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Chitra Lakshmanan

2026-04-30T22:43:43Z

Proabin: Creating initial details added tags

{{short description|Indian actor and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Chitra Lakshmanan
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|01|23}}
|birth_place = [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai District|Arani]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = [[Film director]], [[Film producer]], [[Actor]], [[Entertainment journalism|Film journalist]]
|spouse = Radhika
|children = 2
|years_active = 1983-present
}}

'''Lakshmanan Ramasamy''' (born 23 January 1948), known professionally as '''Chitra Lakshmanan''', is an Indian journalist, filmmaker and actor. He produced and directed several [[Tamil language]] films starring some of [[Tamil cinema]]'s major stars during the 1980s and 1990s, while appearing in numerous films and television series in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/chennai/ks-ravikumars-felicitation-ceremony/articleshow/28516123.cms|title=KS RaviKumar's felicitation ceremony|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/WB_vH0vUnq4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140309061307/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB_vH0vUnq4 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB_vH0vUnq4| title = Director Chitra Lakshmanan Special Interview | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He currently operates the [[YouTube]] channel ''Touring Talkies'', which features Tamil cinema related interviews and discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=8 YouTube Channels That Are Essential Viewing For The South Movie Buff |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/the-8-youtube-channels-that-are-essential-viewing-for-the-south-movie-buff-dennis-george-chitra-lakshmanan-paruchuri-gopala-krishna/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

==Career==

Lakshmanan began working in a hardware shop in [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai District|Arani]]. He later joined the magazine ''Vidhi Velli'' as a sub-editor until its closure. He later joined ''Thayin Manikodi'' run by [[Jayakanthan]]. He later joined a [[Singapore]]an Tamil magazine. After its failure, he decided to start his own magazine ''Thirai Kathir'' which became successful. His career in [[entertainment journalism]] helped him to also become a public relations officer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDnDwFkNO7w | location=Chennai, India | work=You Tube | title= Exclusive - 'பாரதிராஜாவுடன் 50 வருட நட்பு' - Chithra Lakshmanan}}</ref>

He became acquainted with director [[Bharathiraja]] to enter the film industry, and subsequently served as a co-producer on all his films with Lakshmanan's brother, Ramu. In 1983, he produced ''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' under [[Gayathri Films]], which won commercial success as well as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]]. He also served as a press relations officer for Tamil films during the 1980s, and later reprised that role as an actor through ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamilomovie.com/chitra-lakshmanan-to-share-the-screen-with-kamal-haasan/|title=Chitra Lakshmanan to share the screen with Kamal Haasan – Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Video Songs | Film News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uttama-villain-a-superb-core-let-down-by-lacklustre-filmmaking/article7164505.ece|title=Uttama Villain: A superb core let down by lacklustre filmmaking|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 May 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> His first directorial venture was ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]'' (1988) with [[Kamal Haasan]] and later he directed ''[[Periya Thambi]]'' (1997) with Prabhu and ''[[Chinna Raja]]'' (1999) with Karthik in the lead role. He turned actor in ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]'' (1985) and began to prioritise acting commitments in the 2000s, winning acclaim for his comedy roles in ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (Nene Ambhani) (2010) and ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jyothikasurya.com/what-kamal-hassan-did-for-me-in-uttama-villain-chithra-lakshmanan-uttama-villain-vishwaroopam-2/ |title=What Kamal Hassan Did for Me in Uttama Villain – Chithra Lakshmanan | Uttama Villain, Vishwaroopam 2 | Jyothika Surya |access-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223045616/http://www.jyothikasurya.com/what-kamal-hassan-did-for-me-in-uttama-villain-chithra-lakshmanan-uttama-villain-vishwaroopam-2/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/director-badri-s-next-on-corruption-in-cricket-news-national-odnqa8gaidhsi.html |title=Director Badri's next on corruption in cricket |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814135451/http://www.sify.com/movies/director-badri-s-next-on-corruption-in-cricket-news-national-odnqa8gaidhsi.html |archive-date=14 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Throughout his career, Lakshmanan has also taken up posts of responsibility. He served as the Secretary of Tamil Film Producers Council for four years and as an executive committee member in South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce, Film Federation of India, and Tamil Film Directors Association for several years. In 2011, he published the book ''80 Years of Tamil Cinema'', an account documenting the history of Tamil cinema.{{citation needed|date= November 2022}}

==Filmography==

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1984 || ''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]'' ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Puthiya Theerppu]]'' ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]'' ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Chinnappadass]]'' ||
|}

===As director and producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]'' ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Periya Thambi]]'' ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Chinna Raja]]'' ||
|}

===As writer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
|1997||''Idhuthan Kadhala'' ||dialogues only Tamil dubbed version of Telugu film ''[[Priya O Priya]]''
|-
|2008||''Rekha IPS'' ||story only Television series aired in Kalaignar TV
|-
|}

===As actor===
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1984 || ''[[Pudhumai Penn (1984 film)|Pudhumai Penn]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhavani Kanavugal]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1985 || ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]'' || Guide Munusamy ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Theerppu]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Neethana Antha Kuyil]]'' || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]'' || Dharmaraj ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Poo Poova Poothirukku]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Periya Thambi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1999 ||''[[Chinna Raja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]'' || Ramalingam || Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001 || ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' || Jyothi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002 || ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' || Vaidyalingam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2004 || ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]'' || Subramaniam ||
|-
| ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' || Dr. Kalidas ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Unarchigal (2006 film)|Unarchigal]]'' || Balaji's father || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Pachchak Kuthira]]'' || The mayor's personal assistant||
|-
| ''[[Kusthi]]'' || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Piragu]]'' || Film Producer ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[Vaitheeswaran]]'' || Dhanasekaran's Henchman ||
|-
|''[[Final Cut of Director|Bommalattam]]'' || Makeup man ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' || Shanmugasundaram ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Saguni]]'' || Boopathi's sidekick ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2013 || ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' || Murugaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Isakki (film)|Isakki]]'' ||Devarajan ||
|-
| ''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]'' || Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || Kunchithapadam ||
|-
| ''[[Arya Surya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'' || Kanaka's father ||
|-
| ''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' || Kovai Kamaraj ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || Judge Chitra Lakshmanan ||
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai]]'' || Maya's father ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2015 || ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' || Judge Lakshmanan || Telugu film
|-
|''[[Nannbenda]]'' || Hotel Manager ||
|-
| ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' || PRO Lakshmanan ||
|-
| ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' || Shakthi's Uncle ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' || Anitha and Ravi's father ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2016 || ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2016 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Dr. Kothandam ||
|-
| ''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' || Chithra Lakshmanan ||
|-
| ''[[Muthina Kathirika]]'' || Politician ||
|-
| ''[[Vellikizhamai 13am Thethi]]'' || Raasathi's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Kattappava Kanom]]'' || Jayagopal ||
|-
| ''Ullam Ullavarai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018 || ''[[Vidhi Madhi Ultaa]]'' || Divya's father ||
|-
| ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]'' || Pundek ||
|-
| ''[[Itly]]'' || Bank Manager ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' || L. Gopal, Priya's father ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' || Rambo's fake father ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kannai Nambathey]]'' || Divya's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''[[Dear (2024 film)|Dear]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''Vaagai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2025 || ''[[Kuzhanthaigal Munnetra Kazhagam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Otha Votu Muthaiya]]'' || Periyappa ||
|-
| ''Enai Sudum Pani'' || Thangaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' || Senior politician ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[TN 2026]]'' || Film Producer || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ianslive.in/natty-starrer-tn-2026s-teaser-released--20260402195141|title=Natty-starrer TN 2026's teaser released|date=2 April 2026|website=IANS News}}</ref>
|-
|}

;Television
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
|2003 - 2009||[[Anandham (TV series)|''Anandham'']]|| || rowspan="4" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2006 - 2008||''[[Ganga Yamuna Saraswati]]''||
|-
|2009 - 2012||''[[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|Idhayam]]''||Devarajan
|-
|2012 - 2013||''[[Sondha Bandham]]''||Damodaran
|-
|2014 - 2015||''[[Akka (TV series)|Akka]]''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2018 - 2019||''Chandralekha''||Gemini Ganeshan||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|}

===Voice actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Actor
! Character
! Notes
|-
|2017||''[[Puthiya Niyamam|Vasuki]]''||[[S. N. Swamy]]||Swamy||Dubbed version of Malayalam film ''Puthiya Niyamam''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1420794}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmanan, Chithra}}
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]

Darbilhi

2026-04-26T07:58:45Z

Proabin: Creating first post basic info.

{{Short description|Southern Mizo chieftainess (d.1901)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Darbilhi
| image = [[File:Darbilhi.jpg|Fânai chieftainess Darbili]]
| title = Chieftainess of Muallianpui {{lang|lus|Muallianpui Lalnu}} {{lang|lus|Darzo lalnu}}
| caption = Fânai chieftainess Darbilhi, depicted by [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]].
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Nochhuma]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = Lalsailova Lalkhama
| suc-type = Successors
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1901
| death_place =
| spouse = Nochhuma
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort =
| issue = Lianbuka
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Fanai
| father = Zahuata {{efn|Za Huat or Yahwit}} (Chief of Thlantlang)
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}
'''Darbilhi''' (d.1901; {{langx|en|Darbili}}) was a Mizo chieftainess of the Southern Lushai Hills (now [[Mizoram]]). She acted as regent after her husband's death and commanded the influence of Fânai chiefs. She was the daughter of Zahuata of Thlantlang and was influential in diplomacy among the various tribes and conflicts. She was a British ally and cooperated with [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] and gave up land for the construction of Fort Tregear.

==Early life==
Darbilhi married Nochhuma of the Fânai clan who ruled over the villages of Muallianpui, Darzo, Lungpuitlang and Darzotlang.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=127}} After Nochhuma founded the site of Muallianpui with 30 houses, the Sailo chief Thawnglian attacked and took Nochhuma and Darbilhi who was pregnant as captives. However, upon hearing Darbilhi was the daughter of Chief Zahuat, she and her husband were released after a fortnight out of fear of his power. Following this, Nochhuma's father, Khawtindala, aided Nochhuma with more households. Khawtindala escorted Nochuma's brother, Pahnuna, towards Muallianpui. He divided his assets between Nochuma and Pahnuna.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=132}} Darbilhi settled at Darzo permanently with her husband in 1880.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=133}} The name Darzo became a shortened form of {{lang|lus|Darbilhi Zo}} ({{translation|Darbilhi highlands}}) which was named by Nochhuma.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=135}}

Following the [[mautam]] famine of 1881, many immigrants migrated to Darzo which had a good harvest and stock of food reserves.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=134}} Due to the pressures of immigrants and refugees, Darbilhi reuqested her father's intervention to intervene and intercept the immigrants.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=135}} During this time, she lost her firstborn son, Hrangkulha, and out of grief, invited the famous poet Saikuti for a month at Muallianpui. Zahuat sent Darbilhi's brother, Vanghin to console and guide her grief during the time of loss. During this time, the Serkawr chief, in fear of Zahuat's retaliation, sent a peace envoy known as Taiing. Taiing during the raid of Muallianpui had tried to kill Nochhuma. Nochhuma killed Taiing upon arrival and ratified the peace deal this way. However, the Sangau chief instead rallied the Lungtian chief to wage war against the Fânai. The battle of Vanlaiphai saw one death each from Muallianpui and Lungtian and two deaths from Sangau. The Sangau chief thus sent the peace offering to Zahuat, Darbilhi's father, instead.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=134}}

==Chieftainship==
Darbilhi's chieftainship began in 1882 with the death of her husband and her son Lianbuka being mentally unfit to rule.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=128}}{{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=85}}{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=161}} She was assisted by her former husband's {{lang|lus|upas}} to advise her on governance. During her rule she made several raids on the Zahau and Lusei tribes. She even raided into the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] which was British territory and sometimes did so with assistance from the [[Lai people|Lai tribes]].{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=129}}

Being the daughter of Zahuat, a powerful [[Chin people|Chin]] chief, she made peace and increased her influence over the historical enemies of the Fânai, such as the Zahau and Sailos.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=129}} Darbilhi managed multiple villages as satellites with hamlets to claim empty land and delegated roles to capable administrators.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=129}} {{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=85}} She negotiated peace with Thangduta of Thlangtlang with a {{lang|lus|sa-ui tan}}. Darbilhi held talks with the Zahau chief Thlacheuva.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=136}} The Zahau attempted to hold the Fânai chief Zaduna hostage for leverage. However, the Khuangli tribe, who were historically allied to the Fânai as their ancestral chief, was saved by Fânai during the Thlawnrawn Rawt under Lallula, intervened. The Khuangli warned the Zahau and negotiated Zaduna's release, which was successful unconditionally. She sent her emissaries, Ralduha and Hleichhama, with Khawtindala's son, Patlaia, to Zathlir. After many rounds of talks, there was a hard-fought agreement not to raid each other. This decision was unpopular among the Fânai subjects of Darbilhi. They composed a {{lang|lus|hla}} about it:{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=137}}

{{blockquote|
Mizo: {{lang|lus|Do reng rawh zathang ral chu, 
In Chelh loh leh Darkhawpui, 
Khuafur hawktui angin kan lian leh dawn e.}} 
English: 
''March on the waging head-hunting raids on Zahau,'' 
''Undaunted and undefeatable Darzo warriors,'' 
''Would surely scourge you like a torrential rain.''|source=Darbilhi{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=137}}}}

Since her son Lianbuka was mentally unfit, Darbilhi arranged for a suitbale heir to be born to him. She arranged a marriage to him with a girl from Thlantlang via a relative. However, Lianbuka only slept for one night and led to divorce. Darbilhi got Lianbuka remarried and bore a daughter with her however divorced her.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=137}} Darbilhi finally arranged a marriage with a Fânai girl after requesting her hand from Sawilera of the Fânai Zarep clan. Darbilhi secured the chieftain lineage once her grandson Lalsailova was born.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=138}}

As Chief Darbilhi cared for the captive women and [[bawi system|bawis]] of the raids. She strictly protected the women until the relatives were able to ransom them. Darbilhi took on many women as {{lang|lus|bawi}} to safeguard them under her royal protection. She was known for also providing buckets of rice to starving and struggling subjects and thus was reputed for her benevolent rule.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=141}}

===Anglo-Lushai relations===
The British applied the subclan term Muallianpui to all the Fânai villages. Darbilhi cooperated with the British. She supplied guides for the advance on Hausata's village who was being targeted for the raid on John Fraser Stewart's camp.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=138}} After the capture of Lalthuama, Darbilhi escaped her village and avoided the British. The British, however, began communication via emissaries and met with Darbilhi to take an oath of friendship on 4 February 1889.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=138}}{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=161}}{{sfn|Lalthlengliana|2007|p=32}} Darbilhi also supplied herself as envoy to other chiefs such as Vantura and Dokulha who also tendered their submissions by informing her.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=138}}
After the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], Darbilhi signed a treaty with the British represented by [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]]. She avoided fighting with the British by perceiving them to be more powerful and troublesome and thus agreed to negotiate her sovereignty.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=129}}{{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=86}} Under the British, Darbilhi was cooperative until in 1900 when she ordered the execution of individuals at Thingsai and Bualpui who were believed to practice witchcraft. The British investigated the matter seriously and imprisoned the lead perpetrator, Dokapa, for life imprisonment.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=129}}

Under the British, she allocated land of Darzo to the British to build Fort Tregear. [[Vincent William Tregear]] was the commander of the Chittagong Column in the Chin-Lushai Expedition who subdued the Muallianpui Fânai tribe.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=129}}{{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=86}} Darbilhi further supported the British by making Shakespear her foster brother and influencing her vassal chiefs to help reinforce the British presence with rifles and coolies.{{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=86}} Fort Tregear was used as an intelligence centre which linked to the columns of the Chin Hills in Burma.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=129}} After Fort Tregear was built, [[Charles Stewart Murray]] led a force to [[Zakapa]] with coolies from Darzo supplied by Darbilhi. After Murray ordered Zakapa's women for sexual corvée, Zakapa refused and Murray threatened to take Zakapa's wife. The conflict escalated when Murray burned down Zakapa's granary, and the village turned on Murray and his party. Darbilhi's coolie, Kaphleia, shot a sepoy who was standing guard for Murray outside Zakapa's [[zawlbûk]].{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=140}}{{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=86}} Kaphleia was arrested and taken to Fort Tregear, where he was tortured. Darbilhi honoured Kaphleia and the other coolies and granted them a feast with [[Zu (beverage)|zû]]. Due to Darbilhi's close ties with John Shakespear, he vouched for her until the case regarding Murray was settled.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=141}} {{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=86}}

==Later life==

Darbilhi died in 1901. She was buried at Lungphun, Darzotlang. Before her death, she allotted her two grandsons, Lalsailova and Lalkhama the villages under her rule. Lalsailova received Lunglengtlang, Muallianpui and Lungpuitlang. Darzo and Vanlaiphai was granted to Lalkhama.{{sfn|Lianchhinga|2010|p=130}}

==Genealogy==
{{Rorehlova family tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal |last1=Lianchhinga |first1=F. |title=Darbilhi: Chieftainess of Muallianpui(1841-1901) |journal=History Journal of Mizoram |date=2010 |volume=X |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/historical-journal-mizoram-volume-XI-NOV-2010.pdf |access-date=30 August 2025}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Singh|editor-first=Lata|editor-last2=Sinha|editor-first2=Shashank Shekhar|last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |last2=Lalsangpuii|first2=R.|chapter=Reversing of Gender:Anti-colonial resistance by Women warriors in Northeast India |title=Gender in Modern India:History, Culture, Marginality |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Gender_in_Modern_India/TMgJEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=30 August 2025}}
*>{{cite book |last1=Lalthlengliana |first1=C. |title=The Lushai Hills: Annexation, Resistance and Pacification |date=2007 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House}}
*{{cite book |last=Sangkima|date=2004 |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |location=Guwahati |publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=81-87502-77-0}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Southern Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]

K. Kunhiraman (born 1943)

2026-04-19T22:07:21Z

Proabin: Adding the pg nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician (1943–2023)}}
{{For|Ex MLA of Uduma|K. Kunhiraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = K. Kunhiraman
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1943|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thuruthi]], [[South Canara]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|12|13|1943|11|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| office = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| spouse = N. T. K. Sarojini
| footnotes =
| source = http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_kunhiraman_trikaripur.htm
| predecessor1 = [[K. P. Satheesh Chandran]]
| successor1 = [[M. Rajagopalan]]
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 2016
| constituency1 = [[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikaripur]]
}}

'''K. Kunhiraman''' (10 November 1943 – 13 December 2023) was an Indian politician from Kasaragod, Kerala. He was the MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) of [[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Trikaripur]] constituency from 2006 to 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_kunhiraman_trikaripur.htm |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504231844/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_kunhiraman_trikaripur.htm |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a Member, State Committee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). He held a diploma in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]] and was an Ayurvedic doctor. Kunhiraman died in Kannur on 13 December 2023, at the age of 80.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Uniindia News |title=K Kunhiraman passes away, CM Pinarayi condoles |url=http://www.uniindia.com/k-kunhiraman-passes-away-cm-pinarayi-condoles/south/news/3105108.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_kunhiraman_trikaripur.htm K. Kunhiraman MLA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504231844/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/k_kunhiraman_trikaripur.htm |date=4 May 2016 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunhiraman, K.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]

{{Kerala-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Mohammed Shahjahan Basha

2026-04-16T05:02:17Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Shahjahan Basha
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = Mohammed Nawaz Basha
| constituency = [[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanapalle]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Dommalapati Ramesh
| successor1 = Dr. M. S. Desai Thippa Reddy
| constituency1 = [[Madanapalle (Assembly constituency)|Madanapalle]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (10 March 2023 – present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Jahan Basha Joins TDP|url=https://www.vaartha.com/ex-mla-shajahan-basha-joins-tdp/|website=Vaartha |date=10 March 2023 |language=telugu}}</ref>
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (before 10 March 2023)
| birth_date = 1971
}}
'''Mohammed Shahjahan Basha''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Madanapalle Assembly constituency]] in [[Annamayya district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madanapalle Assembly Election Results 2024: Madanapalle Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/madanapalle-constituency-result-1164 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Basha is from [[Madanapalle]]. He completed his SSC from Arogyavaram English Medium High School, [[Arogyavaram]] in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.Shajahan Basha(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RAJAMPET(ANDHRA PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5067 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Basha won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Madanapalle Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 97,980 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Nissar Ahmed, of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 5,509 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M Shajahan Basha, TDP Candidate from Madanapalle Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/m-shajahan-basha-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a164e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, Basha contested the [[2019 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]] from Rajampet on [[Indian National Congress]] ticket but lost the election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-28 |title=TDP hopes to bounce back in N Chandrababu Naidu's home district in 2024 polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/tdp-hopes-to-bounce-back-in-naidus-home-district-in-2024-polls/articleshow/108080083.cms |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha-elections 2019 Ysrcp keeps faith in Midhun Reddy to defend Rajampet constituency in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-ysrcp-keeps-faith-in-midhun-reddy-to-defend-rajampet-constituency-in-andhra-pradesh/story-ZRURoDpYiVPgVCStHhrBpM.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahjahan, Basha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Badhra Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:40Z

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{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badhra Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = Badhra Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Haryana]]
| established = 1967
| abolished =
| constituency_no = 55
| district = [[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]]
| mla = [[Umed Singh (Haryana politician)|Umed Singh Phogat]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,11,267
}}

'''Badhra Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/docs/pdf/Distt_wise_ACs.pdf|title=District Wise Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905225734/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/docs/pdf/Distt_wise_ACs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Previously in [[Bhiwani district]], Badhra became part of the new [[Charkhi Dadri district]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charki Dadri notified as 22nd district of Haryana|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Charki-Dadri-notified-as-22nd-district-of-Haryana/articleshow/55803185.cms|work=The Times of India|date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

Badhra is part of [[Bhiwani-Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with eight other Assembly segments, namely, [[Dadri (Haryana Assembly constituency)|Dadri]], [[Bhiwani Assembly constituency|Bhiwani]], [[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]] and [[Loharu Assembly constituency|Loharu]] in this district and [[Ateli Assembly constituency|Ateli]], [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency|Mahendragarh]], [[Narnaul Assembly constituency|Narnaul]] and [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhry]] in [[Mahendragarh district]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badhra Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/badhra.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Attar Singh Sheoran
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
| Amir Singh Sangwan
| {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Lajja Rani Sangwan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Ran Singh Maan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| [[Chandrawati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Ran Singh Maan
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Attar Singh Sheoran
| {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Narpender Singh Sheoran
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Ranbir Singh Mandola
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| [[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Raghbir Singh Chhillar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Sukhvinder Sheoran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Naina Singh Chautala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Umed Singh (Haryana politician)|Umed Singh Phogat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umed Singh (Haryana politician)|Umed Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=59,315 |percentage=41.17 |change={{increase}}16.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Somvir sheoran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,730 |percentage=35.90 |change={{increase}}6.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somveer Ghasola |party=Independent politician |votes=26,730 |percentage=18.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,967 |percentage=1.37 |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashvir |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,321 |percentage=0.92 |change={{decrease}}39.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Chandwas |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,221 |percentage=0.85 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=552 |percentage=0.38 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,585 |percentage=5.26 |change= {{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,077 |percentage=72.78 |change= {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,11,267 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jannayak Janta Party |swing= {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naina Singh Chautala]] |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=52,938 |percentage=40.09 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Mahendra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,234 |percentage=29.72 |change={{increase}}4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhvinder Sheoran]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,169 |percentage=25.12 |change={{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,994 |percentage=2.27 |change={{increase}}1.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,163 |percentage=1.64 |change={{decrease}}21.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Sarva Hit Party |votes=667 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,704 |percentage=10.38 |change= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,32,032 |percentage=70.22 |change= {{decrease}}7.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,030 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jannayak Janta Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhvinder Sheoran]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=39,139 |percentage=29.48 |change={{increase}}25.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Mahendra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,133 |percentage=25.71 |change={{decrease}}6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=30,388 |percentage=22.89 |change={{decrease}}9.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Umed Singh (Haryana politician)|Umed Singh Phogat]] |party=Independent politician |votes=24,362 |percentage=18.35 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Kumar |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,338 |percentage=1.01 |change={{decrease}}22.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inderjeet |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=757 |percentage=0.57 |change={{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,006 |percentage=3.77 |change= {{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,32,744 |percentage=78.16 |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,841 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=34,280 |percentage=32.62 |change={{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Mahendra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,571 |percentage=31.95 |change={{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=24,963 |percentage=23.76 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir S/O Neki Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,777 |percentage=4.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narpender Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,575 |percentage=4.35 |change={{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender |party=Smast Bhartiya Party |votes=573 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=709 |percentage=0.67 |change= {{decrease}}16.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,076 |percentage=71.16 |change= {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,668 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharambir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,981 |percentage=41.86 |change={{increase}}33.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=25,745 |percentage=25.07 |change={{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narpender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=25,288 |percentage=24.63 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir |party=Independent politician |votes=4,070 |percentage=3.96 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,180 |percentage=2.12 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,236 |percentage=16.79 |change= {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,681 |percentage=76.39 |change= {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,422 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=25,205 |percentage=29.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narpender Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=18,415 |percentage=21.59 |change={{decrease}}31.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=16,464 |percentage=19.30 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,792 |percentage=9.13 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandrawati]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,547 |percentage=8.85 |change={{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahavir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,951 |percentage=5.80 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,725 |percentage=4.37 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyabir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=447 |percentage=0.52 |change={{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,790 |percentage=7.96 |change= {{decrease}}26.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,309 |percentage=73.71 |change= {{increase}}4.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,539 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{decrease}}23.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narpender Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=42,142 |percentage=52.98 |change={{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=14,715 |percentage=18.50 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=14,575 |percentage=18.32 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal S/O Laluram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,929 |percentage=4.94 |change={{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mirsingh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,435 |percentage=1.80 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purshotamdass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,001 |percentage=1.26 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,427 |percentage=34.48 |change= {{increase}}8.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,548 |percentage=70.00 |change= {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,328 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh S/O Lok Ram |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=29,250 |percentage=47.62 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir |party=Janata Party |votes=13,480 |percentage=21.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darya Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,181 |percentage=11.69 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh S/O Ram Sarup |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,356 |percentage=8.72 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,978 |percentage=6.48 |change={{decrease}}35.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishamehar |party=Independent politician |votes=879 |percentage=1.43 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=340 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,770 |percentage=25.67 |change= {{increase}}17.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,424 |percentage=62.39 |change= {{decrease}}5.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,915 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh S/O Sheokaran |party=Lokdal |votes=31,279 |percentage=49.71 |change={{increase}}9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh Mandiwala |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,423 |percentage=41.99 |change={{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandrawati]] |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,070 |percentage=3.29 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=661 |percentage=1.05 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan S/O Balwant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=640 |percentage=1.02 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=412 |percentage=0.65 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=278 |percentage=0.44 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,856 |percentage=7.72 |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,929 |percentage=67.69 |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,147 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}9.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandrawati]] |party=Lokdal |votes=21,905 |percentage=40.71 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,808 |percentage=38.67 |change={{increase}}30.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piare Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,795 |percentage=7.05 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,282 |percentage=4.24 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,719 |percentage=3.19 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal |party=Janata Party |votes=1,583 |percentage=2.94 |change={{decrease}}37.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvir |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=1.11 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=484 |percentage=0.90 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanwat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=305 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,097 |percentage=2.04 |change= {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,809 |percentage=66.25 |change= {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,725 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=17,423 |percentage=40.11 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,621 |percentage=35.97 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,734 |percentage=8.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Kumari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,715 |percentage=8.55 |change={{decrease}}38.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobind Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,383 |percentage=3.18 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,219 |percentage=2.81 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhotu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=270 |percentage=0.62 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,802 |percentage=4.15 |change= {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,433 |percentage=64.25 |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,680 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lajja Rani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,591 |percentage=47.48 |change={{increase}}26.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=15,313 |percentage=33.68 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,084 |percentage=8.98 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,588 |percentage=3.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunpai Singh |party=Bharatiya Kranti Dal |votes=1,486 |percentage=3.27 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobind Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=890 |percentage=1.96 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=518 |percentage=1.14 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,278 |percentage=13.81 |change= {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,470 |percentage=66.00 |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,093 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{increase}}13.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amir Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=11,460 |percentage=33.90 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,748 |percentage=25.88 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Kumari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,159 |percentage=21.18 |change={{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,135 |percentage=9.27 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umrao Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,857 |percentage=5.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhola Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=782 |percentage=2.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=1.30 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radha Kishan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=221 |percentage=0.65 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,712 |percentage=8.02 |change= {{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,801 |percentage=57.23 |change= {{decrease}}11.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,044 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Badhra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,003 |percentage=37.13 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandrawati]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,635 |percentage=23.84 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,068 |percentage=12.54 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,539 |percentage=11.23 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=3,132 |percentage=7.75 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhola Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,844 |percentage=7.04 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harphul |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=0.47 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,368 |percentage=13.28 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,411 |percentage=69.94 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,089 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhiwani]]
* [[Charkhi Dadri]]
* [[Badhra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Bhiwani district topics}}
{{coord|28.51|75.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Mahabubabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:13Z

Proabin: Started The Info From Scratch.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahabubabad
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (102-Mahabubabad highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Mahabubabad Assembly constituency within Telangana
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 102
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [Harsha vardan]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| electors = 2,11,758
| loksabha_cons= [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]]
}}
'''Mahabubabad Assembly constituency''' is constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one among 12 constituencies in [[Warangal district]]. It is part of [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency]], and is reserved for members of the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.iMurali Naik Bhukyan/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Harsha vardan of [[Indian National Congress]] is representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Mahabubabad]]
|-
| [[Nellikudur]]
|-
| [[Kesamudram]]
|-
| [[Gudur (Mahabubabad district)]]
|-
| [[Inugurthy ]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1952–57
| Kankanti Srinivas Rao
| {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
| 1952–57
| B.M. Chander Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Caste Federation}}
|-
| 1967–72
| T. Satyanarayan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1972–78
| Jannareddy Janardhan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978–83
| Jannareddy Janardhan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1983–85
| Jannareddy Janardhan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1985–89
| Jannareddy Janardhan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1989–94
| Jannareddy Janardhan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994–99
| Bandi Pullaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1999–04
| Bhadraiah Sreeram
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2004–09
| [[Vem Narender Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2009–14
| [[Kavitha Maloth|Maloth Kavitha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014–2018<ref name=election2014/>
| [[Banoth Shankar Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2018–2023
| [[Banoth Shankar Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|2023–<ref name=election2023/>
| [[Murali Naik Bhukya|Dr. Murali Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2023===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahabubabad<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/telangana-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2023 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Murali Naik|votes=1,16,644|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Banoth Shankar Nayak|votes=66,473|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jathoth Hussain Naik|votes=34,225|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,932|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=50,171|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,08,500|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahabubabad<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Banoth Shankar Nayak
| votes = 85,397
| percentage = 46.18%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =[[Balram Naik|Porika Balram Naik]]
| votes = 71,863
| percentage = 38.86%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jathoth Hussain Naik
| votes = 11,646
| percentage = 6.30%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Battu Binama
| votes = 4,819
| percentage = 2.61%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate =[[None of the Above]]
| votes = 3,279
| percentage = 1.77%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 13,534
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,84,940
| percentage = 85.06%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahabubabad<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Banoth Shankar Nayak
| votes = 78,370
| percentage = 44.78%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kavitha Malothu
| votes = 69,055
| percentage = 39.45%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Balu Chowan Moodu
| votes = 35,680
| percentage = 8.96%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,315
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,75,027
| percentage = 82.65%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.60|80.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:26Z

Proabin: Creating the data and citations.

