca, A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance'']] by publisher [[BenBella Books]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.benbellabooks.com/shop/a-sinner-in-mecca/|title=A Sinner in Mecca (Book)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212005056/https://www.benbellabooks.com/shop/a-sinner-in-mecca/|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25gavgAACAAJ|title=A Sinner in Mecca: A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance|last=Sharma|first=Parvez|date=2017|publisher=BenBella Books|isbn=9781944648374|language=en}}</ref> They declared it one of their front-list titles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.benbellabooks.com/product-category/frontlist-titles/|title=Frontlist Titles Archives - BenBella Books|last=Yeffeth|first=Laura|website=BenBella Books|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083147/https://www.benbellabooks.com/product-category/frontlist-titles/|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The publisher claims 14 NYT bestsellers on its list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.benbellabooks.com/about/|title=About BenBella - BenBella Books|last=Yeffeth|first=Laura|work=BenBella Books|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043723/https://www.benbellabooks.com/about/|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sharma started writing professionally at an early age. Between the years of 1994 and 1996, he started writing as an undergraduate at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Calcutta in India, for the newspapers ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' and ''[[Business Standard|The Business Standard]]''. He contributed to US publications like [[Trikone]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RacYBwAAQBAJ&q=parvez+sharma+trikone&pg=PA89|title=Shifting the Geography of Reason: Gender, Science and Religion|last1=Banchetti-Robino|first1=Marina Paola|last2=Headley|first2=Clevis Ronald|date=2009-03-26|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443806305|language=en}}</ref>

The book has mixed reviews in the media.

''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper says, "Written by a man with a deep knowledge of Islamic historic; with courage and fierce emotion." It adds, "Parvez Sharma is a proud gay Muslim whose first film, A Jihad For Love, was the first ever made about Islam and homosexuality. It made him the subject of death threats throughout the [[Arab world|Arab]] world."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/10/a-sinner-in-mecca-review-islam-homosexuality-gay-muslim|title=A Sinner in Mecca review – Islam, homosexuality and the hope of tolerance|last=Kaiser|first=Charles|date=2017-09-10|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302131630/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/10/a-sinner-in-mecca-review-islam-homosexuality-gay-muslim|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the book Sharma sharply veers away from the subject of the film of the same name and instead focuses on [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] [[Islam]], [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Daesh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[India]]n sub-continent and more.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Parvez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvOaDgAAQBAJ&q=asra+nomani+parvez+sharma&pg=PR1|title=A Sinner in Mecca: A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance|date=2017-08-15|publisher=BenBella Books|isbn=9781944648404|language=en}}</ref>

Sharma has called the book as the final product of his "[[The Islam Trilogy|''Islam Trilogy'']]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Sharma_Parvez_Guggenheim_Media-Attention_Download.pdf|title=Guggenheim - The Islam Trilogy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082154/https://www.gf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Sharma_Parvez_Guggenheim_Media-Attention_Download.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> in various interviews. In one titled "A Jihad for Love and Equality: A Chat with trailblazer, Parvez Sharma"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indulgemagazine.com/2018/01/17/a-jihad-for-love-and-equality-a-chat-with-trailblazer-parvez-sharma/|title=A Jihad for Love and Equality: A Chat with trailblazer, Parvez Sharma|date=2018-01-17|work=indulge|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212005351/https://indulgemagazine.com/2018/01/17/a-jihad-for-love-and-equality-a-chat-with-trailblazer-parvez-sharma/|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> he explains this as,"''[[The Islam Trilogy]]'' is my contribution to history which actually began three months after [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], when I started filming, A Jihad for Love, the world's first film on [[LGBT in Islam|Islam and homosexuality]]. In 2011, just months after I reported the [[Arab Spring]] extensively and [[Osama bin Laden|bin Laden's death]] I decided to go on [[Hajj]]. This would be my Hajj of defiance—and if found out I faced certain beheading. But as a filmmaker I knew this would be the greatest journey of my life and there was no way I would not film it. It was historic, you are not permitted to film in Mecca according to [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] theology (even though short [[YouTube]] videos proliferate) but I did. Many shut their doors on me. Many foundations who had embraced Jihad were too afraid of this. In any case a three-year struggle ensued and we had another world first— A Sinner in Mecca, a film in Mecca and Medina shot entirely on an [[iPhone]]. Then I began writing the book that would say everything the film was not able to. That became A Sinner in Mecca: A Gay Muslim's Hajj of Defiance. Thus the trilogy which represents almost two decades of hard earned work ends as I had always planned it."

In 2018, ''A Sinner In Mecca'' was nominated for a [[Lambda Literary Award]] in the category of Gay Memoir/Biography<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lambdaliterary.org/lambda-literary-award-finalists/|title=30th Annual Lambda Literary Award Finalists|last=Boureau|first=Ella|date=2018-03-06|work=Lambda Literary|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054652/https://www.lambdaliterary.org/lambda-literary-award-finalists/|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and for a 2017 [[Foreword INDIES]] Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=2017 Foreword INDIES Winners in LGBT (Adult Nonfiction) |url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/awards/winners/2017/lgbt-1/ |publisher=[[Foreword Reviews]] |access-date=30 October 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030205905/https://www.forewordreviews.com/awards/winners/2017/lgbt-1/ |archive-date=30 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Inspirational and Activist Speaker==
Sharma has been a featured speaker at more than 40 college campuses in the U.S., which include Stanford,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://web.stanford.edu/group/religiouslife/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/sermon_1-9-11_SM.pdf|title = Establishing Justice|date = 9 January 2011|access-date = 21 December 2015|website = Establishing Justice|publisher = Stanford University|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150622162404/https://web.stanford.edu/group/religiouslife/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/sermon_1-9-11_SM.pdf|archive-date = 22 June 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> Berkeley, Yale, Columbia, NYU, Harvard (1 April 2016 and 17 October 2016),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/college-events/sinner-mecca-lgbtq-film-series|title=A Sinner in Mecca--LGBTQ film series {{!}} Harvard College|website=college.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045044/https://college.harvard.edu/college-events/sinner-mecca-lgbtq-film-series|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Syracuse, Northwestern and the University of Chicago. He toured several US Southern States in 2009 and called it his "Bible Belt Tour" speaking directly to issues around LGBT rights (or the lack thereof) within conservative Christian communities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iaac.us/jihad4love/parvezsharma.htm |title=Indo-American Arts Council, Inc |access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091422/http://iaac.us/jihad4love/parvezsharma.htm |archive-date=24 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009 Sharma was invited as a keynote speaker to the United Nations at the [[Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy {{!}} Speakers {{!}} Parvez Sharma|url = http://www.genevasummit.org/speaker/17/parvez_sharma|website = Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy|access-date = 2015-12-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084640/http://www.genevasummit.org/speaker/17/parvez_sharma|archive-date = 22 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> during [[Durban Review Conference]].<ref>{{Citation|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hln90AISNdU|access-date = 2015-12-21|title = Geneva Summit 1 : Parvez Sharma|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hln90AISNdU|archive-date = 13 March 2016|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Fieldnotes from the Durban Review Conference: Parvez Sharma|url = http://durbanreview.blogspot.com/2009/04/parvez-sharma.html|website = Fieldnotes from the Durban Review Conference|date = 2009-04-20|access-date = 2015-12-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163737/http://durbanreview.blogspot.com/2009/04/parvez-sharma.html|archive-date = 22 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> The same year he also addressed one of the world's largest gatherings of LGBT activists at the [[Gay Games]] in Copenhagen.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Denmark's Got Gay Spirit|url = http://www.outtraveler.com/exclusives/2009/06/30/denmarks-got-gay-spirit|website = Out Magazine| date=July 2009 |access-date = 2015-12-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222144211/http://www.outtraveler.com/exclusives/2009/06/30/denmarks-got-gay-spirit|archive-date = 22 December 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> He was invited by the Foreign Services Institute of the US Department of State as a keynote speaker in Washington, D.C., on 21 June 2012. The event was called "The Rights of LGBT Persons in the Middle East and South and Central Asia." On 20 December 2012, he conducted a day-long workshop with officials from the [[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|USCIS]] in the Department of Homeland Security.

== International Muslim Dialogue Project ==
The film producer Sandi DuBowski and director/ Producer Parvez Sharma launched the International Muslim Dialogue Project in 2008.[http://firstrunfeatures.com/presskits/jihad_for_love/jlove_pk.pdf][http://ajihadforlove.org/PressKit.pdf]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/a-jihad-for-love-a-documentary-by-parvez-sharma-islams-most-unlikely-storytellers|title="A Jihad for Love" – a documentary by Parvez Sharma: Islam's Most Unlikely Storytellers - Qantara.de|work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215113/https://en.qantara.de/content/a-jihad-for-love-a-documentary-by-parvez-sharma-islams-most-unlikely-storytellers|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pI4DwAAQBAJ&q=muslim+dialogue+project+jihad+for+love&pg=PA118|title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 22:3|last1=Cohen|first1=Ariel|last2=Esposito|first2=John L.|last3=Fuller|first3=Graham E.|last4=Jan|first4=Abid Ullah|last5=Khan|first5=M. A. Muqtedar|date=2005-08-08|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)|language=en}}</ref>

Part of the aim for the project was to organize screenings of the film in Muslim Capitals. Sharma called it the "Underground Network Model" of film distribution. He invented this model sending unmarked DVDs of the film with friends and colleagues to Muslim capitals across the world with full permission to sell pirated copies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calendar.boell.de/de/event/filme-queer-middle-east|title=Filme: Queer Middle East {{!}} Boell Calendar|website=calendar.boell.de|language=de|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003238/https://calendar.boell.de/de/event/filme-queer-middle-east|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of the boldest were [[Beirut]], Cairo, [[Karachi]], eight cities in Indonesia and [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karlremarks.com/2010/09/jihad-for-love-comes-to-beirut.html|title='A Jihad for Love' comes to Beirut|website=www.karlremarks.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214538/http://www.karlremarks.com/2010/09/jihad-for-love-comes-to-beirut.html|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>[http://reverseshot.org/reviews/entry/1835/a-jihad-for-love]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://microscopiq.com/2008/06/jihad-for-love/|title=A Jihad for Love: Being Gay in the Muslim World at microscopiq|website=microscopiq.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319213857/http://microscopiq.com/2008/06/jihad-for-love/|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/a-jihad-for-love-and-its-worldwide-impact/|title=A Jihad for Love and its worldwide impact - A Sinner in Mecca|work=A Sinner in Mecca|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224417/http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/a-jihad-for-love-and-its-worldwide-impact/|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2008/5/20/a_jihad_for_love_new_film|title="A Jihad for Love": New Film Explores Challenges Facing Gay Muslims Worldwide|work=Democracy Now!|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215020/https://www.democracynow.org/2008/5/20/a_jihad_for_love_new_film|archive-date=19 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a feature titled "How Parvez Sharma made a Jihad for Love" the U.S. based New York magazine said on 18 May 2008 "As such, Sharma says his ideal audience is faithful Muslims—and not just 'gay white men or activists.' To reach them, he's 'smuggled tapes into Iran and Pakistan,' leafleted mosques, blanketed MySpace, and 'hosted a screening at a home in Astoria for fifteen key progressive Muslim leaders.' There's more to do: 'Over the last six years, some of the most amazing conversations I've had about this film have been with taxi drivers, but I'm stumped about how to reach them again.'"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/movies/features/47038/|title=N.Y. Screen: The Muslim Closet|website=NYMag.com|date=16 May 2008 |access-date=2018-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004250/http://nymag.com/movies/features/47038/|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015 he launched a global Muslim empowerment endeavor called Project 786.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/722060/a-sinner-in-mecca-gay-director-risks-death-by-filming-his-haj-pilgrimage|title='A Sinner in Mecca': Gay director risks death by filming his Haj pilgrimage|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409070150/http://scroll.in/article/722060/a-sinner-in-mecca-gay-director-risks-death-by-filming-his-haj-pilgrimage|archive-date=9 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The project's website says "Project 786 is a worldwide Outreach, Dialogue and Measurable Change Project aimed at significantly impacting and changing contemporary discourse about Islam, today the worlds fastest growing and most contested religion."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/|title=Project 786 - A Sinner in Mecca|work=A Sinner in Mecca|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126073923/http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/|archive-date=26 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Islam and homosexuality]]
*[[List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: P–Q|List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people]]
*[[List of Indian documentary filmmakers]]
*[[List of film and television directors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://parvezsharma.com Official Website]
* [http://ajihadforlove.org/home.html Official Website for A Jihad for Love]
* [http://asinnerinmecca.com/ Official Website for A Sinner in Mecca]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427131936/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/wonews036.htm Director of Film on Muslim Homosexuals Frets over His Subjects' Safety]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901121416/http://islandia.law.yale.edu/reblaw/panelists.htm Parvez bio]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061005103714/http://www.indypressny.org/article.php3?ArticleID=2546 Film of Muslim gays stirs up sentiments]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1719 Parvez Sharma Interview] on [[The Hour (Canadian TV series)|The Hour]] with [[George Stroumboulopoulos]]
* [http://asinnerinmecca.com/project-786/a-jihad-for-love-and-its-worldwide-impact/ An open letter from Parvez]
* [https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/the_cinereach_project_at_sundance_institute#/ The Cinereach Project At Sundance Institute]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Parvez}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cardiff University]]
[[Category:American film directors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ film directors]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ journalists]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ people of Asian descent]]
[[Category:American Muslim activists]]
[[Category:American University School of Communication alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from New York City]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ film directors]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ journalists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ writers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim activists]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:LGBTQ memoirists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Rashed Khan Menon

2026-03-15T13:07:57Z

Promotiondon:

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (born 1943)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Rashed Khan Menon
| native_name = রাশেদ খান মেনন
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Rashed Khan Menon (01).jpg
| caption = Menon in 2020
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Bangladesh Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Barisal-2]]
| term_start = 30 January 2024
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Shah-e-Alam]]
| constituency1 = [[Dhaka-8]]
| term_start1 = 25 January 2009
| term_end1 = 29 January 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Nasiruddin Ahmed Pintu]]
| successor1 = [[AFM Bahauddin Nasim]]
| constituency2 = [[Barisal-2]]
| term_start2 = 5 March 1991
| term_end2 = 24 November 1995
| predecessor2 = [[Syed Azizul Huq]]
| successor2 = [[Golam Faruque Ovi]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Social Welfare (Bangladesh)|Minister of Social Welfare]]
| prime_minister4 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| term_start4 = 3 January 2018
| term_end4 = 7 January 2019
| predecessor4 = [[Geetiara Safya Chowdhury]]
| successor4 = [[Nuruzzaman Ahmed]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism|Minister of Civil Aviation and Tourism]]
| prime_minister5 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| term_start5 = 14 January 2014
| term_end5 = 3 January 2018
| predecessor5 = [[Faruk Khan]]
| successor5 = [[A.K.M. Shahjahan Kamal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/menon-being-replaced-kamal-cabinet-1514311|title=Menon being replaced by Kamal at cabinet|date=2018-01-03|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|5|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| spouse = [[Lutfun Nessa Khan]]
| party = [[Workers Party of Bangladesh]]
| alma_mater = [[Dhaka College]]
[[University of Dhaka]]
| occupation = Politician
| father = [[Abdul Jabbar Khan (20th-century politician)|Abdul Jabbar Khan]]
| relatives = {{unbulleted list|[[Sadek Khan]] (brother)|[[A.Z.M. Enayetullah Khan|Enayetullah Khan]] (brother)| [[Selima Rahman]] (sister)|[[Abu Zafar Obaidullah]] (brother)}}
| other_party = [[Bangladesh National Awami Party-Bangladesh NAP]]
}}
'''Rashed Khan Menon''' (born 18 May 1943)<ref name="me">{{cite news |title=Rashed Khan Menon steps into 65 |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2008/may/18/met.html |newspaper=New Age |location=Dhaka |access-date=2010-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035357/http://www.newagebd.com/2008/may/18/met.html |archive-date=2019-01-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a Bangladeshi politician. He is the president of [[Workers Party of Bangladesh]] and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Barisal-2]] and [[Dhaka-8]] constituencies. He was the chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee of the Ministry of Education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Menon for edn system without discrimination |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=96535 |newspaper=The Daily Star |agency=BSS |date=11 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/council-ministers-reshuffle-comes-surprises-1514674|title=Council of Ministers: Surprises in reshuffle|date=2018-01-04|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref> Earlier, he served as the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism|Minister for Civil Aviation and Tourism]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hawkers greet Civil Aviation Minister Rashed Khan Menon |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=382777&date=2014-01-13 |newspaper=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha |date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112213/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=382777&date=2014-01-13 |archive-date=2017-12-29}}</ref>

==Early life==
Menon was born in [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]. He studied at Dhaka Collegiate School, finish in 1958. In 1960, he passed intermediate in arts group from Dhaka College. He graduated from Dhaka University in 1963 with a degree in economics. In 1964, he received his master's degree.<ref name="me"/>

In the late 1960s, Menon was president of the [[Bangladesh Students Union|East Pakistan Students Union]] faction linked to the [[National Awami Party]] of [[Maulana Bhasani]]. However, he differed with Maulana Bhasani when the latter accepted participation in elections in January 1970. Menon's East Pakistan Student Union launched a campaign against elections, stating that they would be merely a facade of democracy, that fair elections could not be held under [[martial law]] and that the situation was ripe for revolution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr. |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh (Set of 30 Vols.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59rzjgk4430C |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited |pages=19, 22, 42, 44, 168 |isbn=978-81-261-1390-3}}</ref> He built a revolutionary [[Maoist]] organisation along with [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]. The Menon-Zafar group built a base in [[Khulna]] (in Begerhat), amongst workers near [[Dacca]] and had a student group named Revolutionary Students Union.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr. |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh (Set of 30 Vols.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59rzjgk4430C |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited |pages=48–49 |isbn=978-81-261-1390-3}}</ref>

Menon contested the [[1973 Bangladeshi general election|1973 Bangladeshi parliamentary election]] as a NAP (Bhasani) candidate. He did not win any seat, and afterward he complained that the [[Awami League]] government had used unfair methods to win the election.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jahan |first=Rounaq |date=February 1974 |title=Bangladesh in 1973: Management of Factional Politics |journal=Asian Survey |publisher=University of California Press |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.2307/2643085 |jstor=2643085}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Rashidkhanmenon (67).JPG|thumb|left|Menon at an opposition rally in [[Dhaka]], 2005]]
Menon was elected to parliament in 1979. In 1990, he played a leading role in the mass struggle that toppled the [[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]] regime. In 1991, he was again elected to parliament.<ref name="me"/> In 1991, he, as a Workers Party of Bangladesh parliamentarian, submitted four demands for constitutional amendments in the parliament. These demands and others were submitted to a 15-member constitutional review committee, in which he was included. After 29 meetings, the committee submitted a unanimous report to the parliament.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr. |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh (Set of 30 Vols.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59rzjgk4430C |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited |page=52 |isbn=978-81-261-1390-3}}</ref>

On 17 August 1992, Menon survived a violent near-fatal attack. Unidentified assailants opened fire on the Workers Party office, injuring Menon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading Bangladeshi leftist critically wounded in attack |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/08/17/Leading-Bangladeshi-leftist-critically-wounded-in-attack/3406714024000/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>

Bangladesh Workers’ Party of Menon joined the 14-party alliance led by Awami League and participated in the 2008 national election. They also participated in the 2014 national election which was boycotted by the main opposition party BNP. Menon was appointed as the minister of civil aviation and tourism. Menon, once rose a strong voice against authoritarian West Pakistani regime.

On 22 August 2024, after the fall of the Sheikh Hasina, Menon was arrested from Gulshan area in [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-08-22 |title=Rashed Khan Menon arrested from Gulshan |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/kkef2xylhr |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref> While attending a hearings both Menon and [[Hasanul Haq Inu]] were assaulted by lawyers at the court premises.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2024 |title=Court security under scrutiny as Inu, Menon assaulted despite heavy police presence |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/356366/court-security-under-scrutiny-as-inu-menon |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> The [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission]] investigated allegations that Menon had accumulated 25000 crore BDT (2.5 Billion USD) worth of wealth through corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=আওয়ামী জোটের নেতা মেননের ২৫ হাজার কোটি টাকার সম্পদ |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/703745/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Daily Ittefaq |language=bn}}</ref> By June, he had spent 36 days in remand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=রাশেদ খান মেননের আরও ৫ দিনের রিমান্ড মঞ্জুর |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/waueu2erwe |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> He had been charged in multiple cases over the death of protestors against former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.<ref name=":0" />

==Family==
Menon's father, [[Abdul Jabbar Khan (20th-century politician)|Abdul Jabbar Khan]], hailed from Khudrakathi village, in [[Babuganj Upazila]], [[Barisal]].<ref name="me"/> Menon is closely related to several prominent Bangladeshi personalities. His father was the speaker of the [[Pakistani National Assembly]]. His siblings include journalist and columnist Sadek Khan, architect Sultan M. Khan, Alan Khan, a photographer in Sydney, poet [[Abu Zafar Obaidullah]], former minister [[Selima Rahman]], journalist and ambassador to Burma [[A.Z.M. Enayetullah Khan]] and the publisher of ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'' Shahidullah Khan Badal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halim |first=Anwar Parvez |date=19 March 2009 |title=All in the family |url=http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&contentId=5384 |newspaper=Probe News Magazine |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404070230/http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&contentId=5384 |archive-date=2010-04-04}}</ref>

Menon is married to [[Lutfun Nessa Khan]].<ref name="me"/> She is elected as a [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member at the [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|11th Parliament]] from the [[List of members of the 11th Jatiya Sangsad|reserved women's seat-48]] representing the [[Workers Party of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/19021173/নারী-আসনে-৪৯-জন-বিনা-প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতায়-নির্বাচিত|script-title=bn:সংরক্ষিত নারী আসনে ৪৯ জন বিনা প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতায় নির্বাচিত|website=Samakal|language=bn|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english?layout=edit&id=4324|title=Constituency 348_11th_En|website=Bangladesh Parliament|access-date=2019-07-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Rashed Khan}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:Ministers of civil aviation and tourism of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of social welfare of Bangladesh]]
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[[Category:Politicians from Barisal District]]
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[[Category:People from Faridpur]]

Kaliyoottu

2026-03-15T10:44:35Z

Promotiondon: adding a biography added tags!

{{short description|Indian folk play}}
{{Infobox dance
|name=Kaliyoottu
|image= File:Kalankaval in Vellayani Devi Temple.jpg
|alt=
|caption=Kalamkaval, a part of Kaliyoottu ceremony in [[Vellayani Devi Temple]]
|native_name= കാളിയൂട്ട് (Malayalam)
|etymology=
|genre= Ritual
|signature=
|instruments=
|inventor=
|year=
|origin=[[Kerala]], India
}}
'''Kaliyoottu''' also known as '''Kali natakam''' (literally means [[Kali]] play) is a ritualistic performing art popular in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] districts of southern [[Kerala]], India. It is a folk art related to the battle between [[Bhadrakali]] and the [[asura]] [[Darika]].

It is said that Marthandavarma, the Maharaja of [[Travancore]] who won the battle against Kayamkulam started Kaliyoottu at [[Sarkaradevi Temple]] in Thiruvananthapuram district.

== Overview ==
Kaliyoottu is also known as Paranate is a folk art form is mainly popular in Thiruvananthapuram and Kanniyakumari districts.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |last1=B. |first1=Ravi kumar |title=ശാർക്കര കാളിയൂട്ട് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-27-05-2018/727249 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320073735/https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-27-05-2018/727249 |url-status=live }}</ref> Here Kali temples are known as Mudipuras. The name Mudipura means the place where Bhadrakali's hair (''Mudi'' is the Malayalam word for hair and ''Pura'' means house) is kept.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite web |title=കാളിയൂട്ട് - അനുഷ്ഠാന കല{{!}} Kaliyoottu - ritual art form |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/kaliyoottu/628 |website=www.keralaculture.org |publisher=Department of Culture, Kerala state |language=ml |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320065805/http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/kaliyoottu/628 |url-status=live }}</ref> The main temples where Kaliyoottu takes place are [[Vellayani Devi Temple]] near Thiruvananthapuram and [[Sarkaradevi Temple|Sarkara Devi Temple]] near [[Chirayinkeezhu]]
there is Kaliyoottu with local variation.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> The Kaliyoottu festival at Vellayani Temple is the longest running festival in South India .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kanjirathil |first=Renjith |date=14 February 2023 |title=തങ്കത്തിരുമുടിയിൽ ദേവി പുറത്തെഴുന്നെള്ളി: കേരളത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും ദൈർഘ്യമേറിയ ഉത്സവമായ വെള്ളായണി കാളിയൂട്ടിനു തുടക്കമായി. |work=[[Janam TV]] |url=https://janamtv.com/80658628/ |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320134334/https://janamtv.com/80658628/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This festival lasts for 70 days and is held once in three years.<ref name=":0" />

[[Pujari]]s in Mudipuras called 'Vathis', play an important role in Kaliyottu. Vathi dressed as Bhadrakali will perform the ''Kalamkaval'' ceremony, which is performed before main Kaliyoottu ritual. After the ''kalamkaval'' and ''aniyara kettal'' (dressing up), the ritual drama is staged.

