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C. N. Manjunath

2026-05-07T13:29:33Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal:

{{Short description|Indian politician, writer and cardiologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. C. N. Manjunath
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Cholenahalli Nanjappa Manjunath
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|9|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Cholenahalli, [[Channarayapatna Taluk]], [[Hassan district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Politician and former director at [[Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research]]
| education = [[Mysore Medical College and Research Institute|Mysore Medical College]]
| known for =
| spouse = H. D. Anasuya
| children =
| parents = Nanjappa Gowda and Shambhamma
| relatives = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] {{small|(father-in-law)}} [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] {{small|(Brother-in-law)}} 
[[C. N. Balakrishna]] {{small|(Brother)}}
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] Honorary Doctorate from Bangalore University in 2019
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[D.K.Suresh]]
| constituency = [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Cholenahalli Nanjappa Manjunath''' (born 23 September 1957) is an Indian cardiologist turned politician. He is the [[Member of Parliament|MP]] of [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/debutant-cn-manjunath-trumps-dk-suresh/article68251766.ece|title=Debutant C.N. Manjunath trumps D.K. Suresh|publisher= The Hindu}}</ref> He is the son in law of [[H. D. Deve Gowda]].

He was the director of the Government run [[Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology|Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research]].<ref name="Practo profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.practo.com/bangalore/doctor/dr-c-n-manjunath-cardiologist-1 | title=Practo profile | publisher=Practo | date=2015 | access-date=24 December 2015 | archive-date=25 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225093429/https://www.practo.com/bangalore/doctor/dr-c-n-manjunath-cardiologist-1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He had the distinction of serving as a Director of the Government’s Autonomous Institute for 18 years. Ever since he had taken charge as Director of the Institute, he had provided high quality cardiac care at an affordable cost to all sections of society.

He has been mainly responsible for the Institute’s growth of 500% in the last 17 years. His dedicated efforts had resulted in increasing the bed strength from 330 to 2000 exclusively for Cardiac Care which had made Shri Jayadeva Institute a largest Single Center Cardiac Care Destination Center in South East Asia. He has been instrumental in establishing advanced Cardiac Care Hospitals at Mysuru, Kalaburagi, KC General Hospital Bangalore, Rajajinagar ESI Hospital,Bangalore And initiated the Hubballi Jayadeva hospital.

His dedicated efforts had resulted in promotion of Research activities in the Institute enabling the Doctors to publish 400 Research Articles in the last 5 years in the National and International Scientific Publications.

He has provided consultancy services and follow up treatment to 30 Districts and Medical College Hospitals.

His three slogans which he practiced were “Treatment First Payment Next", "Life is more important than the Money" and "Humanity is priority”. His cost-effective quality Cardiac Care Model has been appreciated by London School of Economics, Leadership School of Singapore, Yale University of USA, IIM Bangalore and even Former US President Barack Obama has acknowledged his services.

Presently, he is the Member of Parliament representing Bengaluru Rural having won the Lok Sabha Elections by huge margin of 2.7 Lakh votes.

Dr. Manjunath has been conferred Padma Shri Award in the year 2007 for his Professional, Philanthropic and Social commitments.[[Padma Shri]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }} He is also a recipient of various Awards and Doctorates from the various Educational Institutions and Organizations for his distinguished achievement and service to the people.</ref> He inaugurated the 410th edition Of [[Mysore Dasara]] on 17 October 2020 which is the Nadahabba (State festival) as a mark of honour for "Corona warriors" in the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

== Biography ==
Born to Nanjappa Gowda<ref name="Gowda’s son-in-law ensures god will protect his name">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR%2F2011%2F01%2F07&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225234235/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR/2011/01/07&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00200&AppName=1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 December 2015 | title=Gowda's son-in-law ensures god will protect his name | publisher=Times of India | date=2011 | access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> in the [[Hassan district]] of the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. According to his CV, he started his career as an intern at [[Bangalore Medical College]] in 1982 and moved to [[Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore]] in 1985 as a senior registrar at the department of cardiology, staying there for three years.<ref name="Jayadeve profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.jayadevacardiology.com/Dr.C.N.Manjunath%20Bio%20Data%202010.pdf | title=Jayadeve profile | publisher=Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research | date=2015 | access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref>

In 1988, he joined [[Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology|Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research]] as a member of faculty and worked there in various capacities such as Assistant Professor and the Professor of Cardiology till he was appointed as the director of the institution in 2006. It is said that the former director of the hospital Dr Prabudev resigned to facilitate this appointment .<ref name="Jayadeve profile" /> He also got to serve as the president of the Indian College of Cardiology.<ref name="New president of ICC">{{cite web | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/oct152004/s11.asp | title=New president of ICC | publisher=Deccan Herald | date=15 October 2004 | access-date=24 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225073938/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/oct152004/s11.asp | archive-date=25 December 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He received the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] (RGUHS) gave him an honorary degree of Doctor of Science.<ref name="Abdul Kalam to attend RGUHS’ convocation">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article464112.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225051729/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article464112.ece?service=print | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 December 2015 | title=Abdul Kalam to attend RGUHS' convocation | publisher=Indian Express | date=30 March 2012 | access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref>

Manjunath married the daughter of former Prime Minister of India, [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and the family lives in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="Jayadeva chief stripped of all powers">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Jayadeva-chief-stripped-of-all-powers/2013/09/04/article1767316.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225054221/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Jayadeva-chief-stripped-of-all-powers/2013/09/04/article1767316.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 December 2015 | title=Jayadeva chief stripped of all powers | publisher=Indian Express | date=4 September 2013 | access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> His life has been documented in a biography, ''Biography of a living legend''.<ref name="Biography of a living legend">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article222809.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225060210/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article222809.ece?service=print | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 December 2015 | title=Biography of a living legend | publisher=Indian Express | date=16 January 2010 | access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology]]
* [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjunath, C. N.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 1998]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Interventional cardiology]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Mone Pore Ruby Roy

2026-05-05T06:59:09Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Starting Article

{{Short description|1969 song by R. D. Burman}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Mone Pore Ruby Roy
| cover = Mone Pore Ruby Roy cover.jpg
| caption = Cover art of the song including R.D. Burman and [[Asha Bhosle]]
| type = song
| artist = [[R. D. Burman]]
| language = Bengali
| English_title = Remembering Ruby Roy
| written = Late 1960s
| released = 1969
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=27}}
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama India Ltd.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mone Pore Ruby Roy Lyrics (মনে পড়ে রুবি রায়) R D Burman |url=https://gdn8.com/2014/04/mone-pore-rubi-roy-song-lyrics.html |website=gdn8.com |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=2025-09-28}}</ref>
| composer = R. D. Burman
| lyricist = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Watch Popular Bengali Video Song 'Mone Pore Ruby Roy' Sung By R.D. Burman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/watch-popular-bengali-video-song-mone-pore-ruby-roy-sung-by-r-d-burman/videoshow/97086085.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=2025-09-28}}</ref>
}}
{{Listen
| filename = Mone Pore Ruby Roy by R.D. Burman.ogg
| title = "Mone Pore Ruby Roy"
| description = A 26-second sample of the song.
| pos =
}}

'''''Mone Pore Ruby Roy''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] song sung by [[R. D. Burman|Rahul Dev Burman]] in 1969. The lyrics of this song were written by [[Sachin Bhowmick]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mone Pore Ruby Roy Lyrics (মনে পড়ে রুবি রায়) RD Burman {{!}} Amarkobita4u |url=https://www.amarkobita4u.com/2021/06/mone-pore-ruby-roy-lyrics-rd-burman.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Amarkobita4u |language=bn}}</ref> in the late 1960s as a throwback to his college days. It was added to the album 'Nostalgic Puja Hits' in 2017 by its record label company [[Saregama|Saregama India ltd]]. ''Mone Pore Ruby Roy'' was remade in Hindi under the name of ''Meri Bheegi Bheegi Si'', sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] and featured in the [[Sanjeev Kumar]]-starrer 1973 film [[Anamika (1973 film)|Anamika]].

== Overview ==
Mone Pore Ruby Roy is one of Rahul Dev Burman's Bengali songs,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal Mishra: from soft-spoken composer to vibrant performer |url=https://t2online.in/music/indian/vishal-mishra-from-soft-spoken-composer-to-vibrant-performer/1204106 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Shiloo |date=2009-04-01 |title=Lost in translation from Hindi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lost-in-translation-from-hindi/cid/1261349 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> which became an instant hit during the [[Durga Puja]] of 1969.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A musical give & take |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/a-musical-give-take-2289877 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Sagorika |date=2025-09-25 |title='Chirodini Tumi Je Aamar' to 'Amar Saptamir Bikel': Songs synonymous with para'r Durga Puja |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chirodini-tumi-je-aamar-saat-samundar-iconic-songs-played-during-durga-puja-at-kolkata-pandals/cid/2125119 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

In the late 1960s, Sachin Bhowmick pledged to write the lyrics of a Bengali song that Rahul Dev Burman would sing. It was planned to be released in the Durga Puja festival. The lyrics were written by Bhowmick in 1969, being postponed due to other screenplays like [[Brahmachari (Hindi film)|''Brahmachari'']]'','' ''[[Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke]] and [[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' in 1968 and 1969''.'' Rest of the song's details, such as tune and rhythm were composed by Burman. It was a puja hit of 1969.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Ashis |date=2015-10-17 |title=Humming Bollywood in Kolkata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/ashis-dutta-on-bollywoods-durga-puja-connection/article7769895.ece |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Considered to be the best-known Bengali song of Rahul Dev Burman,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=RD Burman's biography launched |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/rd-burman-s-biography-launched/story-pGqkuynbDtmXVXmaxmNfhN_amp.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |publication-place=New Delhi |agency=[[Indo Asian News Service]]}}</ref> the story of the song Mone Pore Ruby Roy is that Sachin Bhowmick once loved a certain girl in college who he had affections for,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Piyasree |date=2020-10-21 |title=13 Songs To Recreate A '90s Kolkata Pujo Wherever You Are |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/kolkata-durga-puja-kumar-sanu-bengali-music_in_5f903193c5b695a32faf42b7 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> he never was able have an attachment with.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Her actual name was Chhobi Roy who is commemorated as 'Ruby Roy' in the song to protect her identity. R.D. Burman was able to persuade Bhowmick for the lyrics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Tanushree |date=2024-06-27 |title=RD Burman Birthday: Remembering Pancham and his seven Bengali 'puja' songs which became Hindi superhits |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/music/rd-burman-birthday-article-12757743.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

After the widespread prevalence of Mone Pore Ruby Roy, Sachin Bhowmick was invited to many interviews. He was asked by many as what the inspiration of the song was, to which he replied that this song was made in memories of his own failed love, in which he was rejected. He did not want to make her name public, and hence changed it to 'Ruby Roy'. This is reflected in the song's lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=মনে পড়ে রুবি রায়কে? আসলে কে এই 'রুবি রায়'? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mone-pore-ruby-roy-rd-burman-history-of-cult-song-235785/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Indian Express |language=bn}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
In 1973, R.D. Burman got Kishore Kumar to sing the Hindi version of this song, named ''Meri Bheegi Bheegi Si''.<ref name=":3" /> He used it in the film Anamika released in the same year, starring Sanjeev Kumar and [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bhaduri]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gope |first=Arpito |date=2022-08-04 |title=Kishore Kumar: One Legend for 10 Stars |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/kishore-kumar-one-legend-for-10-stars/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, the remake song ''Ruby Ray 3.0'' was released by Ishan Mazumdar featuring Sayantani Guhathakurta. Many people helped in the making of this song. Namely, Ishan Mazumdar was the singer, composer and lyricist; Rahul Sarkar did the programming and arrangement; Subhasish Pathak did the mixing-mastering and the entire music video was directed by Gourav Dutta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sankha |date=2021-08-25 |title=Ishan, Sayantani team up for a new song on the iconic Ruby Roy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/ishan-sayantani-team-up-for-a-new-song-on-the-iconic-ruby-roy/articleshow/85616707.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1969 songs]]
[[Category:1969 singles]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Kishore Kumar songs]]
[[Category:Saregama soundtracks]]
[[Category:Teenage tragedy songs]]

Padrauna

2026-05-02T14:20:06Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Started Basic Post From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padrauna
| other_name =
| nickname = PAVA
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Main Gate of the Palace.jpg
| image_alt = Darbar dwar
| image_caption = Main gate of the palace
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9|N|83.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = Municipal board
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=2011townlist>{{cite web |url= https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42878/download/46546/CLASS_III.xlsx |title= Class III towns and urban agglomerations|access-date=21 July 2024 |publisher=[[Census India]]}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.89
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 49723
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 300+
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011townlist/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 274304
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05564
| registration_plate = UP-57
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 950 (approx.) [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.kushinagar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Padrauna''' is a city and headquarter of [[Kushinagar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is the place where [[Rama]] spent a few days of his life. After passing from Padrauna, Rama reached at [[Ramkola]] where he made a hut with his wife [[Sita]] and younger brother [[Lakshman]] to stay. It is situated {{convert|19|km}} northeast of [[Kushinagar International Airport]]. Udit Narayan Intermediate College is the biggest College in the [[Kushinagar district]]. Padrauna was also the seat of local zamindari called Padrauna Estate.

==Connectivity==
The town is connected to many important cities through National Highway 28B<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/ |title=NHAI::Welcome to NHAI |access-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611061444/http://www.nhai.org/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and State Highway No. 64. A daily bus travels the route from Padrauna to [[Kanpur]], while another bus route connects Padrauna with [[Lucknow]]. [[Padrauna railway station|Padrauna Railway Station]] connects Padrauna to [[Chhapra]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Siddharthnagar]], [[Delhi]], [[Katihar]], [[Jalandar]], and other important cities. Padrauna is also close to [[Kushinagar International Airport]]. The proposed [[Buddha Expressway]] between [[Kushinagar]] and [[Sarnath]] will provide connectivity with southeastern cities in the state like [[Varanasi]], [[Allahabad]], [[Azamgarh]] as well as [[Kolkata]] through National Highway 2 in Varanasi.

==Economy==
The economy of Padrauna mainly consists of Agriculture followed by Services and a little contribution is made by Industrial sector. There are many family run businesses, shops, vendors, hawkers, etc., in tamkhurod. A number of small and mid-size hotels exist in Padrauna. Earlier there were few industries (Kanpur Sugar Works, sugar factory for example) which are no more operational. The shutting down of factories led to poverty and backwardness of this region. The backwardness is further soared by the power shortage in this region.

==Landmarks and geography==
[[File:Sugar Factory in dilapidated state.jpg|thumb|Disused sugar factory]]
Notable landmarks are: Subhash Chowk, Tilak Chowk, Ambay Chowk, Chawani, Ravindra Nagar, Nahar, Rajdarbar, Gudaribajar, Lajpat Nagar, Durgamandir, Jataharoad, Belawan chungi, Bawali Chowk Sugar Factory etc. Though Padrauna is a district headquarter yet almost all the offices like Kutchery, Vikas Bhavan, Income Tax Office, Collectorate, District Hospital etc. are situated in Ravindra Nagar Dhoos. It lies in the Great Plains and is [[Terai]] area, very close to piedmont plains of [[Himalayas]], and is very close to borders of [[Nepal|Nepal and Bihar.]] It is located on the bank of river Bansi, a [[Ganges]] tributary originating in [[Nepal]]. The town presents characteristics distinct from natural features of the western districts of Uttar Pradesh. This difference is due primarily to the relative proximity of the [[Himalayas]], the outermost foothills of which are only a few kilometres from the northern borders. The peak of [[Dhaulagiri]], some 8,230 meters above sea-level, is visible under favourable climatic conditions as far south as Padrauna itself. Below the outer hills is a dry boulder-strewn tract, corresponding to the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Bhabar]] of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] and [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]] and here the bulk of the moisture contributed by the rainfall and the small streams is absorbed by the soil, to reappear through seepage in the damp and unhealthy tract, known as the [[terai]]. The climate is extreme temperate climate, with soaring temperatures in summer crossing 40 degrees and in winters temperatures as low as 3 to 4 degrees.

==Education==
[[File:UditNarayanInterCollege.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Udit Narayan Inter College]]
The town has several schools like Vivekanand Inter College, Kendriya Vidyalaya [[Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Goswami Tulsi Das Intermediate college, VBD INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL, Tulsi vidya niketan, Udit Narayan Intermediate College, JDS International School, (Affiliate to CBSE) Kiddy's Corner School, D.D.N. Public School, Midas School of Learning, Geeta International Public School, Udit Narayan Post Graduate College, Bhartiya Intermediate College, St. Therese's School (affiliated to ICSE), Summer Field Public School, Hanuman Intermediate College, Real Paradise Academy School, ITI, Tapesawari Vidya Mandir, HIIT institute, Shree Ganga Public School, St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School (affiliated to CBSE), Seth M R Jaipuria School, Post Graduate Colleges affiliated to DDU Gorakhpur

Literacy rate is relatively low as compared to the UP state average 69.72 and 63% of its residents are literate.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516011614/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_chapter6.pdf 2011 census results]</ref> After pursuing 10th and 12th standard from Padrauna, students travel to other cities like Lucknow, Allahabad, Varanasi and sometimes up to New Delhi as well. Students from here are primarily interested in government sector jobs and secondary preference is private jobs.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

[[File:Elephantridepadrauna.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Two men enjoying an elephant ride in Market Street]]

==Radio stations==
Radio Pragya 90.4 MHz is a community radio station in Padrauna, Kushinagar district.

==Demographics==
The majority religion in Padrauna is [[Hinduism]], while [[Islam]] and [[Sikhism]] also hold a significant presence. Smaller populations of [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] and [[Christians]] are also found here. Padrauna has a large population of [[Sainthwar]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=BJP may project RPN Singh as OBC face of party in east UP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjp-may-project-rpn-singh-as-obc-face-of-party-in-east-up-101643310360006.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and [[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh|RPN Singh]] belongs to this community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-25 |title=UP assembly elections 2022: RPN Singh resigns from Congress, may join BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-assembly-elections-2022-rpn-singh-resigns-from-congress-may-join-bjp/articleshow/89111890.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Ram Dham.jpg|alt=Ram Dham Pond near Darbar|Ram Dham
File:Irrigation Canal.jpg|alt=The Canal in Padrauna|Irrigation canal
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://infolog.in/padrauna-zamindari/ Padrauna (Zamindari)]

{{Geographic location
|North =Nepal
|Northeast =Motihari
|Northwest =Bahraich
|West =Delhi<-Gorakhpur<-Luckhnow
|East =Bihar
|Center =Padrauna
|South =Varanasi
|Southeast =Patna
|Southwest =Allahabad
}}
{{Kushinagar district}}
{{Gorakhpur division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Padrauna| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kushinagar district]]

Premalo Pavani Kalyan

2026-04-29T22:21:15Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Started Initial Pg Initial Version - done

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premalo Pavani Kalyan
| image = Premalo Pavani Kalyan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = Polur Ghatika Chalam
| screenplay = Polur Ghatika Chalam
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Polur Ghatika Chalam Nagaraju
| producer = B.A. Raju
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Arjan Bajwa|Deepak]]|[[Ankitha]]}}
| cinematography = Jawahar Reddy
| editing =
| music = Ghantadi Krishna
| studio = Superhit Friends
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|12|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Premalo... Pavani Kalyan''''' ({{translation|Pavani and Kalyan are in love}}){{efn|Pavani Kalyan, the name of the two lead characters, refers to [[Pawan Kalyan]].}} is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Polur Ghatika Chalam and starring [[Arjan Bajwa|Deepak]] and [[Ankitha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/ppk.html|title=Movie Preview - Premalo Pavani Kalyan|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Arjan Bajwa|Deepak]] as Kalyan
*[[Ankitha]] as Pavani
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Sitarama Raju
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Dasaratha
*[[Jayaprakash Reddy]] as Jayaprakash
*[[Giribabu]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[AVS (actor)|A.V.S.]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Ironleg Sastri]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]]
*[[Ramaprabha]]
* [[Ramya Sri]]
* Devisri
* Anitha
*Madhumati
*Apoorva
{{div col end}}

==Production ==
The film is directed by Polur Ghatika Chalam, who wrote the story for ''Sampangi'' (2001) starring Deepak. The film is produced by Super Hit film magazine editor B. A. Raju.<ref name=idlebrain>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news230.html|title=Premalo Pavani Kalyan on 13th of December|date=5 December 2002|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/may/23/telugu-film-producer-super-hitba-raju-passes-away-at-61-2306265.html|title=Telugu film producer 'Super Hit BA Raju' passes away at 61|date=23 May 2021|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Release==
The film released on 13 December 2002.<ref name=idlebrain/>

==Reception==
Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "BREAKING THE monotony of the campus love stories, this film proves a refreshing drama of love, coupled with family sentiments and friendly relationships. It is a carefully crafted work of director Ghatikachalam".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/slick-and-saucy/article28389014.ece|title=Slick and saucy|date=15 December 2002|work=The Hindu|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127003930/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/slick-and-saucy/article28389014.ece|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' said that "The only plus point of the film is music. The primary drawbacks of the film are dull narration and nativity problem of hero. May be you can watch this film at your leisure".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-premalopk.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Premalo Pavani Kalyan - Deepak, Ankita - Superhit friends - Ghatikachalam - Ghantadi Krishna|date=13 December 2002|website=Idlebrain}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Deepak is wooden-faced throughout while Ankitha looks glamorous. The music of Gantadi Krishna is disappointing. On the whole it is a run-off-the-mill love story with a tame climax".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/premalo-pavani-kalyan-review-telugu-pcluybcjcgfae.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127003928/https://www.sify.com/movies/premalo-pavani-kalyan-review-telugu-pcluybcjcgfae.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2022|title=Premalo Pavani Kalyan|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 April 2003}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film ran for a hundred days, in 25 centres across Andhra Pradesh, despite a slow start.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/celebrating-100-days/articleshow/42223182.cms|title=Celebrating 100 days|date=3 April 2003|website=The Times of India|author=Mohan Rao Ogirala}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Philip Kumar Reang

2026-04-25T04:15:38Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Started Some Bio Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician from Tripura}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Philip Kumar Reang
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Philip Kumar Reang.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Philip Kumar Reang at the 13th Tripura Legislative Assembly Swearing-In-Ceremony on March 17, 2023
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status =
| term_start = 2023
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside =
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| co-leader =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| succeeding =
| constituency = [[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]]
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Prem Kumar Reang]]
| successor =
| prior_term =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| subterm2 =
| suboffice2 =
| alongside2 =
| monarch2 =
| president2 =
| governor_general2 =
| chancellor2 =
| taoiseach2 =
| governor2 =
| co-leader2 =
| deputy2 =
| lieutenant2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| majority2 =
| prior_term2 =
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]
| parents = [[Drao Kumar Riang|Drao Kumar Reang]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|2|22}}
| birth_place = Dasda, Kanchanpur<ref>[https://erms.tripura.gov.in/EncoreTripura/outviews/viewCanAffidavitNewLink.aspx?Doc_Id=2023/60/7 Government of Tripura]</ref>
| spouse = Diamonti Reang
}}
'''Philip Kumar Reang''' is an Indian [[Reang|bru]] politician from [[Tripura]]. In [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] he won the election from [[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency]] and became member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Philip Kumar Reang: Tripura Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/philip-kumar-reang-kanchanpur-candidate-s23a060c004/ |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2360.htm?ac=60 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kanchanpur Constituency Result 2023: Tipra Motha candidate Philip Kumar Reang defeats IPFT's candidate Prem Kumar Reang |url=https://www.news9live.com/elections/tripura-assembly-election/kanchanpur-constituency-result-2023-winner-of-tripura-kanchanpur-prem-kumar-reang-philip-kumar-reang-rajendra-reang-au1322-2065985 |work=News9live |date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305071444/https://www.news9live.com/elections/tripura-assembly-election/kanchanpur-constituency-result-2023-winner-of-tripura-kanchanpur-prem-kumar-reang-philip-kumar-reang-rajendra-reang-au1322-2065985 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reang, Philip Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Charminar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:15Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Charminar
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (66-Charminar highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Charminar Assembly constituency within Telangana
| type = SLA
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| constituency_no = 66
| established = 1967
| reservation = None 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Mir Zulfeqar Ali]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = 1,96,116
}}

'''Charminar Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/telangana-polls-aimim-hyderabad-asaduddin-owais-9041785/|title=Telangana polls: In AIMIM’s Old Hyderabad fortress, Owaisis sit pretty despite hiccups}}</ref> It is one of 15 constituencies in the capital city of [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]. It is part of [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri|Syed Pasha Quadri]] won the assembly election from Charminar in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/bjp-condemns-mim-mlas-remarks-on-gandhis-statue/787425|title = BJP Condemns MIM MLA's Remarks on Gandhi's Statue|website =outlookindia.com|access-date = 2016-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/complaint-against-mim-mla-for-remarks-on-gandhis-statue/787381|title = Complaint Against MIM MLA for Remarks on Gandhi's Statue|website =outlookindia.com|access-date = 2016-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/is-mim-mla-pasha-quadri-next-in-line/article4330933.ece|title = Is MIM MLA Pasha Quadri next in line?|date = 2013-01-22|newspaper = The Hindu|language = en-IN|issn = 0971-751X|access-date = 2016-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Case-against-MIM-MLA-Pasha-Quadri/articleshow/18097015.cms|title = Case against MIM MLA Pasha Quadri - Times of India|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/K-Chandrashekar-Rao/articleshow/36503218.cms|title = Telangana CM, K Chandrashekar Rao, a Hindi speaking CM in south India - Times of India|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-03-26}}</ref>

==Extent of the constituency==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following neighbourhoods:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood
|-
| '''[[Charminar]]'''
|-
| [[Shah Ali Banda]]
|-
| [[Purana pul]]
|-
| [[Laad Bazaar]]
|-
| [[Moghalpura]]
|-
| [[Khilwat]]
|-
| [[Chaderghat]] (part)
|-
| [[Lal Darwaza]] (part)
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Syed Hassan (politician)|Syed Hassan]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|! rowspan=2|Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Mohd. Mukkarramuddin
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Mohammed Vizarat Rasool Khan| Vizarat Rasool Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|! rowspan=2|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|! rowspan=2|[[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Mumtaz Ahmed Khan (Telangana politician)|Mumtaz Ahmed Khan]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Mir Zulfeqar Ali]]
|}

== Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Charminar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mir Zulfeqar Ali]]
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = 53903
|percentage = 52.05
|change = -1.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Megha Rani Agarwal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 23,750
|percentage = 23.76
|change = +2.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohammed Mujeebullah Shareef
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 10,899
|percentage = 11.11
|change = -5.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohammad Salahuddin Lodhi
|party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|votes = 8,874
|percentage = 9.05
|change = +2.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 837
|percentage = 0.85
|change = +0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,153
|percentage = 28.29
|change = -4.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 98,103
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Charminar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = [[Mumtaz Ahmed Khan (Telangana politician)|Mumtaz Ahmed Khan]]<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/42788/266 Charminar 2018 results]</ref>
| votes = 53,808
| percentage = 53.36
| change = -3.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = T Uma Mahendra
| votes = 21,222
| percentage = 21.04
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mohammed Ghouse]]
| votes = 16,899
| percentage = 16.76
| change = +11.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Mohammad Salahuddin Lodhi
| votes = 6,223
| percentage = 6.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 614
| percentage = 0.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 32,586
| percentage = 32.32
| change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,00,849
| percentage = 50.32
| change = -5.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Charminar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34793/239 Charminar 2014 results]</ref>
| votes = 62,941
| percentage = 57.6
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M A Basith
| votes = 26,326
| percentage = 24.1
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = MirInayat Ali Qaudri
| votes = 8,272
| percentage = 7.6
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 36,615
| percentage = 33.2
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,10,212
| percentage = 56.2
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing = +2.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Charminar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.362|78.475|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Satish Chandra Sharma (politician)

2026-04-12T01:37:25Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Created new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satish Chandra Sharma
| image =
| office = [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry#Minister of State|Minister of State for Food and Civil Supplies of Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| appointer = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| term_start = {{start date|df=yes|2022|03|25}}
| term_end =
| office1 = Member of [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = Rajeev Kumar Singh
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 = 2022
| assembly1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Dariyabad Assembly constituency|Dariyabad]]
| office2 = Member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| assembly2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor2 = Himself
| successor2 =
| term_start2 = 2022
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Dariyabad Assembly constituency|Dariyabad]]
| source =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|02|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| father = Shri Raj Kumar Sharma
| country = {{flag|India}}
| spouse = Preeti Sharma
| children = 2 Sons 1 Daughter
| education = Postgraduate
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Teaching
}}

'''Satish Chandra Sharma''' (born 15 February 1983<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=20023|title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info|website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2024-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102144157/https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=20023|url-status=live}}</ref>) is an Indian politician and a member of the 17th and [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] for [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly/|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022, Elections in Uttar Pradesh|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2022-03-08|archive-date=2022-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309092536/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly/|url-status=live}}</ref> He represents the [[Dariyabad Assembly constituency|Dariyabad]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Satish Chandra Sharma"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/dariyabad-assembly-election-results-2022-dariyabad-vidhan-sabha-natija-bjps-satish-chandra-sharma-wins-by-29021-votes-2443129.html|title=Dariyabad Assembly Election results 2022 (Dariyabad Vidhan Sabha Natija): BJP's Satish Chandra Sharma wins by 29,021 votes|publisher=zeenews.india.com|access-date=2022-03-08|archive-date=2022-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310173008/https://zeenews.india.com/india/dariyabad-assembly-election-results-2022-dariyabad-vidhan-sabha-natija-bjps-satish-chandra-sharma-wins-by-29021-votes-2443129.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202803/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016120119/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Satish Chandra Sharma">{{cite web|title=Satish Chandra Sharma:Election 2022|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/satish-chandra-sharma-dariyabad-candidate-s24a270c04/|publisher=news18.com|access-date=2021-11-23|archive-date=2022-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309174022/http://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/satish-chandra-sharma-dariyabad-candidate-s24a270c04/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Following the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the Dariyabad Assembly constituency, defeating Arvind Singh Gop, the candidate from the Samajwadi Party (SP), by a margin of 32,402 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/dariyabad-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923299-2022-03-09|title=Dariyabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Satish Chandra Sharma defeats SP's Arvind Kumar Singh Gope with 29021 votes|publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date=2023-03-04|archive-date=2023-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104453/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/dariyabad-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923299-2022-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/dariyabad-1114984703|title=UTTAR PRADESH ELECTION 2022: DARIYABAD ASSEMBLY SEAT|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2022-03-08|archive-date=2023-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210111104/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/dariyabad-1114984703|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 25 March 2022, the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], appointed Satish Chandra Sharma as the Minister of State for Food and Civil Supplies in the [[Uttar Pradesh government]].<ref name="Minister">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-28 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Ministries allotted to ministers of Yogi government, know who got which department, this is the complete list|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/portfolio-allocated-to-ministers-of-yogi-government/396132 |work=[[Times Now]] Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/dariyabad-election-results-in-uttar-pradesh/|title=DARIYABAD ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS / CANDIDATES|publisher=indianexpress.com|access-date=2022-03-08|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516192706/https://indianexpress.com/elections/dariyabad-election-results-in-uttar-pradesh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/dariyabad-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425882-2022-03-10|title=Dariabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Satish Chandra Sharma defeated Arvind Kumar Singh Gope on Dariabad assembly seat.|publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|access-date=2022-03-08|archive-date=2023-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210112041/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/dariyabad-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425882-2022-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Satish}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pandara Vanniyan

2026-04-11T10:04:25Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Started Some Details V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Pandara Vanniyan
| title = Tamil [[Vanniar (Chieftain)]] of [[Vannimai]] 'The Last King of Vanni'
| image =Pandaravanniyan image.jpg
| caption = Pandara Vanniyan statue
| reign = 1785–1803<ref name=GS>{{cite web|url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qKo7j7ooFDk/UQtgmmVXVxI/AAAAAAAAAEs/sf4LfP6OVhk/s1600/Pandara+Vanniyan+Memorial+stone.jpg|title=Grave stone of Pandara Vanniyan|publisher=www.canadamirror.com}}</ref>
| coronation =
| full name = Kulasegaram Vairamuthu Kumara
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty =
| successor = [[British Ceylon|British rule]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date = ~1775
| birth_place = [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| death_date = 31 October, 1810<ref name=GS /> (Succumbed to injuries from ambush by British forces{{cn|date=January 2020}})
| death_place = Katsilaimadu,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Duraisingam|first1=Thambimuttu|title=Politics and Life in Our Times: Selected Articles Published for Over a Century, Volume 2|date=2000|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Michigan|page=1490|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TztuAAAAMAAJ&q=pandara+vanniyan|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> [[Sri Lanka]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
}}

'''Pandara Vanniyan''' ({{langx|ta|பண்டார வன்னியன்|Paṇṭāra Vaṉṉiyaṉ}}, {{langx|si|වන්නි බණ්ඩාර|Vanni Baṇḍāra}}) was a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] Chieftain who ruled in [[Vanni Nadu]] reigned from 1785 - 1803<ref name=GS>{{cite web|url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qKo7j7ooFDk/UQtgmmVXVxI/AAAAAAAAAEs/sf4LfP6OVhk/s1600/Pandara+Vanniyan+Memorial+stone.jpg|title=Grave stone of Pandara Vanniyan|publisher=www.canadamirror.com}}</ref> in 18th century AD and early 19th century AD. He is referred to by some as the last [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] king in [[Sri Lanka]], who also rose to revolt against the [[British Ceylon|British Ceylon empire]] and [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch Ceylon empire]], who died battling the British colonial rule on the island.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sabaratnam|first1=T.|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Struggle: Birth of a Unitary State|url=http://sangam.org/2010/09/Tamil_Struggle_6.php|access-date=16 October 2014|agency=Ilankai Tamil Sangam|publisher=Association of Sri Lankan Tamils in the USA|date=3 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xdBDwAAQBAJ&q=bandara+vanniyan&pg=PT80|title=Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society|last=Somasundaram|first=Daya|date=2014-02-11|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=9788132118299|language=en}}</ref> He was officially declared a [[National Heroes of Sri Lanka|National Hero of Sri Lanka]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal|url= |title=Collective trauma in the Vanni- a qualitative inquiry into the mental health of the internally displaced due to the civil war in Sri Lanka|last=Somasundaram|first=Daya|journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems|year=2010|volume=4|location=University of Jaffna|pages=4|doi=10.1186/1752-4458-4-22|doi-access=free |pmid=20667090|pmc=2923106|s2cid=40442344}}</ref>

==Biography==
Kulasegaram Vairamuthu Pandara Vanniyan was a native of Vanni. The 'Vanniyan' here is different from the caste of the same name. Much remains unclear about his family, but reports state that he had one sister, Nallanachal Vanniyan, and two younger brothers called Kayilaya Vanniyan (Minister) and Periya Meynaar (Commander of the State).<ref>{{cite news|title=Minister Sathyalingam stirs debate of Pandara Vanniyan history|url=http://www.tamilcnn.ca/minister-sathyalingam-now-makes-historical-researchers-debate-pandara-vanniyan-history.html|access-date=16 October 2014|agency=TamilCNN|date=16 August 2014}}</ref> [[Pandara Vannian|Pandara Vanniyan]] married Kumarasinghe Maha Vanniya's family of present day [[Thammannakulama|Nuwara Wewa]], who held the office of residential Governor and Custodian of the formerly Tamil area. Marriages between [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniar Chieftain]] families in the northern and southern regions helped to unite and strengthen rule. Thus, when [[Pandara Vannian|Pandara Vanniyan]] married into the [[Thammannakulama|Nuwara Wewa]] family, he gained political power in the south [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] as well as in the north. It is said that he lived in Kumulamunai, which today is in [[Mullaitivu District]]. His statue of honour is located in [[Jaffna]].

==History==
[[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniar chieftain]], [[Pandara Vannian|Pandara Vanniyan]], appeared to have paid some tribute to the more powerful rulers in the region at that time, who had an independent spirit and a distinct culture and dialect of their own. [[Vannimai|Vanni]] functioned as a buffer zone between the north and the south of [[Sri Lanka]]. Historically, the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] encompassed [[Mannar District|Mannar]], [[Vavuniya]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Polonnaruwa]], [[Batticaloa]], [[Ampara]] and [[Puttalam]] hinterlands.

The beginnings of the people of the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] (Vanniar), who were ruled over by [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniar Chieftains]], has not been clearly established, but there is evidence of settlements in the region dating back 2000 years. Furthermore, there is information on the Konesar Kalvettu and in the old 'Vya' song of sixty Vanniar coming from [[Madurai]] in [[South India]], accompanying the royal bride for the king at [[Anuradhapura]] in the first century BC.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Conflict with colonial rule==
When the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] was captured by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in 1621, the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] was under their nominal control and it is thought that 'Parangichetticulam' of the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] is the former fort of the [[Portugal|Portuguese]].

Around 1782, the continued conflicts came to an end when the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]], who had by then arrived in [[Sri Lanka]], once and for all defeated the Vanniars. It has been noted that "The [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] met nowhere a more determined resistance than from one of the native princesses, the Vannichi (widow) Maria Sembatte, whom they [carried] away as prisoner, and [detained] in captivity in the [[Fort (Colombo)|Fort of Colombo]]."
[[File:Flag of Pandara Vanniyan.PNG|thumb|The Flag of Pandara Vanniyan]]

Pandara Vanniyan has defeated the Dutch several times by defeating the [[Lt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg|Lt. von Driberg]] several times.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Somasundaram|first1=Daya|title=Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society|date=2014|publisher=SAGE|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788132111689|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PenAwAAQBAJ&q=pandara+vanniyan&pg=PA52|accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>Pandara Vanniyan fought against the [[British Empire|British]] colonial powers. The Vanniars commenced to live a wild and marauding life and carried on a predatory warfare against the [[British Empire|British]] in [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]] and [[Trincomalee]], and even penetrated to the [[Jaffna peninsula]]. The [[British Empire|British]] had to build forts along the river to keep them at bay. In alliance with the [[Kandy]] Kingdom, [[Pandara Vannian|Vanniyan]] started a revolt to expel the [[British Empire|British]] from his district. On 25 August 1803, [[Pandara Vannian|Vanniyan]] attacked the Government House in [[Mullaitivu|Mullaitheevu]] and drove out the garrison from [[Mullaitivu|Mullaitheevu]],{{ref|1}} which was under the command of Captain Edward Mudge of the 19th Regiment, before finally seizing the fort.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tambiah|first1=Henry Wijayakone|title=The laws and customs of the Tamils of Ceylon|date=1954|publisher=Tamil Cultural Society of Ceylon|location=University of California|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x5bAAAAIAAJ&q=pandara+vanniyan|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

Pandara Vannian captured the [[British Empire|British]] cannons and overran the whole of the northern districts ([[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]]), highlighting his boldness and ability to penetrate as far as [[Elephant Pass]] and into the [[Jaffna Peninsula]]. From conventional warfare, Pandara Vannian resorted to guerrilla tactics, but was finally defeated by [[Lt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg|Lt. von Driberg]] when the (recently arrived) [[British Empire|British]] organized a three-pronged attack from [[Jaffna]], [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]] and [[Trincomalee]] in 1803. In that battle, the [[British Empire|British]] also captured the cannon given to Pandara Vanniyan by [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy|Sri Wickrema Rajasinghe]]. The British presented the village of Pandara Kulam to [[Lt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg|Lt. von Driberg]] as a prize for defeating Pandara Vanniyan.

This was followed by the "burning of all his houses, [whereby Pandara Vanniyan's] people ... dispersed into the jungle, and eventually out of the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] to the districts of Hanwella.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajasuriar|first1=G. K.|title=The history of the Tamils and the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka|date=1998|publisher=Quill Graphics|location=University of Michigan|isbn=9780646365701|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUpuAAAAMAAJ&q=pandara+vanniyan|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> The power of the [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniar (Chieftains)]] was thus finally and effectually extinguished." Alternative histories have it that [[Lt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg|Lt. von Driberg]] of the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] forces felt humiliated by [[Pandara Vannian|Pandara Vanniyan]] for having been defeated by him several times, including in a personal combat situation; despite being permitted by senior officials to withdraw, he stayed on even after the [[British Empire|British]] ousted the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]].<ref name="Daya">{{cite book|last1=Somasundaram|first1=Daya|title=Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society|date=2014|publisher=SAGE|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788132111689|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PenAwAAQBAJ&q=pandara+vanniyan&pg=PA52|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

==Death==
Pandara Vanniyan was defeated in battle at the hands of [[Lt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg|Lt. von Driberg]], in October 1803 at Oddusuddan, Katsilaimadu. Now no longer a feudal ruler, he withdrew to areas near the Kandy Kingdom. He remained there until September 1810 where he was attacked in an ambush by British forces, and later succumbed to his injuries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Navaratnam|first1=Ramon V.|title=The fall and rise of the Tamil nation: events leading to the Tamil war of independence and resumption of Eelam sover[e]ignty|date=1991|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Michigan|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfMBAAAAMAAJ&q=pandara+vanniyan|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> A granite stone monument commemorating Vanniyan's defeat was erected in the village Katsilaimadu in [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]]; it was placed in tribute by [[Lt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg|Lt. von Driberg]], who had fought him in battle. The monument bears the inscription: "Here abouts Captain von Driberg Defeated Pandara Vawniyan Oct 31 st 1803." In 2010 it was found broken; some [[Tamil people|Tamil]] media outlets reported that it had been damaged by [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] soldiers in light of recent ethnic tensions and criticized it as an act of destruction of Tamil heritage and culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.tamilwin.com/show-WUmTTsC0qJRsm.html|title=கற்சிலை மடுவில் உடைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள பண்டார வன்னியனின் நினைவுச் சின்னம்|date= 22 April 2010|publisher= tamilwin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesamnet.co.uk/?p=69494|title= பண்டாரவன்னியன் நினைவுநாளும் அதில் உள்ள வரலாற்றுத் திரிபும் – அ.மயூரன் கட்டுரைகள்|date= 31 October 2015 |publisher= thesamnet.co.uk}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Statue pandara vanniyan.png|thumb|right|Statue of Pandara Vanniyan, unveiled 10 August 2014.]]

Pandara Vanniyan was declared a national hero by the [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]], [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] in 1982 and a statue of him was opened with much fanfare in [[Vavuniya]] at the main junction on the [[A9 highway (Sri Lanka)|A-9 Highway]], where the [[Jaffna]] and [[Kandy]] (and [[Colombo]]) road meets the road to [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]].<ref name="Daya" /> The [[Pandara Vannian|Pandara Vanniyan]] Memorial Day falls on 25 August each year.

Present-day [[Tamil people|Tamils]] and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] of [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] and [[North Western Province, Sri Lanka|North Western]] provinces in [[Sri Lanka]], which were once part of [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]], revere Pandara Vanniyan highly. The [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] are known to summon the protection of '''Vanni Bandara Deio''' when they pass through jungles.

[[Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalists]] valourise Vanniyan as an epic hero, and his character has recently been appropriated and measured against [[Vellupillai Prabhakaran]], the leader of the now dismantled [[LTTE]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Karunanidhi|first=Kalaignar Muthuvel|title=Payum Puli Pandara Vanniyan|date=1991|publisher=Thirumakal|location=Chennai, India|pages=467|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzKlYgEACAAJ}}</ref> [[Karunanidhi|Minister Muthuvel Karunanidhi]], an Indian politician and writer, in his novel 'Payum Puli Pandara Vanniyan' ('The Leaping Tiger Pandara Vanniyan' in English), uses Vanniyan to typify [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[patriotism]] and [[transnationalism]]. According to Vijaya Ramaswamy in ''Historical Dictionary of the Tamils'', "the course of the novel is ... connected to ... developments in Sri Lanka related to moves by the [[LTTE]]. The novel describes the mission of a friend of [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]] (the last Poligar who resisted British rule in Tamil Nadu) to the [[Wanni]] jungles in Sri Lanka. His mission was to meet Pandara Vanniyan who was also resisting the [[British Empire|British]]. This part of the novel echoes the meeting of [[Vaiko|V. Gopalsamy MP]] (popularly known as [[Vaiko]]) and [[Vellupillai Prabhakaran]] (leader of the defunct [[LTTE]]) in the dense jungles of [[Wanni]]."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Vijaya|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc.|location=Maryland|isbn=9780810853799|page=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=pandara+vanniyan&pg=PA114|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

[[Pandara Vannian|Pandara Vanniyan]] is also the subject of the eponymous play by Mullaimaṇi Ve Cuppiramaṇiyam, 'Pantara Vanniyan.' The play was awarded a prize by the Ceylon Art Council in 1964, and was published thereafter in 1970.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Subramaniam|first1=Veluppillai|title=Pantara Vanniyan|year=1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkWbpwAACAAJ&q=pandara+vanniyan|publisher=Ceylon Art Council|access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

On 10 August 2014, three statues of former Tamil kings including Pandara Vanniyan, [[Ellalan]], and Pararaja Sekaran were installed by [[Jaffna Clock Tower]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Statues of Tamil Kings unveiled in Jaffna|url=http://www.epdpnews.com/news.php?id=12052&ln=eng|access-date=16 October 2014|agency=EPDP News|date=11 August 2014}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120210192940/http://wanni.org/south-vanni.htm Closer look at Southern part of Vanni]
* [http://www.geni.com/people/Fredrick-von-Driberg/6000000013096880282 Details of Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg]
* [http://www.geni.com/family-tree/index/6000000013096880282 Family tree of Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg]
* [http://tamilmirrorcanada.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/pandara-vanniyan-last-tamil-king-of.html History of Ceylon: PANDARA VANNIYAN, THE LAST TAMIL KING OF VANNI]
* [http://www.island.lk/2001/04/08/featur14.html Lord of the Vanni Forests]
* [http://www.noolaham.net/project/18/1747/1747.pdf Vanni and the Vanniyas by C. S.Navaratnam]
*[http://warwithoutwitness.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=310:vanni-narratives-the-exposure-to-massive-existential-trauma-resulted-in-the-tearing-of-the-social-fabric-described-here-as-collective-traumaby-dr-daya-somasundaram&catid=38:reports&Itemid=61 Vanni narratives]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandara Vanniyan}}
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil history]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Hindus]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil rebels]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:1803 deaths]]
[[Category:1777 births]]

WWW (film)

2026-04-03T23:15:14Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Created new stub - done

{{short description|2021 film by K. V. Guhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = WWW: Who Where Why
| image = WWW movie poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| writer = K. V. Guhan
| producer = Ravi Prasad Raju Datla
| starring = [[Adith Arun]] [[Shivani Rajashekar]]
| cinematography = K. V. Guhan
| editing = Tammiraju
| music = [[Simon K. King]]
| studio = Ramantra Creations
| distributor = [[SonyLIV]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|12|24}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''WWW: Who Where Why''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Screenlife (film format)|computer screen]] [[thriller film]] written, directed and filmed by [[K. V. Guhan]] and produced by Ramantra Creations. It stars [[Adith Arun]] and [[Shivani Rajashekar]] while [[Satyam Rajesh]] and [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]] play supporting roles. The film's score and soundtrack is composed by [[Simon K. King]]. ''WWW'' is markerted as the first computer screen film in [[Telugu cinema]]. The plot follows a few friends from different cities who meet on [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] but one of them is threatened to be murdered.

The film was partially reshot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language with [[Sathish]] and [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] replacing Rajesh and Priyadarshi. It was released on 24 December 2021 on the streaming service [[SonyLIV]].

== Plot ==
Four friends—Vishwa, Ashraf, Sadha, and Christy—who live in different cities of India are criminals involved in cybercrime. They hack computers for money in video conferencing.