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Dera Baba Nanak
|type= SLA
| map_image = 10-Dera Baba Nanak.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Gurdeep Singh Randhawa]]
|party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Punjab|By-Election 2024]]
|region =
|state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|district = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]]
|constituency_no = 10
|established = 
|electors = {{formatnum:194613 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 10) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |access-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1951 ||Joginder Singh|| || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1957 ||Waryam Singh||
|-
|1962 ||rowspan=2|Makhan Singh||rowspan=2| || {{Full party name with color|Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1967
|-
|1969 ||rowspan=2| Santokh Singh Randhawa||rowspan=2| || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1972
|-
|1977 ||Dr. [[Jodh Singh]]|| || {{Full party name with color|Akali Dal}}
|-
|1980 ||[[Santokh Singh Randhawa]]|| || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1985 ||[[Nirmal Singh Kahlon]]|| || {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|2002 ||[[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]] || || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2007 ||[[Nirmal Singh Kahlon]]|| || {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
| rowspan="3" |
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Punjab|2024]]*
|[[Gurdeep Singh Randhawa]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Punjab|Punjab Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Dera Baba Nanak<ref name="Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency 2024 by-election Result">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency 2024 by-election Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1910.htm |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123084908/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1910.htm |archive-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Gurdeep Singh Randhawa]]
|party=Aam Aadmi Party
|votes=59,104
|percentage=47.68
|change= {{increase}}25.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Jatinder Kaur Randhawa
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=53,405
|percentage=43.08
|change= {{increase}}6.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ravikaran Singh Kahlon
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,505
|percentage = 5.25
|change = {{increase}}3.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lovepreet Singh Toofan
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|votes = 2,358
|percentage = 1.9
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=None of the Above
|party=None of the above (India)
|votes=875
|percentage=0.71
|change= {{increase}}0.11
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=5,699|percentage=4.6|change={{increase}}4.27}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,23,972|percentage=64.01|change={{decrease}}9.29}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|votes = 52,555
|percentage = 36.70
|change = {{decrease}}6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Ravikaran Singh Kahlon
|votes = 52,089
|percentage = 36.40
|change = {{decrease}}5.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Gurdeep Singh Randhawa
|votes = 31,742
|percentage = 22.2
|change = {{increase}}9.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jagjit Singh
|votes = 2,684
|percentage = 1.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kuldeep Singh
|votes = 1,913
|percentage = 1.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,099
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 466
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,359
|percentage = 73.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:194613 }}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Dera Baba Nanak<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|votes =60385
|percentage =42.83
|change = {{decrease}}7.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sucha Singh Langah]]
|votes =59191
|percentage =41.98
|change = {{decrease}}6.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate =Gurpartap Singh Khushalpur
|votes =17222
|percentage =12.21
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate =None of the above
|votes =961
|percentage =0.68
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1194
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:183088}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

===2012===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2012"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Dera Baba Nanak<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/15|title= Dera Baba Nanak Assembly election result, 2012|access-date= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|votes = 66,294
|percentage = 50.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Sucha Singh
|votes = 63,354
|percentage = 47.99
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3060
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2012"/>

=== 2007 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2007 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nirmal Singh Kahlon]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party =
|votes =
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{{Election box majority|
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{{Election box turnout|
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{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 ===

{{Election box begin | title=2002 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
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{{Election box majority|
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{{Election box turnout|
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{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=1985 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nirmal Singh Kahlon]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
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{{Election box majority|
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{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===
{{Election box begin | title=1980 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Santokh Singh Randhawa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party =
|votes =
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{{Election box majority|
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{{Election box turnout|
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{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===
{{Election box begin | title=1977 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. [[Jodh Singh]]
|party = Akali Dal
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
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{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=1972 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Santokh Singh Randhawa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
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|votes =
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{{Election box majority|
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{{Election box turnout|
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{{Election box end}}

=== 1969 ===
{{Election box begin | title=1969 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Santokh Singh Randhawa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
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|votes =
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{{Election box majority|
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{{Election box turnout|
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|change =
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{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=1967 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Makhan Singh
|party = Akali Dal
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party =
|votes =
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{{Election box majority|
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{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
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|change =
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{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=1962 Punjab election: 126. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Makhan Singh
|party = Akali Dal
|votes = 19693
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Waryam Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 14157
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
{{Election box begin | title=1957 Punjab election: 79. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Waryam Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15325
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Makhan Singh
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 12392
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1951 ===
{{Election box begin | title=1951 Punjab election: 98. Dera Baba Nanak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Joginder Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 9291
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gurbakhsh Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 7570
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|32.03|75.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Sivaram Mony

2026-04-02T01:21:45Z

Proabin: starting first info w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian film director and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2018}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivaram Mony
| image = PLMX0784.jpg
| caption = Mony at the sets of Shubhadinam in 2022
| birth_name = Shivaram
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Dr G R Damodaran College of Science]], [[Coimbatore]]
| occupation = Film director, editor, actor
| years_active = 2006–present
| parents =
}}

'''Shivaram Mony''' (born 1989) is an Indian feature film director, actor and editor who works in Malayalam cinema. He made his directorial debut through ''[[Matchbox (2017 film)|Matchbox]]'' produced by Revathy Kalamandir owned by G.Suresh Kumar & [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]. His second feature as a director, editor and a writer was ''[[Thi.Mi.Ram (2019 film)|Thi.Mi.Ram]]'' which was released on [[NeeStream]] OTT platform in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Thimiram OTT Rights - Check Digital Release Date {{!}} Streaming Online|url=https://ottraja.com/thimiram-ott-rights-check-digital-release-date-streaming-online|access-date=2022-01-18|website=OTT Raja|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Thi.Mi.Ram'' was selected to be included in the Indian Panorama of [[Chennai International Film Festival]] 2021. His third feature film is [[Shubhadinam]] which was directed and edited by him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Thi.Mi.Ram, Shivaram Mony directs Indrans in Shubhadinam|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/dec/23/after-thimiramshivaram-mony-directs-indrans-in-shubhadinam-2398672.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2021 }}</ref> Currently he is working on his next feature along with a new generation web series project. He owns and operates his own production house named The Social Scape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Social Scape official Youtube channel |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/@thesocialscape }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shivaram was born in 1989 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].
He did his schooling in [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Trivandrum]]. He acquired his bachelor's degree in [[Visual communication]] with gold medal from [[Dr G R Damodaran College of Science]], [[Coimbatore]].

== Career ==
=== 2006–2011 ===
Sivaram started off as a short film maker in 2006. Since then he went on to make several short films which won awards in International and National film festivals. In 2008, he moved to Coimbatore and was based there until 2011. During that time, he completed his under graduation.

=== 2011–2016 ===
Sivaram worked based out of Chennai during this time period and was known among his counterparts as an editor and director. He also worked in several media related agencies as creative director and editor. He made his entry into mainstream cinema as location editor and worked for several Tamil films. In 2016, he shifted his base back to his hometown Trivandrum to work in Malayalam industry.

=== 2017–present ===
Sivaram debuted as feature film director with ''[[Matchbox (2017 film)|Matchbox]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Matchbox is a coming-of-age film: Sivaram Mony|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/03/matchbox-is-a-coming-of-age-film-sivaram-mony-1637409.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 August 2017 }}</ref> which was released in 72 theatres across Kerala. The film rights were purchased by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. His second feature as a director, editor and a writer was ''Thi.Mi.Ram'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Director Shivaram Mony back with Thi.Mi.Ram|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/30/director-shivaram-mony-back-with-thimiram-19566.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=29 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> which was released on ''NeeStream'' OTT platform in April 2021. ''Thi.Mi.Ram'' was selected to be included in the Indian Panorama of [[Chennai International Film Festival]] 2021. The film bagged 23 awards in international film festivals around the globe. His ongoing feature film is ''[[Shubhadinam]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Thi.Mi.Ram, Shivaram Mony directs Indrans in Shubhadinam|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/dec/23/after-thimiramshivaram-mony-directs-indrans-in-shubhadinam-2398672.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2021 }}</ref> which is directed and edited by him starring [[Indrans]] and [[Gireesh Neyyar]]. Film is released on October 14, 2022 in 50 theatres across Kerala and had a run of 21 days in the theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETimes.in |date=Oct 3, 2022 |title=Indrans starrer 'Shubhadinam' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/indrans-starrer-shubhadinam-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/94611855.cms#:~:text=Mollywood%20actor%20Indrans%20will%20be,on%20October%207%20this%20year. }}</ref>

== Filmography and acting career ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Cast !! Notes
|-
| colspan="4" |'''<big>Feature films (Director)</big>'''
|-
|2021
|[[Shubhadinam (2022 film)|Shubhadinam]]
|[[Indrans]], [[Gireesh Neyyar]], [[Mereena Micheal]]
|Writer, Director and Editor
|-
|2019
|[[Thi.Mi.Ram (2019 film)|Thi.Mi.Ram]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചലച്ചിത്ര മേളകളിൽ കൈയ്യടി നേടി 'തി.മി.രം'; ശ്രദ്ധേയമായി വിശാഖിൻ്റെ ചിത്രം, ഒപ്പം രചനയും! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/malayalam-movie-thimiram-gets-attention-from-international-film-fests/articleshow/77592075.cms |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|K K Sudhakaran, [[Vishak Nair]], Meera Nair<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Shivaram Mony back with Thi.Mi.Ram |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/30/director-shivaram-mony-back-with-thimiram-19566.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|Writer, Director and Editor
|-
| 2017 || [[Matchbox (2017 film)|Matchbox]] || Roshan Mathew, [[Vishak Nair]], Drishya Raghunath
||
|-
| colspan="4" |'''<big>Shortfilms and documentaries and music videos (Director)</big>'''
|-
|2006
|Mizhineerpookal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|Preritham
|
|
|-
|Culprit
|
|
|-
|2009
|Aazhangal
|
|
|-
|2010
|Dhruvam
|
|
|-
|2011
|Unheard
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|In Conversation with God
|
|
|-
|Vishwakshema (Documentary)
|
|Film on Gurukulam education
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|Dil Chahta Hai Ki Band Baja Baarat Ke Saath Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge
|
|
|-
|Legends of Tomorrow
|
|A film on [[IFB Home Appliances|IFB]] Boca juniors
|-
|Pakshi Pani Bheethi Venda (Documentary)
|
|A film by [[Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|Pillow Talk
|
|
|-
|One Health for Man Animal and Nature (Documentary)
|
|A film by COHEART
|-
|''Mizhiyile'', a music video by OHM
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|My Hero
|
|
|-
|Scope
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" |'''<big>Editor</big>'''
|-
|2014
|''Un manam sollum'' A promotional song from [[Gubeer|Gubeer (2014)]]
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Theemai dhaan vellum'', a promotional song from [[Thani Oruvan|Thani Oruvan (2015)]]
|
|
|-
|2020
|LAXMI
|
|Malayalam web series
|-
| colspan="4" |'''<big>Actor</big>'''
|-
|1997
|[[The Car (1997 film)|The Car]] directed by [[Rajasenan]]
|''child artist''
|Feature Film
|-
|1998
|[[Kondattam]] - directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
|''child artist''
|Feature Film
|-
|1999
|[[Aayiram Meni]]- directed by [[I. V. Sasi|I.V.Sasi]]
|''child artist''
|Feature Film
|-
|2000
|Vidhi
|''child artist''
|TV Serial telecasted in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2009
|Aazhangal
|''as interviewer''
|Short film
|-
|2001
|Kaliyalla kalyanam
|''child artist''
|TV Serial telecasted in [[Kairali TV]]
|-
|2010
|Dhruvam
|''as hero's friend''
|Short film
|-
|2012
|Screwed time stacks
|''as lead actor- directed by Deepak''
|Short film
|-
|2013
|In Conversation with God
|''as chess player''
|Short film
|-
|2014
|Foto
|''as lead actor- directed by Vanathi Kathir''
|Short film
|-
|2017
|[[Matchbox (2017 film)|Matchbox]] directed by Sivaram Mony
|as ''Sathyan (Guest Appearance)''
|Feature Film
|-
|2019
|[[Thi.Mi.Ram (2019 film)|Thi.Mi.Ram]] directed by Sivarom Mony
|as ''Kuttan (Guest Appearance)''
|Feature Film
|-
|2020
|Johny Antony
|''as lead actor- directed by Nazim Rani''
|Short film
|-
|2022
|[[Shubhadinam (2022 film)|Shubhadinam]]
|as ''Associate Director in Audition Scene (Guest Appearance)''
|Feature Film
|-
|2020
|[[LAXMI (2020 Web Series)|LAXMI]]
|as ''Annan''
|Web series
|}

== Accolades ==
=== Awards for feature film ===
*Kerala State Film Critics Awards 2020
* Tagore International Film Festival, Kolkatta 2020, Best Feature Film
* Panjim International Film Festival (Piff 2020) Goa, Best Feature Film & Best Director
* Druk International Film Festival (Diff2020) Bhutan, Best Feature Film
* 7th Art Independent International Film Festival (Saiiff2020)-kerala
* Virgin Spring Cine Fest (Vscf 2020) Kolkata, Best Director
* International Panoramic Film Festival of India 2021, Honorary Mention for Direction
* Prisma International Film Festival 2020, Rome, Official Selection
* Bricks International Film Festival (Biff 2020), Moscow, Official Selection
* Straight Jacket Guerilla Film Festival 2020, Official Selection
* Indic Film Utsav 2020, Official Selection
* Indian Panorama at 18th Chennai International Film Festival (Ciff),
* Sun of the East Awards 2020, Kolkata - Nominee for Best Feature Film
* Golden Galaxy Awards 2020, Kolkata - Nominee for Best Feature Film
* Creator in Crisis Film Festival 2020, Singapore - Best Director

===Awards for short films===
* Preritham: Special jury teen, Teenreels (Kerala Chalachithra Academy, 2007)
* Aazhangal: Best film, Bimbam International short film festival, 2010
* Therefore, we: Best editor, AISFDF 2013
* In conversation with god: best film, best director, AISFDF 2014 Coimbatore.
* Vishwakshema: Best documentary AISFDF 2014 Coimbatore.
* Legends of tomorrow: Best documentary, Christ college Bengaluru 2015 & AISFDF 2015
* Wings of Fire: Best Editor, My Mumbai short film festival 2015.
* The unheard: CANON best PSA award, 2012
* My Hero: Top 15 Deserving Films of Yes I am the Change 2016

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web |title=Anandam actors in Matchbox |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/030517/anandam-actors-in-matchbox.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=31 October 2019 |date=3 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Anandam boys to team up again |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/05/anandam--boys-to-team-up-again-1601117.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 November 2019 |date=5 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Roshan Mathew and Visakh Nair reunite in Matchbox |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/roshan-mathew-and-visakh-nair-reunite-in-matchbox/articleshow/58880593.cms |website=The Times Of India |access-date=31 October 2019 |date=29 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Matchbox pays a tribute to Kozhikode |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jul/21/matchbox--pays-a-tribute-to-kozhikode-1631356.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 November 2019 |date=21 July 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Matchbox is a coming-of-age film: Sivaram Mony |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/03/matchbox-is-a-coming-of-age-film-sivaram-mony-1637409.html |access-date=1 November 2019 |date=3 August 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=തിമിരം ബാധിച്ച വാർദ്ധക്യവുമായി സുധാകരന്റെ യാത്ര!! 'തിമിരം' പൂജ ചിത്രം വൈറൽ |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/thimiram-move-pooja-054269.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=1 November 2019 |date=20 July 2019}}
* {{cite web |title=തിമിരം പൂജ തിരുവനന്തപുരത്ത് നടന്നു |url=https://silma.in/thimiram-launched-officially/ |website=Silma.in |access-date=1 November 2019 |date=20 July 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031053521/https://silma.in/thimiram-launched-officially/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Shivaram Mony directs Indrans in Shubhadinam
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/dec/23/after-thimiramshivaram-mony-directs-indrans-in-shubhadinam-2398672.html/ |website=newindianexpress.com |access-date=18 January 2022 |date=December 2021}}

==External links==

* {{facebook|directorsivarammony|Sivaram Mony}}
* {{IMDb name|5245803|Sivaram Mony}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mony, Sivaram}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Film editors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
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ITO barrage

2026-03-29T15:18:27Z

Proabin: Adding the entry v1.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = ITO barrage
| name_official =
| image = ITO crossroads, New Delhi in 1950.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = ITO crossroads next to barrage, New Delhi in 1950
| image_alt =
| location_map = India New Delhi
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.628337|N|77.255186|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
| country = India
| location = [[ITO metro station]] in [[Delhi]]
| status = Functional
| construction_began =
| opening = ?
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type =
| dam_height =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length = {{Convert|552|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=rg1>[http://www.rgplan.org/articles/indraprastha/1-15_march2013_and_16-31_march2013_indraprastha.pdf Regional plan]</ref>
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
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| dam_crosses =
| spillway_count =
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| res_name =
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}}
[[File:A landscape delhi.jpg|thumb|Landscape on a drizzling day near ITO in Delhi (c. 2010)]]
The '''ITO barrage''', also '''Indraprastha barrage'''<ref name=rg1/> and '''ITO Bridge''',<ref name=sur7>I. Mohan, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8FIAAAAYAAJ Environment and Urban Development: A Critical Evaluation of Slums].</ref> is a 552 meter<ref name=rg1/> [[barrage (dam)|barrage]] on [[Yamuna River]], top of which also serves as the bridge on the [[Paharganj]]-[[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] Vikas marg.<ref name=it1>[https://www.nbmcw.com/bridges/476-construction-of-bridge-over-river-yamuna.html Construction of bridges over river yamuna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053322/https://www.nbmcw.com/bridges/476-construction-of-bridge-over-river-yamuna.html |date=22 December 2017 }}.</ref> Yamuna flows for 48 km in Delhi, including 22 km from [[Wazirabad barrage]] where it enters Delhi to Okhla barrage after which it enters Haryana.<ref name=total1>[spaenvis.nic.in/index1.aspx?lid=2284&mid=1&langid=1&linkid=550 Yamuna Flood Plain - Envis Center on Human Settlement's] 30 June 2016.</ref><ref name=okhla8>Joginder Singh, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qGmpz0IrNVIC&dq=okhla+barrage+name&pg=PA504 India, Democracy and Disappointments], Page 504.</ref><ref name=okhla9> Sharad K. Jain, Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P. Singh, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1402051808 Hydrology and Water Resources of India], Page 348.</ref> Upstream barrage from ITO barrage in Delhi is [[Wazirabad barrage]] (north) and downstream is [[Okhla barrage]] (south).<ref name=waz1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/okhla-barrage-to-be-shut-at-night-for-45-days/articleshow/60757500.cms Okhla barrage to be shut at night for 45 days.], [[Times of India]], 20 Sept 2017.</ref><ref name="okhla8" /><ref name="okhla9" /><ref name=waz7>1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_LLmrBR7QfwC Annual Research Memoirs], Central Water and Power Research Station (India)]</ref> Yamuna has a total of 6 barrages, from north-west to south-east, [[Dakpathar Barrage]] (Uttarakhand), [[Hathni Kund Barrage]] (172 km from [[Yamunotri]] origin, replaced the older defunct [[Tajewala Barrage]] in Haryana), [[Wazirabad barrage]] (244 km from Hathnikund to north Delhi), ITO barrage (central Delhi), [[Okhla barrage]] (22 km from Wazirabad to south Delhi, "New Okhla barrage" is later-era new barrage) and [[Mathura barrage]] (at Gokul, Uttar Pradesh).<ref name=all1>Bharati Chaturvedi, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0670084832 Finding Delhi: Loss and Renewal in the Megacity]</ref><ref name=ahmad1>ML Ahmed, Analysis of Discharge and Gauge-Level Data at Old Railway Bridge, Int'l Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Energy and Manufacturing Engineering (ICAEME’2014), 9-10 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia).</ref><ref name="rg1" /><ref name=bar1>Bharati Chaturvedi, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0670084832 Finding Delhi: Loss and Renewal in the Megacity], Page 78.</ref>

ITO barrage is under the management of the Haryana Government, whereas Wazirabad barrage is managed by Delhi and Okhla barrage is managed by UP Government.<ref name=who1>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/too-many-cooks-spoil-the-broth/article8406990.ece Too many cooks spoil the broth ], [[The Hindu]], 29 March 2016.</ref>

==History==
In 1988, improved design of expansion joints for long span bridges was adopted at the ITO Barrage bridge to strengthen the load bearing capacity.<ref name=sur4>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGxPAQAAMAAJ Lok Sabha Debates], Page 115.</ref> In 1989 the survey was carried out from [[Wazirabad barrage]] to ITO barrage and from ITO barrage to [[Okhla barrage]], with a proposal to introduce ferry service after improving water channel, though no further action was taken.<ref name=survey1>2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=n1DaAAAAMAAJ Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (DUEIIP)].</ref> In early 2000s, [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation|HUDCO]] proposed to channelise Yamuna from ITO barrage to [[Okhla barrage|Kalindi Kunj Barrage]], including developing commercial space.<ref name=sur8>Darshini Mahadevia, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8180695743 Inside the Transforming Urban Asia: Processes, Policies, and Public Actions].</ref> [[Floodplain]] in this area is 2 to 3 km wide.<ref name=sur5>A.K. Jain, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8131304639 River Pollution, Page 16.]</ref> Prior to 2010, ITO Bridge and Nizamuddin Bridge were newly widened by constructing additional bridges parallel to the existing to ease the flow of traffic from the trans-Yamuna areas.<ref name=sur6>U. S. Jolly, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8180696669 Challenges for a Mega City: Delhi, a Planned City with Unplanned Growth].</ref>

==Usage==
[[Vijay Ghat]] to the ITO barrage has several [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials]] [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhis]] as well as [[Indira Gandhi Arena]] that was used for the [[1982 Asian Games|Asiad 1982]].<ref name=sur3>1981, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IsRUAAAAMAAJ Design], Volume 25, Page 32.</ref> ITO Barrage also serves as the ITO bridge, the most important bridge for intra-city movements across river Yamuna.<ref name=sur2>V. Thamizh Arasan, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HaseAQAAMAAJ Proceedings of the International Conferences on Transportation Systems Planning and Operation], Volume 1.</ref> The Yamuna water from ITO Barrage was used for the cooling of two units of [[Indraprastha Power Generation]]'s thermal [[Rajghat Power Station]].<ref name=jain1>A. K. Jain, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8131304639 River Pollution], Page 62.</ref>

==Navigation restoration==
This barrage on Yamuna is part of [[Yamuna#National_Waterway_NW110|National Waterway NW110]], one of [[List of National Waterways in India|India's 111 National Waterways]]. Okhla barrage lies on the Delhi-Agra Yamuna canal waterway, from Okhla barrage to Agra via [[Agra Canal]], steamer service is planned by the end of June 2017 with the help of Netherlands (c. Feb 2017).<ref name=yumwater2>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/steamer-service-to-revive-navigation-in-agra-canal-after-143-years/story-aVlo6EzGLS2ednEyg6I50M.html Steamer service to revive navigation in Agra Canal after 143 years], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 1 February 2017.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gokul barrage]]
* [[Masani barrage]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams on the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Barrages in India]]
[[Category:Bridges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Delhi]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Attappadi taluk

2026-03-25T00:31:56Z

Proabin: put up page!

{{Short description|Tehsil in Palakkad district}}
{{Advert|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Attappadi
| official_name = Attappadi
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Taluk
| image_skyline = Attappadi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Topo map Attappati Reserve Forest.jpg
| map_caption = Attappady Reserve Forest
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|5|0|N|76|35|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| governing_body = Attappadi Block Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 734.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 64,083
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 678582
| registration_plate = KL-50
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Palakkad
| website = {{URL|www.visitattappadi.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Attappadi''' ({{IPA|ml|ɐʈːɐpːaːɖi|lang}}, HQ:Agali) is the one and only tribal taluk in [[Kerala]] state covering an area of {{cvt|735|km2}}. It was carved out of [[Mannarkkad]] taluk in [[Palakkad district]] in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/mobile/news.php?id=493754&u=local-news-palakkad-493754 |title=അട്ടപ്പാടി താലൂക്ക് യാഥാർത്ഥ്യമായി |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/mobile/news.php?id=500876&u=local-news-palakkad-500876 |title=അട്ടപ്പാടി താലൂക്ക്: ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥരെ നിയമിച്ചു |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Attappadi Reserve Forest is a [[Protected areas of Kerala|protected area]] comprising 249 km2 of land in the western parts of Attappadi.<ref>Suchitra M.(8/8/2005) "''Remote adivasis face health care chasm''" Free India Media, retrieved 4/3/2007 [http://www.freeindiamedia.com/health/08_aug_05_health1.htm "''Remote adivasis...''"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412051507/http://www.freeindiamedia.com/health/08_aug_05_health1.htm |date=12 April 2007 }}</ref> It is one of the [[reserved forests and protected forests of India]]. Attappadi valley in Palakkad district along with the neighbouring [[Chaliyar]] valley of the [[Nilambur]] region (Eastern [[Eranad]] region) in [[Malappuram district]] is known for natural [[Gold]] fields which are also seen in the other regions of [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=61|title=Mineral Resources in Kerala}}</ref>

Saint George Orthodox Church in Attappady covers the Malankara Orthodox Christians in the area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attappady Saint George Orthodox Church |url=https://orthodox-world.org/en/i/14598/india/kerala/attappady/church/saint-george-orthodox-church |website=orthodox-world.org |access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref> This parish is under the Diocese of Malabar of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.