Bhadrakalithottam, the ritual song of Kaliyoottu is to be sung in 48 days, but it fluctuates depending on the festival days.<ref name="Kerala"/> Inside the temple, the song is sung sitting on the [[pandal]] placed opposite the main deity. Kuzhithalam also known as Chinki is the main instrument used.<ref name="Kerala"/>

Dramatic and ritualistic elements come together harmoniously in this ritualistic art form that transforms an entire village into the performance.<ref name="Kerala"/>

==History==
It is said that the Maharaja of [[Travancore]] [[Marthanda Varma|Marthandavarma]] and his helper Ramayyan, defeated in the war with the [[Kayamkulam|Kayamkulam kingdom]], rested on the altar in front of the Sharkaradevi temple on their way back.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He prayed to the goddess for victory in the war and vowed to perform Kaliyoottu in front of the temple if he was victorious. It is said that Marthandavarma Maharaja was victorious in the ensuing battle and started Kaliyoottu at Sarkara temple.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> It is also said that the mother of Marthandavarma, Umayamma Rani gave the authority to perform this ritual to the Ponnara family.<ref name="webdunia">{{cite web |last1=T |first1=Sasi Mohan |title=Spirituality enlightenes human beings and life |url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/spiritual/religion/hindu/0802/28/1080228054_1.htm |website=malayalam.webdunia.com |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320071148/https://malayalam.webdunia.com/spiritual/religion/hindu/0802/28/1080228054_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The first Kaliyoottu took place in 1749 AD.<ref name="webdunia"/>

There is another argument that Kaliyoottu was an ancient practice and that King Marthandavarma re-started this ancient ritual which was extinct.<ref name="Janmabhumi" />

==Ritual==
[[File:Uchabali in Vellayani Devi Temple.jpg|thumb|Uchabali ritual, a part of Kaliyoottu in Vellayani Devi Temple]]
During the royal reign, the Thevara people, who performed the puja rituals in the palace, used to come to Sarkaradevi Temple on the third or last Friday of [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam month]] [[Kumbha (month)|Kumbha]] (February/March) and give the note to the senior member of the Ponnara family.<ref name="webdunia"/><ref name="Janmabhumi">{{cite news |title=ശാര്‍ക്കര മഹാകാളിക്ക് കാളിയൂട്ട് |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/article-on-sharkara-temple |work=[[Janmabhumi]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085226/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/article-on-sharkara-temple |url-status=live }}</ref> Now the note is given under the leadership of Melshanti (main priest).<ref name="Janmabhumi"/>

After writing the note for Kaliyottu, the drama will be staged for nine days as various stories making fun of social customs.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> Adding time each day, the ceremonies last until the dawn of the ninth day, the last day.<ref name="webdunia"/> A ceremony known as ''Uchabali'' is first done by the Vathis. During the Uchabali ceremony, the soldier sent by Darika disturbs the sacrificial ground, and then impales the soldier with the spear of Kali.<ref name="Kerala"/> The dead soldier is carried away wrapped in a mat. With this, the Uchabali will conclude. It is a ceremony performed during the time 12.30 am to 3.30 am known as Bhadrakaliyama.<ref name="Kerala"/>

On the south side of the temple, near an area known ''Tullalpura'', a pandal called Kavalmadam is constructed. In some temples this pandal is known as Pallikamadam.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> On the first day, after the regular [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] in the temple, the goddess is invoked from the shrine in a lamp to the Kavalmadam. The goddess idol is placed on either side by a representative of the king and a representative of the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]]. After the King and Pillaimar are seated, the first part of the ritual known as ''Vellattam'' begins.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Legend has it that Vellatam is a dance performed by Lord Shiva's demons to wish the goddess victory.<ref name="Kerala"/>

On the third day, the character [[Narada]] enters the arena. It can be understood from his conversation that Narada came for local news and spot observation as per [[Shiva]]'s instructions. It has a question and answer method as in folk dramas.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

On the fourth day, as part of the ritual, Kavalut Nair, the protector of the area, enters the arena. Legend has it that Lord Shiva sent [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandikesan]] to Kaliyottu area for supervision. Kavalut Nair, a patriot, makes some social criticism. He severely criticizes polygamy in the [[Nair]] community at that time.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> On the fifth day, the characters of Olamballi and Ugramballi, who are full of [[brahminism]], arrive.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

On the sixth day, [[Kaniyar]] and Kurupp characters known as Nanair and Kantar come. They are believed to be divine sages who have come as per the instructions of Shiva and their duty is to find solutions to the problems of the localities.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> The ritual Pulayar Purappad is a 7th day ritual. There are eight characters in this, including the seven Pulayars and the Lord. Panicker caste people play the role in this.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> The legend behind the Pulayar Purappad is to commemorate how Bhadrakali disguised herself as Pulaya woman and entertained with the [[Pulayar]]s while fleeing from the forest in fear of [[Vilwamangalam Swamiyar]].<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> This is a ceremony to commemorate Vilvamangalam Swamiyar who enshrined Sharkaradevi.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> The character of Kontipanikarachan, the guru of Kaliyoottu, also takes place on this day.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> On the eighth day, Bhadrakali and Durga travel in search of Darika. Bhadrakali travels to the north and Durga to the south. Bhadrakali and [[Durga]], dressed in special costumes, enter every house and are welcomed by the family with cheers and lighting of candles.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> The Devis return unable to find Darikan.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/>

The main part of Kaliyottu, the killing of Darikan, begins on the ninth day at 5 pm.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> This ceremony is known as ''Paranate''. The name may have come from the aerial battle or flying (Parakkal is the Malayalam word for flying) battle with Darikan.<ref name="Kerala"/> After the battle in the sky, ''Nilathil poru'' (meaning battle on the ground) starts.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=പള്ളിയറ കാളിയൂട്ട് : ദാരികനെ നിഗ്രഹിച്ച് ദേവി മടങ്ങി: മനം നിറഞ്ഞ് ഭക്തരും |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/thiruvananthapuram-1.8400108 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en |access-date=2023-03-20 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085230/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/thiruvananthapuram-1.8400108 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is a scene that creates a sense of fierce war. At the end of the seven wars, Kali kills Darika and symbolically cuts Darika's head.<ref name="Kerala"/><ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Darika Nigraha, the killing of Darika is symbolically performed by cutting bunched banana.<ref>{{cite news |title=ശാര്‍ക്കര കാളിയൂട്ട് സമാപിച്ചു; ഭക്തിസാന്ദ്രമായി നിലത്തില്‍പോര് {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/news/272617/140222 |work=www.madhyamam.com |agency=[[Madhyamam]] |date=22 February 2014 |language=ml |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085227/https://www.madhyamam.com/news/272617/140222 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[Aaraattu]] (holy bath), the ceremony concludes with the Devi returning to main shrine.<ref name="Kerala"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Theatre in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religious vernacular drama]]

Vishwanath (1996 film)

2026-03-08T09:51:02Z

Promotiondon:

{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vishwanath
| image =
| caption =
| director = K. Goutham Krishna
| producer = P. Veeramuthu
| writer = K. Goutham Krishna
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]|[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]|[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj
| editing = Udhaya Sankar
| distributor =
| studio = Janaki Ammal Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|08|16}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vishwanath''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by K. Goutham in his debut. The film stars [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] and [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]], with [[Radha Ravi]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Manivannan]], [[Senthil]] and [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 16 August 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=விஸ்வநாத் / Vishwanath (1996) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/vishwanath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816053536/https://screen4screen.com/movies/vishwanath |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=viswanath ( 1996 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/viswanath.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121220304/http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/viswanath.html |archive-date=21 January 2005 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The film starts with the convict Vishwanath escaping from jail. Vishwanath is searched for by the whole state, and his photo is on the front pages of every newspaper. One day, Swathi sees him near her house, and in fear of him, she runs away. Swathi lives with her sister Sindhu in a bungalow. One day, her sister falls unconscious and Vishwanath checks her like a doctor. Vishwanath then tells Sindhu about his tragic past.

In the past, Vishwanath was a doctor working in a clinic owned by Michael, a greedy hospital owner. They clashed due to a difference of opinion between them : Michael gave more importance to money, whereas Vishwanath gave more importance to human life. Vishwanath resigned from his work and got an offer from a better hospital. Thereafter, Michael's hospital went bankrupt while Vishwanath's hospital was gaining popularity. Under debts, Michael decided to treat illegal terrorists in his clinic and got a huge amount of money to treat them. With the help of the terrorists, Michael hid weapons in Vishwanath's hospital, thereafter Vishwanath was arrested for 'illegal possession of weapons' in his hospital. Michael even killed the innocent doctor Jenifer to hide the truth behind his illegal activities.

The police officer Rajkumar is charged to catch the convict Vishwanath. In the meantime, Swathi falls in love with Vishwanath. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Vishwanath
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Jenifer
*[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Swathi
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Rajkumar
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Michael
*[[Manivannan]] as Narayanan
*[[Senthil]] as Shankarlal
*[[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] as Sindhu
*[[T. S. Raghavendra]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Bank official
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Selvaraj
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Khadir Bhai
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as David
*Arulmani
*[[Jyothi Meena]] as an item number
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian / Viswanath |url=https://avdigital.in/products/indian-viswanath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210002318/https://avdigital.in/products/indian-viswanath |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=AVDigital |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Kartharai Parthen" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:49
|-
| "1,2,3,4,5,6, Yenn Phone" || K. S. Chithra || 4:34
|-
| "Jil Endru Veesuthu" || [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Unni Menon]] || 4:10
|-
| "Mama Nan Unakku" || K. S. Chithra || 4:14
|-
| "Gongura" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:02
|}

== Reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, " Debutant director K. Goutham (the story and screenplay are also his) by projecting these two segments with the comedy track of Manivannan and
Senthil manages to maintain an even tempo, and loses his thinking cap in the end portions".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=23 August 1996 |title=Enokkoru Magan Pirappan/Priyam/Delhi Diary/Viswanath/Khamoshi |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960824/03/2326a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010424045903/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960824/03/2326a.html |archive-date=24 April 2001 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1996 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1996 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Love Action Drama

2026-03-08T06:51:14Z

Promotiondon: added references

{{short description|2019 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Love Action Drama.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Visakh Subramaniam]]|[[Aju Varghese]]}}
| writer = Dhyan Sreenivasan
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Nivin Pauly]]|[[Nayanthara]]|[[Aju Varghese]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cinematography = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jomon T. John]]|[[Roby Varghese Raj]]}}
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio = {{Unbulleted list|Funtastic Films|M-Star Little Communications|[[Merryland Studio]]}}
| distributor = Funtastic Films Release
| runtime = 146 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|09|05|India}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Love Action Drama''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] in his directorial debut.
Produced by [[Visakh Subramaniam]] and [[Aju Varghese]], the film stars [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Nayanthara]] in the lead roles. The music in the film was composed by [[Shaan Rahman]]. The film was released in [[India]] on 5 September 2019 and internationally on 13 September 2019.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=October 2022}}
Dinesh, a wealthy bachelor who is overconfident of himself tries to impress Shobha with the help of his best friend Sagar and hopes to marry her someday.

The movie takes place in a series of flashbacks, starting with Dinesh reminiscing about his first meeting with Shobha and their relationship. Dinesh comes from a very rich background and as such doesn't work, he is always engaged with [[party]]ing and [[Alcoholism|drinking]] with his friends. He's upset that his cousin Swathi is getting married. They were supposedly in a relationship until Swathi learned through google (when they were still kids) that people who are blood-relatives tend to have babies with higher probability in [[genetic disorder]]s and breaks up with Dinesh (when they were still kids).

Dinesh is still upset about it and wants to break up the wedding at any cost. Shobha is one of Swathi's friends and she seems to like Dinesh on sight. Shobha definitely seems to find his antics funny, not getting mad when she gets hurt as a result of Dinesh's plan to hurt the bridegroom. He mistakenly enters Shobha's room and spills [[coconut oil]] on the floor (while drunk) hoping the bridegroom will get hurt and the marriage will be cancelled. Later, Dinesh is asked to accompany Shobha's friends in the hospital for her overnight stay and has a conversation with her. Shobha advises Dinesh to move on, get a haircut, shave and attend the wedding, saying some other girl is sure to fall for him. They flirt throughout the wedding and she indirectly invites him to meet up with her when he's in Chennai.

Dinesh finds a way to temporarily shift to Chennai with his friend&cousin Sagar, to woo Shobha. He hangs out with Shobha and her friends at first and things seem to be going fine for them. One day, Dinesh and Sagar start a fight during Shobha's friend Priya's birthday party and Shobha asks them to stay away. Her friends criticize her for introducing vagabonds to their group. Shobha learns that Dinesh is not pursuing master's like he told her, but is just wasting time drinking and spending money without a care in the world. Shobha, although wealthy too, works hard and runs her own business. Dinesh sets about trying to get back into Shobha's good graces. He starts with her friends first, and wins their trust. Shobha agrees to a relationship and potential marriage to Dinesh, placing one condition that he should give up [[smoking]] and drinking. Dinesh agrees to her condition but ends up getting drunk that very night. Shobha and Priya catch him in the act (he rents a house opposite to hers) and storms away in anger.

Dinesh manages to convince Shobha by donning on [[Sabarimala]] (religious oath to abstain from indulging alcohol-related activities for 41 days) and they get back together. This time, Dinesh becomes suspicious and too possessive of Shobha because she's always busy with work and avoids the topic of settling down, moving in together as well as eventually getting married then building a family. Some random guy implies to Dinesh that Shobha dates around a lot and he starts following her to find out what she's actually doing for a few days. Dinesh confronts the guy and he vaguely implies how beautiful girls like Shobha always have plenty of guys admiring her and it's common to throw away a partner when a better one comes around. Enraged, Dinesh gets rid of the chains and bracelet (religious constraint) and drinks an entire bottle of [[vodka]]. Sagar admits him to the hospital and calls Shobha and Priya. Shobha hits Dinesh and he walks away in anger. A few days later, Shobha calls and proposes marriage, to which he agrees.

Shobha's father doesn't like Dinesh, after tricking and finding out that Dinesh still drinks despite several promises made to Shobha, but doesn't say no to the match because Shobha has faith "he will take care of" her. Two days before the wedding, Dinesh is approached by a stranger who has a few photographs of himself and Shobha together, stating Shobha cheated him after getting a better match in the form of wealthy Dinesh. This is where the flashbacks end as Dinesh is contemplating what to do next. He already calls off the wedding through a phone call with Shobha. When his mom asks Dinesh to meet and discuss in person the reason for calling off the wedding, Dinesh reminds Shobha's father about his failed marriage when he tries to give them advice. This pushes Shobha to give up changing him and she leaves with her father.

Dinesh is leaving the city with Sagar when he finds out through a selfie, drunkenly posted on [[Facebook]] by the stranger, Suman that he and the guy who implied Shobha dates a lot and another of Shobha's friend's husband are all friends. Turns out these three guys planned and ruined Dinesh and Shobha's relationship on purpose. Priya's ex-husband is mad that his marriage ended mainly because of Shobha. Initially, he and Priya have been so in love but because she spends most of the day with Shoba instead of him even after getting married, this creates tension between them. He had even expressed to her his discomfort feelings regarding this matter, however, she does not change and this frustration and disappointment lead him to slap Priya and Shobha came in just in time to see that and she forcibly brought Priya out of their home to keep her away from him permanently. Hence, he plotted this plan in revenge to make Shobha feel the pain he experienced after the separation.

Shobha and her friends are called to the police station after Dinesh beats those three guys up. Dinesh begs for forgiveness and expresses that he needs her, saying he's wrong to suspect her. Shobha resists at first, stating she doesn't trust him anymore and that faith in the relationship is crucial. She soon agrees, mentioning the same 'no drinking & smoking' conditions to which Dinesh agrees, and tells him to convince her father. Later, Dinesh begs Shobha's father for forgiveness.

Cut to Present: Dinesh takes an alcoholic drink and smokes a cigarette with Sagar before entering the marriage hall where he marries Shobha.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Dinesh P.
**Dwayne Wayanad as Young Dinesh
* [[Nayanthara]] as Shobha
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Sagar
** Vashisht as Young Sagar
* [[Prajin| Prajin Padmanabhan]] as Ravi Krishna
* [[Durga Krishna]] as Swathy
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Shobha's father
* [[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Lalitha, Dinesh's mother
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Rajiv, Swathy's father
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Brijesh
* [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] as Shinoj
* [[Biju Sopanam]] as Vijayan, Dinesh's uncle
* [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Priya
* [[Motta Rajendran]] as SI Rajendar
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Doctor
* [[Sunder Ramu]] as Venkit Mohan
* Gayathri Shan as Kala
* Vismaya as Vismaya
* Jeevika as Shobha's friend
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Shobha's mother (photo presence)
* [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Suman/Rohan (cameo appearance)
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Bhagath Manuel]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Deepak Parambol]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* Geevarghese Eapen as himself (cameo appearance){{colend}}

== Production ==
''Love Action Drama'' marks the directorial debut of the actor [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], and his second screenplay after ''[[Goodalochana]]''. The film also marks the debut production of [[Visakh Subramaniam]] and [[Aju Varghese]] under their newly formed [[production company]] Funtastic Films. It was during the time of ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' (2015) that Subramaniam and Aju decided to co-produce the film.<ref name="TNIE">{{Cite news |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=5 September 2019 |title='We didn't expect Nayanthara to say yes': Visakh Subramaniam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/05/we-didnt-expect-nayanthara-to-say-yes-visakh-subramaniam-2029149.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905062535/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/05/we-didnt-expect-nayanthara-to-say-yes-visakh-subramaniam-2029149.html |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''Love Action Drama'' was announced in July 2017, during the fifth anniversary of ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''. The film, according to Dhyan, is a modern-day take on the 1989 film ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]'' written, directed and starring his father [[Sreenivasan]]. Nivin's and Nayanthara's characters were named Dineshan and Shobha after the names of the lead characters in ''Vadakkunokkiyantram''.<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=9 July 2017 |title=Nivin, Nayanthara to play the lead in Dhyan's directorial which will be a modern day Vadakkunokkiyanthram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-nayanthara-to-play-lead-in-dhyans-directorial-which-will-be-a-modern-day-vadakkunokkiyanthram/articleshow/59502790.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928115612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-nayanthara-to-play-lead-in-dhyans-directorial-which-will-be-a-modern-day-vadakkunokkiyanthram/articleshow/59502790.cms |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

It was [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] who suggested the name of Nayanthara and she immediately agreed after hearing the screenplay.<ref name="TNIE" /> Dhyan completed the screenplay by November 2017. The filming was expected to begin by the end of the year, but had to wait for the lead actors' availability.<ref name="thetimesofindia1">{{Cite news |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan completes script of Nivin-Nayanthara starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasan-completes-script-of-nivin-nayanthara-starrer/articleshow/61643461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817041110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhyan-sreenivasan-completes-script-of-nivin-nayanthara-starrer/articleshow/61643461.cms |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In February 2018, Aju said that the shoot would begin by July 2018, once Nivin completes filming ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]''. He also revealed that Nivin was planning to lose weight for the role.<ref name="thenewindianexpress">{{Cite news |date=5 Feb 2018 |title=Nivin Pauly to shed weight for 'Love Action Drama' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/feb/04/nivin-pauly-to-shed-weight-for-love-action-drama-1768348.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715123513/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/feb/04/nivin-pauly-to-shed-weight-for-love-action-drama-1768348.html |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=കളർഫുൾ ലവ്, ചിയർഫുൾ ഡ്രാമ; റിവ്യു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2019/09/05/love-action-drama-movie-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-dhyan-sreenivasan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905104902/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2019/09/05/love-action-drama-movie-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-dhyan-sreenivasan.html |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-05 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> A [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] function for the film was held at Anjumana Devi Temple in [[Kochi]] on 14 July 2018, with [[principal photography]] beginning the same day.<ref name="thetimesofindia2">{{Cite news |last=Jayaram |first=Deepika |date=14 July 2018 |title=Love Action Drama team starts rolling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/love-action-drama-team-starts-rolling/articleshow/64986836.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180715151711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/love-action-drama-team-starts-rolling/articleshow/64986836.cms |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first schedule ended on 27 July 2018.<ref name="sify">{{Cite news |date=28 July 2018 |title='Love Action Drama' completes the first schedule |url=http://sify.com/movies/love-action-drama-completes-the-first-schedule-news-malayalam-sh2oBvdccfbef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729043758/http://www.sify.com/movies/love-action-drama-completes-the-first-schedule-news-malayalam-sh2oBvdccfbef.html |archive-date=29 July 2018 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After a delay, the second schedule began in February 2019 and the entire filming process was completed by early June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2019 |title=Nivin Pauly, Nayanthara wrap up Love Action Drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nivin-pauly-nayanthara-wrap-up-love-action-drama-5766012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905194607/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nivin-pauly-nayanthara-wrap-up-love-action-drama-5766012/ |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love Action Drama
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = 23:08
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Sachin (film)|Sachin]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

The music was composed by [[Shaan Rahman]], with lyrics written by [[Manu Manjith]], Preeti Nambiar, B. K. Harinarayanan, [[Santhosh Varma]], and [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]. The song teaser of "Kudukku" crossed 13 million views within its release. The audio rights were acquired by [[Muzik 247|Muzik247]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-03 |title='Love Action Drama' |url=https://www.lyricsmall.com/movies/love-action-drama-malayalam-movie-songs-lyrics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903141756/https://www.lyricsmall.com/movies/love-action-drama-malayalam-movie-songs-lyrics/ |archive-date=3 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-03 |website=LyricsMall |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23.08
| title1 = Raathein
| lyrics1 = Preeti Nambiar
| extra1 = Narayani Gopan, Shaan Rahman
| length1 = 3.03
| title2 = Kudukku
| lyrics2 = [[Manu Manjith]]
| extra2 = Vineeth Sreenivasan
| length2 = 2.36
| title3 = Varavaayi
| lyrics3 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| extra3 = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| length3 = 4.77
| title4 = Aalolam
| lyrics4 = [[Santhosh Varma]]
| extra4 = [[K. S. Harisankar]], [[Gowry Lekshmi]]
| length4 = 4.13
| title5 = Churulariyaatha
| lyrics5 = Vineeth Sreenivasan
| extra5 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| length5 = 1.85
| title6 = Ponvilakkaayi
| lyrics6 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| extra6 = Shaan Rahman
| length6 = 2.29
| title7 = Oru Swapnam Pole
| lyrics7 = [[Manu Manjith]]
| extra7 = Bharath Sajikumar, Aswin Vijayan, Sreejish C. S., Nanda J. Devan, Narayani Gopan
| length7 = 4.65
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Love Action Drama'' was released in theatres across [[India]] on 5 September 2019 and in rest-of-India in the following day and was released internationally on 13 September 2019.

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film got mixed reviews from critics but was a commercial success at the box office and ran for 100 days.The film collected ₹1.8 crore from Kerala box office on its first day of release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2019 |title='Ittymaani' and 'Love Action Drama' leads the Onam box office race! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ittymaani-and-love-action-drama-leads-the-onam-box-office-race-news-malayalam-tjjjNmdhhbjej.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909070353/https://www.sify.com/movies/ittymaani-and-love-action-drama-leads-the-onam-box-office-race-news-malayalam-tjjjNmdhhbjej.html |archive-date=9 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film grossed {{USD|387,185}} from 46 screens in the opening weekend (12 – 15 September) in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and {{USD|528,340}} in four weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Action Drama |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UE&wk=2019W40&id=_fLOVEACTIONDRAMA01 |access-date=13 October 2019 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> In the opening weekends in other territories in the following weeks, it grossed {{AUD|15,914}} ({{INR|7.83 lakh}}) from six screens in Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=Dream Girl collects 1.67 mil. USD [Rs. 11.69 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-1-67-mil-usd-rs-11-69-cr-in-overseas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929143010/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-1-67-mil-usd-rs-11-69-cr-in-overseas/ |archive-date=29 September 2019 |access-date=13 October 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> {{USD|34,021}} ({{INR|24.14 lakh}}) from 34 screens in the United States, {{NZD|13,265}} ({{INR|5.91 lakh}}) from 8 screens in New Zealand, and {{USD|6,625}} (₹4.7 lakh) from four screens in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=Dream Girl collects 3.21 mil. USD [Rs. 22.76 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-3-21-mil-usd-rs-22-76-cr-in-overseas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016230753/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-3-21-mil-usd-rs-22-76-cr-in-overseas/ |archive-date=16 October 2019 |access-date=13 October 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> It grossed NZ$19,378 (₹8.58 lakh) in New Zealand in two weeks, A$25,361 (₹12.1 lakh) in Australia in three weeks,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Dream Girl collects 4.05 mil. USD [Rs. 28.39 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-4-05-mil-usd-rs-28-39-cr-in-overseas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027103744/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dream-girl-collects-4-05-mil-usd-rs-28-39-cr-in-overseas/ |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> and US$53,887 (₹38.15 lakh) in the US in five weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2019 |title=War collects 12.93 mil. USD [Rs. 91.57 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/war-collects-12-93-mil-usd-rs-91-57-cr-in-overseas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027105332/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/war-collects-12-93-mil-usd-rs-91-57-cr-in-overseas/ |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' rated 3 in a scale of 5, and said: "as a simple fun-filled movie, Love Action Drama stands out. There are things that keep us interested in proceedings as Dhyan Sreenivasan focuses on making an out-an-out entertainer than delivering so-called realistic or sensible content. As a debutant director, Dhyan has managed to make an enjoyable film with ease".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Action Drama review: Nivin Pauly-Nayanthara movie lives up to its title |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/09/04/love-action-drama-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-movie-review-rating-updates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919025706/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/09/04/love-action-drama-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-movie-review-rating-updates.html |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> Calling the film "entertaining", [[Sify]] rated 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Love Action Drama is a romantic comedy that is a fine watch that ensures some good laughs and some fine moments".
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Action Drama review: A romantic comedy that ensures a few laughs |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/love-action-drama-review-a-romantic-comedy-that-ensures-a-few-laughs-review-malayalam-tjfvBEcieeeaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906041348/https://www.sify.com/movies/love-action-drama-review-a-romantic-comedy-that-ensures-a-few-laughs-review-malayalam-tjfvBEcieeeaj.html |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Love Action Drama is a simple, in fact, old fashioned tale, but it has many laugh out loud moments and, apart from the lead acts, who have great charisma and chemistry, Aju Varghese who plays Sagar, Nivin Pauly's cousin and confidante, adds great entertainment".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Love Action Drama Review {3/5}: Nivin Pauly and Nayanthara starrer will definitely appeal to youth crowds, and to families |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/love-action-drama/movie-review/70990804.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rating 3 out of 5, Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said: "Dhyan smartly weaves some effective observations on the [[wikt:battle of the sexes|battle of the sexes]] into an entertaining romantic comedy, which feels more like pop-corn blockbuster than a comment on the complexity of today's relationships".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Love Action Drama movie review: Nivin Pauly and Nayanthara shine in entertaining romantic drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/love-action-drama-movie-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-5972676/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011123353/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/love-action-drama-movie-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-5972676/ |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated 3 out of 5 and wrote: "Dhyan's direction is above average and the film hardly offers any boring or dead sequence ... Delicious visuals in Chennai and decent music make it a worthy one-time watch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=m.g |first=Gokul |date=7 September 2019 |title=Love Action Drama movie review: Dhyan hits bullseye |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070919/love-action-drama-movie-review-dhyan-hits-bullseye.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011123352/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070919/love-action-drama-movie-review-dhyan-hits-bullseye.html |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5, stating "It's obvious that the goal of the film is only to entertain us and not be too intellectual. Even so, there has to be a certain degree of emotional conflict to get us invested in the drama".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title='Love Action Drama' film review: An elegant but bland romantic comedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/sep/06/love-action-drama-film-review-an-elegant-but-bland-romantic-comedy-2029428.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011123351/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/sep/06/love-action-drama-film-review-an-elegant-but-bland-romantic-comedy-2029428.html |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated 2 out of 5 and stated "LAD is like a stuck record, playing the one line story of the film over and over again".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=7 September 2019 |title='Love Action Drama' review: Nivin-Nayanthara's romcom is out of fresh ideas |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/love-action-drama-review-nivin-nayantharas-romcom-out-fresh-ideas-108523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008125336/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/love-action-drama-review-nivin-nayantharas-romcom-out-fresh-ideas-108523 |archive-date=8 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> ''[[Gulf News]]'' critic said "'LAD' is all frills with little substance", adding that "there seems to have been an urge to fill it with as many commercial elements possible. The resulting cocktail tastes insipid".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2019 |title='Love Action Drama' film review: Insipid and unconvincing |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/love-action-drama-film-review-insipid-and-unconvincing-1.66338363 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011123350/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/love-action-drama-film-review-insipid-and-unconvincing-1.66338363 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "Even for a movie which doesn't take itself too seriously, which is a good thing, the lack of seriousness in having a solid script hurts it sorely. This is especially evident in the second half, when even the peppy song numbers and the jokes thrown in mechanically at regular intervals fail to excite".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. r |date=6 September 2019 |title='Love Action Drama' review: This Nivin Pauly outing lacks substance and a solid script |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-action-drama-review-this-nivin-pauly-outing-lacks-substance-and-a-solid-script/article29350623.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011123352/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-action-drama-review-this-nivin-pauly-outing-lacks-substance-and-a-solid-script/article29350623.ece |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ''[[HuffPost]]'' wrote: "Dhyan Sreenivasan is definitely inspired by his brother [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]'s sense of humour in cinema. But unlike him, Dhyan is more inclined towards the social media troll/meme version of comedy. So, what we get are already seen and heard, just that Dhyan copy-pastes it at various scenes. It's easy and lazy writing. Few of the gags work, most fall flat".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2019 |title='Love Action Drama' Review: This Nivin Pauly-Nayanthara Rom-Com Ends up Being Absurd and Aimless |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/love-action-drama-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-rom-com-absurd_in_5d733a62e4b0fde50c269c94 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011123349/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/love-action-drama-review-nivin-pauly-nayanthara-rom-com-absurd_in_5d733a62e4b0fde50c269c94 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] from ''[[Firstpost]]'' awarded 1.5 in a scale of 5 and said: "Love Action Drama taps his [Nivin Pauly's] versatility with a narrative that repeatedly breaks its own mood by jumping from extreme intensity to extreme frivolity without warning often within the same scene. The switches are fun at first because they signal the writer-director's keenness that we not take his film too seriously. Fair enough. The technique wears thin though as Love Action Drama's lack of substance becomes increasingly obvious and it wanders about aimlessly, wanders again, then wanders some more".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M. M. |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=8 September 2019 |title=Love Action Drama movie review: Nayanthara is a mere aside in an immature Nivin Pauly dramedy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-action-drama-movie-review-nayanthara-is-a-mere-aside-in-an-immature-nivin-pauly-dramedy-7305061.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009005209/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-action-drama-movie-review-nayanthara-is-a-mere-aside-in-an-immature-nivin-pauly-dramedy-7305061.html |archive-date=9 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|LoveActionDrama}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Lok Bhavan, Chennai

2026-03-05T13:27:36Z

Promotiondon:

{{Short description|Official residence of the Governor of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan, Chennai
|native_name = Makkaḷ Māḷikai, Ceṉṉai
|native_name_lang = Tamil
|logo = File:Emblem of India.svg
|logo_size = 50px
|logo_alt = Emblem of India
|image =
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|13.005948|80.226565|display=inline,title}}
|address = Lok Bhavan, [[Guindy]], [[Chennai]] – 600022, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|designations = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
|parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
|public_transit =
|website = [https://tnrajbhavan.gov.in/raj-bhavan-chennai/ Lok Bhavan, Chennai]
}}
'''Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''', the [[official residence]] of the [[governor of Tamil Nadu]], is located in [[Chennai]], the capital city of the [[Tamil Nadu|state]]. The campus comprises the Governor’s residence, the Lok Bhavan offices, and quarters for officers and staff.