Mitra, a painter, joins Christy's room as her flatmate. Vishwa then recommends a job for Mitra's brother which makes her happy and both become friends. She explains that her father lost his job because of the false blame of erasing all important data. Vishwa then feels bad as he was the one behind it. Slowly, Vishwa starts loving her and decides to propose. After his proposal, Mitra accepts his love by gifting him a painting. When they are about to meet all flights get cancelled due to [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|the lockdown]].
Later they start a video call and decide not to hang up until they meet.

Things change when an unknown man attacks Mitra and Christy. He stabs Christy and ties Mitra to a chair. Vishwa who was seeing it all gets tensed and pleads to the man not to harm them. But the man threatens to kill them if Vishwa doesn't obey his words. He asks Vishwa to reveal his original identity to Mitra. The man then asks to reveal the identity of his friends Sadha and Ashraf but he initially refuses. The man then tries to kill Mitra. Vishwa with no other option left reveals their identity. The man then sends their identity to Khan (a cyber security officer). Vishwa also sends a secret message along with the identity. With that Khan sees that Mitra is in danger so he goes to the location sent to arrest the unknown man.

The man then tells why he was doing this. He reveals that he had developed a game by selling everything he had. It is told that Vishwa hacks the game and sells the data to a big company. He says that his wife had committed suicide and he wanted Vishwa to face the pain that he was facing so he tries to kill Mitra.

Soon, Khan comes to rescue Mitra and Christy and arrests the man. In the end, Vishwa and his friends start working for the police while Mitra and Vishwa get married and are expecting a baby.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Adith Arun]] as Vishwa
* [[Shivani Rajashekar]] as Mitra
* Sandeep Bhardwaj as Sandeep
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Khan
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Sada (Telugu) / [[Sathish]] (Tamil)
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]] as Ashraf (Telugu) / [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] (Tamil)
* [[Divya Sripada]] as Christy
* [[Viva Harsha]]
* Vennela Ramarao
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by veteran cinematographer [[K. V. Guhan]] and produced by Ravi Prasad Raju Datla under Ramantra Creations. ''WWW'' was shot as a [[computer screen film]] in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Chennai]]. It was filmed during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]] and completed in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gajendran |first=Gopinath |date=11 January 2021 |title=Cinematographer KV Guhan returns to direction with WWW |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/11/cinematographer-kv-guhan-returns-to-direction-with-www-22195.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224201440/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/11/cinematographer-kv-guhan-returns-to-direction-with-www-22195.html |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film is presented by [[D. Suresh Babu]] of [[Suresh Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Suresh Babu comes forward to release mystery thriller 'WWW' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/suresh-babu-comes-forward-to-release-mystery-thriller-www |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224201445/https://telanganatoday.com/suresh-babu-comes-forward-to-release-mystery-thriller-www |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack album consists of four songs, all composed by [[Simon K. King]], and released on [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-11 |title=Nailu Nadi Telugu Song From WWW Movie: సిధ్ శ్రీరామ్ నుంచి మరో మెలోడి 'నైలునది దారలాగ' సాంగ్ ట్రెండింగ్ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/nailu-nadi-song-from-www-telugu-movie-1-million-views-for-nailu-nadi-song-43914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224205847/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/nailu-nadi-song-from-www-telugu-movie-1-million-views-for-nailu-nadi-song-43914 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-29 |title=Adivi Sesh releases enticing melody 'Kannulu Chedire' from WWW |url=https://telanganatoday.com/adivi-sesh-releases-enticing-melody-kannulu-chedire-from-www |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613143040/https://telanganatoday.com/adivi-sesh-releases-enticing-melody-kannulu-chedire-from-www |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nailu Nadi
| length1 = 4:07
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]], [[Kalyani Nair]]
| title2 = Who Where Why
| lyrics2 = [[Roll Rida]]
| extra2 = Roll Rida
| length2 = 3:33
| title3 = Kannulu Chedire
| length3 = 3:45
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| lyrics3 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| title4 = WWW Theme
| length4 = 2:15
| extra4 = Shivi Saron
| lyrics4 =
| headline = Original soundtrack (Telugu)
| total_length = 13:40
| all_writing =
}}

== Reception ==
Calling it an "engaging tale," Prakash Pecheti of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' wrote: "KV Guhan, who made his mark with his debut flick ''[[118 (film)|118]]'', yet again shows his skill as a storyteller with a screenplay that is taut."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-25|title=Movie Review: 'WWW' an engaging tale from lockdown|url=https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-www-an-engaging-tale-from-lockdown|website=Telangana Today}}</ref> Praising the performances, reviewer from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' said: "Arun Adith steals the show with his stellar performance in the film. Shivani Rajasekhar's charm lies in her innocent appearance and her impeccable performance which makes the film an endearing watch."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-24|title=WWW Movie Review, Rating|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/www-movie-review-rating-148698|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224201436/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/www-movie-review-rating-148698|archive-date=24 December 2021|access-date=24 December 2021|website=Sakshi Post}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' critic Thadhagath Pathi rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "''WWW'' tries to be fresh in its attempt but it’s a major let-down. Director KV Guhan could’ve pulled off this one better."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=WWW REVIEW : AN EXPERIMENTAL ATTEMPT THAT FAILS TO KEEP YOU HOOKED |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/www/ottmoviereview/88437097.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224202938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/www/ottmoviereview/88437097.cms |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Aithagoni Raju of ''[[Asianet News Network]]'' appreciated the novel attempt by Guhan but opined that the screenplay and pacing could've been better.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=2021-12-24 |title=WWW Movie Review: డబ్ల్యూ డబ్ల్యూ డబ్ల్యూ మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/www-telugu-movie-review-r4m3tx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224201439/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/www-telugu-movie-review-r4m3tx |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=te}}</ref> A critic writing for ''[[Eenadu]]'' opined that barring a few good sequences, the film failed to impress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=WWW Movie Review: రివ్యూ: 'డబ్ల్యుడబ్ల్యుడబ్ల్యు' - telugu news www movie review in telugu |url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/telugu-news-www-movie-review-in-telugu/0201/121262012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224201439/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/telugu-news-www-movie-review-in-telugu/0201/121262012 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> On contrary, ''[[News18 Telugu]]''{{'s}} Kiran Kumar Thanjavur praised the film, direction and performances, calling it a "must-watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thanjavur |first=Kiran Kumar |date=2021-12-24 |title=WWW Movie Review : "WWW"(ఎవ‌రు, ఎక్క‌డ‌, ఎందుకు) మూవీ రివ్యూ.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/www-movie-review-who-where-why-evaru-ekkada-enduku-movie-review-ta-1136164.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224201437/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/www-movie-review-who-where-why-evaru-ekkada-enduku-movie-review-ta-1136164.html |archive-date=24 December 2021 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14039762}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/movies/www-telugu-1000151146 ''WWW''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608081235/https://www.sonyliv.com/movies/www-telugu-1000151146 |date=8 June 2022 }} at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Guhan]]
[[Category:Screenlife films]]
[[Category:Indian films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Lukman Avaran

2026-04-02T06:24:44Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Starting Post

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lukman Avaran
| image =
| caption = Lukman in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|5|22}}
| birth_place = [[Changaramkulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = Royal College of Engineering & Technology
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse = Jumaima
| parents =
}}
'''Lukman Avaran''' (born 22 May 1990) is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. His debut film is ''[[Dayom Panthrandum]]'' (2013) was the first theatre-released film in his career.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=For the love of cinema: Lukman Lukku speaks on his struggles as an actor |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/love-cinema-lukman-lukku-speaks-his-struggles-actor-144232 |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Lukman acted the lead role in the film ''[[Operation Java]]'' (2021) directed by [[Tharun Moorthy]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Actor Lukman ties the knot in Malappuram {{!}} Watch video |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/02/21/actor-lukman-ties-the-knot-malappuram.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> He was mainly noted for his performances in the films [[Shibu (film)|''Shibu'']] (2019),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arjun Prabhakaran |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Arjun-Prabhakaran?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' (2019), ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (2022),<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Some blows in 'Thallumala' were painful, but worth it: Lukman Avaran |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/08/22/thallumala-lukman-avaran-character-jamshi-action-scenes.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> and ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |title='Saudi Vellakka' trailer: Tharun Moorthy presents a hard-hitting drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saudi-vellakka-trailer-tharun-moorthy-presents-a-hard-hitting-drama/articleshow/95904375.cms |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life ==
Lukman Avaran was born in [[Changaramkulam]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], to Koladikkal Avaran and Haleema.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Operation Java' actor Lukman turns COVID warrior |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-1.5744006 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=12 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He is a [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]] graduate from the [[Royal College of Engineering & Technology]], in [[Chermanangad]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]. He married Jumaima on 20 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Lukman Avaran ties knot with Jumaima, celebs shower blessings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actor-lukman-avaran-ties-knot-with-jumaima-celebs-shower-blessings/articleshow/89702826.cms |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title='Operation Java' actor Lukman enters wedlock |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-lukman-enters-wedlock-1.7278326 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=20 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
His acting career was started by a short film Kittuo (2013).<ref name=":0"/> His first silver appearance was ''[[Dayom Panthrandum]]'' (2013) Written by Harshad PK and [[Muhsin Parari]], Directed by Harshad PK and this movie wasn't released in theatres. His first notable performance was in the movie ''[[KL 10 Patthu|KL10 Patthu]]'' (2015) Written & Directed by [[Muhsin Parari]].<ref>{{Citation |title=KL 10 Pathu Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of KL 10 Pathu by Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kl-10-pathu/movie-review/48145433.cms |access-date=2022-05-09}}</ref>

In 2019, his role in ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]'' of a police officer from an Adivasi community, Biju Kumar<ref name=":0"/> was noticed by the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-14 |title=Unda movie review: An inspiring film made with a lot of heart |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/unda-movie-review-rating-mammootty-5781003/ |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, ''[[Operation Java]]'' Written & Directed by Tharun Moorthy, Lukman had a major role as Vinaya Dasan along with [[Balu Varghese]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Java Movie Review: A thrilling take on cybercrime |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/operation-java/amp_movie_review/80882782.cms |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2021-02-22 |title='Operation Java' movie review: A promising debut unravelling the world of cybercrime |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/operation-java-review-a-promising-debut-unravelling-the-world-of-cybercrime/article33900721.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the following years, he performed many supporting characters in many films. He played pivotal roles in ''[[Thallumaala]]'' (2022) along with [[Tovino Thomas]] by [[Khalid Rahman]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Thallumaala' gets an OTT release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-thallumaala-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/94023488.cms |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and also in the Tharun Moorthy's second film ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' (2022) along with [[Binu Pappu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title='Saudi Vellakka' Teaser: Tharun Moorthy's sophomore directorial venture is a fun-filled entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saudi-vellakka-teaser-tharun-moorthys-sophomore-directorial-venture-is-a-fun-filled-entertainer/articleshow/91174789.cms |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2022-12-12 |title=Malayalam director Tharun Moorthy: 'Saudi Vellakka' has been an emotional journey |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tharun-moorthy-speaks-about-his-new-movie-saudi-vellakka/article66254172.ece |access-date=2023-01-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film ''Saudi Vellakka'' was screened under Indian Panorama segment of [[53rd International Film Festival of India|IFFI 53.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='Saudi Vellakka' screened under Indian Panorama segment of IFFI 53 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1879482 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117075411/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1879482 |archive-date=2023-01-17 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Dayom Panthrandum]]'' || Red || Screened at the Kochi-Muziris Biennale (KMB) and other film festivals ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mushthari |first=Jabir |date=2012-11-22 |title=The name of the game |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-name-of-the-game/article4123355.ece |access-date=2022-05-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' || Hotel boy || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/love-cinema-lukman-lukku-speaks-his-struggles-actor-144232|title=For the love of cinema: Lukman Lukku speaks on his struggles as an actor|first=Neelima|last=Menon|date=26 February 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[KL 10 Patthu]]'' || Nasarullah || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanging out with Ahmed, from Malappuram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/jul/16/hanging-out-with-ahmed-from-malappuram-784804.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 July 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Style (2016 film)|Style]]'' || || ||
|-
|''[[Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti]]'' || Filament Philip || ||<ref>{{Citation |title=Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti by Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/valleem-thetti-pulleem-thetti/movie-review/52239763.cms |access-date=2022-05-09|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' || Bank Customer || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''Hadiyya''|| Lukman || || {{fact|date=June 2025}}
|-
| ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]'' || Sound System Operator || ||
|-
| ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'' || Jabir || ||
|-
| ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || Sajeev || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' || Rajesh || ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2018-02-15 |title='Sudani from Nigeria' weaves a tale around sevens football |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zakariya-on-his-debut-film-sudani-from-nigeria/article22761398.ece |access-date=2022-05-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[French Viplavam]]'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[Kakshi: Amminippilla|O P 160/18 Kakshi Amminippilla]]'' || Suran || ||
|-
| ''[[Shibu (film)|Shibu]]'' || Habeeb || ||
|-
| ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]'' || PC Biju Kumar || ||
|-
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Dr. Sajith || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]'' || Vinod || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2021 || ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]'' || Ramanan || ||
|-
| ''[[Operation Java]]'' || Vinaya Dasan || ||
|-
| ''[[No Man's Land (2021 Malayalam film)|No Man's Land]]'' || Mathayikkutty || ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramasamy |first=Meenatshi |date=2021-12-21 |title='No Man's Land' Malayalam movie review: An experimental affair that just misses the mark |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/no-mans-land-malayalam-movie-review-an-experimental-affair-that-just-misses-the-mark/article38005439.ece |access-date=2023-01-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Churuli]]'' || Moonji || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Churuli movie review: Lijo Jose Pellissery's visually rich commentary on the human condition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/churuli-review-lijo-jose-pellissery-7631070/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=For the love of cinema: Lukman Lukku speaks on his struggles as an actor |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/love-cinema-lukman-lukku-speaks-his-struggles-actor-144232 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' || Thara || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ajagajantharam' movie review: A power-packed action feast |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/12/23/antony-varghese-ajagajantharam-movie-review.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2022 || ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' || Muthukoya || ||
|-
| ''[[Archana 31 Not Out]]'' || Prasad || ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-02-11 |title='Archana 31 Not Out' movie review: Loses the match by quite a wide margin |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/archana-31-not-out-movie-review-loses-the-match-by-quite-a-wide-margin/article38413392.ece |access-date=2023-01-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naaradan]]'' || Ameer || ||
|-
| ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]'' || Rocky || ||
|-
| ''Aanaparambile World Cup'' || Muneer || || {{fact|date=June 2025}}
|-
| ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' || Abhilash Sashidharan || ||<ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''[[Thallumaala]]'' || Jamshi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Some blows in 'Thallumala' were painful, but worth it: Lukman Avaran |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/08/22/thallumala-lukman-avaran-character-jamshi-action-scenes.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[Aalankam]]'' || Pookkal|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lukman-Jaffer Idukki starrer Aalankam to hit theatres this month |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/13/lukman-jaffer-idukki-starrer-aalankam-to-hit-theatres-this-month-39952.html |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]'' || Ameen Kasim|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |title=Lukman - Ameen People have begun to enjoy my work as an entertainer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lukman-people-have-begun-to-enjoy-my-work-as-an-entertainer/articleshow/98211264.cms |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lukman, Anarkali lead Ashraf Hamza's next 'Sulaikha Manzil' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/feb/15/lukman-anarkali-lead-ashraf-hamzas-next-sulaikha-manzil-2547443.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jackson Bazaar Youth]]'' || Appu || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indrans to play the lead in 'Jackson Bazaar Youth,' based on a band-set team |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/indrans-to-play-the-lead-in-jackson-bazaar-youth-based-on-a-band-set-team/articleshow/89177083.cms |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Shooting For Jackson Bazaar Youth, Malayalam Actor Indrans's Next, Begins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shooting-for-jackson-bazaar-youth-malayalam-actor-indrans-next-begins-5726131.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Corona Dhavan]]'' || Dhavan Vinu || ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |title=Sreenath Bhasi, Lukman in Corona Jawan, a comedy set during lockdown |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreenath-bhasi-lukman-in-corona-jawan-a-comedy-set-during-lockdown/articleshow/97522104.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='ഒരു തുള്ളി ജവാന് വേണ്ടി ശ്രീനാഥ് ഭാസി'; കൊറോണ ജവാന്‍ ഫസ്റ്റ്ലുക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/02/02/Corona-javan-first-look.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Anchakkallakokkan]]'' || Vasudevan || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-05 |title=Trailer of Chemban Vinod Jose-Lukman Avaran's Anchakkallakokkan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/05/trailer-of-chemban-vinod-jose-lukman-avarans-anchakkallakokkan-out |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Perumani]]'' || Abi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-08 |title=First look poster of Perumani out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/08/first-look-poster-of-perumani-out |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kundannoorile Kulsitha Lahala]]'' || Ajnjathan || || <ref>{{Cite news |title=കുണ്ടന്നൂരിലെ കുൽസിത ലഹള, ട്രെയിലർ ശ്രദ്ധേയമാവുന്നു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kundannoorile-kulsitha-lahala-trailer-lukman-avaran-movie-1.9132414 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' ||Antony Joshua || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-02 |title=Khalid Rahman-Naslen's Alappuzha Gymkhana gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/02/khalid-rahman-naslens-alappuzha-gymkhana-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vala: Story of a Bangle]]'' || Banu Prakash || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-26 |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham director Muhashin's next Vala to star Dhyan Sreenivasan, Lukman Avaran, Vijayaraghavan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/26/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-director-muhashins-next-vala-to-star-dhyan-sreenivasan-lukman-avaran-vijayaraghavan |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Athi Bheekara Kaamukan'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-15 |title=Lukman's Athibheekara Kaamukan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/15/lukmans-athibheekara-kaamukan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards ==

{{Infobox actor awards
|name = Lukman Avaran
|wins = 2
|nominations = 0
|award1W = 1
|award2W = 1
|award1 = Prem Nazir Samskarika Sahithi Award
|award2 = [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Work
!Ref
|-
|2023
|Prem Nazir Samskarika Sahithi Award
| {{N/a}}
!<ref>{{Cite web |last=റിപ്പോർട്ടർ |first=ഫിൽമി |date=2023-02-11 |title=സംസ്കാര സാഹിതി മലപ്പുറം ജില്ലാ കമ്മറ്റി പ്രഥമ പ്രേം നസീർ പുരസ്കാരം ലുക്മാന് |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/film-news/prem-nazir-samskarika-samithi-award-for-lukman-avaran-104240 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.reporterlive.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Special Jury Award]]
|''Saudi Vellakka''
!<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Kunchacko Boban, Darshana Rajendran share acting honours |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/05/23/kerala-film-critics-awards-headmaster-sruthi-saranyam.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6916464/?ref_=rvi_nm Lukman Avaran] at [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avaran, Lukman}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Boman Irani

2026-03-26T12:53:22Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal:

{{Short description|Indian actor, producer, filmmaker, voice artist and photographer (born 1959)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fan POV|date=July 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Boman
| image = IIFA 2017 Green Carpet (36349841166) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Irani in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|12|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{Marriage|Zenobia Irani|1985}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2001–present
| organization = Irani Moviestone<ref name="Boman Irani">{{cite tweet|user= bomanirani| author=Boman Irani|date=24 January 2019|number = 1088315363115368448 |title=And the moment that we've been waiting for!!! With the love from one and all, introducing "Irani Movietone". @iranimovietone #IraniMovietone https://t.co/gXdwKmGTmq}}</ref>
| children = 2, including [[Kayoze Irani]]
}}

'''Boman Irani''' (born 2 December 1959) is an Indian actor and comedian who worked primarily in [[Hindi]]-language films. He has featured in over 100 films, and is the recipient of a [[Filmfare Award]] and two [[IIFA Award]]s.

Some of his notable works include ''[[Munna Bhai MBBS]]'' (2003), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'', ''[[Main Hoon Na]], [[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (all 2004), ''[[No Entry (2005 film)|No Entry]]'' (2005), ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'', ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' (both 2006), ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]'' (2006), ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' (2007), ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' (2008), ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010), ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011), ''[[Housefull 2]]'', ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (both 2012), ''[[Jolly LLB]]'' (2013), ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'', ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (both 2014), ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015), ''[[Housefull 3]]'' (2016), ''[[Sanju]]'' (2018), ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'' (2019), ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' (2021), ''[[Uunchai]]'' (2022) and ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'' (2023). He made his directorial debut with the self-starring drama ''[[The Mehta Boys]]'' (2025).

== Early life ==
Irani was born on 2 December 1959, in [[Mumbai]] to an [[Irani (India)|Irani]] [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] family. His father died 6 months before Irani was born. He has 3 elder sisters: Shirin, Shenaz, and Roshan. Irani grew up with [[dyslexic|dyslexia]] in his childhood, which he eventually overcame.<ref name="josh">{{cite web|title=Josh talks – Boman Irani|url=https://www.youtube.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214123929/http://www.youtube.com/|archive-date=14 December 2006|access-date=30 June 2017|website=www.youtube.com|publisher=Josh talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | via=Times of India | date=19 December 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-12-amitabh-bachchan-shares-an-incident-from-his-school-days-when-he-lied-of-killing-a-snake-and-got-a-beating-from-his-school-principal/articleshow/79807062.cms | title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 12: Amitabh Bachchan shares an incident from his school days when he lied of 'killing a snake' and got a beating from his school principal | work=Entertainment Times}}</ref>

He finished his secondary schooling at [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai|St. Mary's School]], after which he undertook a 2-year waiter course at [[Mithibai College]] in [[Mumbai]]. Irani also managed a bakery and [[Namkeen (food)|namkeen]] shop in [[Mumbai]] that was run by his mother, Jerbanoo.<ref name="IndianSpeakerBureau">{{cite web|title=INSPIRATIONAL LIFE AND QUOTES OF BOMAN IRANI: TRANSFORMATION FROM A DYSLEXIC, AND LISPIC CHILD TO AN ACCLAIMED BOLLYWOOD ACTOR!|url=https://www.indianspeakerbureau.com/blog/inspirational-life-and-quotes-of-boman-irani-transformation-from-a-dyslexic-and-lispic-child-to-an-acclaimed-bollywood-actor/|work=Indian Speaker Bureau|date=7 December 2020}}</ref> She died in June 2021 at 94.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maru |first=Vibha |date=9 June 2021 |title=Boman Irani mourns mother Jerbanoo Irani's death, says she will always be a star |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/boman-irani-mourns-mother-jerbanoo-irani-s-death-says-she-will-always-be-a-star-1812903-2021-06-09 |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Photography career ===
While working at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]], he took photos of school cricket and football matches and sold them for 20 to 30 rupees, which he continued to do up until his marriage.<ref name="TheGenXTimes">{{cite web |title=From waiter to a rising star: Boman Irani |url=http://www.thegenxtimes.com/editorials/from-waiter-to-a-rising-star-boman-irani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171929/http://www.thegenxtimes.com/editorials/from-waiter-to-a-rising-star-boman-irani/ |archive-date=5 April 2017 |access-date=5 April 2017 |work=The GenX Times}}</ref> Irani continued to work as a photographer, and asked the then President of the Indian Boxing Association, [[Aspy Adajania]] if he could become the photographer for the [[IBA World Boxing Championships|World Boxing Championships]] in [[Mumbai]]. When Adajania initially rejected him, Irani agreed to work at his office in-return to cover the event. He continued to cover other state boxing matches, until he was finally appointed by Adajania as the official photographer for the Indian Boxing Association.

Irani would also go on to become the photographer for the Norwegian Boxing Team and photograph specific photos that were needed of Norwegian boxer, [[Ole Klemetsen]]. Irani took the photos with his [[Pentax K1000]] camera.

=== Theatrical career (1981–1983)===
During his school days, Irani had a passion for acting, where he trained under acting coach Hansraj Siddhia from 1981 to 1983.

Irani was mentored by actor [[Alyque Padamsee]].<ref name="Hindustantimes1">{{cite web|title=Boman Irani gets candid|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Boman-Irani-gets-candid/Article1-527275.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121104012/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Boman-Irani-gets-candid/Article1-527275.aspx|archive-date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The making of an actor |url=http://bomanirani.com/bi_theat.htm |publisher=Bomanirani.com |access-date=20 February 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823120635/http://www.bomanirani.com/bi_theat.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Irani appeared in many theater plays such as Roshni, at the Regional Theater in [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]]. He also acted in many TV serials such as ''Family Ties'' and ''Mahatma vs Gandhi'', playing [[Gandhi]] after the role was turned down by actor [[Darshan Jariwala]].<ref name=Hindustantimes1 />

=== Film career (2000–present)===
Irani moved to on-screen acting in 2000. He appeared in a number of commercials for [[Fanta]], [[Ambuja Cements]] and [[CEAT Limited]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bomanirani.com/bi_ads.htm |title=Actor – Ad Films – India |publisher=Boman Irani |access-date=20 February 2011 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110147/http://www.bomanirani.com/bi_ads.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

His small but significant role in ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' earned him critical acclaim. The film was declared a hit, and he was seen in a segment featuring [[Saif Ali Khan]]. Irani gained attention for his role in the 2003 comedy ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''. His role as J. Asthana earned him a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]]. He would go on to star in its sequel ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' for which he received several [[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]] award nominations. He also starred in the comedy-drama ''[[3 Idiots]]'' opposite [[Aamir Khan]] which earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and the [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

In addition to acting, Irani has hosted the [[IIFA Awards]] on various occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-boman-irani-are-iifa-hosts-again-news-bollywood-jfsufjbbeib.html |title=Riteish Deshmukh, Boman Irani are IIFA hosts again |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306212608/http://www.sify.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-boman-irani-are-iifa-hosts-again-news-bollywood-jfsufjbbeib.html }}</ref> He also hosted the quiz show ''[[Bollywood Ka Boss]]''. He has also appeared in ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' with [[Sanjay Dutt]], and has featured in various commercials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mullenlowelintas.in/news/lowe-lintas-highlights-sweet-side-life-diabetic-onetouch/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416124459/http://www.mullenlowelintas.in/news/lowe-lintas-highlights-sweet-side-life-diabetic-onetouch/ |title=Lowe Lintas highlights the 'sweet' side in the life of a diabetic for OneTouch – MullenLowe Lintas Group|date=17 February 2015 |archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>

He launched his production house Irani Movietone in January 2019.<ref name="Boman Irani" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/boman-irani-reveals-he-will-finally-make-his-directorial-debut-this-year-i-hope-to-start-by-mid2022-101644956385325.html|title = Boman Irani reveals he will finally make his directorial debut this year: I hope to start by mid-2022|date = 16 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/399542-boman-irani-all-set-to-make-directorial-debut-this-year|title = Boman Irani all set to make directorial debut this year}}</ref> In the same year, Irani played the role of Dr. Balraj Kapoor in the web series ''[[Masoom (TV series)|Masoom]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Boman Irani On 'Masoom': "The Love That Has Come By For My Debut Is Overwhelming" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/boman-irani-on-masoom-the-love-that-has-come-by-for-my-debut-is-overwhelming/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

Boman Irani is also a [[brand ambassador]] for Puri Oil,<ref>{{Cite web|title=FNB News – Boman Irani new brand ambassador of Puri Oil Mills' P Mark mustard oil {{!}} FNB News|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/Boman-Irani-new-brand-ambassador-of-Puri-Oil-Mills-P-Mark-mustard-oil|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603221849/http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/Boman-Irani-new-brand-ambassador-of-Puri-Oil-Mills-P-Mark-mustard-oil|archive-date=3 June 2018|access-date=31 May 2018|website=www.fnbnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghosal|first=Sutanuka|date=2014|title=Boman Irani signs up as brand ambassador of 'P' mark mustard oil|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/boman-irani-signs-up-as-brand-ambassador-of-p-mark-mustard-oil/articleshow/29555684.cms|url-status=live|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002083614/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/boman-irani-signs-up-as-brand-ambassador-of-p-mark-mustard-oil/articleshow/29555684.cms|archive-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> Exotica,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exotica signs Boman Irani as its brand ambassador -|url=http://www.realtynmore.com/exotica-signs-boman-irani-as-its-brand-ambassador/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603123208/http://www.realtynmore.com/exotica-signs-boman-irani-as-its-brand-ambassador/|archive-date=3 June 2018|access-date=31 May 2018|website=www.realtynmore.com|date=21 October 2015}}</ref> [[Kent RO Systems|Kent RO]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 January 2011|title=Kent RO Systems signs Boman Irani as the brand ambassador|work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/kent-ro-systems-signs-boman-irani-as-the-brand-ambassador-111012400119_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526150737/http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/kent-ro-systems-signs-boman-irani-as-the-brand-ambassador-111012400119_1.html|archive-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> Ahead NGO,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Boman Irani brand ambassador of NGO 'Ahead'|language=en|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-sector-media-entertainment/boman-irani-brand-ambassador-of-ngo-%E2%80%98ahead%E2%80%99-113101402312_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002082113/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-sector-media-entertainment/boman-irani-brand-ambassador-of-ngo-%25E2%2580%2598ahead%25E2%2580%2599-113101402312_1.html|archive-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> and [[Saffola]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Saffola appoints Boman Irani as brand ambassador; launches new TVC|language=en-US|work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising/saffola-appoints-boman-irani-as-brand-ambassador-launches-new-tvc_19973.html|access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> He is also on the [[Advisory board|Board of Advisors]] of [[I.I.M.U.N.|India's International Movement to Unite Nations (I.I.M.U.N.)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=I.I.M.U.N. {{!}}{{!}} Board of Advisors|url=https://new.iimun.in/pages/BoA.html|access-date=17 July 2021|website=new.iimun.in}}</ref>

=== Other works ===
He provided the voice of [[J. R. D. Tata]] in the audiobook of his biography by [[Charkha Audiobooks]], ''Beyond the Last Blue Mountain'' written by [[R. M. Lala]], alongside [[Shernaz Patel]] as narrator.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

== Ventures ==

===Irani Movietone===

Founded by Boman Irani in 2019, [https://www.iranimovietone.com/ Irani Movietone] is a film production cum creative house that specialises in providing advertising and branding solutions in all media formats. Sugar Cosmetics, JSW One, PMark Mustard Oil and Quench Botanics are some of the notable clients who advertising with Irani Movietone.

‘The Mehta Boys’ is its first feature film production directed by Boman Irani and written by Alexander Dinelaris and Boman Irani. The film has been released on Amazon Prime Video.

===Spiral Bound===

In 2020, Irani began a masterclass named Spiral Bound with the aim of uniting amateur and professional screenwriters.<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/boman-turns-mentor.html|title=Boman turns mentor|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> Screenwriter [[Alexander Dinelaris]] conducted the first workshop of Spiral Bound.<ref name="mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/masterclass-with-boman-irani/articleshow/78080295.cms |title=Masterclass with Boman Irani |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914042154/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/masterclass-with-boman-irani/articleshow/78080295.cms |archive-date=2020-09-14}}</ref> The masterclass continued in online sessions during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="dailypioneer.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/boman-irani-clocks-in-150-online-screenwriting-sessions-of-spiral-bound/india/news/2163245.html|title=Boman Irani clocks in 150 online screenwriting sessions of 'Spiral Bound'}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/G17DBS68B1c Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210504060200/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G17DBS68B1c&ab_channel=BollywoodLife Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G17DBS68B1c&ab_channel=BollywoodLife| title = Boman Irani opens up on how he came up with Spiral Bound Online Scriptwriting Sessions | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 6 July 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/videos/interviews-videos/boman-irani-opens-up-on-how-he-came-up-with-spiral-bound-online-scriptwriting-sessions-exclusive-1649809/|title = Boman Irani opens up on how he came up with Spiral Bound online scriptwriting sessions [Exclusive]|date = 3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/dge6ewOeT-A Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210503040852/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dge6ewOeT-A&ab_channel=TimesPassionTrails Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dge6ewOeT-A&ab_channel=TimesPassionTrails| title = Boman Irani on the Art of Screenplay Writing | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 31 May 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Guest speakers included playwright [[Anosh Irani]] and directors [[Raju Hirani|Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Ram Madhvani]], and [[Shakun Batra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/workplaces-are-still-in-the-closet/articleshow/77955483.cms |title=Workplaces are still in the closet |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915212116/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/workplaces-are-still-in-the-closet/articleshow/77955483.cms |archive-date=2020-09-15}}</ref><ref name="mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/boman-irani-has-a-productive-lockdown-completes-over-50-online-screenwriting-sessions-in-quarantine/articleshow/76260256.cms|title = Boman Irani has a productive lockdown, completes over 50 online screenwriting sessions in quarantine|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref> Spiral Bound has completed more than 500 sessions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/boman-irani-characters-3-idiots-munna-bhai-mbbs-khosla-ka-ghosla-spiral-bound-production-house-films-writing-7764196/ | title=Boman Irani decodes his characters, reveals how he prepared for 3 Idiots, Khosla Ka Ghosla: 'I find learning lines on set, odd' | date=12 February 2022 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Everybody Says I'm Fine!]]''
| Resomon Mittal
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Let's Talk (2002 film)|Let's Talk]]''
| Nikhil Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003
|''[[Darna Mana Hai]]''
|Hotel Owner
|Segment: ''No Smoking''
|-
| ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]''
| Diamond Dealer
|
|-
| ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''
| Dr. Jagdish Chandra "JC" Asthana
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''
| Principal Yogesh Agarwal
|
|-
|''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''
| Sanjeev Shergill
|
|-
|''[[Veer-Zaara]]''
| Jahangir Hayaat Khan
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2005
| ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
| Deepak Suri
|
|-
| ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''
| Natham "Nattu" Singh
|
|-
|''[[My Wife's Murder]]''
| Inspector Tejpal Randhawa
|
|-
| ''[[No Entry]]''
| Minister Pranab Kumar "PK" Gupta
|
|-
| ''[[Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara]]''
| Public Prosecutor Avinash Roy
|
|-
| ''[[Home Delivery: Aapko... Ghar Tak]]''
| Michael Burnett / Santa Claus
|
|-
| ''[[Kal: Yesterday and Tomorrow]]''
| Yashwant Dayal Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Bluffmaster]]''
| Dr. Vijay Bhalerao
|
|-
| ''[[Mr Prime Minister]]''
| Member of Parliament
|
|-
| ''[[Being Cyrus]]''
| Farokh Sethna
| [[English language|English]] film
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006
| ''[[Shaadi Se Pehle]]''
| Dr. Rustam Ali
|
|-
| ''[[Pyare Mohan]]''
| Tony Dholakia
|
|-
|''[[Yun Hota To Kya Hota]]''
| [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Amarkant Chauhan
|
|-
|''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''
| Lakhbir "Lucky" Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]''
| Kishan Khurana
|
|-
| ''[[Don – The Chase Begins Again]]''
| P De Silva
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
| ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]''
| Rana Jayavardhan Singh
|
|-
|''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
|Oscar Fernandes
|
|-
|''[[Heyy Babyy]]''
| Bharat Sahni
|
|-
| ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]''
| Tony Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2008
| ''[[Love Story 2050]]''
| Professor Yatin Khanna
|
|-
| ''[[Kismat Konnection]]''
| Rajiv Batra
|
|-
| ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''
| Murali "M" Lokhande
|
|-
| ''[[Yuvvraaj]]''
| Dr. Pravin Kant "PK" Banton
|
|-
| ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]''
| Naveen Mathur
|
|-
|''[[Maharathi (2008 film)|Maharathi]]''
| Avvaldas "AD" Merchant
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2009
| ''[[Luck by Chance]]''
| Deenaz Aziz
|
|-
| ''[[Little Zizou (film)|Little Zizou]]''
| Boman Pressvala
|
|-
|''[[99 (2009 film)|99]]''
| Rahul Mehrotra
|
|-
| ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''
| Dr. Sachin Mishra
|
|-
| ''[[Perfect Mismatch]]''
| Naresh Patel
|
|-
| ''[[Fruit and Nut (film)|Fruit and Nut]]''
| Maharaja Harry Holkar
|
|-
| ''[[3 Idiots]]''
| Dr. Viru "Virus" Sahastrabuddhe
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2010
| ''[[Well Done Abba]]''
| Arman/Rahman Ali
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]''
| Virendra Kapoor
|
|-
| ''[[Mirch]]''
| Ashmit "Aasu" Hotmal
|
|-
| ''[[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]]''
| Ali
|
|-
| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
| Batook Patel
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''
| Principal Karam Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]''
| Om Prakash "OP" Ramsay
|
|-
|''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]''
| Ranveer
|
|-
| ''[[Don 2: The King is Back]]''
| Vardhan Makhija
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2012
| ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''
| Sushil Kapoor
|
|-
| ''[[Housefull 2]]''
| Batook Patel
|
|-
| ''[[Tezz]]''
| Sanjay Raina
|
|-
| ''[[Ferrari Ki Sawaari]]''
| Behram Ardeshir Deboo
|
|-
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| Randhir "Randy" Kapoor
|
|-
|''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]''
| Farhad Ahmed
|
|-
|''[[Student of the Year]]''
| Harikishan Sanon
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Jolly LLB]]''
| Advocate Tejinder Rajpal
|
|-
| ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
| Raghunath "Raghu" Nandan
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| ''[[Youngistaan]]''
| PM Dashrath Kaul
|
|-
| ''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]''
| Bhushan Sharma / Bhausaheb
|
|-
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| Tehamton "Tammy" Irani
|
|-
| ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
|Cherry Bajwa
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]''
| CM Ashok Gajapathi
| Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''
| King
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
| ''[[Santa Banta Pvt Ltd]]''
| Santeshwar Singh Solaid / Santa
|
|-
| ''[[Housefull 3]]''
| Batook Patel
|
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Michael Mishra]]''
| Full Pant (HP) / Older Half Pant
|
|-
| ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
| Dr. Sairam Sukhranjan
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
|-
| 2017
|''[[FU: Friendship Unlimited]]''
| Bulmukand
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018
| ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
| Govind "Vinda" Bhargav
| rowspan="2" |Telugu film
|-
|''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''
| Colonel Sanjay Shrivastav
|-
| ''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]''
| Himanshu Shukla
|
|-
| ''[[Sanju]]''
| Captain Homi Irani / Dr. Jagadish Chandra Asthana(archive footage from ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.|Munna Bhai MBBS]]'') || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]''
| Gurwinder "Garry" Sandhu
|
|-
| ''[[Khajoor Pe Atke]]''
| Abhishek Zaveri
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|2019
|''[[Total Dhamaal]]''
|Commissioner Shamsher "Don" Singh
|
|-
|''[[PM Narendra Modi]]''
| [[Ratan Tata]]
|
|-
|''[[Jhalki]]''
| [[Kailash Satyarthi]]
|
|-
|''[[Kaappaan]]''
| Rajan Mahadev
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
|''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''
|Dr. Shankar Vardhi
|
|-
|''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]''
| Irfan Ali Mohammed
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Maska (2020 film)|Maska]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/mar/28/maska-review-an-interesting-premise-somehow-manages-to-yield-disastrous-results--2122388.html|title='Maska' review: An interesting premise somehow manages to yield disastrous results|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 March 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407182636/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/mar/28/maska-review-an-interesting-premise-somehow-manages-to-yield-disastrous-results--2122388.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Himself
|
|-
|2021
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1166223949497159680|title=Boman Irani to enact the part of Farokh Engineer in #83TheFilm... Stars Ranveer Singh as #KapilDev... Directed by Kabir Khan... 10 April 2020 release. #Relive83|publisher=Taran Adarsh on Twitter|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004174144/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1166223949497159680|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Farokh Engineer]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Runway 34]]''
|Nishant Suri
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/boman-irani-joins-cast-ajay-devgns-mayday/|title=Boman Irani joins the cast of Ajay Devgn's Mayday|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=29 January 2021|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]''
| Samarth Parekh
|
|-
| ''[[Naam Tha Kanhaiyalal]]'' || Himself || documentary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3zhIGop_JM|title=NAAM THA KANHAIYALAL | DOCUFILM | HEMAA SINGH | PAWAN KUMAR | MUKESH SINGH|date=22 September 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Uunchai]]''
|Javed Siddiqui
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/parineeti-chopra-plays-role-tourist-guide-nepal-sooraj-barjatyas-uunchai-film-shot-worlds-dangerous-airport/|title=Parineeti Chopra plays the role of a tourist guide in Nepal in Sooraj Barjatya's Uunchai; film shot at world's most DANGEROUS airport|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=9 October 2021|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]''
|Geetendar "Geetu" Gulati
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[The Mehta Boys]]''
| Mr. Shiv Mehta
|Also director
|-
|''[[Detective Sherdil]]''
|Pankaj Bhatti
|
|-
|''[[Tanvi the Great]]''
|Raja Sahab
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|Dr Padmabhushan
|Telugu film
|-
|''[[Raja Shivaji (film)|Raja Shivaji]]''
|{{TBA}}
|Bilingual film
|-
|[[Khosla Ka Ghosla 2|''Khosla ka ghosla 2'']]
|
|
|-
|}

===As dubbing artist===
*''[[Teen Patti (film)|Teen Patti]]'' (2010) for [[Ben Kingsley]]

===Web Series===
*''[[Hai Junoon!]]'' 2025 - Professor Iyer

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award Show
! Category
! Film
! Outcome
|-
| rowspan="5" |2004
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award]]s
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]]
|''[[Main Hoon Na]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Munnabhai M.B.B.S.]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Screen (magazine)|Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Comic Role
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2006
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
|[[Filmfare Award]]s
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Lage Raho Munnabhai]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Global Indian Film Awards]]
|Best Actor in A Comic Role
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|Best Performance in a Negative Role
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2008
|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
|[[Filmfare Award]]s
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[3 Idiots]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|2011
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|''[[Well Done Abba]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2012
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|''[[Don 2]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Bollywood Hungama Surfers' Choice Movie Awards
|Best Comedian
|''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1224082|name=Boman Irani}}

{{Commons category|Boman Irani}}{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Bollywood|Movies}}

{{IIFAAwardBestNegativeRole}}
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActorAward 2001–2020}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActorNegativeRole}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani, Boman}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Irani (India) people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actors with dyslexia]]
[[Category:Indian people with disabilities]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Mumbai]]

Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940

2026-03-25T21:16:09Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal:

{{short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| imagesize = 200
| legislature = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| long_title = An Act to regulate the import, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs and cosmetics.
| citation = [http://www.rajswasthya.nic.in/Drug%20Website%2021.01.11/12%20D%20&%20C%20Act%20amended%20upto%2026%20of%2008.pdf Act No. 23 of 1940]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted =
| date_passed = 10 April 1940
| enacted_by2 =
| date_enacted2 =
| date_passed2 =
| date_assented =
| signed_by =
| date_commenced =
| date_repealed =
| administered_by =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| conf_committee_passed =
| committee_report =
| bill2 =
| bill_citation2 =
| bill_date2 =
| introduced_by2 =
| 1st_reading2 =
| 2nd_reading2 =
| 3rd_reading2 =
| conf_committee_passed2 =
| committee_report2 =
| date_conf_committee =
| white_paper =
| amended_by = See [[Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940#Amendments|Amendments]]
| repeals =
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = In force
}}

The '''Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940''' is an [[act of the Parliament of India|act of the Imperial Legislative Council]] which regulates the import, manufacture and distribution of drugs in [[India]].<ref name="Kuchekar2008">{{cite book|author=Dr. B. S. Kuchekar|title=Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp-4VHZLl-4C&pg=SA5-PA1|access-date=26 December 2014|date=8 January 2008|publisher=Pragati Books Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85790-28-2|pages=5.0–5.2}}</ref> The primary objective of the act is to ensure that the drugs and cosmetics sold in India are safe, effective and conform to state quality standards.<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite book|author=Dr. Lily Srivastava|title=Law & Medicine|year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5_TSdG13M4C&pg=PA216|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|isbn=978-81-7534-949-0|pages=216–}}</ref> The related [[Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945]] contain provisions for classification of drugs under given schedules and provide guidelines for the storage, sale, display and prescription of each schedule.<ref name="Srivastava"/><ref name="Pillay2012">{{cite book|author=Pillay|title=Modern Medical Toxicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFcHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|access-date=22 February 2015|date=30 November 2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Publishers|isbn=978-93-5025-965-8|page=30}}</ref>

==Summary==
This act was originally known as the Drug Act and was passed in 1940. The original act was prepared in accordance to the recommendations of the Chopra Committee formed in 1930. The related Drugs Rules was passed in 1945. Since 1940, the act has undergone several amendments and is now known as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.<ref name="Srivastava"/>

The term "drug" as defined in the act, includes various substances, diagnostic, and medical devices. The act defines "cosmetic" as any product that is meant to be applied to the human body for the purpose of beautifying or cleansing. The definition however excludes soaps. In 1964, the act was amended to include [[Ayurveda]] and [[Unani]] drugs.<ref name="Srivastava"/>

The Section 16 of the act defines the standards of quality for drugs. The Section 17 defines "misbranding". A drug is considered misbranded if it claims to be of more therapeutic value than it actually is. The manufacturer of such a drug may be asked to suspend the manufacture of the drug under Section 18. Section 27 deals with fake and adulterated drugs. The act requires more of that ingredients of the drugs should be printed on the label.<ref name="Srivastava"/>

The Section 22 defines the powers of the drug inspectors and Section 23 defines the strict procedure which should be followed by the inspectors during any raids.<ref name=fulltext>{{cite web|title=Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940|url=http://cdsco.nic.in/html/copy%20of%201.%20d&cact121.pdf|publisher=[[Central Drugs Standard Control Organization]]|access-date=19 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226113109/http://cdsco.nic.in/html/copy%20of%201.%20d%26cact121.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2014}}</ref>

== Controversy==
The act lacks specific penalties for violating provisions relating to clinical trials. As a result, no penalties could be imposed on the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]-funded Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) for violating norms in conducting the [[HPV]] vaccination trials on tribal girls in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]]. On 17 April 2015, the government told the [[Supreme Court of India]] that due to lack of specific penalties, the government could only halt the trials and issued warnings. The trial had been found to be unethical by a Parliamentary committee in 2013.<ref name=US-NGO>{{cite news|title=Can't penalise US NGO for violating drug trial norms|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/cant-penalise-us-ngo-for-violating-drug-trial-norms/|access-date=18 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 April 2015}}</ref>

==Amendments==
The act has been amended several times. The following are a list of amending acts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdsco.nic.in/writereaddata/Drugs%26CosmeticAct.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920153748/http://www.cdsco.nic.in/writereaddata/Drugs%26CosmeticAct.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emergogroup.com/sites/default/files/file/india-drugs-and-cosmetics-act-1940-act-no-23.pdf|title=India Medical Device Regulations|date=16 October 2009|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110145941/http://www.emergogroup.com/sites/default/files/file/india-drugs-and-cosmetics-act-1940-act-no-23.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

# The Drugs (Amendment) Act, 1960 (35 of 1960)
# The Drugs (Amendment) Act, 1962 (21 of 1962)
# The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1964 (13 of 1964)
# The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1972 (19 of 1972)
# The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1982 (68 of 1982)
# The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1986 (71 of 1986)
# The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 1995 (71 of 1995)
# The Drugs and Cosmetics (Amendment) Act, 2008 (26 of 2008)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/export/sites/CDSCO_WEB/Pdf-documents/acts_rules/DC_ACT_AMENDMENT_2008_file.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003040739/https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/export/sites/CDSCO_WEB/Pdf-documents/acts_rules/DC_ACT_AMENDMENT_2008_file.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=cdsco.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Drug policy of India]]
* [[Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|title=Law Relating to Drugs and Cosmetics|first=Vijay|last=Malik|year=2014|edition= 24th |publisher=Eastern Book Company|place=Lucknow|isbn= 978-93-5145-313-0 }}
* {{cite book|title=Supreme Court on Narcotics and Drugs|first=Surendra|last=Malik|year=2016|edition=2nd|publisher=Eastern Book Company|place=Lucknow|isbn= 978-93-5145-318-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Supreme Court on Drugs, Medical Laws and Medical Negligence |first=Surendra|last=Malik|year=2014|edition=1st|publisher=Eastern Book Company|place=Lucknow|isbn= 978-93-5028-850-4}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940|url=http://cdsco.nic.in/html/copy%20of%201.%20d&cact121.pdf|publisher=[[Central Drugs Standard Control Organization]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226113109/http://cdsco.nic.in/html/copy%20of%201.%20d%26cact121.pdf|archive-date=2014-12-26}}

[[Category:1940 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Cosmetics law]]
[[Category:Drug control law in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]

Hoolock gibbon

2026-03-23T21:57:55Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: fixed issues

{{Short description|Genus of apes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Hoolock gibbons<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Primates | id = 12100753 | pages=178–179}}</ref><ref name=Mootnick>{{cite journal | last1= Mootnick | first1= A. |author2= Groves, C. P. | year = 2005 | title = A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae) | journal = International Journal of Primatology | issue = 4 | pages = 971–976 | doi = 10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4 | volume = 26| s2cid= 8394136 }}</ref>
| image = Gibbon Hoolock de l'ouest.JPG
| taxon = Hoolock
| authority = [[Alan Mootnick|Mootnick]] & [[Colin Groves|Groves]], 2005
| type_species = ''[[Hoolock hoolock|Simia hoolock]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Richard Harlan|Harlan]], 1834<ref name=Mootnick />
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = *''[[Hoolock hoolock]]''
*''[[Hoolock leuconedys]]''
*''[[Hoolock tianxing]]''<ref name="FanEtAl2017">{{cite journal|last1=Fan|first1=P-F|last2=He|first2=K|last3=Chen|first3=X|last4=Ortiz|first4=A|last5=Zhang|first5=B|last6=Zhao|first6=C|last7=Li|first7=Y-Q|last8=Zhang|first8=H-B|last9=Kimock|first9=C|last10=Wang|first10=W-Z|last11=Groves|first11=C|last12=Turvey|first12=S.T|last13=Roos|first13=C|last14=Helgen|first14=K.M|last15=Jiang|first15=X-L|title=Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=79 |date=2017 |issue=5 |article-number=e22631 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22631 |pmid=28073165 |s2cid=3882019 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1529319/11/turvey_A%20new%20hoolock%20gibbon-0826%20AJP-CR1_Fan3_STT_AO-CR_1027.pdf |access-date=2019-02-01 |archive-date=2018-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722060305/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1529319/11/turvey_A%20new%20hoolock%20gibbon-0826%20AJP-CR1_Fan3_STT_AO-CR_1027.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

The '''hoolock gibbons''' are three [[primate]] species of genus '''''Hoolock''''' in the gibbon family, [[Hylobatidae]], native to eastern [[Bangladesh]], [[Northeast India]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Southwest China]].