==History==
[[Mannarkkad]] and Attappadi were parts of [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad Swaroopam]] dynasty in the medieval period with their headquarters at [[Angadipuram]] near [[Perinthalmanna]] in the present-day [[Malappuram district]]. According to local legends, the last [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]] ruler gave a vast extension of land in [[South Malabar]] during his journey to [[Mecca]] to one of their governors, ''Valluvakonathiri'', and left for pilgrimage.<ref name="princelystatesofindia1">{{Cite web |url=http://princelystatesofindia.com/Extinguished/walluwanad.html |title=princelystatesofindia.com |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316023437/http://princelystatesofindia.com/Extinguished/walluwanad.html |archive-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Valluvanad was famous for the [[Mamankam festival]]s at [[Tirunavaya]], held once in 12 years and the endless wars against the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="princelystatesofindia1"/>

During the last decades of the eighteenth century, the region came under the control of the vast [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Under [[British Raj]], it was a part of Valluvanad Taluk of Malappuram Revenue Division in [[Malabar District]]. [[Perinthalmanna]] was the headquarters of the Old Walluvanad Taluk in the British [[Malabar District]].<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook – Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref> Mannarkkad, along with the towns of [[Perinthalmanna]], [[Malappuram]], [[Manjeri]], and [[Tirurangadi]], was one of the main centres of the [[Malabar Rebellion]] of 1921.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref>

Walluvanad Taluk was divided into six [[Revenue block]]s: [[Mankada]], [[Perinthalmanna]], Mannarkkad, [[Ottapalam]], [[Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad|Sreekrishnapuram]], and [[Pattambi]].<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="1961_pkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (3) – Palakkad (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Shoranur|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5667/1/51592_1961_PAL.pdf}}</ref> Walluvanad was one of the two Taluks included in the Malappuram Revenue Division (the other being [[Eranad Taluk]]) of British Malabar.<ref name="Malabar"/> On 1 November 1957, the Walluvanad Taluk was divided into two: Perinthalmanna Taluk and Ottapalam Taluk.<ref name="1961_pkd"/> The [[Revenue block]]s of Mankada, Perinthalmanna, and Mannarkkad were included in the Perinthalmanna Taluk, while Ottapalam, Sreekrishnapuram, and Pattambi were transferred to the newly formed Ottapalam Taluk.<ref name="1961_pkd"/> Later Attappadi [[Revenue block]] was separated from Mannarkkad Block.<ref name="c1971">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook – Malappuram (Part-C) – 1971|last=K. Narayanan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|year=1972|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=3|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf}}</ref>
During the formation of [[Malappuram district]] on 16 June 1969, the [[Revenue block]]s of Mannarkkad and Attappadi were separated from Perinthalmanna Taluk to form Mannarkkad Taluk.<ref name="c1971"/>

Later some years, a portion of [[Karuvarakundu]] village in [[Eranad Taluk]] (now Karuvarakundu is a part of [[Nilambur]] Taluk) of [[Malappuram district]] was transferred to the [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]] area of Attappadi.<ref name="History">{{cite web | url=https://palakkad.nic.in/history/ | title=History | Palakkad | India }}</ref> In February 2021, Attappadi tribal taluk formed by carving out from Mannarkkad taluk.

==Geography==
[[File:Chemmannur Bridge.jpg|thumb|Chemmannur Bridge in Bhavani River, Attappadi, Kerala, India]]

Attappadi is an extensive mountain [[valley]] at the headwaters of the [[Bhavani River]] nestled below the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of the [[Western Ghats]]. It is bordered to the east by [[Coimbatore district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], on the north by the Nilgiris, south by the [[Palakkad]] taluk, and on the west by [[Karimba-I]] and [[Karimba-II|II]], [[Pottassery-I]] and [[Pottassery-II|II]], and [[Mannarghat]] revenue villages of Mannarghat taluk of the Palghat District and Ernad taluk of the [[Malappuram district]].

The 249 km2 Attappadi Reserve Forest is an informal [[buffer zone]] bordering the [[Silent Valley National Park]] to the West.<ref>keralaatbest.com (2002) "''Palgat''", retrieved 4/1/2007 [http://www.keralaatbest.com/palghat.htm Palgat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418230131/http://keralaatbest.com/palghat.htm |date=18 April 2007 }}</ref> 81 km2 of this forest was separated to become most of the new 94 km2 Bhavani Forest Range which is part of the 147.22 km2 [[Silent Valley National Park#Buffer zone|Silent Valley Buffer Zone]] formally approved by the Kerala Cabinet on 6 June 2007. The Cabinet also sanctioned 35 staff to protect the area and two new forest stations in the Bhavani range at Anavai and Thudukki. The zone is aimed at checking the illicit cultivation of ganja (cannabis), poaching, and illicit brewing in areas adjacent to Silent Valley and help long-term sustainability of the protected area.<ref>J The Hindu, Frontpage, retrieved 8 June 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070917042341/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/07/stories/2007060719920100.htm ''Cabinet approves buffer zone for Silent Valley''] 6 June 2007</ref>

The [[elevation]] of Attappadi valley ranges from {{convert|750|m|ft|sp=us}} to the [[Malleswaran]] peak at {{coord|11|6|32|N|76|33|8|E|type:mountain|name= Malleswaran peak}} which rises to {{convert|1664|m|ft|sp=us}} from the center of the valley. The Bhavani River flows from the Northwest around the mountain in a tight bend past Attappadi village and continues to the Southeast.

===Silent Valley National Park===
{{main article|Silent Valley National Park}}
It is located in the rich biodiversity of [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]. [[Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[New Amarambalam Reserved Forest]], and [[Karulai|Nedumkayam]] Rainforest in [[Nilambur]] Taluk of [[Malappuram district]], Attappadi Reserved Forest in [[Mannarkkad]] Taluk of Palakkad district, and [[Mukurthi National Park]] of [[Nilgiris district]], are located around Silent Valley National Park. [[Mukurthi]] peak, the fifth-highest peak in South India, and [[Anginda peak]] are also located in its vicinity. [[Bhavani River]], a tributary of [[Kaveri River]], and [[Kunthipuzha River]], a tributary of [[Bharathappuzha]] river, originating in the vicinity of Silent Valley. The [[Kadalundi River]] has also its origin in Silent Valley.

==Development projects==
In 1970 the State Planning Board assessed Attappadi as the most backward block in the state and the first Integrated Tribal Development Project in Kerala was initiated there. Since then, the state government has implemented several special development projects including the Attappadi Co-operative Farming Society, the Western Ghats Development Programme, the Attappadi Valley Irrigation Programme, and the People's Planning Programme implemented in Attappadi in 1997–2002.

The monumental palace-like "Bharat Yatra Centre" at Agali was established in 1984 by a former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Chandra Shekhar]], to provide employment training in weaving, pottery, embroidery, and food processing to the women of this rural area. The property was occasionally occupied personally by Chandra Shekar but employment training never happened. The leaders of [[Girijan Sevak Samaj]] (GSS), the major tribal body in Attappadi, stated that the center was built on original tribal lands possessed illegally. In 2000 The Centre at Attappadi and its huge building were deserted and unoccupied.<ref>[http://www.sncvarkalaeconomics.org/Research_Essence_vol_1_PDF.pdf Interdisciplinary Biannual Journal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070328/http://www.sncvarkalaeconomics.org/Research_Essence_vol_1_PDF.pdf|date=6 October 2014}} PDF file</ref>

==Geology==
[[Gneisses]] are the predominant rocks in Attappadi. All rock types of Attappadi other than supracrustals could be categorized into seven broad types. They are [[charnockite]], hornblende gneiss, migmatitic amphibolite, quartz biotite gneiss, quartz-feldspathic gneiss, biotite granite gneiss, and [[pegmatite]]. Among the rock types charnockite, hornblende gneiss, migmatitic amphibolite, quartz biotite gneiss, quartz-feldspathic gneiss, and biotite granite gneiss have been identified that belong to the Peninsular Gneissic Complex. The granite and pegmatite of Attappadi represent the post-kinematic intrusives. Many dolerite dykes also have been reported in this area. The bands and layers of ultramafics and mafic rocks (Ultramafic and mafic rocks represented by meta pyroxenite, talc-tremolite-actinolite schist, and amphibolites) of varying dimensions, banded iron formation(BIF), sillimanite/kyanite bearing quartzite and fuchsite quartzite occurring within the Peninsular Gneissic Complex of Attappadi area designated as Attappadi Supracrustals. Remnants and enclaves of Attappadi supracrustals occur within the gneisses. BIF is another important rock type occurring in close association with the meta pyroxenite and amphibolites.

Attappadi is unique in that a number of rock types varying in composition from ultramafic to metapelites occur as supracrustals. The metapelites are of granulite facies and the ultramafics are of greenschist facies and the enclosing gneisses represent amphibolites facies.

The area had undergone polyphase deformation. The planar S0 is defined by the layering within chromogenic precipitate (BIF). The earliest folds F1, apart from being tight and appressed occur in intrafamilial positions and also constitute the rootless folds. This folding has given rise to an axial planar penetrative foliation and is defined mainly by hornblende and to a lesser extent by chlorite and is co-parallel to the lithoboundaries identified as S0. S1 schistosity is defined by hornblende and chlorite, and this mineralogical association suggests that the deformation occurred under upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies conditions. The subsequent F2 resulted in refolding of S1 and transposition of S1 subparallel to the F2 axial trace. The most prominent planar structures are the discrete mylonitic foliation S2 attributed to the regional NE-SW trending Bhavani shear. Mylonite development, biotitization, chlorination, and micro granulation are found associated with these surfaces.<ref name="ReferenceB">pradeepsz PhD thesis Genesis of gold mineralization in Attappady</ref>

==Gold Mineralization==
Mani '''1965''' reported the panning for gold by local miners in the Siruvani River of Attappadi. Detailed studies to assess the economic potential of the Attappadi area were carried out subsequently by the Geological Survey of India. However, no primary gold prospects were identified. Nair 1993 carried out the geomorphologic mapping combined with panning of Siruvani River which led to the discovery of primary gold mineralization in epigenetic quartz vein in Puttumala. The veining, mineralization, and associated lithology of this deposit appear to be typical of the greenstone-hosted lode gold deposit. On the basis of mode of occurrence, two types of gold mineralization are recognized in Attappadi,
#Primary gold mineralization is associated with quartz veins intruding to AS and PGC.
#Placer deposit along the bank of Siruvani River.

The Geological Survey of India has confirmed the high gold-bearing potentiality of the rocks in the 834sq km area of the Attappadi. Gold mineralization is known from Kottathara, Puttumala, Pothupadi, Mundaiyur, and Kariyur-Vannathorai Prospects of Attappadi. Gold occurs in quartz veins traversing in BIF, metavolcanics, and hornblende and biotite gneiss. Deccan Gold Mines Limited later confirmed the earlier reported gold grades and has given the following values, Kottathara prospect: Three zones have been delineated and the prospect has ore resource of grading 13.63g/t gold according to the Geological Survey of India. While tracing the NE extension of the Kottathara prospect, stringers of quartz analyzing 9 g/t 35 g/t and 49g/t gold have been picked up in stream beds.
*Puttumala prospect: A 60  cm sample of vein quartz carrying galena (lead sulfide) from old trenches showed high spot values of gold up to 21g/t.
*Pothupadi Prospect: A sample of vein quartz traversing amphibolite assayed 4 g/t gold.
*Mundaiyur Prospect: Gold occurs in quartz veins over a length of 300 m with gold-bearing sulfides enveloping the quartz veins.
*Kariyur-Vannathorai Prospect: Samples of vein quartz have shown gold contents ranging from 3 to 20 g/t.

In Attappadi, region gold grains are found only in the native state and occur in different shapes and sizes. Visible specks of gold were noticed in the samples collected from veins, particularly where the associated sulfides have been subjected to weathering and leaching resulting in the formation of limonite. Gold grains with a maximum dimension of 2 mm were reported. Pyrite is the dominant sulfide phase within the quartz lodes (occurring as stringers and fracture fillings). [[Chalcopyrite]], [[covellite]], [[chalcocite]], and [[galena]] are commonly observed in the mineral assemblage.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

==Climate==
Attappadi RF in the southwest portion of Mannarghat Forest Division receives a high rainfall of 4700 mm (185 in). Moving eastward along the Attappadi valley towards Agali,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikimapia.org/1984186/|title=Agali, attappady – Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref> the rainfall steadily decreases to a low of 900 mm.<ref>Asian Nature Conservation Foundation (2006) "''NILAMBUR-SILENT VALLEY-COIMBATORE – PERSPECTIVE FOR THE RESERVE''" retrieved 29 March 2007 [http://asiannature.org/nilambur.php PERSPECTIVE FOR THE RESERVE] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202084254/http://asiannature.org/nilambur.php |date=2 February 2007 }}</ref>

==Administration==
===Taluk administration ===
Attappady tribal taluk comprises 6 revenue villages like [[Agali, Palakkad|Agali]], [[Kallamala]], [[Kottathara, Palakkad|Kottathara]], [[Padavayal]], [[Pudur, Palakkad|Pudur]] and [[Sholayur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/proposal-for-attappady-tribal-taluk-gathers-dust/article7327973.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627024200/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/proposal-for-attappady-tribal-taluk-gathers-dust/article7327973.ece |archive-date=2022-06-27 |title=Proposal for Attappady tribal taluk gathers dust |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 June 2015 |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> It is one of the seven taluks in the [[Palakkad district]]. The [[tehsildar]] of the attappady taluk is the chief executive officer of the taluk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taluks {{!}} Palakkad {{!}} India |url=https://palakkad.nic.in/en/taluks/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Panchayats ===
The Attappady Block Panchayat and the [[Gram panchayat|Grama Panchayats]] of Agali, [[Sholayur]], and [[Pudur, Palakkad|Pudur]] are the [[Panchayati raj in India|local governments]] responsible for the development of the Attappady region. Attappady Block Panchayat is divided into 14 wards; Agali Grama Panchayat into 21 wards; Sholayur Panchayat into 14 wards; and Pudur Panchayat into 14 wards, with each ward represented by an elected member. These panchayats are headed by elected presidents and vice presidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PALAKKAD - GRAMA PANCHAYAT List |url=https://sec.kerala.gov.in/public/cnstncy/lb/da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd6/G |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=sec.kerala.gov.in ([[Kerala State Election Commission]])}}</ref>

The Attappady Division of the Palakkad District Panchayat covers the Attappady region and is represented by an elected member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palakkad District Panchayat - Ward list |url=https://sec.kerala.gov.in/public/cnstncy/wd/f67abe89-2e71-4acf-a11b-a82f7b5b827f |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=sec.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
=== Police ===
There are three police stations in the Attappady region: Agali Police Station, Sholayur Police Station, and Pudur Police Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agali PS |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/agali-ps/about |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=ps.keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sholayur PS |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/sholayur-ps/jurisdiction |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=ps.keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudur PS |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/pudurps-ps/about |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=ps.keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref> These stations come under the Agali Subdivision of the Palakkad District Police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=InfoTech |first=S. R. V. |title=Agali Police Station |url=https://palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in/agali-police-station |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=InfoTech |first=S. R. V. |title=Pudur Police Station |url=https://palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in/pudur-police-station |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=InfoTech |first=S. R. V. |title=Sholayur Police Station |url=https://palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in/sholayur-police-station |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in |language=ml}}</ref>

The office of the [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (Agali) is the head of the Agali Subdivision and is responsible for policing in the Attappady region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=InfoTech |first=S. R. V. |title=Agali Sub Division |url=https://palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in/agali-sub-division |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in |language=ml}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 census report, Attappadi taluk/Attappadi CD Block had a total population of 64,318 where 32,035 are males and 32,283 are females. The total number of households was 16,865. The population of children in the age group of 0-6 was 7,009 (10.9%) among which 3,551 are boys and 3,458 are girls.

The total number of literates in Attappadi was 43,021 with an overall literacy rate of 75% which is lower than the state average of 94%. Male literacy stands at 80.2% and Female literacy at 70%.
Attappadi taluk/CD Block had scheduled tribal population of 27,627 (43% of total population) where 13,708 were males and 13,919 were females.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Palakkad |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=260,261 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3206_PART_B_PALAKKAD.pdf |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref>

The tribal population of the valley is mostly [[Muduga]], [[Irulas|Irula]], [[Kuruba|Kurumba]] [[tribe|tribal people]] and a section of settlers from Other Districts of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Counsel from the Ancients: A Study of Badaga Proverbs, Prayers, Omens and Curses|last=Hockings|first=Paul|publisher=Berlin|year=1988|isbn=9783110113747}}</ref>

There are mainly three Communities of tribes living in Attappadi they are Irulas, Mudugas, and Kurumbas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_307.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 9, p. 301. |publisher=DSAL |pages=301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RG2x2xDQ5UC |title=Gazetteer of South India |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC |title=Hyderabad State |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |year=1937 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03018 |title=Imperial gazetteer of India provincial series Madras |publisher=Superintendent Government, Calcutta |year=1908 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frowde |first=Henry |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61194 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol Ix Bomjur-central India |year=1908 |pages=301 |language=en}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The local governments of Attappadi are the Agali, Pudur, and Sholayur [[Village|Grama]] [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayats]].

===Education===
Only one government school in Agali is having the facilities of a fully equipped education center. A college of applied sciences (IHRD College) was started in Agali, in the year 2010 for higher education. Govt. College Attappadi is the first Arts and Science College in the Attappadi region established under the Govt. sector in 2012.

==Notable people==
*[[P. R. G. Mathur]]
*[[Nanjiyamma]]
*[[Pazhani Swami]]

==See also==

* [[Irula Nritham]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Geography of Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Reserved forests of India]]
[[Category:Mountains of Kerala]]
[[Category:Valleys of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Palakkad district]]

Rekhachithram

2026-03-23T16:02:28Z

Proabin: put up basic details added tags

{{Short description|2025 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rekhachithram
| image = Rekhachithram poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jofin T. Chacko]]
| screenplay = John Manthrickal Ramu Sunil
| story = Ramu Sunil
| producer = Venu Kunnappilly
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
* [[Anaswara Rajan]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Mujeeb Majeed]]
| cinematography = [[Appu Prabhakar]]
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = Kavya Film Company Ann Mega Media
| distributor = Kavya Film Company
| released = {{Film date|2025|1|9|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Dec/10/asif-alis-rekhachithram-gets-a-release-date |title=Asif Ali's Rekhachithram gets a release date |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=10 December 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227144855/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Dec/10/asif-alis-rekhachithram-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 140 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTI3MTIyMDI0MDAwMTE= |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}6–9 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=ആസിഫേ.. ഇതെങ്ങോട്ടാ; നേടിയത് ചെലവാക്കിയതിന്റെ ഇരട്ടിയുടെ ഇരട്ടിയിലധികം; കളക്ഷനിൽ തിളങ്ങി രേഖാചിത്രം |trans-title=Rekhachithram box office collection |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/actor-asif-ali-movie-rekhachithram-box-office-collection-sq4ysx |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Rekhachithram Box Office Collection Day 4: गुमशुदगी का केस सुलझाने निकला जुआरी पुलिस अफसर, बॉक्स ऑफिस पर हुई नोटों की बरसात |trans-title=Rekhachithram Box Office Collection Day 4: Gambler police officer goes out to solve a missing person's case, money rains at the box office |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/rekhachithram-box-office-collection-day-4-asif-ali-crime-thriller-movie-earns-triple-of-its-budget-7461501 |access-date=2025-01-13 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=Asif Ali's Rekhachithram becomes first Malayalam film of 2025 to surpass ₹50 Cr at box office |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/asif-ali-rekhachithram-becomes-first-malayalam-film-of-2025-to-surpass-50-cr-at-box-office-1.10276584 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{est}} {{INR}}57.30 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web |title=2025 Mollywood Box Office Update: Rekhachithram and Office On Duty; The only HITS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/2025-mollywood-box-office-update-rekhachithram-and-office-on-duty-the-only-hits-1376137 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=en |date=6 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rekhachithram''''' ({{Translation|[[Facial composite]]}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[crime drama|crime drama film]] directed by [[Jofin T. Chacko]], scripted by John Manthrikal, based on a story by Ramu Sunil. The film was produced by Kavya Film Company and Ann Mega Media. It stars [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] and [[Anaswara Rajan]] with [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Jagadish]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]], [[Harisree Ashokan]] and [[Indrans]]. In [[Malakkappara]], Vivek rejoins the police as a [[station house officer]] and takes charge of suicide case of Rajendran who revealed details on a crime he had done years ago; the investigation leads to disappearance of a young girl from the filming location of [[Bharathan]]'s ''[[Kathodu Kathoram]]''.<ref name=mkj>{{cite web |last1=IS |first1=Gopika |title=Rekhachitram Movie Review : Narrative choices elevate Asif Ali's Rekhachithram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/rekhachitram/movie-review/117096234.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 February 2025 |date=10 January 2025}}</ref>

The filming started on 3 May 2024 and concluded on 15 July 2024. The film title was officially announced on 13 August 2024. The soundtrack and score were composed by [[Mujeeb Majeed]]. [[Shameer Muhammed]] was the editor and Appu Prabhakar the cinematographer.

It was released theatrically on 9 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/08/asif-ali-starrer-rekhachithram-gets-a-release-date |title=Asif Ali-starrer Rekhachithram gets a release date |work=Vivek Santhosh |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 December 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024}}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics and emerged as the [[List of Malayalam films of 2025#Box office collection|eighth highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2025]] so far earning more than ₹57 crore worldwide.<ref name="bo"/>

== Plot ==

The film opens in the past, on a dark and eerie night, where four men are seen carrying a lifeless body away from a house. Two young boys witness this mysterious scene from a distance, their curiosity piqued by the unsettling sight. The next day, one of the boys tells his friend that he saw his father acting in a movie the previous night, describing the scene of the four men carrying a body away.

The story transitions to the present day, unfolding through two parallel narratives—one following Rajendran, a wealthy and aged businessman, and the other revolving around CI Vivek Gopinath, a police officer. Rajendran is seen leaving his house with his driver. Consumed by sorrow, he drinks heavily and eventually drives himself to a secluded forest area near [[Malakkappara]]. His driver waits in the car while Rajendran searches for a particular spot in the woods, sits down, and starts a [[live broadcast]] on [[Facebook]]. In his live confession, he reveals that despite being rich now, he was once impoverished. He recounts how, in 1985, he and two others—Vakkachan and Francis Thadathil—buried a dead body beneath the very ground where he is sitting. At the end of the live video, he shoots himself to death. Meanwhile, Vivek faces suspension after being caught gambling online while on duty. His girlfriend, Sereena, a journalist, watches as the media amplifies the scandal, making Vivek an infamous public figure. He is eventually transferred to the police station in Malakkappara. On his first day, he is called to investigate a suicide case—that of Rajendran.

As Vivek and his team begin their inquiry, they dig up the area where Rajendran took his life and uncover a female skeleton, along with an [[anklet]]. With no immediate leads regarding the identity of the deceased, the investigation hits a dead end. Simultaneously, Vakkachan—now known as Vincent—is introduced as a wealthy [[Business magnate|business tycoon]] who is devotedly caring for his ailing wife, Alice. He discusses the emerging investigation with his legal advisor, Advocate Jacob, appearing unfazed by any potential link to his past. When summoned by the police for questioning, Vincent cooperates but leaves without raising any suspicions.

Determined to uncover the truth, Vivek sifts through police records from 1985, searching for missing persons’ cases. He visits families of the reported missing individuals, hoping to identify the skeleton or the anklet. One elderly man claims to recognize the anklet, but the lead turns out to be false. Refusing to give up, Vivek expands his search to cases involving fraud and discovers a missing case linked to a man named Chandrappan, a former production controller. Chandrappan reveals that a young woman named Rekha, a junior artist in the film ''[[Kathodu Kathoram]]'', vanished during the film's shoot. In response, he had been forced to file a missing person's case against her, citing fraud. He identifies Rekha from an old song in the movie, helping Vivek reconstruct her image through a sketch.

When Vincent learns that Vivek has obtained a sketch of Rekha, he becomes visibly disturbed and unsettled. To suppress any further investigation, Vincent orchestrates Chandrappan's murder. Using his political connections, he ensures that Vivek is removed from the case and reassigned to traffic duty, while the Crime Branch—under Vincent's influence—takes over and systematically removes evidence that could incriminate him. Despite this setback, Vivek continues his pursuit of justice. He tracks down Pallassery, a former [[Tabloid journalism|tabloid journalist]] turned [[vlog]]ger, who had once extensively covered film shooting locations. Sifting through old photographs, Vivek discovers a lead—a nun named Stephy, who had once met Rekha and became very friendly with her.

Stephy recounts her encounter with Rekha during the Kathodu Kathoram shoot. They started to bond and Stephy believed that she will be a good actress. She had invited Rekha to stay overnight at their convent, located near the shooting location. The next morning, Rekha was found missing, along with large cash from the convent's safe box. To protect the convent's reputation, the nuns chose not to report the incident. However, due to delays in the film's shooting, Chandrappan was pressured into filing a fraudulent police complaint against Rekha to avoid legal repercussions from the film's producers.

Further investigation leads Vivek to Binu and Sajeevan, who had last contacted Rajendran before his suicide. Binu confesses that as a child, he was the one who witnessed his father and other men carrying a body, but his father dismissed it as a scene from Kathodu Kathoram. Over time, Binu realized the truth—that it was an actual murder and Rajendran was involved. Using this information, Binu and Sajeevan had been blackmailing Rajendran for money. They agree to testify, but before they can, they are murdered by Vincent's henchmen. Disheartened but relentless, Vivek pushes forward.

Old photographs from the film set lead him to Francis Thadathil, identified by his missing left eye. Francis finally reveals the horrifying truth of that fateful night in 1985. Vincent, then an assistant of the Bishop at the convent, had been stealing small items, assisted by a cleaner named Pushpam. One night, Pushpam concocted a plan to rob the convent's safe, roping Vincent into her scheme. To frame Rekha for the crime, Pushpam killed her by [[strangling]]. Francis and Rajendran, stumbling upon the scene, agreed to help dispose of the body in exchange for a share of the stolen money. They buried Rekha in the forest, a secret that remained hidden until Rajendran's confession decades later.

Vivek confronts Vincent at the hospital where Alice, is receiving treatment. He sends Alice a bouquet with a note reading: “Get well soon, Pushpam”. Vincent and Vivek exchange knowing glances—Pushpam has been unmasked as Alice. Determined to bring justice to Rekha, Vivek exposes Vincent's past to his own son. Shaken by the revelation, Vincent's son confronts his parents, demanding the truth. Realizing their inevitable downfall, Vincent, overcome with grief, kills Pushpam to prevent her from facing legal consequences. A breakthrough comes when actor [[Jagadish]] contacts Vivek, revealing that Rekha used to write letters to him. Following Jagadish's guidance, Vivek tracks down Rekha's family in Kanyakumari, where her sister Asha confirms the anklet's identity. Asha reminisces about Rekha's passion for cinema and her admiration for actor [[Mammootty]], to whom she had frequently written letters seeking an autographed picture. With Vincent arrested, Rekha's remains are finally laid to rest with dignity by Vivek, Stephy and Asha. In a poignant moment, Jagadish hands Vivek an envelope containing an autograph of Mammootty—one that had been meant for Rekha. Vivek delivers it to Asha, fulfilling a long-lost dream of the deceased.