Lok Bhavan features a collection of architecturally distinctive buildings, including the spacious Bharathiar Mandapam, along with expansive lawns where state and official functions, as well as meetings, are held. It also includes suites for VVIPs such as the [[President of India|president]], the [[Vice President of India|vice president]], the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], and other eminent national dignitaries.

The governor also has an official residence at [[Udhagamandalam]] (Ooty), surrounded by verdant greenery and blooming flowers. This estate includes palatial buildings, a splendid banquet hall, and various artefacts.

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Estates, Complexes, Buildings and Structures]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tnrajbhavan.gov.in/ The Official Web Site of Governor of Tamil Nadu]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

Shivaram Rajguru

2026-03-03T03:27:18Z

Promotiondon: improve details further and improved wording

{{short description|Indian anti-colonial revolutionary and independence activist (1908–1931)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Shivaram Hari Rajguru
| image = Martyr Shivram Hari Rajguru.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1908|08|24}}
| birth_place = [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)|Khed]], Bombay Presidency, British India {{small|(present-day [[Pune|Rajgurunagar]], Maharashtra, India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1931|03|23|1908|08|24}}
| death_place = [[Central Jail Lahore|Lahore Central Jail]], Punjab, British India {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)}}
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]]
| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|HSRA]] (Hindustan Socialist Republican Organisation)
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| criminal_charges = [[Murder]] of John P. Saunders and Chanan Singh
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital punishment]]
| criminal_status = Executed by [[hanging]]
}}

'''Shivaram Hari Rajguru''' (24 August 1908 – 23 March 1931)<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Verma, Anil |title=Rajguru – The Invincible Revolutionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um42DwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2522-3}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/remembering-shivaram-hari-rajguru-on-his-birthday-24th-august-indian-revolutionary-289951-2015-08-24|title=Remembering Shivaram Hari Rajguru on his birthday|date=24 August 2015|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> was an Indian anti-colonial revolutionary and independence activist. He is best known for his involvement in the 1928 assassination of a [[Indian Imperial Police|British police officer]] named [[John P. Saunders]]. He was an active member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) and on 23 March 1931, he was hanged by the [[British Raj|British government]] along with his associates [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]].
[[File:Statues of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev.jpg|thumb|[[Bhagat Singh Sukhdev Rajguru|Statues of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev]] at the India–Pakistan Border, near [[Hussainiwala]]]]

== Early life ==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
Rajguru was born on 24 August 1908 at [[Rajgurunagar (Khed)|Khed]] to Parvati Devi and Harinarayan Rajguru in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family. Khed was located at the bank of river [[Bhima River|Bheema]] near [[Pune]]. His father died when he was only six years old and the responsibility of the family fell on his elder brother Dinkar. He received primary education at Khed and later studied in New English High School in Pune. He joined Seva Dal at a young age.

== Revolutionary activities ==
He was a member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]], who wanted India to be free from [[British Raj]] by any means possible.<ref name=":1" />

He is remembered for his revolutionary activities, particularly for his involvement in the [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]] of 1925, where revolutionaries robbed a British train to fund their activities. Rajguru, along with other revolutionaries like [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] and [[Ashfaqulla Khan]], played a significant role in this daring act. Rajguru became a colleague of [[Bhagat Singh]] & [[Sukhdev Thapar]], and took part in the assassination of a British police officer, [[John P. Saunders|J. P. "John" Saunders]], at [[Lahore]] on 17 December 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-10 |title=लाहौर के वकील को मिली 1928 सॉन्डर्स मर्डर केस की FIR, इसमें भगत सिंह, राजगुरु और सुखदेव नहीं थे आरोपी |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/lahore-lawyer-gets-copy-of-1928-saunders-murder-fir-it-does-not-name-bhagat-singh-rajguru-sukhdev-jsp/1048359/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> Their actions were to avenge the beating of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] by the police while on a march protesting the [[Simon Commission]]; Lala Lajpat Rai died a month before the Saunders assassination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ferozepur.nic.in/html/HUSSAINIWALA.html|title=National Martyrs Memorial Hussainiwala|website=[[Firozepur district]] official website|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Rajguru Wada is the ancestral house where Rajguru was born. Spread over 2,788 sq m of land, it is located on the banks of Bhima river on Pune-Nashik Road. It is being maintained as a memorial to Shivaram Rajguru. A local organization, the Hutatma Rajguru Smarak Samiti (HRSS), hoists the national flag here on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] since 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2013 |title=Freedom fighter Rajguru's wada |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-shocking-neglect-of-freedom-fighter-rajguru-s-wada-1891637 |access-date=27 May 2018 |work=DNA India}}</ref> [[File:Shivaram Rajguru 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Shivaram Rajguru 2013 stamp of India]]

His birthplace of Khed was renamed as [[Rajgurunagar]] in his honour.<ref name=":1" /> Rajgurunagar is a census town in [[Khed tehsil]] of [[Pune district]] in state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/555861-rajgurunagar-maharashtra.html|title=Rajgurunagar Population Census 2011|website=[[2011 Census of India]]|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>[[File:Rajguruwada in present, rajgurunagar.JPG|thumb|Rajguru Wada]]
[[Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women]] is located in [[Vasundhara Enclave]], Delhi, and is a constituent college of [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajgurucollege.com/index.aspx|title=Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women|website=Official website of college|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]
* [[Kakori Train Robbery]]
* [[Thakur Roshan Singh]]
* [[Batukeshwar Dutt]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Noorani |first=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh: Politics of Justice |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=0195796675}}

{{commons category}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajguru, Shivaram}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People executed for murdering police officers]]
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]

Jiji P Joseph

2026-02-25T01:18:38Z

Promotiondon: adding initial page needs work

{{Indian patronymic|Jiji|Panaparampil Joseph}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jiji P Joseph
| image = Jiji Profile 2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|03|5|df=y}}
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Production sound mixer
* sound designer
* film editor
}}
| yearsactive = 2010{{En dash}}present
| spouse = Sonia Joseph
| children = 2
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* Joseph Varghese
* Mariyamma Joseph
}}
}}

'''Jiji Panaparampil Joseph''', also known as '''Jijimon Joseph''' (born 5 March 1981) is a [[location sound recordist]], [[sound designer]] and [[film editor]] in [[Indian film industry]]. He won the first ever [[Kerala State Chalachithra Academy|Kerala State Film Award 2014]]<ref>[http://keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/318-state-film-award-2014 State Film Award 2014]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} ''Kerala Chalachitra Academy''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151115100032/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/New-Gen-Wave-Sweeps-Kerala-Awards/2015/08/11/article2968025.ece New-Gen Wave Sweeps Kerala Awards] ''[[The New Indian Express]]''</ref> for [[Location Sound Recordist|location sound recording]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/resounding-success/article7562831.ece | title=Resounding success | date=21 August 2015 | first=Rasmi |last=Benoy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=7 September 2019 }}</ref> for the film ''[[Oraalppokkam]]''<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-oraalppokkam-is-disturbingly-impressive-south/20151005.htm Oraalppokkam is disturbingly impressive] ''[[Rediff]]''</ref><ref>[http://fullpicture.in/talking-detail/40/to-sync-or-not-to-sy.html To sync or not to sync] ''Anindita Menon-FULLPICTURE''</ref> and the consecutive year for the film ''[[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]''<ref>[https://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive/awards/film-awards-2015 State Film Award 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920215236/https://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive/awards/film-awards-2015 |date=20 September 2017 }} ''Kerala Chalachitra Academy''</ref> in fraternization with [[Sandeep Kurissery]] (now known as Sandeep Madhavam). He has fashioned his film career collaborating on feature films and short films in [[Malayalam cinema]].

==Biography==
Jiji Joseph was born in [[Kanjirappally]], [[Kerala]], India to Joseph Varghese and Mariyamma Joseph, the youngest of four children. The dynamics and technicalities of film making was always a fascinating part of his dream and he had dreamed of being a part of the feature films. At the completion of schooling, he obtained [[diploma]]s in [[multimedia]] and [[computer hardware]]. Later, he gained an advanced diploma in digital editing and [[audio engineering]] from Keltron Advanced Training Centre, Sasthamangalam, [[Trivandrum]].

==Career==
He started his career as a [[Cable television|cable network technician]] in his neighborhood. After 7 years of satellite communication service, he began his professional career as a [[video editor]] in [[Shalom (TV channel)|Shalom TV]] in 2008. He moved to [[Manorama News]] (MMTV) in 2009 and continued the same profession until 2011. He also served as senior video editor in [[Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor|Goodness TV]] from 2012 through 2014.

==Career in films==
In 2010, he committed for the first time to collaborate with a [[short film]] ''Will you be there?'' by Sandeep Kurissery and in 2013, he worked along with Sandeep as location sound recordist and editor for another short film ''Amguleechaalitham''<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3319128/ Amguleechaalitham] ''IMDb Database''</ref> ("Manipulated by fingers") by Prasanth Vijay. In 2014, in collaboration with Sandeep, he did the location sound for the first feature film ''[[Oraalppokkam]]''<ref>[http://news.keralakaumudi.com/news.php?nid=7de588903c7320001aba4bdea726bbac അവാർഡ് പിടിച്ചെടുത്ത ശബ്ദങ്ങൾ] ''P Sanilkumar-[[Kerala Kaumudi]]''</ref><ref>[http://southlive.in/movies-film-update/12778 ജനകീയ ചലച്ചിത്രവഴിയില്‍ ഒരുക്കിയ ഒരാള്‍പ്പൊക്കം തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072528/http://southlive.in/movies-film-update/12778 |date=4 March 2016 }} ''South Live News''</ref> ("Six Feet High") directed by [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]], that brought him the [[Kerala State Chalachithra Academy|Kerala State Film Award]] for the Best [[Sync Sound]] (location sound) in 2014. The following year, he committed his second project again with [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]] for his [[feature film]] ''[[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]''<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/mar/02/charlie-sweeps-state-film-awards-898624.html 'Charlie' Sweeps State Film Awards] ''[[The New Indian Express]]''</ref> ("An Off day Game") that carried for a second time the Kerala State Film Award 2015 for the Best Sync Sound. In 2015, he did the location sound for the film ''[[Savam]]''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208045155/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Preview-of-Shavam-on-Saturday/2015/11/26/article3146582.ece Preview of Shavam on Saturday] ''[[The New Indian Express]]''</ref> ("The Corpse") directed by Don Palathra. He recorded the location sound for the Marathi/Hindi film ''Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani?''<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5030116/ Eli Eli Lama Sabacthani?] ''IMDb Database''</ref> ("The Forsaken") directed by Jiju Antony in 2016. He worked as location sound recordist, sound designer (along with Sandeep Kurissery) and film editor in the feature film [[Athisayangalude Venal]] ("The Summer of Miracles") directed by Prasanth Vijay in 2017.

==Personal life==
Jiji is married to Sonia. The couple have two children, [[Elon (name)|Elon]] J Joseph and [[Eian (name)|Eian]] J Joseph. He belongs from Chotty, a small village situated between Kanjirappally and [[Mundakayam]], in the district of [[Kottayam]], Kerala, India. He lives in [[Taunton]], [[Somerset]], [[United Kingdom]].

==Filmography and awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Category
! Roles
! Achievements
|-
|2010
|Will you be there?<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6j07MhTDGcU Will you be there?]'' Watch Short Film''</ref>
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[Short Film]]
|[[Film editing|Editor]]
|
|-
|2013
|Amguleechaalitham (Manipulated By Fingers)<ref>[https://vimeo.com/57316277 Amguleechaalitham] ''Official Trailer''</ref>
|Malayalam
|Short Film
|[[Production sound mixer|Location sound]] and editor
|
|-
|2014
|[[Oraalppokkam]] (Six Feet High)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3WdPuKyJaI/ Oraalppokkam] ''Official Trailer''</ref>
|Malayalam
|[[Feature Film]]
|Location sound
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|-
|2015
|[[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]] (An Off-Day Game)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqllqX2DDAc&t=123s/ Ozhivudivasathe Kali] ''Full Movie''</ref>
|Malayalam
|Feature Film
|Location sound
|Kerala State Film Award
|-
|2015
|[[Savam]] (The Corpse)
|Malayalam
|Feature Film
|Location sound, [[sound mixing]], [[Sound design]]er
|
|-
|2016
|Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani? (The Forsaken)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRKQvuKa8ZEPreview Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani?] ''Official Trailer''</ref>
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]-[[Hindi]]
|Feature Film
|Location sound
|
|-
|2017
|Prathibhasam (The Tetrahedron)<ref>[https://iffk.in/the-tetrahedron-prathibhasam/ Prathibhasam (The Tetrahedron)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041348/https://iffk.in/the-tetrahedron-prathibhasam/ |date=21 December 2018 }} "IFFK 2018"</ref>
|Malayalam
|Feature Film
|Location sound
|
|-
|2017
|[[Athisayangalude Venal]] (The Summer of Miracles)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCdIIz9k5Go Athisayangalude Venal] ''Official Trailer''</ref>
|Malayalam
|Feature Film
|Location sound, film editor, sound designer and [[associate producer]]
|
|-
|2018
|Rosa Lima<ref>[http://filmocracy.in/rosa-lima Filmocracy Foundation]</ref>
|Malayalam
|Short Film
|Location sound, sound designer
|
|-
|2019
|[[1956, Central Travancore|1956, Madhyathiruvithamkoor]]
|Malayalam
|Feature film
|Location sound
|
|}

==Film festivals==
*Eli Eli Lama Sabacthani - [[Mumbai Film Festival]] - Official Selection, October 2017
*Athisayangalude Venal - Mumbai Film Festival - Official Selection, October 2017
*Athisayangalude Venal - [[Kerala Film Festival]] - Official Selection, December 2017<ref>[http://iffk.in/the-summer-of-miracles-athisayangalude-venal/ International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508190514/http://iffk.in/the-summer-of-miracles-athisayangalude-venal/ |date=8 May 2019 }} ''Official Selection ''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.m3db.com/artists/36854 M3DB Database-Jiji P Joseph]
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6072259/?ref_=nv_sr_1 Internet Movie Database] ([[IMDb]])-Jiji P Joseph
*[http://www.brownhorseproductions.com BrownHorse Productions]
*[https://twitter.com/resulp/status/631746797073858560 Congratulatory Tweet] [[Resul Pookutty]]
*[https://twitter.com/meenakandasamy/status/630791224123883521 Congratulatory Tweet] [[Meena Kandasamy]]
*[https://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive/awards/film-awards-2014 Kerala State Film Award 2014] [[Kerala State Chalachithra Academy]]
*[https://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive/awards/film-awards-2015 Kerala State Film Award 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920215236/https://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive/awards/film-awards-2015 |date=20 September 2017 }} Kerala State Chalachithra Academy
*[https://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/gallery/category/12-fiml-award-2015 Award Receiving Ceremony 2015] Kerala State Chalachithra Academy

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Jiji P}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian audio engineers]]
[[Category:Film editors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Production sound mixers]]

Chikka Tirupati

2026-02-23T17:53:05Z

Promotiondon: minor add section based on references and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Hindu temple near Bengaluru, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Chikka Tirupati
| image = Chikka Tirupathi2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Image of the gateway tower of the temple
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|12|53|44|N|77|51|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| location = 15 KM from Malur or 12 KM from Sarjapura, Bangalore
| elevation_m =
| deity = Venkata Ramana Swamy ([[Vishnu]])
Alamelumanga ([[Lakshmi]])
| facade_direction = East Facing
| temple_tank = Right side of the god
| tower =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =

}}
'''Chikka Tirupati''' (meaning 'Small Tirupathi' in [[Kannada]], with reference to Tirupathi in Andhra Pradesh) is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Venkateswara|Venkateshwara]], the Hindu god Vishnu. It is located in LAKKUR Hobli of Malur Taluk, in the outskirts of [[Bengaluru]] in the South Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is considered similar to the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupathi Venkateswara temple]]. Vishnu is worshipped as Venkateshwara and his consort Lakshmi as Alamelumangamma. Chikka Tirupati is {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} from taluk headquarters Malur, {{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on}} from ITPL and {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Koramangala.

The temple is open from 6.30 am to 7:30 pm (all days of week) and has four daily rituals at various times of the day. The Brahmotsava, the major festival, is celebrated annually during Shravana Shaniwaara during which the festival images of the presiding deities are taken in a procession around the streets of the temple in a chariot. The temple is maintained and administered by Sabha Administration Board.

==Legend==
[[File:Chikka Tirupathi3.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Image of the flagstaff and the second hall leading to the sanctum]]
The legend of the place relates to the episode of Kandava Dahana in epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. During the Dahana, Takshaka escaped the forest with little injuries and he cursed [[Agni]] (the fire god) to lose his divinity. As suggested by [[Shiva]], Agni prayed to [[Vishnu]], here in this region and regained his status.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chikka Tirupathi|publisher=Go Tirupathi|url=https://gotirupati.com/chikka-tirupati|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> As per another legend, the head of the village had a dream based on which the image of the presiding deity was dug out from a local pond. While carrying it in a bullock cart to the identified place where the temple was to be built, the cart broke in a place which is where the temple was built. As per historical records, the region was ruled by [[Gangas]], [[Chola]] and [[Hoysala]] dynasties. During the times, the place was called Kanikaranahalli, which went on to become Kanakapura.<ref>{{cite web|title=A mini Tirupathi in Karnataka|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/25/a-mini-tirupati-in-karnataka-471210.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=25 April 2013|last=K.G.|first=Sudheendra|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref>

==Architecture==
It is located 25 km away from Hoskote. Venkateswara temple is built in [[Dravidian architecture]] and the exact history of the temple is not known. The inscriptions in Mysore records indicate that the temple is a few centuries old. The temple has a 5-tiered ''[[gopura]]''. The temple tank is located north of the temple. The central shrine houses the image of Venkateshwara in standing posture. There are two precincts around the temple. From the entrance tower, the central shrine is located in the axis through the [[Dwajasthamba]] (flagstaff), pillar of offering and Garuda Mantapa. The image of [[Garuda]], the eagle mount of Venkateshwara, is housed in the Garuda Mantapa, facing the image of the presiding deity. The temple in modern times is administered by the Department of Religious Endowment, Government of Karnataka.<ref name=Deccan/>

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Chikka Tirupathi1.jpg|200x200px|left|thumb|Image of the shrine around the sanctum]]
The temple is open from 6 a.m. to evening 7:30 p.m. without a break and the temple is open throughout all the 7 days of week. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooje]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples in the nearby state Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alankaara'' (decoration), ''neivedhya'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradane'' (waving of lamps) for both Venkateshwara and his consort Alamelumanga. During the worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peetha|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.

The temple is considered holy as the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupathi Venkateswara temple]] and devotees from other states like [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] visit the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=The other Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/25/stories/2005062503540100.htm|date=25 June 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 October 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> As of November 2012, the temple had an annual revenue of {{INR}}1 crore. The Brahmotsavam, the major festival, is celebrated annually during Shravana Shaniwara during which the festival images of the presiding deities are taken in a parade around the streets of the temple in a chariot.<ref name=Deccan>{{cite news|title=Development work gives Chikka Tirupati a new look|location=Malur|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/291372/development-work-gives-chikka-tirupati.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=10 November 2012|accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref> An interesting part of this lord Venkateshwara idol is that it is an ''Abhayahastha'' (hand showing upwards as blessing) whereas in Tirupathi at Andhra Pradesh, the presiding deity's hand is showing downwards.<ref>{{cite news|title=Every Saturday, Sunday, Sunday, Sunday|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/district/chikka-tirupati-temple-to-be-closed-on-every-saturday-and-sunday-snvs-406629.html|date=4 June 2020|publisher=News18.com|accessdate=10 July 2021}}</ref> The chariot festival has been of historic importance and draws crowd from neighbouring regions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore Agricultural Calendar|page=11|publisher=Dept. of Agriculture, Mysore|year=1923}}</ref> Karaga, also called Mother goddess festival is celebrated in the temple annually. People go on a pilgrimage and as a mode of worship walk 15 to 20km from various villages to the temple. The devotees are fed by neighbouring villages during the event.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religion and Society, Volume 32|publisher=Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society|year= 1985|work=Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chikka Tirupathi}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kolar district]]
[[Category:Venkateswara temples]]

Little Angels High School, Srinagar

2026-02-22T14:05:36Z

Promotiondon: fixed layout per sources additionally and added references per standard format

{{Unreferenced|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Little Angels High School
| image =
| image_size =
| logo = Little Angels School emblem.jpg
| caption = Little Angels School Motto
| city = Raj Bagh, [[Srinagar]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.0674|N|74.8242|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| head_label =
| head =
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| established = 1992; 33 years ago
Originally 1986 (Kindergarten school); 39 years ago
| chairman = Amjad Agha
| founder = Amjad Agha
| principal = Faisal Agha
| faculty = Full time
| district = Srinagar
| grades = Nursery to 10th
| gender = Co-educational
| colors = White, Blue
| motto = Rise and Shine
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education|JKBOSE]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.lahsrajbagh.com/}}
}}
'''Little Angels High School''' is a private co-educational secondary school located in the Rajbagh area of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Established as a kindergarten school in 1986, it expanded to a full-fledged high school in 1992, offering education up to the matriculation level. The school is affiliated with the Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education (JKBOSE). Its motto is '''Rise and Shine'''.

==History==

Founded by Amjad Agha, Little Angels High School was founded by Amjad Agha and began as a kindergarten. By 1992, it had expanded to a comprehensive high school.

==Administration and organisation==
The school is currently led by Chairman Amjad Agha, its founder, and Principal Faisal Agha. Little Angels High School is a co-educational institution serving students from Nursery to Grade 10. The academic structure is divided into four departments:

* Lower Primary Department: Nursery to Grade II
* Junior Department: Grades III to V
* Middle Department: Grades VI to VIII
* Senior Department: Grades IX and X

The school operates a house system, with students divided into four houses named as: Red, Blue, Green, and Yellow. This system applies to both boys' and girls' departments.

==Academics==
Little Angels High School follows the curriculum prescribed by the Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education (JKBOSE). English serves as the primary medium of instruction across all grades. The school places a strong emphasis on spoken English, with a policy requiring all students to communicate in English while on the school campus..

=== Extracurricular Activities ===
Little Angles Highschool has the following extracurricular activities:
* Annual Cross-Country Run (for Grades I-X)
* Summer Camps (for Grades IV-IX), with specialized trekking expeditions for Grade X students
* Excursions (for Grades I-X) * Debates and Seminars
* Inter-house sports competitions, including football and cricket

==Campus and Facilities==
The school campus is situated in an urban setting within Rajbagh, Srinagar.

==Publications==

Since its inception in 2017, the school has annually published '''Bud Magazine''', a yearbook that documents school activities, achievements, and student contributions. Significant contributions are prominently featured from the Head Boy and Head Girl, who are annually elected to their positions through school elections.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Schools in Srinagar]]

{{JammuKashmir-school-stub}}

Chowki Choura

2026-02-15T06:18:24Z

Promotiondon: adding a stub - done

{{refimprove|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|Sub-Division in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Chowki Choura''', [[Akhnoor]], is a subdivision in [[Jammu district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].

Located {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} from Jammu and 640 km from National Capital Delhi, Chowki Choura is located in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]]. The town is located on the bed of Kali Dhar Range surrounded by Khadhandhara Valley on east side of it. The Chowki Choura used to be in Akhnoor Tehsil. On 21 October 2014 Chowki Choura was bifurcated from Akhnoor Sub-Division. Chowki Choura subdivision comprises Chowki Choura tehsil, Chowki Choura block, and Chowki Choura Education. It is also part of the proposed Jammu-Akhnoor-Rajouri-Poonch Rail Line. Chowki Choura Tehsil comprises Ghar Majoor, Chowki Choura, and Rah Salyote Niabats.

==Geography==
Chowki Choura, Akhnoor, Jammu is located at {{Coord|32.87|N|74.73|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Akhnur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Akhnoor]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|301|m}}. Chowki Choura is located at the right bank of the [[Tawi River]]. The Tawi merges with [[Chenab River]] at Kathar Village (Mera Mandrian Tehsil). On the north and east, the Shiwaliks, Kali Dhar and Trikuta range surround it. Chowki Choura lies on Jammu-Rajouri-Poonch National Highway 144-A about 28 km away from Akhnoor. It connects with Rajouri District on North, Reasi district on the east and Khour tehsil on the west.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chowki Choura had a population of 1,145. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Chowki Choura has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 56% of the males and 47% of females literate.

The languages spoken are [[Dogri language|Dogri]] followed by Gojri, Hindi and English.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130624190421/http://akhnoor.nic.in/tourism.html Akhnoor ] on Akhnoor's tourism portal
* [https://archive.today/20130624190417/http://akhnoor.nic.in/photos.html] Akhnoor Photo Gallery
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171205/http://jammu.nic.in/tourism/photogallery/akhnoor.asp Akhnoor] on Jammu's tourism portal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121221035954/http://www.ladakh-kashmir.com/cities-jammu-kashmir/akhnoor-india.html Akhnoor] on Kashmir-Tibet tourism portal

{{Jammu district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jammu district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Soundararajan Bangarusamy

2026-02-12T02:50:36Z

Promotiondon: creating a info - done

{{short description|Indian businessman|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=November 2024}}
{{Notability|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soundararajan Bangarusamy
| image = Soundararajan Bangarusamy Profile 3.png
| birth_place = [[Udumalpet]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|04|12|df=y}}
| occupation = Chairman of [[Suguna Foods]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-poultry-industry-seeks-export-concessions/88614|title=Tamil Nadu Poultry Industry Seeks Export Concessions|accessdate=28 March 2015}}</ref>
& [[Suguna Holdings]]
| parents = Bangarusamy Kamalam
| relations = Sundararajan Bangarusamy (Brother) Manonmani Bangarusamy (Sister)
| spouse = Vasanthamani
| children = Aarthi Soundararajan Vignesh Soundararajan
| website =
}}

'''Soundararajan Bangarusamy''' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/2205/chicken-dream.html|title=Starting with an investment of Rs 5000, he has come a long way selling chicken|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-jaguar-and-ritz-excellence-awards-honours-ten-coimbatoreans/article7522410.ece|title=Kudos to Coimbatore!|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 August 2015 |accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> is an Indian businessman and the managing director of [[Suguna Holdings]] Private Limited (SHPL), the holding company for the Suguna group of companies.

==Personal life==

Soundararajan is married to Vasantha Mani and has two children, Aarthi Soundararajan and Vignesh Soundararajan both are married. They live in Coimbatore.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2021 |title=The Weekend Leader - B Soundararajan, G B Sundararajan, Suguna Poultry Founders, Success Story |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/2205/chicken-dream.html |website=The Weekend Leader}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangarusamy, Soundararajan}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Food and drink in India]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]

Surada

2026-02-06T09:44:15Z

Promotiondon: improved information for clarity and corrected details after review

{{Distinguish|Surda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Surada
| other_name = Sorada
| nickname = SUD
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Surada-city.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Skyline of Surada
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.761959|N|84.438332|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sub-division
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bhanjanagar
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Block]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = Surada
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Surada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surada]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| established_title = First settled
| established_date = 1476
| founder = King Sandhadhanu Singh (Abhaya Pratap)
| named_for = Place of [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (Suras)
| government_type = [[Notified Area Council (N.A.C.)]]
| governing_body = Surada N.A.C.
| leader_title1 = [[Notified Area Council|N.A.C.]] Chairman
| leader_name1 = Sibasankar Panda ([[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]])
| leader_title2 = Executive Officer
| leader_name2 = Umesh Chandra Sahu<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/11-oas-17-ors-and-2-omas-officers-get-new-appointments-check-details/ |title=11 OAS, 17 ORS and 2 OMAS officers get new appointments, check details |access-date=15 February 2025 | work= Kalingatv.com }}</ref>
| leader_title3 = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name3 = Nilamani Bisoyi ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title4 = Member of Parliament
| leader_name4 = [[Anita Subhadarshini]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 84
| population_total = 14867
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 761108
| area_code_type = STD Telephone code
| area_code = 06819
| registration_plate = OD-32 (Old OR-07/OD-07)
| website = {{URL|https://www.nacsurada.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Surada''' (also known as '''Sorada''' or '''Soroda''') is a town and a [[Notified Area Council]] in [[Ganjam district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]].