==Description==
Hoolocks are the second-largest of the gibbons, after the [[siamang]]. They reach a size of {{cvt|60 to 90|cm}} and weigh {{cvt|6 to 9|kg}}. The sexes are about the same size, but they differ considerably in coloration; males are black-colored with remarkable white brows, while females have a grey-brown fur, which is darker at the chest and neck. White rings around their eyes and mouths give their faces a mask-like appearance. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' says that the name "hoolock" is from "a language of Assam."

==Distribution==
[[File:Range of the 4 gibbon genera.jpg|thumb|400px|Range of the hoolock and other gibbons]]
In northeast India, the western hoolock gibbons' range extends into the seven northeastern states of India, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Anwaruddin |title=Ecology of the hoolock gibbon (''Hylobates hoolock''), a lesser ape in the tropical forests of north-eastern India |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |date=1991 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=147–153 |doi=10.1017/S0266467400005228 |jstor=2559687|s2cid=86606996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Anwaruddin |title=The distribution and status of hoolock gibbon, ''Hoolock hoolock'', in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India |journal=Primate Conservation |date=2006 |volume=20 |pages=79–87 |doi=10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79|doi-access=free }}</ref> The hoolock is found south of [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]], and the north bank and east areas of the [[Dibang River|Dibang river]].<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1987) "Notes on the distribution and conservation of Phayre's leaf monkey and Hoolock gibbon in India." ''Tigerpaper'' 14(2): 2–6</ref> In Assam the species is protected at the [[Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary|Hollongapar Gibbon sanctuary]], which support 125 individuals of the species, as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Ashvita |date=2023-11-25 |title=In Assam, railway line expansion and electrification threaten the hoolock gibbon, India's only ape |url=https://scroll.in/article/1059458/in-assam-railway-line-expansion-and-electrification-threaten-the-hoolock-gibbon-indias-only-ape |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126082829/https://scroll.in/article/1059458/in-assam-railway-line-expansion-and-electrification-threaten-the-hoolock-gibbon-indias-only-ape |url-status=live }}</ref> In Meghalaya they are found in every district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=Anwaruddin |date=2006 |title=The Distribution and Status of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79 |journal=Primate Conservation |language=en |volume=20 |pages=79–87 |doi=10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.79 |issn=0898-6207}}</ref>

In Bangladesh, the western hoolock gibbons were distributed across 35 forest fragments. The largest of these (Lawachara and Kaptai) supported 42 and 84 individuals respectively, but 17 of the fragments had less than ten individuals. For a better overview the forest fragments are grouped into 13 areas. All areas are located within Chittagong and Sylhet divisions, mostly near the eastern border of the country.

In China, in historical times, the skywalker gibbon was recorded in nine counties in the west bank of the Salween River in westernmost Yunnan province. Based on more recent interview surveys conducted in October–November 2008 and field surveys conducted in Mar, Apr, and Aug 2009, the current Chinese population of hoolock gibbons was found to be restricted to three counties (Baoshan, Tengchong, and Yingjiang). The population size was estimated to be less than 200 individuals.

In Myanmar, all three species of hoolock gibbon can be found in the forested areas west of Thanlwin river. Of all four distribution countries, Myanmar holds the key population of all three species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geissmann |first1=T. |last2=Grindley |first2=M. E. |first3=Ngwe |last3=Lwin |first4=Saw Soe |last4=Aung |first5=Thet Naing |last5=Aung |first6=Saw Blaw |last6=Htoo |last7=Momberg |first7=F. |year=2013 |title=The Conservation Status of Hoolock Gibbons in Myanmar |publisher=Gibbon Conservation Alliance |location=Zürich, Switzerland |pages=xii + 157 |isbn=978-3-033-04358-9}}</ref>

==Behaviour and diet==
Like the other gibbons, they are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] and [[arboreal]], [[brachiation|brachiating]] through the trees with their long arms. They live together in monogamous pairs, which stake out a territory. Their calls serve to locate family members and ward off other gibbons from their territory. Their diet consists mainly of fruits, insects and leaves.

==Breeding and lifecycle==
Young hoolocks are born after a 7-month gestation, with milky white or buff-colored hair. After about 6 months, the hair of males darkens and turns black, while the females' hair remains buff-colored throughout their lives. After 8–9 years, they are fully mature and their fur reaches its final coloration. Their life expectancy in the wild is about 25 years.

==Classification==
[[File:Mâle Gibbon Hoolock de l'Ouest.jpg|thumb|Western hoolock gibbon]]
[[File:Hoolock Gibbon Call.ogg|thumb|Call of hoolock gibbon from Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, Assam]]
The classification of this gibbon has changed several times in the past few years. Classically, all gibbons were classified in the genus ''Hylobates'', with the exception of the siamang. After some studies, the genus was divided into three subgenera (including the siamangs ''Symphalangus''), and then into four (recognizing ''[[Bunopithecus]]'' as the hoolock subgenus distinct from other gibbon subgenera). These four subgenera were elevated to full genus status. However, the [[type species]] for ''Bunopithecus'' is ''[[Bunopithecus|Bunopithecus sericus]]'', an extinct gibbon or gibbon-like ape from [[Sichuan]], China. Very recent investigations have shown that the hoolock gibbons are not closely related to ''B. sericus'', so they have been placed in their own genus, ''Hoolock''. In the process, the two subspecies of hoolock gibbons have been raised to species level.<ref name=MSW3/><ref name=Mootnick/> A new subspecies of the western hoolock gibbon has been described recently from northeastern India, which has been named the Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon, ''H. hoolock mishmiensis''.<ref name="Choudhury2013b">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'' from North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=49–59 |year=2013}}</ref> A further new species, ''H. tianxing'', with an estimated population of about 200, was discovered in southwest China in 2017.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/11/new-species-of-gibbon-discovered-in-china |title=New species of gibbon discovered in China |first=Georgia |last=Brown |date=11 January 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=11 January 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427204527/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/11/new-species-of-gibbon-discovered-in-china |url-status=live }}</ref>

The species of hoolock are:<ref name=Mootnick/><ref name="guardian"/>
{{Species table |genus=[[Hoolock]] |authority-name= [[Alan Mootnick|Mootnick]] & [[Colin Groves|Groves]]|authority-year= 2005 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name= Western hoolock gibbon|binomial=[[Hoolock hoolock]]
|image=File:Hoolock hoolock 001.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Harlan |authority-year= 1834|authority-not-original=yes
|range= India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar
|range-image=File:Western Hoolock Gibbon area.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= EN
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= Eastern hoolock gibbon|binomial=[[Hoolock leuconedys]]
|image=File:Unknown animal 5 (Sitesh Babu's Zoo).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Groves |authority-year= 1967|authority-not-original=yes
|range= China(Yunnan) and Myanmar
|range-image=File:Eastern Hoolock Gibbon area.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= Skywalker hoolock gibbon|binomial=[[Hoolock tianxing]]<ref name="FanEtAl2017"/>
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Fan et al. |authority-year= 2017|authority-not-original=
|range= Myanmar and southwestern China
|range-image=File:Distribution Hoolock tianxing.jpg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= EN
|population=150
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*ARKive – [https://web.archive.org/web/20060423075532/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Bunopithecus_hoolock/ images and movies of the hoolock gibbon ''(Bunopithecus hoolock)'']
*[http://www.gibbons.de/main/photo/08hool.html Hoolock gibbon photos]
*[http://www.gibbons.de/main/sound/07hool.html Hoolock gibbon songs]
*[http://www.gibboncenter.org/ Gibbon Conservation Center]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074528/http://www.sirajul.com/viewGallery.php?page=1 Hoolock gibbon photos taken in the wild]
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/hoolock_gibbon Primate Info Net ''Hoolock'' factsheet]

{{Hylobatidae nav}}
{{Haplorhini|Ho.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q303166}}

[[Category:Hoolock gibbons| ]]
[[Category:Gibbons]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Colin Groves]]

Vairam

2026-03-16T21:24:02Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Created details

{{for|the 2009 film|Vairam: Fight for Justice}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vairam
| image = Vairam DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| screenplay = T. N. Balu
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]''|K. A. Narayan}}
| producer = S. P. Laxmanan M. Suriyanarayanan S. S. Pazhaniyappan M. N. Arunachalam
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = Amirtham
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]]
| music = [[T. R. Pappa]]
| studio = Vijaya-Suri Combines
| released = {{film date|1974|05|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vairam''''' ({{translation|Diamond}}) is a 1974 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[spy film]] directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]] and written by T. K. Balu. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], with [[M. R. R. Vasu]], [[S. A. Ashokan]] and [[R. S. Manohar]] in supporting roles. It is a remake of the 1972 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=25 February 2013 |title=Jaya's phenomenal celluloid presence |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130225/news-current-affairs/article/jaya%E2%80%99s-phenomenal-celluloid-presence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619195213/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130225/news-current-affairs/article/jaya%E2%80%99s-phenomenal-celluloid-presence |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film was released on 24 May 1974,<ref>{{Cite web |title=வைரம் / Vairam (1974) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/vairam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109051505/https://screen4screen.com/movies/vairam |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and became a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa The Actress 'Hated' The limelight, But Starred In Over 140 Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jayalalithaa-the-actress-hated-the-limelight-but-starred-in-over-140-films-1634645 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016122333/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jayalalithaa-the-actress-hated-the-limelight-but-starred-in-over-140-films-1634645 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Senthil Nathan is a rich businessman, revered by his son Raja and society. In reality, he is the leader of a smuggling gang. As a trusted member of society. He gets all information, while his gang executes his plans. However, during one such robbery, a gang member turns greedy and flees with the diamonds. Senthil Nathan sends another man to retrieve the diamonds and kill the traitors. The traitor is killed, but the killer too flees with the diamonds. A furious Senthil Nathan sends some henchman to kill the traitor and retrieve the diamonds. The henchman corners and kills the traitor, but later has succeeded in hiding the diamonds somewhere. Meanwhile, a Victoria driver of the eponymous, Victoria, who was found near the dead body is arrested based on circumstantial evidence.

Elsewhere, two old golden-hearted crooks, Durai and Sami are to be released. Durai had an infant son who was kidnapped from a park. To date, Durai doesn't know who kidnapped him or whether his son is even alive. The duo wants to spend the rest of their lives as good, respected men. The plan is short-lived when they find themselves on the trail of the diamonds. Soon they learn about the Victoria and realise that no one has got a scent of the missing diamonds. To get closer to the Victoria, they pose as distant cousins of the Victoria driver, who are reluctantly admitted inside by the driver's elder daughter Rani, who soon starts acting suspiciously. During the day, Rani rides the Victoria, posing as a man.

She slips out of the home. One day Durai and Sami follow her to the house of a man unknown to them, Senthil Nathan and a henchman named Victor. They are shocked to see Rani seducing him. But when Victor tries to rape her, the duo saves her. On accosting her, she says that the man was loitering suspiciously near the Victoria when her father was arrested. Before they can learn anything from him. he is shot dead. On learning the Victoria drivers' story, the duo decides to do a good turn. They tell Rani the whole truth, but a shocked Rani doesn't have a clue about the location of the diamonds. Even after tearing the Victoria apart, nothing is found. Meanwhile, Rani falls in love with Raja. Whom she met while posing as a cab driver. she tries to woo him posing as a rich lady. A plan which works well.

However, Raja learns the truth and decides to marry her. Despite knowing about her father. Raja also meets Durai and Sami, whereupon he gets suspicious of the duo. Here Senthil Nathan objects to Raja's relationship with Rani. Later, Raja learns of his father's true nature and leaves him. After meeting Rani, Durai and Sami tell the truth to him too. The quartet decides to find the diamonds. Senthil Nathan kidnaps Rani on learning that she is the daughter of Shankaralingam, the Victoria driver. Later, Raja, Durai and Sami are also kidnapped and tortured. During the deal, Senthil Nathan's drinks are being served on an ornate tray with a fake Victoria headlamp attached to it. Sami realises that the diamonds are hidden in the Victoria's lamp. He buys time for himself and his old buddy and they go to retrieve the diamonds. The duo turns up at Senthil Nathan's den, where they manage to create confusion by luring the gang members to the diamonds.

Senthil Nathan is embarrassed to see that not one member of his gang is loyal to him. During the melee, another twist occurs where an old henchman of Senthil Nathan reveals that Raja isn't Senthil Nathan's son. Senthil Nathan had ordered the henchman to steal somebody's child, because Senthil Nathan's father had threatened to disown him. Senthil Nathan could have prevented the situation only by proving that Senthil Nathan fathered the child. In the end, Senthil Nathan and his remaining cronies are arrested and Rani's father is set free. After being reunited with his son and his would be daughter-in-law, Durai decides to settle down. However, Sami decides that his destiny might have written something else for him and leaves. Soon Durai spots a Burka-clad woman who is actually Sami. Sami tells Durai that he will not let the latter spend the rest of his life without him. Durai relents and goes home with his friend.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Raja
* [[Jayalalithaa]] as Rani
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Victor
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Durai
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Samy
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Senthilnathan
* [[S. V. Ramadoss]] as Kannaiyram
* [[C. R. Parthiban]] as Jambu
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Vaithiyanathan, hospital ward boy
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Sankaralingam
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Lathiyadi Krishnan (Police Constable, Vani Brother)
* [[Sachu]] as Vani
* [[Karikol Raju]] as Marwadi
* [[Usilai Mani]] as a Hotel customer
* [[Loose Mohan]] as a Hotel customer
* [[Kallapetti Singaram]]
* [[K. K. Soundar]] as Inspector of police
* [[Shoba]] as Usha, Rani's younger Sister
* [[Jayakumari]] as Guest Role
}}

==Production==
The court scenes were shot at Saradha Studios. Suryanarayanan, one of the film's producers appeared as court judge in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=நீதிபதி யார்? |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-2-51#?xywh=2464%2C1992%2C3725%2C2100&cv=3|date=2 March 1974|page=4|work=Navamani|language=ta|access-date=28 October 2025|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[T. R. Pappa]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vairam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by T R Papa |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/vairam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-t-r-papa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616085629/https://macsendisk.com/product/vairam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-t-r-papa/ |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Iru Mangani Pol
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Jayalalithaa
| length1 = 03:13
| title2 = Iruvu Muzhuthum
| extra2 = M. R. Vijaya
| length2 = 04:51
| title3 = Parthen Oru Azhagi
| extra3 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length3 = 04:48
| title4 = Thana kidachathaiya (Ithu Saavi)
| extra4 = Kovai Soundararajan, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| legnth4 =
}}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' compared the film unfavourably to the original.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=9 June 1974 |title=வைரம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1974/jun/09-06-1974/p25.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727113958/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1974/jun/09-06-1974/p25.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Jayalalithaa's opponents in politics circulated a still from ''Vairam'' showing her as a cabaret dancer to tarnish her image.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dickey |first=Sara |title=Living Pictures: Perspectives on the Film Poster in India |publisher=Open Editions |year=2005 |isbn=0-949004-15-4 |pages=59}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2367184}}
{{T. R. Ramanna}}

[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s spy action films]]
[[Category:1974 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. R. Pappa]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yashodhra Katju

2026-03-15T09:10:59Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Created entry - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Primary sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Yashodhara Katju
| birth_date = 15 April 1928
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974 |15 April 1928}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]]
| spouse = Bhandari (Naval officer Commander)
| children =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| parents = Pandit Jeevan Lal Katju (father) Kailashwati Mulla Katju (mother) ( sister of Ananad Narain Mulla)
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 1941–1973
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

''' Yashodhara Katju''' (1928 – 1974) was a [[Bollywood]] actress who was the Second Kashmiri Girl after Shyama Zutshi who joined films in 1941. She was born in 1928 in [[Allahabad ]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/yashodhara-katju-1?ctr=103&filterBy=y&search=&people= |title=Yashodhara Katju}}</ref>

==Early life, career and personal life ==
Yashodhara Katju was born on 15 April 1928 in [[Lahore]]. She was the daughter of Pandit Jeevan Lal Katju who is a family member of Jaipur Katju family [[Kamala Nehru]] too was a member of this family. At first they lived in [[Lucknow]] but later Pandit Jeevan Lal Katju was appointed as a senior administrative officer by the British Government and transferred to the United Provinces. He then started to live in Lahore. Although he was transferred to [[Lucknow]] but with the influence from Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] he later resigned his government job and focused on Politics and freedom struggle. Yashodhara Katju was admitted to [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore]]. Yashodhara’s Mother's name was Kailashwati Mulla Katju who was the sister of Pandit Ananad Narain Mulla, the famous Kashmiri Urdu poet and the Judge of Allahabad High court. She was fluent in English, Gujarati, Marathi, Urdu, Kashmiri and Hindi. She was also proficient in horse Riding, singing (She was a student of [[Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University|Bhatkhande Music Institute, Lucknow]] ) and dancing ( [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]] and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] ) . Yashodhara Katju dreamed from her childhood to join films against the wishes of her family so she moved to Bombay in 1941. In 1941, she was offered a role in a movie named LALAJI produced by The National Studios. She was then only 14 years old. The movie was completed and released in 1942. Between LALAJI (1942) which was her first movie and DO PHOOL (1973) which was her last movie, she acted in about 85 films. She married Mr Bhandari a Naval officer Commander. After that she lived a very happy married life. Yashodhara Katju died in the year 1974 by a massive heart attack.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://autarmota.blogspot.com/2015/12/yashodhara-katju-forgotten-bollywood.html |title=YASHODHARA KATJU .. A FORGOTTEN BOLLYWOOD ACTRESS OF KASHMIRI ORIGIN}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/yashodhara-katju-63215/filmography |title=YASHODHARA KATJU FILMOGRAPHY}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# Do Phool (1973),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/filmography/yashodhara-katju/7667 |title=YASHODHARA KATJU COMPLETE FILMOGRAPHY}}</ref>
# Do Phool (1974) as Malati Rai
# Agni Rekha (1973), as Damayanti Sharma
# Chhalia (1973) as a Club member
# Daag (1973) as School Principal
# Narad Leela (1972) as Mrs Motiram
#Chori Chori (1972) as Meena Bai
# Seema (1971),
# Paraya Dhan (1971)
# Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971),
# Neelam (1970)
# Mohabbat (1963)
# Rajnandini (1962)
# Amrit Manthan (1961),
# Pyar Ki Pyas (1961), as Shyama
# Shravan Kumar (1960), as Chamily
# Talaqqe (1958) as Kamini
# Amarsingh Rathod (1957), as Jagrani
# Badal Aur Bijli (1956),
# Kismet Ka Khel (1956) as Phooljhadi
# Ek hi Rasta (1956) as Shova
# Dwarkadhis (1956)
# Gouri Puja (1956)
# Badal aur Bijli (1956)
# Caravan (1956)
# Bagdad Ka Chor (1955)
# Madd Bhare Nain (1955)
# Waman Avtaar (1955) in Malayalam as Sona
# Teerandaz (1955)
# Naqab (1955)
# Aladin Ka Beta (1955)
# Durga Pooja (1954)
# Chakradhari (1954)
# Dak Babu (1954)
# Chandni Chok (1954) as Shabnan
# Mastana (1954) as Rano
# Adhikar (1954) as Yasodhara
# Pehali Tarikh (1954)
# Shabab (1954)
# Mann (1954)
# Bagawan (1953)
# Ek Do Teen (1953) as Asha
# Baaz (1953) as Nisha's friend
# Humdard (1953)
# Baghdad (1952)
# Dharma Patni (1952) as Shanta
# Nawjawan (1951) as Bimla
# Dholak (1951) as Shila
# Damad (1951)
# Hamari Shaan (1951)
# Daman (1951)
# Ankhen ( The Eyes ) (1950)
# Bhai Bahen (1950)
# Surajmukhi (1950)
# Rakhi (1949)
# Naach(1949)
# Sipaiha (1949)
# Naach (1949)
# Usha Haran (1949)
# Pyaar Ki Jeet (1948)
# Chandralekha (1948)
# Rangeen Zamana (1948)
# Ajit (1948)
# Nek Parvin (1946)
# Devar (1946)
# Sassi Punnu (1946)
# Meelam (1945)
# Ayana (1944)
# Ghar Ki Shova (1944)
# Dulhan (1943)
# Mahatma Bidur (1943)
# Lalaji (1941)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| nm0441321 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katju, Yashodhara}}
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Kashmiri actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]

Arvind N. Mambro

2026-03-14T06:40:32Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Adding data - done

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Arvind N. Mambro
| image =
| caption =
| occupation = Writer, [[literary critic]]
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| notable_works = ''Panaji Aatam Mhatari Jaalea''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
}}

'''Arvind N. Mambro''', also known as '''Ana Mambro''', is an Indian writer and literary critic recognized for his contributions to contemporary [[Konkani literature]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Our Contributors |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346651 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=49 |issue=2 (226) |pages=235–240 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> He is noted for his unconventional writing style, which incorporates new themes and techniques that depart from traditional short-story models. His work often reflects the socio-political and cultural shifts in [[Goa]] following its [[Annexation of Goa|liberation]] in 1961.<ref name="Sukhtankar88">{{Cite journal |last=Sukhthankar |first=Dattaram |author-link=Dattaram Sukhthankar |date=1988 |title=Unconventional Stories |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24159125 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=31 |issue=5 (127) |pages=133–136 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Mambro's literary output includes poetry, drama, and short stories. His early published works include:<ref name="Sukhtankar88" />
* ''Ghumche Katar'': A collection of verse for children.
* ''Goemchi Asmitay'': A book focused on the land and people of Goa.
* ''Gajalichem Natak'': A Konkani adaptation of a French play by [[Eugène Ionesco|Ionesco]].

In addition to his books, Mambro has published numerous essays in various Konkani journals and is known for his work in perceptive literary criticism.<ref name="Sukhtankar88" />

He gained significant literary attention in 1969 with the publication of the story ''Gavet Uktem Jaina'', which was noted for the novelty of its theme and brilliance of expression. This work established him as a trend-setter in modern Konkani short stories.<ref name="Sukhtankar88" />

== Writing style and themes ==
Mambro's writing is characterized by its "freshness of expression" and a "charming style." His prose often uses very short sentences, sometimes reading like logical propositions, an influence he attributes to his studies in philosophy.<ref name="Sukhtankar88" />

His stories frequently explore:<ref name="Sukhtankar88" />
* Post-Liberation Nostalgia: Many of his characters experience a deep nostalgia for the Portuguese era and find it difficult to adjust to the changes in Goan life after 1961.
* Social Satire: He employs subtle irony and powerful satire to portray various social figures, including politicians and merchants.
* Cultural Critique: His work addresses contemporary issues such as the impact of tourism on Goa.
* Literary Allusions: Mambro is noted as one of the few Konkani writers to effectively use social, political, and literary allusions in his narratives.

His attention to minute detail has been compared to that of the German writer [[Günter Grass]].<ref name="Sukhtankar88" />

== Notable work ==
Mambro's most prominent work is his first short story collection, ''Panaji Aatam Mhatari Jaalea'' (1985), published by Kulagar Prakashan. The collection features sixteen stories that record the changing life of Goa in "minute detail." The work was hailed as a landmark in contemporary Konkani literature for its social content and innovative technique.<ref name="Sukhtankar88" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Mambro was honored with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his collection ''Panaji Aatam Mhatari Jaalea''. The award citation praised the work for its "social content, freshness of expression and charming style."<ref name="Sukhtankar88" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mambro, Arvind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Hampi

2026-03-13T22:55:05Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: quick adjust structure after review and corrected details as per guidelines

{{short description|Ancient and medieval monuments, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India}}
{{About|a world heritage site|the city|Hampi (town)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Groups of Monuments at Hampi
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Wide angle of Galigopuram of Virupaksha Temple, Hampi (04) (cropped).jpg
| photo2a = Flat elevation of Lotus Mahal, Hampi (Closeup).jpg
| photo2b = Hampi - Vittala Temple - Entrance Gopuram.jpg
| photo3a = Wide angle of the Galigopuram in Achyutaraya complex.jpg
| photo3b = Garbhagriha of Hazara Rama Temple from the West part of the complex.jpg
| photo4a = Panorama of Elephant Stables, Hampi.jpg
| spacing = 1
| size = 275
| position = center
| border = 0
| color = transparent
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top''': [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]], Vittala Temple, Hazara Rama Temple, Elephant Stables, Elephant Stables, Achyutaraya Temple, and Lotus Mahal
}}
| location = [[Hampi (town)]], [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{Cite news |last=Buradikatti |first=Kumar |date=19 November 2020 |title=Ballari set to lose Hampi and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ballari-set-to-lose-hampi-and-more/article33136164.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| criteria = Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv)
| ID = 241
| year = 1986
| danger = 1999–2006
| area = 4,187.24 ha
| buffer_zone = 19,453.62 ha
| coordinates = {{coord|15|20|04|N|76|27|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India Karnataka#India
| map_caption = Location of Hampi in Karnataka, India
| website = {{URL|http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_hampi.asp|Archaeological Survey of India}}
}}

'''Hampi''' or '''Hampe''' ({{IPA|kn|hɐmpe|lang}}), also referred to as the '''Group of Monuments at Hampi''', is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] located in the town of [[Hampi (town)|Hampi]] in [[Vijayanagara district]], east-central [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241|title=Group of Monuments at Hampi|publisher=World Heritage|access-date=20 December 2006}}</ref> Hampi predates the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]; it is mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the [[Purana]]s of Hinduism as [[Parvati|Pampa]] Devi Tirtha Kshetra.<ref name="Verghese2002p1" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=John M. Fritz|author2=George Michell|author3=Clare Arni|title=New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Trx8UH1UbG4C|year=2001|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-53-4|pages=1–7}}</ref> Hampi continues as a religious centre, with the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]], an active [[Adi Shankara]]-linked monastery and various monuments belonging to the old city.<ref name="Fritz2015p11">{{harvnb|Fritz | Michell| 2016|pp=11–23, backpage}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250–1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=234–236}}</ref>

Hampi was the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from 1336 to 1565 (as [[Vijayanagara]]), when it was abandoned.<ref name="Verghese2002p1" /> It was a fortified city. Chronicles left by [[Persian Gulf|Persian]] and European travellers, particularly the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], say that Hampi was a prosperous, wealthy and grand city near the [[Tungabhadra River]], with numerous temples, farms and trading markets. Hampi-Vijayanagara is estimated to be the world's second-largest city by 1500, after [[Beijing]], and probably India's richest at that time, attracting traders from Persia and [[Portugal]].<ref name="Howard2011p77">{{cite book|author=Michael C. Howard|title=Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy4YtuIHsQcC&pg=PA77| year=2011|publisher =McFarland|isbn= 978-0-7864-8625-0| pages=77–78}}</ref><ref name="Gier2014p11" /> The Vijayanagara Empire was defeated by a [[Deccan sultanates|coalition of Muslim sultanates]]; its capital was [[Battle of Talikota#Aftermath|conquered, pillaged and destroyed]] by Muslim armies in 1565, after which Hampi remained in ruins.<ref name="Verghese2002p1">{{harvnb|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=1–18}}</ref><ref name="Fritz2015p11" /><ref name="Lycett 2013 433–470">{{cite journal | last1=Lycett | first1=Mark T. | last2=Morrison | first2=Kathleen D. | title=The Fall of Vijayanagara Reconsidered: Political Destruction and Historical Construction in South Indian History 1 | journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient | volume=56 | issue=3 | year=2013 | doi=10.1163/15685209-12341314 | pages=433–470}}</ref>

Situated in Karnataka, close to the contemporary town of Hampi with the city of [[Hosapete]] {{convert|13|km|miles}} away, Hampi's ruins are spread over {{convert|4100|ha|sqmi}} and it has been described by [[UNESCO]] as an "austere, grandiose site" of more than 1,600 surviving remains of the last great Hindu kingdom in South India that includes "forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas, memorial structures, water structures and others".<ref name="unescosum">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241 Group of Monuments at Hampi], UNESCO</ref>

==Etymology==
The name was derived from the old name of the [[Tungabhadra River]] which was Pampa, so the name Hampi is the English version of the [[Kannada]] name Hampe.<ref name="unescosum" />

==Location==
{{wide image|File:Virupaksha Temple as seen from the Hemakuta hill 001.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of the Virupaksha Temple complex and the Tungabhadra river valley as seen from the Hemakuta Hill, Hampi.}}
[[File:Hampi Vijayanagara in early 16th century, South India.jpg|thumb|Hampi Vijayanagara in early 16th century. The sacred centre featured major Hindu temples and attached markets; the urban core included the royal centre; suburban satellites were spread from what is now Gangawati to Hosapete.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anila |last=Verghese|title=Archaeology, Art and Religion: New Perspectives on Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZzpAAAAMAAJ |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564890-4|pages=vi–viii}}</ref><ref name=morrison423>KD Morrison and CM Sinopoli (2006), ''Vijayanagara: Archaeological Explorations'', J. Fritz et al (eds.), VPR Monograph, Manohar, pages 423–434</ref>]]

Hampi is situated on the banks of the [[Tungabhadra River]] in the eastern part of central Karnataka near the state border with [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is {{convert|140|km}} southeast of the [[Badami cave temples|Badami]] and [[Aihole]] archaeological sites.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=154–155}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=85–87}}

The synonym ''Hampi''—traditionally known as ''Pampa-kshetra'', ''Kishkindha-kshetra'' or ''Bhaskara-kshetra''—is derived from Pampa, another name of the goddess [[Parvati]] in Hindu theology. According to mythology, the maiden Parvati (who is a reincarnation of Shiva's previous wife, Sati) resolves to marry the loner ascetic [[Shiva]].{{sfn|James Lochtefeld|2002|pp=503–505}}{{sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=46–52, 42–44}} Her parents learn of her desire and discourage her, but she pursues her desire. Shiva is lost in yogic meditation, oblivious to the world; Parvati appeals to the gods for help to awaken him and gain his attention. Indra sends [[Kamadeva]] — the Hindu god of desire, erotic love, attraction, and affection—to awake Shiva from meditation. Kama reaches Shiva and shoots an arrow of desire.{{sfn|James Lochtefeld|2002|pp=503–505}}{{sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=46–52, 42–44}} Shiva opens his third eye in his forehead and burns Kama to ashes.

Parvati does not lose her hope or her resolve to win over Shiva; she begins to live like him and engage in the same activities—asceticism, [[yogi]]n and [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapasya]]—awakening him and attracting his interest. Shiva meets Parvati in disguised form and tries to discourage her, telling her Shiva's weaknesses and personality problems.{{sfn|James Lochtefeld|2002|pp=503–505}}{{sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=46–52, 42–44}} Parvati refuses to listen and insists in her resolve. Shiva finally accepts her and they get married.{{sfn|James Lochtefeld|2002|pp=503–505}}{{sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=46–52, 42–44}} Kama was later brought back to life after the marriage of Shiva and Parvati. According to [[Sthala Purana]], Parvati (Pampa) pursued her ascetic, yogini lifestyle on Hemakuta Hill, now a part of Hampi, to win and bring ascetic Shiva back into householder life.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=14–15}} Shiva is also called Pampapati (meaning "husband of Pampa").{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=14–15}} The river near the Hemakuta Hill came to be known as Pampa river.<ref name="Verghese2002p6">{{harvnb|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=6–7, 40, 92}}</ref> The Sanskrit word Pampa morphed into the [[Kannada]] word Hampa and the place Parvati pursued Shiva came to be known as Hampe or Hampi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=14–15}}<ref name="Verghese2002p6"/><ref name=ASI>{{cite book|author=D. Devakunjari|title=World Heritage Series: Hampi|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Ltd., New Delhi – for [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|isbn=978-81-87780-42-7|page=8|year=2007}}</ref>

The site was an early medieval era pilgrimage place known as Pampakshetra. Its fame came from the [[Kishkindha]] chapters of the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], where [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] meet [[Hanuman]], [[Sugriva]] and the monkey army in their search for kidnapped [[Sita]]. The Hampi area has many close resemblances to the place described in the epic. The regional tradition believes that it is that place mentioned in the Ramayana, attracting pilgrims.<ref name="KaminskyLong2016p75">{{cite book|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long|title=Nationalism and Imperialism in South and Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGIPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT75|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99742-3|pages=75–76}}</ref> It was brought to light by an engineer named colonel [[Colin Mackenzie (British Army officer)|Colin Mackenzie]] during the 1800s.

===Ancient to 14th century CE===

Emperor [[Ashoka]]'s [[List of Edicts of Ashoka|Rock Edicts]] in Nittur and Udegolan—both in [[Bellary]] district 269-232 BCE—suggest this region was part of the [[Maurya Empire]] during the 3rd century BCE. A [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] inscription and a terracotta seal dating to about the 2nd century CE have been found during site excavations.<ref name="Stein1989p31">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA31|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=31–32}}</ref><ref name="D Devakunjari 2007 11">{{cite book|author=D. Devakunjari|title=World Heritage Series Hampi|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Ltd., New Delhi - for Archaeological Survey of India|year=2007|page=11|isbn=978-8187780427|url=http://asi.nic.in/|access-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155409/http://asi.nic.in/|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town is mentioned in [[Badami]] Chalukya's inscriptions as Pampapura, dating from between the 6th and 8th centuries.<ref name="KaminskyLong2016p75"/>

By the 10th century, it had become a centre of religious and educational activities during the rule of the Hindu kings [[Chalukya dynasty|Kalyana Chalukyas]], whose inscriptions state that the kings made land grants to the Virupaksha temple.<ref name="KaminskyLong2016p75"/><ref name=devraj112/> Several inscriptions from the 11th to 13th centuries are about the Hampi site, with a mention of gifts to goddess Hampa-devi.<ref name="Stein1989p31"/> Between the 12th and 14th centuries, Hindu kings of the [[Hoysala Empire]] of South India built temples to [[Durga]], Hampadevi and Shiva, according to an inscription dated about 1,199 CE. Hampi became the second royal residence; one of the Hoysala kings was known as ''Hampeya-Odeya'' or "lord of Hampi".<ref name="KaminskyLong2016p75"/><ref name=devraj112>{{cite book|author1=D.V. Devaraj |author2=C.S. Patil|title=Vijayanagara, Progress of Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icdPjpdrkWwC|year=1987|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|pages=112–113}}</ref> According to [[Burton Stein]], the Hoysala-period inscriptions call Hampi by alternate names such as Virupakshapattana, Vijaya Virupakshapura in honour of the old Virupaksha (Shiva) temple there.<ref name="Stein1989p31"/>

===14th century and after===
{{main|Vijayanagara Empire}}
The armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], those of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq, invaded and pillaged South India. The Hoysala Empire and its capital [[Dvarasamudra]] in southern [[Karnataka]] was plundered and destroyed in the early 14th century by the armies of [[Alauddin Khalji]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|year=2015|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8|pages=155–157}}</ref><ref name="Dalal2002p195">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Puffin History of India for Children, 3000 BC - AD 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2gRUVIF2joC |year=2002|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-333544-3|page=195}}</ref> and again in 1326 CE by the army of [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]].<ref name="Knipe2015p38">{{cite book|author=David M. Knipe|title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-026673-8|pages=38–39}}</ref><ref name="Rice2001p353">{{cite book|author=B. L. Rice|title=Gazetteer of Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&pg=PA353| year=2001| publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0977-8|pages=353–354}}</ref><ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock| author2=Roma Bradnock|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC|year=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1|page=959}}</ref>

The [[Kampili kingdom]] in north-central Karnataka followed the collapse of Hoysala Empire. It was a short-lived Hindu kingdom with its capital about {{convert|33|km}} from Hampi.<ref name="Knipe2015p38"/><ref name="Stein1989p18"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281 |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref> The Kampili kingdom ended after an invasion by the Muslim armies of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]. The Hindu women of Kampili committed ''[[jauhar]]'' (ritual mass suicide) when the Kampili soldiers faced defeat by Tughlaq's army.<ref name="Storm2015p311">{{cite book|author=Mary Storm|title=Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32556-7|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kanhaiya L Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206-1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202|isbn=9788121502245}}</ref> In 1336 CE, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] arose from the ruins of the [[Kampili kingdom]]. It grew into one of the famed Hindu empires of South India that ruled for over 200 years.<ref name="Stein1989p18">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA18 |year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=18–19}}</ref><ref name=gilmartin300>{{cite book|author1=David Gilmartin|author2=Bruce B. Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref>

The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] built its capital around Hampi, calling it Vijayanagara. Historians propose that [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka I]], the founders of the empire, were commanders in the army of the [[Hoysala Empire]] stationed in the [[Tungabhadra]] region to ward off Muslim invasions from the Northern India. Some claim that they were Telugu people, who took control of the northern parts of the [[Hoysala Empire]] during its decline.<ref name="reprint" /><ref>{{harvnb|Sastri|1955}}</ref><ref>N. Ventakaramanayya, ''The Early Muslim expansion in South India'', 1942; B. Surya Narayana Rao, ''History of Vijayanagar'', 1993</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|pp=157–160}}</ref> As per texts such as ''Vidyaranya Kalajana, Vidyaranya Vritanta, Rajakalanirnaya, Pitamahasamhita, Sivatatvaratnakara'', they were treasury officers of Pratap Rudra, the King of Kakatiya Kingdom. When Muhammad Bin Tughlaq came looking for Baha-Ud-Din Gurshasp (who was taking refuge in the court of Pratap Rudra), [[Prataparudra|Pratap Rudra]] was overthrown and Kakatiya was destroyed. During this time the two brothers Harihara I and Bukka I, with a small army came to the present site of Vijayanagara, Hampi. [[Vidyaranya]], the 12th Jagadguru of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Śringeri Śarada Pītham]] took them under his protection and established them on the throne and the city was called Vidyanagara in A.D. 1336.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Murthy |first1=HV Sreenivasa|title=History of Karnataka|last2=Ramakrishnan|first2=R|publisher=S Chand|year=1982|pages=148}}</ref>

[[File:Hampi 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hampi is set in a rocky terrain. Above: one of the many Vijayanagara market ruins, with Tungabhadra River in the background]]
They expanded the infrastructure and temples. According to Nicholas Gier and other scholars,<ref name="Howard2011p77" /> by 1500 CE Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second-largest medieval-era city after Beijing, and probably India's richest. Its wealth attracted 16th-century traders from across the [[Deccan]] area, Persia and the Portuguese colony of [[Goa]].<ref name="Gier2014p11">{{cite book|author=Nicholas F. Gier|title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2014|publisher=Lexington|isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8|pages=11–14}}, Quote:
"In its peak of glory, ca. 1500, with a population of about 500,000 and sixty square miles in area, Vijayanagara was the second largest city in the world behind Beijing."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rene J. Barendse|title=The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3ClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 |year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-45835-7|page=68}}</ref> The Vijayanagara rulers fostered developments in intellectual pursuits and the arts, maintained a strong military and fought many wars with sultanates to its north and east. They invested in roads, waterworks, agriculture, religious buildings and public infrastructure. This included, states UNESCO, "forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas (halls for people to sit), memorial structures, gateways, check posts, stables, water structures, and more".<ref name="unescosum" /> The site was multi-religious and multi-ethnic; it included Hindu and [[Jain]] monuments next to each other. The buildings predominantly followed South Indian Hindu arts and architecture dating to the [[Aihole]]-[[Pattadakal]] styles, but the Hampi builders also used elements of Indian architecture in the Lotus Mahal, the public bath and the elephant stables.<ref name="unescosum" />

According to historical memoirs left by Portuguese and Persian traders to Hampi, the city was of metropolitan proportions; they called it "one of the most beautiful cities". While prosperous and in infrastructure, the Muslim-Hindu wars between Muslim Sultanates and Vijayanagara Empire continued. In 1565, at the [[Battle of Talikota]], a [[Vijayanagara#Destruction by the Deccan Sultanate|coalition of Muslim sultanates]] entered into a war with the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref name=unescosum/> They captured and beheaded the king [[Aliya Rama Raya]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |year=2004| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=191}}, Quote: "When battle was joined in January 1565, it seemed to be turning in favor of Vijayanagara - suddenly, however, two Muslim generals of Vijayanagara changes sides. Rama Raya was taken prisoner and immediately beheaded."</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=98, Quote: "Husain (...) ordered him beheaded on the spot, and his head stuffed with straw (for display)."}} followed by a massive destruction of the infrastructure fabric of Hampi and the metropolitan Vijayanagara.<ref name=unescosum/>{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=23}} The city was pillaged, looted and burnt for six months after the war, then abandoned as ruins, which are now called the Group of Monuments at Hampi.<ref name=unescosum/>{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=23}}{{refn|group=note|The destruction and burning down of the city is evidenced by the quantities of charcoal, the heat-cracked basements and burnt architectural pieces found by archaeologists in Vijayanagara region.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Verghese | first=Anila | title=Deities, cults and kings at Vijayanagara | journal=World Archaeology | volume=36 | issue=3 | year=2004 | doi=10.1080/1468936042000282726812a | pages=416–431| s2cid=162319660 }}</ref><ref name="Lycett 2013 433–470"/>}}

===Archaeological site===
[[File:Hampi_Ruins_Map.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Hampi layout]]
Hampi and its nearby region remained a contested and fought-over region claimed by the local chiefs, the [[Hyderabad]] [[Islam|Muslim]] [[nizam]]s, the [[Marathas|Maratha]] [[Hindu]] kings, and [[Hyder Ali]] and his son [[Tipu Sultan]] of Mysore through the 18th century.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=51}} In 1799, Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed when the British forces and [[Wadiyar dynasty]] aligned. The region then came under British influence.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=51}} The ruins of Hampi were surveyed in 1800 by Scottish Colonel [[Colin Mackenzie]], first [[Surveyor General of India]]. Mackenzie wrote that the Hampi site was abandoned and only wildlife live there. The 19th-century speculative articles by historians who followed Mackenzie blamed the 18th-century armies of [[Hyder Ali]] and the [[Marathas]] for the damage to the Hampi monuments.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=51}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Garuda Temple, Maha Mandapa and Eastern Gopura, Vitthala Temple Complex 1856 photo.jpg
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| image2 = The elegant stone chariot.jpg
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| footer = The Garuda stone chariot and Vitthala temple gopuram in 1856 (left) and 2016.
}}

The Hampi site remained ignored until the mid-19th century, when ''Alexander Greenlaw'' visited and photographed the site in 1856.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=50–51}} He created an archive of 60 [[calotype]] photographs of temples and royal structures that were standing in 1856. These photographs were held in a private collection in the United Kingdom and were not published until 1980.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=50–51}} They are the most valuable source of the mid-19th-century state of Hampi monuments to scholars.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=50–51}}

The monuments at this site would have had colours rather than the sandstone tint that they appear in today.