In a Post-Credit Scene, Back in Kanyakumari, a young and hopeful Rekha notices a casting call for a lead actress in an upcoming Mammootty film, directed by K.G. George—her dream within reach, frozen in time.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Vivek Gopinath
* [[Anaswara Rajan]] as Rekha Pathrose, an aspiring actress and fan of [[Mammootty]]
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Vincent "Vakkachan"
** [[Unni Lalu]] as Young Vakkachan
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Rajendran "Rajan"
** [[Shaheen Siddique]] as Young Rajan
* [[Jagadish]] as Himself (Extended Cameo)
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Francis Thadathil
** Shajeer P. Basheer as Young Francis
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Gopinath, Vivek's father
* [[Indrans]] as Chandrappan, ''[[Kathodu Kathoram]]'' Production Controller
* [[Saleema]] as Pushpam "Alice", Vincent's wife
** [[Zarin Shihab]] as Young Pushpam, Vakkachan's girlfriend
* Bhama Arun as Sereena, Vivek's girlfriend and journalist
* Megha Thomas as Sister Stephy, Rekha's friend
* [[Nishanth Sagar]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DYSP]] Mohandas
* [[Srikant Murali]] as Forensic Surgeon Dr. Sajan
* [[T. G. Ravi]] as Pallasheri, a film tabloid journalist
** [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Young Pallasheri
* [[Priyanka Nair]] as Asha Pathrose, Rekha's sister
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Pathrose, Rekha's father
* [[Sudhi Koppa]] as Sajeevan
* [[Vijay Menon]] as Adv. Jacob, Vincent's lawyer
* [[Shaju Sreedhar]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Salim, [[Crime Branch]]
* Sanju Sanichen as Vincent's son
* Anuroop Pas [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Shinto
* Jayashankar as Mathai's Son
* Dileep Menon as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Yasin Iqbal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Arun Sankaran Pavumba as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] John
* Unni Chittur as Thomachan, Gopinath's Friend
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Vincent's aunt
* Akhil Shylaja Sasidharan as Young Saroj Padi
* [[K. B. Venu]] as [[Bharathan]]
* [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] as Himself (cameo appearance)
**[[Jenuse Mohamed]] as Young Kamal
* [[John Paul (screenwriter)|John Paul]] as Himself (archived footage)
** Devendranath as Young John Paul
* [[Mammootty]] as himself (voice over in the climax)
** Twinkle Surya as body double for [[Mammootty]] with the use of [[Artificial Intelligence]] from ''[[Kathodu Kathoram]]'' shooting location (Cameo)
* Meenaraj Palluruthy as Mathai
* Selvan as Baby
* Jayashree Sivadas as Herself (Cameo)
* K. R. Nayar as the Bishop (Cameo)
{{div col end}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
[[Mammootty]]'s ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]'' (2021) director [[Jofin T. Chacko|Jofin T Chacko]]'s next film was launched on May 3, 2024, featuring [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], Zarin Shihab and Manoj K Jayan. It is scripted by John Manthrikal, based on a story by Ramu Sunil. The film is jointly produced by Venu Kunnappilly's Kavya Film Company and [[Anto Joseph]]’s Ann Mega Media.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-04 |title=Asif Ali's next with The Priest director Jofin T Chacko launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/03/asif-alis-next-with-the-priest-director-jofin-t-chacko-launched |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Official title was announced on August 13, 2024 titled ''Rekhachithram'' with a tagline "An Alternate History". The cast also includes [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Indrans]], Bhama Arun, Megha Thomas, [[Nishanth Sagar]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Srikant Murali|Shrikant Murali]], [[Sudhi Koppa]], Priyanka, [[Jagadish]], Saikumar, Nandu, Vijay Menon, TG Ravi, Sreejith Ravi, and Pauly Wilson.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/13/asif-ali-anaswara-rajan-team-up-for-rekhachithram |title=Asif Ali, Anaswara Rajan team up for 'Rekhachithram' |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=13 August 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227144856/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/13/asif-ali-anaswara-rajan-team-up-for-rekhachithram |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/rekhachithram-poster-out-asif-ali-takes-charge-as-a-cop-in-jofin-t-chackos-intriguing-thriller/177bd38cfc893/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929115015/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/rekhachithram-poster-out-asif-ali-takes-charge-as-a-cop-in-jofin-t-chackos-intriguing-thriller/177bd38cfc893/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2024 |title=Rekhachithram poster OUT: Asif Ali takes charge as a cop in Jofin T Chacko's intriguing thriller |work=Hridyambika A Manu |publisher=[[HT Media|Desimartini]] |date=29 September 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024}}</ref> On the technical front, it had cinematographer Appu Prabhakar, music composer [[Rahul Raj]] and editor [[Shameer Muhammed]]. Rahul Raj who was part of the film during
the announcement opted out eventually, for reasons unknown. [[Mujeeb Majeed]] was then selected to compose for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/kishkindha-kaandam-music-director-mujeeb-majeed-aboard-for-asif-alis-rekhachithram-article-113881741 |title=Kishkindha Kaandam Music Director Mujeeb Majeed Aboard For Asif Ali's Rekhachithram |work=Rohit Panikker |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=2 October 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.m9.news/tamil-movie-news/asif-ali-murder-mystery-rekhachithram-after-kishkindha-kaandam/ |title=Trailer Talk: Another Cult Crime Thriller? |work=Akhil |publisher=m9.news |date=25 December 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film went on floors on May 3, 2024, at [[Fort Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-04 |title=Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan to star in Jofin T Chacko's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajan-to-star-in-jofin-t-chackos-next/article68138662.ece/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Filming was wrapped on 15 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=Asif Ali wraps up shoot for his next film with The Priest director Jofin T Chacko; see location PICS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/asif-ali-wraps-up-shoot-for-his-next-film-with-the-priest-director-jofin-t-chacko-see-location-pics-1328798?amp |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/second-look-of-asif-ali-anaswara-rajans-rekhachithram-released-article-113797522 |title=Second Look Of Asif Ali-Anaswara Rajan's Rekhachithram Released! |work=Rohit Panikker |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=30 September 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024}}</ref>

==Release==
''Rekhachithram'' was released theatrically on 9 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/asif-ali-film-rekhachithram-gets-a-release-date-article-116139221 |title=Asif Ali's Rekhachithram Gets A Release Date! |work=Rohit Panikker |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=9 December 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.bigtvlive.com/south-cinema/asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajan-horror-thriller-rekhachithram-trailer-gets-positive-talk/ |title=Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan horror thriller Rekhachithram trailer gets positive talk |work=Yamini Chowdary |publisher=Bigtvlive English |date=24 December 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/rekhachithram-trailer-asif-ali-sets-out-to-unravel-mystery-surrounding-anaswara-rajan-9741815/ |title=Rekhachithram trailer: Asif Ali sets out to unravel mystery surrounding Anaswara Rajan as 'only corpses are left behind wherever she has been' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 December 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226134739/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/rekhachithram-trailer-asif-ali-sets-out-to-unravel-mystery-surrounding-anaswara-rajan-9741815/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film started streaming on [[SonyLIV]] on 7 March 2025.

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Rekhachithram'' received positive reviews from critics.

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 mentioning "Unlike typical althist films, which reimagine an important, highly influential moment from the past to explore speculative outcomes, ''Rekhachithram'' takes an intriguing approach by choosing the production period of a movie, a seemingly less impactful event, as its historical touchpoint and John Manthrickal and Ramu Sunil, who penned the screenplay, handle it well."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Rekhachithram movie review: Asif Ali, Anaswara Rajan's mystery thriller is a tribute to the magical allure of cinema |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rekhachithram-movie-review-asif-ali-anaswara-rajans-mystery-thriller-is-a-tribute-to-the-magical-allure-of-cinema-9768174/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Shilpa Nair Anand said, "Jofin T Chacko's film stirs nostalgia like no other in recent times. It is a cinephile's love note to [[Malayalam cinema]], perhaps to the movies and technicians who might have kindled his love for cinema. The writing is intelligent, the past and the future organically weave in and out of the narrative. Where it is not and lags a wee bit, it is forgivable for the sheer inventiveness of the movie to tell a story where the past and the present crisscross effortlessly."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2025-01-10 |title='Rekhachithram' movie review: Asif Ali, Anaswara Rajan impress in this clever thriller that presents an alternate cinema history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rekhachithram-movie-review-asif-ali-anaswara-rajan-impress-in-this-clever-thriller-that-presents-an-alternate-cinema-history/article69083494.ece |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated the film with 3.5/5 stars, stated that, "The film is a straightforward thriller that doesn't pretend to be anything more and gives an old-school quality to the viewers like ''[[Ee Kanni Koodi]]'' or any of [[K. Madhu]]-[[S. N. Swamy]] classics". He concluded that, "Rekhachithram appeals to the hardcore cinephile just like all of us".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shrijith |first1=Sajin |date=9 January 2025 |title='Rekhachithram' review: Asif Ali's engaging investigation thriller inventively toys with Malayalam cinema history |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/01/09/rekhachithram-review-asif-ali-s-engaging-investigation-thriller-inventively-toys-with-malayalam-cinema-history.html |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "''Rekhachithram'' featuring Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan is an overall experiment, treading on a path that many filmmakers, including veterans, have not dared to do in the past. Many of the ingredients in the film makes do with the same elements used in investigation thrillers like ''[[Paappan|Paapan]]'' and ''[[Abraham Ozler|Ozler]]'', but what it truly differs in is its premise and the film's unique treatment."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rekhachithram' is a mix of nostalgia and freshness with a good douse of mystery |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/01/09/jofin-t-chacko-rekhachithram-movie-review-asif-ali-anaswara-rajan-mollywood.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website='Rekhachithram' is a mix of nostalgia and freshness with a good douse of mystery |language=en}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' mentioned, "Director Jofin T Chacko does not try to force nostalgia into the mood, but manages to weave in backstories of known films and artists, creating an alternate reality that rouses the film lover in you."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2025-01-09 |title=Rekhachithram review: This Asif Ali thriller is a subtle tribute to 80s Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/rekhachithram-review-this-asif-ali-thriller-is-a-subtle-tribute-to-80s-malayalam-cinema |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Cinema Express]]'', Vivek Santhosh said: "The real masterstroke of ''Rekhachithram'' lies in its unique backdrop, just like the filmmaker kept on promising during promotional interviews. The film isn't just set in the present—it also revisits the making of the 1985 film ''[[Kathodu Kathoram]]'', directed by [[Bharathan]] and starring [[Mammootty]]. By weaving its story around the production of a real film, ''Rekhachithram'' does something few Indian films have attempted: it crafts an alternate history, one that feels entirely plausible."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Rekhachithram Movie Review: An intriguing mystery that effectively reimagines history |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2025/Jan/09/rekhachithram-movie-review-an-intriguing-mystery-that-effectively-reimagines-history |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Gopika IS of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film with 3.5/5 stars, stating "Rekhachithram as a subtle and remarkably interlinked film made with considerable research as the investigation story reminds a puzzle put together from the beginning", concluding as "the director has delivered a solid film".<ref name=mkj/>

===Box office===

The film earned ₹1.90 crore on its opening day at the Kerala box office and ₹2.10 crore the next day to a total of ₹4 crore in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rekhachithram Day 2 Kerala Box Office: Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan's film collects Rs 2.10 crore on Day 2 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-day-2-kerala-box-office-asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajans-film-collects-rs-2-10-crore-on-day-2-1366803?amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117012733/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-day-2-kerala-box-office-asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajans-film-collects-rs-2-10-crore-on-day-2-1366803?amp |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref> It grossed ₹10.50 crore from Kerala in its first 4-day weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rekhachithram Day 4 Kerala Box Office: Asif Ali starrer mystery crime thriller continues WINNING streak; grosses Rs 10.50 crore in 1st weekend |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-day-4-kerala-box-office-asif-ali-starrer-mystery-crime-thriller-continues-winning-streak-grosses-rs-10-50-crore-in-1st-weekend-1367039 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216110336/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-day-4-kerala-box-office-asif-ali-starrer-mystery-crime-thriller-continues-winning-streak-grosses-rs-10-50-crore-in-1st-weekend-1367039 |archive-date=2025-02-16 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=PINKVILLA}}</ref> The total global opening weekend collection (4 days) was ₹26.50 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Rekhachithram Day 5 Kerala Box Office: Asif Ali, Anaswara Rajan-fronted movie passes Monday test with solid hold; grosses Rs 1.75 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-day-5-kerala-box-office-asif-ali-anaswara-rajan-fronted-movie-passes-monday-test-with-solid-hold-grosses-rs-1-75-crore-1367249 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

In 8 days, it grossed ₹16.10 crore at the Kerala box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Rekhachithram Day 8 Kerala Box Office: Asif Ali's mystery thriller wraps extended 1st week with bang; grosses Rs 16 crore in home state |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-day-8-kerala-box-office-asif-alis-mystery-thriller-wraps-extended-1st-week-with-bang-grosses-rs-16-crore-in-home-state-1367914?amp |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> In 12 days, it grossed ₹48.75 crore globally with Kerala gross reaching ₹21.65 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Rekhachitram Worldwide Box Office: Asif Ali's mystery crime thriller emerges as a BLOCKBUSTER; set to enter Rs 50 crore club |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachitram-worldwide-box-office-asif-alis-mystery-crime-thriller-emerges-as-a-blockbuster-set-to-enter-rs-50-crore-club-1368596 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> The film grossed ₹50 crore globally on its 14th day.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Rekhachithram Worldwide Box Office: Asif Ali-led mystery thriller crosses Rs 50 crore mark; targets Rs 60 crore finish {{!}} PINKVILLA | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-worldwide-box-office-asif-ali-led-mystery-thriller-crosses-rs-50-crore-mark-targets-rs-60-crore-finish-1369008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216111139/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-worldwide-box-office-asif-ali-led-mystery-thriller-crosses-rs-50-crore-mark-targets-rs-60-crore-finish-1369008 | archive-date=2025-02-16 | access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref> In 18 days it grossed ₹25 crore from Kerala, Rest of India contributed around ₹4.75 crore, taking the total India gross to ₹29.75 crore while overseas grossed over ₹24.25 crore to a worldwide gross of ₹54 crore.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Rekhachithram 18 Days Box Office Update: Asif Ali's blockbuster grosses Rs 54 crore worldwide; nears end of glorious run {{!}} PINKVILLA | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-18-days-box-office-update-asif-alis-blockbuster-grosses-rs-54-crore-worldwide-nears-end-of-glorious-run-1369950 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209120048/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rekhachithram-18-days-box-office-update-asif-alis-blockbuster-grosses-rs-54-crore-worldwide-nears-end-of-glorious-run-1369950 | archive-date=2025-02-09 | access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref> The final gross was estimated to be ₹57.30 crore.<ref name="bo"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt32284154}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Sam Manekshaw

2026-03-21T13:13:16Z

Proabin: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian military officer (1914–2008)}}
{{Redirect|Sam Bahadur|the film of the same name|Sam Bahadur (film)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Military Cross|MC]]
| image = Field marshal SHFJ Manekshaw.jpg
| caption = Manekshaw pictured wearing his general's insignia
| office = 7th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff, India]]
| president = {{ubl|[[V. V. Giri]]|[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]}}
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| predecessor = [[P. P. Kumaramangalam]]
| successor = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
| term_start = {{Start date|1969|06|08|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|1973|01|15|df=yes}}
| office1 = 9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
| term1 = 16 November 1964 – 8 June 1969
| predecessor1 = P. P. Kumaramangalam
| successor1 = [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]
| office2 = 9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| term2 = 4 December 1963 – 15 November 1964
| predecessor2 = [[Daulet Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Harbaksh Singh]]
| office3 = 2nd [[General Officer Commanding]], [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]
| term3 = 2 December 1962 – 4 December 1963
| predecessor3 = [[Brij Mohan Kaul]]
| successor3 = Manmohan Khanna
| birth_name = Sam Homusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw
| birth_date = 3 April 1914
| death_date = 27 June 2008 (aged 94)
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], Punjab Province, British India
| death_place = [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu]], India
| resting_place = Parsi Zoroastrian Cemetery, [[Ooty, Tamil Nadu]], India
| nickname = "Sam Bahadur"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sam-manekshaw-105th-birth-anniversary-leaders-pay-tribute-to-india-first-field-marshal-2017093|title=Sam Manekshaw: Leaders Pay Tribute To India's Greatest General|date=3 April 2019|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812044924/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sam-manekshaw-105th-birth-anniversary-leaders-pay-tribute-to-india-first-field-marshal-2017093|url-status=live}}</ref>
| allegiance = British India India
| branch = British Indian Army Indian Army
| serviceyears = 1934 – 2008{{efn|Manekshaw retired from active service in 1973,{{sfn|Mehta|2003}} however, like U.S. officers, Indian military [[five-star rank]] officers hold their rank for life, and are considered to be serving officers until their deaths.}}
| rank = [[File:Field Marshal of the Indian Army.svg|24 px]] [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = IC-14
| unit = [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] [[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
*[[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]]
*[[Western Command (India)|Western Army]]
*[[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]
*[[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Infantry Division]]
*[[Defence Services Staff College|Defence Services Staff College, Wellington]]
*[[Mhow#The Infantry School|The Infantry School]]
* [[23rd Indian Infantry Division#167 Infantry Brigade|167 Infantry Brigade]]
}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Burma campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947]]
* [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]]
* [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|Second Sino-Indian War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Mizo National Front uprising|Rebellion and insurgency in Mizoram]]

{{tree list/end}}
| mawards = {{plainlist|
*[[Padma Vibhushan]]
*[[Padma Bhushan]]
*[[Military Cross]]
*[[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]] First Class
}}
| spouse = Silloo Bode
| alt = Photograph of Manekshaw from the chest up wearing his army uniform, medals and cap
}}

[[Field Marshal]] '''Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw'''{{Sfn|Pandya|2008}} {{post-nominals|list=[[Military Cross|MC]]}} (3 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), also known as '''Sam Bahadur''' ("the Brave"), was an [[Indian Army]] [[general officer]] who was the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the army staff]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971]], and the first Indian army officer to be promoted to the rank of field marshal. His active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in [[World War II]].

Manekshaw joined the first intake of the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehradun]] in 1932. He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]. In World War II, he was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry. Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, he was reassigned to the [[8th Gorkha Rifles]]. Manekshaw was [[Secondment|seconded]] to a planning role during the [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War]] and the [[Operation Polo|Hyderabad crisis]], and as a result, he never commanded an infantry battalion. He was promoted to the rank of [[brigadier]] while serving at the Military Operations Directorate. He became the commander of [[23rd Indian Infantry Division#167 Infantry Brigade|167 Infantry Brigade]] in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 when he took over as the director of military training at the Army Headquarters.

After completing the higher command course at the [[Imperial Defence College]], he was appointed the [[General Officer Commanding|general officer commanding]] of the [[26th Infantry Division (India)|26th Infantry Division]]. He also served as the [[commandant of the Defence Services Staff College]]. In 1962, he was accused in a politically motivated treason trial, he was eventually found innocent but thus could not serve in the [[1962 war]]. In 1963, Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of army commander and took over [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], then was transferred in 1964 to [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]. In this role, in 1967, he was involved in the first Indian victory against a Chinese offensive during the [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]].

Manekshaw was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1968 for responding to the insurgencies in [[Insurgency in Nagaland|Nagaland]] and [[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizoram]]. Manekshaw became the seventh chief of army staff in 1969. Under his command, Indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to fight against the strong regular army of Pakistan in the Bangladesh-Pakistani War of 1971, which led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Independence of Bangladesh]] in December 1971. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second highest civilian award of India, in 1972 for his services to the nation. Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of field marshal in January 1973, the first of the only two officers to be ever promoted to the post, second being K.M. Carriappa. He retired on 15 January 1973 (also celebrated as Army Day). He died on 27 June 2008, at the age of 94, due to respiratory problems.

==Early life and family==
Sam Manekshaw was born on 3 April 1914
in [[Amritsar]] to Hormizd{{Efn|Hormizd was his Iranian name; for communicating with Indians and Britishers he used the name Hormusji.}} (1871–1964), a doctor, and Hilla, née Mehta (1885–1970). Both of his parents were [[Parsi people|Parsi]]s who had moved to Amritsar from the city of [[Valsad]] in coastal [[Gujarat]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=183}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=59}} Manekshaw's parents had left [[Mumbai]] in 1903 for [[Lahore]], where his father was going to start practising medicine. However, when their train halted at [[Amritsar railway station|Amritsar station]], Hilla found it impossible to travel any further due to her advanced pregnancy.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=184}} After Hilla had recovered from child birth, the couple decided to stay in Amritsar, where Hormizd soon set up a clinic and pharmacy. The couple had four sons (Fali, Jan, Sam and Jami) and two daughters (Cilla and Sheru). Manekshaw was their fifth child and third son.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sood |first=Maj Gen Shubhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFfWDQAAQBAJ |title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |language=en}}</ref>

During World War II, Hormizd had served in the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Captain (rank)|captain]] in the [[Indian Medical Service]] (now the [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]]).{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=184}}

==Education==
Manekshaw completed his [[primary school]]ing in Punjab, and then joined [[Sherwood College]], [[Nainital]] for 8 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasnain |first=Lieutenant General Syed Ata (retd.)|date=3 December 2023 |title=Sam Bahadur Is A Delight To Watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/a-general-reviews-sam-bahadur/20231203.htm |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> In 1931, he passed his senior high school examinations with distinction. He then asked his father to send him to London to study medicine, but his father refused as he was not old enough. His father was already supporting Sam's elder brothers who were studying engineering in London.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=185}} Manekshaw instead enrolled at the Hindu Sabha College (now the Hindu College, [[Amritsar]]) and graduated in April 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Anil |date=2018-08-13 |title=Amritsar's Hindu College common to Manekshaw, ex-PM Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar-s-hindu-college-common-to-manekshaw-ex-pm-manmohan-singh/story-NVSGuDmM785wyuEIZvrHhM.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

A formal notification for the entrance examination to enrol in the newly established [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) was issued in the early months of 1932. Examinations were scheduled for June or July.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} In an act of rebellion against his father's refusal to send him to London, Manekshaw applied for a place and sat for the entrance exams in Delhi. On 1 October 1932, he was one of the fifteen cadets to be selected through an open competition,{{efn|There were 40 vacancies, of which 15 were filled through an open competition, 15 from the ranks of the army and the remaining 10 from the princely state forces.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}}}} and placed sixth in the order of merit.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}}

===Indian Military Academy===
Manekshaw was part of the first batch of cadets at the IMA. Called "The Pioneers", this batch also included [[Smith Dun]] and [[Musa Khan (general)|Muhammad Musa Khan]], the future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October 1932.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} As an IMA cadet, Manekshaw went on to achieve a number of distinctions: the only one to attain the rank of field marshal.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} The commandant of the Academy during this period was Brigadier [[Lionel Collins|Lionel Peter Collins]]. Manekshaw was almost suspended from the Academy when he went to [[Mussoorie]] for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]) and Haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and did not return in time for the morning drills.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Raj |date=16 November 2005 |title=Salaam Sam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/salaam-sam/articleshow/1296318.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/salaam-sam/articleshow/1296318.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Of the 40 cadets inducted into the IMA, only 22 completed the course; they were commissioned as [[second lieutenant]]s on 1 February 1935.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=188–189}} Some of his batchmates were [[Dewan Ranjit Rai]]; [[Mohan Singh (military officer)|Mohan Singh]], the founder of the [[Indian National Army]]; [[Melville de Mellow]], a famous radio presenter; and two generals of the Pakistani Army, [[Mirza Hamid Hussain]] and [[Habibullah Khan Khattak]]. Many of Manekshaw's batchmates were captured by Japan during World War II and would fight in the Indian National Army, which mostly drew its troops from Indian prisoners of war in [[Axis powers|Axis]] camps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhina |first=Man Aman Singh |date=17 October 2022 |title=IMA Dehradun Turns 90: A Dive into History |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ima-dehradun-turns-90-a-dive-into-history-8212921/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ima-dehradun-turns-90-a-dive-into-history-8212921/ |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Tikka Khan]], who would later join the Pakistani Army during the Partition, was Manekshaw's junior at the IMA by five years and also his boxing partner.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Brig. Behram Panthaki (Retd.) |last2=Zenobia Panthaki |date=15 November 2021 |title=Sam Manekshaw: The Legend Lives on |url=https://seniorstoday.in/history/sam-manekshaw-the-legend-lives-on |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://seniorstoday.in/history/sam-manekshaw-the-legend-lives-on |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=Seniors Today |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Military career==
When Manekshaw was commissioned, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Indian officers to be initially assigned to a British regiment before being sent to an Indian unit. Manekshaw thus joined the 2nd Battalion, [[Royal Scots]], stationed at Lahore. He was later posted to the 4th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] (4/12 FF), stationed in [[Burma]].{{Sfn|Saighal|2008}}<ref name="Saluting Sam Bahadur">{{cite web |author=Tarun, Vijay |date=30 June 2008 |title=Saluting Sam Bahadur |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Columnists/Tarun_Vijay/The_Right_View/Saluting_Sam_Bahadur/articleshow/msid-3179920,curpg-1.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Columnists/Tarun_Vijay/The_Right_View/Saluting_Sam_Bahadur/articleshow/msid-3179920,curpg-1.cms |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=8 July 2008 |website=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 1 May 1938, he was appointed [[quartermaster]] of his company.<ref>{{cite book | title=List for October 1938 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285024 |last=[[Indian Army]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |year=1938|page=510}}</ref> Already fluent in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]] and his native language [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], in October 1938 Manekshaw qualified as a Higher Standard army interpreter in [[Pashto]].<ref> {{cite book |title=List for October 1939 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285025 |last=Indian Army |publisher=Government of India |year=1939 |page=753}} </ref>

=== World War II ===
There was a shortage of qualified officers at the outbreak of the war, officers were thus promoted without having served for the minimum period required for a promotion. Therefore, for the first two years of the conflict, Manekshaw was temporarily appointed to the ranks of captain and major before being promoted to the [[substantive rank]] of captain on 4 February 1942.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}}

====Battle of Pagoda Hill====
Manekshaw saw action in [[Myanmar|Burma]] during the 1942 [[Burma campaign|campaign]] at the [[Battle of Sittang Bridge|Sittang River]] with 4/12 FF,{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=190}} and was recognised for his bravery in the battle. During the fighting around Pagoda Hill, a key position on the left of the Sittang bridgehead, he led his company in a counter-attack against the invading [[Imperial Japanese Army]]. Despite suffering 30% casualties, the company managed to achieve its objective, partly because of the aid received from Captain [[John Niel Randle]]'s company.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Julian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHlyCowJOuIC&dq=manekshaw+john+randle&pg=PA16 |title=Forgotten Voices of Burma: The Second World War's Forgotten Conflict |date=30 September 2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-4874-5 |pages=16 |language=en |author-link=Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer)}}</ref> After capturing the hill, Manekshaw was hit by a burst of [[light machine gun]] fire, and was severely wounded in the stomach.<ref name="Sam Bahadur: A soldier's general - TOI">{{cite news |date=27 June 2008 |title=Sam Bahadur: A Soldier's General |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sam-Bahadur-A-soldiers-general/articleshow/3170360.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224194925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sam-Bahadur-A-soldiers-general/articleshow/3170360.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> While observing the battle, [[Major General (United Kingdom)|Major General]] [[David Tennant Cowan]], [[General Officer Commanding]] of the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]], spotted the wounded Manekshaw and awarded him the Military Cross.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=191}} This award was made official with the publication of the notification in a supplement to the ''[[London Gazette]]''.<ref name="Issue 35532 The Gazette">{{cite web |date=21 April 1942 |title=Issue 35532 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35532/pages/1797 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724020428/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35532/pages/1797 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |access-date=24 December 2017 |website= |publisher=[[The London Gazette]]}}</ref> The citation reads:

{{Blockquote|This officer was in command of the 'A' Company of his battalion when ordered to counter-attack the Pagoda Hill position, the key hill on the left of the Sittang Bridgehead, which had been captured by the enemy. The counterattack was successful despite 30% casualties, and this was largely due to the excellent leadership and bearing of Captain Manekshaw. This officer was wounded after the position had been captured.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommendation for Award for Manekshaw, Sam Hormuzji Franji Jamshadji |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7363867 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128141336/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7363867 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]]}}</ref>|sign=|source=}}

Manekshaw was evacuated from the battlefield by Sher Singh, his [[Orderly (military)|orderly]], who took him to an [[Australian Army|Australian]] surgeon. The surgeon initially declined to treat Manekshaw, saying that he had been too badly wounded. Manekshaw's chances of survival were low, but Sher Singh persuaded the doctor to treat him. Manekshaw regained consciousness, and when the surgeon asked what had happened to him, he replied that he had been "kicked by a mule". Impressed by Manekshaw's sense of humour, the surgeon treated him, removing the bullets from his lungs, liver, and kidneys. Most of his intestines were also removed, Manekshaw survived and recovered from his wounds.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=191}}

Manekshaw attended the eighth staff course at the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in [[Quetta]] between 23 August and 22 December 1943. On completion, he was posted as the [[brigade major]] of the [[Razmak Brigade]]. He served in that post until 22 October 1944, after which he joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, part of the [[British Fourteenth Army|14th Army]] commanded by General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=191}} On 30 October 1944, he received the [[temporary rank]] of lieutenant colonel.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} By the end of the war, he was appointed as a [[staff officer]] to the [[general officer commanding]] of the [[20th Indian Infantry Division]], Major General [[Douglas Gracey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt. Gen. Manekshaw Takes Over Charge of Eastern Command |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-11-16_252.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216040504/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1964-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1964-11-16_252.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Press Information Bureau Archive}}</ref> During the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]], Manekshaw was appointed to supervise the disarmament of over 10,000 Japanese [[prisoners of war]] (POWs). No cases of indiscipline or escape attempts were reported from the camp Manekshaw was in charge of.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate General of Infantry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQwzogFr1NgC&pg=PA56 |title=Infantry, a Glint of the Bayonet |date=2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8-1706-2284-0 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref> He was promoted to the [[acting rank]] of [[lieutenant colonel]] on 5 May 1946, and completed a six-month lecture tour of [[Australia]].{{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}} From 1945 to 1946, Manekshaw and Yahya Khan were two of the staff officers of Field Marshal [[Sir Claude Auchinleck]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVoZAAAAIAAJ&q=sam+manekshaw+%22auchinleck%22 |title=Book University Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lt. Gen. BNBM Prasad |date=3 April 2023 |title='Soldiers' General': A Tribute to Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw on His Birth Anniversary |url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-a-tribute-to-field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-on-his-birth-anniversary-7453687.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-a-tribute-to-field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-on-his-birth-anniversary-7453687.html |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Manekshaw was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 4 February 1947, and on his return from Australia was appointed a [[Staff (military)#British.2FCommonwealth staff|Grade 1 General Staff Officer]] (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=192}}