==Geography==
Surada is located at {{Coord|19.76|N|84.43|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Sorada.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Surada]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|84|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

It is situated at the North-Western border of [[Ganjam district]] on the confluence of rivers [[Rushikulya]] and Jarau, bounded by [[Dharakot]], [[Belaguntha]], [[Bhanjanagar]] of Ganjam district and [[Daringbadi|Daringibadi]], [[Raikia]] of [[Kandhamal district]].

The approximate area of Surada Tahasil (6 [[Revenue circle]]s) is about 308.23 km2, Surada Block ([[Panchayat Samiti]]) is 97,474.15 Hectares while area of Surada N.A.C is approximately 15.15 km2 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.urbanodisha.gov.in/pdf/rfp-62-towns-web-site.pdf |title= REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL FOR CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR PREPARATION OF GIS/RS BASED COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN/MASTER PLAN FOR 62 TOWNS OF ODISHA UNDER 10 PACKAGES|publisher=DIRECTORATE OF TOWN PLANNING, ODISHA |date= 6 January 2023| accessdate= 2023-10-13}}</ref>
Surada Block consists of 26 [[Gram Panchayats]] with 270 villages in it, and Surada Town ([[Notified Area Council|N.A.C.]]) with 11 wards as an urban administrative body.

===Gram Panchayats under Surada Block===
[[Amrutulu]], [[Asurabandha]], [[Badabadangi]], [[Badagada]], [[Badagochha]], [[Borada]], [[Borasingi]], [[Bhagabanpur]], [[Ekalapur]], [[Gajalabadi]], [[Gangapur, Odisha|Gangapur]], [[Genja]], [[Gochha]], [[Gopalpur Sasan]], [[Goudagotha]], [[Hinjalakuda]], [[Hukuma]], [[Kulangi]], [[Lathipada]], [[Merrikota]], [[Nuagada]], [[Palakatu]], [[Raibandha]], [[Sarabadi]], [[Sidhapur]], [[Suramani]].

==History==
Surada is a combination of two [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] words ''Sura'' (devas) & ''adda'' (place) which means ''The Place of [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]''. According to the ''Census Report of T.J. Maltby of 1880'', the Khindirisrunga (ଖିଣ୍ଡିରିଶୃଙ୍ଗ) or Khidisingi (ଖିଡ଼ିସିଙ୍ଗି) estate was established by Raja Sobha Chandra Singh of Sabeijaipur in 1168 which comprised present day [[Surada]], [[Dharakot]], [[Sheragada]] blocks of Ganjam district (also includes some parts of [[Mohana]] block of [[Gajapati district]]). In 1476, Raja Baliar Singh divided Khidisingi into four different estates after the untimely demise of his eldest son. [[Soroda Estate|Surada estate]] went to his third son, Raja Sandhadhanu Singh.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Ganjam_Gazetteer.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiWkf7GlrCFAxXt7jgGHctoDcgQFnoECDEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3m741mhyuMwm7N4nuTtdN2 | title = Odisha District Gazetteer Ganjam | publisher = GOPABANDHU ACADEMY OF ADMINISTRATION| access-date= 2026-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Place name reflected in the inscriptions of Nala dynasty of Odisha |publisher=IJCRT |author=Nakul L Seth |url=http://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1801150.pdf |access-date= 2026-02-06}}</ref>

*[[Badagada]] – Raja Daman Singh (Baliar Singh's grandson from his eldest son)
*[[Dharakot]] – Raja Hadu Singh
*[[Soroda Estate|Surada]] – Raja Sandhadhanu Singh (also known as Abhaya Pratap)
*[[Sheragada]] – Raja Parsuram Singh (Minor) (Represented by Raja Baliar himself).

When [[Britishers]] annexed over [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], they put this zamindari under the administration of [[Madras Presidency]] which is mentioned in [[List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency]]. Subsequently in 1836, Britishers auctioned and abolished the zamindari rights of Surada along with Ghumusar over multiple mutiny and dues in tax payment. In 1936, Surada became part of newly created [[Orissa Province]] and since the [[independence of India]], it has been administered by the [[Odisha]] state.<ref>{{citation |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal Volume 6 |publisher=Prajatantra Press |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99984 |date=1957 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS KANDHAMAL |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Kandhamal_Gazetteer.pdf |date=2007 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS GANJAM |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3496e05e1aea0a9c4655800e8a7b9ea28/uploads/2018/03/2018032995.pdf |date=1992 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=British Administration in Odisha|url=https://historyofodisha.in/british-administration-in-odisha/|access-date=2026-02-06|website=Historyofodisha.in|date=13 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HISTORY OF ODISHA FROM 1803 TO 1948 AD|url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-18.pdf|access-date=2026-02-06|website=ddceutkal.ac.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=459090|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2017-12-30|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Surada had a population of 14,867. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Surada has an average literacy rate of 68.7%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 55.6%, and female literacy is 44.3%.

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Surada <ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having Census 2011-2020 in Orissa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/data/town/801867-surada-orissa.html |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|93.04}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|1.68}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|red|5.21}}
{{bar percent|Sikh|Blue|0.00}}
{{bar percent|Buddhist|orange|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Jain|gray|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Not Stated|Black|0.05}}
{{bar percent|Other|red|0.00}}
}}

==Education==
* Rushikulya Degree College<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rdgcollege.org.in/|title= Rushikulya Degree College|access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref>
* Keshab Panda Degree Women's College
* Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oav.edu.in/OAVSOR|title= Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya, Sorada|access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref>
* Rushikulya Higher Secondary School
* PCM Women's Higher Secondary School
* Binayak Public Higher Secondary School
* Rushikulya ITC
* Sashibhusan Govt. High School
* Govt. Girl's High School
* Technical High School

==Climate and regional setting==
Maximum summer temperature is 37 °C; minimum winter temperature is 17 °C. The mean daily temperature varies from 33 °C to 38 °C. May is the hottest month; December is the coldest. The average annual rainfall is 1250 mm and the region receives monsoon and torrential rainfall from July to October.

{{Weather box
| location = Surada, Odisha
| metric first = Y
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 26
| Feb high C = 29
| Mar high C = 34
| Apr high C = 36
| May high C = 37
| Jun high C = 34
| Jul high C = 31
| Aug high C = 30
| Sep high C = 31
| Oct high C = 31
| Nov high C = 29
| Dec high C = 27
| Jan low C = 14
| Feb low C = 18
| Mar low C = 22
| Apr low C = 26
| May low C = 28
| Jun low C = 28
| Jul low C = 26
| Aug low C = 26
| Sep low C = 25
| Oct low C = 22
| Nov low C = 18
| Dec low C = 14
| Jan rain mm = 15.50
| Feb rain mm = 17.40
| Mar rain mm = 21.70
| Apr rain mm = 21.00
| May rain mm = 40.30
| Jun rain mm = 156.00
| Jul rain mm = 310.00
| Aug rain mm = 294.50
| Sep rain mm = 204.00
| Oct rain mm = 96.10
| Nov rain mm = 30.00
| Dec rain mm = 18.60
| rain colour = green
|source= [https://www.msn.com/en-in/weather/today/suradaorissaindia/we-city?q=surada-orissa&form=PRWLAS&iso=IN&el=%2fWg6O2XTM6Cr3mxwv4KInA%3d%3d MSM Weather]
}}

==Notable people==
* [[Sashibhusan Rath]] - politician, newspaper publisher

* [[Sitadevi Khadanga]] - writer

==Tourist attractions==
Surada Dam, a popular picnic spot with a park, jetty, and nearby hilltop temples (Khunteswari and Siddheswar). Surada connects through [[National Highway 59 (India)|NH-59]] and [[State Highway 36 (Odisha)|SH-36]]. Located about 75 km from [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] and 47 km from [[Daringbadi]].

==Politics==
Surada is a part of [[Surada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surada Assembly Constituency]]. Current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Surada Assembly Constituency is ''Nilamani Bisoyi'' of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], who won
the seat in State general assembly election in 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S18129.htm| title= General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June 2024 Assembly Constituency 129 Surada (Odisha) |publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 2024-06-06}}</ref> Previous MLA from this seat Purna Chandra Swain of [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], won the seat in State elections in 2009, 2014 & 2019 thrice consecutively. [[Kishore Chandra Singh Deo]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won this seat in 2004, before that Usharani Panda of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] who won this seat in 2000, [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 1995 and representing JNP in 1977, Shanti Devi of [[Janata Dal|JD]] in 1990, Sharat Chandra Panda of INC in 1985, and Gantayat Swain of INC(I) in 1980.

[[Biju Patnaik]] had elected from Surada constituency in 1957 state elections.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s18/Partycomp67.htm
|title = State Elections 2004 - Partywise Comparison for 67-Suruda Constituency of Odisha
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|access-date = 2008-09-19
}}</ref>

Surada is a part of [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|access-date = 2008-09-19
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012916/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archive-date = 6 February 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ganjam district]]

Roads in India

2026-02-02T15:21:22Z

Promotiondon: fixed issues

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[File:India roadway map.svg|thumb|300px|Indian National Highway network map]]
[[File:2012 India highway density map for its States and Union Territories in lane kilometers per 100000 people.svg|thumb|300px|Indian highway density map in lane kilometres per 100,000 people {{as of|2012|lc=y|post=.}} Average lane kilometres per 100,000 equals average kilometres of road per 100,000 multiplied by average number of lanes per road for a country. India's average was 7.7{{nbsp}}lane km per 100,000, compared to 49 for Japan and 114 for the US.<ref>[http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=368 Table - Distribution of density of road network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124153134/http://www.morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=368 |date=24 January 2012 }}, Ministry of Roads Transport and Highways, Government of India (2013)</ref>]]

'''Roads in India''' are an important mode of [[transport in India]]. [[India]] has a network of over 6,617,900 km of [[road]]s. As of December 2025, India has [[List of countries by road network size|the largest road network]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/MoRTH%20Annual%20Report%20for%20the%20Year%202022-23%20in%20English.pdf |title=Annual Report 2022-23, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways |date=31 December 2022 |website=morth.nic.in |publisher=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110400/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/MoRTH%20Annual%20Report%20for%20the%20Year%202022-23%20in%20English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> At ({{convert|1.94|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) of roads per square kilometre of land, the quantitative density of India's road network is equal to that of [[Hong Kong]], and substantially higher than the United States ({{convert|0.71|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), China ({{convert|0.54|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), Brazil ({{convert|0.23|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) and Russia ({{convert|0.09|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=comma}}).<ref name="roadstats2020">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2020-2021|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report%20-%202021%20(English)_compressed.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116153226/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report%20-%202021%20(English)_compressed.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Adjusted for its large population, India has approximately {{convert|5.13|km|mi}} of roads per 1,000 people, which is much lower than United States {{convert|20.5|km|mi}} but higher than that of China {{convert|3.6|km|mi}}. India's road network carries over 71% of its [[Cargo|freight]] and about 85% of [[passenger]] traffic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2020-2021|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-06/FreightReportNationalLevel.pdf|publisher=NITI Aayog|date=1 June 2021|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811201737/https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-06/FreightReportNationalLevel.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, major efforts have been underway to modernize the country's road infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|title=India en route for grand highways|work=BBC News|date=26 May 2003|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3043235.stm|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-date=16 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016233427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3043235.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 31 March 2020, 70.00% of Indian roads were paved. As of 31 December 2023, India had completed and placed into use over {{convert|35000|km|mi}} of four or more lane highways connecting many of its major manufacturing, commercial and cultural centres.<ref name="roadstats2020" /> According to the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], as of March 2021, India had about {{convert|151,019|km|mi|abbr=}} of [[National highways of India|national highways]] and [[Expressways of India|expressways]], plus another {{convert|186528|km|mi}} of [[State highways in India|state highways]]. Major projects are being implemented under the [[Bharatmala]], a [[Government of India]] initiative. Private builders and highway operators are also implementing major projects.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Yamuna-Expressway-to-open-in-April-trial-runs-on/articleshow/12310774.cms?referral=PM Yamuna Expressway to open in April, trial runs on] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811170800/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Yamuna-Expressway-to-open-in-April-trial-runs-on/articleshow/12310774.cms?referral=PM |date=11 August 2017 }} ''The Times of India''</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gadkari-to-open-53-km-stretch-of-kundli-manesar-palwal-expressway-on-tuesday/story-owKAgOZkJYUtyVz2imqvTK.html Gadkari to open 53-km stretch of Kundli-Manesar-Palwal expressway today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923170652/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gadkari-to-open-53-km-stretch-of-kundli-manesar-palwal-expressway-on-tuesday/story-owKAgOZkJYUtyVz2imqvTK.html |date=23 September 2020 }} hindustantimes (5 Apr 2016)</ref>
[[File:Delhi-Meerut-Express-Highway-India.png|300px|thumb|[[Delhi–Meerut Expressway|Delhi-Meerut Expressway]], one of the widest expressway in India with 14 lanes]]
[[File:Red Road - Kolkata 2013-04-10 7739.JPG|300px|thumb|Red Road, a major 6-lane highroad in [[Kolkata]]]]

==Organization==

The Indian road network is administered by various government authorities, given India's federal form of government. The following table shows the total length of India's road network by type of road and administering authority {{as of|2020|3|31|lc=y|post=.}}<ref name="roadstats2020" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Managing Authority
! Length (km)
! Length percentages
|-
| [[National highways in India|'''National highways''']] || [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
|151,000<ref name="roadstats2020" />
|2.19%
|-
| [[State highways in India|'''State highways''']] || Public works department of state/union territory
|186,528
|3.00%
|-
|'''District Roads'''||Public works department of state/union territory
|632,154
|10.17%
|-
|'''Rural roads'''|| [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]s and [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana|PMGSY]]
|4,535,511
|72.97%
|-
|'''Urban roads'''|| Municipal corporations and municipalities
|544,683
|8.76%
|-
|'''Project roads'''
|Various government departments of states/union territories, and [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]], [[National Mineral Development Corporation|NMDC]] and [[Border Roads Organisation|BRO]]
|354,921
|5.70%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''Total roadways'''
|6,404,797 km
|'''100%'''
|}

== History ==
[[File:State Highway No.2 between Patratu and Ranchi.jpg|thumb|State Highway near [[Ranchi]]]]
[[File:Roadevol.svg|left|thumb|Evolution of Indian trade networks. The main map shows the routes since [[Mughal Empire|Mughal times]], Inset A: shows the major prehistorical cultural currents, B: pre-[[Maurya]]n routes, C: Mauryan routes, D: routes c. 1st century CE, and E: the Z-shaped region of developed roads.]]
[[File:Old Grand Trunk Road.jpg|left|thumb|A section of the Old [[Grand Trunk Road]], one of the oldest roads in Asia. Originally built by [[Ashoka]] and rebuilt by [[Sher Shah Suri]]. [[Kos Minar]]s (right) were used to mark major routes. ]]
The first evidence of road development in the [[Indian subcontinent]] can be traced back to approximately around 2800 BC in the ancient cities of [[Harrapa]] and [[Mohenjodaro]] of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]. Ruling [[List of Indian monarchs|emperors and monarchs]] of [[Outline of ancient India|ancient]] and [[Medieval India|medieval]] India continued to construct roads to connect the cities. The existing [[Grand Trunk Road]] was re-built by the [[Mauryan Empire]], and further rebuilt by subsequent entities such as the [[Sur Empire]], the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Star Shall Fall|author=Taylor|isbn=978-81-7223-066-1|publisher=Collins|year=1995}}</ref>

In the 1830s, the [[British East India Company]] started a programme of [[road metal|metalled road]] construction ({{a.k.a.}} gravel road), for both commercial and administrative purposes. The Grand Trunk Road – from Calcutta, through Delhi to Peshawar – was rebuilt at a cost of £1,000 per mile; roads from [[Bombay]] to [[Pune]], Bombay to [[Agra]] and Bombay to [[Madras]] were constructed; and a Public Works Department and the [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] were founded, to train and employ local surveyors, engineers and overseers, to perform the work, and to maintain the roads. This programme resulted in an estimated {{convert|2500|km|mi}} of metalled roads being constructed by the 1850s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=St. John|first1=Ian|title=The Making of the Raj: India under the East India Company|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313097362|pages=83–84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKoNdrBULtQC&q=indian+roads+grand+trunk+road+east+india+company&pg=PA83|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Das|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c.1784-1947: Project of History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume XV, Part 4|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131753750|pages=454–456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pks7BAAAQBAJ&q=indian+roads+grand+trunk+road+east+india+company&pg=PA455}}</ref>

In December 1934, the [[Indian Roads Congress]] (IRC) was formed, on the recommendations of the Indian Road Development Committee ([[M. R. Jayakar|Jayakar]] Committee) of the [[Government of India]]. In 1943, they proposed a twenty-year plan to increase the road network from {{convert|350000|km|mi}} to {{convert|532700|km|mi}} by 1963, to achieve a road density of 16 km per 100 km2 of land. The construction was to be paid in part through the duty imposed, since 1939, on petrol sales. This became known as the Nagpur Plan. The construction target was achieved in the late 1950s.<ref name="Hir">{{cite web|last1=Jagarlamudi|first1=Vishnu|title=History of Road Development in India|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/285233145/History-of-Road-Development-in-India|via=Scribd|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309035410/https://www.scribd.com/document/285233145/History-of-Road-Development-in-India|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1956, a Highways Act was passed, and a second twenty-year plan proposed for the period 1961–1981, with the ambition of doubling road density to 32 km per 100 km2. This second plan became known as the Bombay Road Plan.<ref name="Hir" />

In 1988, an autonomous entity called the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) was established by an Act of Parliament and came into existence on 15 June 1989. The Act empowered NHAI to develop, maintain and manage India's road network through National Highways. However, little happened until India introduced widespread [[economic liberalization]] in the early 1990s. Since 1995, NHAI has increasingly privatized road network development in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roadways in India - Road Industry, Network, Projects & FDI|url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/roads-highways|access-date=2021-09-07|website=www.investindia.gov.in|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921021152/https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/roads-highways|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Golden Quadrilateral.svg|thumb|[[Golden Quadrilateral]] connects the four major Metropolitan Cities of India, viz., [[Delhi]] ([[North India|north]]), [[Kolkata]] ([[East India|east]]), [[Chennai]] ([[South India|south]]) and [[Mumbai]] ([[Western India|west]]).]]
[[File:Nh76.jpg|thumb|NH76: Part of India's Golden Quadrilateral highway network]]
In 1998, [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP) was started by the then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. The flagship project of the NHDP is the [[Golden Quadrilateral]], a total of {{convert|5846|km|mi}} of four-to-six-lane highways connecting the four major cities of [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]]. The total cost of the project is {{INRConvert|300|b}}, funded largely by the government's special petroleum product tax revenues and government borrowing. In January 2012, India announced that the four-lane GQ highway network was complete.<ref>{{cite web|title=Govt declares Golden Quadrilateral complete|work=The Indian Express|date=7 January 2012|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Govt-declares-Golden-Quadrilateral-complete/896873/|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108133041/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Govt-declares-Golden-Quadrilateral-complete/896873|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nhai_progress">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|title=National Highways Development Project Map|publisher=National Highways Institute of India|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another important road project of the NHDP is the {{convert|7142|km|mi|adj=on}} four-to-six-lane [[North–South and East–West Corridor]], comprising national highways connecting four extreme points of the country. The project aims to connect [[Srinagar]] in the north to [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] in the south (including a spur from [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] to Kanyakumari, via [[Coimbatore]] and [[Kochi]]), and [[Silchar]] in the east to [[Porbandar]] in the west. As of 31 October 2016, 90.99% of the project had been completed, 5.47% of the project work is under implementation and 3.52% of the total length is remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/nsewimplementation.asp |title=.:NHAI:.Completed Stretches on Golden Quadrilateral |access-date=16 January 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101183843/http://www.nhai.org/nsewimplementation.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of May 2017, under NHDP, about {{convert|28915|km|mi}} of four-to-six-lane highways have been constructed (including the GQ and N–S/E–W Corridor), while a total of {{convert|48793|km|mi}} of road has been planned to have four-to-six lanes under the NHDP.<ref>{{cite web|title=About NHDP|url=http://nhai.gov.in/about-nhdp.htm|publisher=NHAI|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910102250/http://www.nhai.gov.in/about-nhdp.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL) is a Public Sector Enterprise(PSE) created by the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH), Government of India in the year 2014 to build highways in technical challenging and high altitude regions of the [[Northeast India]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]. It has the task to implement the Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE) in National Highways portion. The SARDP-NE is under implementation in Phases.

* Phase-A: Approved in 2005, it included about 4,099 km length of roads (3,014 km of NH and 1,085 km of State roads). The SARDP-NE Phase ‘A’ is expected to be completed by 2023–24.<ref name="SARDP NE MoRTH">{{cite news|url=https://www.morth.nic.in/sardp-including-arunachal-pradesh-package|title=SARDP NE MoRTH|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902165130/https://www.morth.nic.in/sardp-including-arunachal-pradesh-package|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Phase-B: It covers 3,723 km (2,210 km NHs and 1,513 km of State roads) of road. Phase ‘B’ of SARDP-NE shall be taken up after completion of Phase ‘A’.<ref name="SARDP NE MoRTH"/>

[[Bharatmala]] is a centrally-sponsored and funded road and highways project of the Government of India,<ref name="Ecotimes">{{citation|title=Bharat Mala: PM Narendra Modi's planned Rs 14,000 crore road from Gujarat to Mizoram|date=29 April 2015|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-29/news/61652753_1_crore-road-road-connectivity-road-network|work=[[The Economic Times]]|location=New Delhi|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917232112/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-29/news/61652753_1_crore-road-road-connectivity-road-network|url-status=dead}}</ref> started in 2017, with a target of constructing {{cvt|83677|km|mi}}<ref name=new1>{{citation |title=Ministry proposes construction of 20,000 km of roads under Bharat Mala project |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-01-09/news/69634613_1_draft-cabinet-note-finance-ministry-roads-ministry |date=9 January 2016 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=18 January 2018 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912111438/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-01-09/news/69634613_1_draft-cabinet-note-finance-ministry-roads-ministry |url-status=dead }}</ref> of new highways at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|5.35|t}}. Bharatmala Phase I plans to construct {{convert|34800|km|mi}} of highways (including the remaining projects that were under NHDP) by 2021–22, at an estimated cost of {{INRconvert|535000|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/bharatmala-pariyojana-stepping-stone-towards-new-india|title=Bharatmala Pariyojana - A Stepping Stone towards New India {{!}} National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-01-18|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118183227/https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/bharatmala-pariyojana-stepping-stone-towards-new-india|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Asia's longest high speed track, National Automotive Test Track was inaugurated in [[Indore]], which would be used to measure the maximum speed capabilities of high-end cars and other categories of vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2021|title=Javadekar virtually unveils Asia's longest high-speed track in Indore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/javadekar-virtually-unveils-asias-longest-high-speed-track-in-indore/articleshow/83951024.cms|access-date=2021-06-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629151634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/javadekar-virtually-unveils-asias-longest-high-speed-track-in-indore/articleshow/83951024.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

India's rate of road building has accelerated since 2010s. It averaged about {{Convert|12|km|mi}} per day in {{nowrap|2014–15}} and {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=}} per day in 2018–19.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/highway-construction-grew-20-pct-in-2017-18/1120576/|title=Highway construction grew 20 pct in 2017-18|date=2018-04-04|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-04-11|language=en-US|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001029/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/highway-construction-grew-20-pct-in-2017-18/1120576/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country's target is to build {{convert|40|km|mi}} of highways per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/highway-spend-set-to-treble-in-modis-term/articleshow/62482132.cms|title=Budget 2018: Allocation for highways set to treble in Modi's term - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-15|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115081626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/highway-spend-set-to-treble-in-modis-term/articleshow/62482132.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On July 21, 2021, the [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]] [[Nitin Gadkari]] said that India has created a world record of constructing {{Convert|2.5|km|mi}} of four-lane concrete road in 24 hours and {{Convert|26|km|mi}} of single lane bitumen road in just 21 hours as per the highest IRC norms and specifications of the MoRTH to ensure quality control. Also, an average of {{Convert|36.5|km|mi}} of highways have been constructed every day during 2020–21.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://falanadikhana.com/in-2020-21-highway-construction-has-paced-to-36-5-km-day|title=2020-21 में भारत में प्रतिदिन बनी 36.5 KM लंबी सड़क, अब तक सबसे बड़ा रिकॉर्ड|work=Falana Dikhana|access-date=2021-07-21|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721043056/https://falanadikhana.com/in-2020-21-highway-construction-has-paced-to-36-5-km-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, 64.5% of all goods in India are moved through the country's road network, 90% of India's total passenger traffic uses the road network to commute and the road network contributes 4.8% to the country's gross domestic product.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sood |first=Deepak |date=2021-10-23 |title=India's road network can pave the path to rapid economic recovery in coming years |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-indias-road-network-can-pave-the-path-to-rapid-economic-recovery-in-coming-years-2355010/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, India's road network became the [[List of countries by road network size|world's second largest]], after the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2023-06-27 |title=India's road network grows 59% in last 9 years: Gadkari |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/indias-road-network-grows-59-in-last-9-years-gadkari-11687870574906.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Mint |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917211352/https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/indias-road-network-grows-59-in-last-9-years-gadkari-11687870574906.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2013 to 2014 to 2022 to 2023, the country's road network grew by approximately 59%.<ref name=":0" /> In August 2023, the [[Border Roads Organisation]], a [[statutory body]] under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], began construction on the Likaru-[[Mig La]]-[[Fukche Advanced Landing Ground|Fukche]] road in [[Ladakh]], which on its completion will be the world's highest motorable road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Nisha |date=2023-08-19 |title=In Ladakh, construction for world's new highest motorable road begins. Details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-ladakh-construction-for-worlds-new-highest-motorable-road-begins-details-101692411157867.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915190706/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-ladakh-construction-for-worlds-new-highest-motorable-road-begins-details-101692411157867.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2023-08-18 |title=Higher than Umling La, world's highest motorable road coming up in eastern Ladakh, courtesy BRO |url=https://theprint.in/defence/higher-than-umling-la-worlds-highest-motorable-road-coming-up-in-eastern-ladakh-courtesy-bro/1719984/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120043258/https://theprint.in/defence/higher-than-umling-la-worlds-highest-motorable-road-coming-up-in-eastern-ladakh-courtesy-bro/1719984/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Growth of Road Network by Categories (km)<ref name="roadstats2020" />
!Road Category
!1950-51
!1960-61
!1970-71
!1980-81
!1990-91
!2000-01
!2010-11
!2015-16
!'''2020-21'''
|-
|'''National Highways'''
|19,811 (4.95%)
|23,798 (4.54%)
|23,838 (2.61%)
|31,671 (2.13%)
|33,650 (1.45%)
|57,737 (1.71%)
|70,934 (1.52%)
|101,011 (1.80%)
|'''151,000 (2.51%)'''
|-
|'''State highways'''
|^
|^
|56,765 (6.20%)
|94,359 (6.35%)
|127,311 (5.47%)
|132,100 (3.92%)
|163,898 (3.50%)
|176,166 (3.14%)
|'''186,528 (3.00%)'''
|-
|'''District roads'''
|173,723 (43.44%)
|257,125 (49.02%)
|276,833 (30.26%)
|421,895 (28.40%)
|509,435 (21.89%)
|736,001 (21.82%)
|998,895 (21.36%)
|561,940 (10.03%)
|'''632,154 (10.17%)'''
|-
|'''Rural roads'''
|206,408 (51.61%)
|197,194 (37.60%)
|354,530 (38.75%)
|628,865 (42.34%)
|1,260,430 (54.16%)
|1,972,016 (58.46%)
|2,749,804 (58.80%)
|3,935,337 (70.23%)
|'''4,535,511 (72.97%)'''
|-
|'''Urban roads'''
|0
|46,361 (8.84%)
|72,120 (7.88%)
|123,120 (8.29%)
|186,799 (8.03%)
|252,001 (7.47%)
|411,679 (8.80%)
|509,730 (9.10%)
|'''544,683 (8.76%)'''
|-
|'''Project roads'''
|0
|0
|130,893 (14.31%)
|185,511 (12.49%)
|209,737 (9.01%)
|223,665 (6.63%)
|281,628 (6.02%)
|319,109 (5.70%)
|'''354,921 (5.71%)'''
|-
|'''Total'''
|399,942
|524,478
|914,979
|1,485,421
|2,327,362
|3,373,520
|4,676,838
|5,603,293
|'''6,215,797'''
|-
| colspan="10" |Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage of total road length for that fiscal year.
|}