A translation of the memoirs written by [[Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi]], a Persian envoy in the court of Devaraya II (1424–1446), published in the early 1880s described some monuments of the abandoned site. This translation, for the first time, uses Arabic terms such as "zenana" to describe some of the Hampi monuments.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}} Some of these terms became the names thereafter. [[Alexander Rea]], an officer of the Archaeological Survey department of the [[Madras Presidency]] within British India, published his survey of the site in 1885.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}} [[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]] published his scholarly treatise ''A Forgotten Empire''<ref name = reprint>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Sewell |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.77323/2015.77323.Forgotton-Empire |title=A Forgotten Empire |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |date=1900 |edition=1924 Reprint}}</ref> in 1900, bringing Hampi to the widespread attention of scholars.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}} The growing interest led Rea and his successor Longhurst to clear and repair the Hampi group of monuments.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}}

The site is significant historically and archaeologically, for the Vijayanagara period and before.{{sfn|J.M. Fritz|George Michell|2001}} The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] continues to conduct excavations in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_hampi.asp| title=Group of Monuments at Hampi, Karnataka – Archaeological Survey of India| publisher=Asi.nic.in| access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>

==Description==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Hampi, India, View of Hampi Bazaar from Matanga Hill.jpg|View of Hampi Bazaar from Matanga Hill
File:Hampi, India, Sri Krishna Temple, Ancient ruins of Hampi.jpg|Entrance to Sri Krishna Temple
File:Hampi, India, Temple on top of Matanga Hill.jpg|Temple on top of Matanga Hill
File:6 Sasivekalu temple de Ganesha Hindu Hampi Vijayanagar Karnataka India.jpg|Sasivekalu Ganesha monument
File:A temple near the sunset point of Hemakuta hill.jpg|Dhwaja Stambha at Chandikesvara Temple, Hemakuta Hill
File:Sri Prasanna Anjaneya Gudi on Hemakuta hill (02).jpg|Sri Prasanna Anjaneya Gudi on Hemakuta hill
File:Two temples and their reflection on Hemakuta temple complex.jpg|Mandapam with water body.
</gallery>
Hampi is located in hilly terrain formed by granite boulders {{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=13–14}} The Hampi monuments comprising the UNESCO world heritage site are a subset of the Vijayanagara ruins. Almost all of the monuments were built between 1336 and 1570 CE during the Vijayanagara rule.<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_hampi.asp Hampi], Archaeological Survey of India</ref> The site has about 1,600 monuments and covers {{convert|41.5|sqkm|sqmi}}.<ref name=unescosum/>

The Hampi site has been studied in three broad zones; the first has been named the "sacred centre" by scholars such as Burton Stein and othersl;<ref name="Stein1989p31"/> the second is referred to as the "urban core" or the "royal centre"; and the third constitutes the rest of metropolitan Vijayanagara. The sacred centre, alongside the river, contains the oldest temples with a history of pilgrimage and monuments pre-dating the Vijayanagara empire.<ref name="Stein1989p39"/> The urban core and royal centre have over sixty ruined temples beyond those in the sacred centre, but the temples in the urban core are all dated to the Vijayanagara empire. The urban core also includes public utility infrastructure such as roads, an aqueduct, water tanks, mandapa, gateways and markets, monasteries{{refn|group=note|According to Anila Verghese and Dieter Eigner, literary and epigraphical data evidence the existence of Advaita-Smarta ''[[matha]]s'' (monasteries), as well as Shaiva and Vaishnava monasteries – both Sri Vaishnavism and Dvaita Vaishnavism ''mathas''. All these were supported by the Vijayanagara rulers. However, of all these only Advaita and Shaiva survived after the collapse of Vijayanagara.<ref name=dieter127/>}} This distinction has been assisted by some seventy-seven stone inscriptions.<ref name="Stein1989p39">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA31|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=31–39}}</ref><ref name=dieter127>{{cite journal | last1=Verghese | first1=Anila | last2=Eigner | first2=Dieter | title=A Monastic Complex in Vithalapura, Hampi Vijayanagara | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=14 | issue=1 | year=1998 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1998.9628555 | pages=127–140}}</ref><ref name=fritz44>{{cite journal | last=Fritz | first=John M. | title=Vijayanagara: Authority and Meaning of a South Indian Imperial Capital | journal=American Anthropologist | volume=88 | issue=1 | year=1986 | doi=10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00030 | pages=44–55| s2cid=143926888 }}</ref>

Most of the monuments are Hindu; the temples and the public infrastructure such as tanks and markets include reliefs and artwork depicting Hindu deities and themes from Hindu texts.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=20–22}} There are also six Jain temples and monuments and a Muslim mosque and tomb.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=20–22}} The architecture is built from the abundant local stone; the dominant style is [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]], with roots in the developments in Hindu arts and architecture in the second half of the 1st millennium in the Deccan region.{{sfn|Michael W. Meister|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|1996|pp=xvii–xviii}} It also included elements of the arts that developed during the [[Hoysala Empire]] rule in the south between the 11th and 14th century such as in the pillars of [[Rama]]chandra temple and ceilings of some of the Virupaksha temple complex.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=18–22}}{{refn|group=note|The Deccan region near Hampi, particularly in [[Pattadakal]] – another world heritage site, [[Badami cave temples|Badami]], [[Aihole]] to its north and stretching further south towards [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] and [[Halebidu]] had a rich tradition of building sophisticated Hindu temples with a fusion of North Indian and South Indian styles. This was abruptly terminated, state Meister and Dhaky, after the first quarter of the 14th-century after the devastating invasions from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The South Indian artists and architects effected a recovery in Vijayanagara adopting mostly the Dravidian style.{{sfn|Michael W. Meister|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|1996|pp=xvii–xviii}}}} The architects also adopted an Indo-Islamic style in a few monuments, such as the Queen's bath and Elephant stables, which UNESCO says reflects a "highly evolved multi-religious and multi-ethnic society".<ref name=unescosum/>{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2000|pp=1–12}}

==List of attractions==
===Hindu temples and monuments===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Le temple de Virupaksha (Hampi, Inde) (14255857272).jpg|Virupaksha temple at Hampi
File:Nandi statue at the Sree Virupaksha temple, Hampi, India.jpg|Monolithic [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] statue at the eastern end of Virupaksha Bazaar, Hampi.
File:IMG 2765 Inside View of Virupaksha Temple.jpg|Inner courtyard and pillared halls (''[[mandapa]]s'') of the Virupaksha Temple complex, Hampi.
File:Hampi, India, Community hall (sabha mandapa) of Vijaya Vitthala Temple.jpg|Ruins of Vijaya Vittala Temple
File:Complex of Virupaksha Temple, Hampi (01).jpg|Gopuram of Virupaksha Temple
File:Hampi - Uddana Veerabhadra Temple - Hanuman - 2.jpg|Relief of [[Hanuman]] in the court of the Uddana Veerabhadra Temple. The colour blots on the relief are made by priests or devotees with [[sindoor]].
File:2 Frescoe at Virupaksha temple, Hampi, Karnataka,.jpg|Fresco in the temple interior. Virupaksha temple
File:1 Frescoe at Virupaksha temple, Hampi, Karnataka,.jpg|Fresco in the temple interior, Virupaksha temple.
File:Relief sculpture at temple interior, Virupaksha temple.jpg|Sculpture in the temple interior, Virupaksha temple
</gallery>
====Virupaksha temple and market complex====
The Virupaksha temple is the oldest shrine, the principal destination for pilgrims and tourists, and remains a Hindu worship site.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=58–65}} Parts of the Shiva, Pampa and Durga temples existed in the 11th-century; it was extended during the Vijayanagara era.<ref>{{cite book|author=National Geographic|title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA123|year=2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-1-4262-0336-7|pages=123–124}}</ref> The temple is a collection of smaller temples, a regularly repainted, {{convert|50|m|adj=on}} high [[gopuram]], a Hindu monastery dedicated to [[Vidyaranya]] of [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition, a water tank (''Manmatha''), a community kitchen, other monuments and a {{convert|750|m}}-long ruined stone market with a monolithic [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] shrine on the east end.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=58–65}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=38–42}}{{sfn|Michael W. Meister|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|1996|pp=21–23, 91–92}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = 4 Erotic statues of Hindu Virupaksha Shiva Temple Hampi, Vijayanagar Karnataka India.jpg
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| image2 = 5 Erotic statues at the Hindu Shiva temple Virupaksha Hampi Vijayanagara Karnataka India April 2014.jpg
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| footer = Erotic relief sculptures on the exterior stone walls of the Virupaksha Temple, showcasing the diverse iconographic traditions of the Vijayanagara Empire.
}}

The temple faces eastwards, aligning the sanctums of the Shiva and Pampa Devi temples to the sunrise; a large gopuram marks its entrance. The superstructure is a pyramidal tower with pilastered storeys on each of which is artwork including erotic sculptures.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=58–65, 155}} The gopuram leads into a rectangular court that ends in another, smaller gopuram dated to 1510 CE. To its south side is a 100-column hall with Hindu-related reliefs on all four sides of each pillar.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=60–63}} Connected to this public hall is a community kitchen, a feature found in other major Hampi temples. A channel is cut into the rock to deliver water to the kitchen and the feeding hall. The courtyard after the small gopuram has ''dipa-stambha'' (lamp pillar) and Nandi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=60–63}}<ref name=Dallapiccola109>{{cite journal | last1=Dallapiccola | first1=A.L. | last2=Verghese | first2=Anila | title=The 'Ramanuja temple' in Vitthalapura, Hampi | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=17 | issue=1 | year=2001 | doi=10.1080/02666030.2001.9628595 | pages=109–116| s2cid=191354648 }}</ref><ref name=mack59>{{cite journal | last=Mack | first=Alexandra | title=One Landscape, Many Experiences: Differing Perspectives of the Temple Districts of Vijayanagara | journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory | volume=11 | issue=1 | year=2004 | doi=10.1023/b:jarm.0000014617.58744.1d | pages=59–81| s2cid=143695706 }}</ref>

The courtyard after the small gopuram leads to the main mandapa of the Shiva temple, which consists of the original square mandapa and a rectangular extension composed of two fused squares and sixteen piers built by Krishnadevaraya. The ceiling of the open hall above the mandapa is painted, showing the Shaivism legend relating to Shiva-Parvati marriage; another section shows the legend of Rama-Sita of the Vaishnavism tradition.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=60–63}} A third section depicts the legend of the love god Kama shooting an arrow at Shiva to get him interested in Parvati, and the fourth section shows the Advaita Hindu scholar Vidyaranya being carried in a procession. According to George Michell and other scholars, the details and colour hues suggest all the ceiling paintings are from a 19th-century renovation, and the themes of the original paintings are unknown.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=60–63}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Cooper | first=Ilay | title=Vijayanagar or Victoria? The Ceiling of the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=1997 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1997.9628526 | pages=67–69}}</ref><ref name = ceilingpaintings>{{cite journal | last=Dallapiccola | first=A.L.| doi= 10.1080/02666030.1997.9628525 | pages= 55–66| title= Ceiling Paintings in the Virupaksha Temple, Hampi | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=1997 }}</ref> The mandapa pillars have outsized ''yalis'', mythical animal melding the features of a horse, lion and other animals with an armed warrior riding it—a characteristic Vijayanagara feature.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=63}}

The sanctum of the temple has a ''[[Mukhalinga|mukha-linga]]''; a Shiva [[linga]] with a face embossed with brass.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=64}} The Virupaksha temple also has smaller shrines for two aspects of Parvati-Pampa and Bhuvaneshwari to the north of the main sanctum.{{sfn|George Michell|1977|pp=150–151}} Bhuvaneshwari shrine is of Chalukyan architecture and it uses granite instead of pot stone. The compound has a northern gopura, smaller than the eastern gopura, that opens to the Manmatha tank and a pathway to the river with stone reliefs related to the ''Ramayana''.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=62–66}} To the west of this tank are shrines of Shaktism and Vaishnavism traditions, such as those for Durga and Vishnu respectively.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=62–66}}{{sfn|Adam Hardy|1995|pp=130–131, 330}} Some of the shrines on this pilgrim's path were whitewashed in the 19th century under orders of the British India officer F.W. Robinson, who sought to restore the Virupaksha temple complex; whitewashing of this cluster of historic monuments has continued as a tradition.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=62–66}}

According to local tradition, the Virupaksha is the only temple that continued to be a gathering place of Hindus and frequented by pilgrims after the destruction of Hampi in 1565. The temple attracts large crowds; an annual [[fête]] with a chariot procession to mark the marriage of Virupaksha and Pampa is held in spring, as is the solemn festival of [[Maha Shivaratri]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=58–65, 155}} The temple has [https://landofsize.com/5-reasons-why-getting-an-elephant-blessing-in-india-is-unethical/ attracted criticism from tourists] for its treatment of resident elephant, Lakshmi, who lives at the back of the temple in a narrow alleyway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://landofsize.com/5-reasons-why-getting-an-elephant-blessing-in-india-is-unethical/|title = 5 reasons why getting an 'elephant blessing' in India is unethical|date = 24 April 2019}}</ref>

====Krishna temple, market, Narasimha and linga====
[[File:The ruins of Krishna Temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The ruins of Krishna Temple]]
The [[Krishna]] temple, also called Balakrishna temple, on the other side of Hemakuta hill, is about {{convert|1|km|miles}} south of Virupaksha temple. It is dated to 1515 CE; this part of the Hampi complex is called Krishnapura in inscriptions.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}} In front of the ruined temple is a long market street, also referred to locally as the bazaar. Between the colonnaded stone shop ruins is a broad road that allowed chariots to transport goods to and from the market, and hosted ceremonial functions and festive celebrations. To the north of this road and middle of the market is a large Pushkarani—a public utility-stepped water tank with an artistic pavilion in its centre. Next to the tank is a public hall (mandapa) for people to sit.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}}

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The temple opens to the east; it has a gateway with reliefs of all ten avatars of [[Vishnu]] starting with [[Matsya]] at the bottom. Inside is the ruined temple for Krishna and small, ruined shrines for goddesses.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}} The temple compound is layered into mandapas, including an outer and an inner enclosure. The compound has two gopuram entrances. Inside, a 25 (5x5)-bay open mandapa leads to a 9 (3x3)-bay enclosed mandapa.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–71}} The original image of Balakrishna (baby Krishna) in its sanctum is now in a Chennai museum. A modern road passes in front of the eastern gopura, linking Kamalapuram to Hampi. The western gopuram has friezes of battle formation and soldiers.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}}

South of the Krishna temple's exterior are two adjacent shrines, one containing the largest monolithic [[Shiva Linga]] and the other with the largest monolithic Yoga-[[Narasimha]] avatar of [[Vishnu]] in Hampi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}} The {{convert|3|m}} Shiva Linga stands in water in a cubical chamber and has three eyes sketched on its top. South of this is the shrine for a {{convert|6.7|m}}-high Narasimha—the man-lion avatar of Vishnu—seated in a yoga position. The Narasimha monolith originally had goddess Lakshmi with him, but it shows signs of extensive damage and a carbon-stained floor—evidence of attempts to burn the shrine down. The statue has been cleaned and parts of the shrine have been restored.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=70–72}}

====Achyutaraya temple and market complex====
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The Achyutaraya temple, also called the Tiruvengalanatha temple, is about {{convert|1|km|miles}} east of Virupaksha temple and a part of its sacred centre is close to the Tungabhadra River. It is referred to be in Achyutapura in inscriptions and is dated to 1534 CE. It is one of the four largest complexes in Hampi.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=47–48}} The temple is unusual because it faces north. It is dedicated to Vishnu.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=105–107}} In Vijayanagara times, the temple was approached from the river, first past a ceremonial tank then along the market street with a broad road. The temple had an outer gopuram leading into a courtyard with a 100-column hall and an inner gopuram leading to the Vishnu temple.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=105–107}}<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Settar | title=Hampi, a Medieval Metropolis|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AjduAAAAMAAJ|year =1990|publisher =Kala Yatra|pages=25–27| oclc= 24461300}}</ref> On each side of each pillar in the 100-column hall are reliefs of avatars of Vishnu; other deities such as Shiva, Surya, Durga; scenes of daily life—[[rishi]], amorous couples, jokers; people in yoga [[asana]]s; people in [[namaste]] poses; and Vijayanagara emblems.<ref>[[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] and Daniela Bevilacqua (2016), [http://hyp.soas.ac.uk/hampi/ The Hatha Yoga Project], SOAS, University of London</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. M. Suresh|title=Sculptural Art of Hampi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7xmluMu-FsC|year=1998|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums|pages=190–195}}</ref>

The temple gateway shows the Vijayanagara dynastic emblems; a boar from [[Varaha]], a sword, the sun and the moon. The temple and the market street are ruined but their layout suggests it was a major market with streets provided for chariot traffic.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anila Verghese|editor=DV Devaraj, CS Patil|title=Vijayanagara, Progress of Research|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fStuAAAAMAAJ| year=1996 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|pages=179–191}}</ref>{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=47–49}}

====Vitthala temple and market complex====
[[File:Hampi Vitthala Temple 3465.jpg|thumb|left|Vitthala Temple at Hampi]]
The [[Vithoba|Vitthala]] temple and market complex is over {{convert|3|km|miles}} north-east of the Virupaksha temple near the banks of the Tungabhadra River. It is an artistically sophisticated Hindu temple in Hampi, and is part of the sacred centre of Vijayanagara. It is unclear when the temple complex was built, and who built it; most scholars date it to a period of construction in the early-to-mid-16th century.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}} Some of the books mention that its construction began during the time of Devaraya II and continued during the reign of Krishnadevaraya, Achuytaraya, and probably Sadasivaraya and it stopped due to the destruction of the city in 1565.<ref name=":0" /> The inscriptions include male and female names, suggesting that the complex was built by multiple sponsors. The temple was dedicated to [[Vitthala]], a form of Krishna also called Vithoba.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}} The temple opens to the east, has a square plan and features an entrance gopuram with two side gopurams. The main temple stands in the middle of a paved courtyard and several subsidiary shrines, all aligned to the east.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}} The temple is a unified structure in a courtyard measuring 500 by 300 feet which is surrounded by a triple row of pillars. It is a low structure of one storey with an average height of 25 height. The temple has three distinct compartments: a ''garbhagriha, an ardhamandapa and a mahamandapa (or sabha mandapa).<ref name=":0" />''

[[File:Vittala temple complex Rath MS.jpg|thumb|The Garuda shrine in the form of stone chariot at Vitthala temple.]]
The ''Vitthala'' temple has a ''Garuda shrine'' in the form of a stone chariot in the courtyard; it is an often-pictured symbol of Hampi. Above the chariot is a tower, which was removed during 1940s, as per historian Dr.S.Shettar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Shyam S |title=A Mistake of Elephantine Proportions |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/A-mistake-of-elephantine-proportions/articleshow/44927944.cms |access-date=12 November 2020 |agency=Times group |publisher=Bangalore Mirror news |date=25 October 2014}}</ref> In the front of the stone chariot is a large, square, open-pillared, axial ''sabha mandapa'', or community hall.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}} The mandapa has four sections, two of which are aligned with the temple sanctum. The mandapa has 56 carved stone beams of different diameters, shape, length and surface finish that produces musical sounds when struck; according to local traditional belief, this hall was used for public celebrations of music and dancing.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Patil | first1=Hemant A. | last2=Gajbhar | first2=Shrishail S. | title=2012 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM) | chapter=Acoustical analysis of musical pillar of great stage of Vitthala temple at Hampi, India | publisher=IEEE | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4673-2014-6 | doi=10.1109/spcom.2012.6290213 | pages=1–5| s2cid=6715610 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kumar | first1=Anish | last2=Jayakumar | first2=T. | last3=Rao|display-authors=etal | first3=C. Babu | title=Nondestructive characterization of musical pillars of Mahamandapam of Vitthala Temple at Hampi, India | journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume=124 | issue=2 | year=2008 | doi=10.1121/1.2945170 | pmid=18681583 | pages=911–917| bibcode=2008ASAJ..124..911K }}</ref> It is classified as Karakkoil, a temple fashioned after temple chariots which are taken in procession around the temple during festivals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|pages=31, 32|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4|year=2010}}</ref>

[[File:15th-16th century ruins of market and Vaishnavism Vitthala temple, Hampi Hindu monuments Karnataka.jpg|thumb|left|Vitthala temple gopuram and market.]]
The mandapa links to an enclosed ''pradakshina patha'' for walking around the sanctum. Around this axial mandapa are (clockwise from east); the Garuda shrine, the Kalyana mandapa (wedding ceremonies), the 100-columned mandapa, the Amman shrine and the Utsav mandapa (festival hall). The walled enclosure covers about {{convert|1.3|ha|acres}} with colonnaded verandahs lining the compound walls. In the south-east corner is a kitchen with a roof window ([[clerestory]]).{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}}<ref name=dieter127/><ref name=mack24>{{cite journal|author= Alexandra Mack| title= The temple district of Vitthalapura| journal= Marg: A Magazine of the Arts| year= 2001| volume = 53| issue = 1| pages=24–39}}</ref>

Outside the temple compound, to its east-south-east, is a colonnaded market street almost {{convert|1|km|miles|spell=in}} long; all of which is now in ruins. To the north is another market and a south-facing shrine with reliefs of Ramayana scenes, Mahabharata scenes and of Vaishnava saints. The north street ended in a temple honouring the Hindu philosopher [[Ramanuja]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=98–103}}<ref name=Dallapiccola109/> The region around the Vitthala temple was called Vitthalapura. It hosted a Vaishnava [[matha]] (monastery), designed as a pilgrimage centre centred around the [[Alvar]] tradition. It was also a centre for craft production according to inscriptions found.<ref name=dieter127/><ref name=Dallapiccola109/><ref name=mack24/>

====Hemakuta hill monuments====
The Hemakuta hill lies between the Virupaksha temple complex to the north and the Krishna temple to the south. It is a collection of modestly sized monuments that are preserved examples of pre-Vijayanagara and early-Vijayanagara temples and construction. The site has several important inscriptions, is easily accessible and provides views of the some parts of Hampi and the fertile, agricultural valley that separates the sacred centre from the urban core with its royal centre.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=66–69}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=37–39}}

[[File:Temples on the Hemakuta Hill.jpg|thumb|Hemakuta hill temples]]
The hill has more than thirty small-to-moderate-sized temples, together with water cisterns, gateways, and secular pavilions.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=37–39}} The latest examples are dated to the early 14th century.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=37–39}}{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}} Some of the structures are differently-sized prototypes of temples or mandapas, assembled from blocks of stones. Others are completed monuments of different designs, such as the ''Phamsana'' style.{{sfn|Vinayak Bharne|Krupali Krusche|2014|pp=72–74}} Two temple groups in this style look similar; each has a triple vimana consisting of square sanctums with each set connected to its own shared square mandapa.{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}} The towers (shikaras) on these are pyramidal granite structures consisting of eleven stacked, shrinking squares and a top in the Deccan-style square kalasha finial.{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}} Both sets are Shiva temples with triple linga; early sources misidentified these as Jain temples because of their simple exterior and interior walls.

One of these groups has a historically important inscription that records that ''Kampila'' built the monument in the early 14th century. This inscription links Hampi with the [[Kampili kingdom]] and suggests an association of the Kampili history with that of Vijayanagara Empire that followed it.{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}} The style of temples on the Hemakuta hill suggest it may have been a study centre for experimenting with different types of Hindu temples. The styles present include those of the Chalukya period, the Rashtrakuta period and later periods. It may also have been the template for the original Virupaksha temple, which was later greatly expanded with gopuram, mandala and other additions. A similar monument dedicated to Narasimha, the man-lion avatar of Vishnu, is located east of Hampi; an inscription near it states that it was operating in 1379 CE.{{sfn|George Michell|1995|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=37–39}}

The Hemakuta hill also has monuments with two monolithic [[Ganesha]]; the Kadalekalu Ganesha and the Sasivekalu Ganesha.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=68–69}} The Kadalekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's ''gram''-shaped belly, is in the middle of Hampi's sacred centre on the east side of the hill near Matanga.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=27, 36–37}} A colonnaded, open mandapa leads to the sanctum, which houses a monolithic image of Ganesha more than {{convert|4.5|m}} high, which was carved ''in-situ'' from extant rock. Ganesha's tusk and other parts have been damaged, but the left hand—which holds a rice cake treat with his trunk reaching out for it—has survived.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=66–69}}

The Sasivekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's mustard seed-shaped belly, is near the Krishna temple south-west of the Kadalekalu Ganesha. It is a {{convert|2.4|m|ft}}-high monolith that was also carved ''in-situ'' from extant rock. The Sasivekalu Ganesha is carved with his mother Parvati, in whose lap he sits. She is only visible from the back of the statue. The monument is housed inside an open-pillared mandapa; the left hand and tusk have been damaged.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=68–69}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=36–37}}

====Hazara Rama temple====
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The Hazara Rama temple, referred to as the Ramachandra temple in inscriptions, occupied the western part of the urban core in the royal centre section of Hampi. This temple was dedicated to Rama of the ''Ramayana'' fame, and an avatar of Vishnu. It was the ceremonial temple for the royal family. The temple is dated to the early 15th century and is attributed to [[Deva Raya|Devaraya I]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=84–86}} The temple's outer walls portray the Hindu Mahanavami ([[Vijayadashami|Dasara]]) and the spring [[Holi]] festival procession and celebrations in parallel bands of artwork.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=84–86}} The lowest band shows marching elephants, above it are horses led by horsemen, then soldiers celebrated by the public, then dancers and musicians, with a top layer depicting a procession of the general public. The depiction mirrors the description of festivals and processions in surviving memoirs of Persians and Portuguese who visited the Vijayanagara capital.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|title=The Ramachandra Temple at Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS4ASa7WCfMC|year=1992|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-85425-27-6|pages=1–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anna L Dallapiccola|editor=DV Devaraj, CS Patil|title=Vijayanagara, Progress of Research|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fStuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|pages=128–134}}</ref>

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The inner walls of the temple has friezes containing extensive narration of the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=roger273/>{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=84–86}} The temple has an entrance mandapa and a [[yajna]] ceremony hall, whose ceiling is designed to ventilate fumes and smoke through the roof. Inside the main mandapa are four intricately carved pillars in the Hoysala style; these carving include depictions of Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita of [[Vaishnavism]], Durga as Mahishasuramardini of [[Shaktism]] and Shiva-Parvati of [[Shaivism]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=84–86}} Images are missing from the square sanctum. The temple has a smaller shrine with friezes depicting the legends of Vishnu avatars.<ref name=roger273>{{cite book|author=Roger Töpelmann|title=Indien in Deutschland: Darmstädter Beiträge zum Diskurs über indische Religion, Kultur und Gesellschaft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctgyAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=P. Lang|language=de|isbn=978-3-631-42335-6|pages=273–278}}</ref>

This ruined temple complex is known for its thousands of carvings and inscriptions, its elaborate frescoes depicting Hindu theosophy and its sprawling courtyard laid with gardens.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal| first=Madan|year= 1990|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]| editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

====Kodandarama temple and riverside monuments====
[[File:Nandi at the Tungabhadra river, Hampi.jpg|thumb|Shivling and Nandi sculptures on the rocks of the Tungabhadra river, Hampi]]
The Kodandarama temple complex lies near the Tungabhadra River, and is north of Achyutaraya temple. The temple overlooks [[Chakratirtha]], where the Tungabhadra turns northwards towards the Himalayas. The river banks, considered holy, accommodate a Vijayanagara-era ghat and mandapa facilities for bathing. In front of the temple is a ''dipa stambha'' (lighting pillar) under a Pipal tree, and inside is a sanctum dedicated to Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=108–109}} Nearby, and continuing until Kotitirtha to its north, are a number of smaller shrines, dedicated to Vitthala, Anjaneya, Shiva and other deities. On the rock face are reliefs of Anantashayana Vishnu (reclining Vishnu creating the cosmic cycle, Ranganatha), friezes narrating the legends of Narasimha and Prahlada, and the twenty-four avatars of Vishnu according to the Puranic tradition of Vaishnavism. Near the river is a rock carved with Shaivism's 1,008 lingas.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=108–109}}

====Pattabhirama temple complex====
[[File:Pattabhirama temple in Hampi 1.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Pattabhirama temple in Hampi suburbs]]
The Pattabhirama temple complex is in the southern suburban centre outside the sacred centre and the urban core, about {{convert|500|m|yards}} from the ASI Hampi museum.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=93–94}} It was at the nucleus of economic and cultural activity of this suburb, now located north-east of Kamalapura. The complex, also known as Varadevi Ammana Pattana, was likely built in the early 16th century and dedicated to Rama (Vishnu avatar).{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=93–94}} The complex has a main temple, a colonnaded courtyard inside an enclosure and a 64 (8x8 square)-pillared and roofed mandapa in front of the sanctum. The complex and the sanctum face east; the normal entrance was through the eastern gopura.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=93–94}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=73–74}} The ruins suggest the gopuram had six tiers. The Pattabhirama temple included a 100-pillared hall—likely a feeding hall—attached to the southern wall of the enclosed compound. The pillars have reliefs depicting Hindu themes which include gods, goddesses, a scene from a Hindu text, yoga and namaste.<ref>{{cite book|author=K. M. Suresh|title=Sculptural Art of Hampi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7xmluMu-FsC|year=1998|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums|pages=84–87}}</ref>

====Mahanavami platform, public square complex====
The Mahanavami platform, also called the "Great Platform", "Audience Hall", "Dasara" or "Mahanavami Dibba" monument, is within a {{convert|7.5|ha|acres|adj=on}} enclosure at one of the highest points inside the royal centre (urban core). It has ceremonial structures.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–89}}<ref name="Dallapiccola1998p27"/> It is mentioned in the memoirs of foreigners who visited Vijayanagara, some calling it the "House of Victory".{{refn|The memoirs of the Portuguese who visited and traded with Vijayanagara mention it.<ref name=fritz44/>}} The largest monument in this complex has three ascending square stages leading to a large, square platform that likely had a wooden mandapa above it. This was burnt down during the destruction of Hampi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–90}}

[[File:Mahanavami Dibba1.jpg|thumb|Mahanavami platform monument]]
The two lower levels of the platform is made of granite. It has reliefs—possibly a catalogue of 14th-century royal activities—and lines of marching animals including elephants, horses and camels.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–89}}<ref>{{cite book|author = Anna Dallapiccola| year=2010| title= Great Platform at Vijayanagara: Architecture & Sculpture| publisher= Manohar| isbn =978-8173048586| pages=1–9}}</ref> Reliefs on the south side show musicians and dancers, including female [[Dandiya Raas|stick-dancers]]. The third level reliefs show a battle procession, couples and scenes of common citizens celebrating [[Holi]] (Vasantotsava) by throwing water at each other.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–90}}<ref name="Dallapiccola1998p27">{{cite book|author1=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|author2=Anila Verghese|title=Sculpture at Vijayanagara: Iconography and Style|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GzqAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Manohar Publishers |isbn=978-81-7304-232-4|pages=2–3, 27–28, 91–95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=G Michell|editor=Lokesh Chandra |editor2=Jyotindra Jain|display-editors=etal |title=Dimensions of Indian Art |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cafAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|pages=101–104 | chapter= Chapter: Folk tradition in the Monumental Setting: Sculptures on the Great Platform at Vijayanagara}}</ref> Near the great platform is an audience hall, which also probably had a wooden pavilion, evidenced by 100 stone stubs; this too was burnt down.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–89}}

South of the platform is an aqueduct leading water to large, symmetrical, stepped tank made of granite that was excavated by archaeologists in the 1980s. The complex has another large water pool, possibly for water sports and a garden and various mandapa. there is a ruined temple-like monument near the step tank.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=88–90}}<ref name=fritz44/>

====Water infrastructure====
[[File:Krishna Pushkarani - Hampi Ruins.jpg|thumb|left|[[Temple tank|Water tank]] at the Krishna temple]]
[[File:IMG 2272 Queen's Bath.jpg|thumb|left|Queen's Bath built in [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] style]]
The Square Water Pavilion, also called the Queen's Bath, is in the south-east of the royal centre. It has a pavilion, a water basin and a method of moving fresh water to it and taking away wash water and overflows. The basin is enclosed within an ornate, pillared, vaulted bay.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=91}} Nearby are ruins of the aqueduct.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=91}} The modern name of this building, the Queen's bath, is probably a misnomer because this was a public bath for men and travellers.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=91}}<ref name=michell19/> The building's interior arches show influence from [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], reflecting an era in which Hindu and Muslim arts influenced each other in India.<ref>{{cite journal| title=At the Margins of Architectural and Landscape History| journal= Muqarnas| author= D. Fairchild Ruggles |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles| volume= 30| issue= 1| pages= 95–117| year= 2013| doi= 10.1163/22118993-0301P0006}}</ref>

The Vijayanagara empire built extensive water infrastructures,<ref name=michell19/><ref>{{cite book|author=Dominic J. Davison-Jenkins|title=The Irrigation and Water Supply Systems of Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTXbAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-031-3|pages=1–12|oclc= 879239921}}</ref> some examples include - the Manmatha tank near Virupaksha temple, which is dated to about the 9th century, predates the Vijayanagara. According to an inscription found there, the Manmatha tank was upgraded and a Durga shrine added in 1199 CE.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=65}} The inclusion of artwork at the tank, such as a warrior fighting a lion, is dated to the 13th century, when Hoysalas frequented Hampi.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=65}}

[[File:15th century aqua duct to Mahanavami platform Pushkarani step well, Hampi Hindu monuments Karnataka 3.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|A stepped square water tank]]
The Hampi monuments include aqueducts to carry water to tanks and other parts of the city, as well as drains and channels to remove water overflow.<ref name=michell19>{{cite journal | last=Michell | first=George | title=Vijayanagara: the architectural record | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=1 | issue=1 | year=1985 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1985.9628330 | pages=19–41}}</ref> Excavations in the 1980s near the Mahanavami platform in the urban core revealed a large, square-stepped tank that was fed by an aqueduct.<ref>Roger Dunn (2005), [http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1132&context=br_rev Photographs of Hampi, India], Bridgewater Review, 24(1), pp. 15–18</ref> The tanks were public utilities; some were perhaps used for royal ceremonies.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=90}}

Archaeological excavations in 1990 revealed twenty-three wells and cisterns in the Hampi-Vijayanagara metropolis. Of these, thirteen were found outside the city walls in the suburbs, and ten inside. Of these were twelve at roadsides, eight near temples, ten in residential areas and two were used for irrigation within the urban core. More water structures were found in Daroji valley for agriculture. According to archaeologists Kathleen Morrison and [[Carla Sinopoli]], the Hampi water infrastructure was for the use of travellers, rituals, domestic use and irrigation.<ref>Kathleen Morrison Carla Sinopoli (1991), ''Archaeological Survey in the Vijayangara Metropolitan Region: 1990'', in Vijayanagara: Progress of Research, Editors: DV Devaraj, CS Patil, pages 67–69</ref>

====Fountains and community kitchen====
Several major temples in Hampi have an embedded kitchen and 100-or-more-pillared feeding halls.<ref name=Dallapiccola109/><ref name=mack59/> Hampi also had a dedicated public ''Bhojana shala'' (house of food) where numerous ''thali'' (dish) were carved in series in a rock on both sides of a water channel. One example is found near an octagonal fountain in the south of the royal centre;{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=74}} according to epigraphical sources, this Hampi ''bhojan shala'' was a ''utada kaluve'' or "canal connected with eating".{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|p=30}}

====Elephant stables and enclosure====
In the east of the royal centre lies the Gajashala, or elephant stables, which consist of eleven square chambers aligned north–south. The openings to the stables are arched; above ten chambers are alternating fluted and plain domes. In the middle of the stables are stairs to reach the roof.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=82–83}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=70–72}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lotus Mahal Pavilion MS.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Closeup of Elephant Stables, Hampi.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Lotus Mahal (left) and elephant stables: syncretic style monuments.
}}

The enclosure is close to the elephant stables; it was thus named in a Persian memoir whose 19th-century translation was an early introduction to Hampi ruins for many.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=52–53}} {{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77–78}} The enclosure contains the [[Lotus Mahal]] which is a two-storeyed pavilion in the royal centre.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77–81}} The Lotus Mahal combines a symmetrical, square, Hindu mandala design with lobed arches, vaults, and domes of the Indo-Islamic style. Its basement and pyramidal towers are based on Hindu temple architecture.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77–81}} Like almost all of the structures in Hampi's royal centre, this monument has no inscriptions nor epigraphs mentioning it and therefore dating it and establishing its function with evidence has been difficult. The Lotus Mahal and other structures in the Hampi urban core, however, were not built with Muslim patronage, unlike the tombs in the various Muslim quarters of the city. These buildings reflect the assimilative approach of the Vijayanagara Hindu rulers. Lotus Mahal looks like a syncretic, congested space and its purpose is unclear. Speculations include it being a council hall.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=77–81}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=68–70}}

====Other Hindu temples and monuments====
In the sacred centre near the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River and close to the Vitthala temple complex, are gateways and a monument now called the King's Balance.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|p=49}}{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=102–103}} The latter is similar to those found at the entrances of South Indian Hindu temples for the ''tula-purush-[[dāna]]'' or ''thulabharam'' ceremonies in which a person gives a gift by weight equal to, or greater than, their body weight.{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|p=49}}{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|pp=102–103}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Rao | first=Nalini | title=Royal religious beneficence in pre-modern India: social and political implications | journal=International Journal of Dharma Studies | volume=4 | issue=1 | date=19 July 2016 | doi=10.1186/s40613-016-0030-z | pages=7–19| doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Vijayanagara rulers built forts, fortified gateways and watchtowers after their dynasty was founded from the ruins of war and for security from repeated raids and invasion. Hindu-style corbelled arches are the common gateways and watchtowers in Hampi.{{refn|group=note|The Hampi builders also included Islamic style arches in fortified gateways at some places.}} One such gateway is located south-east of Ganagitti Jain temple;{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}} it incorporate a central barbican wall designed to entrap and confuse a stranger aiming for a surprise, while frequent visitors knew the three changes of direction before the gateway. These functional Hindu monuments are identifiable by a legendary Hindu character incorporated into them, such as of Bhima of the Mahabharata's Pandava fame. Another such gate is found on the north-east road to Talarighat Hindu monument and the Vitthala temple.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}}{{sfn|Anila Verghese|2002|pp=57–58}}

The Hampi site has over 1,600 surviving ruins—mostly Hindu—spread over a wide area.<ref name=unescosum/> Other significant monuments include a temple near the octagonal bath for [[Saraswati]], a Hindu goddess of knowledge and music; a temple in the suburbs for Ananthasayana Vishnu; an Uddana Virbhadra temple for Shiva and Vishnu; a shrine for Kali, the fierce form of Durga unusually shown holding a ball of rice and a ladle ([[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]);{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=73}} an underground temple in the royal centre; a Sugriva cave temple;{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=104}} the Matanga hill monuments; the [[Purandara Dasa|Purandaradasa]] temple dedicated to the scholar-musician famed for the [[Indian classical music#Carnatic music|Carnatic music]] tradition; the Chandrashekhara temple for Shiva near the Queen's bath monument; and the Malyavanta hill dedicated to Rama-Sita-Lakshmana and Shiva. The Malyavanta hill features several shrines including the Raghunatha temple and a row of Shiva lingas carved in stone.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=96}}

===Jain monuments===
Reliefs of [[Jain]] temples at Hampi include ''Hemkut Jain temples'', Ratnantraykut, Parsvanath Charan and Ganagitti Jain temples. Most of the idols are now missing from these temples, which were built in the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jaindharmonline.com/pilgri/hampi.htm |title=Jain: Hampi |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030073327/http://www.jaindharmonline.com/pilgri/hampi.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Ganagitti temple complex====
[[File:Flat elevation of Ganagitti Sri Jaina Basadi.jpg|thumb|Ganagitti Jain temple]]

The Ganigitti Jain temple is near Bhima's gate in the south-east of the urban core section of Hampi. In front of it is a monolithic lamp pillar.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}} The temple faced north; it is dated to 1385 CE, during the rule of [[Hindu king]] Harihara II, based on an inscription in the temple.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}} It is dedicated to Tirthankara [[Kunthunatha]] and has plain walls, a pillared mandapa and a square sanctum from which the Jina's statue is missing. There are capitals on the pillars and the doorways have decoration. Over the sanctum is a Dravidian-style, narrowing square, pyramidal tower. Other monuments in the temple compound are in ruins.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=95}}

====Other Jain temples and monuments====
A cluster of Jain {{convert|150|meters|yards}} east of the elephant stables. One north-facing temple is dedicated to [[Parshvanatha]] Tirthankara. It was built by King Devaraya II and dates to 1426 CE, per an inscription in the temple. In front of the temple are two ruined temples; one of Shiva and the other dedicated to [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=83}} Jain Tirthankaras are also included in reliefs inside Hindu temples.<ref name="ceilingpaintings" /><ref>{{cite journal | last=Smith | first=Alan | title=Rock-cut Features at Vijayanagara | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=1999 | doi= 10.1080/02666030.1999.9628564 | pages=41–46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=H. T. Talwar|title=Jaina Art and Architecture at Vijayanagara, Hampi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQDWAAAAMAAJ|year=1997 |publisher= Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|pages=15–21 |oclc= 40418652}}</ref>

===Muslim monuments===
[[File:Tomb enroute to Hampi.JPG|thumb|Ahmad Khan tomb in Hampi]]
The Hampi site includes a Muslim quarter with Islamic tombs, two mosques and a cemetery. These are neither in the sacred centre nor in the royal centre of the Hampi site. Some Muslim monuments are a part of the urban core while others are in the suburbs where most Vijayanagara residents lived. These are in the north-east valley of the urban core, where settlements of Hindus and Jains are also found. Much of this region is deeply silted and the soil conceals abandoned temples, roads, water tanks, gateways and residential quarters.<ref name="Vatsyayan1991p198">{{cite book|author1=John Fritz|author2=George Michell|editor=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Concepts of Space, Ancient and Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1a7XZdH1V0C&pg=PA198 |year=1991|publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-252-9|pages=198–199}}</ref>{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=97}}

====Ahmad Khan mosque and tomb ====
There is a Muslim monument in the south-east of the urban core on the road from Kamalapura to Anegondi, before Turuttu canal in the irrigated valley. This monument was first built in 1439 by Ahmad Khan, a Muslim officer in the army of [[Hindu king]] Devaraya II. The monuments include a mosque, an octagonal well, and a tomb. The mosque lacks a dome and is a pillared pavilion, while the tomb has a dome and arches.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=97}} Other Muslim monuments and a graveyard were added later near the Ahmad Khan's legacy.{{sfn|Fritz|Michell|2016|p=97}}

==Reception==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| header = Hampi ruins, 19th century
| image1 = Ruins of Bala Krishna Temple Vijayanagara Hampi 1868 Edmund Lyon photo.jpg| caption1 = Krishna temple in 1868
| image2 = Ruins of Vijianuggur, the Volkonda Ramachandra temple in Hampi, Vijayanagara, 1868 photo.jpg| caption2 = Rama temple in 1868
| image3 = Interior of Vitthala temple mandapa in Hampi, Vijayanagara 1880 photo.jpg| caption3 = Vitthala temple in 1880
| image4 = Hampi King's Balance Vitthala temple street entrance near river 1856 photo.jpg| caption4 = King's balance in 1858
}}
In the memoirs of [[Niccolò de' Conti]], an [[Italy|Italian]] merchant and traveller who visited Hampi about 1420, the city had an estimated circumference of {{convert|60|miles|km}} and it enclosed agriculture and settlements in its fortifications. In 1442, [[Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī|Abdul Razzaq]], who visited from [[Persia]], described it as a city with seven layers of forts, with outer layers for agriculture, crafts and residence, the inner third to seventh layers very crowded with shops and bazaars (markets).<ref>{{cite book|author=Carla M. Sinopoli|title=The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c.1350–1650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3nHg-eKWuIC&pg=PA146|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44074-5|pages=146–149}}</ref>

In 1520, [[Domingo Paes]], a Portuguese traveller, visited Vijayanagara as a part of trade contingent from Portuguese Goa. He wrote his memoir as ''Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga'', in which he stated Vijayanagara was "as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight ... the best provided city in the world".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky|author2=Roger D. Long|title=Nationalism and Imperialism in South and Southeast Asia: Essays Presented to Damodar R.SarDesai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99743-0|page=66}}</ref><ref name=Raychaudhuri122>{{cite book|author1=Tapan Raychaudhuri|author2=Irfan Habib|author3=Dharma Kumar|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122 |year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22692-9|page=122}}</ref> According to Paes, "there are many groves within it, in the gardens of the houses, many conduits of water which flow into the midst of it, and in places there are lakes ...".<ref name=Raychaudhuri122/>

[[Cesare Federici]], an [[Italy|Italian]] merchant and traveller, visited a few decades after the 1565 defeat and collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire. According to Sinopoli, Johansen, and Morrison, Federici described it as a very different city. He wrote, "the citie of Bezeneger (Hampi-Vijayanagara) is not altogether destroyed, yet the houses stand still, but emptie, and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Carla Sinopoli|author2=Peter Johansen|author3=Kathleen Morrison|editor=Steven E. Falconer and Charles L. Redman|title=Polities and Power: Archaeological Perspectives on the Landscapes of Early States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkYdxK29RHkC&pg=PA37|year=2009|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2603-1|page=37}}</ref>

The historian [[Will Durant]], in his ''Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization'' recites the story of [[Vijayanagara]] and calls its conquest and destruction a discouraging tale. He writes, "its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace may at any time be overthrown by war and ferocious violence."<ref>{{cite book|author=Will Durant|author-link=Will Durant|title=Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ru4LPyMAxxkC&pg=PT579 |year=2011| publisher=Simon and Schuster| isbn=978-1-4516-4668-9| page=579}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|[[Hampi (town)|Hampi]]'s history, ruins and temples made it an early site for offbeat tourism in the 1960s and after. Tourists would gather on its hills and midst its ruins, to hold parties and spiritual retreats, and these have been called "Hampi Hippies" and Hampi as the "lost city" in some publications.<ref name="Aitken1999p219">{{cite book|author=Bill Aitken|title=Divining the Deccan: A Motorbike to the Heart of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564711-2|pages=219–221}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Hatcher Childress|title=Lost Cities of China, Central Asia, and India: A Traveler's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBAeAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Adventures |isbn=978-0-932813-00-8|pages=186–187}}</ref>}}

Scenes from the 2006 Telugu feature film ''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]'' were also filmed here.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
* [[Anegundi]]
* [[Bukka]]
* [[Kanakagiri]]
* [[Krishna Deva Raya]]
* [[Suratrana]]
* [[Vidyaranya]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Vijayanagara Architecture]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* S.Srinivasachar, T.S.Satyan, ''Hampi : The fabled capital of the Vijayanagara Empire'', (Directorate of Archaeology and Museums), Govt. of Karnataka, 1995
* {{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
* {{cite book |last= Eaton|first=Richard M. |title= A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives|year= 2006|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-521-71627-7 }}
* {{cite book| author=Heather Elgood|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ |year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-304-70739-3}}
* {{cite book|editor1=J.M. Fritz| editor2 = George Michell| title= New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara| isbn= 978-81-85026-53-4| publisher = Marg| year=2001}}
* {{cite book|last1= Fritz|first1= John M|last2 =Michell| first2 =George|title=Hampi Vijayanagara|publisher = Jaico|isbn= 978-81-8495-602-3| year=2016}}
* {{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C |year=1995|publisher= Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath |first= Suryanath U. |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |title= A Concise History of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqY9AAAAMAAJ |publisher= Jupiter Books |location= Bangalore |oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
* {{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
* {{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC |year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
* {{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Architecture and Art of Southern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6bphUvvPf4C&pg=PR11|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44110-0}}
* {{cite book|author=David Kinsley|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}
* {{citation| author= James Lochtefeld| year= 2002| title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z| publisher= Rosen Publishing| isbn= 978-0-8239-2287-1| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch}}
* A.N. Longhurst, ''Hampi Ruins Described and Illustrated'', (Laurier Books Ltd., 1998) {{ISBN|81-206-0159-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1GzJRNhnnsC| year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2}}
* {{cite book |last= Sastri |first= K.A. Nilakanta |title= A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |year=1955 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035/page/n7/mode/2up |oclc=1035966644}}
* {{cite book|author=Anila Verghese|title=Hampi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDduAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565433-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Anila Verghese|title=Archaeology, Art and Religion: New Perspectives on Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZzpAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564890-4}}
* ''The Ruins of Hampi:Travel Guide'' {{ISBN|81-7525-766-0}}
* Karnataka State Gazetteer 1983.