===Post-independence===
Due to the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Manekshaw's unit, the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, became part of the [[Pakistan army]]. Manekshaw was therefore reassigned to the [[8th Gorkha Rifles]].<ref>{{cite book|title=New Delhi, Volume 2, Part 1|page=77|publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15TiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=192}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Jawaharlal, Do You Want Kashmir, Or Do You Want to Give it Away?|url=http://kashmirsentinel.org/jawaharlal-do-you-want-kashmir-or-do-you-want-to-give-it-away/|website=Kashmir Sentinel|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071723/http://kashmirsentinel.org/jawaharlal-do-you-want-kashmir-or-do-you-want-to-give-it-away/|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], Pakistan's first Governor General, also considered the founder of that nation, had reportedly asked Manekshaw to join the Pakistani Army, but Manekshaw had refused.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Arjun |date=1 December 2023 |title=When Jinnah Asked Sam Manekshaw to Join the Pak Army |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/jinnah-sam-manekshaw-bahadur-partition-9050048/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109080109/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/jinnah-sam-manekshaw-bahadur-partition-9050048/ |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhina |first=Man Aman Singh |date=2024-03-03 |title=Military Digest: Declassified Files Reveal Discussions Over Field Marshals Manekshaw, Cariappa and Their Position in Warrant of Precedence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/military-digest-declassified-files-reveal-discussions-over-field-marshals-manekshaw-cariappa-9193093/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In October 1947, Manekshaw was posted as the commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]] (3/5 GR (FF)). Before he had moved on to his new appointment, on 22 October, Pakistani forces [[First Kashmir War|infiltrated]] the [[Kashmir]] region, capturing Domel and [[Muzaffarabad]]. The following day, the ruler of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], appealed to India for help. On 25 October, Manekshaw accompanied [[V. P. Menon]] to [[Srinagar]], where he carried out an aerial survey of the situation in Kashmir. On the same day, they flew back to Delhi, where [[Lord Mountbatten]] and Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] were briefed.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=192–193}} On the morning of 27 October, Indian troops were sent to Kashmir to defend Srinagar from the Pakistani forces, who had reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's assignment as the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was posted to the MO Directorate. As a consequence of the Kashmir dispute and the [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|annexation of Hyderabad]] (whose events he briefed Sardar Patel on), Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During his term at the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier. He was then appointed the director of military operations (DMO).{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193}}

Manekshaw was one of the three army officers who represented India at the 1949 Karachi Conference. The Conference resulted in the [[Karachi Agreement]] and the Ceasefire Line (which evolved into the [[Line of Control]]). The other two army officers at the conference were Lt. Gen. [[S. M. Shrinagesh]] and Maj. Gen. [[KS Thimayya]], while the two civilian officers were [[Vishnu Sahay]] and [[HM Patel]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Niraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-TzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22manekshaw%22+%22karachi%22&pg=PT212 |title=Himalayan Bridge |last2=Driem |first2=George van |author-link2=George van Driem |last3=Stobdan |first3=Phunchok |author-link3=Phunchok Stobdan |date=18 November 2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-0002-1551-9 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6_0WoxM6-8C&dq=%22manekshaw%22+%22karachi%22&pg=PA243 |title=Events and Documents of Indo-Pak Relations |last2=Arora |first2=Ranjana |date=1999 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-8-1762-9059-3 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Sinha|1992|p=131}}

Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of colonel on 4 February 1952,<ref name="col"/>{{efn|In the decade after Independence, due to shortages of qualified officers in the senior ranks, it was common for officers to be promoted before they had completed the usual requisite years of service to advance in rank. Manekshaw received a further 4 year extension in his substantive rank of colonel in 1956 as a result.}} and in April was appointed the commander of [[23rd Indian Infantry Division#167 Infantry Brigade|167 Infantry Brigade]], headquartered at [[Firozpur]].<ref name="col">{{cite news |date=24 March 1956 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/O-2166-1956-0012-98852.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709155421/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/O-2166-1956-0012-98852.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2022 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=57}}</ref> On 9 April 1954, he was appointed the director of military training at Army Headquarters.<ref name="DMT">{{cite web |date=9 April 1954 |title=New Director of Military Training |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-04-09_070.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216071727/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-04-09_070.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2023 |website=Press Information Bureau Archive}}</ref> He was appointed the commandant of the Infantry School at [[Mhow]] on 14 January 1955, and also became the colonel of both the 8th Gorkha Rifles and the [[61st Cavalry (India)|61st Cavalry]].<ref name="inf_sch">{{cite news |date=26 February 1955 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2198-1955-0009-100707.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219113628/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2198-1955-0009-100707.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2021 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=43}}</ref> During his tenure as the commandant of the Infantry School, he discovered that the training manuals were outdated, and was instrumental in revamping them to be consistent with the tactics employed by the Indian Army.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=195–196}} He was promoted to the substantive rank of brigadier on 4 February 1957.<ref name="subs_brig">{{cite news |date=15 June 1957 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2125-1957-0024-96390.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219113654/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2125-1957-0024-96390.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2021 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=152}}</ref>

===General officer===
In 1957, he went to the [[Imperial Defence College]], London, to attend a year long higher command course.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biraia Jaiswal |first=Pooja |date=12 December 2021 |title=Sam Manekshaw Through the Eyes of His Family and Friends |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2021/12/04/sam-manekshaw-through-the-eyes-of-his-family-and-friends.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> On his return, he was appointed the [[General Officer Commanding|general officer commanding]] (GOC) [[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Infantry Division]] on 20 December 1957, with the acting rank of major general.<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |date=15 February 1958 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1958/O-2066-1958-0007-93496.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629234916/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1958/O-2066-1958-0007-93496.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=35}}</ref> When he commanded the division, Gen. [[K. S. Thimayya]] was the chief of the army staff (COAS), and [[Krishna Menon]] the [[Defence Minister of India|defence minister]]. During a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought of Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was improper to evaluate his superior, and told Menon not to ask anybody again. This annoyed Menon, and he told Manekshaw that if he wanted to, he could sack Thimayya, to which Manekshaw replied, "You can get rid of him. But then I will get another."<ref name="Krishna Menon wanted to sack Manekshaw">{{cite web |last=Thapar |first=Vishal |title=Krishna Menon Wanted to Sack Manekshaw |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/krishna-menon-wanted-to-sack-manekshaw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123210358/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/krishna-menon-wanted-to-sack-manekshaw |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}}

[[File:Maj Gen Sam Manekshaw.jpg|thumb|Manekshaw as the Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College|alt=A photograph of Manekshaw wearing the Commandant's uniform, the dates of his service in this role are displayed in a caption]]
Manekshaw was promoted to substantive major general on 1 March 1959.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |date=19 March 1960 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1951-1960-0012-87861.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110214058/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1951-1960-0012-87861.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2022 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=65}}</ref> On 1 October, he was appointed the [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]],<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 1959 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1990-1959-0050-89918.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110214058/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1990-1959-0050-89918.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2022 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=308}}</ref> where he was caught up in a controversy that almost ended his career. In May 1961, Thimayya resigned as the COAS, and was succeeded by General [[Pran Nath Thapar]]. Earlier in the year, Major General [[Brij Mohan Kaul]] had been promoted to lieutenant general and appointed the [[Quartermaster general|Quarter Master General]] by Menon. The appointment was made against the recommendation of Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made the [[Chief of the General Staff (India)|chief of general staff]] (CGS), the second highest appointment at Army Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close relationship with Nehru and Menon and became even more powerful than the COAS. This was met with disapproval by senior army officials, including Manekshaw, who argued against the interference of the political leadership in the administration of the army. This led him to be marked as an [[:wikt:antinational|anti-national]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}}

Kaul sent informers to spy on Manekshaw{{Sfn|Sinha|1992|pp=163-164}} who, as a result of the information gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected to a court of inquiry. The charges against him were that he was more loyal to the Queen and the Crown than to India, because he had not removed portraits of the Queen and British military and civilian officers from the College and his office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Bhartesh Singh |date=14 January 2016 |title=Jacob Refused to Depose Against Manekshaw During Inquiry in 1962 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jacob-refused-to-depose-against-manekshaw-during-inquiry-in-1962/story-DBpXsR5FyPHwx4OgxpDx4L.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125190406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jacob-refused-to-depose-against-manekshaw-during-inquiry-in-1962/story-DBpXsR5FyPHwx4OgxpDx4L.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacob |first=J. F. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-1tAAAAMAAJ |title=Surrender at Dacca: Birth of a Nation |date=1997 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-8-1730-4189-1 |pages=52 |language=en |author-link=J. F. R. Jacob |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref> The court, presided over by the general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], Lt. Gen. [[Daulet Singh]], exonerated Manekshaw as no evidence against him was found.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palit |first=Maj. Gen. DK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wozO7oJN-cC&pg=PA334 |title=War in The High Himalayas: The Indian Army in Crisis, 1962 |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8-1706-2138-6 |pages=334–335 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kavic |first=Lorne J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 |title=India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies 1947-1965 |date=28 July 2023 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-5203-3160-0 |pages=165–166 |language=en}}</ref> Before a formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the [[Sino-Indian War]] broke out; Manekshaw was not able to participate because of the court proceedings. The Indian Army was defeated in the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held primarily responsible, both were sacked. In November 1962, Nehru asked Manekshaw to take over the command of [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]. Manekshaw told Nehru that the court action against him was a conspiracy, and that his promotion had been due for almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}} Shortly after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant general and appointed the GOC of IV Corps at [[Tezpur]].<ref name="actg_lt_gen">{{cite news |date=5 January 1963 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1838-1963-0001-83376.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407175353/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1838-1963-0001-83376.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2023 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=2}}</ref>

Soon after taking charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor leadership had been a significant factor in IV Corps' failure in the war with China. He felt the first course of action was to improve the morale of his soldiers. Manekshaw identified the root cause of the low morale to be panicked withdrawals, ordered without allowing the soldiers to fight back. He ordered there to be no more retreats without his written permission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Major General Vinay Kumar Singh |title=From the Archives (2016) {{!}} Sam Manekshaw: The Gentleman Soldier |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-2016-sam-manekshaw-the-gentleman-soldier-1966503-2022-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110083255/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-2016-sam-manekshaw-the-gentleman-soldier-1966503-2022-06-24 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The next task Manekshaw took up was to reorganise the troops in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), where he alleviated the shortages of equipment, accommodation and clothing.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=199}} Analyst [[Srinath Raghavan]] noted that Corps Commander Manekshaw and COAS [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] had delayed moving into the NEFA region until the end of 1963, in order to avoid provoking a new Chinese offensive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |author-link=Srinath Raghavan |date=4 May 2012 |title=Soldiers, Statesmen, and India's Security Policy |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14736489.2012.674829 |journal=India Review |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=116–133 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2012.674829 |issn=1473-6489 |s2cid=154213504|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |author-link=Srinath Raghavan |date=25 February 2009 |title=Civil–Military Relations in India: The China Crisis and After |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01402390802407616 |journal=[[Journal of Strategic Studies]] |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=149–175 |doi=10.1080/01402390802407616 |issn=0140-2390 |s2cid=154549258|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Promoted to substantive lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed an army commander on 5 December, taking command of Western Command as the GOC-in-C.<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |date=21 September 1963 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1840-1963-0038-83506.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219113637/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1840-1963-0038-83506.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2021 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=321}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 1964 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1796-1964-0002-81866.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219113611/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1796-1964-0002-81866.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2021 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=9}}</ref> Defence analyst [[Ajai Shukla]], citing Anit Mukherjee, states that Western Command troops were reported to be moving from Punjab to Delhi after Nehru's death. This movement was seen as the precursor to a coup by the civilian establishment, while the army said it was moving in troops to manage the large crowds expected at Nehru's funeral.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Anit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9R2yDwAAQBAJ |title=The Absent Dialogue: Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Military in India |date=2019-10-01 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-090592-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |author-link=Ajai Shukla |date=November 2019 |title=Book review: India's civil-military friction |url=https://www.ajaishukla.com/2019/11/book-review-indias-civil-military.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Broadsword}}</ref> As a result, on 16 November 1964, Manekshaw was transferred from Shimla to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] as the GOC-in-C [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 December 1964 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409104005/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2023 |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=509}}</ref> There he responded to the insurgencies in [[Ethnic conflict in Nagaland|Nagaland]] and [[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizoram]], for which he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1968.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=60}}

=== Nathu La and Cho La clashes ===
{{See also|Nathu La and Cho La clashes}}
In 1967, five years after the [[Sino-Indian War|War of 1962]], China decided to capture four critical posts in [[Sikkim]]: [[Nathu La]], [[Jelep La]], Sebu La and [[Cho La (Sikkim, India and Tibet, China)|Cho La]]. These posts were strategically valuable, as they oversaw the [[Chicken's Neck (India)|Chicken's Neck]], the small strip of land which provides access to Northeast India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subramaniam |first=Arjun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32DDEAAAQBAJ&dq=manekshaw+cho+la&pg=PA129 |title=A Military History of India since 1972: Full Spectrum Operations and the Changing Contours of Modern Conflict |date=9 June 2021 |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |isbn=978-0-7006-3198-8 |language=en}}</ref> Major General [[Sagat Singh]] decided not to retreat following the Chinese attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sushant |date=13 September 2017 |title=50 years before Doklam, there was Nathu La: Recalling a very different standoff |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/50-years-before-doklam-there-was-nathu-la-recalling-a-very-different-standoff-4840703/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302090623/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/50-years-before-doklam-there-was-nathu-la-recalling-a-very-different-standoff-4840703/ |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Manekshaw endorsed this initiative by Singh and remarked: "I am afraid they are enacting [[Hamlet]] without the [[Prince Hamlet|Prince]]. I will now tell you how I intend to deal with this."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Major General Sheru Thapliyal |title=The Nathu La Skirmish: When the Chinese Were Given a Bloody Nose |url=https://archive.claws.in/595/the-nathu-la-skirmish-when-chinese-were-given-a-bloody-nose-sheru-thapliyal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102184603/https://archive.claws.in/595/the-nathu-la-skirmish-when-chinese-were-given-a-bloody-nose-sheru-thapliyal.html |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=[[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Iqbal Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k0FEAAAQBAJ&dq=manekshaw+cho+la&pg=PT261 |title=Red Fear: The China Threat |date=1 November 2020 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-9-3898-6759-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Group Captain (Dr) R. Srinivasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FnBEAAAQBAJ&dq=manekshaw+cho+la&pg=PA10 |title=Peeking at Peking: China, India and the World |date=30 April 2023 |publisher=HOW Academics |isbn=978-9-3955-2203-8 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> The conflict ended in Indian victory following the Chinese withdrawal from the area.<ref name="c995">{{cite web | last=Mitter | first=Rana | title=The old scars remain: Sino-Indian war of 1967 | website=Telegraph India | date=2020-09-04 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-watershed-1967-indias-forgotten-victory-over-china-by-probal-dasgupta/cid/1790853 | access-date=2024-06-27}}</ref>

===Chief of army staff===
Gen. [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|P. P. Kumaramangalam]] retired as the chief of army staff (COAS) in June 1969. Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief of the army staff on 8 June 1969.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=201}} During his tenure, he was instrumental in stopping a plan to reserve quotas in the army for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]. Though he was a Parsi, a minority in India, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the ethos of the army and believed all must be given an equal chance.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=213}}

In his capacity as the COAS, Manekshaw once visited a battalion of the 8 Gorkha Rifles in July 1969. He asked an orderly if he knew the name of his chief. The orderly replied that he did, and on being asked to name the chief, he said "Sam Bahadur" ({{lit|Sam the Brave}}).{{efn|[[:wikt:bahadur|Bahadur]] was an honorific title bestowed upon princes and victorious military commanders by Mughal emperors, and later by their British successors.}} This eventually became Manekshaw's nickname.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 1969 |title=For the Gorkhas – Manekshaw is 'Sam Bahadur' |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1969-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1969-07-14_027.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191743/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1969-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1969-07-14_027.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=Press Information Bureau Archive}}</ref> During this period, there were suspicions that Manekshaw would lead a coup and impose [[martial law]]. Indira Gandhi had asked him if he intended to coup, Manekshaw had denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teotia |first=Riya |date=1 December 2023 |title=Sam Bahadur: When Indira Gandhi Suspected Sam Manekshaw of 'Planning a Military Coup' |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-sam-bahadur-when-indira-gandhi-suspected-sam-manekshaw-of-planning-a-military-coup-658009 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=[[WION]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Once, an American diplomat, in the presence of [[Kenneth Keating]], the US ambassador to India, had asked Manekshaw when he was going to stage a coup. Manekshaw reportedly said, "As soon as General [[William Westmoreland|Westmoreland]] takes over your country".{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=203}}

====Bangladesh Liberation War 1971====
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender WaPo.jpg|thumb|The instrument of surrender being signed on 16 December 1971 (the signatory generals were [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] and [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] from the Indian and Pakistani sides respectively)|alt=The signing of the instrument of surrender by Pakistani officers with Indian officers officiating]]
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was sparked by the [[Bangladesh Liberation war]], a conflict between the traditionally dominant [[West Pakistan]]is and the [[East Pakistan]]is who were a majority of the population but lacked representation. In 1970, East Pakistanis called for Bengali autonomy, but the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]] failed to meet these demands. In early 1971, opinion shifted towards secession in East Pakistan. In March, the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] launched a fierce campaign to curb the secessionists, whose members included soldiers and police from East Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and nearly ten million refugees fled to [[West Bengal]], an adjacent Indian state. In April, India decided to intervene militarily to create [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heitzman |first1=James |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89600298/ |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |last2=Worden |first2=Robert L. |last3=Nyrop |first3=Richard F. |date=1989 |publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=30–32 |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171656/http://www.loc.gov/item/89600298/ |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During a cabinet meeting towards the end of April, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi asked Manekshaw if he was prepared to go to war with Pakistan. He replied that most of his armoured and infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would be competing for rail carriages with the grain harvest. He also pointed out that the Himalayan passes would soon open up with the forthcoming monsoon, which would result in heavy flooding.{{Sfn|The Economist|2008}} After the cabinet had left the room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Gandhi declined and instead sought his advice. He said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to handle the conflict on his own terms, and set a date for its initiation; Gandhi agreed.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=204–205}}

Following the strategy planned by Manekshaw, the army launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, including training and equipping the [[Mukti Bahini]], a local militia group of Bengali nationalists. About three brigades of regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, and 75,000 guerrillas were trained and equipped with arms and ammunition. These forces were used to harass the [[Pakistani Army]] forces stationed in East Pakistan in the lead-up to the war.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=206}}

The war started officially on 3 December 1971, when Pakistani aircraft bombed [[Indian Air Force]] bases in western India. The Army Headquarters under Manekshaw's leadership formulated the following strategy: [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]] commanded by Lt. Gen. [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]] would enter from the west; IV Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. [[Sagat Singh]] would enter from the east; [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] commanded by Lt. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan would enter from the north; and the 101 Communication Zone Area commanded by Maj. Gen. Gurbax Singh would provide support from the northeast. This strategy was to be executed by Eastern Command under Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]. Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. [[J.F.R. Jacob]], chief of staff, Eastern Command, to inform the Indian prime minister that orders were being issued for the movement of troops from Eastern Command. The following day, the Indian Navy and Air Force also initiated full-scale operations on both the eastern and western fronts.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=207}}

As the war progressed, India captured most of the strategic positions and isolated the Pakistani forces, who started to surrender or withdraw.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=208}} The [[UN Security Council]] assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss the situation. After lengthy discussions on 7 December, the United States put forward a resolution for an "immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of troops". While supported by the majority, the USSR vetoed it twice, and because of Pakistani atrocities in Bengal, the United Kingdom and France abstained.<ref name="The World: India and Pakistan: Over the Edge - Time">{{cite magazine |date=13 December 1971 |title=The World: India and Pakistan: Over the Edge |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313215215/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=27 November 2016 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> On 8 December, a [[C141]] American cargo plane was seen unloading arms and other equipment at Karachi. Manekshaw prevented any further supplies by summoning the military attache at the US embassy in India and asking him to stop the drops which were in contravention of US public policy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sadhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pncvAAAAMAAJ&q=sam+manekshaw+c141 |title=India's Economic Relations with USA and USSR: A Comparative Study |date=1978 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |pages=157 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_ixGWomGtcC&q=%22manekshaw%22+%22karachi%22 |title=News Review on Science and Technology |date=1972 |publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] |pages=46 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=[[United States House Committee on the Judiciary]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvyYJ-aNWOEC&dq=%22manekshaw%22+%22karachi%22&pg=PA1430 |title=Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-third Congress, Second Session, Pursuant to H. Res. 803, a Resolution Authorizing and Directing the Committee on the Judiciary to Investigate Whether Sufficient Grounds Exist for the House of Representatives to Exercise Its Constitutional Power to Impeach Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States of America. May–June 1974 |date=1974 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|US Government Printing Office]] |pages=1430 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Indian forces have surrounded you. Your Air Force is destroyed. You have no hope of any help from them. [[Port of Chittagong|Chittagong]], Chalna and [[Port of Mongla|Mangla]] ports are blocked. Nobody can reach you from the sea. Your fate is sealed. The [[Mukti Bahini]] and the people are all prepared to take revenge for the atrocities and cruelties you have committed...Why waste lives? Don't you want to go home and be with your children? Do not lose time; there is no disgrace in laying down your arms to a soldier. We will give you the treatment befitting a soldier[.]|title=Manekshaw's first radio message to the Pakistani troops on 9 December 1971{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=209}}}}

Manekshaw addressed the Pakistani troops by radio broadcast on 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive honourable treatment from the Indian troops if they surrendered. The last two broadcasts were delivered as replies to messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Gen. [[Rao Farman Ali]] and Lt. Gen. [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] to their troops. These broadcasts had a demoralising effect; they convinced the Pakistani troops of the futility of further resistance and led to their decision to surrender.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=208}}

On 11 December, Ali messaged the United Nations requesting a ceasefire, but it was not authorised by [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Yahya Khan]], and the fighting continued. Following several discussions and consultations, and subsequent attacks by the Indian forces, Khan decided to stop the war in order to avoid any additional Pakistani casualties.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=208}} The actual decision to surrender was taken by Niazi on 15 December and was conveyed to Manekshaw through the United States Consul General in [[Dhaka]] via Washington.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Documents 302 – 335 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xi/45597.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109080109/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xi/45597.htm |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |publisher=[[Bureau of Public Affairs]], [[United States Department of State]] |at=Document 311 |language=en}}</ref> Manekshaw replied that he would stop the war only if the Pakistani troops surrendered to their Indian counterparts by 9 AM on 16 December. The deadline was extended to 3 PM on the same day at Niazi's request, and the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]] was formally signed on 16 December 1971 by Lt. Gen. [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=209}}

[[File:PM with the three Chiefs, 1971.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, congratulating the Chiefs of the three services, General Sam Manekshaw, [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda|SM Nanda]] and [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pratap Chandra Lal|PC Lal]].|alt=The Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, congratulates the Chiefs of the three services, namely General Manekshaw, Admiral SM Nanda and Air Chief PC Lal.]]

When the prime minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka and accept the surrender of Pakistani forces, he declined, saying that the honour should go to the GOC-in-C Eastern Command, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora.{{Sfn|Saighal|2008}} Concerned about maintaining discipline in the aftermath of the conflict, Manekshaw issued strict instructions forbidding looting and rape and stressed the need to respect and stay away from women. As a result, according to Singh, cases of looting and rape were negligible.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=210}} While addressing his troops on the matter, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When you see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your hands in your pockets, and think of Sam."{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=210}}

The war lasted 12 days and saw 93,000 Pakistani soldiers taken prisoner. It ended with the unconditional surrender of East Pakistan and resulted in the creation of Bangladesh.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=210–211}} In addition to the prisoners of war (POWs), Pakistan suffered 6,000 casualties against India's 2,000.<ref name="Three Indian Blunders in the 1971 War">{{cite web |author1=Athale, Anil |date=12 December 2011 |title=Three Indian Blunders in the 1971 War |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war/20111212.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123073209/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war/20111212.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=27 November 2016 |website=Rediff}}</ref> After the war, Manekshaw ensured good conditions for the POWs, but was criticised for treating them like "sons in law" by the [[Cabinet of India|cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Puja |date=17 December 2021 |title=Sam Manekshaw Was Key Architect of 1971 Win, But it Wasn't His Personal Success: Daughter Maja |url=https://theprint.in/india/sam-manekshaw-was-key-architect-of-1971-win-but-it-wasnt-his-personal-success-daughter-maja/783143/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zillman |first=Donald N. |date=1974 |title=Prisoners in the Bangladesh War: Humanitarian Concerns and Political Demands |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40704858 |journal=[[The International Lawyer]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=124–135 |issn=0020-7810 |jstor=40704858 |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> Singh recounts that in some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them privately, with just his [[aide-de-camp]] for company, while they shared a cup of tea. He made provisions for the prisoners to be supplied with the copies of the [[Quran]], and allowed them to celebrate festivals and receive letters and parcels from their loved ones.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=210–211}} However, he did not want them to be returned to Pakistan until a peace agreement was concluded, as the POWs numbered about four divisions of soldiers and could be deployed for another war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |author-link=Gary J. Bass |date=October 2016 |title=Bargaining Away Justice: India, Pakistan, and the International Politics of Impunity for the Bangladesh Genocide |url=https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/41/2/140-187/12141 |journal=[[International Security (journal)|International Security]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=140–187 |doi=10.1162/ISEC_a_00258 |s2cid=57571115 |issn=0162-2889|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Pakistani POWs remained in captivity for several years,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schendel |first=Willem van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io7mDwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Bangladesh |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-1084-7369-9 |edition=2nd |pages=172}}</ref> used as leverage for Pakistan officially recognizing Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Iftikhar Haider |title=The History of Pakistan |date=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-3133-4137-3 |edition= |series=The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations |location= |pages=163–164}}</ref>

Manekshaw was India's official representative for the negotiations held on 28 November 1972 to demarcate the [[Line of Control]] in Kashmir after the war. Pakistan's representative was [[General (Pakistan)|General]] [[Tikka Khan]]. The talks broke down due to disagreements on control over parts of Thako Chak and Kaiyan (located in Pakistan's [[Chicken's Neck (Pakistan)|Chicken's Neck]]), [[Chhamb]] and Tortuk.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 1972 |title=India-Pakistani Talks Fail to End Kashmir Deadlock |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/29/archives/indiapakistani-talks-fail-to-end-kashmir-deadlock.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204237/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/29/archives/indiapakistani-talks-fail-to-end-kashmir-deadlock.html |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The second round of talks held from 5 to 7 December managed to resolve these issues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Kasturi |date=8 December 1972 |title=Accord Reached on Kashmir Line |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/08/archives/accord-reached-on-kashmir-line-india-and-pakistan-declare-truce.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/08/archives/accord-reached-on-kashmir-line-india-and-pakistan-declare-truce.html |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 1972 |title=New India-Pakistan Meeting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/05/archives/new-indiapakistan-meeting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/05/archives/new-indiapakistan-meeting.html |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=V K Singh Remembers 'Sam Bahadur', India's First Field Marshal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/apr/03/v-k-singh-remembers-sam-bahadur-indias-first-field-marshal-594120.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/apr/03/V-K-Singh-Remembers-Sam-Bahadur-Indias-First-Field-Marshal-594120.html |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

[[File:FM Manekshaw - Rashtrapathi Bhavan.jpg|thumb|The [[President of India]], [[V. V. Giri]], conferring the rank of Field Marshal on COAS Sam
Manekshaw at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapathi Bhavan]] in January 1973.|alt=Manekshaw receives the field marshal's rank from the President of India, VV Giri, at the Rashtrapathi Bhavan, the President's residence.]]