==Types of roads==

===Expressway===
{{Main|Expressways of India}}

As per [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]] and [[Indian Roads Congress]], expressways are [[controlled-access highway|access controlled]] [[highway]]s with a [[Dual carriageway|divided carriageway]], designed for high speed vehicular movement and heavy traffic.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://tis.nhai.gov.in/UploadGazatte/gazatte_notification.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308011759/https://tis.nhai.gov.in/UploadGazatte/gazatte_notification.pdf | archive-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Most of the existing expressways in India are [[toll roads]].<ref name="13e">{{cite web|title=Check out India's 13 super expressways|publisher=Rediff|date=July 2011|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-13-super-highways/20110705.htm|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426173444/https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-13-super-highways/20110705.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Expressways make up approximately {{convert|5,579|km|abbr=on|mi}} of India's road network, as of 2024.<ref name=ibef2010>{{cite web|title=India Roads – November 2010|publisher=IBEF|date=November 2010|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Roads_270111.pdf|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-date=5 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405224644/http://www.ibef.org/download/Roads_270111.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=13e/>

National Expressways Authority of India (NEAI) operating under the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] will be in-charge of the construction and maintenance of expressways.<ref name="toi_nov2009">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5259102.cms|title=By 2022, govt to lay 18,637km of expressways|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Dipak Kumar|last=Dash|date=23 November 2009|access-date=10 January 2020|archive-date=26 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126042422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5259102.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]] by [[Government of India]] aims to expand the expressway network and plans to add an additional {{convert|18637|km|abbr=on}} of expressways by 2024 apart from existing national highways.<ref name="dna_expressways">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_expressway-cost-pegged-at-rs20-crore-km_1381235|title=Expressway cost pegged at Rs 20 crore/km|work=Daily News and Analysis|first=Ashutosh|last=Kumar|access-date=16 September 2016|archive-date=25 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925082513/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_expressway-cost-pegged-at-rs20-crore-km_1381235|url-status=live}}</ref>

India's first 8-lane wide access-controlled expressway, the [[Delhi Noida Direct Flyway]] (DND Flyway), operational in January 2001, is an expressway connecting [[Delhi]] and [[Noida]] in the states of Delhi and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]], connecting [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]] fully operational in 2002, is India's first 6-lane wide access-controlled [[tollway|tolled expressway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/mumbai/ |title=Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India |publisher=Road Traffic Technology |access-date=2010-08-21 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002124346/http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/mumbai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rs 7,000-cr project to add more lanes to expressway, NH-4|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rs-7000-cr-project-to-add-more-lanes-to-expressway-nh-4/|access-date=21 November 2015|work=The Indian express|agency=Express News Agency|date=6 February 2015|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207043208/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rs-7000-cr-project-to-add-more-lanes-to-expressway-nh-4/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Yamuna Expressway]] is a {{convert|165|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} six-lane controlled-access expressway opened on 9 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/yamuna-expressway-from-delhi-to-agra-opens-10-facts-253115|title=Yamuna Expressway from Delhi to Agra opens: 10 facts|access-date=10 August 2012|archive-date=10 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810211126/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/yamuna-expressway-from-delhi-to-agra-opens-10-facts-253115|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 November 2016, the {{convert|302|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} six-lane [[Agra Lucknow Expressway]] was opened.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/eight-fighter-jets-to-land-on-agra-lucknow-expressway/articleshow/55412366.cms|title=Eight fighter jets to land on Agra-Lucknow expressway|website=Business Insider|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403024417/https://www.businessinsider.in/Eight-fighter-jets-to-land-on-Agra-Lucknow-expressway/articleshow/55412366.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/8-fighter-jets-at-opening-of-agra-lucknow-expressway-indias-longest-1627999|title=6 Jets Touch Down For Opening of Agra-Lucknow Expressway, India's Longest|website=NDTV.com|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904114335/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/8-fighter-jets-at-opening-of-agra-lucknow-expressway-indias-longest-1627999|url-status=live}}</ref> Under construction as of 2019, the [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]] is expected to become the largest expressway in the country. Several expressway projects, such as the [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]], [[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]], [[Surat–Chennai Expressway]], [[Delhi–Jaipur Expressway|Delhi-Jaipur Expressway]],[[Ganga Expressway]] [[Awadh Expressway|Lucknow-Kanpur Expressway]] are planned/under-construction.

The Trans Harbour bridge is the longest bridge in India and it will be opened on 12 January 2024, after Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurates the bridge. It connects Bombay with Navi Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11 | title=Speed limit 100 km/Hr, no bikes and autos: All about India's longest sea bridge | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112071751/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-photos-videos-cost-mthl-traffic-rules-mumbai-police-2487221-2024-01-11 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html | title=Atal Setu news: PM Modi to inaugurate Mumbai Trans Harbour Link today | date=12 January 2024 | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112071719/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-setu-indias-longest-bridge-news-pm-modi-inaugurate-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mthl-today-11705023137497.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===National highways===
{{Main|National highways of India}}

[[File:North-South East-West Corridors.svg|thumb|North-South East-West Corridors connects [[Srinagar]] to [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] and [[Porbandar]] to [[Silchar]]]][[File:NH75.jpg|thumb|NH75: Part of India's NS and EW Corridor highway network]]National highways are highways connecting major cities throughout the country with premium quality and are [[Intersection (road)|at-grade roads]]. National Highways are designated with NH, followed by the highway number. Indian national highways are further classified based on the width of the carriageway of the highway. India has around {{convert|150000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of National Highways as of April 2021 and is expected to reach 200,000 km By 2024 consisting of Top Notch Highways And Expressways.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2923|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> National Highways constituted 2.7% of India's total road network, but carried about 40% of road traffic, as of 2013.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |title=NDA regime constructed 50% of national highways laid in last 30 years: Centre |first=Dhananjay |last=Mahapatra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NDA-regime-constructed-50-of-national-highways-laid-in-last-30-years-Centre/articleshow/20869113.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 July 2013 |access-date=18 April 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924054702/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NDA-regime-constructed-50-of-national-highways-laid-in-last-30-years-Centre/articleshow/20869113.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, the government vowed to double the highway length from 96,000 to 2,00,000 km.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/national-highways-road-length-to-be-increased-from-96000-km-to-200000-km-nitin-gadkari/477303/|title=National Highways road length to be increased from 96,000 km to 2,000,000 km: Nitin Gadkari|date=17 December 2016|work=The Financial Express|access-date=27 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031037/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/national-highways-road-length-to-be-increased-from-96000-km-to-200000-km-nitin-gadkari/477303/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) and the [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL) are the authorities responsible for the development, maintenance and management of the National Highways in India. The NHAI has been undertaking developmental activities under the [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP) in five phases. From 2018, the pending projects under NHDP are expected to be subsumed under [[Bharatmala]]. The NHAI is also responsible for implementing other projects on National Highways, primarily road [[Landscape connectivity|connectivity]] to major ports in India.

The [[Golden Quadrilateral]] and [[North–South and East–West Corridor]] were major ongoing highway development projects in India.

{{anchor | LW | LaneWidth | Lane Width }}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+'''National Highway classification (as of 31 March 2020)'''<ref name="roadstats2020" />
!Lanes!!Length (km)!!Length share
|-
| Single-lane (3.75 m / 12.3 ft) or Intermediate lane (5.5 m / 18 ft )|| align="right" |29,693|| align="right" |20.49%
|-
| Double-lane (7 m / 23 ft without paved kerb) and (7.5 m / 24.6 ft with paved kerb ) || align="right" |72,281|| align="right" |55.05%
|-
| Four-lane / Six-lane / Eight-lane || align="right" |37,058|| align="right" |24.46%
|-
|Total|| align="right" |1,39,032|| align="right" |100%
|}[[File:Gujarat State Highway 6.jpg|thumb|Gujarat State Highway 41]]

===State highways===
{{Main|State highways in India}}

State highways are highways connecting major cities throughout a state and are also [[Intersection (road)|at-grade roads]]. They also connect with National Highways or state highways of neighboring states. State Highways are designated with SH, followed by the highway number and preceded by state code. As of 31 March 2020, the total length of state highways was {{convert|186,528|km|mi}}.<ref name="roadstats2020" /> As of 31 March 2020, [[Maharashtra]] has the largest share of state highways among all states (22.14%), followed by [[Karnataka]] (11.11%), [[Gujarat]] (9.76%), [[Rajasthan]] (8.62%) and [[Tamil Nadu]] (6.67%).<ref name="roadstats2020" />

State governments have the authority and responsibility to build state highways. Most of the state highways are developed by state public works departments. Independently of the [[Bharatmala]] program, state governments have been implementing a number of state highway projects since 2000. By 2010, state highway projects worth US$1.7 billion had been completed, and projects worth an additional US$11.4 billion were under implementation.<ref name="csh1">{{cite web|url=http://infrastructure.gov.in/pdf/Compendium_State_Highways.pdf|title=Compendium of PPP Projects in State Highways|date=June 2010|publisher=Secretariat for Infrastructure, Govt of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425145038/http://infrastructure.gov.in/pdf/Compendium_State_Highways.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===District roads===
[[File:Trivandrum Kerala India Road.jpg|thumb|A district road in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]

District Roads in India are approximately {{convert|632154|km|mi}}, of which 14.80% of the total length was surfaced.<ref name="roadstats2020" /> [[District Councils of India|Zila Parishad]]s also have the authority and responsibility to build district roads.

=== Rural roads ===
[[File:Bijupara-Khalari Road - Jharkhand 1648.JPG|thumb|A rural road in [[Jharkhand]]]]
[[File:Rural Roads in India (Chhattisgarh).jpg|thumb|A rural road in [[Chhattisgarh]]]]

Rural roads form a substantial portion of the country's road network, forming 72.97% of the total of roads, as of March 2020. As of the same date, the percentage of unsurfaced roads to the total road length was 31%.<ref name="roadstats2020" />

For the development of these rural roads, [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana]] (Prime Minister's Rural Roads Scheme) was launched in December 2000 by the Indian government to provide connectivity to isolated rural habitations. The scheme envisions that these roads will be constructed and maintained by the village panchayats. In some parts of India, the government has attempted to manage the programme directly as a local social spending program.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's boom bypasses the poor|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 April 2011|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704081604576143671902043578|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716054442/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704081604576143671902043578|url-status=live}}</ref>

In other parts of India, the {{transliteration|hi|Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana}} and a sister program named {{transliteration|hi|Bharat Nirman}} (Build India) have privatized the rural road construction projects and deployed contractors. The effort has aimed to build all-season single-lane asphalted roads to connect India's rural and remote areas. A significant portion of funding for these projects has come from the [[World Bank]] and the [[Asian Development Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New all weather roads boost rural incomes, India|publisher=The World Bank|year=2009|url=http://go.worldbank.org/JRKRCR0H50|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711133246/http://go.worldbank.org/JRKRCR0H50|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Growth of Rural Road Network (km)<ref name=pmgsy>{{cite web|title=Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) including Bharat Nirman (Rural Connectivity) Program Review|date=July 2011|publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India|url=http://rural.nic.in/sites/presentations.asp|access-date=3 February 2012|archive-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204121154/http://rural.nic.in/sites/presentations.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! !! Length 2001 !! Length 2011 !! Length 2021
|-
| Total rural roads || 2.7 million || 3.1 million || 4.5 million
|-
| Paved unmaintained rural roads || 0.5 million || ||
|-
| Unpaved rural roads || 2.2 million || 1.9 million ||
|-
| Paved maintained rural roads || || 728,871 ||
|-
| New rural roads || 322,900 || 82,743 || 1,500,000
|}

=== Border roads ===
{{See also|India-China Border Roads|Ministry_of_Development_of_North_Eastern_Region#Projects|l2=Northeast connectivity projects}}Border Roads are the roads constructed along the [[Borders of India|northern and northeastern borders]] of the country. These roads are constructed and maintained by Border Roads Organisation (BRO) which was set up in 1960 by the government of India. BRO is regarded as a symbol of nation building, national integration and an inseparable component in maintaining the security of the country.

==Stakeholders==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Major stakeholders in construction and maintenance of roads in India
! Sl. No.
! Stakeholder
! Type
! Responsibility
|-
| 1
| [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH)
| [[List of ministries and departments of the Government of India|Central Government Ministry]]
| Policy making, funding, planning, and oversight of [[National highways of India|National Highways]]
|-
| 2
| [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
| Statutory Authority
| Development, maintenance, and management of [[National Highways]]
|-
| 3
| State Public Works Departments (PWDs)
| [[State governments of India|State Government]] Departments
| Construction and maintenance of State Highways, Major District Roads, and rural roads
|-
| 4
| [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO)
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]]/Engineering Organisation
| Construction and maintenance of roads in border areas and strategic locations
|-
| 5
| [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited|National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd]] (NHIDCL)
| Government-owned Company
| Development of highways in difficult and remote regions (e.g., [[Northeast India|Northeast]], hilly areas)
|-
| 6
| Rural Development Departments (under [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana]] - PMGSY)
| [[Government of India|Central]]/[[State governments of India|State]] Joint Initiative
| Rural road connectivity and maintenance
|-
| 7
| [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] ([[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Municipality#India|Municipalities]])
| [[Local government in India|Local Government]]
| Construction and maintenance of urban roads and streets
|-
| 8
| Private Sector (under PPP, BOT, HAM models)
| Private Companies
| Construction, operation, and maintenance of roads and expressways through public-private partnerships
|-
| 10
| [[District council (India)|Zilla Panchayats]] and [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| [[Panchayati raj in India|Local Rural Bodies]]
| Maintenance of village and internal rural roads
|}
==Congestion==

India's intra-city vehicle speed is among the lowest in the world. As per a study by [[Ola Cabs]], in 2017, the average traffic speed in [[Delhi]] was {{convert|25|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/surprise-surprise-bengaluru-traffic-speed-slowest-says-study-ola-73943|title=Surprise Surprise, Bengaluru traffic speed slowest says study by Ola|date=2017-12-30|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213184952/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/surprise-surprise-bengaluru-traffic-speed-slowest-says-study-ola-73943|url-status=live}}</ref> Amongst other major cities, the average traffic speed in [[Chennai]] was {{convert|18.9|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, in [[Mumbai]] was {{convert|20.7|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, in [[Kolkata]] was {{convert|19.2|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, in [[Hyderabad]] was {{convert|18.5|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, and in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] was {{convert|17.2|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1" />

== Fatalities ==
The [[World Health Organization]]'s compilation of road network safety data for major economies found India to have the highest number of road fatalities in the world, with 299,091 deaths caused by road accidents in 2016. Also, fatalities per 100,000 population stay among the highest, at 22.6.<ref name="World Health Organization">{{cite web|title=Global Status Report on Road Safety|year=2018|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019024257/https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Of total fatalities, 40% were of riders of 2 or 3 wheelers, 18% were of drivers and passengers of 4-wheeled cars and light vehicles, 18% were of drivers and passengers of buses and heavy trucks, 10% of pedestrians, 2% of cyclists and 13% of other.<ref name="World Health Organization"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Roads}}
* [[Indian Roads Congress]]
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[2010 renumbering of national highways in India]]
* [[Expressways of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Roads in India}}
* [https://www.top01to10.com/2020/01/status-of-road-in-our-countryindia.html Classification of roads in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130013839/https://www.top01to10.com/2020/01/status-of-road-in-our-countryindia.html |date=30 November 2020 }}
* [https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/rural-roads-sdgs.pdf Impact of roads on the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in India]


{{Highways in India}}
{{Road types}}
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Roads in India| ]]
[[Category:Road transport in India]]

Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti

2026-02-01T02:39:49Z

Promotiondon: adding the data w/ refs

{{Short description|Bengali quiz show}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{Not to be confused with|Ke Hotey Chay Kotipoti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|Bengali|কে হবে বাংলার কোটিপতি}}
| image = Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti.png
| genre = [[Game show|Quiz show]]
| presenter = {{ubl|[[Sourav Ganguly]] (2011)|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] (2018)}}
| composer = Keith and Matthew Strachan Ramon Covalo and Nick Magnus
| country = India
| num_seasons = 2
| language = Bengali
| channel = [[Mahuaa Bangla]] (2011) [[Colors Bangla]] (2018)
| related = ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''
| num_episodes = 85
| first_aired = {{Start date|2011|06|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti''''' (transliterated: ''Kē kabē bānlāra kōṭipati''), '''KHBK''' or '''KBC Bangla''', is one of the 9 Indian versions for Bengali-speaking peoples based on the original British game show ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' It premiered on 4 June 2011, on [[Mahuaa Bangla]] channel hosted by [[Sourav Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sourav's in the hotseat for KBC Bangla |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/souravs-in-the-hotseat-for-kbc-bangla/articleshow/8133403.cms |access-date=2022-06-11 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> In 2018, this show returned to air with new host [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Prosenjit Chatterjee confirmed as host of Bengali version of 'Kaun Banega Crorepati'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/880597/prosenjit-chatterjee-confirmed-as-host-of-bengali-version-of-kaun-banega-crorepati|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prosenjit Chatterjee's films set to entertain on his birthday - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/prosenjit-chatterjees-films-set-to-entertain-on-his-birthday/articleshow/86614416.cms|access-date=2021-10-02|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-29|title=আসছে 'কে হবে বাংলার কোটিপতি?' সঞ্চালনার দায়িত্বে প্রসেনজিৎ|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/prosenjit-chattapadhya-to-host-ke-hobe-banglar-kotipoti-show_199184.html|access-date=2021-10-02|website=[[Zee 24 Ghanta|Zee24Ghanta.com]]}}</ref> This version is the Indian version (also Marathi và Bhoupuji version) where the questions are only in the [[Bengali language|local language]] and not asked again in English.

== Lifelines ==

* '''Audience Poll''':- If any contestant would use this lifeline, the host would repeat the question to the audience. The studio audience would get 10 seconds to answer the question. Audience members would use touchpads to give the answer what they believe. After the audience would have chosen their choices, their choices would be displayed to the contestant in percentages in bar-graph format and also shown on the monitors screens of the host and contestant, as well as the TV viewers.
* '''50:50''' (''Fifty-fifty''):- If the contestant would use this lifeline, the host would ask the computer to remove two of the wrong answers. This would remain one right answer and one wrong answer. This would help a contestant giving 50% chance of answering the correct answer.
* '''Phone A Friend''':- If the contestant would use this lifeline, the contestant would be allowed to call one of the three pre-arranged friends, who all have to provide their phone numbers in advance. The host would usually be started off by talking to the contestant's friend and introduces him/her to the viewers. After the introduction, the host would hand the phone call over to the contestant, who then immediately had 30 seconds to ask and hope for a reply from their friend.

== Rules ==
===Fastest Finger First===
===Main game===
Similar to another India version, the show used clock format. In season 1, every contestant had a time limit: 30 seconds for questions 1-5, and 45 seconds for questions 6-10. On questions 11-15, it goes away, giving the contestant as much time as they need to answer the questions. But in season 2, every contestant had clock: 45 seconds for answer the questions 1-5, 60 seconds for answer the questions 6-10 and for questions 11-15, clock disappeared (similar to season 1).

== Money Tree ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Question Number
!Winnings for right answer
!Winnings if walk away
!Winning for wrong answer
|-
|1
|'''₹1,000/-'''
|'''₹0/-'''
|'''₹0/-'''
|-
|2
|'''₹2,000/-'''
|'''₹1,000/-'''
|'''₹0/-'''
|-
|3
|'''₹3,000/-'''
|'''₹2,000/-'''
|'''₹0/-'''
|-
|4
|'''₹5,000/-'''
|'''₹3,000/-'''
|'''₹0/-'''
|-
|5
|'''₹10,000/- (guaranteed sum)'''
|'''₹5,000/-'''
|'''₹0/-'''
|-
|6
|'''₹20,000/-'''
|'''₹10,000/-'''
|'''₹10,000/-'''
|-
|7
|'''₹40,000/-'''
|'''₹20,000/-'''
|'''₹10,000/-'''
|-
|8
|'''₹80,000/-'''
|'''₹40,000/-'''
|'''₹10,000/-'''
|-
|9
|'''₹1,60,000/-'''
|'''₹80,000/-'''
|'''₹10,000/-'''
|-
|10
|'''₹3,20,000/- (guaranteed sum)'''''''''
|'''₹1,60,000/-'''''''''
|'''₹10,000/-'''
|-
|11
|'''₹6,40,000/-'''
|'''₹3,20,000/-'''
|'''₹3,20,000/-'''
|-
|12
|'''₹12,50,000/-'''
|'''₹6,40,000/-'''
|'''₹3,20,000/-'''
|-
|13
|'''₹25,00,000/-'''
|'''₹12,50,000/-'''
|'''₹3,20,000/-'''
|-
|14
|'''₹50,00,000/-'''
|'''₹25,00,000/-'''
|'''₹3,20,000/-'''
|-
|15
|'''₹1,00,00,000/-'''
|'''₹50,00,000/-'''
|'''₹3,20,000/-'''
|}

== Winners ==

=== Top Prize Winners ===

* [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Kiran Rao]] (8 July 2011)

=== Rs. 50,00,000/- winners ===

* [[Rani Mukerji|Rani Mukherjee]] (12 August 2011)

=== Rs. 25,00,000/- winners ===

* Sayonti Goswami (22 August 2018)
* Jayanta Maity (28 August 2018)

=== Rs. 12,50,000/- winners ===

* [[Koel Mallick]] (17 June 2011)
* Sumit Bhattacharya (17 July 2018)
* Sohini Kayal (3 August 2018)
* Prabir Kumar Sarbar (15 August 2018)
* Pampa Chakraborty (23 August 2018)
* Partha Ghosh (30 August 2018)
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] (31 August 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soumitra Chatterjee to appear on 'Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/soumitra-chatterjee-to-appear-on-ke-hobe-banglar-kotipoti/articleshow/65603161.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Rs. 640,000/- winners ===

* Abhibrata Dey (19 July 2018)
* Payel Mukherjee (23 July 2018)
* Ranita Basu (27 July 2018)
* Indranil Bose (7 August 2018)
* Pratyusha Das (8 August 2018)
* [[Usha Uthup]] (17 August 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular playback singer Usha Uthup to appear on 'Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/popular-playback-singer-usha-uthup-to-appear-on-ke-hobe-banglar-kotipoti/articleshow/65424222.cms|access-date=2021-10-02|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Rs. 320,000/- winners ===

* Pranab Kumar (27 July 2018)
* Soumita Das (31 July 2018)
* Chitralekha Mondal (1 August 2018)
* Jashan Goswami (3 August 2018)
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] (10 August 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Srabanti Chatterjee to make an appearance on Colors Bangla's Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/srabanti-chatterjee-make-appearance-colors-bangla-s-ke-hobe-banglar-kotipoti-180809|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nusrat Jahan]] and Shraddha Rati (24 August 2018)
* Pankaj Goon (27 August 2018)

=== Rs. 160,000/- winners ===

* Prasoon Pal (20 July 2018)
* Sirsha Ray (20 July 2018)
* Payel Mukherjee (23 July 2018)
* Uttam Paul ( 22 July, 2011)

=== Rs. 10,000/- winners ===

* Prasanta Chakraborty (2011)
* Ashim Kumar Jana (18 July 2018)
* Dipyendu Ghosh (18 July 2018)
* Sagarika Ghosh (9 August 2018)
* Santu Jana (16 August 2018)
* Sajal Das (29 August 2018)
* Writambhara Das (31 August 2018)

=== Rs. 5,000/- winners ===

* Jayanti Mitra (17 August 2018)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?}}

[[Category:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]
[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]

Jui, Uttarakhand

2026-01-30T18:17:08Z

Promotiondon: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Ralegan Therpal

2026-01-22T16:50:55Z

Promotiondon: starting a details

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ralegan Therpal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmadnagar district|Ahmadnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = Around 2500
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 414306
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02488
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Parner]]
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ralegan Therpal''' is a village in [[Parner taluka]] in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, India,<ref>[http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=4099 Villages in Parner taluka-Glorious India]</ref> about 12 km from [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Parner taluka]]
* [[Villages in Parner taluka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parner tehsil topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Parner taluka]]
[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]

2017 Bengaluru Open – Doubles

2026-01-02T21:34:15Z

Promotiondon:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Tennis events|2017|Bengaluru Open|s
| champ = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Elgin]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan]]
| runner = {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Sabanov]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Matej Sabanov]]
| score = 6–3, 6–0
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| before_year = 2015
| before_name = Bangalore Challenger
}}

{{main article|2017 Bengaluru Open}}

[[Saketh Myneni]] and [[Sanam Singh]] were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

[[Mikhail Elgin]] and [[Divij Sharan]] won the title after defeating twin brothers [[Ivan Sabanov|Ivan]] and [[Matej Sabanov]] 6–3, 6–0 in the final.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# '''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Elgin]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Brydan Klein]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Scott Clayton (tennis)|Scott Clayton]] / {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jonny O'Mara]] ''(first round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Elgin|M Elgin]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan|D Sharan]]'''
| RD1-score01-1=5
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Geoffrey Blancaneaux|G Blancaneaux]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]]
| RD1-score02-1='''7'''
| RD1-score02-2=4
| RD1-score02-3=[5]

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal|S Nagal]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Elias Ymer|E Ymer]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2=1
| RD1-score03-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan|J Nedunchezhiyan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth|VS Prashanth]]
| RD1-score04-1=4
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=[7]

| RD1-seed05=3
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=Alt
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Vilella Martínez|M Vilella Martínez]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Bernabé Zapata Miralles|B Zapata Miralles]]
| RD1-score06-1=0
| RD1-score06-2=3
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran|P Gunneswaran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=WC
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|IND}} Suraj Prabodh {{flagicon|IND}} Nitin Kumar Sinha
| RD1-score08-1=2
| RD1-score08-2=2
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Tomislav Brkić|T Brkić]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ante Pavić|A Pavić]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|P Martínez]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Adrián Menéndez Maceiras|A Menéndez Maceiras]]
| RD1-score10-1=3
| RD1-score10-2=2
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timur Khabibulin|T Khabibulin]] {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aleksandr Nedovyesov|A Nedovyesov]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2=4
| RD1-score11-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed12=4
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Scott Clayton (tennis)|S Clayton]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jonny O'Mara|J O'Mara]]
| RD1-score12-1=4
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=[7]

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Sabanov|I Sabanov]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Matej Sabanov|M Sabanov]]'''
| RD1-score13-1=63
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed14=WC
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|IND}} Kunal Anand {{flagicon|IND}} Anvit Bendre
| RD1-score14-1='''77'''
| RD1-score14-2=4
| RD1-score14-3=[7]

| RD1-seed15=WC
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandril Sood|C Sood]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshit Sood|L Sood]]
| RD1-score15-1=2
| RD1-score15-2=5
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Brydan Klein|B Klein]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans|M Polmans]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''7'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Elgin|M Elgin]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan|D Sharan]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal|S Nagal]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Elias Ymer|E Ymer]]
| RD2-score02-1=3
| RD2-score02-2=3
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=3
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran|P Gunneswaran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]
| RD2-score04-1=3
| RD2-score04-2=3
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Tomislav Brkić|T Brkić]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ante Pavić|A Pavić]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2=4
| RD2-score05-3='''[10]'''
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Timur Khabibulin|T Khabibulin]] {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aleksandr Nedovyesov|A Nedovyesov]]
| RD2-score06-1=1
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3=[7]

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Sabanov|I Sabanov]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Matej Sabanov|M Sabanov]]'''
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2=2
| RD2-score07-3='''[10]'''
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Brydan Klein|B Klein]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans|M Polmans]]
| RD2-score08-1=1
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=[8]

| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Elgin|M Elgin]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan|D Sharan]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2=4
| RD3-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD3-seed02=3
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan|V Vardhan]]
| RD3-score02-1=4
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=[8]

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|BIH}} [[Tomislav Brkić|T Brkić]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ante Pavić|A Pavić]]
| RD3-score03-1=63
| RD3-score03-2=4
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Sabanov|I Sabanov]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Matej Sabanov|M Sabanov]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''77'''
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=1
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Elgin|M Elgin]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan|D Sharan]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Sabanov|I Sabanov]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Matej Sabanov|M Sabanov]]
| RD4-score02-1=3
| RD4-score02-2=0
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==References==
* [http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2017/7808/mdd.pdf Main Draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2017 Bengaluru Open - Doubles}}
[[Category:2017 ATP Challenger Tour|Bengaluru Open - Doubles]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2017 Doubles]]

INS Sindhudhvaj

2025-12-31T01:21:02Z

Promotiondon: adding new data first draft!