==External links==
{{commons category|Hampi}}
{{Wikivoyage|Hampi}}
* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_hampi.asp Hampi Museum], Archaeological Survey of India
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241 Group of Monuments at Hampi], UNESCO World Heritage List
* [https://www.penn.museum/research/projects-researchers/asian-section/115-vijayanagara-research-project Vijayanagara Research Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023201827/https://www.penn.museum/research/projects-researchers/asian-section/115-vijayanagara-research-project |date=23 October 2019 }}, Penn Museum
* [http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arf053-001.pdf Fields of Victory: Vijayanagara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921224314/http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arf053-001.pdf |date=21 September 2015 }}, Kathleen Morrison, UC Berkeley

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
{{Archaeological sites in India}}
{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hampi| ]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Ghost towns in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Danger]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Kumara Vijayam

2026-03-04T04:49:20Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kumara Vijayam
| image = Kumara Vijayam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. Jagannathan]]
| writer = Thooyavan (dialogue)
| based_on = {{based on|''Perumal Satchi''|[[Komal Swaminathan]]}}
| producer = E. K. Thiyagarajan Sasikumar V. P. Chandrasekharan
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Jayachitra]]
| cinematography = C. J. Mohan
| editing = [[K. Sankunni]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| studio = Sree Murugalaya
| released = {{film date|df=y|1976|7|30}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kumara Vijayam''''' ({{Translation|Kumar's victory}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[A. Jagannathan]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayachitra]] and [[M. G. Soman]]. It is based on the play ''Perumal Satchi'' by [[Komal Swaminathan]]. The film was released on 30 July 1976.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Kumar
* [[Jayachitra]] as Nirmala<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=9 September 2020 |title=துடுக்குத்தனம்; குறும்புத்தனம்; மெச்சூரிட்டி; பழிவாங்கும் சவால்; தனி ஸ்டைலில் அசத்திய நடிகை ஜெயசித்ரா... - நடிகை ஜெயசித்ரா பிறந்தநாள் இன்று |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/576520-jayachitra-birthday.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613054842/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/576520-jayachitra-birthday.html |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Muruganantham
* [[Sukumari]] as Parvathi
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Seenu
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Chakravarthi
* [[M. G. Soman]] as Vinoth
* [[Kallapetti Singaram]]
* [[Sekhar (actor)|Master Sekhar]]
* [[Peeli Sivam]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was adapted from the Tamil stage play ''Perumal Satchi'' by [[Komal Swaminathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2012 |title=நாடக ஆசிரியர் கோமல் சுவாமிநாதன் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2012/may/20/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-500076.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613073946/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2012/may/20/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-500076.html |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The play was previously filmed in [[Malayalam]] as ''Paalazhi Madhanam'' (1975) by the same production company and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=அரவிந்த் |date=April 2018 |title=கோமல் சுவாமிநாதன் |url=http://www.tamilonline.com/thendral/article.aspx?aid=12083 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331070314/http://www.tamilonline.com/thendral/article.aspx?aid=12083 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Thendral |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. Devarajan]]; the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]], [[Pulamaipithan]] and Poovai Senguttavan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumaara Vijayam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by G Devarajan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/kumaara-vijayam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-g-devarajan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304051707/https://macsendisk.com/product/kumaara-vijayam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-g-devarajan/ |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ethaiyum Udaippen
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]]
| title2 = Kanni Rasi Rasi
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas, P. Susheela
| title3 = Mannar Kudi Machchan Vanthu
| extra3 = [[P. Madhuri]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kumara Vijayam'' was released on 30 July 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கமல்ஹாசன் படங்களின் பட்டியல் |trans-title=List of Kamal Haasan films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210612101253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' in his review wrote just calling it a comedy and not making the film a mere farce, adding the story gives the film a special character and concluded the film can be watched and enjoyed.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=22 August 1976 |title=குமார விஜயம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/aug/22-08-1976/p31.jpg |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728035420/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/aug/22-08-1976/p31.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=31 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Jagannathan}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Jagannathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Devarajan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Manhole (2016 film)

2026-03-03T20:37:05Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Starting Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manhole
| image = Manhole 2016 film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Vidhu Vincent]]
| producer = M. P. Vincent
| writer = Umesh Omanakuttan
| based_on =
| starring = Munshi Baiju Renu Sounder
| music = Sidhartha Pradeep
| editing = Appu Bhattathiri
| cinematography = Saji Kumar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|12|11|International Film Festival of Kerala}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Manhole''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Vidhu Vincent]], depicting the life and struggles of a [[Manual scavenging|manual scavenger]]'s daughter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manhole (2016)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6270212/|website=IMDb|accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> The film was adjudged the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] of the year 2016 by the jury for the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] 2016 and the director of the film was selected as the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] of the year 2016. This made Vidhu Vincent the first woman to win the Best Director Award in the history of Kerala State Film Awards since its inception in 1969.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Staff Reporter|title=Vidhu Vincent bags best director award for 'Manhole'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vidhu-vincent-bags-best-director-award-for-manhole/article17423465.ece|date=7 March 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 March 2017}}</ref> According to jury chairman [[Apurba Kishore Bir]], ''Manhole'' was the unanimous choice among the jury members for convincingly bringing the plight of the marginalised on screen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vidhu-vincent-bags-best-director-award-for-manhole/article17423465.ece|title=Vidhu Vincent bags best director award for 'Manhole'|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-22|language=en}}</ref>

The film was also chosen as one of the only two Malayalam films in the competition category of the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK) 2016. This has made Vidhu Vincent the first woman director to enter the competition section in the twenty-year history of IFFK. Manhole is the first feature film directed by Vidhu Vincent. The film also grabbed the [[FIPRESCI]] : Best Malayalam Film Award during the IFFK 2016. The film was selected for the award "for the raw reality with which the film sheds light on the persistent inhumanity of manual scavengers in India, despite its being legally banned, in a cinematically eloquent manner."<ref>{{cite web|title=FIPRESCI : BEST MALAYALAM FILM MANHOLE|url=http://iffk.in/best-malayalam-film-manhole/|website=21 st IFFK|publisher=IFFK|accessdate=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033443/http://iffk.in/best-malayalam-film-manhole/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Shalini (played by [[Renu Soundar]]) is the daughter of Ayya Swami (played by Ravi Kumar), a manual scavenger, and Pappathi (played by Shaylaja J) who is a housemaid. She tries to hide her caste identity to avoid social exclusion among her friends in the school. She tries to pressure her father to give up the work he is doing, but fails as his vocational options are circumscribed by his caste background. Her father's death in an accident while he was working in the manhole reveals her identity to her friends. She finds it hard to face social antipathy and stigma towards her because of her family's social and caste background. After the death of her father, the burden of running the family falls on her mother. Shalini also starts to work in the local super market as a shop floor assistant. She manages to pass the entrance exam to do a graduate course in Law. Her friend Marimuth, also engaged in manual scavenging to support his studies, faces the same fate as her father while doing his final year. It shakes her faith in the course she has followed in life and she decides to fight against the no exit situation in which those engaged in scavenging are caught in.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manhole|url=http://iffk.in/manhole-2/|website=21st International Film Festival of Kerala|accessdate=8 March 2017|archive-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064120/http://iffk.in/manhole-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Crew==
The story and screenplay of the film was by Umesh Omanakuttan. The cinematographer was Saji Kumar, the editor Appu Bhattathiri, sound designer Faizal Ahamed. The film was produced by Vincent MP. The art director was Ajith Plakkadu and the music director was Sidhartha Pradeep.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl. No. !! Character !! Played by
|-
| 1 || Murugan || Munshi Baiju
|-
| 2 || Government Lawyer || Saji T S
|-
| 3 || Pappathi || Shylaja J
|-
| 4 || Activist Lawyer || [[Sunnykutty Abraham]]
|-
| 5 || Ayyan || Ravi Kumar
|-
| 6 || Government Officer || I R Prasad
|-
| 7 || Shalini || Renu Sounder
|-
| 8 || Commission || Gouri Dasan
|-
| 9 ||Witness in the Commission || Sunder Raj
|-
| 10 || Mini|| Mini M R Kanavu
|-
| 11 || Marimuthu || Suni R S
|}

==See also==
*[[47th Kerala State Film Awards]]

==Further reading==
*An interview with Vidhu Vincent on Manhole : [http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/iffk-2016-international-film-festival-of-kerala-thiruvananthapuram/interviews/vidhu-vincent-manhole-director.html onmanorama]
*A review of Manhole : [http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/iffk-2016-international-film-festival-of-kerala-thiruvananthapuram/movie-review/manhole-film-review-director-vidhu-vincent-manual-scavenging.html onmanorama]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Visakha Express (film)

2026-03-03T18:15:32Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: page updated

{{Short description|2008 Indian Telugu film}}
{{for|the train|Visakha Express}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Visakha Express
|image = Visakha Express.jpg
|caption = Theatrical poster
| screenplay = [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] [[Harsha Vardhan]] (dialogues)
|starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Rajiv Kanakala]] [[Preeti Jhangiani]] [[Sindhu Tolani]]
|director = Vara Mullapudi
|story = Vara Mullapudi
|producer = P. Tulasi Gopal
|based_on = {{Based on|''[[Strangers on a Train (novel)|Strangers on a Train]]''|[[Patricia Highsmith]]}}
|music = Vijay Kurakula
|distributor =
|cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = Ravindra Babu
| studio = Markwell Entertainment
|released = {{Film date|2008|02|8|df=yes}}
|runtime = 99 min
|language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|budget = 
}}

'''''Visakha Express''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Vara Mullapudi who co-wrote the film with [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] and [[Harsha Vardhan]]. The film stars [[Allari Naresh]], [[Rajiv Kanakala]], [[Preeti Jhangiani]], and [[Sindhu Tolani]]. The basic plot of the story is taken from [[Patricia Highsmith]]'s novel [[Strangers on a Train (novel)|''Strangers on a Train'']] (1950), which is about two strangers and an exchange of murders.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schwanebeck|first1=Wieland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QalxDwAAQBAJ&dq=visakha+express&pg=PA17|title=Patricia Highsmith on Screen|last2=McFarland|first2=Douglas|date=2018-10-08|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-96050-0}}</ref>

==Plot==
Two strangers, Dr. Raja (Rajiv Kanakala) and Ravi Varma (Allari Naresh) meet each other on a train, [[Visakha Express]]. Raja is annoyed with the problems caused by his drunkard father (Kota Srinivasa Rao) and in an unconscious situation shares his problems with Ravi Varma. A few days later, his father injures himself in an accident and is brought to the hospital, who dies of poisoning and the blame is put on the doctor. In fact, it is Ravi Varma who has designed the death on the train.

Ravi Varma marries Suchitra (Preeti), who is an ex-girlfriend of Raja. Ravi Varma is dissatisfied with the relationship between his wife and Raja and wanted to eliminate her. So Ravi Varma kills Raja's father and throws that case on Raja. He also blackmails Raja that if he kills his wife Suchitra, he will save him. The remaining story is about how Raja saves his ex-girlfriend and kills Ravi Varma.

==Cast==
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Dr. Raja
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Ravi Varma
* [[Preeti Jhangiani]] as Suchitra
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Mohan Rao, Raja's father
* [[Sindhu Tolani]] as Kokila
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Superintendent of Police
* [[Mumaith Khan]] as Geetha
* Vijaya Rangaraju as Inspector
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Doctor
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as Dr. Melkote
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Venu, wine shop owner
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Constable
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

== Soundtrack ==
01.Kasukku Sokulu
02.Mapatela Eeroju
03.Oh Prema
04.Mapreme Mapreme

== Reception ==
Reviewing the film for ''[[Rediff.com]]'', Radhika Rajamani wrote, "The film, which starts off as a whodunit finally boils down to a question of personal vendetta. In the end we are left wondering whether it is worth two hours of sitting through the film to get to the ending."<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 February 2008|title=Review: Visakha Express|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/08ssve.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 3/5 and stated, "Story is good, but the screenplay by Chandrasekhar Yeleti and direction by Vara are disappointing. As the audiences come out of the theatre, they would certainly sympathize with the story. A unanimous feeling that it has not been handled with skill pervades their judgment."<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2008|title=Visakha Express|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/visakha-express-review-telugu-pclw4Pedegeca.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213140752/https://www.sify.com/movies/visakha-express-review-telugu-pclw4Pedegeca.html|archive-date=13 December 2021|url-status=live|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1285147}}
*[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/vishakaexpess_review.php Film review]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Strangers on a Train]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2008 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2008 crime thriller films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{2000s-thriller-film-stub}}

Kshetra Singh

2026-02-25T05:51:44Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: added info

{{Short description|Rana of Mewar from 1364 to 1382}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rana Kshetra Singh
| title = [[Maharana]]
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]]
| reign = {{circa|1356|1376}}
| predecessor = [[Hammir Singh]]
| successor = [[Lakha Singh]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodias of Mewar]]
| birth_date =
| death_date = 1382
| spouse = Devadiji Pyar Deiji of [[Sirohi]]

Hadiji Krishna Deiji of [[Bundi]]

Solankiniji Ram Deiji
| issue = {{ubl|
*[[Lakha Singh]]
*Viramdev
*Salkhaji
*Shikharji
*Kunwarsi
*Nandoji
*Visalji
*Parvatji
*Bhakarji
*Saluji}}
| father = [[Hammir Singh]]
| mother = Songariji (Chauhanji) Bal Deiji d.of Rao Maldev of [[Jalore]]
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}

'''Rana Kshetra Singh'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/udaipur_r.html |title=UDAIPUR |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227164732/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/udaipur_r.html |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (r. 1356–1376), was a [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewar Kingdom]]. He was the eldest son of his father and predecessor Rana [[Hammir Singh]], the progenitor of Sisodias. In his reign, he conquered the territories of [[Ajmer]] and [[Mandalgarh]].

==Reign==
{{See also|List of Mewar (Sisodiya)–Delhi conflicts}}
Kshetra Singh, reigned from 1364 to 1382, was the son and successor of the celebrated Rana Hammir Singh. Rana Kshetra Singh greatly expanded the Kingdom of Mewar. He captured [[Ajmer]] and [[Jahazpur]], re-annexed [[Mandalgarh]], [[Mandsaur]] and the whole of Chappan into Mewar. He achieved a victory over the Sultan of Delhi,<ref>Tods annals and antiquities vol I pg 274</ref> who was utterly defeated at Bakrole. The [[Kumbalgarh]] inscription says that in a battle he captured [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan]], governor of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] (who later became the first independent [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jFuAAAAMAAJ&q=rana+Kshetra+singh |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Kota |date=1962 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> Kshetra Singh further increased his popularity by defeating the Sultan of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and killing his general, Amir Shah.<ref>Har Bilas Sarda "Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar" pg 4</ref>

Kshetra Singh died in 1382 during a campaign against the Hada of Bundi.<ref>Lane Poole's Muhammadan Dynasties of India pg 376</ref> After his death, [[Lakha of Mewar|Lakha Singh]] (1382-1421) ascended the throne of Mewar.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Ruler of the [[Mewar Kingdom]]|before=[[Hamir of Mewar|Hamir]]|after=[[Lakha of Mewar|Lakha]]|years= 1364- 1382}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:1382 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{india-royal-stub}}

Abdul Latif Mia

2026-02-22T06:24:44Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: cleanup

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Latif Mia
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start = 1973
| term_end = 1976
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]

}}
'''Abdul Latif Mia''' is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician in Bangladesh and a former member of parliament for [[Dinajpur-10]].

==Career==
Mia was elected to parliament from Dinajpur-10 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 1st Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |accessdate=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909153327/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mia, Abdul Latif}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Dinajpur District, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]

{{Rangpur-AL-politician-stub}}

Paro Anand

2026-02-18T21:03:32Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: improved section additionally and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Paro Anand
| image = Paro anand.jpg
| caption = Anand at a Talking Books event in 2019
| occupation = Novelist
| nationality = Indian
| genre = [[Children's literature]], [[Young adult literature|young adult]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi]] Bal Sahitya Puraskar
| website = {{URL|paroanand.com}}
}}
'''Paro Anand''' is an Indian author of books for [[Children's literature|children]], [[Young adult literature|young adults]] and adults including novels, short stories and plays.She did her Bachelor's in Sociology from [[Miranda House]], [[University of Delhi]]. She won the [[Sahitya Akademi]] Bal Sahitya Puruskar in 2017<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp|title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi - Bal Sahitya Puraskar ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> for her anthology ''Wild Child and Other Stories (''now published as ''"Like Smoke: 20 Teens 20 Stories")''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penguin.co.in/thepenguindigest/what-the-readers-had-to-say-about-the-award-winning-book-wild-child-and-other-stories/|title=What the Readers Had to Say About the Award-Winning Book 'Wild Child and Other Stories'|date=2017-09-06|website=The Penguin Digest|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref> She has spoken about and written extensively on children's literature in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/murtaza-ali-khan/writer-paro-anand-on-young-adults-children-in-kashmir-and-putting-sex-in-her-books_a_23229261/|title=Writer Paro Anand On Young Adults, Children In Kashmir, And Putting Sex In Her Books|date=2017-10-02|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/i-was-and-remain-an-excellent-liar/article19325723.ece|title=I was and remain an excellent liar: Paro Anand|last=Krithika|first=R.|date=2017-07-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She headed the National Centre for Children's Literature at the [[National Book Trust|National Book Trust India]], the apex body for [[children's literature]] in India. She also runs a podcast on '''[https://hubhopper.com/ Hubhopper]''' called ''Literature in Action,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hubhopper.com/podcast/literature-in-action/9237#Intent;scheme=https;package=android.intent.action.VIEW;end;|title=Literature in action {{!}} Listen via hubhopper|website=hubhopper.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref>'' and was an invitee to the India Conference at the [[Harvard Business School]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/orissa+diary-epaper-oridia/author+paro+anand+at+india+conference+at+harvard+business+school+and+harvard+kennedy+school-newsid-81697264|title=Author Paro Anand at India Conference at Harvard Business School and Harvard Kennedy School - Orissa Diary|website=Dailyhunt|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref>

== Writing ==
In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Anand said that she was working as a drama teacher when she realized that there were not many Indian works for Indian students to adapt. "There were only very archaic or Western scripts for performance. I couldn’t find the kind of plays I wanted to do with today's Indian children, so I started writing them and then found there weren’t many storybooks that fitted my brief either. So I started writing those."<ref name=":0" />

Anand's writing covers topics such as communal hatred, failure, sexual abuse and being different, and is often intended for a young audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/even-now-you-get-panchantatra-when-you-ask-for-indian-children-s-literature/story-lNg4LZiTTDOtNqdtMLSXqM.html|title='You still get Panchatantra when you ask for Indian kids' literature'|date=2016-03-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref>

== Translations ==
Anand's book ''No Guns at My Son's Funeral'' made it to the [[International Board on Books for Young People|IBBY]] Honors List of 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibby.org/subnavigation/archives/ibby-honour-list/2006/|title=2006: IBBY official website|website=www.ibby.org|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> and has been translated into Spanish and German.

== Awards and recognitions ==
Anand won the [[Sahitya Akademi|National Sahitya Akademi]] Bal Sahitya Puraskar in 2017 for her collection of short stories, ''Wild Child and Other Stories (now published as "Like Smoke: 20 Teens 20 Stories")''.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, she was conferred the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] [[Karuvaki|Karubaki]] Award of the Kalinga Literary Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-17 |title=Pavan K. Verma, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Paro Anand to be conferred with Prestigious Kalinga Literary Awards of 2019 |url=https://orissadiary.com/pavan-k-verma-rajendra-kishore-panda-paro-anand-conferred-prestigious-kalinga-literary-awards-2019/ |access-date=2019-07-29 |website=OdishaDiary |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References... ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Paro}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tumakuru district

2026-02-17T08:11:42Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: rework details for consistency

{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tumakuru District
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nicknames = Kalpataru Nadu (Coconut Country),
Shikshanika Nagari (City of Educational Institutions)
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Shivagange near bengaluru.jpg
|photo1b = Markonahalli dam (2).JPG
|photo2a = Madhugiri Fort 1.JPG
|photo2b = A profile of the Chennakeshava Temple at Aralaguppe.JPG
|photo3a = View from Devarayanadurga (33897360691).jpg
|photo3b = Guru Mandir - Mandargiri Hill.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: View from [[Shivagange]], [[Marconahalli|Markonahalli Reservoir]], [[Chennakeshava Temple, Aralaguppe|Chennakeshava Temple]] at Arlaguppe, [[Mandaragiri|Guru Mandir, Mandaragiri]], View from [[Devarayanadurga|Devarayanadurga Hill]], Madhugiri Fort
| image_map = Tumkur in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.34|77.1|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}}[[Karnataka]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Tumakuru]], [[Sira Taluk|Sira]], [[Gubbi]], [[Tiptur|Tipaturu]], [[Turuvekere]], [[Kunigal]], [[Madhugiri]], [[Pavagada]], [[Koratagere]], [[Chikkanayakanahalli]].
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tumakuru]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate
| leader_name1 = Subha Kalyan, I.A.S <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tumkurzillapanchayat.gov.in/distadmin.html|title=District Administration|website=tumkurzillapanchayat.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/gokdirectory/en|title=Karnataka Government|website=www.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = District In-charge Minister
| leader_name2 = [[G. Parameshwara]] ([[Indian national congress|INC]]) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnataka-govt-announces-district-charge-ministers-cm-yediyurappa-retains-bengaluru-108995|title=Karnataka govt announces district in-charge ministers, CM Yediyurappa retains Bengaluru|date=16 September 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = President, Zilla Panchayat
| leader_name3 = Latha Ravikumar ([[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/jds-bags-president-post-in-tumakuru-zp/article8587385.ece|title=JD(S) bags president post in Tumakuru ZP|author=Staff Correspondent|date=12 May 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|leader_title4 =
Superintendent of police
|leader_name4 = Ashok K V , [[I.P.S]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.com/districts/about-districts/|title=Districts in Karnataka|date=14 July 2013|website=Karnataka.com}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10,597
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,678,980
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 150 in India
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 572xxx
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = * Tumakuru KA 06
* Tipaturu KA 44
* Madhugiri KA 64
| website = {{URL|tumkur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Tumakuru district''' is an [[List of districts of Karnataka|administrative district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]]. It is the second largest district in Karnataka by land area with an area of 10,598 km2,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref> and fourth largest by Population.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2016-01-31 |title=Most Populous Districts in Karnataka |url=https://www.worldlistmania.com/most-populous-districts-in-karnataka-state/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=WorldlistMania |language=en-US}}</ref> It is a one-and-a-half-hour drive from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], the state capital. The district is known for the production of coconuts and is also called as 'Kalpataru Nadu'.<ref name="Tumakuru sets a green example">{{Cite web|title=Tumakuru sets a green example|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/forests/tumakuru-sets-a-green-example-61113|access-date=2021-01-31|website=www.downtoearth.org.in}}</ref> It is the only discontiguous district in Karnataka ([[Pavagada]] Taluk has no geographical continuity with the rest of the district).

As of census of 2011, the district has a population of 2,678,980, with a population density of 253 people /km2,<ref name="auto"/> the district has the literary rate of 75.14% and a sex ratio of 984 women/ 1000 men. Tumakuru district is surrounded by [[Chikkaballapura district]] and [[Bengaluru Rural District|Bengaluru Rural]] in East, [[Ramanagara district]] in South-East, [[Mandya district|Mandya]] and [[Hassan district|Hassan]] districts in South-West, [[Chikmagalur district]] in west, [[Chitradurga district]] in north-west and [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] and [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in North.

== Transport ==
Tumkur provides connectivity to Banglore, Hassan, Chitradurga and Many more cities. The RTO Code of Tumkur is KA06<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Department,Karnataka |url=https://etc.karnataka.gov.in/General/rto_office.aspx |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=etc.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>

==History==
[[Nidugal Cholas]] were ruled this region between 8th to 13th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.the-cholas-of-nidugal-a-study/ |title=The Cholas of Nidugal a Study |author=Kavitha R|date=1993 |page=151 |publisher=Karnatak University}}</ref>

The district was formed in 1832 during the days of British commissioner of Mysuru [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Sir Mark Cubbon]] as Chitaldroog Division including the area of present [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]] and Tumakuru districts headquartered at [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]]. [[Major General Richard Stewart Dobbs]] was the first collector of the district (term of office 1835–1861), who was key responsible for the establishment of Munro system of administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/reminiscencesli00dobbgoog|title=Reminiscences of Life in Mysore, South Africa, and Burmah|date=30 June 1882|publisher=G. Herbert|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> In the year 1862 Chitaldroog division was abolished and Tumakuru (Nandidroog division) and Chitradurga (Nagar Division) established as separate districts by [[Lewin Bentham Bowring]].<ref>http://www.tumkur.nic.in Tumakuru District Gazetteer</ref> The district occupies an area of 10,598 km2 and had a population of 2,678,980, of which 19.62% were urban as of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tumkur District Population, Karnataka, List of Taluks in Tumkur|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/karnataka/tumkur-population.html|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Censusindia2011.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Tumkur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/634/download/2184/DH_2011_2917_PART_A_DCHB_TUMKUR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The district is known for the production of coconuts, called as 'Kalpataru Nadu'.<ref name="Tumakuru sets a green example"/> It is the only discontiguous district in Karnataka (Pavagada Taluk has no geographical continuity with the rest of the district).

==Geography==
Tumakuru district has ten talukas, [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|eleven Assembly constituencies]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Constituencies {{!}} District Tumkur, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://tumkur.nic.in/en/constituencies/|access-date=2021-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref> and the district is shared among [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|three Parliamentary constituencies]]. Tumakuru district shares border with ten districts, which is the highest in the state. The districts that share the border are Districts of [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]] towards north, [[Hassan district|Hassan]] and [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru]] towards west, [[Mandya district|Mandya]] towards south-west, [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]] and [[Bengaluru Rural District|Bengaluru Rural]] towards south, [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]] towards east and [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] and [[Anantapur district]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) towards north-east.

It consists chiefly of elevated land intersected by river valleys. A range of hills rising to nearly {{convert|4000|ft|m}} crosses it from north to south, forming the watershed between the systems of the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and the [[Kaveri]]. The principal streams are the Jayamangali and the [[Shimsha]]. The mineral wealth of Tumakuru is considerable; iron is obtained in large quantities from the hillsides; and excellent building-stone is quarried. The slopes of the [[Devarayanadurga]] hills are clothed with forests.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Tumkur|volume=27|page=370}}</ref> Wildlife such as [[leopard]]s, [[dhole]], [[bear]]s and [[wild boar]] have been recorded here. Although, [[tiger]]s have been recorded from these forests as late as the 1950s, most recent reports are of stray sightings and need confirmation.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|author=Staff Correspondent|title=Search on for tiger in Tumakuru district|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092651350600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929012707/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092651350600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2008|access-date=18 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2008}}</ref> The annual rainfall averages 39 inches.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,71,801|13=1911|14=7,38,786|15=1921|16=7,76,825|17=1931|18=8,63,227|19=1941|20=9,55,809|21=1951|22=11,51,362|23=1961|24=13,67,402|25=1971|26=16,27,721|27=1981|28=19,77,854|29=1991|30=23,05,819|31=2001|32=25,84,711|33=2011|34=26,78,980|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Tumakuru district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|9.18}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.72}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Tumakuru district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,678,980,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Kuwait 2,595,62}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011| quote =Nevada 2,700,551}}</ref> The district ranked 4th place in terms of population in Karnataka after Bengaluru, Belagavi and Mysuru. The district has a population density of 253 per square km.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 3.74%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Tumkur has a [[sex ratio]] of 984 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 75.14%. 22.36% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.92% and 7.82% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Language===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Tumakuru district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 84.95 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 9.03 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value3 = 3.38 |color3 = steelblue
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 1.07 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.57 |color5 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 84.95% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 9.03% [[Urdu]], 3.38% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 1.07% [[Lambadi]], 1.57% other languages as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Lake Temple at Kunigal.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kunigal Temple]]

[[File:Wesleyan-Mission Premises, Coonghul, Mysore (VII, p.129, October 1950) - Copy.jpg|thumb|Tumkur in History]]

The known history of Tumakuru district begins with the Gangas. The Ganga family ruled over the southern and eastern districts of the State from early in the Christian era to 1025 A.D. The earliest record of the Ganga family found in this district belongs to about 400 A.D. After the Gangas, Tumkur was ruled by the Rastrakutas and the Chalukyas. The Nolambas under these rulers ruled the area for a long time. The Cholas also ruled some parts of the district. The Vijayanagara Empire ruled supreme for the later part of the 13th to 17th century. During the 18th and 19th century, Tumkur was ruled by the Wodeyars of Mysore until Independence.

The Tumakuru Town Municipality was set up by the British and Mysore Wodeyars in the 1916. Self-rule of the residents started after the setting up of the municipality. It was converted into a City Corporation only in 2010 by adding 22 villages adjoining the city. The population is {{formatnum:305877}} as per the 2011 census.

==Economy==
Tumakuru is now a middle class majority city, with a literacy rate of 80%, mainly traders, government employees, small and medium industrialists, self-employed individuals etc. The GDP of Tumkur is around 6045184 Rs lakh (2019–20) and the total collection of income tax in the last financial year was approximately 800 million. The aspirational level of the citizens is very high. Being an agrarian economy, the major plantation crops of Tumkur are coconuts and areca nuts. The major cash crops are paddy, ragi and groundnuts. Iron ore, manganese and granite are the major minerals found in Tumkur district.

Owing to its proximity to Bangalore, besides being the gateway to Karnataka, being on the Chennai – Mumbai Industrial Corridor and the infrastructure that Tumkur provides, Tumkur has the potential to be the satellite city to decongest the State Capital of Bangalore. And also has been identified as National Investment and Manufacturing Zone (NIMZ). NIMZ of approx. 13500 acres and the HAL Helicopter manufacturing facility (Nr Gubbi) 610 acres will be developed as integrated industrial townships with state-of-the art infrastructure and land use on the basis of zoning; clean and energy efficient technology; necessary social infrastructure; skill development facilities, etc., for promoting world class manufacturing activity. Tumkur is home to 24 large scale industries with an investment of 9114.2 million and generating an employment for 6445 persons. The existing 15 medium scale industries and 23804 micro and small Industries employ 132994 persons and account for an investment of close to 7.90 billion. Also 2000 MW of Solar power plant on 11000 acres in Pavagada to cater to the power needs of Tumkur and adjoining districts.
[[File:Siddapura. Yadiyur.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Siddapura, Yadiyur]]
[[File:Bangalore Road. Kunigal.jpg|thumb|upright|Bangalore-Hassan Road]]
Tumkur is a knowledge hub in the south interior Karnataka and boasts of its own Tumkur University, two medical colleges, five engineering colleges, 38-degree and post-graduate colleges, one dental college and many polytechnics, high schools and primary schools imparting top-level education to all classes of citizens.

The Indian budget for 2014–15 held on 10 July 2014 had announced that Tumkur is one of the cities in south India to be developed as an "Industrial Smart" city. The city was selected as one among the 100 in the country shortlisted for the Smart City project. Tumkur is competing now to be one among the 20 to be taken up for development. The government of India has promised 1 billion each as a matching grant for five years and the local Body with assistance from the state government has to match another 1 billion. Thus, in five years development to the tune of 10 billion will happen in Smart City. The Tumkur District Chamber of Commerce and Industry under the leadership of Surendra Shah, President 2014–16 is striving for the district to be developed as a "Knowledge Industry New Destination city" (KIND).

==Taluks==
{{div col|small=yes}}
* [[Chikkanayakana Halli|Chikkanayakanahalli]]
* [[Gubbi]]
* [[Koratagere]]
* [[Kunigal]]
* [[Madhugiri]]
* [[Pavagada]]
* [[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]
* [[Tiptur]]
* [[Tumakuru]]
* [[Turuvekere]]
{{div col end}}

==Education==
It is a good study center from primary education to higher education. It has its own university. Within this town, there are seven technology institutions, two medical institutions and one dental institution.

The district is divided as two Educational district. i.e. Tumakuru (south) and other one is Tumakuru (north) Madhugiri Educational district. Where as Tumakuru (south) includes 6 taluks as Chikkanayakanahalli,Gubbi,Kunigal,Tiptur,Tumakuru and Turuvekere.And Tumkur (north) Madhugiri district includes 4 taluks namely koratagere, Madhugiri, Pavagada and Sira.Tumkur(south) considered as education hub nowadays.

It consists 2085 Govt.Primary schools, 63 aided Primary schools, 267 unaided Primary schools and 1 kendriya vidyalaya, and total 2,417 primary schools, there are 147 Govt. High schools, 205 aided High schools, 123 unaided High schools, and 2 central govt. High schools in the Tumkur south dist.Tumkur north dist, there are 1291 Govt. primary, 9 aided Primary schools, 123 unaided Primary schools exists.Vice versa there are 113 Govt. high schools, 109 aided High schools, 57 unaided high schools facility available.

=== Educational institutions in Tumakuru ===
{{div col|small=yes}}
* Sri Udaya Bharathi Educational and Charitable Institutions
* Akshaya Group of Educational Institutions
* Aryabharathi group of Educational Institutions
* Channabasaveshwara Group of Educational Institutions
* HMS Group of Educational Institutions
* Jain Group of Institutions
* Kalpataru Group of Educational Institutions
* Maruthi Group of Educational Institutions
* Sacred Heart Group of Educational Institutions
* Sarvodaya Group of Educational Institutions
* Shridevi Group of Educational Institutions
* Siddaganga Group of Educational Institutions
* Sri Siddharatha Group of Educational Institutions
* Sri Vidyodaya Foundation Trust
* St.Joseph's Group of Educational Institutions
* Varadaraja Group of Institutions
* Vidya Group of Educational Institutions (managed by AspireTechno)
* Vidyanikethan Group of Institutions
* Vidyanidhi Group of Institutions
* Vidyavahini Group of Educational Institutions
{{div col end}}
* Global Educational And Charitable Trust- Global Shaheen College
*Seshadripuram Pre-University College

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Temple in Kunigal.jpg|Kunigal Temple
File:Small Temple.Kunigal.jpg|Shiva temple
File:Lakeside temple.Kunigal.jpg|Kunigal promenade
File:Kunigal Lake Road.jpg|Kunigal Lake
File:Masjid Al Rayyan Tumakuru.jpg|Masjid Al Rayyan, Ring Road Tumkur City
File:Jamia Masjid Sira 1.jpg|Jamia Masjid Sira
File:Masjid e Aqsa, Tumkur - 04.jpg|Masjid e Aqsa, Tumkur City
File:Minarets of Makka Masjid, Tumkur, India, built by Dr. Ahmed (2001).jpg|Makka Masjid, Barlane Tumkur City
</gallery>

== Top Tourist spots==
* [[Mandaragiri]]
* [[Siddaganga Matha]]
* [[Devarayanadurga]]
* [[Namada Chilume]]
* [[Shimsha]] Markonahalli Dam
* [[Madhugiri]] - Monolithic Hill, Fort
* [[Pavagada Solar Park]]
* [[Kunigal Stud Farm]]
* [[Yedeyur]]
* [[Goravanahalli Mahalakshmi Temple]]
* [[Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka Fort]]
* Kaidala Sree channakeshava temple
* Nijagal Fort
* [[Jayamangali Blackbuck Conservation Reserve]]
* Siddara betta
* [[Huliyurdurga]]
* Borana kanive dam, Chikkanayakanahalli
* Hutridurga, Kunigal

==Notable people==
===Social service===
* [[Sree Sree Shivakumara Swamiji]]

===Actors===
*[[Achyuth Kumar]], actor
*[[Arjun Sarja]], actor
*[[Ashika Ranganath]], actress
*[[Jaggesh]], actor
*[[Komal Kumar]], actor and comedian
*[[Lohithaswa]] T.S actor, [[writer]]
*[[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]], actress
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]], Indian theatre and film actor
*[[Pavan Wadeyar]], Kannada movie Director
*[[Rangayana Raghu]], Actor and Comedian
*[[Tabla Nani]], actor and Comedian
*[[Sharath Lohithaswa]], actor
*[[Siddhanth]], actor
*[[Sudha Rani]], actress
*[[Suman Ranganath]], actress
*[[Umang Jain]], actress
*[[Umashree]], actress

===Arts===
* [[Gubbi Veeranna]], theater director
* [[T. Sunandamma]], writer and humorist
* [[Renuka Kesaramadu]], painter and sculptor
* [[Amarashilpi Jakanachari]], sculptor
* [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]], film director and writer
* [[Chandrika Gururaj]], playback singer

===Writers===
* [[K. B. Siddaiah]], professor, poet, and social activist

===Athletes===
* [[Poll Shyamsunder]], cricketer
* [[Poll Ashokanand]], cricketer

===Politicians===
* [[G. Parameshwara]], former Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka
* [[T. B. Jayachandra]], former Law Minister of Karnataka
* [[G. S. Basavaraj]], Indian politician
* [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]], Indian politician
* [[K. Lakkappa]], Indian politician

===Others===
* [[C. P. Sadashivaiah]], agriculture scientist
* [[Raja Ramanna]], physicist{{Circular reference|date=May 2017}}
* [[M. S. Ramaiah]], founder of MSR group of institutions

==Towns and villages==


* [[Amruthur]]
* [[Bajagur]]
* [[Hagalavadi]]
* [[Kenkere]]
* [[Kottanahalli]]
* [[Mallasandra]]
* [[Marconahalli]]
* [[Shravandanahalli]]
* [[Yalachigere]]

==See also==
* [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Tumkur Rural Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tumkur district}}
* [http://tumkur.nic.in Official website of Tumkur District Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051106051345/http://www.tumkurcity.gov.in/ Official website of Tumkur city]
* [http://tumkurzillapanchayat.gov.in Official website of Tumkur Zilla Panchayat]
* [http://panchamitra.kar.nic.in Grama Panchayats of Karnataka Tumkur District]

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district| ]]
[[Category:1832 establishments in India]]

Item number

2026-02-14T15:16:31Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: minor edit

{{short description|Musical performance in Indian cinema}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
In [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], an '''item number''' or '''special song''' is a musical number inserted into a film that may or may not have any relevance to the plot. The term is commonly used within Indian films ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] cinema) to describe a catchy, upbeat, often provocative dance sequence performed in a movie.<ref name="Definition">[http://www.cylive.com/viewContent.do?id=351&vt=pub Journals : Item number defined] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407174943/http://www.cylive.com/viewContent.do?id=351&vt=pub |date=7 April 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Bhavyata |date=2024-10-24 |title=How Bollywood item songs have devolved, lost the plot over the years |url=https://thefederal.com/films/how-bollywood-item-songs-have-devolved-and-lost-the-plot-over-the-years-152012 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref> These sequences predominantly feature glamorous female performers, commonly referred to as '''item girls''', whose appearance, movements, and attire are designed to attract visual attention and heighten the sensual appeal of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FB |date=2018-01-14 |title=A brief history of Bollywood item numbers |url=https://flashbackbollywood.in/2018/01/14/bollywood-item-numbers-helen-bindu-malaika/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Flashback Bollywood |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Jacqueline Fernandez in Bollywood Showstoppers 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jacqueline Fernandez]], one of the popular performers of item numbers in Indian cinema]]
Such item numbers are strongly associated with the [[Sexual objectification|objectification of women]] on screen, where the female body becomes the central spectacle rather than the narrative itself. The main aim of an item number is to entertain movie-goers and to lend support to the [[Film promotion|marketability]] of the film by being featured in [[movie trailer|trailers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India celebrates RRR’s Naatu song making history at Golden Globes |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/11/india-celebrates-rrrs-naatu-song-making-history-at-golden-globes |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This star wife was once an item girl in films, changed her Muslim name to..., now the CEO of a company, her husband is... |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/this-star-wife-was-once-an-item-girl-in-films-changed-her-muslim-name-dilnawaz-sheikh-to-now-the-ceo-of-a-company-her-husband-is-sanjay-dutt-maanayata-dutt-7542793/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> They are favoured by filmmakers as they afford the opportunity to pick potential hit songs from the stocks, since they do not add to the continuity of the plot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Rakhi Sawant, through the years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/entertainment/rakhi-sawant-through-the-years-189578-25-11-2024 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref> It is thus a vehicle for commercial success that ensures repeat viewing.<ref name="Globalization">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya Mehta |first=Rini |title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora |year=2010 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-833-0 |page=42 |author2=Rajeshwari Pandharipande}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Kangana Ranaut says she fought against item numbers, started parallel feminist cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kangana-ranaut-says-she-fought-against-item-numbers-started-parallel-feminist-cinema-2589340-2024-08-28 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-01 |title=While Bollywood Is Apparently All For Women Empowerment, It's Still Obsessed With 'Item Number' |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/while-bollywood-is-apparently-all-for-women-empowerment-it-is-still-obsessed-with-item-numbers-374806.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-11 |title=Ali Zafar on item numbers in Bollywood: No harm in it if it doesn’t objectify women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ali-zafar-teefa-in-trouble-bollywood-item-songs-5255081/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A distinctive feature of the item number is its construction around the visual and sensual appeal of its lead performer. An actress, singer, or dancer—especially someone poised to become a [[Movie star|star]]—who appears in an item number is popularly referred to as an '''item girl'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Mehbooba Mehbooba to Tauba Tauba: Makers on evolution of item songs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mehbooba-mehbooba-to-tauba-tauba-makers-on-evolution-of-item-songs-2594277-2024-09-07 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> While male performers known as '''item boys'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Rakhi Sawant, through the years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/entertainment/rakhi-sawant-through-the-years-189578-25-11-2024 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref> occasionally feature in such sequences, the phenomenon remains overwhelmingly associated with women, who are far more frequently cast in these roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India celebrates RRR’s Naatu song making history at Golden Globes |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/11/india-celebrates-rrrs-naatu-song-making-history-at-golden-globes |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

In colloquial [[filmi]] slang used in [[Mumbai]], the term ''item'' itself often implies a "sexy woman", reinforcing the view that the female body is the intended spectacle in these numbers, complemented by racy visuals and suggestive lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Kangana Ranaut says she fought against item numbers, started parallel feminist cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kangana-ranaut-says-she-fought-against-item-numbers-started-parallel-feminist-cinema-2589340-2024-08-28 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-01 |title=While Bollywood Is Apparently All For Women Empowerment, It's Still Obsessed With 'Item Number' |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/while-bollywood-is-apparently-all-for-women-empowerment-it-is-still-obsessed-with-item-numbers-374806.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-11 |title=Ali Zafar on item numbers in Bollywood: No harm in it if it doesn’t objectify women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ali-zafar-teefa-in-trouble-bollywood-item-songs-5255081/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:12 Nathalia Department - Flickr - rgvzoomin.jpg|thumb|upright|Actress [[Nathalia Kaur]] performing an item number in the film ''[[Department (film)|Department]]'' (2012)]]

==History==
===1930s{{ndash}}1970s===
Up to the 1970s, Hindi cinema often relied on a female "vamp" character – usually playing the role of a [[cabaret]] dancer, ''[[tawaif]]''/prostitute/[[courtesan]], or male gangster's moll – to provide musical entertainment deemed more risqué. While film heroines also sang and danced, it was the vamp who wore more revealing clothes, smoked, drank, and sang sexually suggestive lyrics.<ref name="Communalism">{{cite book |last=Morey |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/alternativeindia00more |title=Alternative Indias: writing, nation and communalism |author2=Alex Tickell |publisher=Rodopi |year=2005 |isbn=90-420-1927-1 |editor=Peter Morey and Alex Tickell |page=[https://archive.org/details/alternativeindia00more/page/n259 221], 178 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The vamp was portrayed as immodest rather than evil, and her dance performances were sexualized by male producers. The trend was started by [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]] in films like ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951), ''[[Aan]]'' (1952) and ''Shabistan'' (1951).<ref name="filmonomics">{{cite web |url=http://www.pixelonomics.com/bollywood-item-numbers-monica-to-munni/ |title=Bollywood item numbers: from Monica to Munni |year=2010 |access-date=16 November 2010 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722184028/http://www.pixelonomics.com/bollywood-item-numbers-monica-to-munni/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Item numbers had been featured in Bollywood from as early as the 1930s. [[Madame Azurie|Azoorie]] in the 1930s often performed item numbers; [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]] was the next popular item dancer in the late 40s. Her banner year was 1949 when she was featured in over 17 films performing dances. Actress and classical dancer [[Vyjayanthimala]] was the one that introduced the classical dance number in Hindi films with her debut film ''[[Bahar (film)|Bahar]]'' (1951). The mixture of classical plus contemporary was popularized by Vyjayanthimala in films such as [[Devdas (1955 film)|''Devdas'']] (1955), [[Amrapali (film)|''Amrapali'']] (1966), ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958), [[Sadhna (1958 film)|''Sadhna'']] (1958), [[Sunghursh]] (1968) etc.

In the early 50s, [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]] introduced the Anglo-Burmese [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as a chorus girl. In time Helen would come to be the most popular vamp of the late-50s, 60s and 70s,<ref name="Global Bollywood">{{cite book |last=Anandam P |first=Kavoori |title=Global Bollywood |year=2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4799-5 |page=187}}</ref> having had performed in scores of item numbers including such popular songs as "[[Mera Naam Chin Chin Choo]]" from the film ''[[Howrah Bridge (film)|Howrah Bridge]]'' (1958), "[[Piya Tu Ab To Aaja]]" from ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'' (1971), "Mehbooba Mehbooba" from ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) and "Yeh Mera Dil" from ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]] '' (1978) (the song's tune was used in [[Don't Phunk with My Heart]]), "O Haseena Zulfon Wali" from [[Teesri Manzil]] and "[[Aa Jaane Jaan]]" from [[Intaqam]]. In films like ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' and ''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]'' the actress performed semi-classical Indian dances in songs like "Tora man bada paapi" and "Ghungarwa mora chham chham baaje". A ''[[desi]]'' bar number, "Mungda" from ''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]'' was also immensely popular. In addition to her skillful dancing, her anglicised looks too helped further the vamp image.<ref name="revamp">{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Madhurita |title=Revamping Bollywood's sexy vamps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Revamping-Bollywoods-sexy-vamps-/articleshow/36310778.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103220911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-03/news-interviews/27281535_1_cinema-special-appearance-shamita-shetty |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=12 November 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 February 2003}}</ref> Helen's dominance pushed other vying item number dancers like Madhumati, [[Bela Bose]], [[Laxmi Chhaya]], Jeevankala, [[Aruna Irani]], Sheela R. and Sujata Bakshi into the background and less prestigious and low budget [[B movie|B-movies]].

In the early part of the 1970s, actresses [[Jayshree T.]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Aruna Irani]] and [[Padma Khanna]] entered into what was Helen's monopoly. Another noted feature of this era was the "tribal and ''banjara''" item numbers such as the one in ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]''. Such songs provided the necessary settings for the lead couple's love to bloom.<ref name="bourgeois">{{cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Anirudh |title=Class, Power And Consciousness In Indian Cinema And Television |year=2009 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-81-908918-2-0 |page=49}}</ref>

===1980s{{ndash}}1990s===

[[Silk Smitha]] was part of several successful Item [[Dance|dance numbers]] in the 1980s Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2 December 2020 |title=Who was Silk Smitha? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/who-was-silk-smitha-1745997-2020-12-02 |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726064246/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/who-was-silk-smitha-1745997-2020-12-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around the 1980s the vamp and the heroine merged into one figure and the lead actress had begun to perform the bolder numbers. The craze for "tribal and ''banjara''" item numbers were soon gave way to slick choreography.<ref name="bourgeois"/> In the late 1990s, with the proliferation of film songs based television shows, film producers had come to realise that an exceptional way to entice audiences into theaters was by spending excessively on the visualization of songs. Hence regardless of the theme and plot, an elaborate song and dance routine involving spectacularly lavish sets, costumes, special effects, extras and dancers would invariably be featured in a film. It was asserted that this contributed highly to the film's "repeat value".<ref name="Ganti">{{cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-28853-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/86 86, 167] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/86}}</ref>

[[Madhuri Dixit]] is often considered to be the pioneer of the modern trend. In the late 1980s, the song "Ek Do Teen" was added to the movie ''[[Tezaab]]'' as an afterthought, but it transformed Dixit and made her a superstar.<ref name="Ganti"/> Her partnership with choreographer [[Saroj Khan]] has resulted in numerous hits including the controversial "Choli Ke Peeche Kya hai" and "Dhak Dhak Karne Laga" (''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'').<ref name="saroj khan">{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |title=Our heart goes ''dhak dhak'' again |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Our-hearts-go-dhak-dhak-again/Article1-629156.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127023112/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Our-hearts-go-dhak-dhak-again/Article1-629156.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2010 |access-date=29 November 2010 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=21 November 2010}}</ref> Soon after the release of the film ''[[Khal Nayak]]'', there were press reports stating that people were seeing the film again and again but only for the song "Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai" that featured Dixit.<ref name="Ganti"/>. Actress [[Sridevi]] had performed her most famous number in the song "Kate Nahin Kat Te" from the film ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''.