===Promotion to field marshal===
After the war, Indira Gandhi decided to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field marshal and appoint him as the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|chief of defence staff]] (CDS). However, after several objections from the commanders of the navy and the air force, the appointment was dropped. Because Manekshaw was from the army, there were concerns that the comparatively smaller forces of the navy and air force would be neglected. Moreover, the bureaucrats felt that the appointment might reduce their influence over defence issues.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=214–215}} Though Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, his term was extended by a period of six months, and "in recognition of outstanding services to the Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 1 January 1973.<ref name="field_marshal">{{cite news |date=2 January 1973 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1973/E-1306-1973-0001-57777.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206082639/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1973/E-1306-1973-0001-57777.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2023 |publisher=The Gazette of India-Extraordinary |page=1}}</ref> The first Indian Army officer to be so promoted, he was formally conferred with the rank in a ceremony held at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (President's Residence) on 3 January.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=215}}

==Honours and post-retirement==
[[File:Sam Manekshaw 2008 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Manekshaw on a 2008 stamp of India|alt=Manekshaw on a 2008 Indian stamp]]

For his service to India, the [[President of India]], [[V. V. Giri|VV Giri]], awarded Manekshaw the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 (celebrated as [[Army Day (India)|Army Day]] in India) after a career of nearly four decades. He moved with his family to [[Coonoor]], the civilian town next to [[Wellington Cantonment]], where he had served as commandant of the Defence Services Staff College early on in his career. Popular with [[Gorkha]] soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw as an honorary general of the [[Nepalese Army]] in 1972.{{Sfn|Mehta|2003}} In 1977, he was awarded the [[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]] First Class, an order of knighthood of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] by [[King of Nepal|King]] [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra]].<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 1977 |title=Nepal Honours Field Marshal Manekshaw |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-10-07_111.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014015722/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-10-07_111.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date= |website=Press Information Bureau Archive}}</ref> Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on the board and, in a few cases, as the chairman of several companies, like [[Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation]], [[Britannia Industries]] and [[Escorts Limited]].{{Sfn|Mehta|2003}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Rajesh |date=12 September 2006 |title=Meet India's Much Sought-after Directors |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/sebi/20060912.htm |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=Rediff Business}}</ref>

In May 2007, [[Gohar Ayub]], the son of the Pakistani Field Marshal [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]], claimed that Manekshaw had sold Indian Army secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 for 20,000 rupees, but his accusations were dismissed by the Indian defence establishment.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2005 |title=1965 War-Plan-Seller a DGMO: Gohar Khan |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-03/india/27858078_1_war-plan-brigadiers-dgmo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-03/india/27858078_1_war-plan-brigadiers-dgmo |archive-date=9 June 2012 |access-date=20 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 May 2007 |title=Military Livid at Pak Slur on Sam Bahadur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Military-livid-at-Pak-slur-on-Sam-Bahadur/articleshow/2015324.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-08/india/27884033_1_field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-sam-bahadur-gohar-khan |archive-date=9 June 2012 |access-date=20 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal in 1973, it was reported that he was not given the complete allowances he was entitled to. He did not receive these until 2007, when President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] met him in Wellington, and presented him with a cheque for {{INRConvert|1.3|c|year=2007}}—his arrears of pay for over 30 years.<ref name="The Making of a Field Marshal">{{cite web|author=Sinha, S. K.|author-link=Srinivas Kumar Sinha|title=The Making of a Field Marshal|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-making-of-a-field-marshall/|website=Indian Defence Review|access-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202121509/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-making-of-a-field-marshall/|archive-date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Remembering Sam Manekshaw, India's Greatest General, on his Birth Centenary">{{cite news |author=Gokhale, Nitin |date=3 April 2014 |title=Remembering Sam Manekshaw, India's Greatest General, on His Birth Centenary |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remembering-sam-manekshaw-indias-greatest-general-on-his-birth-centenary-556023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914084348/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remembering-sam-manekshaw-indias-greatest-general-on-his-birth-centenary-556023 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=4 September 2016 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Manekshaw was critical of politicians and civilian bureaucrats, and frequently mocked them, asking for example, "whether those of our political masters who have been put in charge of the defence of the country can distinguish a mortar from a motor; a gun from a howitzer; a guerrilla from a gorilla – although a great many in the past have resembled the latter.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Major General Vinay Kumar Singh |date=21 December 2021 |title=From the Archives: Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, the Gentleman Soldier |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-the-gentleman-soldier-1890087-2021-12-20 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

Manekshaw visited hospitalised soldiers during the [[Kargil War]] and was cited by COAS [[Ved Prakash Malik]], the commander during the war, as his icon.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 June 2019 |title=Tweet by Ved Prakash Malik |url=https://twitter.com/Vedmalik1/status/1144194016902340608 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102184600/https://twitter.com/Vedmalik1/status/1144194016902340608 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Manekshaw married Silloo Bode on 22 April 1939 in [[Bombay]]. The couple had two daughters. Manekshaw died of complications from pneumonia at the Military Hospital in [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu]], at 12:30 a.m. on 27 June 2008 at the age of 94.{{Sfn|Pandya|2008}} Reportedly, his last words were "I'm okay!"{{Sfn|The Economist|2008}} He was buried at the [[Parsi]] cemetery in [[Udhagamandalam]] (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, with military honours, adjacent to his wife's grave.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-06-27 |title=Sam Manekshaw Laid to Rest with Full Military Honours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sam-manekshaw-laid-to-rest-with-full-military-honours/articleshow/3173189.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His funeral lacked governmental representation, which the media argued was a result of the civilian establishment's apathy towards the military, who feared that the military would stage a coup if it became too popular with the citizenry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapar |first=Karan |author-link=Karan Thapar |date=5 July 2008 |title=Unbelievable or Deliberate? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/unbelievable-or-deliberate/story-ArHKnpQddAiCXq2liyrjOP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118183903/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/unbelievable-or-deliberate/story-ArHKnpQddAiCXq2liyrjOP.html |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> A national day of mourning was not declared. While this was not a breach of protocol, such commemoration is customary for a leader of national importance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=28 June 2008 |title=Lone Minister Represents Govt at Manekshaw's Funeral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lone-minister-represents-govt-at-Manekshaws-funeral/articleshow/3173797.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513053724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-28/india/27768634_1_service-chiefs-defence-wellington |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=15 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="NRIs">{{cite web |date=7 July 2008 |title=NRIs Irked by Poor Manekshaw Farewell |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1176337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014002922/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1176337 |archive-date=14 October 2008 |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=DNA India: Daily News & Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2008 |title=No National Mourning for Manekshaw |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-national-mourning-for-manekshaw/328779/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191529/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/no-national-mourning-for-manekshaw/ |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=15 August 2012 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Bangladesh, however, did pay tribute to Manekshaw on his death.{{Sfn|The Economist|2008}} He was survived by two daughters and three grandchildren.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=189}}

=== Character ===
Manekshaw was charismatic and known to be capable of charm.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-06-28 |title=With His Charm, Manekshaw Won Hearts More Than Wars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-his-charm-manekshaw-won-hearts-more-than-wars/articleshow/3174203.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasnain (Retd) |first=Lieutenant General Syed Ata |author-link=Syed Ata Hasnain |date=3 December 2023 |title='Don't call me Uncle. Call me Sam' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/syed-ata-hasnain-a-general-remembers-sam-manekshaw/20231201.htm |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> He was often described as a gentleman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batliwala |first=Brandy |date=27 June 2018 |title=Missing Sam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/missing-field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-5234640/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Like others of his generation, his background in the British army gave him a fondness for some English habits, such as drinking whisky and wearing his [[handlebar moustache]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thottam |first=Jyoti |date=3 July 2008 |title=Sam Manekshaw |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1820147,00.html |access-date=20 February 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> His background as a Parsi is sometimes attributed as a factor in his ambition and success.{{Sfn|The Economist|2008}} He commanded great loyalty from his troops, particularly the Gorkhas, due to his reputation for personal bravery, fairness and his avoidance of punishments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Mandeep Singh |date=25 May 2014 |title=Sam Manekshaw's Leadership Style |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/sam-manekshaw-s-leadership-style/story-U7A1Lf0FaQhK7eBpLKj98L.html |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He came into conflict with politicians, however, because he stood up to their often unreasonable or unethical demands. They also disliked his popularity as they feared the possibility of a military coup. He dealt with politicians' demands through sarcasm, which however was recognised by figures such as [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Achyut |date=27 June 2019 |title=Sam Manekshaw, the General Who Told Indira When Indian Army Wasn't Ready for a War |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/sam-manekshaw-the-general-who-told-indira-when-indian-army-wasnt-ready-for-a-war/254796/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Sfn|Pandya|2008}} Manekshaw also did not hesitate from advocating for better strategies than those developed by the civilian establishment, a trait rarely found in the military brass today, according to Admiral [[Arun Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=13 September 2022 |title=Why the Narrative on Manekshaw – India's Uncrowned CDS – is Captivating Military Veterans Now |url=https://thewire.in/security/sam-manekshaw-india-military-veterans-captivated |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasannan |first=R. |author-link=R. Prasannan |title=How Sam Manekshaw crafted a 'perfect war' |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2021/12/04/how-sam-manekshaw-crafted-a-perfect-war.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours and decorations==
Throughout his military career he was awarded the [[Military Cross]]
in 1942 for his display of gallantry in Burma during World War II against the Japanese at the battle of Pagoda Hill. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1968, and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1972 for his exceptional service.
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="4" align="center"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan="4" align="center"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Poorvi_Star_Ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|width=106}} [[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Military cross BAR.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Burma_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png|width=106}}
|[[File:General Service Medal 1918 BAR.svg|105px]]
|-
|}
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" class="wikitable"
|-
|
|align="center" | [[Padma Vibhushan]]
|align="center" | [[Padma Bhushan]]
|
|-
|align="center" | [[General Service Medal 1947|General Service Medal]]
|align="center" | [[Poorvi Star]]
|align="center" | [[Paschimi Star]]
|align="center" | [[Raksha Medal]]
|-
|align="center" |[[Sangram Medal]]
|align="center" | [[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|align="center" | [[Indian Independence Medal]]
|align="center" | [[25th Independence Anniversary Medal|25th Anniversary Independence Medal]]
|-
|align="center" | [[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|align="center" | [[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|align="center" | [[Military Cross]]
|align="center" | [[1939-45 Star]]
|-
|align="center" | [[Burma Star]]
|align="center" | [[War Medal 1939-1945]]
|align="center" | [[India Service Medal]]
|align="center" | [[General Service Medal (1918)]]
|}

==Legacy and assessment==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 500
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| background color =
| title =
| image1 = The Chief of Army Staff, General Bikram Singh unveiling the statue of Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, in New Delhi on April 03, 2014.jpg
| image2 = Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg
| footer = (left) [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] [[General (India)|Gen.]] [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]] unveiling the Field Marshal's statue at the Manekshaw Centre in [[Delhi Cantonment]]. (right) Manekshaw's statue at the [[Pune Cantonment]].
| alt1 = The Indian Chief of Army Staff inaugurates Manekshaw's statue at the centre names after him.
| alt2 = Manekshaw's statue at the Pune Cantonment.
}}

[[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]] (lit. Victory Day) is celebrated on 16 December every year in honor of the victory achieved under Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 December 2008, a postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2008 |title=Stamp on Manekshaw Released |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121856742000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109233907/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121856742000.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=10 May 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The Manekshaw Centre in the [[Delhi Cantonment]] is named for the field marshal. The centre was inaugurated by the [[President of India]] on 21 October 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2008 |title=Army Complex to be Named After Manekshaw |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/army-complex-to-be-named-after-manekshaw/articleshow/3180228.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106204236/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/army-complex-to-be-named-after-manekshaw/articleshow/3180228.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2010 |title=President's Address at the Inauguration of the Manekshaw Centre |url=https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/pratibhadevisinghpatil/speeches/speech-her-excellency-president-india-shrimati-pratibha-devisingh-patil-inauguration-8 |website=President of India |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125191511/https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/pratibhadevisinghpatil/speeches/speech-her-excellency-president-india-shrimati-pratibha-devisingh-patil-inauguration-8 |url-status=live }}</ref> The biannual Army Commanders' conference takes place at the centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Army Commander's Conference Begins |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161092 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417203049/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161092 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau Archive}}</ref> The Manekshaw parade ground in [[Bengaluru]] is also named after him. The [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in Karnataka are held at this ground every year.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2021 |title=Bengaluru: Republic Day Celebrations Amidst High Security and Safety Measures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-republic-day-celebrations-amidst-high-security-and-safety-measures/article33648513.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305134720/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-republic-day-celebrations-amidst-high-security-and-safety-measures/article33648513.ece |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him in 2008 by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Modi’s choice:Flyover in [[Ahmedabad]] to be named after Sam Manekshaw">{{cite web |date=11 September 2008 |title=Modi's Choice: Flyover in Ahmedabad to be Named After Sam Manekshaw |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2008/09/11/modis-choiceflyover-in-ahmedabad-to-be-named-after-sam-manekshaw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917172557/http://deshgujarat.com/2008/09/11/modis-choiceflyover-in-ahmedabad-to-be-named-after-sam-manekshaw/ |archive-date=17 September 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=Desh Gujarat}}</ref> In 2014, a granite statue was erected in his honour at [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], in the [[Nilgiris district]], close to the [[Black Bridge (The Nilgiris)|Manekshaw Bridge]] on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him in 2009.<ref name="statue">{{Cite news |author=Thiagarajan, Shanta |date=3 April 2014 |title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw Statue Unveiled on Ooty–Coonoor Road |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Field-Marshal-Sam-Manekshaw-statue-unveiled-on-OotyCoonoor-road/articleshow/33185688.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407182132/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Field-Marshal-Sam-Manekshaw-statue-unveiled-on-OotyCoonoor-road/articleshow/33185688.cms |archive-date=7 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2009 |title=Manekshaw Bridge Thrown Open to Traffic |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407184355/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050300300.htm |archive-date=7 April 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> His statue is also on the Maneckji Mehta Road in [[Pune Cantonment]]. The [[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]], an Indian military [[think tank]], publishes its research papers in a collection called the Manekshaw Papers as a tribute to the field marshal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manekshaw Papers |url=https://www.claws.in/category/manekshaw-papers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102184600/https://www.claws.in/category/manekshaw-papers/ |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=[[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]]}}</ref>

Manekshaw has been portrayed in film and fiction. [[Vicky Kaushal]] played the role of Manekshaw in the 2023 biopic [[Sam Bahadur (film)|''Sam Bahadur'']].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bray |first=Catherine |date=1 December 2023 |title=Sam Bahadur Review – Indian War Hero Sam Manekshaw is the Guy Who Can Do No Wrong |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/01/sam-bahadur-review-meghna-gulzar-brave-manekshaw-indian-war-hero |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He is also featured conversing with his Pakistani adversary and former Burma war colleague Tiger Niazi in [[Salman Rushdie]]'s novel ''[[Midnight's Children]],'' in the chapter entitled "Sam and the Tiger".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kortenaar |first=Neil ten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltqT2f79-_QC&pg=PA113 |title=Self, Nation, Text in Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's Children" |date=2004 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7735-2615-0 |pages=112–113 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Soldiers' pay ===
In 1970, the Armed Forces and the Army in particular had the opportunity for the first time to get their pay determined by the [[Pay Commission]], which set the pay levels for all other government employees. Armed Forces personnel had not been considered for the 1st and 2nd Pay Commissions but were to be considered for the 3rd Pay Commission.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Maj Gen Sukhwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4688VpqB8r8C&pg=RA1-PT48 |title=India's Wars Since Independence: The Liberation of Bangladesh |date=1981 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-9355-0160-2 |pages=48 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> Manekshaw convinced the government to apply the 3rd Pay Commission's recommendations for military personnel and set pay scales for them proportionate to their service conditions (termed [[hazard pay]]), a practice which continues to this day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cloughley |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SqCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140 |title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections |date=5 January 2016 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-1-63144-039-7 |pages=140–141 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Strategy and doctrine ===
Manekshaw's strategies during the 1971 war have been considered by analysts to be the precursor to the Indian [[Cold Start (military doctrine)|Cold Start military doctrine]], which calls for integrated offensive attacks.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWnfAAAAMAAJ&q=sam+manekshaw+doctrines |title=Indian Defence Review |date=2004 |publisher=Lancer International |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> Formulated along with his deputies Aurora and Singh, Manekshaw's [[shock and awe]] tactic of deploying IV Corps, which was geographically disadvantaged, contributed significantly to the military victory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Citino |first=Robert M. |author-link=Robert M. Citino |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGClEAAAQBAJ&dq=manekshaw+depth&pg=PA194 |title=Blitzkrieg to Desert Storm: The Evolution of Operational Warfare |date=25 May 2022 |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |isbn=978-0-7006-3401-9 |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref> Analysts consider Manekshaw and Aurora to have created a [[Blitzkrieg]] style of warfare which was even more rapid.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Swarna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MP4jAwAAQBAJ |title=Security and South Asia: Ideas, Institutions and Initiatives |date=2014-03-21 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-3178-0948-7 |pages=95–96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=Major General GD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqFQEAAAQBAJ&dq=sam+manekshaw+doctrines&pg=PA76 |title=Indian Defence Review Jan-Jun 1988 (Vol 3.1) |date=1 January 1988 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8-1706-2342-7 |pages=76 |language=en |author-link=G. D. Bakshi |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Ross Masood |date=1989 |title=Indian Combat Doctrine: Some Pertinent Aspects |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45182535 |journal=Strategic Studies |publisher=[[Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=93–98 |issn=1029-0990 |jstor=45182535 |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref> Manekshaw said the following about the campaign: "To say that it was something like what [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]] did would be ridiculous".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Citino |first=Robert M. |date=May 2012 |title=India's Blitzkrieg |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=72455053&site=eds-live&scope=site |journal=Military History |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=60–67}}</ref>

Defence analyst [[Robert M. Citino]] noted that the speed of the 1971 campaign had been impressive, but it had taken too much time to mobilise the units involved; its logistics had been rather crude; and it could have run into problems if there had been an air force in East Pakistan.

General [[André Beaufre]], a French military theorist, had been invited by Manekshaw to analyse the 1971 war. Beaufre had previously observed the [[Battle of Chumb|Battles of Chumb]] and [[Battle of Basantar|Basantar]] from the Pakistani side.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMtt634cVAgC |title=Report – Government of India, Ministry of Defence |date=1972 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]] |pages=167 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ṣiddīqī |first=ʻAbdurraḥmān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WudtAAAAMAAJ |title=East Pakistan the End Game: An Onlooker's Journal 1969–1971 |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-1957-9993-4 |pages=48, 206 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> Beaufre concluded that the Indian operations on the Eastern Front were [[maneuver warfare]] but the operations in and around the [[Shakargarh]] [[Salient (military)|bulge]] had been too slow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Sujan |date=19 September 2021 |title=Remembering the Exploits of BSF's Assistant Commandant Ram Krishna Wadhwa and Lance Naik Nar Bahadur Chhetri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/remembering-the-exploits-of-bsfs-assistant-commandant-ram-krishna-wadhwa-and-lance-naik-nar-bahadur-chhetri-313298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117125220/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/remembering-the-exploits-of-bsfs-assistant-commandant-ram-krishna-wadhwa-and-lance-naik-nar-bahadur-chhetri-313298 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2024 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chari |first=PR |title=Sam Manekshaw in the 1971 War |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/93349/IPCS-Special-Report-56.pdf |journal=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |pages=7 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117125221/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/93349/IPCS-Special-Report-56.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Major General Sukhwant |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.129969 |title=Defence of the Western Border Volume Two |date=1981 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=0-7069-1277-2 |pages=178–180}}</ref>

On 12 October 1966, while on a flight from Delhi to [[Kolkata]], Manekshaw was a co-passenger with William K. Hitchcock, the [[Consul General]] of the USA in Kolkata. On the flight, Manekshaw talked to Hitchcock about the need for more military involvement in Kashmir and criticized COAS Chaudhuri's decision to not deploy the 300,000 Indian soldiers of Eastern Command in the [[1965 War]] due to fear of a Chinese offensive. Manekshaw also expressed his worries over India's dependence on Soviet defence equipment, and said he would have advocated for India taking a more American friendly stance on the [[Vietnam War]] if he had had more power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |date=27 February 2003 |title=Our Secrets in British Archives |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article30215704.ece |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2010 |title=Frankly Speaking |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30181392.ece |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Procurement ===
Manekshaw was an advocate for a strong domestic [[Defense industrial base|defence industrial base]] and [[Military procurement|procurement]] reforms, which he believed could shorten the long order and delivery cycles of the Indian Armed Forces. He was also a critic of defence equipment imports and over reliance on the Soviet Union and its successor state, Russia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Major General Partap Narain |url=https://archive.org/details/indianarmsbazaar0000nara |title=Indian Arms Bazaar |date=1994 |publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-8-1854-0235-2 |pages=V - VII |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> During the 1971 War, Manekshaw managed to urgently procure equipment to achieve numerical superiority and raise new divisions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jogindar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toheLRVgjLsC&dq=manekshaw+projection&pg=PA199 |title=Behind the Scenes: An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947–1971 |date=1993 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-8978-2920-2 |pages=199 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=sam+manekshaw+doctrines&pg=PA197 |title=The State at War in South Asia |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |pages=198 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> However, he could not make any lasting reforms to the procurement process.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=Pavan |date=2009 |title=An Evaluation of India's Defence Expenditure |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663913 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=44 |issue=51 |pages=40–46 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=25663913 |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Special operations ===
After being convinced by Brigadier [[Bhawani Singh]] on the need for [[special operations]], Manekshaw approved the plans for the [[Chachro Raid]], which the brigadier had drawn up himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lt. Gen. Vinod Bhatia |date=2021 |title=Planning and Impact of Special Operations During the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War |url=https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds/15_04_Vinod%2520Bhatia.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526195400/https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/15_04_Vinod%20Bhatia.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] |issn=0976-1004}}</ref> The raid resulted in the capture of {{Convert|13000|km2|sqmi}} of Pakistani territory up to [[Umerkot]] in [[Sindh]] province, and is considered by analysts to be the most successful operation by an Indian special operations unit.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tb6vCwAAQBAJ&dq=chachro+raid&pg=PA121 |title=South Asian Crisis: India—Pakistan—Bangla Desh |last2=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=17 June 1978 |publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] |isbn=978-1-3490-4163-3 |pages=121 |language=en |author-link2=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=21 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ6jCwAAQBAJ&dq=chachro+raid&pg=PA13 |title=Elite Forces of India and Pakistan |date=20 May 2012 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-7809-6825-4 |pages=13 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Counter insurgency ===
While responding to the insurgency in Mizoram in 1966, Manekshaw implemented the policy of merging small villages (termed [[Spatialization|spatialisation]]) as a counter insurgency tool. The intended effect was to prevent insurgents from hiding in sparsely populated villages, and to enable safer civilian and military operations. By forcing insurgents to operate out of uninhabited areas, they were denied access to food and supplies; the army also had to patrol a smaller area and did not have to engage in high casualty [[urban warfare]] as a result of the policy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schendel |first=Willem Van |date=20 October 2015 |title=A War Within a War: Mizo Rebels and the Bangladesh Liberation Struggle |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/war-within-a-war-mizo-rebels-and-the-bangladesh-liberation-struggle/6DA9383CA96555DDE2397C77D720C938 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |language=en |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=75–117 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X15000104 |issn=0026-749X |s2cid=146614327|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nag |first=Sajal |author-link=Sajal Nag |year=2012 |title=A Gigantic Panopticon: Counter-Insurgency and Modes of Disciplining and Punishment in Northeast India |url=https://mcrg.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/PP46.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Logistics and Governance: Fourth Critical Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214133051/https://mcrg.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/PP46.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India}}
* [[Kodandera M. Cariappa|Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa]]
* [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] [[Arjan Singh]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
===Books===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=List for October 1945 (Part I) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278926 |author=Indian Army|publisher=Indian Army, Government of India |year=1945}}
* {{cite book |title=List Special Edition for August 1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72303 |author=Indian Army|publisher=Indian Army, Government of India |year=1947}}
* {{cite book |first1=Satinder |last1=Sharma |year=2007 |title=Services Chiefs of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k35_SlDMyUsC |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-8-1721-1162-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Vijay Kumar |author-link=V. K. Singh |year=2005 |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&q=9780761933229&pg=PA193 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Srinivas Kumar |date=1992 |title=A Soldier Recalls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBUxEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8-1706-2161-4 |author-link=Srinivas Kumar Sinha}}
{{refend}}

===News articles===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |date=3 July 2008 |title=Obituary: Sam Manekshaw |url=http://www.economist.com/obituary/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11661408 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706181525/http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11661408 |archive-date=6 July 2008 |access-date=7 July 2008 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |page=107 |issue=5 (July 2008) |ref={{sfnref|The Economist |2008}}}}
* {{cite web |author=Mehta |first=Ashok K. |author-link=Ashok K. Mehta |date=27 January 2003 |title=Play It Again, Sam: A Tribute to the Man Whose Wit Was as Astounding as His Military Skill |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819124047/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683 |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |date=30 June 2008 |title=Sam H.F.J. Manekshaw Dies at 94; Key to India's Victory in 1971 War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/world/asia/30manekshaw.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212162351/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/world/asia/30manekshaw.html |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india |title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw |last=Saighal |first=Vinod |date=30 June 2008 |website=<nowiki>[The Guardian]]</nowiki> |access-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923150853/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india |archive-date=23 September 2016}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sam Manekshaw}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Sort|en|2=[http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=+pFZjV8mz9fc6cOfg7px1g==&ParentID=rLdGLIGh/NUCC0Neg3IFSQ== Sam Manekshaw] at the [[Indian Army|Indian Army's website]]}}
* [https://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/sam-manekshaw-on-leadership-and-discipline/ Lecture and Q&A by Sam Manekshaw at the DSSC], hosted by the Indian Defence Review

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{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manekshaw, Sam}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Field marshals of India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Frontier Force Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Tri Shakti Patta, First Class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Sherwood College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]
[[Category:Commandants of Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:Commandants of Infantry School, Mhow]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Wow! Momo

2026-03-16T13:18:04Z

Proabin:

{{short description|Indian quick-service restaurant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Wow! Momo
| logo = Wow Momo Logo.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2008|08}}
| founder = Sagar J. Daryani Binod K. Homagai Shah M. Rahman - [[Co-founder]] L Muralikrishnan - [[Co-founder]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations = 30 cities<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Wow! Momo enters Bihar; opens a store in Patna |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2022/10/10/food/food-service/wow-momo-enters-bihar-opens-a-store-in-patna/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Indiaretailing|language=en-US |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010113723/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2022/10/10/food/food-service/wow-momo-enters-bihar-opens-a-store-in-patna/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-27 |title=Wow! Momo opens in Indore – the 24th city for the QSR chain to enter |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2022/10/27/food/wow-momo-opens-in-indore-the-24th-city-for-the-qsr-chain-to-enter/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Indiaretailing|language=en-US |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028213647/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2022/10/27/food/wow-momo-opens-in-indore-the-24th-city-for-the-qsr-chain-to-enter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = Sagar J Daryani ([[CEO]]) Binod K. Homagai ([[Chief operating officer|COO]]) Shah Miftaur Rahman ([[CFO]]) Muralikrishnan L ([[Chief marketing officer|CMO]]) Mithun Appaiah ([[CEO - FMCG]])
| industry = [[Food and beverage]] [[Fast food restaurants]]
| products = [[Momo (dumpling)|Momo]] [[Hamburger|Burger]] [[Dessert]]
| services =
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} {{₹|450 Crores|link=yes}} {{small|([[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2023 (est))}}}}
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 6000
| parent = Wow! Momo Foods Private Limited
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = https://www.wowmomo.com/
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Wow! Momo''' is an Indian chain of [[fast food]] restaurants headquartered in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=momomove>{{cite news|last=Nandi|first=Ipshita|title=Momo on the move|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100726/jsp/entertainment/story_12725878.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729212126/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100726/jsp/entertainment/story_12725878.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2010|access-date=28 October 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=26 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Raturi|first=Prerna|title=Appetite For Profit|url=http://entrepreneurindia.in/start-ups/appetite-for-profit/10574/|publisher=Entrepreneur India|date=20 December 2011|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723013241/http://entrepreneurindia.in/start-ups/appetite-for-profit/10574/|url-status=live}}</ref> The chain specializes in [[Momo (food)|momo]] (specifically Nepali Mo:Mo), momo-filled burgers (MoBurgs) and momo-based desserts. It was established in 2008 by [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]] alumni Sagar Daryani and Binod Homagai.<ref name=bibs>{{cite web|title=Mr. Sagar J Daryani, Founder, Wow! Momo addresses the BIBS students|url=http://www.bibs.co.in/BIBS_Bulletin_Mr_Sagar_J_Daryani.html|publisher=BIBS|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=20 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620133240/http://www.bibs.co.in/BIBS_Bulletin_Mr_Sagar_J_Daryani.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=business>{{cite news|title=Let's talk business|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101219/jsp/graphiti/story_13317307.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221111705/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101219/jsp/graphiti/story_13317307.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2010|access-date=28 October 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=19 December 2010}}</ref>

As of December 2021, there are around 425 outlets across 19 cities in India. Wow! Momo Foods Pvt. Ltd. operates 3 Brands; Wow! Momo, Wow! China and Wow! Chicken which was launched in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-19|title=Wow Momo- A Journey From ₹ 30,000 to ₹ 860 Crores Brand|url=https://www.nextbigbrand.in/wow-momo-a-journey-from-%e2%82%b9-30000-to-%e2%82%b9-860-crores-brand/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Next Big Brand|language=en-US|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412194923/https://www.nextbigbrand.in/wow-momo-a-journey-from-%E2%82%B9-30000-to-%E2%82%B9-860-crores-brand/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=Sep 21, 2021|title=Wow! Momo raises over $15 mn in series C funding - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wow-momo-raises-over-15-mn-in-series-c-funding/articleshow/86379394.cms|access-date=2021-09-21|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921000055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wow-momo-raises-over-15-mn-in-series-c-funding/articleshow/86379394.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

As per ''Fintrackr''’s estimates, Wow! Momo in 2022 raised fresh investment in Series D round at a valuation of $270 million.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Md Salman Ashrafi |author2=Kunal Manchanda |date=2022-09-06 |title=Exclusive: Wow! Momo kicks off Series D round with $16 Mn |url=https://entrackr.com/2022/09/exclusive-wow-momo-kicks-off-series-d-round-with-16-mn/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Entrackr |language=en-US |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906122414/https://entrackr.com/2022/09/exclusive-wow-momo-kicks-off-series-d-round-with-16-mn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The founders of Wow! Momo, Sagar Jagdish Daryani and Binod Kumar Homagai, first met each other at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]] during their undergrad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Why less is more for Wow! Momo|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/why-less-is-more-for-wow-momo/104344|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.fortuneindia.com|date=11 March 2020 |language=en|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030134439/https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/why-less-is-more-for-wow-momo/104344|url-status=live}}</ref> With an initial amount of ₹30,000, they started the venture in 2008 at the age of 21. Wow! Momo began as a 6' by 6' kiosk in a [[Spencer's Retail|Spencer's]], which was one of their initial stores (the other one being a kiosk inside a [[Big Bazaar]] on rent for 18% of revenue share per month).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-23|title=Wow Momos Success Story – A Journey From ₹ 30,000 to ₹ 860 Crores Food Company|url=https://sugermint.com/wow-momos-success-story/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Suger Mint|language=en-US|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026002827/https://sugermint.com/wow-momos-success-story/|url-status=live}}</ref> They were later joined by another [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's]] alumnus and friend Shah Miftaur Rahman, and Muralikrishnan joined as the fourth co-founder in 2018.<ref name=":0" />