{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country =
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Sindhudhvaj''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder =
| laid_down =
| launched =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 12 June 1987
| decommissioned = 16 July 2022
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| fate =Scrapped
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}}
| type =
| displacement = *2325 tons surfaced
*3076 tons submerged
| length = {{convert|72.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|9.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|6.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| propulsion = *2 × {{convert|3650|hp|abbr=on}} diesel-electric motors
*1 × {{convert|5900|hp|abbr=on}} motor
*2 × {{convert|204|hp|abbr=on}} auxiliary motors
*1 × {{convert|130|hp|abbr=on}} economic speed motor
| speed = *Surfaced;{{convert|11|kn|km/h}}<ref name="Rosoboron exports - Project 636">{{cite web|title=Rosoboron exports - Project 636|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/submarines/project-636/}}</ref>
*Snorkel Mode; {{convert|9|kn|km/h}}
*Submerged;{{convert|19|kn|km/h}}<ref name="Rosoboron exports - Project 636"/>
| range = *Snorting: {{convert|6000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|7|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Submerged: {{convert|400|mi|km}} at {{convert|3|kn|km/h}}
| endurance = Up to 45 days with a crew of 52
| test_depth = *Operational depth; {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*Maximum depth; {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| complement = 52 (incl. 13 Officers)
| sensors = [[USHUS (sonar)|USHUS]] sonar
| EW =
| armament = *[[Strela 3|9M36 Strela-3]] (SA-N-8) SAM launcher
*[[3M-54 Klub|Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM]]
*[[53-65 torpedo|Type 53-65]] passive wake homing torpedo
*TEST 71/76 anti-submarine, active-passive homing torpedo
*24 DM-1 [[Naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedo tube
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sindhudhvaj'' (S56)''' was a {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}} of the [[Indian Navy]]<ref name=in-sg>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |title=Submarines of Indian Navy |access-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071559/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref> in service from 1987 until 16 July 2022, when she was decommissioned.<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Sindhudhvaj Decommissioned After 35 Years of Glorious Service to the Nation|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1842174|website=Press Information Bureau of India|date=17 July 2022|access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>

The name ''Sindhudhvaj'' means "flag bearer at sea". The submarine's crest depicts a [[grey]] [[nurse shark]]. ''Sindhudhvaj'' was the submarine to operationalise several indigenously built systems including the [[USHUS (sonar)|USHUS sonar]], the Rukmani and MSS satellite communication systems, the inertial navigation system and the torpedo fire control system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=INS Sindhudhvaj Decommissioned after 35 Years of Glorious Service to The Nation |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-sindhudhvaj-decommissioned-after-35-years-glorious-service-nation |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Indian Navy}}</ref>

The submarine also completed a successful mating and personnel transfer with a [[deep-submergence rescue vehicle]]. It was the only submarine to be awarded the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]'s Rolling Trophy for Innovation by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":0" />

As of July 2024, the submarine, weighing 2000 tonnes, is under the process of being dismantled at Steel Industrials Kerala Limited (SILK) at [[Azhikode and Azhikkal|Azhikkal]] in [[Kannur]] by 40 workers. The process will take 6 months to complete.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-07-07 |title=Kerala: Dismantling of INS Sindhudhvaj begins at SILK's Azhikkal facility |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/18/kerala-dismantling-of-ins-sindhudhvaj-begins-at-silks-azhikkal-facility |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=40 labourers to dismantle INS Sindhudhvaj weighing 2,000 tons in 6 months in Kannur |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/18/40-labourers-dismantle-ins-sindhudhvaj-weighing-2000-tons-months-kannur.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kilo class submarine}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhudhvaj (S56)}}
[[Category:Sindhughosh-class submarines]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built by Sevmash]]
[[Category:1987 ships]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]

{{submarine-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

[[kn:ಐ.ಎನ್.ಎಸ್ ಸಿಂಧುಘೋಷ್ (ಎಸ್೫೫)]]

Dharmapala of Bengal

2025-12-30T15:16:39Z

Promotiondon: adding new info

{{Short description|Pala emperor from late 8th century}}
{{about|Pala King|other uses|Dharmapala (disambiguation)}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Dharmapala
| title = Parameshvara Paramabhattaraka<ref>History of Bengal, Volume I (1943), R. C. Majumder, page 113</ref> Maharajadhiraja Vangapati
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Pala Empire|Pala Emperor]]
| predecessor = [[Gopala]]
| successor = [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]]
| dynasty = [[Pala Empire|Pala]]
| father = [[Gopala]]
| mother = Deddadevi of the [[Bhadra dynasty]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Ranjit Kumar |title=Matsyanyaya and the Rise of the Palas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bA88AQAAIAAJ |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: Humanities |year=1988 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |page=2}}</ref>
| reign = 770s – 810s A.D
| religion = [[Buddhism]]<ref>Hasan, Sahidul. "The Pala dynasty and Religious Pluralism in Bengal." Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology 8.1 (2011): 26–33.</ref>
| spouse = Rannadevi ([[Rashtrakuta]] princess)
| issue = Tribhuvanpala<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA62 |title=Ancient India, History and Archaeology |isbn=9788170173045 |last1=Ganguly |first1=Dilip Kumar |year=1994}}</ref> [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]]
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =
| branch =
| rank =
| battles = *Pala Tibetan War
* [[Tripartite Struggle]]}}
}}
'''Dharmapala'''{{efn|[[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhamātṛikā script]]: [[File:DharmapalKeshavaPrasati2.svg|50px]], Dha-rmma-pā-la;<ref>Extracted from the Bodhgaya stone inscription, ''Mahâbodhi, or the Great Buddhist Temple under the Bodhi Tree at Buddha-Gaya'', Alexander Cunningham, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924008747788/page/n157 Plate XXVIII, 3], 1892.</ref> [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ধর্মপাল}} was the second [[Pala Empire|Pala emperor]] of [[Bengal]] ([[Vangala]]) in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was the son and successor of [[Gopala (Pala king)|Gopala]], the founder of the Pala dynasty. Dharmapala was mentioned as the King of Vangala (''Vangala-bhūmipat''<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06117 |title=Epigraphia Indica, Vol-34, Issue no.-1-40}}</ref>) in the Nesari plates (dated 805 AD) of [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Vangala |title=Vangala |publisher=[[Banglapedia]] |last=Chowdhury |first=A.M |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> He greatly expanded the boundaries of the empire and made the Palas a dominant power in the northern and eastern India.

Dharmapala directly ruled over the present-day Bengal and [[Bihar]], and installed a nominee at [[Kannauj]]. The Pala chronicles also claim that several other rulers of North India acknowledged his suzerainty, but these claims seem to be exaggerated. Dharmapala was defeated twice by the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]], but each time the [[Rashtrakuta]]s subsequently defeated the Pratiharas, leaving Palas as the dominant power in North India. Dharmapala was succeeded by his son [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]] who further expanded the empire.
{{Pala Empire}}

== Reign ==
Dharamapala directly ruled over the present-day [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] regions.<ref name="Sailendra1999">{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA278 |edition=2nd |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=278–279}}</ref> Since the extent of Gopala's kingdom is not known, it is uncertain if Dharmapala inherited these territories or acquired them through conquests.<ref name="Ronald2004">{{cite book |author=Ronald M. Davidson |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 2002 |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&pg=PA53 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |pages=53–55 |isbn=978-81-208-1991-7}}</ref>

He also became dominant in other areas of North India, but the exact details of his victories are not available. It is known that he defeated Indraraja (or Indrayudha), the ruler of [[Kanauj]], who was a vassal of the Pratiharas. He then handed over the throne to his own nominee, Charkayudha, and held an imperial court at Kannauj. According to the Khalimpur copper plate issued by Dharmapala, this court was attended by the rulers of Bhoja (possibly [[Vidarbha]]), [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]] (Jaipur and north-east Rajasthan), [[Madra]] (East Punjab), [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] (Haryana-Delhi-Western UP region), [[Yadu]] (possibly [[Mathura]], [[Dwarka]] or [[Katas Raj Temples#Founding|Siṁhapura in the Punjab]]), [[Yavana]], [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]], [[Gandhara]] and Kira ([[Kangra Valley]]).<ref name="Nitish2011">{{cite book |author=Nitish K. Sengupta |year=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA40 |publisher=Penguin Books India |pages=41–42 |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4}}</ref><ref name="Sinha1977">{{cite book |author=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha |year=1977 |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&pg=PA177 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=177 |isbn=978-81-7017-059-4 |quote=Dharmapāla after defeating Indrāyudha and capturing Kanuaj made it over to Cakrāyudha, who was a vassal king of Kanuaj subordinate to Dharmapāla ... Dharmapāla was thus acknowledged paramount ruler of almost whole of North India as the Bhojas of Berar, Kīra (Kangra district), Gandhāra (West Punjab), Pañcāla (Ramnagar area of U.P.), Kuru (eastern Punjab), Madra (Central Punjab), Avanti (Malwa), Yadus (Mathura or Dwarka or Siṁhapura in the Punjab), Matsya (a part of northeast Rajputana) were his vassals.}}</ref> These kings accepted the installation of Chakrayudha on the Kannauj throne, while "bowing down respectfully with their diadems trembling".<ref name="Pramode_Vol1"/> Some historians have speculated that all these kingdoms might have been the vassal states of the Pala empire. Although the rulers of these regions may have paid obeisance to Dharmapala, but maintained their autonomy.<ref name="Susan1984"/>{{rp|39}} He was possibly the most powerful ruler in North India and was thus called ''Uttarapathasvamin'' ({{lit|Lord of the North}}).<ref>{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |year=1970 |orig-year=First published 1960 |title=Ancient India |edition=5th |page=568 |oclc=1000593117}}</ref>

The Kannauj dispute resulted in a struggle between Dharmapala and the Pratihara king [[Vatsraja|Vatsaraja]]. Vatsaraja defeated Dharmapala in a battle fought near [[Allahabad|Prayag]].<ref name="Ronald2004"/> Shortly after this, Vatsaraja himself was defeated by the Rashtrakuta king [[Dhruva Dharavarsha|Dhruva]] of southern India. After Vatsaraja's defeat, Dharmapala regained control of Kannauj, but was defeated by Dhruva.<ref name=Sen>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |year=2013 |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |page=20 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4}}</ref> However, soon after this, Dhruva returned to his southern kingdom, and thus, Dharmapala gained more than he had lost.<ref name="Ronald2004"/> He quickly regained his power in northern India.

According to the Monghyr (Munger) copper plate, Dharmapala offered prayers at Kedar (possibly [[Kedarnath]]) and Gokarna (variously identified with [[Gokarna, Nepal|Gokarna in Nepal]], [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna in Karnataka]], or a place in Orissa).<ref name="Pramode_Vol1">{{cite book |title=The Early History of Bengal |author=Pramode Lal Paul |publisher=Indian Research Institute |series=Indian History |url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/14288/218329_The_Early_History_Of_Bengal_Vol_I.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date=2014-03-28 |year=1939 |page=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329011504/http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/14288/218329_The_Early_History_Of_Bengal_Vol_I.pdf?sequence=2 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This indicates that his position as a sovereign was accepted by most rulers, although this was a loose arrangement, unlike the empire of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]] or the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]]. The other rulers acknowledged the military and political supremacy of Dharmapala, but maintained their own territories.<ref name="Nitish2011"/> One tradition also claims that [[Nepal]] was a vassal state of the Pala Empire during his reign.<ref>{{cite book |author=V. D. Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |year=1970 |orig-year=First published 1960 |title=Ancient India |edition=5th |pages=568-569 |oclc=1000593117 |quote=It is also stated in the Svayambhu Purana that Nepal also was a vassal state of Dharampala.}}</ref>

Sometime later, Dharmapala faced another attack by the Pratiharas. Vatsaraja's son [[Nagabhata II]] conquered Kannauj, making Chakrayudha his vassal. This brought Dharmapala and Nagabhata II into a military conflict near Munger. Dharmapala suffered a defeat, but in a repeat of history, the Rashtrakutas invaded the Pratihara kingdom. Nagabhata II was defeated by the Rashtrakuta king and Dhruva's son [[Govinda III]]. Govinda III then proceeded to Kannauj, and subdued both Chakrayudha and Dharmapala.<ref name="Ronald2004"/> Like his father, Govinda III then returned to his kingdom in the south.

Dharmapala ruled for about 40 years and was succeeded by his son [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]].

===Period===
Based on the different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, the different historians estimate Dharmapala's reign as follows:<ref name="Susan1984">{{cite book |author=Susan L. Huntington |year=1984 |title=The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-06856-2}}</ref>{{rp|32–37}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Historian
! Estimate of reign
|-
| [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|RC Majumdar]] (1971)
| 770–810
|-
| AM Chowdhury (1967)
| 781–821
|-
| BP Sinha (1977)
| 783–820
|-
| [[Dineshchandra Sircar|DC Sircar]] (1975–76)
| 775–812
|-
| [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] (1997)
| 770–810<ref>[[Satish Chandra (historian)|Chandra, Satish]]. ''Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2''. Har-Anand Publications, 1997. ISBN 978-8124105221.</ref>

|}

== Patronage to Buddhism ==
[[Image:Paharpur 03.JPG|thumb|[[Somapura Mahavihara]] is the largest Buddhist [[vihara]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] built by Dharmapala in [[Naogaon District]], [[Bangladesh]]; it became a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1985.]]

Dharmapala was a great patron of [[Buddhism]]. He granted 200 villages to [[Nalanda]] university and revived it. He founded the [[Vikramashila]] monastery, which later evolved into a great learning centre of Buddhism. Vikramashila had about 100 professors and was managed by a governing body of six members.<ref name="Bihar, Prof 1958, p.117">History of Bihar, Prof.R.Choudhary,1958, p.117</ref> The most celebrated name associated with the Vikramshila University was that of Buddhist scholar [[Atiśa]], who was greatly respected in [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dahiya |first=Poonam Dalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbU6DwAAQBAJ |title=ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA EBOOK |date=2017-09-15 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-93-5260-673-3 |pages=412 |language=en}}</ref> One of its rectors, Ratnakirshanti, a logician, was invited to Ceylon. During Dharmapala's reign, Buddhagupta was rector of the university.<ref name="Bihar, Prof 1958, p.117"/> Dharmapala built the great [[Somapura Mahavihara]] in Paharpur, [[Naogaon District]], Bangladesh. Taranath also credits him with establishing 50 religious institutions and patronising the Buddhist author Haribhadra.<ref name="Sailendra1999"/> [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] credits Dharmapala with building the monastery at Uddandapura ([[Odantapuri]]), although other Tibetan accounts, such as that of [[Taranatha]], state that it was magically built and then entrusted to Devapala.<ref name="Susan1984"/>{{rp|45}}

== Epigraphs ==

The epigraphs from Dharmapala's reign include:<ref name="Jhunu1993">{{cite book |author=Jhunu Bagchi |year=1993 |title=The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7RKoMeAtpUC&pg=PA2 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=8–9 |isbn=978-81-7017-301-4}}</ref>

[[File:Keshava Prashasti.jpg|right|thumb|Keśava Praśasti]]
; [[Bodhgaya]] Stone Inscription (Kesava Prasasti)
: Dated in the 26th regnal year, this inscription is a work of Kesava, who was the son of sculptor Ujjala. It records the establishment of an image of Chaturmukha (four-faced) Mahadeva and the excavation of a lake at the cost of 3000 ''dramma''s (coins) at [[Mahabodhi]].

[[File:Khalimpur Inscription of Dharmapala Part 1.png|right|thumb|Khalimpur Copper Plate]]
; Khalimpur Copper Plate
: Dated in the 32nd regnal year, this copper plate is inscribed by Tatata, who was the son of Subhata and grandson of Bhojata. It records Dharmapala's defeat of Indrayudha and the installation of his tributary Chakrayudha at Kannauj. It states that the kings of Bhoja, Matsya, Madra, Kuru, Yadu, Yavana, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kira (possibly [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]) attended the imperial assembly and approved it. It further states that Dharmapala granted four villages to a feudal lord called Naryanavarman for the construction and maintenance of a temple dedicated to the Lord Nanna-Narayana,<ref>{{cite book |author=Sikha Sarkar |title=Mother-goddess in Pre-mediaeval Bengal: A Study of the Evolution of Concept & Forms of Female Divinities |publisher=Niharendu Aditya |year=2001 |page=37 |quote=The Khalimpur Copper-plate, issued in the 32 regnal year of the great Pala king Dharmapala gives us the information regarding the erection of a temple of the Bhagavana (Lord) Nanna-Narayana by a feudal lord (Mahasamantadhipati) Narayanavarma. Scholars are unanimous regarding the fact that Nanna-Narayana is the name of Lord [[Vishnu|Visnu]].}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |title=History of Ancient Bengal |publisher=G. Bharadwaj |year=1971 |page=511 |quote=A temple (deva-kula) of the god Nanna-Narayana is referred to in a record of Dharmapala (B.2), while the Garuda Pillar Inscription at Badal (B. 20) shows its continued importance, during the reign of Narayanapala. |url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/13287/16/Chapter%20XIII_506-580p.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919091249/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/13287/16/Chapter%20XIII_506-580p.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> with the boundaries of the donated villages including a shrine constructed for the Goddess Kadamvari.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sikha Sarkar |title=Mother-goddess in Pre-mediaeval Bengal: A Study of the Evolution of Concept & Forms of Female Divinities |publisher=Niharendu Aditya |year=2001 |page=37 |quote=While describing the boundaries of the donated villages, the copper-plate grant refers to a small shrine constructed for the goddess Kādamvarī: "uttareṇa kādamvarī devikulikā khariuravrksaśca" (line 32). It is said that there is a small temple of the goddess Kādamvarī on the northern boundary of the village mentioned above. The name of this goddess is rarely found in the Epics and the Puranas.}}</ref> The ''dyutaka'' or emissary of this plate is ''Yuvaraja'' (Crown Prince) Tribhuvanpala.

; [[Nalanda]] Copper Plate
: This plate is partially damaged due to burning. The name of the donor is not clear, but his father's name is Dharmadatta. It records the gift of a village, Uttarama, situated in the [[Gaya district|Gaya]] ''visaya'' (district) of the Nagar ''bhukti'' (division).

; Nalanda Stone Inscription
: This inscription is a work of the artisans Kese, Savvo, Vokkaka, and Viggata. It is inscribed on a stupa sculpture with carvings that depict seated Buddha figures. It records Vairochana as the person who commissioned this deed, describing him as a brilliant and valiant man who lived during the rule of Dharmapala.

; Valgudar Image Inscription
: It records the dedication of an image of god Madhusrenika by Ajhuka, the wife of Sato, in the city of Krimila.

; Paharpur Seals
: These two seals were discovered from the [[Somapura Mahavihara]]. Both depict a [[dharma chakra]] flanked by [[antelope]]s, and state that they were issued by the monks belonging to a [[vihara]] at Somapura, which was established by Dharmapala.

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Bengal]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Pankaj Tandon: "A Gold Coin of the Pala king Dharmapala," ''Numismatic Chronicle'', No. 166, 2006, pp. 327–333.
*History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, p 44, Dr Majumdar, Dr Pusalkar

==External links==
*[http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Dharmapala.pdf Coin of Dharmapala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmapala}}
[[Category:Pala emperors]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]

Daund–Gwalior Weekly Superfast Express

2025-12-19T08:09:31Z

Promotiondon:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Daund–Gwalior Weekly Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
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| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|03|03}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Daund}} (DD)
| stops = 22
| end = {{stnlnk|Gwalior}} (GWL)
| distance = {{convert|1444|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 25 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering, On-board catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22193 / 22194
| speed = {{cvt|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| sharing = Rake sharing with 22199/22200 [[Sushasan Express]]
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22193 / 22194 '''Daund–Gwalior Weekly Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}} in [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}} of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is currently being operated with 22193/22194 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pagenotfound.cms?url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/article/2/20140228201402281008589212ec4c2ca/New-weekly-train-flagged-off-from-Pune-to-Gwalior.html New weekly train flagged off from Pune to Gwalior]</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1868&id=0,4,268 INTRODUCTION OF GWALIOR-PUNE WEEKLY EXPRESS Via VASAI ROAD]</ref>

==Service==

11101/Pune–Gwalior Weekly Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1368 km in 26 hrs 45 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-gwalior-weekly-express-11101/8357/76/740|title=11101/Pune - Gwalior Weekly Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

11102/Gwalior–Pune Weekly Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 1368 km in 29 hrs 05 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/gwalior-pune-weekly-express-11102/8358/740/76|title=11102/Gwalior - Pune Weekly Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== Route & halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chinchwad}}
* {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}
* {{stnlnk|Panvel}}
* {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Boisar}}
* {{stnlnk|Vapi}}
* {{stnlnk|Valsad}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Godhra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dahod}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Maksi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Shajapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Biyavra Rajgarh}}
* {{stnlnk|Ruthiyai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Shivpuri}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train consists of 18 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 7 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kanpur|Kanpur Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Daund to Gwalior and vice versa.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-gwalior-weekly-express-11101/8357/76/740 11101/Pune - Gwalior Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/gwalior-pune-weekly-express-11102/8358/740/76 11102/Gwalior - Pune Weekly Express] India Rail Info

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune-Gwalior Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Gwalior]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Krishna Chattopadhyay

2025-12-17T17:17:50Z

Promotiondon: adding basic entry added tags!

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}'''Krishna Chattopadhyay''' (1 October 1935 – 23 May 2009) was an Indian singer, who along with her contemporary Manju Gupta, was the leading exponent of the songs composed by [[Atulprasad Sen]], [[Dwijendralal Ray]] and [[Rajanikanta Sen]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-prolific-singer-krishna-chattopadhyay-dies-1258579|title=Prolific singer Krishna Chattopadhyay dies {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2009-05-24|newspaper=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-18}}</ref> She also sang compositions by [[Himangshu Dutta]].

==Biography==
Chattopadhyay was born in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Bengal Presidency]], (now [[West Bengal]]), [[British Raj|India]] on 1 October 1935, the daughter of Harendranath Chattopadhyay, who was also a well-known singer.<ref name=":1" /> She was tutored in music by her father and mentored by the renowned singer [[Dilipkumar Roy]], son of Dwijendralal Ray. She lived in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] for most of her life, becoming a very successful professional singer, known for her distinctive style. She gave music recitals in Calcutta and other Indian cities over many decades, performed in radio and television programs and recorded numerous albums. She died in 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090524/jsp/nation/story_11012734.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152125/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090524/jsp/nation/story_11012734.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2011|title=Voice of kabyageeti falls silent|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta|publisher=ABP Pvt. Limited|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Krishna}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:People from Krishnagar]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Sanghmitra Maurya

2025-12-06T11:53:39Z

Promotiondon: further corrected lead for clarity and added references per sources

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanghmitra Maurya
| image =File:Sanghmitra Maurya.jpg
| image_size =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 24 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Dharmendra Yadav]]
| successor = [[Aditya Yadav]]
| constituency = [[Badaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Badaun]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata party]]
| otherparty = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|1|3}}
| birth_place = [[Allahbad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Naval Kishore Shakya||2021|end=div}}
| children = 1 son
| father = [[Swami Prasad Maurya]]
| alma_mater = [[ERA's Lucknow Medical College]], [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]] ([[M.B.B.S.]])
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5135&lastls=17
| partner =
| education =
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Sanghmitra Maurya''' (born 3 January 1985) is an Indian politician senior bjp leader and a member of the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Badaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Badaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], defeating senior [[Samajwadi Party]] leader [[Dharmendra Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/badaun-up-election-2019-badaun-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage/411508| title=Badaun Election Result 2019: BJP's Dr Sanghmitra Maurya likely to win with a lead of almost 30000 votes| publisher=Times Now| date=23 May 2019| access-date=24 May 2019| archive-date=22 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822133032/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/badaun-up-election-2019-badaun-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage/411508| url-status=live}}</ref> She earlier contested in [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]] in 2014 as a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] but lost to [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Dhritrashtra-Syndrome-dominates-phase-III-in-UP/articleshow/33974831.cms | title=Dhritrashtra Syndrome' dominates phase III in UP | work=[[The Times of India]] | first=Ashish | last=Tripathi | date=20 April 2014 | access-date=2 April 2020 | archive-date=24 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624073400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Dhritrashtra-Syndrome-dominates-phase-III-in-UP/articleshow/33974831.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/in-up-elections-2017-spotlight-to-fall-on-these-eight-daughters-338157-2016-08-30 | title=In UP elections 2017, spotlight to fall on these eight daughters | publisher=India Today | date=30 August 2016 | access-date=2 April 2020 | archive-date=22 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822133034/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/in-up-elections-2017-spotlight-to-fall-on-these-eight-daughters-338157-2016-08-30 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The BJP party did not give Sanghmitra Maurya a ticket for the [[2024 Indian general election]] because of her father's feud with the party. Party selected Durvijay Singh Shakya who is current president of Budaun Braj Region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Durvijay Singh Shakya, the regional president of the BJP, is running from Badaun. |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/durvijay-singh-shakya-the-regional-president-of-the-bjp-is-running-from-badaun |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Maurya was born on 3 January 1985 in [[Allahabad]] city in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to politicians [[Swami Prasad Maurya]] and Shiva Maurya. She is a practitioner of [[Buddhism]].<ref name="TheWeek">{{cite news |last1=Awasthi |first1=Puja |title=Sanghmitra Maurya: Prescription for change in Badaun |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/06/15/sanghmitra-maurya-prescription-for-change-in-badaun.html |access-date=11 July 2019 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=15 June 2019 |archive-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621043216/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/06/15/sanghmitra-maurya-prescription-for-change-in-badaun.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her family converted to [[Buddhism]] from [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/04/dalit-buddhism-conversion-india-modi/557570/|title=Converting to Buddhism as a Form of Political Protest|last=Varagur|first=Krithika|date=11 April 2018|work=The Atlantic|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412123453/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/04/dalit-buddhism-conversion-india-modi/557570/|url-status=live}}</ref> She did her [[M.B.B.S]] in 2010 from [[ERA's Lucknow Medical College]], Lucknow, then under [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]].<ref name=Member>{{cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5135 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008061417/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5135 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Sanghmitra Maurya(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- MAINPURI(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=4415 |website=myneta.info |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307120018/https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=4415 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her husband, Dr. Naval Kishore Shakya is a Cancer Surgeon and owner of Lakshaya Cancer Hospital Lucknow who joined Samajwadi Party in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Another blow for BJP in Uttar Pradesh, State minister Swami Prasad Maurya's son-in-law joins SP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/yogi-adityanath-chief-minister-bjpswami-prasad-mauryas-son-in-law-naval-kishore-samajwadi-party-5101168/ |access-date=14 September 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 March 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822133037/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/yogi-adityanath-chief-minister-bjpswami-prasad-mauryas-son-in-law-naval-kishore-samajwadi-party-5101168/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They have a son.<ref name=Member/> Due to irrevocable differences, Maurya filed for divorce on 21 December 2017 in Lucknow and she was granted a divorce on 19 January 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तर प्रदेश: स्वामी प्रसाद मौर्य की बेटी और बदायूं सांसद संघमित्रा मौर्या ने पति से लिया तलाक |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttar-pradesh/badaun-mp-sanghmitra-maurya-divorce-with-doctor-naval-kishore-shakya-564780.html |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=TV9 Hindi |date=2 March 2021 |language=hindi |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822133033/https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttar-pradesh/badaun-mp-sanghmitra-maurya-divorce-with-doctor-naval-kishore-shakya-564780.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sangh Priya Gautam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5135&lastls=17 Official biographical sketch in Lok Sabha website]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurya, Sanghmitra}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Budaun]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Lok Niwas, Shri Vijaya Puram

2025-12-05T01:04:43Z

Promotiondon: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Lok Niwas, Port Blair]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

St. Peter's Church, Royapuram

2025-11-29T08:33:32Z

Promotiondon: creating a page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox church
|denomination = [[Catholic]]
|name = St. Peter's Church
|fullname =
|image = St. Peter's Church, Royapuram.jpg
|caption = Front view of the church
|pushpin map = India Tamil Nadu
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|13|06|30|N|80|17|44|E|display=inline,title}}
|country = [[India]]
|location = Royapuram, [[Chennai]]
|website = {{url|imetechs.com/stpeters/about.htm}}
|bull date =
|founded date = {{start date and age|1825}}
|founder = Gurukula Vamsha Varnakula Mudaliars
|dedication = {{start date|1829}}<ref name=hindu3>{{cite news|title=Royapuram: Wheel of time takes the sea away|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/royapuram-wheel-of-time-takes-the-sea-away/article6258846.ece|date=29 July 2014|accessdate=21 November 2015|location=Chennai}}</ref>
|dedicated date =
|consecrated date =
|cult =
|relics =
|events =
|status = [[Parish church]]
|functional status = Active
|architect =
|architectural type = [[Chapel]]
|style = [[Gothic architecture]]
|groundbreaking =
|completed date =
|demolished date =
|capacity =
|parish =
|archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore]]
|archbishop =
|priestincharge =
|priest =
|asstpriest =
|chaplain =
|logo =
|logosize =
|logolink =
|logoalt =
}}
'''St. Peter's Church''' is one of the oldest churches in Royapuram area of [[Chennai]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The original structure was built in [[Gothic architecture]] in 1829 by Gurukula Vamsha Varnakula Mudaliars, a group of boatmen who were serving the [[East India Company]]. They started building the church in 1825 and consecrated it in 1829 with contributions from the Secretary of Marine Board.