Although there have been many songs that fit the descriptions of item numbers in the early and mid-1990s, the term itself was coined when [[Shilpa Shetty]] danced for "Main Aai Hoon UP Bihar Lootne" in the movie ''[[Shool]]''. This is perhaps the first time the media actually referred to Shetty as an "item girl" and the scene as an "item number".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdySdhZAvh4&feature=feedu |url-status=dead |title=Latest Bollywood News — Top 5 Trends That Gripped Bollywood |via=YouTube |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111073548/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdySdhZAvh4&feature=feedu}}</ref> In 1998 [[Urmila Matondkar]] featured in the song "Chamma Chamma" in the 1998 film [[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]].

===2000s===
[[Abhishek Bachchan]] became the first "item boy" with his performance in ''[[Rakht]]''. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] performed an item number of sorts during the opening credits of ''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]'' but later had an item number in a truer sense of the word with "Dard-e-disco" in ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', where he was shot in a more typical "item girl" manner, with Khan wearing minimal clothing (though this number did have a connection, albeit tenuous, with the plot of the film). In ''[[Krazzy 4]]'', [[Hrithik Roshan]] has an item number during the end credits. [[Ranbir Kapoor]] made his debut in an item number in ''[[Chillar Party]]'' (2011), drawing inspiration from his father Rishi Kapoor's [[Qawwali]] song "[[Parda Hai Parda (song)|Parda Hai Parda]]" from ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''. In 2005 and 2006 actress [[Bipasha Basu]] gave blockbuster hit numbers like "No Entry" and "Beedi Jalaile".

After Bachchan, the "item boy" trend was reused by [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], who did a cameo with the song "Pante Taali" in the film ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar|Chirodini...Tumi Je Amar]]'' (2008). He also established his image of a "dancing star" with popular dance numbers - "Bhojo Gourango" in ''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]'' (2009), "Le Paglu Dance" in ''[[Bolo Na Tumi Aamar]]'' (2009), "Pyarelal" in ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' (2010), "Khokababu Jay" in ''[[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]'' (2010), "Lady Killer Romeo" in ''[[Romeo (2011 film)|Romeo]]'' (2011), "Dance Maare Khokababu" in ''[[Khokababu]]'' (2012), "Party Shoes" in ''[[Bindaas (2014 film)|Bindaas]]'' (2014), "Desi Chhori" in ''[[Yoddha: The Warrior|Yoddha]]'' (2014) and "Dhitang Dhitang" in ''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]'' (2016).

In 2005, [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] was featured in "[[Kajra Re]]" from the movie, ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''. In 2006, [[Mumaith Khan]] was featured in "Ippatikinka" from a Telugu film, ''[[Pokiri]]'', sung by [[Suchitra]]. Plus, the remake did the same to 2007 Tamil film, ''[[Pokkiri]]'' in "En Chella Peru Apple". In the 2007 [[Telugu film]] ''[[Desamuduru]]'', the song "Attaantode Ittaantode" featuring [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] became a chartbuster. In the 2007 film ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', the song "Deewangi Deewangi" had guest appearances by over [[Om Shanti Om#Cast|30 Bollywood stars]]. In 2008, the makers of ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' featured [[Kajol]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Priety Zinta]], and [[Rani Mukerji]] playing five leading ladies opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] in the song "Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte". In 2007, [[Mallika Sherawat]] performed an item number "Mehbooba O Mehbooba" in ''[[Aap Ka Suroor - The Real Love Story]]''.

===2010s===
In 2010, [[Katrina Kaif]] featured in "[[Sheila Ki Jawani]]" from ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'', and [[Malaika Arora]] featured in "[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]" from ''[[Dabangg]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-item-numbers-of-2010/20101209.htm |title=The Hottest Item Numbers of 2010 |publisher=Rediff.com |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=6 July 2012 |archive-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627033353/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-item-numbers-of-2010/20101209.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Parallels were drawn between Katrina and Malaika, as well as between the item numbers, in what was popularly known as the "Munni vs Sheila" debate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nagpaul-D'Souza |first=Dipti |title=Munni vs Sheila: The way of the 'Item Bomb' |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/munni-vs-sheila-the-way-of-the-item-bomb/729468/1 |access-date=22 December 2011 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=26 December 2010 |archive-date=31 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231063743/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/munni-vs-sheila-the-way-of-the-item-bomb/729468/1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wangoo |first=Anupama |title=Sheila steals Munni's thunder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Sheila-steals-Munnis-thunder/articleshow/7164852.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701180033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-26/chandigarh/28217169_1_munni-badnaam-hui-malaika-arora-jawani |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=22 December 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2011}}</ref> The songs became so popular, that, soon, more films began incorporating item numbers, and with more top stars now wanting to do them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-forthcoming-item-numbers/20120626.htm |title=PIX: SIZZLING item numbers coming up! |publisher=Rediff.com |date=26 June 2012 |access-date=6 July 2012 |archive-date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706062616/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-forthcoming-item-numbers/20120626.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, [[Katrina Kaif]] again featured in an item number "[[Chikni Chameli]]" in ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'', sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] which became a huge hit,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-21/news-interviews/30538652_1_chikni-chameli-song-marathi-music |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924053654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-21/news-interviews/30538652_1_chikni-chameli-song-marathi-music |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Chikni Chameli sets Kombdi's popularity soaring}}</ref> while [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]] was featured in "Fevicol Se" in ''[[Dabangg 2]]'', sung by the same artist from "Munni Badnam Hui".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-30 |title=Watch Kareena Kapoor sizzle in item number 'Fevicol Se' for Dabangg 2 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-kareena-kapoor-sizzle-in-item-number-fevicol-se-for-dabangg-2-533497.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2013, [[Deepika Padukone]] had some success item dancing, performing songs like "Party On My Mind" and "Lovely". [[Priyanka Chopra]] did many songs such as " [[Priyanka Chopra|Babli Badmaash]]", "Pinky", and an appearance in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'' song "[[Ram Chahe Leela]]", of which became a blockbuster upon release. [[Mahi Gill]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] made their debut with "Don't Touch My Body", "Govinda Govinda" and "Jadu Ki Jappi" respectively.

[[Indian-Canadian]] actress [[Sunny Leone]] performed her first item dance with "''Laila''" from the 2013 film "[[Shootout at Wadala]]", followed up with ''[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]'' from [[Ragini MMS 2]]. In 2017, Sunny Leone featured in the hit item number "Laila Main Laila" starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in the film ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''. It is a recreation of the song "Laila O Laila" from the 1980 film ''[[Qurbani (film)|Qurbani]]'', which featured actress [[Zeenat Aman]] with [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] in the original musical number.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zeenat Aman reveals the story behind original Laila Oh Laila song |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zeenat-aman-reveals-the-story-behind-original-laila-oh-laila-song-2282919 |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=[[DNA India]] |date=15 December 2016 |archive-date=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218144600/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zeenat-aman-reveals-the-story-behind-original-laila-oh-laila-song-2282919 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, [[Anglo-Indian]] actress [[Amanda Rosario]] featured in the item number "Sarkar"<ref>{{Citation |last=R-Vision India |title=Sarkar {{!}} Udanchhoo {{!}} Amanda Rosario {{!}} Rani Hazarika {{!}} Latest Bollywood Item Hindi Song |date=1 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2aS1OFT790 |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711165515/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2aS1OFT790 |url-status=live }}</ref> sung by Rani Hazarika from the movie ''[[Udanchhoo]]''.

In 2018, [[Pooja Hegde]] featured in the hit item number "[[Jigelu Rani]]" from the film ''[[Rangasthalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pooja-hegde-lands-a-special-song-in-rangasthalam-117100500310_1.html |title=Pooja Hegde lands a special song in 'Rangasthalam' |website=Business Standard |date=5 October 2017 |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129062318/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pooja-hegde-lands-a-special-song-in-rangasthalam-117100500310_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was trending on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2018 |title=Pooja Hegde sizzles as Jigelu Rani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/pooja-hegde-sizzles-as-jigelu-rani/articleshow/63518299.cms |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522055131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/pooja-hegde-sizzles-as-jigelu-rani/articleshow/63518299.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] featured in the remake of the "Ek Do Teen" song that originally featured Madhuri Dixit. [[Moroccan Canadians|Moroccan-Canadian]] dancer-actress [[Nora Fatehi]] also featured in the item song "[[Dilbar (song)|Dilbar]]" which has become one of the most popular [[Bollywood music]] videos of all time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nora Fatehi rejects reports of signing up Mahira Khan's 'Superstar' |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/462437-nora-fatehi-of-dilbar-fame-to-dance-in-mahira-khans-superstar |access-date=28 April 2019 |work=[[The News International]] |date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426104557/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/462437-nora-fatehi-of-dilbar-fame-to-dance-in-mahira-khans-superstar |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a recreation of an item number of the same name from ''[[Sirf Tum]]'' (1999), which was composed by [[Nadeem–Shravan]] and featured [[Sushmita Sen]] as an item girl. The re-created version by [[Tanishk Bagchi]] features [[Middle-Eastern music]]al sounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaken, Not Stirred |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shaken-not-stirred-bollywood-playback-singers-old-classic-music-remakes-5294719/ |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 August 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506032109/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shaken-not-stirred-bollywood-playback-singers-old-classic-music-remakes-5294719/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the music video, Nora Fatehi performs [[belly dancing]], an [[Arabic dance]] style that was previously featured in a number of popular Bollywood item numbers, performed by actresses such as [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] in "Mehbooba O Mehbooba" from ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), [[Zeenat Aman]] in "Raqqasa Mera Naam" from ''[[The Great Gambler]]'' (1979), [[Mallika Sherawat]] in "Mayya Mayya" from ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007), and [[Rani Mukerji]] in "Aga Bai" from ''[[Aiyyaa]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajguru |first1=Sumit |title=International Dance Day 2019: Top 5 belly dance numbers in Bollywood you can't miss |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/280419/international-dance-day-2019-top-5-belly-dance-numbers-in-bollywood-y.html |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429043111/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/280419/international-dance-day-2019-top-5-belly-dance-numbers-in-bollywood-y.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The international success of "Dilbar" inspired an [[Arabic]]-language version, also featuring Nora Fatehi. "Dilbar" is popular across Southern Asia and the [[Arab world]], with all versions of the song having received more than 1{{nbsp}}billion views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dilbar |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search?query=Dilbar |access-date=18 April 2019 |via=YouTube |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420201841/https://www.youtube.com/user/tseries/search?query=Dilbar |url-status=live }}</ref> From then on, Nora Fatehi became associated with performing item numbers that featured belly dancing. TV and Bollywood Actress [[Mouni Roy]] made her debut by "Nachna Aunda Nahi". The "Gali Gali" track from the Kannada film ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'', sung by [[Neha Kakkar]], which featured Mouni Roy also, was a huge hit. [[Alia Bhatt]] also made an appearance in "The Hookup Song" from ''[[Student of The Year 2]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-to-be-a-part-of-the-hook-up-song-from-soty220190427141743/#:~:text=Alia%20Bhatt%20to%20be%20a,Up'%20song%20from%20'SOTY2'|title=Alia Bhatt to be a part of the 'Hook Up' song from 'SOTY2'}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
In the 2020s, the item songs moved away from the suggestiveness and risque visuals to a more musical and dance-filled approach, while still wearing similar belly-dance clothes. In 2021, the popular "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]" track sung by Indravathi Chauhan from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language film ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' featuring [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] was released.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/not-rs-1-5-crore-samantha-charged-rs-5-crore-for-oo-antava-song-from-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-1900813-2022-01-17|title=Not Rs 1.5 crore, Samantha charged Rs 5 crore for Oo Antava song from Allu Arjun's Pushpa?}}</ref> [[Nushrratt Bharuccha]] too featured in an item number song from the film ''[[Chhalaang]]''. In 2021, [[Janhvi Kapoor]] performed her first item number in the song "Nadiyon Paar" from the film [[Roohi (2021 film)|''Roohi'']]. [[Pooja Hegde]] delivered an Arabic belly dance in blockbuster song "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" from [[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']]. In 2023, [[Sayyeshaa]] featured in an item number "Raawadi" from the Tamil film ''[[Pathu Thala]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2023 |title='Raawadi' video song: Sayyesha amazes fans with her dance moves in this 'Pathu Thala' item number |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raawadi-video-song-sayyesha-amazes-fans-with-her-dance-moves-in-this-pathu-thala-item-number/articleshow/98996891.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609194312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raawadi-video-song-sayyesha-amazes-fans-with-her-dance-moves-in-this-pathu-thala-item-number/articleshow/98996891.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tamannaah]] featured in item songs like "[[Kaavaalaa]]" from [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] alongside [[Rajinikanth]] and "Aaj Ki Raat" from ''[[Stree 2]]''. In 2024, Actress [[Sharvari]] performed her first item number in the song "Taras" from [[Munjya (film)|''Munjya'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/sharvari-wagh-talks-about-her-dance-track-in-munjya-66317.html|title=Sharvari Wagh talks about her dance track in Munjya}}</ref> Actress [[Sreeleela]] performed many item number songs in Telugu cinema, with her most famous being [[Kissik]] from ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sreeleela-reveals-the-reason-behind-doing-the-dance-number-kissik-with-allu-arjun-in-pushpa-2/articleshow/115744611.cms|title=Sreeleela reveals the reason behind doing the dance number}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/exclusive-how-did-sreeleela-bag-pushpa-2-the-rules-song-kissik-69661.html|title=EXCLUSIVE: How did Sreeleela bag Pushpa 2: The Rule's song Kissik?}}</ref>

==Impact==
On 21 July 2005, Indian parliament passed a bill to ban [[dance bar]]s in [[Maharashtra]]. Criticizing the bill and supporting the dancers, [[Flavia Agnes]] said that bar dancing cannot be termed as vulgar, what they are doing is an imitation of what item girls are doing in films, they work there out of their own choice.<ref name="Mumbai bar">{{cite web |last=Agnes |first=Flavia |title=Hypocritical Morality: Mumbai's Ban on Bar Dancers |url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20Files%20149/Flavia%20Agnes.pdf |publisher=Manushi |access-date=10 November 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721105921/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20Files%20149/Flavia%20Agnes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

As one writer put it, "On paper, item numbers form the perfect formula for female sexual empowerment. In reality, they mostly result in the most blatant objectification. Camera angles zoom in over gyrating hips and linger over bare waists as blatantly as the eyes of the ogling men with no subtlety. The gaze in these dance numbers presents itself as vaguely voyeuristic, at best. There is a very deliberate implication present; that the item girl is not only inviting the leers and jeers, but she is also enjoying them."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waseem |first1=Anum |title=Bollywood item numbers are more dangerous than we think |url=https://thetempest.co/2018/09/13/entertainment/are-bollywood-item-numbers-selling-danger/ |website=The Tempest |access-date=6 July 2020 |date=13 September 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804032013/https://thetempest.co/2018/09/13/entertainment/are-bollywood-item-numbers-selling-danger/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] issued a resolution declaring that item songs will now be rated as adult content and will not be allowed to be shown on television channels.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sinha |first=Amitabh |title='Item songs' to be barred from TV |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/item-songs-to-be-barred-from-tv/1071182/ |access-date=10 February 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513020158/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/item-songs-to-be-barred-from-tv/1071182/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-1/item/item-numbers.html History of Item Girls in Tamil Cinema]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Item Number}}
[[Category:Film industry in India]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Sexuality in India]]
[[Category:Indian erotic films|*]]

2019 Zee Cine Awards

2026-02-09T05:17:48Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Adding a post

{{Short description|Indian film awards ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film awards
| name = Zee Cine Awards 2019
| award = [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 19 March 2019
| site = [[Bandra Kurla Complex|MMRDA Grounds, BKC]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| host = {{plainlist|
* [[Kartik Aaryan]]
* [[Vicky Kaushal]]
* [[Malaika Arora]]
* [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
* [[Aparshakti Khurana]]
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.zeecineawards.com/zee-cinema-awards-2019/|Zee Cine Awards 2019}}
| best_film_jury = ''[[Raazi]]''
| best_film_viewers = ''[[Sanju]]''
| best_direction = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] for ''[[Padmaavat]]''
| best_actor = [[Ranveer Singh]] for ''Padmaavat''
| best_actress = [[Alia Bhatt]] for ''Raazi''
| most_wins = ''Padmaavat'' (6)
| most_nominations = ''Padmaavat'' (14)
| channel = [[Zee Cinema]]
| last = [[Zee Cine Awards|2018]]
| next = ''[[Zee Cine Awards|2020]]''
}}

The '''Zee Cine Awards 2019''' ceremony celebrated the best of [[India]]n [[List of Bollywood films of 2018|Hindi-language films of 2018]]. The ceremony was held on 19 March 2019 at the MMDRA Ground at the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] in [[Mumbai]] and broadcast on 31 March 2019 on [[Zee Cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards, 2019 |url=https://insider.in/zee-cine-awards-march19-2019/event |website=insider.in |publisher=Wasteland Entertainment Pvt Ltd |accessdate=26 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The main hosts of the event were [[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Vicky Kaushal]], while [[Malaika Arora]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], and [[Aparshakti Khurana]] hosted a segment each.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2019 live updates... |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/zee-cine-awards-2019-live-updates-kartik-aaryan-and-vicky-kaushal-prove-to-the-funniest-hosts-ayushmann-khurrana-slays-with-his-performance/ |website=[[BollywoodLife.com]] |date=31 March 2019 |publisher=[[India.com]] |accessdate=26 April 2019}}</ref>

''[[Padmaavat]]'' led the ceremony with 14 nominations, followed by ''[[Andhadhun]]'' and ''[[Raazi]]'' with 9 nominations each, and ''[[Dhadak]]'' and [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']] with 8 nominations each.

''Padmaavat'' won 6 awards, including [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (for [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]) and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]] (for [[Ranveer Singh]]), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

==Winners and nominees==
Winners are listed first and highlighted in '''boldface'''.<ref name="zee5">{{Cite episode| title=Zee Cine Awards 2019| url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-cine-awards-2019/0-6-1385| access-date=26 April 2019| series=[[Zee Cine Awards]]| network=[[Zee Cinema]]| date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Sanjay Leela Bhansali at Berlinale 2022.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] — Best Director winner for ''[[Padmaavat]]'']]
[[File:Ranveer Singh in 2023 (1) (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Ranveer Singh]] — Best Actor winner for ''[[Padmaavat]]'']]
[[File:Alia Bhatt at the IIFA Awards 2017 (2) (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Alia Bhatt]] — Best Actress winner for ''[[Raazi]]'']]
[[File:Kartik Aaryan in 2018.jpg|alt=|thumb|216x216px|[[Kartik Aaryan]] — Best Actor in Comic Role winner for ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'']]
[[File:Katrina Kaif at JAB TAK HAI JAAN press conference.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Katrina Kaif]] — Best Supporting Actress winner for ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'']]
[[File:Hema Malini's 75th birthday celebration.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Hema Malini]] — Lifetime Achievement Award recipient]]

===Popular awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Sanju]]'' – [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] and [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'''
**''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' – Hemant Bhandari, Vineet Jain and [[Amit Sharma (director)|Amit Sharma]]
**''[[Padmaavat]]'' – [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], Ajit Andhare and Sudhanshu Vats
**''[[Simmba]]'' – Hiroo Yash Johar, [[Karan Johar]], Apoorva Mehta and [[Rohit Shetty]]
**''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'' – [[Ankur Garg]], [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] and [[Luv Ranjan]]
**''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' – [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Krishna D.K., Raj Nidimoru]] and [[Dinesh Vijan]]
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'''''
**[[Amit Sharma (director)|Amit Sharma]] – ''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
**[[Anubhav Sinha]] – ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]''
**[[Meghna Gulzar]] – ''[[Raazi]]''
**[[Rohit Shetty]] – ''[[Simmba]]''
**[[Sriram Raghavan]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Ranveer Singh]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin Khilji]]'''
**[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'' as Akash
**[[Kartik Aaryan]] – ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'' as Sonu Sharma
**[[Ranbir Kapoor]] – ''[[Sanju]]'' as [[Sanjay Dutt]]
**Ranveer Singh – ''[[Simmba]]'' as Sangram Bhalerao
**[[Varun Dhawan]] – ''[[Sui Dhaaga|Sui Dhaaga: Made in India]]'' as Mauji Sharma
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Alia Bhatt]]'' – ''[[Raazi]]'' as Sehmat Khan'''
**[[Deepika Padukone]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as [[Rani Padmini|Padmavati]]
**[[Anushka Sharma]] – ''[[Sui Dhaaga|Sui Dhaaga: Made in India]]'' as Mamta Sharma
**[[Kareena Kapoor|Kareena Kapoor Khan]] – ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' as Kalindi Puri
**[[Sonam Kapoor|Sonam Kapoor Ahuja]] – ''Veere Di Wedding'' as Avni Sharma
**[[Taapsee Pannu]] – ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]'' as Aarti Malhotra
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Supporting Actor – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actor – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Vicky Kaushal]] – ''[[Sanju]]'' as Kamlesh Kanhaiyalal Kapasi'''
**[[Jaideep Ahlawat]] – ''[[Raazi]]'' as Khalid Mir
**[[Manoj Pahwa]] – ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]'' as Bilaal Ali Mohammed
**[[Pankaj Tripathi]] – ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' as Rudra
**[[Paresh Rawal]] – ''Sanju'' as [[Sunil Dutt]]
**[[Ravi Kishan]] – ''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' as Sanjay Kumar
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Katrina Kaif]] – ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' as Babita Kumari'''
**[[Ashwini Kalsekar]] – ''Andhadhun'' as Rasika Jawanda
**[[Gitanjali Rao]] – ''[[October (2018 film)|October]]'' as Vidya Iyer
**[[Radhika Apte]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'' as Sophie
**Shikha Talsania – ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' as Meera
**[[Surekha Sikri]] – ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' as Dadi
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Kartik Aaryan]] – ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'' as Sonu Sharma'''
**[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] – ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' as Jaana
**[[Aparshakti Khurana]] – ''Stree'' as Bittu
**[[Jackky Bhagnani]] – ''[[Mitron]]'' as Jai
**[[Jimmy Sheirgill]] – ''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]'' as Daman Singh Bagga
**[[Piyush Mishra]] – ''Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi'' as Usman Afridi
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'' as Simi'''
**[[Jim Sarbh]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as [[Malik Kafur]]
**[[Jimmy Sheirgill]] – ''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' as Bhagwandas Mishra
**[[Manoj Bajpai]] – ''[[Baaghi 2]]'' as DIG Ajay Sheirgill
**[[Saurabh Shukla]] – ''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]'' as Rameshwar Singh
**[[Sohum Shah]] – ''[[Tumbbad]]'' as Vinayak Rao
**[[Sonu Sood]] – ''[[Simmba]]'' as Doorvva Yashwanth Ranade
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Ajay–Atul]] – ''[[Dhadak#Soundtrack|Dhadak]]'''''
**[[Amaal Mallik]], [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Zack Knight]] and Saurabh–Vaibhav – ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety#Soundtrack|Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
**[[Amit Trivedi]] – ''[[Kedarnath (film)#Soundtrack|Kedarnath]]''
**Amit Trivedi – ''[[Manmarziyaan#Soundtrack|Manmarziyaan]] ''
**[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] – ''[[Padmaavat (soundtrack)|Padmaavat]]''
**[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] – ''[[Raazi#Soundtrack|Raazi]]''
**[[Tanishk Bagchi]], Lijo George-DJ Chetas and [[JAM8]] – ''[[Loveyatri#Soundtrack|Loveyatri]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Gulzar]] – "Dilbaro" (''[[Raazi#Soundtrack|Raazi]]'')'''
**[[A. M. Turaz]] – "Ek Dil Ek Jaan" (''[[Padmaavat (soundtrack)|Padmaavat]]'')
**[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – "Dhadak" (''[[Dhadak#Soundtrack|Dhadak]]'')
**[[Gulzar]] – "[[Ae Watan]]" (''Raazi'')
**[[Irshad Kamil]] – "Mere Naam Tu" (''[[Zero (2018 film)#Music|Zero]]'')
**[[Javed Akhtar]] – "Main Zinda Hoon" (''[[Paltan (film)#Soundtrack|Paltan]]'')
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Yasser Desai – "Naino Ne Baandhi" (''[[Gold (2018 film)#Soundtrack|Gold]]'')'''
**[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]] – "Mere Naam Tu" (''[[Zero (2018 film)#Music|Zero]]'')
**[[Ajay–Atul|Ajay Gogavale]] – "Dhadak" (''[[Dhadak#Soundtrack|Dhadak]]'')
**[[Arijit Singh]] – "Ae Watan" (''[[Raazi#Soundtrack|Raazi]]'')
**[[Darshan Raval]] – "Chogada" (''[[Loveyatri#Soundtrack|Loveyatri]]'')
**[[Sukhwinder Singh]] – "Kar Har Maidaan Fateh" (''[[Sanju#Music|Sanju]]'')
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Harshdeep Kaur]] and [[Vibha Saraf]] – "Dilbaro" (''[[Raazi#Soundtrack|Raazi]]'')'''
**[[Asees Kaur]] – "Akh Lad Jaave" (''[[Loveyatri#Soundtrack|Loveyatri]]'')
**[[Neha Kakkar]] – "[[Aankh Maarey]]" (''[[Simmba#Soundtrack|Simmba]]'')
**Neha Kakkar and Dhvani Bhanushali – "[[Dilbar (song)|Dilbar]]" (''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)#Soundtrack|Satyameva Jayate]]'')
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Dhadak" (''[[Dhadak#Soundtrack|Dhadak]]'')
**Shreya Ghoshal – "[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]" (''[[Padmaavat (soundtrack)|Padmaavat]]'')
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year|Best Track of the Year]]
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
*'''"[[Aankh Maarey]]" (''[[Simmba#Soundtrack|Simmba]]'')'''
**"[[Bom Diggy|Bom Diggy Diggy]]" (''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety#Soundtrack|Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'')
**"Chogada" (''[[Loveyatri#Soundtrack|Loveyatri]]'')
**"[[Dilbar (song)|Dilbar]]" (''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)#Soundtrack|Satyameva Jayate]]'')
**"Tareefan" (''[[Veere Di Wedding#Soundtrack|Veere Di Wedding]]'')
**"Zingaat" (''[[Dhadak#Soundtrack|Dhadak]]'')
|-
|}

===Debut awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[Zee Cine Award for Most Promising Director|Best Debut Director]]
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
*'''[[Amar Kaushik]] – ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'''''
**[[Gauravv K Chawla]] – ''[[Baazaar]]''
**Prosit Roy – ''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]''
**Rahi Anil Barve and Adesh Prasad – ''[[Tumbbad]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Debut – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Debut – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Ishaan Khatter]] – ''[[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]'' as Amir and ''[[Dhadak]]'' as Madhukar Bhagla'''
**[[Aayush Sharma]] – ''[[Loveyatri]]'' as Sushrut
**[[Dulquer Salmaan]] – ''[[Karwaan]]'' as Avinash
**[[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Mehra]] – ''[[Baazaar]]'' as Rizwan Ahmed
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Janhvi Kapoor]] – ''[[Dhadak]]'' as Parthavi Singh'''
**[[Mouni Roy]] – ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' as Monobina Das
**[[Radhika Madan]] – ''[[Pataakha]]'' as Champa Kumari
**[[Sara Ali Khan]] – ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]'' as Mandakani Mishra
**[[Warina Hussain]] – ''[[Loveyatri]]'' as Michelle
**[[Zoya Hussain]] – ''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' as Sunaina Mishra
|-
|}

===Technical awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sriram Raghavan]], Arijit Biswas, Yogesh Chandekar, [[Hemanth Rao]] and Pooja Ladha Surti – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sriram Raghavan]], Arijit Biswas, Yogesh Chandekar, [[Hemanth Rao]] and Pooja Ladha Surti – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Sumit Arora – ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'''''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sudeep Chatterjee]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Jyothi D. Tomar and Kruti Mahesh Midya – "[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]" (''[[Padmaavat]]'')'''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]], Kecha Khampadkee, Ram Chella, Lakshman Chella and Shamsher Khan – ''[[Baaghi 2]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Sound Design
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Bishwadeep Chatterjee, [[Justin Jose]] and Nihar Ranjan Samal – ''[[Padmaavat]]'''''
| valign="top" |
*'''Daniel B. George – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Visual Effects
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Pooja Ladha Surti – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Red Chillies Entertainment#Visual effects|Red Chillies VFX]] – ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'''''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Best Production Design
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
*'''Nitin Zihani Choudhary and Rakesh Yadav – ''[[Tumbbad]]'''''
|-
|}

===Critics' awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
*'''''[[Raazi]]'' – [[Vineet Jain]], Hiroo Yash Johar, [[Karan Johar]] and Apoorva Mehta'''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" |[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" |[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Ranbir Kapoor]] – ''[[Sanju]]'' as [[Sanjay Dutt]]'''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Deepika Padukone]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as [[Rani Padmini|Padmavati]]'''
|-
|}

===Special Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|-
| valign="top"|
*'''[[Hema Malini]]'''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|'''Extraordinary Jodi of the Year'''
|-
| valign="top"|
*'''[[Neena Gupta]] and [[Gajraj Rao]] – ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' as Priyamvada Kaushik and Jeetender Kaushik'''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|'''Extraordinary Icon for Social Change'''
|-
| valign="top"|
*'''[[Sonam Kapoor|Sonam Kapoor Ahuja]] – ''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]'' as Pari Walia'''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|'''Extraordinary Performance of the Year'''
|-
| valign="top"|
*'''[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'' as Akash'''
|-
|}

==Superlatives==
{{col-float}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;"
|+ Multiple
|+ nominations
|-
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" |Nominations
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Film
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:center" | 14
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 10
| ''[[Andhadhun]]''
|-
| ''[[Raazi]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 8
| ''[[Dhadak]]''
|-
| ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:center" | 7
| ''[[Simmba]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=3 style="text-align:center;" | 6
| ''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
|-
| ''[[Loveyatri]]''
|-
| ''[[Sanju]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 5
| ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
|-
| ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 4
| ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]''
|-
| ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=3 style="text-align:center;" | 3
| ''[[Mukkabaaz]]''
|-
| ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''
|-
| ''[[Tumbbad]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=8 style="text-align:center;" |2
| ''[[Baazaar]]''
|-
| ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
|-
| ''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]''
|-
| ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]''
|-
| ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
|-
| ''[[October (2018 film)|October]]''
|-
| ''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]''
|-
| ''[[Sui Dhaaga|Sui Dhaaga: Made in India]]''
|}

{{col-float-break}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;"
|+ Multiple
|+ wins
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" |Wins
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Film
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:center" | 6
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:center" | 5
| ''[[Andhadhun]]''
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:center" | 4
| ''[[Raazi]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 3
| ''[[Dhadak]]''
|-
| ''[[Sanju]]''
|-
| scope=row rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 2
| ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|-
| ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
|}
{{col-float-end}}

==Performers and presenters==
The following individuals performed musical numbers or presented awards.<ref name="zee5"/>

===Performers===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name(s) !! Performed
|-
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]|| "Poster Lagwa Do" (''[[Luka Chuppi]]'')
"Dil Chori" (''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'')
"Photo" (''[[Luka Chuppi]]'')

"Bom Diggy Diggy" (''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'')
"Coca-Cola" (''[[Luka Chuppi]]'')

"Mehrma" (''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'') "Kaun Nachdi" (''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]])''

"Baanwre" ([[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]])

"Haan Mein Galat" ([[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)]])

"Daru Vich Pyar" ([[Guest iin London]])

"Ankhiyon Se Goli Mare" ([[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)]])
|-
|[[Varun Dhawan]]|| "Muqabla" (''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'') "Hindustani" (''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'') "First Class" (''[[Kalank]]'')
"Palat Tera Hero Idhar Hai" ([[Main Tera Hero]])
|-
|[[Aditya Roy Kapur]]|| "Tu Hi Hai" ([[Aashiqui 2]]) "Surma Surma" ([[Malang (film)]]) "Hui Malang" ([[Malang (film)]])
|-
|[[Shahid Kapoor]]|| "Tera Ban Jaunga" (''[[Kabir Singh]]'') "Aadha Adhora" ([[Vivah]]) "Main Rang Sharbaton" (''[[Phata Poster Nikhla Hero]]'') "Pump It Up" (''[[Chance Pe Dance]]'') "Bekhayali" ([[Kabir Singh]])
|-
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]|| "Challa" (''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'') "Dil Maang Raha Hai" ([[Bhoot – Part One: The Haunted Ship]]) "Pachitaoge" (''Pachitaoge'') "Sacchi Mohabbat" ([[Manmarziyaan]])
|-
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]|| "Don't Be Shy" (''[[Bala (2019 film)]]'') "Gabru" ([[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]) "Ooh La La " ([[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]) "Radhe Radhe" ([[Dream Girl (2019 film)]])
|-
|[[Arjun Kapoor]]|| "Locha-E-Ulfat" (''[[2 States (2018 film)|2 States]]'') "Tere Liye" ([[Namaste England]]) "Mard Maratha" ([[Panipat (film)]])
|-
|[[Sara Ali Khan]] || "[[Aankh Maarey]]" (''[[Simmba]]'') "Tere Bin" (''[[Simmba]]'') "Sweetheart" (''[[Kedarnath]]'') 
|-
|[[Akshay Kumar]]|| "Shaitan Ka Saala" (''[[Housefull 4]]'') "Chinta Ta Chita" ([[Rowdy Rathore]]) "Bhool Bhulaiyaa" ([[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]) "[[Ek Chumma]]" (''[[Housefull 4]]'') "Wallah Re Wallah" ([[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]) "Ve Maahi" ([[Kesari (2019 film)]]) "Subha Hone Na De" (''[[Desi Boyz]]'') "Sauda Khara Khara" (''[[Good Newwz (soundtrack)]]'')
|}

===Presenters===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name(s) !! Presented
|-
| [[Elnaaz Norouzi]] [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography]] [[Zee Cine Award for Best Action]]
|-
| [[Ankita Lokhande]] [[Jackky Bhagnani]] || Zee Cine Award for Best Production Design Zee Cine Award for Best Visual Effects
|-
| [[Nora Fatehi]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing]] [[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Score]]
|-
| [[Arbaaz Khan]] [[Giorgia Andriani]]|| Zee Cine Award for Best Sound Design [[Zee Cine Award for Best Dialogue]] Best Film Writing ([[Zee Cine Award for Best Story|Story]] and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Screenplay]])
|-
| Neeraj Akhoury [[Kiara Advani]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography]]
|-
| [[Chitrangada Singh]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Most Promising Director|Zee Cine Award for Best Debut Director]]
|-
| Punit Misra [[Himesh Reshammiya]] || Zee Cine Award for Extraordinary Jodi of the Year
|-
| [[Jatin Pandit]] [[Shilpa Rao]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| Keyur Virani [[Sophie Choudry]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|-
| [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] [[Neena Gupta]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|-
| Vineet Jain [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Dino Morea]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|-
| [[Jim Sarbh]] [[Diya Mirza]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Zee Cine Award for Best Debut – Female]] [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Zee Cine Award for Best Debut – Male]]
|-
| [[Boney Kapoor]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Zee Cine Award for Best Supporting Actor – Female]]
|-
| [[Kriti Sanon]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Zee Cine Award for Best Supporting Actor – Male]]
|-
| [[Janhvi Kapoor]] [[Ishaan Khatter]] || Zee Cine Award for Extraordinary Icon for Social Change
|-
| [[Udit Narayan]] [[Pooja Hegde]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Zee Cine Award for Best Lyrics]] [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Zee Cine Award for Best Music]]
|-
| Amar Singh Punit Misra || [[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement|Zee Cine Award for Extraordinary Contribution to Indian Cinema]]
|-
| [[Alia Bhatt]] || [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male]]
|-
| [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] [[Ranveer Singh]] || [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female]]
|-
| [[Katrina Kaif]] || Zee Cine Award for Extraordinary Performance of the Year
|-
| [[Madhuri Dixit]] || [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Film|Zee Cine Award for Best Film]]
|-
| [[Deepika Padukone]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director]]
|-
| Ashish Sehgal Shariq Patel || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year|Zee Cine Award for Song of the Year]]
|-
| [[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Zee Cine Award for Viewers' Choice Best Film]] [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Zee Cine Award for Viewers' Choice Best Actor – Female]]
|-
| Sanjay Leela Bhansali || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Zee Cine Award for Viewers' Choice Best Actor – Male]]
|}

==See also==
*[[64th Filmfare Awards]]
*[[25th Screen Awards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zeecineawards.com/ Zee Cine Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140006/https://www.zeecineawards.com/ |date=2019-03-01 }}

{{Zee Cine Awards|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Zee Cine Awards]]
[[Category:2019 Indian film awards]]

Mar Thoma Syrian Theological Seminary, Kottayam

2026-02-07T17:31:35Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Starting A Details

{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mar Thoma Syrian Theological Seminary
| image =
| motto = Lighted to Lighten
| established = {{Start date|1926|07|03}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]
| academic_affiliation = [[Senate of Serampore College]]
| principal = Rev. Dr. M.C. Thomas
| city = Kottayam
| country = India
| logo =
| logo_size =
| website = {{URL|https://marthomatheologicalseminary.org}}
}}

The '''Mar Thoma Syrian Theological Seminary''' is an [[Oriental Protestant Christianity|Oriental Protestant]] [[Seminary]], established in 1926 in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], to train clergy for the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theological Institutions – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church |url=https://marthoma.in/institution_type/theological-institutions/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> The seminary has been affiliated with [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]. It introduced postgraduate studies in 1980 and became a doctoral research center in 1999.

== History ==
The need for a dedicated seminary was strongly felt by the Mar Thoma Church, leading to a collective desire to establish the institution in Kottayam. Under the leadership of Thazhathu Chandapilla Kathanaar, land on Zion Hill was purchased. This location was significant as it was where Thomas Mar Athanasius spent the night after being expelled from the Old Seminary. The foundation stone for the "Mar Thoma Syrian Seminary" was laid on May 5, 1896, during the tenure of Metropolitan Titus I. However, financial constraints delayed the construction, and it was only in 1921 that the Samudaya Alochana Sabha formally decided to establish a seminary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=About Us - Marthoma Theological Seminary |url=https://marthomatheologicalseminary.org/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120121932/https://marthomatheologicalseminary.org/about-us/ |archive-date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-03-01 |work=Marthoma Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref>
Despite initial challenges, funds were raised through individual contributions and memorial donations, allowing the inauguration of the "Mar Thoma Syrian Vaidika Seminary" on July 3, 1926, at Zion Hill, Kottayam. This event, which coincided with St. Thomas Day, was a major milestone in the history of the Mar Thoma Church.

The seminary was affiliated with [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] from its inception, initially offering courses leading to a Diploma in Licentiate in Theology (L.Th). In 1970, the institution upgraded its curriculum to offer a Bachelor of Theology (B.Th) degree. Several eminent church leaders played a key role in its development, including Most Rev. Dr. Juhanon Mar Thoma, Rt. Rev. Thomas Mar Athanasius, Rt. Rev. Dr. Philipose Mar Chrysostom, Rev. K.P. Philip, Rev. Dr. T.C. Thomas, and Rev. C.V. John.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Faculty-Mar Thoma Theological Seminary, Kerala – SENATE OF SERAMPORE COLLEGE |url=https://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty-mar-thoma-theological-seminary-kerala/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1974, the seminary further advanced its academic standing by introducing the Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) degree with English as the medium of instruction.

Postgraduate studies were introduced in 1980 as part of an ecumenical initiative between three major seminaries in Kerala: the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]], the Mar Thoma Theological Seminary, and the [[Kerala United Theological Seminary]]. This collaborative effort, known as the Federated Faculty for Research in Religion and Culture (FFRRC), aimed to provide quality higher education in biblical studies and theology at an affordable cost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FFRRC History |url=https://ffrrc.org/about-us/#History}}</ref>

In 1999, the FFRRC was recognized as a doctoral research center, offering Master of Theology (M.Th) and Doctor of Theology (D.Th) degrees in subjects such as Old Testament, New Testament, Christian Theology, Christian Ministry, Religions, Church History, and Liturgical Studies. The initiative has grown into a premier postgraduate center under the Senate of Serampore College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FFRRC |url=https://ffrrc.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227150105/https://ffrrc.org/ |archive-date=2024-12-27 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=ffrrc.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Mar Thoma Theological Seminary maintains strong ecumenical relationships with various churches and theological institutions in India and abroad. The seminary has also engaged in student exchange programs with [[Princeton Theological Seminary]], [[Bishop's College, Calcutta]], [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]], and Eastern Theological Seminary (Jorhat), among others.

In 2001, the seminary celebrated its Platinum Jubilee, hosting Senate Board meetings, convocation ceremonies, and other events. A commemorative book, ''Ministry and Spirituality'', was published to mark the occasion. The seminary continues to celebrate its legacy, recently observing its 90th anniversary (Navathy).<ref>{{Cite news |title=History - Marthoma Theological Seminary |url=https://marthomatheologicalseminary.org/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108221136/https://marthomatheologicalseminary.org/history/ |archive-date=2024-11-08 |access-date=2025-03-01 |work=Marthoma Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref>

The current principal is Rev. Dr. M.C. Thomas who succeeded Rev. Dr. V.S. Varughese,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-11-20 |title=99th meeting of the Senate of Serampore College underway in Pfutsero |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/99th-meeting-of-the-senate-of-serampore-college-underway-in-pfutsero/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> he was appointed in February 2025 by the Mar Thoma Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appointment of New Vicars General and Seminary Principal – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church |url=https://marthoma.in/news/appointment-of-new-vicars-general-and-seminary-principal/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Affiliation ==
The Seminary has been affiliated with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] since its inception.<ref name=":1" /> Initially, the seminary offered the Licentiate in Theology (L.Th) program to train clergy for the Mar Thoma Church. In 1970, it upgraded to offering a Bachelor of Theology (B.Th) degree, followed by the Bachelor of Divinity (B.D) in 1974, with English as the medium of instruction. In 1980, postgraduate studies (M.Th) were introduced through an ecumenical collaboration with other seminaries in Kerala under the Federated Faculty for Research in Religion and Culture (FFRRC). The seminary became a doctoral research center in 1999, offering M.Th and D.Th degrees under the Senate of Serampore College, making it a key institution for theological education in India.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{coord|9.59236|76.53131|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated to the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges|India]]

Berlin Committee

2026-02-07T10:01:50Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: update

{{Short description|Pan-Indian independence think tank and conspiracy circle in WW1-era Germany}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Biren_Chattopadhyaya.jpg | thumb | right | alt=Black and white portrait photograph of a man wearing a suit | Virendranath Chattopadhyaya was a member of the committee]]
The '''Berlin Committee''', later known as the '''Indian Independence Committee''' ({{langx|de|Indisches Unabhängigkeitskomitee}}) after 1915, was an organisation formed in Germany in 1914 during World War I by Indian students and political activists residing in the country. The purpose of the committee was to promote the cause of [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence]]. Initially called the Berlin–Indian Committee, the organisation was renamed the Indian Independence Committee and came to be an integral part of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]. Members of the committee included [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] (alias Chatto), [[Chempakaraman Pillai]], Dr [[Jnanendra Das Gupta]], and [[Abinash Bhattacharya]].

==Background==
A number of Indians, notably [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], had formed the [[India House]] in England in 1905. This organisation, with the support of Indian luminaries like [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Madame Bhikaji Cama]] and others, offered scholarships to Indian students, promoted nationalistic work, and was a major platform for anti-colonial opinions and views. ''[[The Indian Sociologist]],'' published by Krishna Varma, was a notable anti-colonial publication. Prominent Indian Nationalists associated with the India House included [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] (also known as Veer Savarkar), [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] (alias Chatto), and [[Har Dayal]].

The British government kept track of India House because of the nature of its work and the increasingly inciting tone of ''The Indian Sociologist,'' which proposed killing British colonial officials. English detectives followed and watched the student leaders in India House. In 1909, [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], closely associated with the India House, shot and killed [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]], the political ADC to the Secretary of State for India. In the aftermath of the assassination, India House was rapidly suppressed. Evidence found showed that Browning pistols were being sent to India in order to bring about an armed revolution. Savarkar was deported from England, and denied asylum by the French government on a stop in Marseilles) while Krishna Varma successfully fled to [[Europe]]. Those who continued the struggle, including Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, moved to Germany, while a number of the leadership moved to [[Paris]].<ref name=Bhavans/> This set of fugitives would later coalesce in the Berlin Committee.

==World War I==
At the outbreak of World War I, Indian nationalists looked for ways to use the enmities to support their goals. As early as 1912, the [[German Foreign Office]] had considered supporting the Pan-Islamist and [[Bengali people|Bengali]] revolutionary movement in India to weaken the British position.<ref name=Fraser256>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=256}}</ref>

The [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser]] had considered the option on 31 July 1914 when Russian mobilisation was confirmed, and the scope of British mobilisation against Germany was becoming evident.<ref name=Fraser256/> In September 1914, the German Chancellor, [[Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg]], was authorised by the Kaiser to sanction German activity against British India.<ref name=Fraser256/><ref>{{Harvnb|Hoover|1985|p=251}}</ref> The German effort was headed by [[Max von Oppenheim]], an archaeologist and the head of the newly formed [[Intelligence Bureau for the East]]. He was to organize the Indian student groups into a cohesive group. Oppenheim also convinced [[Har Dayal]] of the feasibility of the project.