Wow! Momo, in June 2017, managed to raise ₹44 crore from Lighthouse funds and through investments by [[Indian Angel Network]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2017-06-13|title=Wow! Momo raises Rs 44 crore from Lighthouse Funds, IAN|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/wow-momo-raises-rs-44-crore-from-lighthouse-funds-ian-117061300404_1.html|access-date=2021-03-13|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085722/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/wow-momo-raises-rs-44-crore-from-lighthouse-funds-ian-117061300404_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, [[Fabindia|Fabindia's]] managing director, [[William Nanda Bissell|William Bissell]], invested ₹3 [[crore]] (US$440,000) in the company, which helped Wow! Momo reach a valuation of ₹300 [[crore]] (US$45 million).<ref>{{Cite web|title=WoW Momo Valued At Rs 300cr After Fabindia Investment|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/wow-momo-valued-at-rs-300cr-after-fabindia-investment-2589815.html|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Moneycontrol|date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404065153/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/wow-momo-valued-at-rs-300cr-after-fabindia-investment-2589815.html|url-status=live}}</ref> And in September 2019, after an investment by [[Tiger Global Management]] of ₹130 [[crore]] (US$23 million), the valuation of the company crossed ₹860 crore (US$120 million), which led to the opening of more outlets in commercial locations like malls and tech parks.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gooptu|first=Biswarup|title=Wow! Momo has Tiger's Rs 130 crore|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/wow-momo-has-tigers-rs-130cr/articleshow/71194761.cms|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519040811/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/wow-momo-has-tigers-rs-130cr/articleshow/71194761.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Wow! Momo entered into a strategic partnership with [[Café Coffee Day]], in which they decided to share outlet space along with costs and revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jun 30, 2020|title=Wow! Momo to hang out at CCD – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wow-momo-to-hang-out-at-ccd/articleshow/76698647.cms|access-date=2021-03-13|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220224438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wow-momo-to-hang-out-at-ccd/articleshow/76698647.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2024, Wow! Momo raised approximately ₹410 crore in funding from Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Oaks Capital Management, bringing the company's valuation to over ₹2,400 crore.<ref name="i684">{{cite web | last=Mukherjee | first=Udit Prasanna | title=Wow! Momo Raises ₹410cr from Khazanah and OAKS with Valuation of over ₹2,400 Crore | website=The Times of India | date=2024-01-16 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/wow-momo-raises-410cr-from-khazanah-and-oaks-with-valuation-of-over-2400-crore/articleshow/106881706.cms | access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref>

In April 2024, Wow! Momo managed to raise $9 million (₹70 crore) from Z3 Partners.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-04-17|title=Wow! Momo raises $9 Mn more in Series D round|work=Entrackr|url=https://entrackr.com/2024/04/wow-momo-raises-9-mn-more-in-series-d-round/|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In March 2023, in a trademark dispute, the Delhi High Court issued a prima facie injunction against the restaurant chain Wow Punjabi, temporarily restraining it from using a mark resembling that of Wow! Momo. The court acknowledged Wow! Momo's registered trademarks and market presence, noting Wow Punjabi’s failure to respond to cease and desist notices.<ref name="s057">{{cite web | title=Wow! Momo gets relief in trademark case versus restaurant Wow Punjabi | website=CNBCTV18 | date=2024-03-28 | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/wow-momo-gets-relief-in-trademark-case-versus-restaurant-wow-punjabi-19386371.htm | access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref>

In January 2026, a major fire at a warehouse complex in Anandapur, Kolkata, resulted in the deaths of 50 people, including workers from multiple units; one of the affected facilities was a warehouse leased by Wow! Momo.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Wow Momo authorities under scanner after Anandapur warehouse fire
|url=https://thecsrjournal.in/wow-momo-authorities-under-scanner-anandapur-warehouse-fire-kolkata/
|work=The CSR Journal
|date=2026-01-26
|access-date=2026-01-28
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Restaurants established in 2008]]
[[Category:Fast-food chains of India]]
[[Category:Fast-food franchises]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Brand name snack foods]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]

Madikeri

2026-03-13T22:56:59Z

Proabin: correct content as per guidelines and corrected details

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madikeri
| other_name = Mercara 
| nickname = Misty City of Karnataka
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Raja's Seat View Point.jpg
| photo2a = Coorg_-_The_Scotland_of_India.jpg
| photo2b = Sri Omkareshwara Temple, Coorg 01.jpg
| photo3a = Gaddige, Raja’s tomb, Madikeri, Coorg.jpg
| photo3b = Abbey Falls 2022 4.jpg
| photo4a = Madikeri Place.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color =
| size = 275
| foot_montage = ''From top, left to right:'' [[Raja's Seat]] View Point, Grasslands in [[Pushpagiri (mountain)|Kumara Parvatha]], Omkareshwara Temple, Gaddige (Raja’s tomb), Abbey Waterfalls, [[Madikeri Fort|Madikeri Palace]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Madikeri in Karnataka
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.4209|N|75.7397|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kodagu]]
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>

| established_title = Muddurajana Keri
| established_date = 1681
| founder = [[Kingdom of Coorg|Mudduraja]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Nagar panchayat|City Municipal Council]]
| leader_title1 = CMC Commissioner
| leader_name1 = Ramesh H R
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 17.04
| area_rural_km2 =
1435.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1170
| population_total = 33,381
| population_rural =
113202
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/619/download/2124/DH_2011_2922_PART_B_DCHB_KODAGU.pdf|access-date=1 September 2023|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 571201, 571202 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/post-office-details-name?officename=Vidyanagar%20S.O|access-date=31 January 2026|title=Vidyanagar(Madikeri-02) Post Office}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08272
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA-12]]
| website = {{Url|madikericity.mrc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madikeri''' ({{IPA|kfa|mɐɖikeːri|lang}}), earlier called as '''Mercara''' is city and headquarters of [[Kodagu district]] in the [[Karnataka]] state of India. It is recognised as one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity and is also a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/india-western-ghats-coorg-villas-and-ayurvedic-spa-in-a-world-heritage-biodiverse-hotspot-20190620-h1fk4k.html | title=Western Ghats, Coorg, Western Ghats, India: Villas and ayurvedic spa in a World Heritage bio-diverse hotspot | date=9 July 2019 }}</ref> The city is ranked 1st in India for clean air and [[air quality index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=India’s top 10 cities with the best air quality in 2024: Global cities’ AQI insights revealed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-indian-cities-with-best-air-quality-index-aqi-2024-9680798/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Madikeri was known as ''Muddu Raja Keri'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coorg.com/about-coorg/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426080651/http://www.coorg.com/history.html|url-status=dead|title=About Coorg|archivedate=26 April 2009|website=www.coorg.com}}</ref> which meant Mudduraja's town, was named after the prominent [[Haleri]] king Mudduraja who ruled [[Kodagu]] from 1633 to 1687.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda|title=1785 Coorg|publisher=Codava Makkada Coota|year=2018|location=Madikeri, Kodagu}}</ref><ref name="Kushalappa 2013">{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda|title=The early Coorgs|publisher=Notion Press|year=2013|location=Chennai|language=English}}</ref> From 1834, during the [[British Raj]], it was called ''Mercara''. It was later renamed to Madikeri by the [[Mysore State|Government of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda Nitin|title=Kodagu principality vs British Empire|publisher=Codava Makkada Coota|year=2018|location=Madikeri, Kodagu|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda|title=Long ago in Coorg|publisher=Pothi|year=2014|location=Chennai|language=English}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Madikeri map.jpg|thumb|left|Map c. 1854]]
The history of Madikeri is related to the history of [[Kodagu]]. From the 2nd to the 6th century AD, the northern part of Kodagu was ruled by [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]]s. The southern part of Kodagu was ruled by [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]] from the 4th to the 11th century. After defeating the Gangas in the 11th century, [[Chola]]s became the rulers of Kodagu. In the 12th century, the Cholas lost Kodagu to the [[Hoysala]]s. Kodagu fell to the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] kings in the 14th century.<ref name="Kushalappa 2013"/>

After their fall, the local chieftains from kodava community (''Palegars'') started ruling their areas directly. They appointed Haleri Dynasty founder Veeraraju, (Nephew of Ikkeri Sadashiva Nayaka who were descendants of Talakadu Ganga Dynasty) as ruler. In the year 1700 AD Ikkeri Somashekara Nayaka gifted Puttur and Amara Sullia Magnes of Tulunadu to Haleri Kings.

Descendants of Veeraraju who are known as "[[Kodagu Kingdom|Haleri Dynasty]]" ruled Kodagu from 1600 to 1834 AD. Haleri king Mudduraja built the Fort in Madikeri and made it<ref name="Tulu gowdas">{{cite book|author=Puttur Anantharaja Gowda|title=IN PURSUIT OF OUR ROOTS|year=2015}}</ref> as their capital. Mudduraja, the third Haleri king started levelling the land around Madikeri and built a fort in the year 1681. [[Madikeri Fort]] which was original built of mud and was replaced by [[Tipu Sultan]]. [[Kodagu]] became a part of [[British India]] after 1834 AD.<ref>Jerry Dupont, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCX660FA5wMC&dq=kodagu+history+British+1834&pg=PA592 The Common Law Abroad]'', Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8377-3125-9}}, from p 592</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushalappa|first=Mookonda, Nitin|title=Kodagu principality vs British empire|publisher=Codava Makkada Coota|year=2018|language=English}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of the 2011 India census, Madikeri had a population of 33,381. Males constitute 57.2% of the population and females 42.8%. Madikeri had an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 69.3: male literacy was 83%, and female literacy 80%. 11% of the population was under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
Madikeri features a tropical highland climate as it has an elevation of {{cvt|1170|m}}. Madikeri is located at {{Coord|12.42|N|75.73|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Madikeri.html Madikeri], FallingRain.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Madikeri.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Madikeri, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> Madikeri lies in the [[Western Ghats]] and is a popular hill station. Nearest major cities are [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] ({{convert|110|km|mi}}) to the north, [[Mangalore]] ({{convert|138|km|mi}}) to the north-west, [[Mysore]] ({{convert|120|km|mi}}) to the east and [[Kannur]] of [[Kerala]] to the west ({{cvt|112|km}}). The nearest international airport is [[Kannur International Airport]] which is {{cvt|90|km}} away.

The mean daily minimum temperature is lowest in January at about {{cvt|11|°C}}. Maximum temperature in summer is around {{cvt|24 to 27|°C}}.<ref>[http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/KODAGU-BROCHURE.pdf Ground Water Information Booklet], Ministry of Water Resources, 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2011.</ref> With the onset of the south-west monsoon, the temperature decreases in June and the weather becomes chilly. The lowest temperature recorded is {{cvt|4.5|°C}}.

{{Weather box
| location = Madikeri (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| width = auto
|temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 31.7
| Feb record high C = 32.1
| Mar record high C = 34.2
| Apr record high C = 34.2
| May record high C = 35.0
| Jun record high C = 32.2
| Jul record high C = 28.9
| Aug record high C = 31.0
| Sep record high C = 30.0
| Oct record high C = 30.3
| Nov record high C = 28.5
| Dec record high C = 29.0
| year record high C = 35.0
| Jan high C = 26.4
| Feb high C = 28.2
| Mar high C = 29.8
| Apr high C = 29.4
| May high C = 27.5
| Jun high C = 23.3
| Jul high C = 21.6
| Aug high C = 21.6
| Sep high C = 23.6
| Oct high C = 25.0
| Nov high C = 25.3
| Dec high C = 25.3
| year high C = 25.6
| Jan low C = 12.4
| Feb low C = 13.1
| Mar low C = 15.0
| Apr low C = 17.5
| May low C = 18.1
| Jun low C = 17.6
| Jul low C = 17.2
| Aug low C = 17.2
| Sep low C = 17.1
| Oct low C = 16.9
| Nov low C = 15.6
| Dec low C = 13.2
| year low C = 15.9

| Jan record low C = 4.8
| Feb record low C = 5.1
| Mar record low C = 7.6
| Apr record low C = 10.6
| May record low C = 9.4
| Jun record low C = 9.2
| Jul record low C = 8.8
| Aug record low C = 9.5
| Sep record low C = 10.0
| Oct record low C = 10.6
| Nov record low C = 7.9
| Dec record low C = 5.5
| year record low C = 4.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.6
| Feb rain mm = 3.0
| Mar rain mm = 15.0
| Apr rain mm = 65.3
| May rain mm = 128.7
| Jun rain mm = 646.3
| Jul rain mm = 952.5
| Aug rain mm = 821.0
| Sep rain mm = 274.7
| Oct rain mm = 211.0
| Nov rain mm = 70.8
| Dec rain mm = 20.0
| year rain mm = 3210.0
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 1.6
| Apr rain days = 5.0
| May rain days = 7.8
| Jun rain days = 22.2
| Jul rain days = 27.0
| Aug rain days = 26.2
| Sep rain days = 16.2
| Oct rain days = 12.2
| Nov rain days = 4.4
| Dec rain days = 1.1
| year rain days = 124.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 58
| Feb humidity = 55
| Mar humidity = 57
| Apr humidity = 69
| May humidity = 77
| Jun humidity = 90
| Jul humidity = 93
| Aug humidity = 93
| Sep humidity = 88
| Oct humidity = 83
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 65
|year humidity = 76
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Madikeri/Mercara Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 489–490
| access-date = 19 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M99
| access-date = 19 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

In 2022, Madikeri hobli received an annual rainfall of {{convert|3957|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2022.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2022.pdf|access-date=26 July 2023|title=Annual State Report 2022}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the year 2024, Madikeri hobli received {{convert|3878|mm|in}} of rainfall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2024.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2024.pdf|access-date=21 March 2025|title=KSNDMC Annual Rainfall report 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Raja seat madikeri.JPG|right|thumb|Raja's Seat, one of the major tourist attractions in Madikeri]]

In 2025, Madikeri received {{convert|3885.1|mm|in}} of annual rainfall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2025.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2025.pdf|access-date=26 February 2026|title=KSNDMC Annual Report 2025;pg 31}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Chelavara Water Falls and surroundings (9).jpg|thumb|[[Chelavara Falls]] near Virajpet]]
The town has only one mode of transport; The Roadways.
Public transport is maintained by buses of [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] and other private buses. It also houses a [[List of bus depots in Karnataka|KSRTC Bus Depot]] under [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] division. Inter-district and interstate buses are handled by KSRTC, providing connectivity to cities like [[Mangalore]], [[Mysore]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hubli]], [[Madurai]], [[Coimbatore]] and many more other minor cities. Nearest international airports are [[Kannur International Airport]] and [[Mangalore International Airport]] at 90 km and 140 km, respectively.

===Highways===
The [[List of state highways in Karnataka|SH-88]] was upgraded to [[National Highway 275 (India)|NH-275]] (subsidiary of [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH-75]]) making it the only National Highway passing through the district of [[Kodagu]]. NH-275 connects Madikeri to Mysore and Bengaluru due east and to Mangalore due west. Other state highways passing through Madikeri are [[State Highway 27 (Karnataka)|SH-27 (Virajpet-Byndoor)]] and [[State Highway 89 (Karnataka)|SH-89 (Madikeri-Kutta)]].

== Tourist attractions ==
[[File:Madikeri Fort Museum.jpg|thumb|Government Museum in Madikeri, formerly St. Mark's Church]]
* [[Raja's Seat]]
* Sri Omkareshwara Temple
* [[Madikeri Fort]]
* Gaddide ([[Raja's Tomb]])
* [[General Thimmaiah War Museum]]
* Abbey Falls
* [[Mandalpatti]] view point
*[[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Kodagu Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Sakleshpur]]
* [[Kodava people|Kodava]]
* [[Talakaveri]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Madikeri}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Madikeri}}
* [http://madikeri.org Madikeri.org: Portal on Madikeri and Coorg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204194922/http://madikeri.org/ |date=4 December 2010 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120163616/http://www.kaladarshana.com/sites/madikeri Madikeri: History and Architecture]}}

{{Kodagu (Coorg) topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Kodava Takk]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hills of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kodagu district]]

Vaada (2010 film)

2026-03-09T09:46:31Z

Proabin: starting first article from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vaada Sundar C poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]
| producer = M. R. Mohan Ratha
| writer = {{ubl|A. Venkatesh|[[Pattukkottai Prabakar]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sundar C]]|[[Sheryll Brindo]]|[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]}}
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| distributor = Screen Play Entertainment Ptd. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|2010|10|15|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vaada''''' ({{translation|Come dude!}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]. The film featured [[Sundar C]], [[Sheryll Brindo]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]. The film was released after several postponements on 15 October 2010.

==Plot==
Singamuthu aka Singam is a person who lives as a temporary driver in [[Rishikesh]], [[Uttarakhand|Uttranchal]]. Annamalai is the owner of Annamalai Transports but not the building-cum-residence of the transports and the staff. He is very innocent and funny. Annamalai always arranges a marriage bride for himself but in one way or another Singam stops the marriage. Anjali is an ardent fan of MGR and she feels her husband should also be like him. She is the very beautiful and attractive daughter of the Annamalai Transport building owner and she comes to Rishikesh to check the building's condition and to collect the yearly rent. She meets Singamuthu. and falls in love. Singamuthu also falls in love with Anjali and reveals his past to her. Singamuthu by the real name Vetrivel was a highly accomplished district collector and was transferred to Tanjore. He gets himself in a cat-and-mouse chase with local goon Naachiyaar. Naachiyaar's son kidnaps Vetrivel's friend's sister, who was engaged to another man, and tries to rape her. Vetrivel comes in and saves the girl and destroys Naachiyaar's son's reproductive capacity. Naachiyaar's son dies in hospital. The marriage of the girl happens happily. Naachiyaar kills Vetrivel's friend brutally for revenge. Then the governor comes to Tanjore and CBCID informs that an attempt will be made on governor's life at a Tanjore meeting. Vetrivel is told to protect the governor as he trained for IPS first and was an excellent shooter. However, the governor is killed and Vetrivel is framed by the DGP himself. The rest of the film shows how Vetrivel proves himself and again stops another marriage of Annamalai after returning to being a collector.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sundar C]] as Vetrivel IAS (Singamuthu)
* [[Sheryll Brindo]] as Anjali
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Annamalai, Owner of Annamalai travels
* [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as Prem
* Akila as Vetrivel's sister
* [[Five Star Krishna|Krishna]] as Muthu
* [[Deepa Venkat]] as Prem's wife
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil actor)|Raj Kapoor]] as Minister Vanangamudi
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Vanangamudi's PA
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]]
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Annamalai travels worker
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Khedar Pandey
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Dinesh
* [[Rajyalakshmi]] as Prem's mother-in-law
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Annamalai travels worker
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as [[Orderly|Ward boy]]
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Annamalai's kidnapper
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] (special appearance in the song "Adi Yennadi Raakkamma")
}}

== Production ==
[[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem]] plays a police officer for the third time in this film after ''[[Nepali (film)|Nepali]]'' (2008) and ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' (2009). His character is the brother-in-law of [[Sundar C]]'s character.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2010 |title=Prem's passion for police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prems-passion-for-police/articleshow/6941342.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926102127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prems-passion-for-police/articleshow/6941342.cms |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Alleppey]], [[Goa]], [[Hrishikesh]], [[Tuticorin]] amongst other places.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2010 |title=Mass films still rule: Sundar C |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mass-films-still-rule-sundar-c/articleshow/5836170.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501053258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mass-films-still-rule-sundar-c/articleshow/5836170.cms |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During filming near Hrishikesh, [[O. A. K. Sundar]], who plays the film's antagonist, was briefly detained by authorities mistaking him for [[Osama bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden]] due to his getup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2009 |title=Caught in the act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Caught-in-the-act/articleshow/4183298.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926015634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Caught-in-the-act/articleshow/4183298.cms |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[D. Imman]] and was released on [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2010 |title=Vaada (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/vaada-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1384868960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823063118/https://music.apple.com/us/album/vaada-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1384868960 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> It includes a remixed version of the song "Adi Yennadi Raakkamma" from the 1972 film ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2008 |title=Double delight for Sundar C |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Double-delight-for-Sundar-C/articleshow/3522318.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410113351/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Double-delight-for-Sundar-C/articleshow/3522318.cms |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 25:00
| title1 = Mesmerism Seyyum
| extra1 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Shweta Pandit]]
| lyrics1 = Kalai Kumar
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Adi Yennadi Raakkamma
| note2 = Remix
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| lyrics2 = Tabu Shankar
| length2 = 4:31
| title4 = Kinguda Kinguda
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics4 = Tabu Shankar
| length4 = 4:31
| title3 = Punagayal Yennai
| extra3 = Ravi
| lyrics3 = Kalai Kumar
| length3 = 4:16
| title5 = Agginikunjondru
| extra5 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan
| lyrics5 = [[Subramania Bharati]]
| length5 = 3:30
| title6 = Therupuzhidi
| extra6 = [[Shankar–Ganesh]], Gk. Lavanya
| lyrics6 = Kalai Kumar
| length6 = 3:56
}}

== Release ==
''Vaada'' was planned to release on 16 April 2010 after being completed in December 2009 but was delayed.<ref name="T2">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2010 |title=My target was the multiplex audience: Venkatesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-target-was-the-multiplex-audience-venkatesh/articleshow/6884017.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926102234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-target-was-the-multiplex-audience-venkatesh/articleshow/6884017.cms |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was eventually released on 15 October 2010, a crowded release date with several other low budget films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2010 |title=Struggle for screen space |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/struggle-for-screen-space/articleshow/6729136.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501130047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/struggle-for-screen-space/articleshow/6729136.cms |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It ran for over 25 days in theatres and was still running as of November 2010.<ref name="T2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. Venkatesh (director)}}

[[Category:2010 action films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Upper Dudhana Dam

2026-03-04T22:28:24Z

Proabin: starting basic data needs work.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Upper Dudhana Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Upper Dudhana Dam
| dam_crosses = Dudhana river
| location = Jalna
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2750|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|965|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1964
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|13010|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|445|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.9210|75.6947|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Upper Dudhana Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Dudhana river near Jalna in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|2750|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|965|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|15000.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Godavari basin}}

[[Category:Dams in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1964]]
[[Category:Dams in Jalna district]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal

2026-03-04T21:31:12Z

Proabin: Content refined and expanded

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Short description|Indian militant Hindutva organisation}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name = Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal
| caption = Official logo of the organisation.
| logo =
| other_name = BGRD
| founder = Pawan Pandit<ref name="LM">{{cite web |first=Ashwaq |last=Masoodi |title=Who is a Gau Rakshak? |date=26 Jul 2016 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Mi6HZpayTzwJT7G6zy8dTO/Who-is-a-Gau-Rakshak.html |website=[[LiveMint]]}}</ref>
| leader = Pawan Pandit<ref name="LM" />
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|08|24|p=y}}
| motives = Participation in the [[cow protection movement]]
| ideology = [[Hindutva]]
| position = [[Right-wing]]
| crimes = {{Bulleted list
| [[Cow vigilante violence in India|Cow vigilante violence]]
| [[Violence against Muslims in India|Anti-Muslim violence]]
| [[Persecution of Dalits#India|Anti-Dalit violence]]
}}
| partof = [[Sangh Parivar]]
}}
The '''Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal''' ({{Literal translation|Indian Cow Protection Organisation}}; {{Small|abbr.}}:{{Abbr|BGRD|Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal}}) is an Indian [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Militia|militant]] [[Hindutva]] organisation. Involved in the [[cow protection movement]], the group is affiliated with the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] Hindutva [[paramilitary]] organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and is a member of the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref name="HC">{{Cite web |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |date=31 July 2016 |title=RSS' India model comes to Gujarat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/rss-india-model-comes-to-gujarat/story-0ePXSzxH5Y10VBDJIoe7jJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731192643/https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/rss-india-model-comes-to-gujarat/story-0ePXSzxH5Y10VBDJIoe7jJ.html |archive-date=31 July 2016 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It regularly engages in [[Sectarian violence|vigilante violence]] against minorities, primarily [[Violence against Muslims in India|Muslims]] and [[Persecution of Dalits#India|Dalits]]. It was founded in 2012 by Pawan Pandit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salam |first1=Ziya Us |title=Lynch Files: The Forgotten Saga of Victims of Hate Crime |publisher=SAGE Publications India |date=2019 |page=57 |isbn=9789353282202 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CeGCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Background ===
{{Main|Cow protection movement}}
The cow has long been regarded as sacred in [[Hinduism]]. However, in modern India, the promotion of cow protection, through the cow protection movement, arises more from the exclusivist and antagonistic, Hindu fundamentalist, and [[Caste system in India|caste-based]] aspects of [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] ideology, than from the principle of ''[[ahimsa]]'' ({{Translation|Non-violence}}) or genuine religious devotion.{{Sfn|Gittinger|2017|pages=131–149}}

{{Blockquote|text=Such a point of honour in our national life is none else but Mother Cow, the living symbol of the Mother Earth — that deserves to be the sole object of devotion and worship. To stop forthwith any onslaught on this particular point of our national honour, and to foster the spirit of devotion to the motherland, [a] ban on cow slaughter should find topmost priority in our programme of national renaissance in [[Swaraj]].|title=|author=[[M. S. Golwalkar]]<ref name="HC" />}}

=== Establishment ===
The BGRD was established by Pawan Pandit in 2012.{{Sfn|Gittinger|2017|page=143}} Its members, known as "''Gau Rakshaks''",{{Sfn|Gittinger|2017|page=143}} are predominantly ''[[Brahmins]]''.<ref name="HC" /> In 2015, a member of the group was appointed to the cattle protection state committee in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], strengthening the group's influence.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2015 |title=Indian Cattle Protection State Committee appointed in Punjab |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-OTH-MAT-latest-rahon-news-031033-2181769-NOR.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Activities ==
Considered to be a [[Vigilantism|vigilante]] [[paramilitary]] organisation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2017 |title=India: 'Cow Protection' Spurs Vigilante Violence |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/27/india-cow-protection-spurs-vigilante-violence |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> the BGRD has a ''Gau Commando Force'', involving vigilantes patrolling state borders for people [[Cattle theft in India|smuggling cows]] and conducting raids on [[Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2018 |title=Bringing the cows home |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/bringing-the-cows-home/article21987730.ece1 |publisher=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> The organisation is regularly involved in [[Violence against Muslims in India|anti-Muslim]] and [[Persecution of Dalits#India|anti-Dalit violence]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2017 |title=Emboldened by Modi's ascent, India's cow vigilantes deny Muslims their livelihood |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/india-politics-religion-cows/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=28 July 2016 |title=Beatings for the Publicity 'In the Name of the Cow' |url=http://khabar.ndtv.com/video/show/badi-khabar/badi-khabar-beating-for-the-publicity-in-the-name-of-the-cow-425406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804181622/http://khabar.ndtv.com/video/show/badi-khabar/badi-khabar-beating-for-the-publicity-in-the-name-of-the-cow-425406 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2016 |publisher=[[NDTV]] }}</ref> Despite credible evidence, many of the accused have faced minimal legal consequences. Furthermore, the police often coordinates and works with the group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Kshitij |date=19 July 2016 |title=Go for gau-raksha: Haryana police to work with cow vigilantes |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/07/19/go-for-gau-raksha-haryana-police-to-work-with-cow-vigilantes |website=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref> The group itself has been criticised by many for its engagement in vigilante policing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title="Vigilantes have no Role Here", Comments the Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment-newspaper/vigilantes-have-no-role-here/story-9FslYqerrO1jqOPxFeZqNP.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 April 2017 |title='A cow's life is more precious than a human being's' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/a-cows-life-is-more-precious-than-a-human-beings/20170411.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|Conservatism|India
}}
* [[Cow vigilante violence in India]]
* [[Hindu terrorism]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gittinger |first=Juli L. |date=2017 |title=The Rhetoric of Violence, Religion, and Purity in India's Cow Protection Movement |journal=[[Journal of Religion and Violence]] |volume=5 |issue=2 |JSTOR=26671533}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://bgrd.org/}} {{in lang|en}}

{{Hindu Nationalism}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal}}
[[Category:Organizations established in 2012]]
[[Category:Incitement to genocide by the Hindutva movement]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cattle welfare organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in India]]
[[Category:Militant Hindu groups]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu terrorism]]
[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Haryana]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]

Kala Bazaar

2026-03-03T23:48:57Z

Proabin: improved article

{{for|the 1960 film starring Dev Anand|Kala Bazar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kala Bazaar
| caption = Vinyl Record Cover
| image = Kala Bazaar.jpg
| writer = Ravi Kapoor Mohan Kaul [[Kader Khan]] (dialogue)
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| producer = Vijay Soorma
| cinematography = Pushpal Dutta
| editing = [[Sanjay Verma]]
| studio = Vidyashree Pictures
| distributor = Vidyashree Pictures
| director = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| starring = [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Farha Naaz]] [[Kimi Katkar]]
| released = {{Film date|1989|10|06|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Kala Bazaar''''' ({{translation|The Black Market}}) is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language [[action film]] directed by Rakesh Roshan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roshan |first1=Sunaina |title=To Dad with Love |date=2014 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-83202-74-4 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYvFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT71 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Somaaya |first1=Bhawana |author1-link=Bhawana Somaaya |title=The Story So Far |date=2003 |publisher=Indian Express Group |isbn=978-81-223-1016-0 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mK4aAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Kader Khan]], [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Jackie Shroff]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dedhia |first1=Sonil |title=Hrithik: I have a hole in my brain but my spirit is intact |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-hrithik-i-have-a-hole-in-my-brain-but-my-spirit-is-intact/20130805.htm |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=Rediff |date=5 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref> This film deals with the socio-political issues of corruption, primarily in the form of bribery in government offices in the Indian society of the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Stuti |title=50 years of Rakesh Roshan in Bollywood: 10 iconic movies by the ace filmmaker |url=https://www.misskyra.com/celebs/50-years-of-rakesh-roshan-in-bollywood-10-iconic-movies-by-the-ace-filmmaker/photostory/59399293.cms |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=MissKyra |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |date=1 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aasheesh |title=Stuck waiting at the ATM? Listen to this paisa playlist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/stuck-waiting-at-the-atm-listen-to-this-paisa-playlist/story-qzAvOkJlbYjssfgmb5JBtL.html |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The film was a remake of Tamil film ''Panam Paththum Seiyum'' and was also remade in Kannada as ''Lancha Lancha Lancha''. The film did not do well at the box office.<ref name="HT"/>

==Plot==

The film opens at the municipal building and construction department office (Mumbai, India). The superintendent of the office, Thakur, gets a telephone call from the industrialist Ranbir Gupta. Ranbir asks if his construction permits have been approved. Thakur is flustered, but informs him that a newly appointed clerk in his office is holding up the file.