St. Peter's Church is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services and follows [[Roman Catholic]] sect of [[Christianity]]. The chapel was controlled by Vicar Apostolic initially and then split into two churches namely St. Peters and St. Antony's based on the two divisions of Gurukula Vamsha Varnakula Mudaliars, with the former supporting Irish Mission and the latter supporting Goanees. In modern times, it is under the dominion of [[Archdiocese of Madras]]. It is one of the most prominent landmarks of Royapuram.

==Architecture==
The church is built in [[Gothic architecture]]. The altar houses conventional Catholic images and prayer halls for the devotees. The plaques of St. Peter, St. Anthony, Jesus Christ, Chindadri Matha are housed in glass chambers in standing posture on the walls facing the devotees, while the image of Child Jesus is located in an open chamber around the sanctum. There is a school and set of shops located in the compound around the Church.<ref name=history/>

==History==
Royapuram is believed to have attained its name from St. Peter's Church. In [[Tamil language|Tamill]], Peter indicates Royappar and ''puram'' is used to denote place of residence.<ref name=hindu/>
Gurukula Vamsha Varnakula Mudaliars were a group of boatmen, who helped the naval ships reach the dock. They settled in Fort St. George in [[Madras Presidency]] around 1710. Around 1730, they were moved to [[Chepauk]], by which time the community grew as a prosperous one as boat owners, boatmen and fishermen in the region. During the war in 1746, when the French captured Fort St. George, the community fled with the British to Fort St. David at [[Cuddalore]]. The community moved back along with the British and were aiding the British in all the vessels that landed. They were thus favoured by the British East India Company. During 1829, Lord Edward Clive asked them to move out of Fort St. George and allocated 720 grounds of land at a place, which would go on to be called Royapuram. They started building a church in 1825 and consecrated it in 1829 with contributions from the Gurukula Vamsha Varnakula Mudaliars and Secretary of Marine Board.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Settlers in Peter's village|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/03/01/stories/2004030100080300.htm|date=1 March 2004|accessdate=22 November 2015|last=S.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Muthiah}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The administration of fund lead to litigation with the High Court.<ref>{{cite book|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume VI of VII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5dHEQ6nWAcC&q=st+peters+royapuram&pg=PT109|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|date = 28 September 2020|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=9781465582416 }}</ref>

The chapel was controlled by Archdiocese of Mylapore initially. Two factions of Gurukula Vamsha Varnakula Mudaliars developed over a period, with one supporting Irish Mission and the latter supporting Goanees. During 1848, the fighting intensified and the Goanees supporters built the St. Antony's church opposite to the St. Peter's Church. Residents in the area believe that the Church compound saved a lot of lives during the 1962 cyclone.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Chennaiites revisit Royapuram tales during Madras Week|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|work=TNN|publisher=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Chennaiites-revisit-Royapuram-tales-during-Madras-Week/articleshow/22069971.cms|date=27 August 2013|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref> The litigation continued during the 20th century when the legal battle between the Mudaliars and the Archbishop resulted in the Church getting closed for 14 years from 1935-49. It was subsequently ruled by the High Court that the income from the shops and schools around the Church were given to the Archbishop. There was a higher appeal in Supreme Court, which affirmed the rule of the High Court.<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=History of St. Peter's Church|url=http://www.imetechs.com/stpeters/royapuram_tam.pdf|publisher=St. Peter's Church administration|year=2011|accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref>

==Worship practises==
St. Peters Church was originally under the dominions of the Cathedral and later changed hands to Petiti Seminaire School Fathers up to 1860. The priests in the church were originally only French, but during modern times, Tamil people were also allowed. In modern times, the Church is administered by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Parish|publisher=Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore|page=7|url=http://archdioceseofmadrasmylapore.in/parish/|format=PDF|accessdate=21 November 2015|year=2011}}</ref> Mass is performed in the church at 6 AM during weekdays (Monday to Friday ).On Tuesdays, special service is offered for st.Anthony at 6 PM. On Fridays, Special services are offered for the Sacred Heart of Jesus at 6 PM. On Saturdays, service is offered at 5 AM and 6 PM, while on Sundays the service is at 8 AM in Tamil and 6 PM in English.<ref name=mass>{{cite web|title=Mass timings|url=http://standrewschurchpondy.com/masstimings.html|publisher=St. Peter's Church, Pondicherry|year=2014|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref> The festival of the church is celebrated during the Christmas times for eight days, starting with flag hoisting on 24 December and ending with a feast and religious lectures on 2 January each year. There are two feasts offered in the church: the feast of St. Peter on 29 June and the second for Our Lady of Voyage called Chitirai Matha from 29 August to 8 September. During the event, there is a car procession with the Church deities taken around the streets of Royapuram.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=Flag hoisting in Royapuram church|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/flag-hoisting-in-royapuram-church/article697799.ece|date=19 September 2010|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://catholicchurches.in/directory/pondicherry-churches/stPeters-church-Royapuram.htm St. Peter's Church]

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Chennai]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1829]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

Vijay Dutt Shridhar

2025-11-25T07:47:45Z

Promotiondon: creating new data

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Dutt Shridhar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bohani]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Journalist, writer
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Nirmala shridhar
| domesticpartner =
| children = Gaurav shridhar
Vaibhav shridhar
Vivek shridhar
Garima shroti
| parents = Shri Sundarlal Shridhar.

| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Bhartendu Harishchandra Award
}}
'''Vijay Dutt Shridhar''' is an Indian journalist, writer and the founder of Madhav Sapre Museum of Newspapers and Research Institute.<ref name="MXM India">{{cite web | url=https://www.mxmindia.com/2012/02/vijaydutt-shridhar-passion-for-the-printed-word/ | title=Interview on MXM India | publisher=MXM India | date=2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref><ref name="I Sahitya">{{cite web | url=http://isahitya.com/index.php/disclaimer/78-general-news/259-padma-shri-award-2012-in-sahitya | title=I Sahitya | publisher=I Sahitya | date=2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref> He was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=November 11, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Vijay Dutt Shridhar was born in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a former director of [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]] and has served as the editor of [[Navbharat Times]], a national daily in [[Hindi languages|Hindi]]. He has also been a member of the Press Gallery Committee of [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]] for around 20 years.<ref name="MXM India" />

Shridhar founded ''Madhavrao Sapre Samachar Patra Sangrahalaya evam Shodh Sansthan'' (Madhavrao Sapre Museum of Newspapers and Research Institute), a museum and research institute,<ref name="I Sahitya" /> in Bhopal in 1984.<ref name="MXM India" /> The institution started in a small rented place with the journals, newspapers and periodicals totaling 73 in number, donated by his teacher, Rameshwar Guru, has, over the years, grown to be housed in an 11,000 sq. ft facility holding 17,000 titles.<ref name="India Today">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19960815-lack-of-material-on-history-of-journalism-leads-journalist-to-collect-17000-titles-833733-1996-08-14 | title=India Today | publisher=India Today | date=2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref> It has since been approved by many universities as a research centre for journalism related studies and is funded by the state and central governments.<ref name="MXM India" />

Vijay Dutt Shridhar, who is involved in social activism,<ref name="Bharat Jodo Andolan">{{cite web | url=http://bharatjodoandolan.org/activities/ | title=Bharat Jodo Andolan | publisher=Bharat Jodo Andolan | date=2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref> has authored four books,<ref name="Worldcat">{{cite web | url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AMa%CC%84dhavara%CC%84va+Sapre+Smr%CC%A5ti+Sama%CC%84ca%CC%84ra+Patra+San%CC%87graha%CC%84laya+evam%CC%A3+S%CC%81odha+Sam%CC%A3stha%CC%84na+%28Bhopal%2C+India%29&qt=hot_author | title=Worldcat | publisher=Worldcat | date=2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref> ''Bhartiya Patrakarita Kosh'',<ref name="Bhartiya Patrakarita Kosh Vol. 1">{{cite book | url=http://www.landmarkonthenet.com/bhartiya-patrakarita-kosh-part-i-1780-1900-by-vijay-dutt-shridhar-books-9788181437495-20374246/ | title=Bhartiya Patrakarita Kosh (Vol. 1 - 1780-1900) | publisher=Vani Prakashan | author=Vijay Dutt Shridhar | year=2010 | isbn=9788181437495}}</ref><ref name="Bhartiya Patrakarita Kosh Vol. 2">{{cite book | url=http://www.bookadda.com/books/bhartiya-patrakarita-kosh-vol-2-vijay-dutt-8181437500-9788181437501 | title=Bhartiya Patrakarita Kosh (Vol. 2 - 1901-1947) | publisher=Vani Prakashan | author=Vijay Dutt Shridhar | year=2010 | isbn=9788181437501}}</ref> a 2 volume chronicle of the history of journalism in the Indian subcontinent from 1780 till 1947, ''Shabd Satta''<ref name="Shabda Satta">{{cite book | title=Śabda sattā : Madhyapradeśa meṃ patrakāritā ke 150 sāla : 6 Mārca 1849 se 6 Mārca 1999 | publisher=Madhav Sapre Museum of Newspapers and Research Institute | author=Vijay Dutt Shridhar | year=1999 | pages=238 | oclc=44128176}}</ref><ref name="DPR MG">{{cite web | url=http://web1163.165.new.ocpwebserver.com/mpinfonew/english/newsarch/2004/0604/19/n2.asp | title=DPR MG | publisher=Department of Public Relations, Government of Maharashtra | date=19 June 2004 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref> a historical narrative of 150 years of journalism in Madhya Pradesh, and the third one, ''Choutha Padav'', the history of Bhopal covering 1000 years.<ref name="MXM India" /> His latest work, ''Pahela Sampadkiya'', is an anthology of [[editorials]] appeared in various Hindi newspapers with Shridhar's commentary.<ref name="MXM India" />

Shridhar received the ''Bhartendu Harishchandra Award'' for his work, ''Pehla Sampadakiya'', in the Mass Communications and Journalism category in 2011.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=109493 | title=PIB | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=9 September 2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Indian Television">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/regulators/i-and-b-ministry/publication-division-needs-to-adopt-new-technology-e-commerce-javadekar-140910 | title=Indian Television | publisher=Indian Television | date=10 September 2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref> The next year, in 2012, the [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication|M C N University of Journalism and Communication]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.mxmindia.com/2012/02/vijaydutt-shridhar-passion-for-the-printed-word/ | title=Interview on MXM India | publisher=MXM India | date=2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.landmarkonthenet.com/bhartiya-patrakarita-kosh-part-i-1780-1900-by-vijay-dutt-shridhar-books-9788181437495-20374246/ | title=Bhartiya Patrakarita Kosh (Vol. 1 - 1780-1900) | publisher=Vani Prakashan | author=Vijay Dutt Shridhar | year=2010 | isbn=9788181437495}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.bookadda.com/books/bhartiya-patrakarita-kosh-vol-2-vijay-dutt-8181437500-9788181437501 | title=Bhartiya Patrakarita Kosh (2 Volumes) | publisher=Vani| author=Vijay Dutt Shridhar | year=2010 | isbn=9788181437501}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV4F4sUV7xE | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony - Padma Shri | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=4 April 2012 | access-date=December 1, 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.landmarkonthenet.com/books/by/vijay-dutt-shridhar-3101345/ | title=Listing on Landmark on the Net | publisher=Landmark | date=2014 | access-date=December 15, 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shridhar, Vijay Dutt}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Nakur

2025-11-23T10:18:41Z

Promotiondon:

{{about||the village in Iran|Nakur, Iran|the town in Morocco|Nekor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nakur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|29|55|08|N|77|18|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 261
| population_total = 22712
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 247342<ref name="pincode">{{cite web|url=https://pin-code.net/in-loc/nakur-pin-code/166330/|title=Nakur Pin code|publisher=pin-code.net|accessdate=27 July 2021}}</ref>
| registration_plate = UP-11
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nakur''' is a town, tehsil and a [[municipal board]] in [[Saharanpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Nakur is located at {{Coord|29.92|N|77.30|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Nakur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Nakur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 261 metres (856 feet). It is located 24 km from [[Saharanpur]].

==History==
It is the oldest [[tehsil]]. In mythology, it is said that Nakul from the Pandwas founded Nakur. It was done when the Mahabharat war was fought, and later people settled. There is a tree in Nakur, under which it is supposed that Nakul stayed. The tree is in a temple called "Mahadev Mandir".

Nakur has an important Pathan history. Pashtuns from [[Sher Shah Suri]] progeny made their home in Nakur. It was during the era of [[Ibrahim Shah Suri|Ibrahim Khan Suri]] (grandfather of Sher Shah Suri) an adventurer from Roh, Afghanistan, who became the Jagirdar in Haryana that the Pashtuns flourished in the nearby areas. Today the progeny of great Sher Shah Suri empire has its niche in Nakur. The town has a glorious history of inter community relations.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Nakur is listed in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]] as a [[pargana]] under Saharanpur [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]], producing a revenue of 1,387,070 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 300 infantry and 40 cavalry. The presence of [[Afghans|Afghan]] and [[Brahmin]] communities in Nakur at the time are noted.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |last2=Jarrett |first2=Henry Sullivan (translator) |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |page=292 |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=125473|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2017-03-27|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nakur had a population of 22,712. Males constitute 52.24% of the population and females 47.75%. Nakur has an average literacy rate of 72.78%, lower than the national average of 74.04%; male literacy is 80.03%, and female literacy is 64.92%. In Nakur, 13.83% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Nakur Villages==
Nakur is a tehsil and under this tehsil, these are the villages and area comes under this tehsil

* [[Alipura (Uttar Pradesh)|Alipura]]
* Saroorpur Gada
* Ahmedpur Brahman
* Khairpura
* Beedpur

==See also==

*[[Nakur (Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Saharanpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Saharanpur district]]

{{Saharanpur-geo-stub}}

Dockyard Road railway station

2025-11-12T20:14:55Z

Promotiondon: formatting fix

{{Short description|Railway station in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox Station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]] Dockyard Road
| type = '''[[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]''' '''station'''
| image = Mumbai 03-2016 59 Dockyard Road station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.966417|N|72.844132|E|display=inline}}
| line = [[Harbour Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour Line]]
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform =
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = DKRD
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Harbour|left=Sandhurst Road|right=Reay Road}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra#Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Dockyard Road
| route_map = {{MSR Harbour line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Dockyard Road''' (station code:''' DKRD''') is a railway station on the Harbour Line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dockyard Road Railway Station Timeline - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/timeline/edits-dockyard-road-dkrd/8042 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is the stop closest to the [[Mazagon Dock Limited]].

This station gives access to [[Mazagaon]] area. There is a sales tax office within a ten-minute walk from this station. Dockyard Road is a part of Mazagaon.

Attractions include the [[Joseph Baptista Gardens]], Gaodevi Temple, Manakeshwar Temple and [[Ferry Wharf|Bhaucha Dhakka]] (ferry wharf).

The area and the road near the station, Nawab Tank Road, along the eastern end of the city has two diverse influences. One relates to Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan and the other, to a Chinese community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=Mumbai: A road at the confluence of Nawab and Chinese cultures |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-a-road-at-the-confluence-of-nawab-chinese-cultures-5437163/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{commons category|Dockyard Road railway station}}
{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway, Harbour}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai City district]]

Qadian railway station

2025-09-30T21:50:29Z

Promotiondon: starting a article...

{{Short description|Railway station in Qadian, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Qadian
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[Train station|Station]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|31.826324602274514|75.38810732301557|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railways]]
| lines = Batala–Qadian
| platforms = 1
| tracks = 1
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = QDN
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| electrified = 2021
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Batala|right=|type=Amritsar–Qadian line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Qadian railway station''' is the station serving the city of [[Qadian]], located in the [[Gurdaspur district]]. It is served by the [[Batala railway station|Batala]]–[[Qadian]] [[branch line]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=QDN / Qadian Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Qadian |url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/qdn/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |language=en}}</ref> with a proposed Qadian–[[Beas City|Beas]] Line which was sanctioned back in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-04 |title=Minister: Qadian-Beas rail line project derailed due to protests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/minister-qadian-beas-rail-line-project-derailed-due-to-protests/articleshow/97594018.cms |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Construction ===
In early 1927, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|railway board]] had approved the [[Qadian]]–Butari line, a 42-mile long and 5ft 6" wide track. It would run from [[Batala railway station|Batala]]–Butari, hence it was called the ''Batala-Butari project''. The railway line had reached Qadian on 14 November 1928. Initially, the plan was to continue building the line to Butari, but it was decided by the railway board to postpone the continuation of the line, and constructed parts of the line were removed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hakam |first=Al |date=2021-04-02 |title=Arrival of electric train engine in Qadian: A new milestone |url=https://www.alhakam.org/arrival-of-electric-train-engine-in-qadian-a-new-milestone/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.alhakam.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Electrification ==
In March 2021, the first [[Electric rail|electric train]] had been commissioned on the [[Batala Junction railway station|Batala]]–[[Qadian]] line in a trial after the completion of a several-month long project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dehlavi |first=Zeeshan |date=26 March 2021 |title=E-paper |url=https://epaper.hindsamachar.in/hindsamachar/2021-03-26/chandigarh |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Hindsamachar |page=5 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,5,318,1553 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=nr.indianrailways.gov.in |archive-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518062705/https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,5,318,1553 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1928]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]

Monica Mogre – Case Files

2025-09-22T03:47:57Z

Promotiondon: Started initial details from scratch

{{short description|Indian crime television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Monica Mogre - Case Files
| image = MonicaMogre.jpg
| caption =
| creator = [[Inspire Films]]
| writer = Vinay Choudary
| director =
| starring = [[Monica Mogre#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme = None
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 17
| producer = Yash Patnaik
| runtime = 52 minutes
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2009|01|10|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2009|03|21|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Monica Mogre – Case Files''''' is a Hindi-language thriller series on [[Zee TV]], which consists of short stories where Inspector Monica Mogre deals with very dangerous cases involved with crime. The series premiered on 10 January 2009 until 21 March 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.televisionpoint.com/news2009/newsfullstory.php?id=1231241730|title=Zee TV to launch Monica Mogre Case Files from January 10|publisher=TelevisionPoint.com|date=2009-01-06}}</ref>

The series is produced by Yash Patnaik of Beyond Dreams Productions, and features a series of small crime cases, with each story lasting for about 10 to 12 episodes long.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2009/01/monica-mogre-case-files.html|title=The Monica Mogre case Files debuts on Zee TV|publisher=Real Bollywood|date=2009-01-05}}</ref>

==Premise==
The plot revolves around a young 21-year-old Inspector Monica Mogre, who helps the public from dangerous criminals by jeopardizing her own life. In addition, to being a cop, she is the only strength for her parents, who want her to get married. Hence, they don't think too much about their daughter's police career, despite the fact that they are proud of her achievements. Besides, her marriage proposals get rejected every time, due to her being as a cop officer. Therefore, putting her parents into more worries. Her best friend's name is Marisa.

== Cast ==
* [[Parakh Madan]] as Inspector Monica Mogre
* as A.C.P. Rana
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Deepraj Mathur
* Sumeet Malhan as Harry Saluja
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Ritwik
* Pramatesh Mehta as Mr. Mogre: Monica's father

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090109185712/http://www.zeetv.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=115 Monica Mogre Official Site]

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Reliance Dahej Manufacturing Division

2025-09-04T15:24:17Z

Promotiondon: starting new entry

{{Short description|Chemical plant in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox factory|name=Reliance Dahej Manufacturing Division|industry=Petrochemical|owner=Reliance Industries Limited|address=|volume=|area=1778 acres |buildings=|style=|architect=|employees=|products=*[[petrochemicals]] - [[ethylene]], [[propylene]], [[1,2-Dichloroethane|EDC]],
*[[polymers]] - [[Vinyl chloride|VCM]]-[[PVC]], [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]], [[HDPE]], [[Ethylene-vinyl acetate|EVA]]
*polyester intermediates - [[Terephthalic acid|Purified Terephthalic Acid]], [[Ethylene glycol|Mono-ethylene Glycol]], [[Ethylene oxide|EO]]/[[Ethylene glycol|EG]]<ref name=":0" /> |location=Dahej, [[Gujarat]], [[India]]|image=|operated=|built=|coordinates={{Coord|21.692313|72.573313}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change Government of India|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_15_Mar_2016_1407524731Pre-FeasibilityReport.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331133339/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_15_Mar_2016_1407524731Pre-FeasibilityReport.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2020|access-date=2020-05-04|url-status=live}}</ref>|location_map_alt=|location_map_caption=|location_map_size=|location_map=India|caption=|alt=|defunct=}}
'''Dahej Manufacturing Division''' ('''DMD''') is the [[manufactory]] of [[Reliance Industries Limited]] located at Dahej, [[Gujarat]], [[India]] near [[Bharuch]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliance Industries looking at expanding Dahej Manufacturing Division at a cost of Rs 5,100 crore - ET EnergyWorld|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/reliance-industries-looking-at-expanding-dahej-manufacturing-division-at-a-cost-of-rs-5100-crore/74065521|last=www.ETEnergyworld.com|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliance Industries: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Reliance Industries - NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/reliance-industries-ltd_reliance/reports|website=www.ndtv.com|access-date=2020-05-04|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628134429/https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/reliance-industries-ltd_reliance/reports|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HDFCH">{{cite web|title=Reliance Industries Ltd|url=http://www.hdfcsec.com/Market/Information.aspx?CoCode=476&RptType=History|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=HDFC Securities|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110093244/http://www.hdfcsec.com/Market/Information.aspx?CoCode=476&RptType=History|archive-date=10 January 2014|accessdate=2020-05-04}}</ref> It comprises a Gas cracker which cracks Ethane, Propane and produces Ethylene and Propylene as a product and the same is used as a raw material in downstream plants. The raw material like Propane is either imported or availed from [[Reliance Industries Limited|RIL]] [[Jamnagar Refinery|refinery at Jamnagar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change Government of India|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_15_Mar_2016_1427223201ProjectBrief.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628140434/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_15_Mar_2016_1427223201ProjectBrief.pdf|archive-date=2020-06-28|access-date=2020-05-04|website=}}</ref> The manufactory consists integrated utilities system which includes raw water, [[cooling water]], [[demineralized water]], fire water, [[compressed air]], [[nitrogen]], [[steam]]/[[Condensation|condensate]] and a [[Coal-fired power station|coal based]] captive [[Cogeneration power plant|co-generation power plant]] of capacity 270 MW.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GPCB - Gujarat Pollution Control Board|url=https://www.gpcb.gov.in/pdf/RELIANCE_IND_BRCH_EIA.PDF|last=Reliance Dahej|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>

== History ==
The commissioning of the plant was implemented in two phases, first in 1996 and went on full stream in the year 2000,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Preliminary Information Memorandum (PIM) for Bidders - INDIAN PETROCHEMICALS CORP.LTD. {{!}} Department of Investment and Public Asset Management {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India|url=https://dipam.gov.in/en/preliminary-information-memorandum-pim-bidders-indian-petrochemicals-corpltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628135721/https://dipam.gov.in/en/preliminary-information-memorandum-pim-bidders-indian-petrochemicals-corpltd|archive-date=2020-06-28|access-date=2020-05-04|website=dipam.gov.in}}</ref> at that time [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited|IPCL]] was the owner of the plant. In 2007 IPCL merged with RIL and this plant comes under the ownership of RIL.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IPCL merger with RIL from April 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IPCL-merger-with-RIL-from-April-1/articleshow/1746644.cms|date=10 March 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628140529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IPCL-merger-with-RIL-from-April-1/articleshow/1746644.cms|archive-date=2020-06-28|access-date=2020-05-04|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jamnagar Refinery|Jamnagar Refinary]]
* [[Reliance Industries|Reliance Vadodara Manufacturing Division (VMD)]]
* [[Reliance Hazira Manufacturing Division (HMD)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Reliance Industries]]
[[Category:Bharuch district]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Manufacturing plants in India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing plants of Reliance Industries]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Industrial buildings completed in 1996]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Dommasandra

2025-09-01T01:54:31Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dommasandra
| native_name_lang = Dharmasagara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.878070|N|77.7542800|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Anekal
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Dommasandra Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9165
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562125
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA.E2.80.94Karnataka|KA]]-01, [[List of RTO districts in India#KA.E2.80.94Karnataka|KA]]-05, [[List of RTO districts in India#KA.E2.80.94Karnataka|KA]]-51, [[List of RTO districts in India#KA.E2.80.94Karnataka|KA]]-53
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dommasandra '''is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Anekal|Anekal Taluk]] of [[Bangalore Urban district]] in Karnataka.<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 2084800 {{cite web |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 |access-date=2008-12-18 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web |title=Yahoomaps India : |url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |access-date=2008-12-18}} Dommasandra, Bangalore Urban, Karnataka</ref>

==Demographics==
As of 2015 India [[census]], Dommasandra had a population of 10,000 with 5,000 males and 5,000 females.<ref name="censusindia"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20071116153217/http://bangaloreurban.nic.in/

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore Urban-geo-stub}}

Zero-rupee note

2025-09-01T01:27:21Z

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{{Short description|Indian imitation banknote to protest corruption}}
[[File:Zero rupee front.jpg|thumb|Zero-rupee note – obverse]]
[[File:India 50 INR, MG series, 2011, obverse.jpg|thumb|right|The old 50-rupee banknote of India, serving as a template to the zero-rupee note.]]
A '''zero-rupee note''' is a [[banknote]] imitation issued in [[India]] as a means of helping to fight systemic [[political corruption]]. The notes are "paid" in protest by angry citizens to [[functionary|government functionaries]] who solicit [[bribery|bribes]] in return for services which are supposed to be free. Zero-rupee notes, which are made to resemble the old 50-[[Indian rupee|rupee]] [[banknote]] of India, are the creation of a [[non-governmental organization]] known as 5th Pillar which has, since their inception in 2007, distributed over 2.5 million notes as of August 2014. The notes remain in current use and thousands of notes are distributed every month.