A group of Indians resident in Germany, headed by M. Prabhakar (then teaching at [[Düsseldorf]] after graduating from [[Heidelberg University|Heidelberg]]), along with Abd ur Rahman and A Siddiqui, had issued statements condemning England and France for their support of the [[Czar]] in Russia. As these students were political novices, Oppenheim sought to find more prominent revolutionaries who would carry more weight in the community. Otto Gunther von Wesendonck, a young officer of the ''[[Auswärtiges Amt]]'', was given the task of organising revolutionary outbreaks along the Indian and Russian border.<ref name=Fraser257>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=257}}</ref>
With the help of their close acquaintance Anna Maria Simon, [[Abhinash Bhattacharya]] and [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] issued similar statements against Britain and France, which were distributed in [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[Netherlands]] in addition to Germany, attracting editorial comments. The duo, with the help of Frau Simon, set up meetings with the Berlin Foreign office.<ref name=Bhavans>{{cite web
| publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
| url=http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/champakchatto.asp
| title=Champak-Chatto" And the Berlin Committee
| access-date=2007-11-04
| archive-date=8 June 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608220240/http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/champakchatto.asp
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Berlin Committee===
Arriving at Berlin, they were assigned a building in the [[Schöneberg]] suburbs, as their new headquarters. In their first meeting with the foreign office liaison [[Max von Oppenheim]], on 3 September 1915, Chattopadhyay (also known as Chatto) identified the goals and requirements of the committee:<ref name=Bhavans/>
*For the Germans to provide money, arms, experts in military strategy
*Facilitate repatriation of Indian patriots in Europe and provide asylum in case of failure (and not yield to pressure as had happened in the case of Savarkar)
*train Indians at Spandau and other military bases, including on submarine mines
*publish literature in Indian languages
*provide aircraft for propaganda airdrops
*provide 10 rupee banknotes for secret use
*support with radio communication
*no concession to Indian Principalities opposed to the plan to form a Socialist Republic
With the help of Oppenheim, messages were sent out to Indian students in German universities, as well as Switzerland, Austria and the Netherlands, who were likely to share the same views. Among those who joined the organisation at the time were Dr. Dhiren Sarkar, Chanji Kersasp, N. S. Marathe, Dr. [[Jnanendra Das Gupta|J. N. Dasgupta]], and C. Padmanabhan Pillai, quickly joined by his brother, [[Champak Raman Pillai]]. The 'Champak-Chatto' Berlin Committee was founded.<ref name=Bhavans/>

Although the group urged him, Oppenheim refused to approach [[Shyamji Krishnavarma]], then in [[Geneva]], nor did he try to reach [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], then in the United States. The latter was suspected by British intelligence in the United States to be deeply involved in the seditionist movement<ref>{{Harvnb|Dignan|1971|p=}}</ref> although he personally refused to enter an alliance with another Imperialist Power.<ref name=Fraser257/> In 1915, [[Har Dayal]] and [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] became actively involved in the Berlin Committee and its goals. The committee is known to have sent missions to the Middle Eastern cities of [[Istanbul]] and [[Baghdad]], and [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]].{{CN|date=July 2022}}

==Hindu–German Conspiracy==
{{Main|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}
The committee soon established contacts with Indian revolutionaries, including [[Bagha Jatin]]. They visited armament and explosives factories to identify war material, and met with Indian prisoners-of-war held in Germany to recruit them to the nationalist cause. [[Lala Har Dayal]], who had fled to Germany after his arrest in the United States, was convinced to lend his support to the committee's cause. They established contacts with the [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarite movement]] in the United States. Dr. Dhiren Sarkar and N.S. Marathe left for Washington, D.C., on 22 September 1915 and, through the German Ambassador, [[Johann von Bernstoff]], established links with the Ghadar Party. The culmination of the American efforts was the [[Annie Larsen arms plot]].

===Kabul mission===
{{Main|Provisional Government of India}}
{{See also|Oskar von Niedermayer|Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition}}
The Berlin-Indian Committee (which became the ''Indian Independence Committee'' after 1915) created an Indo-German-Turkish mission to the Indo-Iranian border to encourage the tribes to strike against British interests.<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=514}}</ref> At this time, the Berlin Committee was in touch with the Khairi brothers (Abdul Jabbar Khairi and Abdul Sattar Khairi) who had settled in [[Istanbul]] at the onset of the [[World War I]]. In 1917 they had proposed to the Kaiser a plan to lead tribes in [[Kashmir]] and [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] against British interests. Another group, led by the [[Deobandi]] Maulana Ubaid Allah Sindhi and [[Mahmud al-Hasan]] (principle of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]), had traveled to [[Kabul]] in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the tribal belt of India. Ubaid Allah proposed that the [[Habibullah Khan|Amir of Afghanistan]] should declare war against Britain while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to [[Hijaz]]. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, established friendly relations with the Amir.

At Kabul, Ubaid Allah, along with some students who had preceded him to [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause would be better served by focusing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=515}}</ref> This group was met by the Indo-German-Turkish mission to Kabul in December 1915, headed by [[Oskar von Niedermayer]] and including among its members [[Werner Otto von Hentig]], the German diplomatic representative to Kabul; and [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] and other prominent nationalists from the Berlin group. Known as the Niedermayer–Hentig mission, it brought members of the Indian movement to India's border, and carried messages from the Kaiser, [[Enver Pasha]], and [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi]], the displaced [[Khedive]] of [[Egypt]], expressing support for Pratap's mission. They asked the Amir to move against India.<ref name=Sims-Williams120>{{Harvnb|Sims-Williams|1980|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Seidt|2001|p=1,3}}</ref> The mission's immediate goal was to rally the Amir against [[British India]]<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> and to obtain a right of free passage for the conspirators from the Afghan Government.<ref name="Ansari 1986 516">{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=516}}</ref>

Although the Amir made no commitment to the group, they found support amongst the Amir's immediate and close political and religious advisory group, including his brother [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]], his sons [[Inayatullah Khan]] and [[Amānullāh Khān]], and religious leaders and tribesmen.<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> Afghanistan's then most influential newspaper, the ''Siraj al-Akhbar'', took Barkatullah as an officiating editor in early 1916. Its editor [[Mahmud Tarzi]] published a number of inflammatory articles by [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], as well as increasingly anti-British and pro-[[Central Powers]] articles and propaganda. By May 1916, the tone in the paper was deemed serious enough for the [[British Raj]] to intercept its issues.<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> In 1916, the Berlin Committee established the [[Provisional Government of India]] in Kabul.

Its formation infers the seriousness of intention and purpose of the revolutionaries. The government had [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]] as president, [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] as Prime Minister, Ubaid al Sindhi as the Minister for India, [[Maulavi Bashir]] as War Minister and [[Champakaran Pillai]] as Foreign Minister. It tried to gain support from the [[Russian Empire]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican China]], and Japan. [[Galib Pasha]] joined them in proclaiming ''[[jihad]]'' against Britain.<ref name="Ansari 1986 516"/>

Following the [[February Revolution]] in Russia in 1917, Pratap's Government is known to have corresponded with the nascent Soviet Government. In 1918, Pratap met the Russian leader [[Leon Trotsky]] in [[Petrograd]] before meeting the Kaiser in Berlin; he urged both to mobilise against British India.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474">{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=474}}</ref> Under pressure from the British, the Afghans withdrew their cooperation and the mission closed down. The [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]], with associated liaisons of the German mission had a profound effect on the political and social situation in Afghanistan. It catalyzed political change that ended with the assassination of [[Habibullah Khan|Habibullah]] in 1919 and the transfer of power to [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah]] and, subsequently, Amānullah; the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] began, which led to Afghan Independence.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474"/>

==End of the Indian Independence Committee==
The committee was formally disbanded in November 1918, with most of the members shifting their attention to the nascent [[Soviet Union|Soviet Russia]]. Between 1917 and 1920, most of the members became active Communists.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Communist histories|others=Prashad, Vijay.|year=2016|isbn=978-93-80118-33-8|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=954115551}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last1=Dignan |first1=Don |title=The Hindu Conspiracy in Anglo-American Relations during World War I |journal=The Pacific Historical Review |volume=40 |issue=1 |date=February 1971 |pages=57–76 |publisher=University of California Press |issn=0030-8684 |doi=10.2307/3637829 |jstor=3637829}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718223554/http://newdelhi.daad.de/mainFrame/news/mehrfart5.html Newsletter of the Regional Office-South East Asia]. German Academic Exchange Service.
*[http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/champakchatto.asp "Champak-Chatto And the Berlin Committee"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608220240/http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/champakchatto.asp |date=8 June 2008 }}.[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Hoover
| given1 = Karl.
| year = 1985
| title = The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913–1918. German Studies Review, Vol. 8, No. 2. (May, 1985), pp. 245–261
| journal = German Studies Review
| publisher = German Studies Association
| issn = 0149-7952
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Fraser
| given1 = Thomas G
| year = 1977
| title = Germany and Indian Revolution, 1914–18. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Apr., 1977), pp. 255–272.
| journal = Journal of Contemporary History
| publisher = Sage Publications
| issn = 0022-0094
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Ansari
| given1 = K.H.
| year = 1986
| title = Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3. (1986), pp. 509–537
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Sims-Williams
| given1 = Ursula
| year = 1980
| title = The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar. Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 7, No. 2. (1980), pp. 118–122
| journal = Bulletin
| publisher = London, Taylor & Francis Ltd.
| issn = 0305-6139
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Hughes
| given1 = Thomas L
| year = 2002
| title = The German Mission to Afghanistan, 1915–1916.German Studies Review, Vol. 25, No. 3. (Oct., 2002), pp. 447–476.
| journal = German Studies Review
| publisher = German Studies Association
| issn = 0149-7952
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Seidt
| given1 = Hans-Ulrich
| year = 2001
| title = From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918.German Studies Review, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Feb., 2001), pp. 1-18
| journal = German Studies Review
| publisher = German Studies Association
| doi = 10.2307/1433153
| jstor = 1433153
| issn = 0149-7952
}}.
*Liebau, Heike (2019): "[https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/unternehmungen-und-aufwiegelungen-das-berliner-indische-unabhaengigkeitskomitee-in-den-akten-des-politischen-archivs-des-auswaertigen-amts-1914-1920/ "Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelungen": Das Berliner Indische Unabhängigkeitskomitee in den Akten des Politischen Archivs des Auswärtigen Amts (1914–1920).]" In: ''[https://www.projekt-mida.de/rechercheportal/reflexicon/ MIDA Archival Reflexicon]'', ISSN 2628-5029, 1–11.

==External links==
* Liebau, Heike: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/berlin_indian_independence_committee/ Berlin Indian Independence Committee], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Independence movements]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]

Manpur, Indore

2026-02-06T11:39:00Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: small adjust section to improve readability further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manpur
| native_name = raja Mansingh ki nagri
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.43|N|75.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Indore district|Indore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Raja Mansingh
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 567
| population_total = 9200
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Manpur''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Mhow]] Tehsil of [[Indore district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Manpur is located at {{coord|22.43|N|75.62|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Manpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Manpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 567 [[metre]]s (1860 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Manpur had a population of 10175. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Manpur has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 56%. In Manpur, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.places like vidhyavasini mandir, shitalamata fall and wanchoo point are famous for natural sightseeing.

==See also==
* [[Navodaya vidyalaya|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya,Indore]]<ref>Patidar Coaching Classes Shani Gali Manpur</ref><ref>Unique Higher Secondary School,Manpur</ref>
* [[Indore District]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Historical places of Rashtrakuta}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Indore district]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Aninda Sinha

2026-02-06T05:35:54Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Adding new pg - done

{{short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Aninda Sinha
|image =
|image_size =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
|field = [[Physics]]
|alma_mater = {{ulist|[[University of Cambridge]]|[[Jadavpur University]]}}
|occupation = [[Professor]]
|work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Science]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Michael Green (physicist)|Michael Green]]
|known_for =
|prizes = {{ulist|[[ICTP Prize]]|[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]|[[Asian Scientist 100]]}}
| spouse = [[Urbasi Sinha]]
|footnotes =
|homepage =
}}

'''Aninda Sinha''' is an Indian theoretical physicist working as a professor at Center for High Energy Physics, [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bangalore]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/people/aninda-sinha|title=Aninda Sinha|publisher=Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Sinha finished his schooling from [[Don Bosco School, Park Circus|Don Bosco Park Circus, Kolkata]]. He obtained his B.Sc. From [[Jadavpur University]], Kolkata in 1999, and MA, [[Part III of the Mathematical Tripos|CASM]] and PhD from [[University of Cambridge]]. Sinha ranked first in B.Sc. and won the [[Mayhew Prize|Mayhew prize]] for the part III mathematics degree in [[University of Cambridge]]. His PhD advisor was Professor [[Michael Green (physicist)|Michael Green]]. He is a member of the Kandi Raj family and is the son of late [[Atish Chandra Sinha]].

==Career==
Sinha is a professor at Center for High Energy Physics, [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bangalore]], India. He was awarded a Ramanujan Fellowship in 2010 <ref>[http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/research1/Aninda_Sinha.pdf Aninda Sinha] Ramanujan Fellows profiles, [[Science and Engineering Research Board]], Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Accessed August 25, 2016</ref> He was awarded the Swarnajayanti Fellowship, instituted by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology, India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Indian-Institute-of-Science-Bags-5-of-11-Fellowships/2015/03/31/article2738476.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331034002/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Indian-Institute-of-Science-Bags-5-of-11-Fellowships/2015/03/31/article2738476.ece|archive-date=31 March 2015|title=Indian Institute of Science Bags 5 of 11 Fellowships |access-date=16 August 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=31 March 2015}}</ref> Sinha won the 2016 [[ICTP Prize]].<ref>[http://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/2016/11/ictp-prize-winner-2016.aspx] ICTP Prize 2016, [https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/prizes-awards/the-ictp-prize/the-prize-winners.aspx]</ref> He received the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] 2019 for his influential work on aspects of quantum field theory and string theory, in particular, on conformal bootstrap and entanglement entropy.<ref>[http://ssbprize.gov.in/WriteReadData/LatestUpdates/201909260832301436805SSBPrize2019.pdf] Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize (SSB) for Science and Technology 2019 List of recipients</ref>
Sinha is known for his work with Rob Myers on c-theorems in [[Quantum field theory|quantum field theories]].<ref>{{citation |arxiv=1011.5819|title=Holographic c-theorems in arbitrary dimensions|journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|volume=2011|page=125|bibcode=2011JHEP...01..125M|doi=10.1007/JHEP01(2011)125|year=2011|last1=Myers|first1=Robert C|last2=Sinha|first2=Aninda|s2cid=17182624}}</ref>
Sinha and his wife, [[Urbasi Sinha]], a professor at the [[Raman Research Institute]] (RRI), along with other scientists in RRI working in similar areas set up a tabletop experiment that will provide scientists their first opportunity to measure the probability that particles can move through slits in a twisted path.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140825/jsp/nation/story_18757472.jsp#.V7LmoNG8n7N|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827070141/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140825/jsp/nation/story_18757472.jsp#.V7LmoNG8n7N|archive-date=27 August 2014|title=Indians attempt quantum clean-up - Experiment to right old error |access-date=16 August 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph India|date=25 August 2014}}</ref> Subsequently, this prediction has been verified experimentally.<ref>{{citation |title=Exotic looped trajectories of photons in three-slit interference|bibcode=2016NatCo...713987M|last1=Magaña-Loaiza|first1=Omar S.|last2=De Leon|first2=Israel|last3=Mirhosseini|first3=Mohammad|last4=Fickler|first4=Robert|last5=Safari|first5=Akbar|last6=Mick|first6=Uwe|last7=McIntyre|first7=Brian|last8=Banzer|first8=Peter|last9=Rodenburg|first9=Brandon|last10=Leuchs|first10=Gerd|last11=Boyd|first11=Robert W.|journal=Nature Communications|year=2016|volume=7|article-number=13987|doi=10.1038/ncomms13987|pmid=28008907 |pmc=5196392 |arxiv=1610.08585|s2cid=7288366}}</ref><ref>{{citation|arxiv=1610.09143|title=Measuring the deviation from the superposition principle in interference experiments|bibcode=2016arXiv161009143R|last1=Rengaraj|first1=G.|last2=Prathwiraj|first2=U.|last3=Narayan Sahoo|first3=Surya|last4=Somashekhar|first4=R.|last5=Sinha|first5=Urbasi|year=2016}}</ref>

==Research interests==
*[[Theoretical physics]]
*[[Quantum field theory]]
*[[Conformal field theory]]
*[[General relativity]]
*[[String theory]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Aninda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]

Akshay Kapoor

2026-02-05T09:14:16Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshay Kapoor
| image = Akshay Kapoor.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|09|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| years_active = 2004–2013, 2023
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = Cynthia Jacob<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-JBL-bollywood-actor-akshay-kapoor-marriage-4973336-PHO.html बॉलीवुड एक्टर अक्षय कपूर ने की शादी, पहले गए चर्च फिर लिए फेरे]. [[Daily Bhaskar]]. 24 Apr 2015, 02:30 AM IST</ref>
}}

'''Akshay Kapoor''' (born 18 September 1980) is an Indian actor.

==Biography==
Akshay was born on 18 September 1980 in India and immigrated to the United States when he was 6 months old. He spent his childhood and teens in [[Pittsgrove, New Jersey]] and trained as a theatre actor having appeared in some [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[Play (theatre)|plays]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041014053643/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6170.html IndiaGlitz – Audience is the best judge: Akshay Kapoor]</ref> He has since tried his luck in [[Bollywood]].

He made his [[Bollywood]] film debut with the teen romantic comedy, ''[[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]'', released in 2004. In 2006, he starred in his second Bollywood film, ''[[Alag]]'', a [[remake]] of the American film ''[[Powder (1995 film)|Powder]]''. In it, he played the role of a man with [[paranormal]] powers and with no hair on his entire body. Although both of the films failed at the box office, he got good reviews for his performances in both films.<ref>[http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12703/index.html Alag: Movie Review by Taran Adarsh]</ref><ref>[http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7320/index.html Popcorn Khao Mast Ho Jao: Movie Review by Taran Adarsh]</ref> He made his debut in the Telugu film ''Atu America Itu India'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web | title=TeluguCinema.Com - Atu America - Itu India | url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/aaii.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109202935/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/aaii.html | archive-date=2001-11-09 | access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>

He has also appeared in a [[short subject|Short film]] called ''A Beautiful Mind... of a Gladiator'', a [[Parody|spoof]] of the Oscar-winning films ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' and ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''. In 2009, he played a small role in ''[[Kal Kissne Dekha]]'' and played the lead in the thriller, ''Three'' and the dance film, ''Fast Forward''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Atu America Itu India]]'' || Vikas || Telugu film; credited as Sunny
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]'' || Rahul Malhotra ||
|-
| 2004 || ''A Beautiful Mind... of a Gladiator'' || Boyfriend || Short film
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Alag]]'' || Tejas Rastogi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Spring Broke'' || Frank ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Mujhe Rang De'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ek: The Power of One]]'' || Puran Singh ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Fast Forward'' || Sunny ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kal Kissne Dekha]]'' || Kabir ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Three – Love, Lies and Betrayal]]'' || Rajeev Dutt ||
|-
| 2012 || ''It's Rocking: Dard-e-Disco'' || Rocky Singh ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Enemmy]]'' || Ram Govardhan (RG) ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[P I Meena]]'' || News Anchor || TV Series on [[Prime Video]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1747683}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061208174256/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/060531/24/64ogi.html Interview with Akshay Kapoor about his film Alag]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041014053643/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6170.html Interview with Akshay Kapoor about his film debut]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Akshay}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American male models of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]

Savarimuthu Arokiaraj

2026-02-02T06:52:02Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Created entry - done

{{Short description|Indian Catholic bishop}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2021}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=June 2021}}
{{Like resume|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| name = Savarimuthu Arokiaraj
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirappalli|Bishop of Tiruchirappalli]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| see = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirappalli| Tiruchirappalli]]
| appointed = 29 June 2021
| term_start = 15 August 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = Bishop [[Antony Devotta]]
| successor =

| ordination = 8 January 1981
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 15 August 2021
| consecrated_by = [[Antony Pappusamy|Archbishop Antony Pappusamy]]
| birth_name = Savarimuthu Arokiaraj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|10|24}}
| birth_place = Lalpettai
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| religion = Catholic
| parents =
| motto = Put out into deep sea (Luke 5:4)
| alma_mater = [[St. Peter’s Pontifical Seminary]] L'[[Institut Catholique de Paris]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| other =
}}
{{Ordination
| ordained deacon by =
| date of diaconal ordination =
| place of diaconal ordination =
| ordained priest by =
| date of priestly ordination = 8 January 1981
| place of priestly ordination = Bishop [[Thomas Fernando]]
| consecrated by = [[Antony Pappusamy|Archbishop Antony Pappusamy]]
| co-consecrators = [[Devadass Ambrose Mariadoss|Bishop Devadass Ambrose]] and [[Amalraj Arulappan|Bishop Amalraj Arulappan]]
| date of consecration = 15 August 2021
| place of consecration = [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli]]
}}
{{infobox bishopstyles
| image=
| name= Savarimuthu Arokiaraj
| dipstyle=[[Right Reverend]]
| offstyle=[[Your Excellency]]
| relstyle=[[Monsignor]]
}}

'''Bishop Savarimuthu Arokiaraj''' is the Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli]]. <ref name=Catholic-Hierarchy>{{cite web|title=Bishop Savarimuthu Arokiaraj at Catholic-Hierarchy|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/barokiara.html|accessdate= 29 June 2021}}</ref> His canonical appointment as Bishop of Trichy was announced on 29 June 2021<ref name=CCBI>{{cite web|title=Fr. Savarimuthu Arokiaraj appointed as Bishop of Tiruchirappalli|date=29 June 2021 |url=https://ccbi.in/fr-savarimuthu-arokiaraj-appointed-as-bishop-of-tiruchirappalli/|accessdate=29 June 2021}}</ref> and was consecrated as a bishop on 15 August 2021.

==Early life==
Bishop Savarimuthu Arokiaraj was born on 24 October 1954 in Lalapettai. He studied Philosophy and Theology at [[St. Peter’s Pontifical Seminary|St. Peter Pontifical Seminary]], Bangalore (1973–1980). He was ordained priest on 8 January 1981, for the Diocese of Tiruchirappalli. He obtained a Doctorate in Liturgy from L'[[Institut Catholique de Paris]], France (2002).

==Priesthood==
He served in the following ministries prior to his appointment as Bishop of Trichy:<ref name=CCBI>{{cite web|title=Fr. Savarimuthu Arokiaraj appointed as Bishop of Tiruchirappalli|date=29 June 2021 |url=https://ccbi.in/fr-savarimuthu-arokiaraj-appointed-as-bishop-of-tiruchirappalli/|accessdate=29 June 2021}}</ref>
* 1981: Asst. Parish Priest, St. Joseph's Church, Dindigul;
* 1981–1986: Parish Priest at Ayyampatty;
* 1986–1987: Parish Priest at P. Udayapatty;
* 1988–1991: Secretary of the Diocesan Liturgy Commission;
* 1991–1994: Regional Secretary for the Liturgy Commission of Tamil Nadu Bishops' Council;
* 1994–2002: Higher Studies in France;
* 2002–2008: Secretary of the Liturgy Commission of Tamil Nadu Bishops' Council;
* 2009–2012: Diocesan Chancellor and Parish Priest at Subramaniapuram;
* 2012–2015: Diocesan Chancellor and Professor of Liturgy at St. Paul's Seminary, Tiruchirappalli;
* 2015–2016: Parish Priest of the Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli;
* 2016–2019: Rector of St. Paul's Seminary, Tiruchirappalli;
* 2019–2021: Rector and Parish Priest of Holy Redeemer's Basilica, Tiruchirappalli.

==Episcopal ministry==
The diocese of Tiruchirapalli became vacant by the retirement of late Bishop [[Antony Devotta]] on 14 July 2018. Simultaneously, Pope Francis appointed Bishop [[Devadass Ambrose Mariadoss]] of Tanjore as Apostolic Administrator on the same day. The diocese was thus vacant for almost 3 years.

On 29 June 2021, [[Pope Francis]] appointed Fr. Savarimuthu Arokiaraj as the new bishop of Tiruchirappalli. He received his episcopal consecration on 15 August 2021 at St. Mary's Cathedral and took possession of the Diocese of Tiruchirapalli on the same day. He was consecrated by [[Antony Pappusamy|Archbishop Antony Pappusamy]] of Madurai who was the Principal Consecrator and [[Devadass Ambrose Mariadoss|Bishop Devadass Ambrose]] of Tanjore and Bishop Amalraj Arulappan served as Principal Co-Consecrators. His episcopal motto is "Put out into the deep sea" (Luke 5:4)
==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
==References==
{{reflist}}{{wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arokiaraj, Savarimuthu}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Catholic University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]

Asok Kumar Chattopadhyay

2026-02-02T03:39:06Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Adding new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Asok Kumar Chattopadhyay
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1958}}
| term_start = 2021
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| education = Doctor of Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynaecology ([[University of Calcutta]])
| birth_place = [[Rampurhat]], [[Birbhum district]], West Bengal
| predecessor = [[Milton Rashid]]
}}

'''Asok Kumar Chattopadhyay''' (born 1958)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Asok Kumar Chattopadhyay(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- HANSAN(BIRBHUM) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=2093 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from Hansan Assembly constituency in [[Birbhum district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TimesNow |title=Hansan Assembly Election Results 2021 – Hansan Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/hansan-west-bengal-election-result-2021 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chattopadhyay is from [[Rampurhat]], Birbhum district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Kamla Kanta Chattopadhyay. He completed his [[Doctor of Medicine]] in Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1989 at [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chattopadhyay won from [[Hansan Assembly constituency]] representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 108,289 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Nikhil Banerjee of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 50,613 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hansan Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Dr Asok Kumar Chattopadhyay Of TMC Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/hansan-election-result-2021-live-updates-hansan-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697166.html |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Hansan, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/hansan-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797375-2021-05-01 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Asok Kumar}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Haldia Institute of Technology

2026-01-25T13:35:39Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: adjusted section based on references to improve readability

{{Short description|Engineering institution in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Haldia Institute of Technology
| image_name = Hithaldialogo.png
| motto = "Jnanam Vijnanam Sahitam" ([[Sanskrit]])
| mottoeng = Knowledge with Wisdom
| established = {{Start date and age|1996}}
| type = [[Autonomous]]
| students = 5,100<ref name="NIRF 2023 Data">{{Cite web|url=https://hithaldia.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Haldia-Institute-of-Technology20230111-OVERALL.pdf|title=Haldia Institute of Technology Data for NIRF 2023}}</ref>
| undergrad = 4,863<ref name="NIRF 2023 Data"/>
| postgrad = 250<ref name="NIRF 2023 Data"/>
| address = Hatiberia, ICARE Complex, [[Haldia]], [[Purba Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postalcode = 721657
| coordinates = {{coord|22|03|02.15|N|88|04|12.09|E|display=title}}
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{cvt|37|acres|km2|order=flip}}
| affiliations = [[AICTE]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]
| academic_affiliation = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
| chairman = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
| principal = Dr. Tarun Kanti Jana
| director = Manabendra Nath Bandhopadhyay
| website = {{URL|http://www.hithaldia.ac.in/}}
}}
[[File:Hithaldia.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Four pillars : A popular spot within the campus]]
'''Haldia Institute of Technology''', better known as '''HIT Haldia''', is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://hithaldia.in/main/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Autonomous-conferment-by-UGC-and-MAKAUT_West-Bengal.pdf | title=Conferment of Autonomous Status to Haldia Institute of Technology | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905033907/https://hithaldia.in/main/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Autonomous-conferment-by-UGC-and-MAKAUT_West-Bengal.pdf | archive-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> engineering institute in [[Haldia]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE), [[New Delhi]], and affiliated to [[West Bengal University of Technology|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (MAKAUT).<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of West Bengal University of Technology |url=http://www.wbut.net/main/details.asp?str=College |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208100836/http://www.wbut.net/main/Details.asp?str=College |archive-date=8 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is an institution maintained by ICARE (Indian Center for Advancement of Research and Education, Haldia [https://www.icare-haldia.org/ ICARE, Haldia]), a non-profit making voluntary organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICARE, Haldia |url=https://www.icare-haldia.org/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.icare-haldia.org}}</ref> It is one of the oldest accredited academic institution catering technical education in West Bengal. HIT has an enclave campus of approximately 37 acres (0.15 km2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute Information – Haldia Institute of Technology |url=https://hithaldia.ac.in/institute-information/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Institute offers 13 B.Tech, 5 M.Tech and MCA, MBA courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute Information – Haldia Institute of Technology |url=https://hithaldia.ac.in/institute-information/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Campus ==
[[File:Hithaldiacampus.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Central circular building]]
The campus comprises

* Administrative block
* 9 Academic blocks
* 14 Student Hostels
* [[Library]]
* [[Department store|Departmental store]]
* [[Post Office]]
* [[Laundry]]
* [[Pharmacy (shop)|Medical Store]]
* [[Bank]]
* [[Automated teller machine|ATM(24x7)]]
* [[Restaurant]]
* Open air cafetaria
* [[Recreation|Recreational building]]
* [[Football pitch|Football ground]]
* [[Basketball court]]
* [[Ground (cricket)|Cricket ground]]

=== Student Housing ===
The college campus provides us with separate housing facility or dormitory (hostels) for boys and girls :

* '''Boys Hostels'''
** Newton Hall of Residence
** Galileo Hall of Residence
** Darwin Hall of Residence
** Ranichak Boys Hostel
** Balaji Boys Hostel

* '''Girls Hostels'''
** Tamalika Ponda Seth Hall of Residence
** Matangini Hall of Residence
** Pritilata Waddedar Hall of Residence
**

* '''Foreign Hostel'''
** A.P.C Roy Boys Hostel

== Schools and Departments ==

=== Undergraduate ===
Haldia Institute of Technology has the following schools and departments:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haldia Institute of Technology |url=https://www.hithaldia.in/course-list.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.hithaldia.in}}</ref>
*'''School of Engineering'''
**Department of [[Mechanical engineering]]
**Department of [[Electrical engineering]]
**Department of [[Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering]]
**Department of [[Civil engineering]]
*'''School of Applied Sciences & Humanities'''
**Department of [[Applied science|Applied Sciences]]

* '''School of Chemical, Food & BioTechnology'''
**Department of [[Chemical engineering]]
**Department of [[Biotechnology]]
**Department of [[Food technology]]
*'''School of Electronics, Computer & Informatics'''
**Department of [[Computer science and engineering]]
**Department of [[Computer science and engineering]] ([[Data science]])
**Department of [[Computer science and engineering]] ([[Cyber Security]])
**Department of [[Computer science and engineering]] ([[Artificial intelligence]] and [[Machine learning]])
**Department of [[Information technology]]
**Department of [[Electronic and Communications Engineering]]

=== Postgraduate ===

* '''School of Management & Social Sciences'''
**Department of [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]

== Student life ==

=== Cultural and Non-academic Activities ===
The annual Science & Technology festival of HIT is PRAYUKTI.
[[File:Hithaldiafest.jpg|thumb|The yearly cultural festival – RIVIERA]]
The annual cultural festival RIVIERA, usually held in the month of May-June is an event hosted by the student body.

== Accreditation ==
Haldia Institute of Technology is accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) with an "A" grade<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation – Haldia Institute of Technology |url=https://hithaldia.ac.in/accreditation-2/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> in 2018, with [[CGPA]] of 3.31 on 4 point scale. Most of the courses are provisionally accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=NBA accreditation certification(IT,Civil,FT)|url=https://hithaldia.in/main/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Haldia-Institute-of-Technology11_6_2020_14_7_3.pdf|publisher=[[National Board of Accreditation]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NBA accreditation certification(ECE, AEIE)|url=https://hithaldia.in/main/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/NBA-Accreditation_AEIE-ECE.pdf|publisher=[[National Board of Accreditation]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NBA accreditation certification(EE)|url=https://hithaldia.in/main/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/EE_Accreditation_2018.pdf|publisher=[[National Board of Accreditation]]|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802090337/https://hithaldia.in/main/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/EE_Accreditation_2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Ranking ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college

|NIRF_E_2024=201-300}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] ranked the college between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf|title=NIRF Ranking 2024|website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>

== Admission ==
For B.Tech course, one has to clear State level entrance exam [[West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination|WBJEE]] & [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|JEE]] (main).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hithaldia.in/main/?s=Admission|title=You searched for Admission - Haldia Institute of Technology|website=Haldia Institute of Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-13}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> JELET is exam for 2nd year lateral entry B.Tech course.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://hithaldia.ac.in/ Haldia Institute of Technology] Official website

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{West Bengal University of Technology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with Vidyasagar University]]
[[Category:Haldia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in West Bengal]]

Prabhadevi

2026-01-22T20:09:34Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = '''Prabhadevi'''
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Mumbai
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.0166|N|72.8295|E|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400025<ref name="pcode">{{cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Maharashtra/Mumbai/Prabhadevi/|title=Pin code : Prabhadevi, Mumbai
|access-date=10 February 2015|publisher=indiapincodes.net}}</ref>
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 022
| registration_plate = MH 01
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prabhadevi''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[pɾəbʱaːd̪eʋiː]]]) is a small up-scale southern neighbourhood of [[Mumbai]], situated between [[Dadar]] to the north, [[Worli]] to the south and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west. The area derives its name from the 300-year-old [[Prabhadevi Temple|Prabhavati temple]] located in the locality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-25 |title=Once Upon a Time: Temple that gives Prabhadevi its name, and now to its railway station |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-temple-that-gives-prabhadevi-its-name-and-now-to-its-railway-station-4443843/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Prabhadevi starts at Sayani Road Junction and ends at Babasaheb Worlikar Chowk.
It is known for its mix of high-end [[residential buildings]], cultural landmarks, and historical significance. The area is most famous for the '''[[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple]]''', one of Mumbai’s most revered Hindu temples, attracting thousands of devotees daily.

It is situated between [[Dadar]] to the north, [[Worli]] to the south and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west. Prabhadevi starts at Sayani Road Junction and ends at Babasaheb Worlikar Chowk.

==Landmarks==
'''Prabhadevi''' is largely a residential area, consisting mostly of newly built apartments and high-rises.<ref name="Pamp">{{cite book|title=Pamp;T Group: 140 Years of Architecture in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_aVBgIV9mwC&pg=PA181|year=2008|publisher=Images Publishing|isbn=978-1-86470-158-6|page=181}}</ref>
* '''Prabhadevi Temple''':
[[Prabhadevi Temple]], also known as Prabhavati Devi Temple, is a Hindu temple located in the Prabhadevi area, near Dadar, Mumbai. The idol representing the main deity, Prabhavati Devi, dates back to the 12th century. The temple itself, though, was constructed in 1715, making it only 300 years old.

One of Prabhadevi's most important landmarks is [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/historic-mumbai-landmark-prabhadevi-mandir-turns-300-759051|title=Historic Mumbai Landmark 'Prabhadevi Mandir' Turns 300|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> which attracts thousands of devotees every day, Tuesday being the main day of prayer.

==Transportation==
Numerous BEST buses ply in the Prabhadevi region. Prabhadevi is not directly served by the local train; the nearest station is [[Prabhadevi railway station|Prabhadevi]] on the Western line and [[Parel railway station|Parel]] on the Central line; which was previously known as Parel-Elphinstone Road railway station. Prabhadevi is connected to Bandra via the Bandra-Worli Sea Link.

==Notable residents==
* [[Kishori Amonkar]]<ref>{{cite [[Kishori Amonkar]]}}</ref>
* [[Deepika Padukone]]
* [[Ranveer Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=Where Deepika Padukone And Ranveer Singh Will Live After The Wedding - For Now |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/where-deepika-padukone-and-ranveer-singh-will-live-after-the-wedding-for-now-1942956 |access-date=22 April 2019 |work=NDTV |date=5 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[Sulochana Latkar]]
* [[Kunal Vijaykar]]
* [[Anant Pai]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Statue of Equality (disambiguation)]]
* [[Dadar]]
* [[Worli]]
* [[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)]]
* [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]

{{Mumbai-geo-stub}}

Allen Johnson (Indian Army officer)

2026-01-10T18:39:24Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| name = Sir Allen Johnson
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}}
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 2 May 1829
| death_date = {{dda|7 February 1907|2 May 1829|df=y}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance ={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| branch ={{army|British India|23px}}
| serviceyears =
| rank =[[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =[[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]]
| awards =[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Allen Bayard Johnson''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}} (2 May 1829 – 7 February 1907) was a senior [[British Indian Army]] officer who went on to be [[Military Secretary to the India Office]].

==Military career==
Johnson was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] into the [[Bengal Native Infantry|5th Bengal Native Infantry]] in 1846.<ref name=raj>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/india_during_the_raj_parts_1_and_2/Biographical-Notes-on-Diarists-Part-2.aspx |title=India during the Raj |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203152155/http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/india_during_the_raj_parts_1_and_2/Biographical-Notes-on-Diarists-Part-2.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-03 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref>

He served in the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] in 1853 and took part in the fighting at Donabew and the capture of [[Bago, Burma|Pegu]]<ref name=raj/> and went on to serve with the Jaunpur Field Force during the repression of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] being present at the [[Capture of Lucknow]] in 1857.<ref name=raj/>

He was appointed [[Military Secretary to the India Office]] in 1877.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YSK8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265 The military in British India: the development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 By T. A. Heathcote, Page265] Manchester University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|978-0-7190-3570-8}}</ref>

He was appointed [[Order of the Bath|KCB]] in 1889<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25939|page=2873|date=25 May 1889}}</ref> and promoted to [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] in 1892.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26281|page=2362|date=22 April 1892}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Thomas Pears|Sir Thomas Pears]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Military Secretary to the India Office]]|years=1877–1889}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Oliver Newmarch|Sir Oliver Newmarch]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Allen}}
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1907 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:Bengal Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Burmese War]]

{{British-Empire-stub}}
{{UK-mil-hist-stub}}

Kolkata–Agartala Garib Rath Express

2026-01-05T18:02:47Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: creating data.

{{Short description|Train service in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=July 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 008000
| name = '''Kolkata – Agartala''' ''Garib Rath Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image = DDU_WAP-4_hauling_Kolkata-Agartala_Garib_Rath_Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption =
| type = [[Garib Rath Express]]
| status = In service
| locale = [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Kolkata}} (KOAA)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|Agartala}} (AGTL)
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2024|07|05}}
| distance = 1564 km
| journeytime =
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs once in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 3 Tier Economy (3E)
| catering = Available
| seating = Available
| sleeping = Available
| baggage = Below the seats
| observation = Large windows
| stock = [[LHB coach|Linke-Hofmann-Busch (LHB) coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| trainnumber = 12501/12502
| speed = {{cvt|110|km/h|mph}}
| map = {{Kolkata–Agartala GR Express Route}}
}}

The 12501 / 12502 '''Kolkata–Agartala Garib Rath Express''' is a [[Garib Rath Express|Garib Rath class]] train of [[Indian Railways]], which connects the state capital of [[West Bengal]], [[Kolkata]] to the state capital of [[Tripura]], [[Agartala]].<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Kolkata - Agartala Garib Rath Express |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/230089/7037/3651 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 June 2025|title=Agartala - Kolkata Garib Rath Express|url= https://indiarailinfo.com/train/230087/3651/7037|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is the newest train service of its class. The train is operated by the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|North East Frontier Railway Zone]] (NFR) of the Indian Railways.

== History ==
The train was originally launched as an [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|air-conditioned special train]] after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata-Guwahati/Agartala AC special |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/128190|website=indiarailinfo.com |language=en}}</ref>{{When|date=July 2025}}
Due to poor patronage, the service was repeatedly scrapped and reintroduced, before on 21 June 2024, the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|North East Frontier Railway Zone]] informed the public of the introduction of the Kolkata - Agartala Garib Rath service from July onwards, practically regularising the special train. The first service commenced on 5 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-06-21 |title=Railway to resume Garib Rath Express between Kolkata, Guwahati, Agartala |url=https://assamtribune.com/national/railway-to-resume-garib-rath-express-between-kolkata-guwahati-agartala-1541014 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Service==
* The 12501 Kolkata - Agartala Garib Rath Express leaves {{rws|Kolkata}} at 21:45 hrs every Sunday and reaches {{rws|Agartala}} the day after the next day at 05:15 hrs. It covers the journey in 31 hours 30 minutes averaging at {{cvt|50|km/h|mph}}.
* The 12502 Agartala – Kolkata Garib Rath Express leaves {{rws|Agartala}} at 07:35 hrs every Wednesday and reaches {{rws|Kolkata}} the next day at 14:30 hrs. It covers the journey in 30 hours 55 minutes averaging at {{cvt|51|km/h|mph}}.

== Coach composition ==

The Kolkata–Agartala Garib Rath Express consists of 22 [[LHB coach|Linke-Hoffman Busch]] Third AC economy (3E) coaches.{{efn|Usually the "M" notation is used to represent this class, but in Garib Rath trains, it is represneted by the "G" notation}} It has a single rake, which it shares with the [[Kolkata - Guwahati Garib Rath Express]]. Primary maintenance is executed at {{stnlnk|Agartala}} and secondary maitainence at {{stnlnk|Guwahati}}.
{{Indian Railways coach composition legend}}
'''Coach Position of 12501 (ex. Kolkata)'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|G20
|G19
|G18
|G17
|G16
|G15
|G14
|G13
|G12
|G11
|G10
|G9
|G8
|G7
|G6
|G5
|G4
|G3
|G2
|G1
|EOG
|}

'''Coach Position of 12502 (ex. Agartala)'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|G1
|G2
|G3
|G4
|G5
|G6
|G7
|G8
|G9
|G10
|G11
|G12
|G13
|G14
|G15
|G16
|G17
|G18
|G19
|G20
|EOG
|}

Passengers are advised{{By whom|date=July 2025}} to check the coach position indicators at the station before boarding.

== Traction ==
The train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]] based [[WAP-4]] or a {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive to [[New Cooch Behar]] station. From there, it is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri]] based [[WDP-4]] or a [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive to its destination.

== Route and halts ==
The stoppages are:-

{{columns-list|* '''{{rws|Kolkata }}'''
* {{rws|Bandel Junction}}
* {{rws|Nabadwip Dham}}
* {{rws|Katwa Junction}}
* {{rws|Azimganj Junction}}
* {{rws|Jangipur Road}}
* '''{{rws|Malda Town}}'''
* {{rws|Kishanganj}}
* '''{{rws|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}'''
* {{rws|New Cooch Behar}}
* {{rws|New Alipurduar}}
* {{rws|Kokrajhar}}
* {{rws|New Bongaigaon Junction}}
* [[Goalpara|Goalpara Town]]
* '''{{rws|Guwahati}}'''
* [[Manderdisa railway station|Manderdisa Junction]]
* {{rws|New Haflong}}
* {{rws|Badarpur Junction}}
* [[Karimganj Junction railway station|New Karimganj Junction]]
* {{rws|Dharmanagar}}
* '''{{rws|Agartala }}'''|colwidth=15em}}

==Other trains on the Kolkata–New Jalpaiguri sector==
* 22301/02 [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express]]
* 12041/42 [[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]
* 12377/78 [[Padatik Express]]
* 12343/44 [[Darjeeling Mail]]
* 15959/60 [[Kamrup Express]] (via Guwahati)
* 15961/62 [[Kamrup Express]] (via Bogibeel)
* 13173/74 [[Sealdah–Agartala Kanchanjunga Express]]
* 13175/76 [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchanjunga Express]]
* 12345/46 [[Saraighat Express]]
* 15721/22 [[Paharia Express|New Jalpaiguri-Digha Express]]
* 13141/42 [[Teesta Torsha Express]]
* 13147/48 [[Uttar Banga Express]]
* 13149/50 [[Kanchan Kanya Express]]
* 13181/82 [[Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express]]
* 22511/12 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express]]
* 15643/44 [[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Howrah)]]
* 12363/64 [[Kolkata–Haldibari Intercity Express]]
* 13115/16 [[Sealdah - Jalpaiguri Road Humsafar Express]]

==See also==
* [[Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Kolkata - Guwahati Garib Rath Express]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Garib Rath Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata-Agartala Garib Rath Express}}
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]

C. Manpon Konyak

2025-12-20T10:49:22Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''C. Manpon Konyak''' (born 1981)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Aboi Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Mon district|Mon District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], as an independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C. Manpon Konyak in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/c-manpon-konyak-aboi-candidate-s17a047c003/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Konyak is from [[Abwoi religion|Aboi]], [[Mon district|Mon District]], [[Nagaland]]. He is the son of Changkap. He completed his M.A. in sociology, in 2005, at [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]], [[Srinagar, Uttaranchal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=C. Manpon Konyak(Independent(IND)):Constituency- ABOI (ST)(MON) – Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6764 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Konyak won from the Aboi constituency as an independent candidate in the 2023 Nagaland assembly election. He polled 6,771 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Wangka Konyak of [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]], by 3,524 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-2341587-2023-03-02 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 March 2023 |title=Nagaland Elections Result 2023 Winners List Live: Check The Full List Of Winners |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nagaland-election-results-2023-winners-live-updates-nagaland-results-complete-winners-name-list-bjp-npf-jd-npp-ndpp-1585557 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nagaland-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners/2997494/ |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konyak, Manpon}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mon district]]
[[Category:Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University alumni]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Ashok Kumar Arora

2025-12-14T15:27:40Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Adding new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Thanesar Assembly constituency|Thanesar]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Subhash Sudha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Ashok Kumar Arora''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Thanesar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Thanesar, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Ashok Kumar Arora wins Thanesar with 70076 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/thanesar-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612789-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Thanesar Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/thanesar-election-result-2024-live-update-9077299.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Ashok Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Madras Stock Exchange

2025-12-06T03:33:19Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: cleanup details as per guidelines to improve readability

{{Short description|Stock exchange in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox exchange
|name = Madras Stock Exchange
|alt_name=
|logo =
|image =
|type = [[Stock Exchange]]
|city = [[Chennai]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{coord|18.929681|N|72.833589|E|region:IN-TN_type:landmark}}
|foundation = 1937
|closed = July 2015
|owner = [[Government of India]] (100%)
|key_people =
|currency = [[Indian rupee]] ({{INR}})
|listings = 1,785
|mcap =
|volume =
|indexes =
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Madras Stock Exchange''' (MSE) was a [[stock exchange]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The now defunct MSE was the fourth stock exchange to be established in the country and the first in [[South India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121005171815/http://www.mseindia.in/Aboutus.aspx Madras Stock Exchange Ltd - About Us]</ref> It had a turnover (2001) of {{INR}} 3,090 [[crore]] ($440 million), but was a fraction (below 3.5 per cent) of the turnover generated by the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India]]. The turnover of the stock exchange was 19,907 [[Crore]] as of the financial year 2012.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/madras-stock-exchange-plans-to-raise-rs-100-crore-113091100897_1.html "Madras Stock Exchange plans to raise Rs 100 crore"]</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/madras-stock-exchange-to-offer-platform-for-msmes-113091601031_1.html "Madras Stock Exchange to offer platform for MSMEs"]</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/madras-stock-exchange-plans-to-raise-rs-100-crore-from-pes-ipo-113091200090_1.html "Madras Stock Exchange plans to raise Rs 100 crore from PEs, IPO"]</ref>

==History==
The Madras Stock Exchange Association (Private) Ltd. was registered on August 12, 1937. The first five founding member companies were Paterson & Co, Kothari & Co, Dalal & Co, Maconochie & Co and India Brokers’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 years of stock broking |url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2014/seventyfive-years-of-stock-broking.html}}</ref>

The Madras Stock Exchange Association (Private) Limited had been registered under the Indian Companies Act of 1913. After the coming into force of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, which enactment was passed to prevent undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the business of dealing therein, by prohibiting auctions and for providing for certain other matters, the Company - Madras Stock Exchange Limited was incorporated on the 29th day of April, 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Madras High Court - Court case |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/725208/}}</ref>

When the Securities Contracts Regulation Act came into force in October 1957, the Madras Stock Exchange Association was converted into a company limited by guarantee under the Companies Act 1956. Membership of the Stock Exchange was also changed from firms to individuals, and the partners of the firms functioning at that time became individual members of the Stock Exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A BRIEF PROFILE OF MACONOCHIE & CO |url=http://maconochie.in/history/}}</ref>

In 1996, the MSE was fully computerised and online trading became operational, as the MSE was connected to 120 broking offices in and around Chennai through [[wide area network]]ing. On 14 May 2015, SEBI permitted Madras stock exchange to exit.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-permits-madras-stock-exchange-to-exit-business-115051500560_1.html | title= Sebi permits Madras Stock Exchange to exit business | date=17 May 2015 | newspaper=Business Standard | first=T E | last=Narasimhan | access-date=29 October 2018 }}</ref> The Madras Stock Exchange ceased to exist on May 30, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras Stock Exchange to shut shop after 76 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/madras-stock-exchange-to-shut-shop-after-76-years/articleshow/34343620.cms}}</ref>

After surrendering its license, MSE was rechristened Madras Enterprises Ltd and continues to trade as a sub broker to BSE and NSE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Year after going out of biz, stock exchange building on sale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/year-after-going-out-of-biz-stock-exchange-building-on-sale/articleshow/55352838.cms}}</ref>

== List of Former Presidents ==
Madras Stock Exchange - Past Presidents<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras Stock Exchange - Official Yearbook 1959-60 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.54332}}</ref>
{|
|+
!
!Name
!Company name
!Year
|-
|1
|C. M. Kothari
|Kothari & Sons
|1937–1941
|-
|2
|T.N. Krishnaswami
|Dalal & Co
|1941–1942
|-
|3
|W.L. Knopp
|Maconochie & Co
|1942–1943
|-
|4
|S. Narayanaswamy
|Swastik & Co
|1943–1945
|-
|5
|T.N. Krishnaswami
|Dalal & Co
|1945–1946
|-
|6
|S. Rm. Ct. A. Annamalai Chettiar
|Trojan & Co
|1946–1947
|-
|7
|S. Ramaswami Naidu
|Ramlal & Co
|1947–1948
|-
|8
|R. C. Paterson
|Paterson & Co
|1948–1949
|-
|9
|S. Narayanaswamy
|Chitra & Co
|1949- 1950
|-
|10
|V. S. Krishnaswami
|V. S. Krishnaswami & Co
|1950–1951
|}

==Functions==
The MSE had about 120 live members and 1,785 companies listed. The exchange followed the Rolling Settlement system, as per the January 2000 [[SEBI]] (Securities Exchange Board of India) guidelines and a proactive Grievance Cell is operational. By this system, investors could log in their complaints, for which a number was given for further reference, through which investors could keep track of the action taken by the exchange as regards their complaint.