== History ==

=== Corruption in India ===
{{main article|Corruption in India}}

Bribery—the offering or solicitation of items of value to influence the actions of a government official—is recognized as a pervasive problem in India, with the 2010 report by anti-corruption watchdog organization [[Transparency International]] ranking India in 87th place on its [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].<ref>[http:/
2010 Results], Transparency International, www.transparency.org/ Entry of India in the Search function of the Results by Country list generates the rank of 87th, with a score of 3.3.</ref> A 2005 study published by Transparency International India indicated that as many of 62% of Indian citizens had first-hand experience of having paid a bribe or used an illicit "contact" to get a government job done.<ref name=TI-01>Centre for Media Studies, [http://www.iri.org.in/related_readings/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf ''India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance: Volume I – Key Highlights''], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811123343/http://www.iri.org.in/related_readings/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf |date=August 11, 2013 }} New Delhi: Transparency International India, June 30, 2005.</ref>

The 2005 Transparency International India study was the largest study of the Indian bribery problem ever undertaken, with 14,405 respondents from 20 states contributing.<ref name=TI-05>Centre for Media Studies, ''India Corruption Study 2005'', p. 5.</ref> The survey focused on [[petty corruption]] experienced by common citizens in daily life, rather than upon the large-scale corruption of the rich and powerful.<ref name=TI-05 />

The 2005 study exposed chronic graft problems, with substantial numbers of survey respondents reporting direct experience in being forced to pay bribes to the police (80%), land administration (48%), and judiciary (47%).<ref name=TI-08>Centre for Media Studies, ''India Corruption Study 2005'', p. 8.</ref> Majorities of survey respondents characterized the police, judiciary, land administration, municipal government, electricity supply system, government hospital system, ration card system, water supply system, and system of assessing individual income taxes as corrupt.<ref name=TI-08 /> Fully 45% of survey respondents believed that there was corruption as well in the primary school system.<ref name=TI-08 />

=== Origin of zero-rupee notes ===

[[File:Zero rupee back.jpg|thumb|Zero-rupee note – Hindi language reverse]]
In 2007, a [[non-profit organization]] known as 5th Pillar created the zero-rupee note as a means for Indians to register their refusal to participate in bribery. Closely patterned after the nation's fifty-rupee notes, these documents instead included anti-corruption slogans "Eliminate corruption at all levels" and "I promise to neither accept nor give bribe."<ref name=AO>Ashling O’Connor, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1629446.ece "Can this note stamp out corruption in a land where it’s the norm?"]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''The Times'', April 9, 2007.</ref>

These zero-rupee notes were designed for use by Indian citizens who have been requested to pay bribes in order to obtain services that are legally free or who are hit with illicit surcharges on such routine government transactions as obtaining a [[driver's license]].<ref name=NG>National Geographic staff, [http://www.thebangladeshchronicle.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168:in-india-a-bribe-busting-bill&catid=73:development-news&Itemid=119 "In India, a Bribe-busting Bill"], ''The Bangladesh Chronicle'', April 8, 2011.</ref> Such currency devices enable the citizen to register their opposition to the illegal request in a tangible form, "paying" the official with these valueless alternative notes.

"The note is a way for any human being to say no to corruption without the fear of facing an encounter with persons in authority", 5th Pillar said in an official statement.<ref name=DN>Dean Nelson, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7137567/India-issues-zero-rupee-banknotes.html "India 'issues' zero rupee banknotes"], ''The Telegraph'', February 2, 2010.</ref>

President of 5th Pillar, Vijay Anand, expressed satisfaction with the program's efficacy: "People have already started using them and it is working. One [[auto rickshaw]] driver was pulled over by a policeman in the middle of the night who said he could go if he was "taken care of". The driver gave him the note instead. The policeman was shocked but smiled and let him go. The purpose of this is to instill confidence in people to say no to bribery."<ref name=AO />

In addition to registering the individual's protest, zero-rupee notes provide corrupt officials with a sign that efforts are ongoing to fight systemic government corruption. Use of the notes is intended to shame or scare [[bureaucrat]]s into honest behavior by reminding these officials that laws against bribery exist.<ref name=NG />

While the zero-rupee notes appear similar to a genuine Indian fifty-rupee note, they are not issued by the Indian government and are thus not [[legal tender]]. Only one side of the note is printed to resemble currency so as not to run afoul of [[counterfeiting]] laws.<ref name=AO />

According to 5th Pillar, Indian citizens pay approximately £3 billion (about $4.9 billion) in bribes each year—a figure considered to be substantially understated by many government insiders.<ref name=DN />

=== Circulation and legacy ===

Satindar Mohan Bhagat, an [[non-resident Indian|Indian expatriate]] who is a [[physics]] professor at the [[University of Maryland]] and the director of Association for India's Development, Inc. US, is credited with originating the concept of the zero-rupee note in 2001.<ref name=Economist>[https://www.economist.com/asia/2010/01/28/a-zero-contribution "A Zero Contribution: An Unconventional Way to Combat Petty Corruption"], ''The Economist'' [London], January 28, 2010.</ref> Upon returning to India for a visit, Bhagat was frustrated by the petty [[extortion]] demands of government officials that were part of daily life and conceived of the idea of a zero-rupee note as a polite way of declining participation.<ref name=Economist /> The charity 5th Pillar put Bhagat's idea into practice.<ref name=Economist />

5th Pillar began the campaign in the spring of 2007 with a first printing of 25,000 notes that were distributed in the Indian city of [[Chennai]].<ref name=AO /> Buoyed by the success of the campaign, additional printings followed and use of the zero-rupee note spread across the nation. From their inception through August 2014, 5th Pillar distributed over 2.5 million zero-rupee notes.<ref name=NG />

Zero-rupee notes have been issued in five of the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages of India]]: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name=5thP>[http://india.5thpillar.org/ZRN "Zero Rupee Notes"], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023257/http://india.5thpillar.org/ZRN |date=June 29, 2011 }} 5th Pillar, india.5thpillar.org, retrieved May 12, 2011.</ref>

This concept for use in the fight against corruption has recently been adopted from 5th Pillar to few other nations suffering from endemic government bribery problems including [[Yemen]], [[Ghana]], [[Benin]], [[Mexico]] and [[Nepal]].<ref name=NG />

As of 2015, 5th Pillar expanded the zero-rupee note concept beyond India to other country currencies, on the website ZeroCurrency.org.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Money|Numismatics}}
* [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080701072943/http://india.5thpillar.org/ 5th Pillar Zero Rupee Note official web page] – Archived 1 July 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121015135814/http://india.5thpillar.org/ 5th Pillar Zero Rupee Note official web page] – Archived 15 October 2012
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121120214841/http://india.5thpillar.org/ZRN Zero Rupee Note] – Archive 20 November 2012

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zero rupee note}}
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Alternative currencies]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption activism in India]]
[[Category:Rupee]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in India]]

Bidupur Bazar

2025-08-17T20:45:10Z

Promotiondon: started

{{Short description|Town in Bihar, India}}
{{Cleanup|reason="Bidupur Bazar" seems to exist. However, the references used in the article seemingly refer to a different place, named "Biddupur" in census data|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bidupur Bazar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Bidupur Bazar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Vaishali, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.651405|N|85.323235|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|CDB]]
| subdivision_name3 = Bidupur
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| legislature =
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| area_magnitude = 
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank2_km2 = 
| area_total_ha =
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank2_ha =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Bidupur Village Population - Bidupur - Vaishali, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/235919-biddupur-bihar.html|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
| population_total = 10,934
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 844503<ref>{{cite web |title=Pin Code: Bidupur VAISHALI, VAISHALI, BIHAR, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/BIHAR/VAISHALI/B/BIDUPUR_BAZAR|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 66.79 % (2011)<ref name="census2011" />
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = BR
| website = {{URL|vaishali.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Bidupur Bazar
}}
'''Bidupur Bazar''' is a town in [[Bidupur |Bidupur Block]] in the [[Vaishali district]] of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biddupur Village Population - Bidupur - Vaishali, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/235919-biddupur-bihar.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> It belongs to Tirhut Division. It is located 13 km east from the district headquarters [[Hajipur]].

The bazar serves as the commercial and social hub for the surrounding villages and gram panchayats in the Bidupur block. It's a traditional open-air market featuring local shops, daily essentials, groceries, clothing, and West Bihar–style street food. Many vendors travel from nearby villages to trade here, creating a lively and bustling atmosphere.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]

Allanagar

2025-08-15T23:31:24Z

Promotiondon: data

{{short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{onesource|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Allanagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Achartimmapur is in Koppal district
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|15.5581|76.2544|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koppal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Koppal
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| registration_plate = KA
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Koppal
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
}}
'''Allanagar''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the Koppal taluk of Koppal district in Karnataka.

According to the 2011 Census, Allanagar has a total population of 1,212 people, with 627 males and 585 females. Allanagar consists of 257 households. The literacy rate in Allanagar stands at 67.34%, with male literacy at 75.05% and female literacy at 59.17%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Allanagar Village Population - Koppal - Koppal, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/601763-allanagar-karnataka.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Achartimmapur]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Settlements in Koppal district}}

[[Category:Villages in Koppal district]]

Banthra Sikandarpur

2025-08-03T20:05:50Z

Promotiondon: new

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banthra Sikandarpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Banthra, Banthara
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.693327|N|80.834622|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Search for "Banthra Sikandarpur" here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.038
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10989
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Banthra Sikandarpur''', also called '''Banthra''' or '''Banthara''',<ref name="GeoNames"/> is a village in [[Sarojaninagar]] block of [[Lucknow district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lucknow, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=166–183 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, its population was 10,989, in 1,885 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> A regular market is held here.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The village lands cover an area of 703.8 [[hectare]]s, of which 341.4 (48.5%) were farmlands as of 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/> [[Fallow]] lands covered 182.9 hectares (26.0% of the total), and areas under non-agricultural uses covered 66.2 hectares, or 9.4% of the total land area.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== History ==
At the turn of the 20th century, Banthra Sikandarpur was described (as "Banthara-Sikandarpur") as a large double village on the road from [[Lucknow]] to [[Kanpur]].<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Lucknow - A Gazetteer |date=1904 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=173–4 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48095 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> There were then two separate sites, about a mile apart and on the east side of the road.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The landowners were [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] Rajputs.
who held the place in [[pattidari]] tenure.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> According to tradition, they had originally settled at [[Amausi]] during the reign of [[Humayun]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> At a later date, they went on to establish the nearby villages of [[Bani, Lucknow|Bani]] and [[Hamirpur, Lucknow|Hamirpur]], and they settled at Banthra at about the same time.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Sikandarpur had originally been a hamlet of Hamirpur, and its name had been given by the Muslims of [[Bijnaur, Lucknow|Bijnaur]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

Banthra Sikandarpur was historically part of the [[pargana]] of Bijnaur.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The 1901 census recorded it as having a population of 1,620 people, with a Muslim population of 162.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> At that time, Banthra had a police station, post office, and military encamping ground, while Sikandarpur to the south hosted a market twice a week, on Wednesdays and Sundays.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Trade in [[cattle]] was the main commercial activity at Sikandarpur's markets.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The village lands then covered an area of 1,825 acres, with 89 acres of [[orchard]]s, mainly to the south of the village.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Irrigation was mostly by tanks, although there was a shortage of water for irrigation at the time.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Lucknow district]]

Sabarmatee Tiki

2025-07-22T06:43:52Z

Promotiondon: starting new article

{{Short description|India's indigenous conservationist and organic farmer from the state of Odisha}}
[[File:Sabarmatee receiving Padmashree from President Kovind.jpg|Sabarmatee receives the [[Padma Shri]]|alt=President presents woman with award|thumb|right]]
[[File:SASI NATI VIDHANA.jpg|Women practicing [[System of Rice Intensification]] in a [[paddy field]]|alt=Three women bending over to plant rice|thumb|right]]'''Sabarmatee''' (born {{circa|1968}}) is an Indian conservationist and farmer living in Nayagarh district in the state of [[Odisha]]. She works with a [[non-governmental organization]] called Sambhav which was visualised by her father Padma Shri Prof Radhamohan that promotes [[organic farming]] and conservation of indigenous varieties besides doing many other activities. The achievements of Sabarmatee were recognised in 2018, when she received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] and in 2020 with the [[Padma Shri]].

==Career==

Sabarmatee was born {{circa|1969}}.<ref name="TBI" /> She lives in the [[Nayagarh district]], near to [[Bhubaneswar]] in the state of [[Odisha]] in India.<ref name="IJPA" /> Her father Radha Mohan bought land in the 1980s that was a wasteland. Using [[organic farming]] techniques, father and daughter rejuvenated the land after three years. They then took on more land, building up to 90 acres.<ref name="TBI">{{cite news |last1=Barua |first1=Ananya |title=This Father-Daughter Duo's Organic Farming Journey Won Them a Padma Shri |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/213644/padma-shri-father-daughter-duo-organic-farming-inspiring-india-ana79/ |access-date=8 June 2022 |work=The Better India |date=13 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Amongst other things they grow [[clove bean]], [[jack bean]], [[sword bean]] and [[black rice]].<ref name="TH">{{cite news |last1=Staff writer |title=Father, daughter duo gets Padma Shri for 30-year-long conservation experiment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/father-daughter-duo-gets-padma-shri-for-30-year-long-conservation-experiment/article30661226.ece |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=27 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Together they set up a non-governmental organization (NGO) called Sambhav which promotes organic farming and seed exchanges. She left her job at [[Oxfam]] in 1993 in order to work full-time for Sambhav.<ref name="TBI" />

By 2021, Sambhav had collected 500 seed varieties for preservation. It holds training days and runs an annual Seed Festival.<ref name="IJPA">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Pushpa |title=Capturing the Narratives of Sustainable Farming: Study of Marginal Women Farmers in Five Districts of Odisha |journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration |date=December 2020 |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=455–465 |doi=10.1177/0019556120982199|s2cid=231833860 }}</ref> The NGO has partnered with a self-help group called Ma Saraswati to promote women's rights and environmental causes in local villages.<ref name="IJPA" /> It promotes the [[System of Rice Intensification]] (SRI) which is designed to maximise rice yields and according to Tiki also makes the labour process easier for women working in the [[paddy field]]s.<ref name="KTV">{{cite web |title=Odisha's Sabarmatee Tiki receives 'Nari Shakti Award' |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/odishas-sabarmatee-tiki-receives-nari-shakti-award/ |website=KalingaTV |access-date=9 June 2022 |date=9 March 2018}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

The work of Sabarmatee was recognised in 2018, when she received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], India's highest civil award for women.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |last1=Staff writer |title=Nari Shakti of 30 women to be honoured at Rashtrapati Bhavan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/08/nari-shakti-of-30-women-to-be-honoured-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-1783788.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 March 2018}}</ref>
In 2020, she received the [[Padma Shri]] alongside her father in recognition of their decades long promotion of conservation and organic farming.<ref name="TH" /> Minister [[Piyush Goyal]] said the two were "unsung heroes".<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=Padma Shri For Father-Daughter Who Transformed Wasteland Into A Forest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/padma-shri-for-father-daughter-radha-mohan-and-sabarmatee-who-transformed-wasteland-into-a-forest-2175441 |website=NDTV |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>

Additionally, she also received :

Prerana Award- 2013

Odisha Living Legend Award- 2015

Sambhavi Puraskar - 2016

Impact Women Award-2018

Impact Leader of the year Award - 2022

Honorary Doctorate ( DSc) by Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology

Pratibha Samman- 2023

Times Power Women Odisha Award - 2023

besides many other fecititation and recognitions.

==Selected works==
* {{cite journal |last1=Tiki |first1=Sabarmatee |last2=Lim |first2=Liang Chun |last3=Savann |first3=Oeurm |title=SRI cultivates well-being for women |journal=Farming Matters |date=2015 |volume=31 |issue=4 |url=https://www.ileia.org/2015/12/22/sri-cultivates-well-women/ |archive-date=2023-02-07 |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207235844/https://www.ileia.org/2015/12/22/sri-cultivates-well-women/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tiki |first1=Sabarmatee |title=SRI: A practice that transforms the lives of women |journal=Leisa India |date=2015 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=18–20 |url=https://leisaindia.org/sri-a-practice-that-transforms-the-lives-of-women/}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiki, Sabarmatee}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:Indian women farmers]]
[[Category:People from Nayagarh district]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Indian landowners]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century women farmers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]

Nabha House, New Delhi

2025-04-17T13:10:28Z

Promotiondon: Started the details first draft!

{{Short description|Former residence of the Raja of Nabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Coord|28.626461|77.234327|display=title}}

'''Nabha House''' was the former residence of the [[Raja of Nabha]]. It is located on Kasturba Gandhi Marg close to [[Mandi House]].

It passed into the possession of the state government of [[Haryana]]. In 2005, under the chairmanship of [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister]] [[Om Prakash Chautala]] a decision was made to transfer 1484.10 square metres of land belonging to Nabha House to the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation for construction of the [[Mandi House metro station]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/12/stories/2005021205480500.htm | title= Nabha House land to be transferred to Delhi Metro | date=12 February 2005 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=27 October 2018 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2012 the state government announced to set up a cultural hub at Nabha House.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-19/delhi/31210111_1_cultural-hub-business-centre-banquet-hall |title=Cultural hub near Mandi House soon - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131212232629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-19/delhi/31210111_1_cultural-hub-business-centre-banquet-hall |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Royal residences in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government of Haryana]]
[[Category:Official residences in India]]
[[Category:State governments' houses in Delhi]]

{{india-struct-stub}}

K. Lalhmangaihkima

2025-04-04T03:48:04Z

Promotiondon: adding the post more to come

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = K Lalhmangaihkima
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|9|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2018–2022
| clubs1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps1 = 15
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2022
| clubs2 = Tei Memorial [[Futsal]] Club
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2023–
| clubs3 = [[Chanmari FC]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''K Lalhmangaihkima''' (born 14 September 1999) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed squads of all I-League teams for the 2021-22 season|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-all-teams-squads|date=25 December 2021|website=KhelNow|access-date=10 April 2022|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225142903/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-all-teams-squads|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

===Aizawl===
Lalhmangaihkima signed his first senior contract with [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] in 2018. He was included in the squad for the [[2018–19 I-League]] season.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League 2018-19 Team Profile: Aizawl FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2018-19-aizawl-fc-season-preview|date=22 October 2018|website=KhelNow|access-date=10 April 2022|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024454/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2018-19-aizawl-fc-season-preview|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lalhmangaihkima made his debut for the club, on 25 February 2019, against [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]], by coming on as a substitute for captain [[Alfred Jaryan]] in the 84th-minute of the game, which ended in a 1-1 draw.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal 1 - 1 Aizwal|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/02/25/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/aizawl-fc/2928224/|date=25 February 2019|website=Soccerway|access-date=10 April 2022|archive-date=10 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024454/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/02/25/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/aizawl-fc/2928224/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 February 2019|title=I-League 2018-19: East Bengal held, drop points in title race|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/east-bengal-v-aizawl/4bnlw3ef8ehp1ot5e62m5gg2y|website=Goal.com|access-date=10 April 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154020/https://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/east-bengal-v-aizawl/4bnlw3ef8ehp1ot5e62m5gg2y|url-status=live}}</ref> He only made just two appearances for the club in the [[2018–19 I-League]] season.

Lalhmangaihkima continued to play for Aizawl for the [[2019–20 I-League]] season. He played his first game of the season against [[TRAU FC]] on 11 February 2019 as a substitute which they won 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2019|title=Aizwal vs TRAU {{!}} I-League|url=https://ca.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/11/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/trau/3183656/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619193146/https://ca.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/11/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/trau/3183656/|archive-date=19 June 2022|access-date=29 December 2020|website=Soccerway}}</ref> Lalhmangaihkima played against [[Chennai City FC]] as a substitute which ended up in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 February 2019|title=Chennai City v Aizwal Starting XIs {{!}} I-League|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/chennai-city-v-aizawl/lineups/cqfw1t2v4dlgvrq406tblpai2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154022/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/chennai-city-v-aizawl/lineups/cqfw1t2v4dlgvrq406tblpai2|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Lalhmangaihkima played his third match of the season for Aizawl against Chennai City FC in the return leg on 17 December 2019 which ended in a goalless draw.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2019|title=Aizwak v Chennai City Live Commentary $ Result {{!}} I-League|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/aizawl-v-chennai-city/ce98ye0v8d3jydovbs8fdmvl6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154023/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/aizawl-v-chennai-city/ce98ye0v8d3jydovbs8fdmvl6|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Lalhmangaihkima was consecutively used as a substitute for a streak of 5 matches until he makes it to the starting lineup against the Kolkata Giants, [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] on 30 November 2019 which ended 0-0.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2019|title=Aizwal v Mohun Bagan Starting XIs {{!}} I-League|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/aizawl-v-mohun-bagan/lineups/7nqkui1r2xcwfl5bjck671iei|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154024/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/aizawl-v-mohun-bagan/lineups/7nqkui1r2xcwfl5bjck671iei|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Lalhmangaihkima lost his first game with Aizawl against [[NEROCA F.C.]] on 6 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2019|title=NEROCA v Aizwal Starting XIs {{!}} I-League|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/neroca-v-aizawl/lineups/7o5o7j9lxfibgtjqtyh952y5m|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154019/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/neroca-v-aizawl/lineups/7o5o7j9lxfibgtjqtyh952y5m|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Lalhmangaihkima was benched for the next match against Indian Arrows on 9 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 December 2019|title=Indian Arrows v Aizwal Starting XIs {{!}} I-League|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/indian-arrows-v-aizawl/lineups/7oodjft7cbfvbw6hzl0tm19wq|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154024/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/indian-arrows-v-aizawl/lineups/7oodjft7cbfvbw6hzl0tm19wq|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> He made his second breakthrough to the starting lineup against Real Kashmir on 29 February 2020 which was drawn 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 February 2020|title=Real Kashmir - Aizwal FC live {{!}} I-League|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/hero-i-league/2019-2020/live-real-kashmir-aizawl-fc_mtc1165980/live.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154044/https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.eurosport.com}}</ref> Lalhmangaihkima started for next match against Mohun Bagan on 10 March 2020 in the return leg of the season which ended up 1–0 in favour of Mohun Bagan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2020|title=Mohun Bagan vs Aizwal {{!}} I-League|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2020/03/10/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/aizawl-fc/3183709/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824225110/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2020/03/10/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/aizawl-fc/3183709/|archive-date=24 August 2020|access-date=29 December 2020|website=Soccerway}}</ref> Lalhmangaihkima played his last game of the season on 7 February 2020 against [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] by coming onto to the game during the injury time. The match ended up 1–0 in favour of Aizawl.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 February 2020|title=East Bengal vs Aizwal Startin XIs, 07/02/2020 {{!}} I-League|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-aizawl/lineups/8xno8onztwgk66yaku4ek371m|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154028/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-aizawl/lineups/8xno8onztwgk66yaku4ek371m|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=29 December 2020|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Lalhmangaihkima made nine appearances for the club in the [[2018–19 Aizawl F.C. season|2019-20 I-League season]].

Lalhmangaihkima played his only match of the [[2020–21 I-League|2020-21 I-League season]] against Chennai City FC as a substitute for Alfred Jaryan on 20 March 2021, which they won 1–3.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai City vs. Aizawl FC - Football Match Line-Ups - March 20, 2021 - ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/lineups?gameId=596471|access-date=2021-03-23|website=ESPN.com|language=en|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922154040/https://www.espn.com/soccer/lineups?gameId=596471|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 September 2021, he signed a contract extension with the club along with eight other players, ahead of the [[2021–22 I-League]] season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aizawl FC announce contract extension for nine of their players|url=https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2021/09/03/aizawl-fc-announce-contract-extension-for-nine-of-their-players/amp/|website=blog.cpdfootball.de|date=3 September 2021}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|9 April 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|lal-hmangaihkima/597804}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
| rowspan="4" |[[I-League]]
|2||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||2||0
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||9||0
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|2||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||2||0
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|2||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||2||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!15!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!15!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|597804}}

{{Aizawl F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalhmangaihkima, K}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Geevarghese Coorilose (Malankara bishop)

2024-12-16T12:06:53Z

Promotiondon: adding new entry - done

{{Short description|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishop}}
{{Third-party|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2024}}
{{distinguish|Coorilose Geevarghese}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Malankara Metropolitan of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| honorific_prefix = [[His Grace]]
| name =
| honorific_suffix = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of [[Bombay Orthodox Diocese]]
| title =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| diocese = [[Bombay Orthodox Diocese|Bombay Diocese]]
| see = [[Catholicos of the East (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church)|Catholicos of the East]]
| term = 1991–present
| retired =
| predecessor = Dr. Philipose Mar Theophilos
| successor =

| other_post =
| ordination =
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 30-Apr-1991
| consecrated_by = Catholicos [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II]]
| rank = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]

| birth_name = George
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|10|7}}
| birth_place = [[Kollad]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| parents = Mr. P.K Kurian and Mrs. Mary Kurian
| nationality = [[India]]n
| residence = Bombay Orthodox Church Centre, Dr.Mar Theophilus Marg, Sector X-A, Vashi, Juhu Nagar, [[Navi Mumbai]], [[India]] - 400 703

| profession =
| occupation =
| education = {{UBL
| '''B.A''' from [[Calicut University]]
| '''M.A''' from Sree Venkateshwara University
| '''B.D''' from [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]
| '''P.G diploma''' in Pastoral Theology from [[Heythrop College, University of London]]
| '''P.G diploma''' in Theology and Mission from Urban Theology Unit, [[Sheffield]], England
}}
| previous_post =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| coat_of_arms =
}}

'''Geevarghese Mar Coorilose''' is Metropolitan of [[Bombay Orthodox Diocese|Mumbai Diocese]] of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.G. Geevarghese Mar Coorilose |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/his-grace-geevarghese-mar-coorilose-metropolitan|website=mosc.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geevarghese Mar Coorilose {{!}} Malankara Orthodox TV |url=https://malankaraorthodox.tv/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Mumbai]]

Heritage buildings of Department of Posts

2024-10-15T10:15:33Z

Promotiondon: adding first data and citations!

[[India Post]], one of the oldest government institutions in India, is known not only for its postal network but also for the heritage buildings from which it operates. Many of these buildings were constructed during the [[British Raj]] and have significant architectural and historical value.

[[File:Mumbai General Post Office.jpg|thumb|250px|The Mumbai GPO, with its restored dome, is an architectural marvel in the city.]]

== Mumbai General Post Office ==
The [[General Post Office, Mumbai|Mumbai General Post Office]] (GPO) was designed by British architect [[John Begg]]. It was completed in 1913 and stands as a notable example of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]. The dome of this building, inspired by the [[Gol Gumbaz]] of [[Bijapur]], is the second-largest dome in India. Extensive restoration work has been underway since 2021, with plans to preserve its heritage while making the building more sustainable.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Mumbai GPO restoration sets example for heritage post-offices in India |url=https://biharinfozone.in/ |website=Bihar Info Zone |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

== Kolkata General Post Office ==
Another significant heritage building is the [[General Post Office, Kolkata|Kolkata General Post Office]]. Constructed in 1864, it employs classic [[colonial architecture]] and serves as a key landmark in the city. Restoration efforts are currently being made to preserve its historical significance.<ref name="attractions">{{cite web |title=Postal Heritage: Converting Postal Heritage into Tourist Attractions |url=https://biharinfozone.in/ |website=Bihar Info Zone |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

== Restoration efforts ==
In collaboration with the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH), the Department of Posts has initiated several restoration projects to preserve these heritage structures and convert them into tourist attractions. The aim is to maintain the architectural integrity of the buildings while integrating modern technology, such as solar energy.<ref name="attractions"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Historic buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Postal system of India]]

Amrit (film)

2024-09-26T21:38:36Z

Promotiondon: refine details additionally and added references

#REDIRECT [[Amrit (disambiguation)]]

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