A subsidiary company - MSE Financial Services Ltd, had been established. A member of the Bombay Stock Exchange, MSE Financial Services did help to create greater broker and investor flexibility through multi-market access. The members were able to trade in both BSE and MSE. This was followed up with National Stock Exchange (NSE) membership.

Trading on the exchange took place from 10.00 am to 3.30 pm.

==Merging==
As per June 2012 notification from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), whereby individual stock exchanges should maintain a minimum liquid net worth of {{INR}} 1,000 million and exchanges that do not comply with this requirement should close down their operations by June 2015, the Bangalore Stock Exchange (BgSE) decided to merge with the Madras Stock Exchange. The combined entity became the single largest regional exchange in the country with over 1,000 local companies listed exclusively on it. BgSE and MSE together had a liquid net worth of around {{INR}} 500 million while another {{INR}} 500 million will be raised by liquidating certain idle assets (situated in Bangalore and Chennai) of these exchanges.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Tejaswi
| first = Mini Joseph
| title = Bangalore, Madras stock exchanges to merge
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 18 February 2013
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bangalore-Madras-stock-exchanges-to-merge/articleshow/18561081.cms
| access-date = 24 Mar 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Acharya
| first = Namrata
| title = Bhubaneswar, Calcutta stock exchanges may merge
| newspaper = Business Standard
| location = Kolkata
| date = 19 February 2013
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/bhubaneswar-calcutta-stock-exchanges-may-merge-113021800847_1.html
| access-date = 24 Mar 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Piramal
| first = Anjali
| title = Asia The Next Frontier For Stock Exchange Consolidation
| newspaper = Forbes
| date = 4 March 2013
| url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/mergermarket/2013/03/04/asia-the-next-frontier-for-stock-exchange-consolidation/
| access-date = 24 Mar 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations]]
* [[List of South Asian stock exchanges]]
* [[Economy of Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Business and economics}}

{{Financial services in India}}
{{Stock exchanges in India}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Economy of Chennai]]
[[Category:Former stock exchanges in India]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1937]]
[[Category:Financial services companies disestablished in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 disestablishments in India]]

Assistant sub-inspector of police

2025-10-07T01:18:56Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Adding new data

{{Short description|Indian police officer rank}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2023}}
[[Image:Assistant Sub-Inspector.png|thumb|90px|Insignia of an Indian Police officer holding the rank of Assistant '''Sub-Inspector''']]
In the police forces of [[India]] and [[Nepal]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=CHHATYAL |first=DIL BAHADUR |title=Three held for thrashing woman on witchery charge |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/37831/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602145724/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/37831/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> an '''Assistant of sub-inspector''' (ASI)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assistant Sub Inspector Of Police: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Assistant Sub Inspector Of Police {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/assistant%20sub%20inspector%20of%20police |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329160820/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/assistant-sub-inspector-of-police |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> is a non-gazetted police officer ranking above a [[Head constable#India|police head constable]] and below a [[Sub-inspector]]. The rank insignia for an ASI is one star, with a red and blue striped ribbon at the outer edge of the shoulder straps. He/she can be an Investigating officer. A.S.I. is often the officer in charge of Police Outposts or "phari" and Investigation Centres. Some police stations carry incharge of GD duty. They make reports of incidents for senior officers.

In Police Stations ASI are usually in charge of armouries and in training centres they are the Chief Drill Officer. In Armed Police and CRPF/BSF/ITBP/CISF they are Platoon second in charge after the SI ([[Sub-inspector]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hierarchy Of Police Ranks |url=https://in.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/hierarchy-of-police-ranks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200727/https://in.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/hierarchy-of-police-ranks |archive-date=December 24, 2023}}</ref> and are assigned the staff/administrative charge of the platoon.

It's the entry rank in the officers grade in the police and paramilitary services. usually the ASI is the incharge of border patrol platoon in the border guarding forces like BSF ([[Border Security Force]]). Also prior to 6th central pay commission there is no rank of ASI in the paramilitary forces which is later introduced. Still in some paramilitary forces there is no ASI rank like SSB etc.

What is ASI above Head Constable in Police Forces of '''India Rank''' Insignia A star with a red and blue striped ribbon on the outer edge of the shoulder straps.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Police ranks of India]]

{{gov-job-stub}}

Karnataka Rashtra Samithi

2025-09-19T12:32:29Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: pg

{{Short description|Indian Political Party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name =Karnataka Rashtra Samithi
|logo =
|logo_alt = 
|logo_upright = 0.8
|abbreviation = KRS
|colorcode = {{Party color|Karnataka Rashtra Samithi}}
|leader =
|president = Ravi Krishna Reddy<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-12 |title=We will not woo voters by distributing liquor or cash: KRS president Ravi Krishna Reddy |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/we-will-not-woo-voters-by-distributing-liquor-or-cash-krs-president-ravi-krishna-reddy/article65407215.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-21 |title=KRS president arrested |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/krs-president-arrested/articleshow/89027813.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|chairman =
|general_secretary =
|ppchairman =
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader =
|treasurer =Manjunath N B
|foundation = 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-31 |title=Civic polls: Newbies look to bring fresh discourse to stale state of affairs |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/civic-polls-newbies-look-to-bring-fresh-discourse-to-stale-state-of-affairs-1131596.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|founder = Ravi Krishna Reddy<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-18 |title=Two KRS party workers hurt in stone pelting |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/two-krs-party-workers-hurt-in-stone-pelting/article65784618.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|dissolution =
|merger =
|split =
|merged =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|headquarters = [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2022-08-16 |title=Two 'political startups' to contest civic body polls in Bengaluru |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/two-new-political-parties-to-contest-civic-body-polls-call-themselves-political-startup/article65776272.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|publication =
|think_tank =
|students =
|youth =
|women =
|labour =
|peasants =
|womens =
|wing4_title = 
|wing4 =
|membership =
|ideology =[[Kannada]] [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref>https://krsparty.org/</ref>
|international =
|colours = {{color box|{{Party color|Karnataka Rashtra Samithi}}}} [[Yellow]]
|position =
|slogan =
|eci = [[List of political parties in India|Unrecognised Registered Party]]
|alliance =
|national_convener =
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|state_seats_name = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|224|hex=#65CB9B}}
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery-Torch.png|150px]]
|website = {{URL|krsparty.org}}
|flag = File:KRS Party.png
}}

'''Karnataka Rashtra Samithi''' ('''KRS''') is an Indian [[political party]] based in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRS alternative to JCB parties : ಮತದಾರ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತ, ಜಾತಿ-ಹಣಕ್ಕೆ ಜೋತು ಬೀಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, 2023ಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಖಚಿತ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/bengaluru-city/krs-ravi-krishna-reddy-is-an-alternative-party-to-jds-congress-and-bjp-parties/articleshow/96932418.cms |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Karnataka Rashtra Samithi to contest 224 Assembly seats |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-rashtra-samithi-to-contest-224-assembly-seats/article66235582.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-23 |title=Party seeks to crowdfund its poll campaign |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/party-seeks-to-crowdfund-its-poll-campaign-1174273.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in Karnataka|India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2019]]

Kakkarissi Natakam

2025-09-08T15:19:31Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: revise

{{Short description|Form of folk art in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:കാക്കാരിശ്ശിനാടകം - അവതരണം.jpg|Kakkathis|thumb]]
[[File:കാക്കാരിശ്ശിനാടകം - പുരുഷകഥാപാത്രം.jpg|Sundara Kakkan|thumb]]
'''Kakkarissi Natakam''' is a [[Folk arts|folk art]] form of [[Dance in India|dance drama]] which includes music, originating in southern India, in the states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is especially associated with Kerala.

==History==
Kakkarissi Natakam originated in southern Kerala<ref name=ramnath2012/> and Tamil Nadu.<ref name="NIE"/> At first, the natakam would only be performed in front of minor [[Hindu deities]], and audiences were mainly drawn from lower socio-economic classes and various lower [[Caste system in India|castes]]. Performances were long, often lasting through much of the night.<ref name=ramnath2012/>

==Description==
[[File:Kakkarissi Nadakam at Kollam.ogg|Kakkarissi Nadakam| thumb]]
This art form is more popular in the southern regions of Kerala. It is a form of musical [[drama]], and the language used is a blend of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]].<ref name="NIE"/> It has all the elements of [[Theatre of India|traditional Indian theatre]], and combines music, dance, and [[Mime artist|mime]]. The performances are often humorous, and blend satire and social commentary into the narrative.<ref name=ramnath2012>{{cite web | last=Ramnath | first=Ambili | title=Keeping the torch burning | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 October 2012 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/Keeping-the-torch-burning/article12553579.ece | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> A [[Play (theatre)|play]] is performed with dance and songs, accompanied by musical instruments which include the [[mrudangam]], [[harmonium]], [[Kanjira|ganchira]], chenda and [[Handbell|kaimani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a folk theatrical art form|website=www.keralaculture.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/artforms/kakkarissi-natakam/20|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art|website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref>

The story is built around [[Shiva|Lord Shivan]] with his consort [[Parvati|Parvathi Devi]], who arrived on earth in the form of [[Kakkala language|Kakkalan]] and Kakkathi, a nomadic tribe of [[fortune teller]]s.<ref name="NIE"/><ref name=ramnath2012/> Sundara Kakkan, Kakkathis, Vedan, and Thampuraan are some of the main characters in this art form.<ref name="NIE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/05/bringing-kakkarissi-to-life-1624378.html|title=Bringing Kakkarissi to life|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Notable practitioners==
[[P. K. Rosy]], the first actress in a [[Malayalam film]], was an accomplished Kakkarissi Natakam performer in the 1920s, before she played the lead role in [[J. C. Daniel]]'s 1928 film ''[[Vigathakumaran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pk-rosys-story-how-malayalam-cinemas-first-woman-actor-was-forced-leave-state-109169 |title=PK Rosy's story: How Malayalam cinema's first woman actor was forced to leave the state |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=19 September 2019 |website=The News Minute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920122529/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pk-rosys-story-how-malayalam-cinemas-first-woman-actor-was-forced-leave-state-109169 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Shaji | first=K A | title=As Google honours Dalit heroine PK Rosy, Kerala film academy struggles to name award after her | website=The South First | date=10 February 2023 | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/as-google-honours-dalit-heroine-pk-rosy-kerala-film-academy-struggles-to-name-award-after-her/ | access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Pillai | first=Geetha Sunil | title=Dalit History Month: How the Caste System Buried Kerala's First Christian Filmmaker & Dalit Actress 97 Years Ago | website=The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless | date=3 April 2025 | url=https://en.themooknayak.com/society/dalit-history-month-how-the-caste-system-buried-keralas-first-christian-filmmaker-dalit-actress-97-years-ago | access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

Sreedharan Asan (born {{circa|1923}}), studied under Gopalan Asan, becoming a well-known artist and teacher of Kakkarissi Natakam. He led his own troupe, called Natana Kairali. When [[Travancore]] was a kingdom ruled by a [[Maharaja]], the troupe performed for him at the "vetta and vilakku" festival of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], dedicated to [[Vishnu]], in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. They also performed at the World Malayalam Conference, and in [[Delhi]], for [[Indira Gandhi]] as well as [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. At the age of 89, Sreedharan Asan was feted by the Soorya Stage and Film Society, which organised a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] for him.<ref name=ramnath2012/> In 2011, he won a [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in the folk art (Keraleeya Kalakal) category.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Awards announced | website=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=11 January 2012 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/11/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced-329051.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226181843/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/11/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced-329051.html | archive-date=26 February 2023 | url-status=live | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

==Writing==
[[G. Bhargavan Pillai]], a writer on Kerala folklore, published his work about the art form, titled ''Kakkarissinatakam'', in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/artforms/kakkarissi-natakam/20|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art}}</ref><ref name=openlibauthor>{{cite web | title=Ji Bhārggavanpiḷḷa | website=Open Library | date=28 August 2008 | url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL649325A/Ji_Bha%CC%84rggavanpil%CC%A3l%CC%A3a | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/228659 ''Kakkarissi Natakam''], library catalogue entry at the [[University of Calicut]]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | last=V.R. | first=Renjitha | title=Folk tradition of Sanskrit theatre: a study of "kutiyattam" in medieval Kerala| journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]] | publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=74 | year=2013 | issn=22491937 | jstor=44158830 | pages=313–322 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158830}}
==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/dni.ncaa.CCRT-91-UMHB "Kakkarissi Natakam: Folk theatre of Kerala"] (Video, 34 min.) Published by Centre for Cultural Resources & Training, Delhi on the Internet Archive.
* [https://ncaa.gov.in/repository/search/displaySearchRecordPreview/CCRT-188-UMHB/Alha-Udal-Folk-Music-of-Uttar-Pradesh-and-Kakkarissi-Natakam-Folk-performance-of-Kerala Alha Udal: Folk Music of Uttar Pradesh and Kakkarissi Natakam: Folk performance of Kerala] (Video, 50 min.) Created in 1986, starring Shri Lallu Vajpayee and his troupe. Published by Centre for Cultural Resources & Training, Delhi (Ministry of Culture).

[[Category:Performing arts in Kerala]]

Tyagayya (1946 film)

2025-09-04T02:56:09Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Created new stub

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tyagayya
| image = 1946-Tyagayya-poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster of Tyagayya
| director = [[V. Nagayya]]
| producer = Nagayya Sri Duvvuri Narayana Reddy
| screenplay = V. Nagayya S. V. R. Acharya or [[Samudrala Sr.]]
Dialogues and other songs
| story = V. Nagayya
| based_on = {{Based on|The life of Tyagaraja}}
| starring = V. Nagayya [[B. Jayamma]]
| music = V. Nagayya
| cinematography = Mohamed A. Rehman
| editing = Govind Dinkar Joshi
| studio = Sri Renuka Films, Madras
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1946|11|1|India}}
| runtime = 186 minutes
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Tyagayya''''' is a 1946 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film produced and directed by [[V. Nagayya]] It is based on the life of the saint [[Tyagaraja]].

==Cast==
{{Col-begin|width=50%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="Filmtitle">{{Cite AV media |title=Tyagaiah |last=Nagayya |first=V. |type=motion picture |language=Te |publisher=Sri Renuka Films Ltd |year=1946 |author-link=V. Nagayya |time=0:08 to 2:08 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Tyagayya
* Lingamurthy as Japesam
* Nyapathi Narayana Moorthi {{small|M. L. A., (Central)}} as King [[Serfoji II|Sharabhoji]]
* Rayaprolu Subrahmanyam as Venkataramana Bhagavatulu
* K. Doraiswamy as Sundaresa Mudaliar
* M. C. Raghavan as Marthanda Bhagavatar
* Natesam as Bobbili Kesavayya
* K. V. Subba Rao as Dhanapala Chetti
* Prayaga Narasimha Sastry as Ganapati (Sishya)
* Aswatdhama as Ramudu
* Narayana Rao as Commander-in-Chief
* Vedantam Lakshmikantam as Narada-in disguise
* Kumpatla Subba Rao as Kuchipudi - Bhagavatulu
* A. L. Narayana as Kuchipudi - Bhagavatulu
* Appalacharyulu as Kuchipudi - Bhagavatulu
* G. Venkataswami Raju as Sishya
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="Filmtitle" />
* [[B. Jayamma]] as Dharmamba
* Sarita Devi as Chapala
* C. Hemalatha Devi as Kamalamba
* Sundaralakshmi as Seethalakshmi
* Jayavanti as Court Singer
* G. Visweswaramma as Venkamma
* Baby T. Shyamala as Radha
* Baby Vanaja as Krishna
{{col-end}}

==Production==
The film was jointly produced by [[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]] and Sri Duvvuri Narayana Reddy, and directed by V. Nagayya. Nagayya also wrote the story and handled the scenario. The dialogues were written by S. V. R. Acharya i.e., Samudrala Venkata Raghavacharya otherwise popularly known as [[Samudrala Sr.]] Photography and special effects were handled by Mohamed A. Rehman. Audiography was done by Dinshaw K. Tehrani, editing by Govind Dinkar Joshi, and art by C. Rama Raju and F. Nagoor. The dances were choreographed by [[Vedantam Raghavayya]].<ref name="Filmtitle" />

==Music==
The music was composed by [[V. Nagayya]] and the Renuka Orchestra headed by the Trivellore Violinist Brothers. While the lyrics of most of 37 songs were written by S. V. R. Acharya ([[Samudrala Sr.]]), the Tamil songs were written by [[Papanasam Sivan]] and ''[[Sandilyan|Chandilyan]]''. One Hindi song was written by J. A. Rehman. Nagayya had introduced lyrics in [[Kannada]] with the song ''Purandaradasa Devara Nama'' (film credits). Songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] were sung by [[D. K. Pattammal]] and J. A. Rehman respectively.


==See also==
* [[Tyagayya (1981 film)|''Tyagayya'']] - 1981 film

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0246277}}
* [http://www.musicindiaonline.com/music/telugu/m/music_director.3793/ Thyagaiah songs at Musicindia.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070207085358/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/thyagayya.html Thyagaiah review at Idle brain.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113113040/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/ebc6cc17c6d488a365256f230033072d/$FILE/Te250175.pdf Thyagaiah film review at Roopavani in Telugu.]
* {{youTube|By9EoBs6HD0|Full Film}}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films about classical music and musicians]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Mahavatar Cinematic Universe

2025-08-22T09:08:07Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Mahavatar Narsimha#Future]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

The Cult of the Charkha

2025-08-18T01:01:04Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: cleaned up formatting for consistency

{{short description|1925 essay by Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{italic title}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''''The Cult of the Charkha''''' is an essay by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] which first appeared in September 1925 in the ''[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|Modern Review]]''. In the essay Tagore offered critique on the [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] ethic of "[[Charkha (spinning wheel)|charkha]]-spinning" as an activity which could rejuvenate the Indian masses during the [[Indian independence movement]].

== Context ==
[[File:Tagore Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] in 1940]]
[[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] were among the two most influential Indian figures during the independence movement against the colonial rule of the British. Tagore became the first non-European to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 and was instrumental in reshaping Bengali literature and music. He was considered widely as a colossus of the Indian intelligentsia. Gandhi, on the other hand, emerged as the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was a mobilizer of the masses and respected and venerated across India as the ‘[[Mahatma]]’ (or Great Soul). Incidentally, Tagore is said to have accorded and popularized this title for Gandhi. The two men had great mutual respect for each other but often differed significantly on some issues.

One such issue was Gandhi's call for spinning the charkha as an activity which was to be the locus of the [[Swadeshi]] and [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]]. Tagore did not view this as a beneficial exercise and wrote the essay as a critique against it.

In the Indian context, this text is of immense value as it offers a dialogue on the role of machinery, nature of labor and its role in rejuvenating the intellectual life of the nation.

== The problem of repetition ==
Tagore begins by stating that in the Indian society through the processes of the [[caste system]] there has been a "leveling down" of the masses over the ages.
<blockquote>
Every individual of every caste has his function assigned to him, together with the obsession into which he has been hypnotized, that, since he is bound by some divine mandate, accepted by his first ancestor, it would be sinful for him to seek relief therefrom. This imitation of the social scheme of ant-life makes very easy the performance of petty routine duties, but specially difficult the attainment of manhood’s estate. It imparts skill to the limbs of the man who is a bondsman, whose labor is drudgery; but it kills the mind of a man who is a doer, whose work is creation. So in India, during long ages past, we have the spectacle of only a repetition of that which has gone before.

-Rabindranath Tagore, "The Cult of the Charkha"<ref name="cult">''[[wikisource:The_Modern_Review_(Calcutta)_Vol_XXXVIII/The_Cult_of_the_Charka|The Modern Review (Calcutta) Vol XXXVIII/The Cult of the Charka - Wikisource]]'' (online text)</ref>
</blockquote>

He claims this problem of repetition cuts at the very soul of human spirit and is contrary to the work of God evidenced by the infusion of the human ‘mind’ which is independent and free. The only way that masters in the past have been able to subjugate masses into slavery is by poisoning the mind either by fear or greed or ‘hypnotic texts’. Tagore believes that the Gandhian ethic of charkha-spinning is simply another device for lulling the human mind into a sort of conformity against the colonial government, and is not the base for any real intellectual or spiritual rejuvenation as claimed by Gandhi.
<blockquote>
Human nature has its elasticity; and in the name of urgency, it can be forced towards a particular direction far beyond its normal and wholesome limits. But the rebound is sure to follow, and the consequent disillusionment will leave behind it a desert track of demoralization... ... I am afraid of a blind faith on a very large scale in the charkha, in the country, which is so liable to succumb to the lure of short cuts when pointed out by a personality about whose moral earnestness they can have no doubt.
-Rabindranath Tagore, "The Cult of the Charkha"<ref name="cult" />
</blockquote>

== The nature of labor ==
Tagore considers another argument which has often followed the cult of the charkha, which is the effect of external labor on the mind. Tagore is critical of the impact of manual labor in rejuvenating the mind of the person undertaking it. He brings into question the nature of labor indulged in. Repetitive manual labor routine without innovation and fresh inputs is unlikely to positively impact the intellect. Tagore illustrates this point with the following example:
<blockquote>
By doing the same thing day after day mechanical skill may be acquired; but the mind like a mill-turning bullock will be kept going round and round a narrow range of habit. That Is why, in every country man has looked down on work which involves this kind of mechanical repetition.
-Rabindranath Tagore, "The Cult of the Charka"
</blockquote>
He further counters any points on the dignity of manual labor, by stating that the survival instinct of man might allow him suppress his intellectual needs, but claiming that there is a comfort in the dignity of the same would be taking it too far. Thus, Tagore negates the positive impact that the hours manual labor while spinning the charkha can have on a person.

== The charkha as a symbol ==
[[File:Gandhi spinning.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] spinning yarn, in the late 1920s]]
Another argument which Tagore tackles, is the one where it is suggested that even if the charkha is not playing a larger role in rejuvenating the masses intellectually, at least it provides constructive economic activity at the domestic level. Tagore does not really challenge this argument, but only points out that there can be several such interventions in the personal sphere where one can make a constructive contribution by incorporating a small change in daily habits. He therefore contends, while the spinning of the charkha maybe viewed as an activity which is beneficial by itself, its actual harm is in its undue importance as a symbol over all other such interventions.

Furthermore, Tagore does not like the idea of the charkha invading the personal space of the individual, where his idea of leisure is one which must be measured along matrices of constructivity and productivity. Here Tagore makes a theological point by claiming that the ultimate shudra (low caste) is actually the machine, because it is the job of the shudra to facilitate the convenience of man's labor. The idea of privileging a machine as the centre of a man's universe does not appeal much to Tagore.
{{clear}}

== Relationship with the Mahatma ==
Tagore addresses Gandhi reverentially in the end of his essay, by proclaiming him as a being of "great moral personality" and an embodiment of ''shakti'' (divine energy) provided to the people of India by providence itself. However, he humbly chooses to differ with Gandhi on the subject of the charkha.

Thus, Tagore himself saw the essay as a critique of the politics and ideology of the charkha but in no way as an attack on Gandhi as the leader of the Indian masses. Tagore offers the essay as a personal document on why he does not endorse the Gandhian ethic of the charkha but clarifies that he believes in the larger [[moral authority]] of the Mahatma and only prays that the Indian masses can live up to the standards set by him.

Mahatma Gandhi wrote a [[s:The_Poet_and_the_Charkha|reply]] to Tagore's essay in the November issue of [[Young India]], addressing the major points of disagreement with the latter's position.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{wikisource|The_Modern_Review_(Calcutta)_Vol_XXXVIII/The_Cult_of_the_Charka|''The Cult of the Charka''}}
{{wikisource|Young_India,_Viking_Press,_1924-1926/The_Poet_and_the_Charkha|''The Poet and the Charkha''}}

{{Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

[[Category:Works by Rabindranath Tagore]]

Bhai Gaura

2025-07-17T17:11:06Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Adding new data - done

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Bhai
| name = Gaura
| allegiance = * [[Akal Sena]]
| known_for = Sikh warrior who saved [[Guru Har Rai]]
| relations = Bhai Bhagtu (father) Bhai Adam (grandfather)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nārā |first1=Īshara Siṅgha |title=Safarnama and Zafarnama: Being an Account of the Travels of Guru Gobind Singh and the Epistle of Moral Victory Written by Him to Emperor Aurangzeb |date=1985 |publisher=Nara Publications |page=177}}</ref> Bhai Jeewan (brother) Dayal Das (son) [[Baba Gurbaksh Singh]] (grandson)
}}
'''Bhai Gaura''' was the eldest son of Bhai Bhagtu, and was a devotee of [[Guru Arjan]], warrior, and native of Vinjhu, 14 km north of [[Bathinda]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh gurus retold |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-269-0859-2 |volume=2 |location=New Delhi |pages=574 |oclc=190873070}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |others=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=2 |location=Patiala |pages=97 |oclc=29703420}}</ref>

==Saving Guru Har Rai==

Once Guru Har Rai and his bodyguards were walking along the [[Sutlej River]]. There they met Mughal troops which were marching from [[Lahore]] to [[Delhi]].<ref name "0=">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Harish |date=2015 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-sikh-gurus-hd/page/n121/mode/2up|title=The Sikh Gurus|pages= 122}}</ref> One of the Mughal officers named Muhammad Yarbeg Khan who was the grandson of Mukhlis Khan who had been killed by Guru Hargobind, inquired the name of the party and upon learning that it was Guru Har Rai, he immediately attacked seeking revenge. Bhai Gaura came out of the shadows and defended Guru Har Rai with his troops. Muhammad Yarbeg Khan was slain by Bhai Gaura.<ref name "1=">{{Cite book |last=Singh|first=Trihochan|date=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pge4KhX_oCQC&q=Bhai+Gaura|title=Life of Guru Hari Krishan|pages=39}}</ref> Upon knowing that Bhai Gaura saved his life, Guru ji forgave Bhai Gaura.

== See also ==
* [[Nihang]]
* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|Martyrdom and Sikhism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaura, Bhai}}
[[Category:Sikh warriors]]
[[Category:Date of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1752 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Lamo Angdang

2025-06-22T23:46:17Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Starting A Details

{{Short description|Mountain peak in Sikkim}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Lamo Angdang
| photo = Lamo Angdang.jpg
| photo_caption = Lamo Angdang from north
| elevation_m = 5888
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1223
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Sikkim]]
| map = India Sikkim#India
| map_caption = Location of Lamo Angdang
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27|44|01.84|N|88|29|38.82|E|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent = No records
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Lamo Angdang''' (also known as ''Lamaanden'' and ''Lamo Anden'') is a mountain in the [[Eastern Himalayas]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamo Angdang |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/lamo-angdang.html |access-date=2021-11-29 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}</ref> located in the west of [[Sikkim]]. Its elevation above sea level is 5,888m.

== Location ==
It is the easternmost summit of the [[Kangchenjunga]] group<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Morrow|first1=Baiba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jwTAQAAIAAJ&q=Lamo+Angdang|title=Footsteps in the Clouds: Kangchenjunga a Century Later|last2=Morrow|first2=Pat|date=1999|publisher=Raincoast Books|isbn=978-1-55192-226-3|language=en}}</ref> and it is officially part of [[Khangchendzonga National Park]]. In 2007, it was opened for public as a new trekking route in the [[North Sikkim district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Lake Trek|url=https://www.adventuregeotreks.com/india/trekking-in-india/green-lake-trek.html|access-date=2021-11-29|website=www.adventuregeotreks.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of Sikkim]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Premam (soundtrack)

2025-05-24T01:34:15Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: Started Initial Data From Scratch

{{short description|2015 soundtrack album by Rajesh Murugesan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Premam
| type = soundtrack
| longtype = to Premam
| artist = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| cover = Premam soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| released = 14 February 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=22|s=26}}
| language = Malayalam Tamil
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| prev_title = [[Neram]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Action Hero Biju]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

'''''Premam''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the [[Premam|2015 Malayalam film of the same name]] directed by [[Alphonse Puthren]] and starring [[Nivin Pauly]]. The original soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Rajesh Murugesan]], who had collaborated with Puthren in the film ''[[Neram]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita|date=2015-04-11|title=Sounding off, musically|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sounding-off-musically/article7090627.ece|access-date=2018-02-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Shabareesh Varma]], beside singing, wrote the lyrics for eight of the nine songs.<ref name=":0">Robin T Varghese (5 June 2015). [http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/premam-hero-shabareesh-varma-malre-aluva-puzha-scene-contra-songs.html "Shabareesh – The actor, writer and singer of 'Premam'"]. ''Malayala Manorama''. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|author=Aravind K S|date=21 April 2015|title=In Tune with Premam|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/In-Tune-with-Premam/2015/04/21/article2774569.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421060811/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/In-Tune-with-Premam/2015/04/21/article2774569.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2015|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|author=Cris|date=5 June 2015|title=Shabareesh hits the right note|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150605/entertainment-mollywood/article/shabareesh-hits-right-note|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> One song "Rockaankuthu" which had lyrics written by Pradeep Palarr was sung by Tamil film composer [[Anirudh Ravichander]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Anirudh Ravichander sings for Premam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Anirudh-Ravichander-sings-for-Premam/articleshow/47096351.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref> The soundtrack album was released by the record label [[Muzik 247]] on 14 February 2015 and topped the charts, with songs "Aaluva Puzha" and "Malare" became instant hits. The album was listed as the Best Malayalam Music Album of the year by [[Apple Music]].

== Development ==
Puthren roped in [[Rajesh Murugesan]] as the film's composer in April 2014, following the success of ''[[Neram]]''.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|last1=C Pillai|first1=Radhika|date=21 April 2014|title=Rajesh Murugesan scores music for Premam !|work=The Times Of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Rajesh-Murugesan-scores-music-for-Premam-/articleshow/34036869.cms|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Unlike many films during the Malayalam [[new generation (Malayalam film movement)|new generation]] have less than five tracks in the album, Puthren insisted that Rajesh compose at least 13–14 tracks for the film, since the narrative of the film is [[Music genre|musical]] and Puthren believed that the songs would have great impact on the film.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=We planned around 14 tracks for Premam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/we-planned-around-14-tracks-for-premam/articleshow/47909745.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref> However, the final track list only had 9 songs.<ref name=":4" /> [[Shabareesh Varma]] initially wrote one song for the director–composer collaboration's previous film, which was "Pistah". As the track became viral upon release, Puthren roped him as the norm lyricist and asked him to pen eight tracks for the film. Shabareesh started penning the first song, a "gibberish" track for the film in May 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shabareesh Varma to pen 'gibberish' song, again - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/shabareesh-varma-to-pen-gibberish-song-again/articleshow/32715165.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Most of his tracks were written at his house in [[Aluva]], where Rajesh and Puthren were present.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Sebin|last2=Thomas|first2=Sheryl|date=2015-07-02|title=Interview: Love and the lyrics|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-love-and-the-lyrics/article7379420.ece|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Shabareesh commented that some of his film songs seemed to come true in real life. In an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', he stated that when he wrote the song "Ithu Puthan Kaalam", he got much money to solve his financial troubles. However, when he wrote the second song "Kaalam Kettupoi", the recording studio due to heavy rains and lightning, but the laptop with the film's songs was safe with the music director Rajesh Murugesan.<ref name=":2" /> The track "Scene Contra" was written as the eponymous title song for a short film, and was written within eight minutes. As some of his friends demanded that the song should be used in a film album instead of a short film. Then, Puthren suggested that the song could be used in ''Premam'' and Rajesh wrote background orchestration for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The love for writing is in my blood - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/the-love-for-writing-is-in-my-blood/articleshow/47573428.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Recounting his Pistah Moments in College|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2015/jul/20/recounting-his-pistah-moments-in-college-786619.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In September 2014, actor [[Murali Gopy]] recorded the song "Kalippu" during the time he worked on singing two songs simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Murali Gopy croons for Premam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/murali-gopy-croons-for-premam/articleshow/46353925.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Karthikeyan |first1=Shruti }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Murali Gopy to sing again ! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/murali-gopy-to-sing-again-/articleshow/46084161.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Similar to "Scene Contra", this song was also recorded for a short film under the title "Kalippu", but following Puthren's suggestions, this song was used in the film.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to Shabareesh Varma, screenwriter-cum-lyricist Pradeep Palarr also penned one song titled "Rockaankuthu" recorded by Tamil film composer [[Anirudh Ravichander]].<ref name=":3" />

== Marketing ==
The music album of ''Premam'' was launched on 14 February 2015 on the occasion of [[Valentine's Day]] through [[streaming media]] for [[Music download|digital download]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Premam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Rajesh Murugesan|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/premam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1066772333|language=en-US|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref> Followed by the digital release, the audio CDs were released through music stores on 28 February, with a record number of CDs sold on the first day of its release. All the audio songs released prior to the film release went viral on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|date=18 May 2015|title='Premam' to release this weekend|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/premam-to-release-this-weekend-news-malayalam-pfsko3fabechf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523023421/http://www.sify.com/movies/premam-to-release-this-weekend-news-malayalam-pfsko3fabechf.html|archive-date=23 May 2015|url-status=live|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In March 2015, video for the song "Aluva Puzha" sung by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] was released and became the chart topper.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trending: Aluva Puzha song released|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/premam-song-aluva-puzha-nivin-pauly-anupama-trending.amp.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> As a marketing strategy the song "Scene Contra" was released later on 5 May and "Malare" was released on [[YouTuber|YouTube]] on 6 June.<ref>{{cite news|author=Deccan Chronicle|date=2 May 2015|title=Watch: 'Malare' song from 'Premam' creates waves on social media|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150621/entertainment-bollywood/article/watch-malare-song-premam-creates-waves-social-media|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> The song received 1 million hits within 14 hours of release and trended on all social networking platforms.<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=2 May 2015|title=Malare song from Premam goes viral|agency=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Malare-song-from-Premam-goes-viral/articleshow/47540197.cms|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', music critic Vipin Nair noted, "The Neram team's (Alphonse Puthren-Rajesh Murugesan-Shabareesh Varma) sophomore effort in Premam is almost as impressive, but for an occasional let down by the vocal choices".<ref>{{cite news|author=Vipin Nair|date=21 April 2015|title=Premam's Music Is an Overall Varied and Impressive Effort|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Premams-Music-Is-an-Overall-Varied-and-Impressive-Effort/2015/04/21/article2774263.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610094920/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Premams-Music-Is-an-Overall-Varied-and-Impressive-Effort/2015/04/21/article2774263.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2015|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> At the annual music review roundup published in ''[[The Hindu]]'', Karthik listed ''Premam'' as the second best Malayalam soundtrack of 2015, after ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' (composed by [[Gopi Sundar|Gopi Sunder]]).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Karthik|date=2015-12-26|title=Tunes that clicked|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/best-songs-2015-from-around-the-country/article8031914.ece|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Apple Music]] selected it as the "Best Malayalam album" of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premam is best Malayalam album|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Premam-is-Best-Malayalam-Album/2015/12/19/article3184496.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224110521/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Premam-is-Best-Malayalam-Album/2015/12/19/article3184496.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2015|access-date=24 December 2015|publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pyarilal|first=Vasanth|date=2015-12-16|title=Apple Music Selects 'Premam' As The Best Malayalam Album Of 2015 {{!}} RITZ|url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/apple-music-selects-premam-as-the-best-malayalam-album-of-2015/|access-date=2021-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Sanjith Sreedharan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' listed the album as the "most popular Malayalam music album of 2015".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Most popular songs and dialogues of 2015 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/most-popular-songs-and-dialogues-of-2015/articleshow/50354666.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith }}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| all_lyrics = [[Shabareesh Varma]], except "Rockaankuthu" by Pradeep Paalar
| title8 = Chinna Chinna
| extra6 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length6 = 3:01
| title7 = Malare
| extra7 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length7 = 5:16
| length5 = 3:02
| extra8 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Aalap Raju]]
| length8 = 2:18
| title9 = Ithu Puthan Kalam
| extra9 = Shabareesh Varma, Rajesh Murugesan
| length9 = 3:46
| all_writing =
| title10 =
| title6 = Rockaankuthu
| extra5 = [[Murali Gopy]], Shabareesh Varma
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length2 = 2:47
| total_length = 22:26
| title1 = Aluva Puzhayude
| extra1 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| length1 = 3:03
| title2 = Kaalam Kettupoi
| extra2 = [[Shabareesh Varma]]
| title3 = Pathivai Njan
| extra3 = Shabareesh Varma, [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Scene Contra
| extra4 = Shabareesh Varma
| length4 = 2:26
| title5 = Kalippu
| length10 =
}}

== Chart performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |Chart (2015)
! scope="col" |Peak
position
!Reference
|-
|Indian Music Charts
|1
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Singles Chart(s) (2015)
!Song title
!Peak position
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi South]]
|Aluva Puzha
|1
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radio Mirchi - India's most authentic Weekly Music Countdown|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>
|-
|Malare
|1
|}

== Other versions ==
For the Telugu remake of this film [[Premam (2016 film)|under the same name]], Murugesan remade four of his songs into [[Telugu language|Telugu]], with "Evare" (the Telugu remake of the original song "Malare") retained its singer [[Vijay Yesudas]], for the version.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-18|title=Evare from Naga Chaitanya's Premam is a throwback to Malare from the Malayalam original |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/evare-from-naga-chaitanyas-premam-is-a-throwback-to-malare-from-the-malayalam-original-2963122.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Premam}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in Alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Asianet Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |7 February 2016
|Best Music Director
|{{sort|Murugesan|[[Rajesh Murugesan]]}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|Best Singer – Male
|{{sort|Yesudas|[[Vijay Yesudas]]}} for "Malare"
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Movie Awards]]
|2 December 2015
|Best Singer – Male
|{{sort|Sreenivasan|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]}} for "Aluva Puzha"
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! scope="row" |[[CPC Cine Awards]]
|9 March 2016
|Best Music Director
|{{sort|Murugesan|[[Rajesh Murugesan]]}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2016|title=സിനിമാ പാരഡീസോ ക്ലബ്ബിന്റെ പുരസ്‌കാരം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; മികച്ച ചിത്രം പ്രേമം|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/cinema-paradiso-club-announced-film-award-2015-027501.html|access-date=25 April 2020|website=Filmibeat}}(in [[Malayalam]])</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3" |[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|18 June 2016]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director – Malayalam]]
|{{sort|Murugesan|[[Rajesh Murugesan]]}}
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 June 2016|title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|access-date=14 April 2020|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist – Malayalam]]
|{{sort|Varma|[[Shabareesh Varma]]}} for "Malare"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam]]
|{{sort|Yesudas|[[Vijay Yesudas]]}} for "Malare"
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="3" |[[1st IIFA Utsavam|24—25 January 2016]]
|Best Music Direction
|{{sort|Murugesan|[[Rajesh Murugesan]]}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|author=IIFA Utsavam|title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees – Malayalam|url=http://iifautsavam.com/nominees-mal.html|publisher=Iifautsavam.com|accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Best Lyrics
|{{sort|Varma|[[Shabareesh Varma]]}} for "Malare"
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|{{sort|Yesudas|[[Vijay Yesudas]]}} for "Malare"
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| rowspan="4" |27 July 2016
|Album of the Year
|{{sort|Murugesan|[[Rajesh Murugesan]]}}
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2015 Malayalam Nominations|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/malayalam-2014/nominations-malayalam-2015/|access-date=16 May 2020|website=Mirchi Music Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2015 Malayalam Winners|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/malayalam-2014/winners-malayalam-2015/|access-date=16 May 2020|website=Mirchi Music Awards}}</ref>
|-
|Male Vocalist of the Year
|{{sort|Yesudas|[[Vijay Yesudas]]}} for "Malare"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Song of the Year
| rowspan="2" |"Malare"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Listeners Choice Song of the Year
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |North American Film Awards
|24 July 2016
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|{{sort|Yesudas|[[Vijay Yesudas]]}}
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June – 1 July 2016]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director – Malayalam]]
|{{sort|Murugesan|[[Rajesh Murugesan]]}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 July 2016|title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Malayalam Nominees|url=https://www.worldhab.com/siima-awards-2016-malayalam-nominees-winners/|access-date=14 April 2020|website=WorldHab}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist – Malayalam]]
|{{sort|Varma|[[Shabareesh Varma]]}} for "Malare"
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam]]
|{{sort|Yesudas|[[Vijay Yesudas]]}} for "Malare"
|{{won}}
|-
|{{sort|Sreenivasan|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]}} for "Aluva Puzha"
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |16 February 2016
|Best Music Director
|{{sort|Murugesan|[[Rajesh Murugesan]]}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|Best Singer – Male
|{{sort|Yesudas|[[Vijay Yesudas]]}} for "Malare"
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Malayalam film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]

Ajit Chandila

2025-04-03T08:42:12Z

Prof.Dr.VK Agarwal: updated details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ajit Chandila
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Ajit Chandila
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|12|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Faridabad]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| club1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| year1 = 2010–2013
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year2 = 2012–2013
| clubnumber2 =

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 23
| bat avg1 = 23.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 12
| deliveries1 = 162
| wickets1 = 3
| bowl avg1 = 22.66
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/15
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 9
| runs2 = 38
| bat avg2 = 5.42
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 9
| deliveries2 = 267
| wickets2 = 7
| bowl avg2 = 38.14
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/25
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 28
| runs3 = 151
| bat avg3 = 18.87
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 57
| deliveries3 = 497
| wickets3 = 24
| bowl avg3 = 20.70
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/13
| catches/stumpings3 = 12/-
| date = 19 January
| year = 2015
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27783.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Ajit Chandila''' (born 5 December 1983) is a former Indian cricketer from [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hirwani's tips helped me: Chandila|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ipl-5-indian-premier-league-hirwani-tips-helped-ajit-chandila/20120513.htm|access-date=14 May 2012|publisher=Rediff.com|date=13 May 2010|archive-date=15 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515103852/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ipl-5-indian-premier-league-hirwani-tips-helped-ajit-chandila/20120513.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He played for [[Rajasthan Royals]] until 2013 but was previously known for his performance for the Air India [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone team]].<ref>{{cite news|title=I asked Chandila to restrict Batsmen:Hirwani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2012/news/I-asked-Ajit-Chandila-to-restrict-batsmen-says-Hirwani/articleshow/13126746.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-14/news/31700197_1_narendra-hirwani-t20-ipl|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League career==

His IPL career started in 2011 when [[Delhi Daredevils]] selected him in their probable team. He made his IPL debut on 23 April 2012 at Jaipur He was mentored by Indian spinner [[Narendra Hirwani]]. Chandila became the first bowler in the IPL fifth season to take a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]]. He is the seventh bowler to get a hat-trick in IPL history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Ajit-Chandila-hat-trick-sinks-listless-Pune/14538|title=Ajit Chandila's hat trick sinks listless Pune|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-date=24 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724150951/http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Ajit-Chandila-hat-trick-sinks-listless-Pune/14538|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Chandila got into controversy in IPL 6 when he ran out [[Adam Gilchrist]] and appealed against him when Gilchrist was caught short of the crease while taking evasive action to a throw that hit him on the glove. Gilchrist termed it completely against the spirit of the game.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gilchrist upset with Chandila’s conduct|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/gilchrist-upset-chandilas-conduct/61745|access-date=9 May 2013|publisher=Wisden India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607155127/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/gilchrist-upset-chandilas-conduct/61745|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Spot fixing allegation and arrest==
{{main|2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case}}

On 16 May 2013, he was arrested on charges of [[spot-fixing]] during [[2013 Indian Premier League|IPL 6]] by the Delhi police along with [[Sreesanth]] and [[Ankeet Chavan]], who played alongside him for Rajasthan Royals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/police-detain-rajasthan-royals-players/62510|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615100315/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/police-detain-rajasthan-royals-players/62510|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Police detain three Rajasthan Royals players|publisher=Wisden India|date=16 May 2013|access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/207838-sreesanth-two-other-rajasthan-royals-players-arrested-for-spot-fixing-report IPL 2013: Sreesanth, Chandila, Chavan arrested for spot-fixing, to be quizzed in police custody for 5 days | IPL 6 | NDTVSports.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516052008/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/207838-sreesanth-two-other-rajasthan-royals-players-arrested-for-spot-fixing-report |date=16 May 2013 }}. Sports.ndtv.com (16 May 2013). Retrieved 23 December 2013.</ref>

Chandila had allegedly received {{INRConvert|4.9|m}} from bookies in the 2013 IPL season, of which {{INRConvert|1.5|m}} was paid to him to spot-fix in the match against [[Mumbai Indians]] on 17 May 2013 before which he was arrested.<ref>{{cite news |title= Bookies gave Ajit Chandila Rs 49L for spot-fixing: Delhi Police |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bookies-gave-ajit-chandila-rs-49l-for-spotfixing-delhi-police/1119354/ |work= The Indian Express |date= 23 May 2013 |access-date= 23 May 2013 |archive-date= 9 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130609084612/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bookies-gave-ajit-chandila-rs-49l-for-spotfixing-delhi-police/1119354 |url-status= live }}</ref> After being arrested, he was immediately suspended by his employer, [[Air India]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Air India suspends Ankeet Chavan, Ajit Chandila |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/india/39309130_1_air-india-sports-quota-ajit-chandila |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130608083210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/india/39309130_1_air-india-sports-quota-ajit-chandila |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 June 2013 |date= 16 May 2013 |work= [[The Times of India]] |access-date= 16 May 2013}}</ref> In January 2016, he was given a life ban from all forms of cricket by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]].<ref name="ban">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/963211.html|title=Chandila banned for life, Hiken Shah for five years|work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN Sports Media|date=18 January 2016|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321214441/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/963211.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ban was later reduced to a 7-year period by the BCCI [[ombudsman]], having officially ended on 18 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL spot-fixing case: Former Rajasthan Royals spinner Ajit Chandila's life ban reduced to 7 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-spot-fixing-case-ajit-chandilas-life-ban-reduced-to-7-years-2337994-2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331174108/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-spot-fixing-case-ajit-chandilas-life-ban-reduced-to-7-years-2337994-2023-02-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=27783}}
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/content/story/564673.html First hat-trick of IPL Season Five ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandila, Ajit}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Haryana cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Cricketers banned for corruption]]