The film introduces the new clerk, Kimtilal Saxena (Kadar Khan). When an ordinary guy approaches him with plans to extend the perimeter of his home (and, in accordance with prevalent practice, offers him a bribe), Kimtilal flatly refuses. The guy insists, so Kimtilal asks him to send up a cup of tea (with 2 spoonfuls of sugar) from the small shop opposite the office. The guy approaches the tea stall run by the eccentric tea vendor Kutti (Johny Lever), only to discover that each spoonful of sugar is 200 rupees (the bribe for Kimtilal). The guy is surprised, but Kutti explains that one must change with the times. The guy pays Kutti and duly gets his permits. Kimtilal settles accounts with Kutti every evening, and that Kutti receives a small cut. The money trail touches everyone at the office.

One evening, a couple of thugs grab Kimtilal and bring him before three other guys: Ranbir Gupta, a real estate developer; Sampath Seth, a licence officer; and Jagan Dhamaliya, a fearsome thug. Ranbir and Sampath require various permits and licences (that routinely require approvals from Kimtilal's office), and Jagan provides muscle to ensure there are no interruptions. They offer Kimtilal a fat bribe and enter an arrangement with him to pay him off regularly for all their needs. Kimtilal is only too glad to accept this offer.

The young Kimtilal thus moves along. On the personal front, he makes a happy home with his wife and son Kamal. Kimtilal is good friends with fellow clerk Girdharilal, and their sons Kamal and Vijay become friends as well. We discover that Kamal fancies Kamini (but nobody is aware that Kamini is Sampath's daughter), and Vijay has a girlfriend in a bar owner, Sona.

Things take a turn when a cop from the anti-corruption squad arrives to investigate suspicious activities between the government office and the offices of Gupta and Sampath. This officer is killed (by Jagan). Kimtilal's manager, Thakur, is also concerned that Gupta and Sampath are beginning to seek aggressive permits (for buildings that grossly exceed known structural limits). Kimtilal assures Thakur that they need not burden themselves about this because they are merely the intermediate rungs of a ladder that extends much higher and involves many other, more powerful, people. Thakur is not wholly convinced, but signs off on Gupta's new enterprise, Nirmal building, in spite of the structural faults.

Around this time, Kamini asks her father's permission to marry Kamal. Sampath is enraged (with the thought that Kamal somehow seduced or deceived his daughter to marry so far below her own station). Sampath storms into Kimtilal's home and angrily rebukes Kimtilal. Kimtilal is neither a fool nor a sycophant. He points out that it was ''Kamini'' (herself a headstrong girl) who brought forth the proposal; that he (Kimtilal) was not aware of it; and that if the children have decided upon each other, then the parents had best give it their blessing. Sampath, however, stands fast on his notion of status, insults Kimtilal and leaves. Kimtilal is now incensed. He stops the permits for Nirmal building. Sampath and Gupta confer. Gupta advises Sampath that the losses associated with Nirmal building are too great to ignore, and that Kamal is otherwise a likeable boy. Sampath grudgingly agrees. Kimtilal exacts an elaborate wedding and a separate apartment for Kamal as part of the arrangement.

Kamal discovers soon after that his application for the Indian Police Service has been approved. (Kimtilal is not surprised, he had arranged to pay off the admissions board.) Shortly thereafter, Kamal finds out that Vijay's application (in spite of the fact that Vijay has scored higher on the exams and physicals) has been denied. Vijay is deeply disappointed and arrives home in a drunken stupor. Kimtilal arrives to condole, but Girdharilal angrily drives him away. Girdharilal further threatens to expose Kimtilal, Thakur and anyone else. (We note that Girdharilal has remained clean over the years.)

Kimtilal, at the urging of Thakur and others, arranges to frame Girdharilal of taking a bribe. Unable to bear the shame of an arrest, Girdharilal commits suicide. He leaves a suicide note where he affirms his innocence and states that he was framed. Vijay resolves to find those who framed him.

This incident stirs trouble between Vijay and Kamal. For the first time in their lifelong friendship, Vijay asks why Kamal had such a different upbringing, culminating in admission to the police academy when Vijay clearly had better academic records. Vijay bluntly points out that Kimtilal has bathed in bribes all along. Kamal flatly denies this, but finally brings the question to his father. Vijay bands together with other like minded youth and starts a grassroots campaign to publicly identify and shame people who engage in bribery and corruption. This campaign is received very well, and its effects begin to show.

Kimtilal denies the allegations. But sometime later, Nirmal building collapses and all the residents are crushed to death. Thakur, the original signer of the permits, panics, and Jagan eventually silences him. Evidence (in the form of an inadvertent taped conversation between the tea boy Kutti and Kimtilal) reaches Kamal and Kamal now arrives home to arrest Kimtilal.

Kimtilal now comes clean. He delivers a dramatic denouement. The system is slow, overcrowded and unresponsive or unavailable to ''aam aadmi'' (common man). Kimtilal says that had he not bribed the doctor at the government hospital, his wife would have succumbed to pregnancy complications and Kamal would never have been born. Every step of Kamal's life, school, college, the police academy and his wedding, was paved with Kimtilal's paying off the relevant government and social authorities. Kamal indignantly says he never asked for this, and Kimtilal quietly points out that Kamal would not even have been born but for the bribe. Kamal angrily asks if the cost of hundreds of lives (at Nirmal building) justified the bribe. Kamal finally arrests Kimtilal. Kimtilal is prosecuted by the DA Kamini, but is able to cleverly negotiate around the evidence and exonerate himself.

Meanwhile, Vijay discovers that Kimtilal was the man who framed his father. Vijay arrives at the court house just as Kimtilal has been set free. Enraged, Vijay stabs Kimtilal. Kimtilal finally reveals the roots of the nexus (Sampath and Gupta), and succumbs to his injuries. The film ends with various improvements in society to eradicate bribery. Vijay is released from prison (with a limited term) and walks into the waiting arms of his family and friends.

==Cast==
The film's cast is as follows:<ref name="BollySwar">{{cite book |last1=Arunachalam |first1=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981 - 1990 |date=14 April 2020 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |page=1156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1156 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BH">{{cite news |title=Kala Bazaar Cast List |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kala-bazar-2/cast/ |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Vijay
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Inspector Kamal Saxena
* [[Farha Naaz]] as Kamini Sampat (Kamal's Lover)
* [[Kimi Katkar]] as Sona (Vijay's Lover)
* [[Kader Khan]] as Kimtilal Saxena (Kamal's Father)
* [[Raza Murad]] as Ranvir Gupta
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Jagan Dhamaliya
* [[Shafi Inamdar]] as Sampat Seth
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Kutti
* [[Sujit Kumar]] as Girdharilal (Vijay's Father)
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Municipal Superintendent Thakur
* [[Viju Khote]] as Man at Municipal Office guest appearance
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as who always visit at municipal Office for Water Complaint
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Vijay's mother
* [[Vikas Anand]] as Government official who visit Kader Khan for investigation
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Police Commissioner (Cameo Role)
* [[Shashi Kiran]] as Kailash unemployed youth
*[[K. K. Raj]] as Unemployed youth
* [[Javed Hyder]] as 211 Boy at Kutti tea shop (Child Artist)
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film is one of several projects directed by [[Rakesh Roshan]] and starring [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I hope to be a part of Krrish 4: Anil Kapoor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-hope-to-be-a-part-of-krrish-4-anil-kapoor/ |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=PTI |date=6 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The track list is as follows:<ref name="BollySwar"/>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| all_lyrics = [[Indeevar]] and Payam Sayeedi
| title1 = Paisa Bolta Hai
| extra1 = [[Nitin Mukesh]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Jumma Jumma, Do Hi Mulaqaton Mein
| extra2 = [[Nitin Mukesh]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Kehdo Yeh Haseenon Se
| extra3 = [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Anwar (singer)|Anwar]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Ek Tujh Mein Hi
| extra4 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sarika Kapoor]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Aala Re Aala Govinda Aala
| extra5 = [[Amit Kumar]], [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length5 =
}}

==Reception and legacy==
According to the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', the film "had a show stealer in Kader Khan who played a government servant".<ref>{{cite news |title=Blood Money to Jannat: Films based on black money |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/blood-money-to-jannat-films-based-on-black-money/story-KRjDN64WSRts2Fl5aY3VQJ.html |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0097640|Kala Bazaar}}
{{Rakesh Roshan}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rakesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]

Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode

2026-03-03T14:07:33Z

Proabin: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Research Centre in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{about|the institution established in 2009|the ancient institution|Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Kerala School of Mathematics
| motto =
| type =
| image =
| established = 2009
| students =
| location =
| director = Ratnakumar P K
| affiliations =
| dean =
| city = [[Kozhikode]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.2868|75.8715|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| faculty =
| language = English
| website = http://ksom.res.in/
}}

The '''Kerala School of Mathematics (KSoM)''' in [[Kozhikode]], [[India]] is a research institute in [[Theoretical sciences]] with a focus on Mathematics. The institute is a joint venture of the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) and the [[Science & Technology Department, Government of Kerala]].<ref>https://ksom.res.in/about/</ref> Kerala School of Mathematics is a center of advanced research and learning in Mathematics and is a meeting ground for leading Mathematicians from around the world.

Kerala School of Mathematics has a doctoral program to which students are admitted on a yearly basis. The institute also has an Integrated MSc-PhD program with an option for students to exit the program with an MSc degree at the end of two years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrated MSc-PhD program at KSoM |url=http://www.ksom.res.in/i-mscphd.php |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920170234/http://ksom.res.in/i-mscphd.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
Mathematics in Kerala, during the times of [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]], majorly flourished in the [[Muziris]] region of [[Thrikkandiyoor|Thrikkandiyur]], Thirur, [[Alattiyur, Malappuram|Alattiyur]], and [[Tirunavaya]] in the Malabar region of [[Kerala]]. [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. Commemorating the rich heritage of Mathematics in the region, Kerala School of Mathematics was hence chosen to be set up in the scenic mountains of the [[Western Ghats]] in the city of Kozhikode.

The nascent plan to set up Kerala School of Mathematics started forming shape in around 2004. The then DAE chairman [[Anil Kakodkar]] and the then executive vice president of KSCSTE, [[M. S. Valiathan]] were instrumental in setting up the institute with the guidance of [[M. S. Raghunathan]], [[Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar|Rajeeva Karandikar]] and Alladi Sitaram. The foundation stone of KSoM was laid by the then Chief Minister [[A. K. Antony|A.K. Antony]] in 2004. The institute was later inaugurated in 2008 by the then Chief Minister [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-06-14|title=Kerala School of Mathematics to start academic activities|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Kerala-School-of-Mathematics-to-start-academic-activities/article16577233.ece|access-date=2020-11-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-06-04|title=VS opens Kerala School of Mathematics|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/VS-opens-Kerala-School-of-Mathematics/article15235041.ece|access-date=2020-11-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and finally set up in 2009 with Parameswaran A. J. as the founding director.

==External links==
[https://ksom.res.in/ Official Website]

{{Educational Institutes in Kozhikode}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Arts and Science colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Kerala]]
[[Category:Mathematical institutes]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Mathematics education in India]]

Ghulam Muhammad Chattha

2026-02-25T00:21:05Z

Proabin: Creating a details w/ refs.

{{Short description|Punjabi Chattha clan chief (died 1790)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Ghualm Muhammad Chattha
| title = [[Chaudry]] [[Sardar]]
| titletext =
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| succession = [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Sardar of Wazirabad and Hafizabad]]
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| reign = 1780-1790
| reign-type =
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| death_place = Manchar Chattha
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| father = [[Pir Muhammad Chattha]]
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'''Ghulam Muhammad Chattha''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: غلام محمد چٹھہ) was a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] chief of the [[Chattha (clan)|Chattha]] clan. He succeeded his father [[Pir Muhammad Chattha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d |title=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism - Volume I A-D |language=English}}</ref> He is regarded as the most able Chattha chief.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105597 |title=Gazetteers Of The Gujranwala District 1893-94 |date=1895}}</ref>
==Reign==
After [[Pir Muhammad Chattha|Pir Muhammad Chattha's]] death his son Ghulam Muhammad Chattha inherited the Chattha chieftaincy and the hatred of [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakias]]. The rivalry was passed down to [[Maha Singh|Mahan Singh]] and Ghulam Muhammad Chattha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mirzā |first=Shafqat Tanvīr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLpjAAAAMAAJ&q=Siege+of+Manchar |title=Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature |date=1992 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-0101-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Under his leadership the Chathas gained several successes over the Sikhs,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Griffin Lepel H. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206739 |title=The Panjab Chiefs Vol-ii |date=1890}}</ref> in one of which they captured the famous [[Zamzama|Bhangi gun]], and it at one time looked as if the progress of the Sikh arms had been arrested and their dominion in the Doab annihilated.<ref name=":0" />

But soon [[Maha Singh|Mahan Singh]] formed matrimonial alliances with Bhangi misl and besieged Manchar for six months. An ill Ghulam Muhammad Chattha offered surrender if he could leave for [[Mecca]] in safety. This was initially agreed to, however the Chattha chief was then treacherously shot on Mahan Singh's instigation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/TheSikhEmpireAndMaharajaRanjeetSingh |title=The Sikh Empire And Maharaja Ranjeet Singh |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:1790 deaths]]

Jama Mosque, Mathura

2026-02-22T11:18:03Z

Proabin: Adding the entry added tags

{{Short description|Mosque in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jama Mosque
| native_name = Jama Masjid
| image = Jama Masjid, Mathura.jpg
| caption = The Jama Masjid photographed by John Murray, c. 1855.
| coordinates = {{coord|27|30|22.68|N|77|40|47.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| location = [[Mathura]], [[India]]
| year_completed = 1661
| architecture_type = [[Jama Masjid]]
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture]]
| dome_quantity = 3
| minaret_quantity = 4
| minaret_height = 40 m
| website =
}}
The '''Jama Mosque''' (''Masjid'') is a historical 17th-century [[congregational mosque]] in [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was built by Abd-al-Nabi Khan, governor of Mathura during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].

== History ==
The Jama Masjid was commissioned in the period 1660-1661 by Abd-al-Nabi Khan, ''[[faujdar]]'' of Mathura under Aurangzeb. It was one of the earliest non-imperial structures erected during Aurangzeb's reign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992-09-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=275–277|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281 }}</ref>

The ground which Abd-al-Nabi Khan selected as the site of his mosque was purchased from some butchers and the remainder, he obtained from a family of Kazis, whose descendants still occupy what is called Kusk Mahalla, one of the very few quarters of the city that are known by a Persian name. They continued to be regarded as zamindars of the township till the time of Jats. When Saijid Bakir, their head quarreled with the local governor and made over all his rights to Chaubes, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-26 |title=Jama Masjid , Mathura |url=https://ranasafvi.com/jama-masjid-mathura/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Rana Safvi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Jama Masjid is located at the centre and highest point of Mathura, raised from the ground by a plinth. It was constructed using red sandstone.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Alfieri|first=Bianca Maria|title=Islamic architecture of the Indian subcontinent|date=2000|publisher=Laurence King Pub.|others=F. Borromeo|isbn=81-85822-74-3|location=London, WC|pages=268|oclc=44536138}}</ref>

The mosque has four [[minarets]] that are each 40 m (132 ft) high.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=Colin|title=Auringzebe's Mosque, [Jami Masjid, Mathura]|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho000000101u00025000.html|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.bl.uk|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105150805/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho000000101u00025000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A gateway stands in front of the mosque, featuring tile-work.<ref name=":0" /> Within the courtyard is a large [[Wudu|ablution]] pool, as well as several rectangular pavilions. These pavilions feature [[Bengal roofs|''bangla'' roofs]] and [[ogival]] archways.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The main prayer hall is smaller in scale than the gateway and minarets.<ref name=":0" /> Atop the prayer hall are three bulbous domes, of which the central one is the largest.<ref name=":1" /> The hall's facade historically had the ninety-nine names of Allah with Persian inscriptions on either side.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Jama Masjid, Mathura}}
{{Mosques in India}}
[[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mathura]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1662]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Mathura]]
[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1660s]]

Talcher Super Thermal Power Station

2026-02-20T22:09:10Z

Proabin: starting first entry first draft.

{{short description|Power plant in India}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Talcher Super Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|5|18|N|85|4|50|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location =
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = February 1995
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 6 × 500 MW
| ps_units_manu_model = [[ABB Group|ABB]] [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|BHEL]]
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 3,000 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Talcher Super Thermal Power Station''' or '''NTPC Talcher Kaniha''' located in [[Angul district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]] is the first mega power plant of India to have an installed generation capacity of 3000 MW. It is one of the [[coal]]-based power plants of [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Lingraj Block & Kaniha coal block of Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. The source of water for the power plant is Samal Barrage Reservoir on [[Brahmani River]].

The plant supplies power to the Indian states of [[Odisha]], Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana, as well as Bihar and West Bengal. The [[Talcher–Kolar HVDC system|East South Interconnection]] of the Indian power grid starts from NTPC Kaniha and ends at Kolar in Karnataka. This being a DC link is one of its kind in India as until now there are only three installed HVDC systems in India. The southern grid is weakly interconnected to the national grid of India through the [[Talcher–Kolar HVDC system]] in the east.

== Capacity ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit number !! Installed capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of commissioning
|-
| 1st || 1 || 500 || 1995 February
|-
| 1st || 2 || 500 || 1996 March
|-
| 2nd || 3 || 500 || 2003 January
|-
| 2nd || 4 || 500 || 2003 October
|-
| 3rd || 5 || 500 || 2004 May
|-
| 3rd || 6 || 500 || 2005 February
|-
|'''Total'''|| Six || '''3000''' ||
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [[Talcher Thermal Power Station]], another coal-based power plant in close vicinity, which was taken over by NTPC from Odisha State Electricity Board in June 1995

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=175&lang=en NTPC Talcher Kaniha]

{{NTPC Power Stations}}
{{Power stations of Odisha}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Odisha]]
[[Category:Angul district]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1995]]

Domban

2026-02-16T13:53:36Z

Proabin: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Doma (caste)]]

T. K. Alex

2026-02-12T03:10:01Z

Proabin: starting basic pg more to come

{{Short description|Director of the Indian Space Research Organisation}}
{{Indian patronymic|Alex|Thekkethil Kochandy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = T. K. Alex
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| ethnicity =
| fields = [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical]] and [[Aerospace Engineering]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| alma_mater = [[Catholicate College Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala University]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] (IITM), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[T.K.M. College of Engineering]], [[Kollam]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2007)
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thekkethil Kochandy Alex''' is an Indian space scientist. He was the director of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] (ISAC) of [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) (2008–2012) and Member, Space Commission.<ref name=isro>{{cite web | author=ISRO | title=Press Release | date=30 May 2008 | url=http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?may30_2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613012412/http://isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?May30_2008 | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 June 2010 | work=Indian Space Research Organisation | access-date=2013-06-06 }}</ref> He specialized in electro-optic systems and satellite technology. Starting with the first Indian satellite [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], he has been responsible for the sensor systems in all the Indian satellites. Under his leadership the Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems (LEOS) was established in 1993 and from the inception he was its director till 2008. He was conferred "Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Distinguished Professorship" in 2011.<ref name=AwardBio>[http://www.asindia.org/alex.aspx Astronautical Society of India, 2002 ASI Award winner Biography]</ref>

== Education ==
Alex from Kerala studied at the SRVLP school, Azhoor, Pathanamthitta, and his high school studies were at the Catholicate High School. This was followed by the pre-university course at the [[Catholicate College Pathanamthitta]], Kerala. He studied at the [[T.K.M. College of Engineering]], [[Kollam]], from 1964 to 1969. He received his [[bachelor's degree]] in [[electrical engineering]] from the [[Kerala University]] (gold medallist), master's degree from [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] and doctorate from [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc Bangalore]] in [[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace Engineering]].

== Contributions to ISRO/India ==
Alex has contributed to Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) by establishing the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems in Bangalore. Alex was the project director of the [[remote sensing]] experiment on board the Indo-soviet crewed mission in which the first Indian astronaut, Rakesh Sharma, squadron leader, flew aboard Soyuz T-11, launched on 3 April 1984.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} He contributed to India to the first Indian Moon mission, ''Chandrayaan-1'' in 2008. He provided guidance to the inter-planetary mission, Mars Orbiter mission, ''Mangalyaan''.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==Awards and recognition==

Alex was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2007,<ref>{{cite web| author=PIB | title = Padma Awards for 2007 announced| date=26 January 2007|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=24379| work= Press Information Bureau| publisher= [[Government of India]]|access-date=2013-06-06}}</ref> and the Distinguished Achievement Award of ISRO in 1976 for his contributions for the first Indian satellite. Other awards received include the IMDA award for the development of [[infrared sensors]] and the Hari Om Ashram Vikram Sarbhai award (1987). He received the Aryabhata Award (2015) of the Astronautical Society of India. He is a fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE), National Academy of Science, India (NASI) and the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, India (IETE) and a life member of ASI and Instrument Society of India. He is a fellow of the Optical Society of India and he was its President (2010–11).<ref name=isro/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alex, T. K.}}
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shimoga Venkatesh

2026-02-11T07:24:02Z

Proabin: starting some stub nd citations.

{{Short description|Indian actor (died 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shimoga Venkatesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2007|2|4|61|df=y}}<ref name="th1">{{cite news |title=Actor Venkatesh passes away |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/05/stories/2007020509710400.htm |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=5 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113125104/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/05/stories/2007020509710400.htm |archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Shimoga]], [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names = Shivamogga Venkatesh
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Shimoga Venkatesh''' (died 4 February 2007) was an Indian actor. He was best known for his work on [[Play (theatre)|stage]] appearing in plays in [[Kannada]] during the modern theatre movement 1970s and 1980s. He was involved with theatre groups such as Benaka, Rangasampada and Nataranga of [[Bangalore]].<ref name="th1"/> Venkatesh also appeared in films and television.<ref name="cl1">{{cite news |title=Shimoga Venkatesh Dead |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3223-shimoga-venkatesh-dead.html |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=Chitraloka.com |date=4 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716135357/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3223-shimoga-venkatesh-dead.html |archive-date=16 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="fb1">{{cite news |title=Shimoga Venkatesh passes away |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2007/shimoga-venkatesh-060207.html |access-date=18 May 2021 |work=Filmibeat.com |date=6 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518032549/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2007/shimoga-venkatesh-060207.html |archive-date=18 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Venkatesh was involved in the modern theatre movement in his home State of [[Karnataka]] starting the 1970s. He appeared in ''Bhutto'', ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''Kattale Belaku'', ''Nammolagobba Najookaiah'', ''Aaspota'', ''[[Tughlaq (play)|Tughlaq]]'', ''Mooru Kaasina Aata'', ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'', ''[[Macbeth]]'', ''Hayavadana'', ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' and ''Uttama Prabhutwa Lolalotte'' among others. He frequently collaborated with theatre personalities such as [[T. N. Seetharam]], [[T. S. Nagabharana]], [[Girish Karnad]] and [[M. S. Sathyu]].<ref name="cl1"/>

On screen, he starred as a [[character actor]], and appeared in films such as ''[[Bili Hendthi]]'' (1975), ''[[Chomana Dudi]]'' (1975), ''[[Kanneshwara Rama]]'' (1977), ''[[Kittu Puttu]]'' (1977), ''[[Accident (1985 film)|Accident]]'' (1985), ''[[Chapala Chennigaraya]]'' (1990), ''[[S. P. Bhargavi]]'' (1991) and ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' (1992). On telelvision, he appeared in ''Namma Nammalli'', ''Bhagya'', ''Sankranti'', ''Aaghagata'', ''Silli Lalli'' and ''Pa Pa Pandu''.<ref name="cl1"/>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
* ''[[Bili Hendthi]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Chomana Dudi]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Kanneshwara Rama]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Kittu Puttu]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Accident (1985 film)|Accident]]'' (1985)
* ''Balondu Bhavageethe'' (1988)
* ''[[Chapala Chennigaraya]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Kalyana Mantapa]]'' (1991)
* ''[[S. P. Bhargavi]]'' (1991)
* ''Gandharva'' (1992)
* ''[[Midida Shruthi]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Undu Hoda Kondu Hoda]]'' (1992)
* ''Bahaddur Hennu'' (1993)
* ''Sangharsha'' (1993)
* ''[[Kotreshi Kanasu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Munnudi]]'' (2000)
* ''Odu'' (2003)
* ''Sacchi'' (2003)

=== Television ===
* ''Aaghaata''<ref>{{cite web |title=Shock treatment |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july06/ent4.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206193326/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july06/ent4.asp |archive-date=6 December 2003 |date=6 July 2003}}</ref>
* ''Namma Nammalli''
* ''Bhagya''
* ''Sankranti''
* ''Silli Lalli''
* ''Pa Pa Pandu''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm5562284}}

[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

Sathyan (Malayalam actor)

2026-02-10T17:33:36Z

Proabin: starting initial details more to come.

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam actor (1912-1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{original research|date=August 2020}}
}}
{{Indian patronymic|Sathyanesan Nadar or by his stage name Sathyan|Cheruvilakathu Veetil Manuel}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sathyan
| image = Sathyan Actor.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Cheruvilakathu Veetil Manuel Sathyanesan Nadar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1912|11|09}}
| birth_place = Aramada, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Travancore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1971|06|15|1912|11|09}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| resting place = [[Mateer Memorial Church|Thiruvananthapuram LMS Compound]]<ref name="OnManorama">{{cite web |title=Jayasurya's look as Sathyan for biopic will stun you! |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/06/15/jayasurya-sathyan-star-look-for-biopic.html |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref name="TheNewIndianExpress">{{cite web |title=Proposal to convert MM Church into cathedral draws flak |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/jan/31/proposal-to-convert-mm-church-into-cathedral-draws-flak-2413263.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=30 January 2022 }}</ref>
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Sathyan Master, Sathyan Mashu
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Police inspector]], [[soldier]] ([[Viceroy's Commissioned Officer]]), [[clerk (position)|clerk]], [[school teacher]]
| years active = 1951–1971
| spouse = Jessy Sathyan
| partner =
| children = Prakash Sathyan, Satheesh Sathyan, Jeevan Sathyan,
| website =
| awards = 2 [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
}}

'''Sathyan''' (born '''Cheruvilakathu Veetil Manuel Sathyanesan Nadar'''; 9 November 1912 – 15 June 1971) was an Indian actor known for his work in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Venkiteswaran|first=C. S.|date=2012-11-08|title=The indomitable Sathyan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-indomitable-sathyan/article4077870.ece|access-date=2021-11-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-16|title=Remembering Sathyan, a great actor Malayalam cinema lost 50 years ago|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-sathyan-great-actor-malayalam-cinema-lost-50-years-ago-150733|access-date=2021-11-09|work=[[The News Minute]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-15|title=Remembering legendary actor Sathyan on his 50th death anniversary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/remembering-legendary-actor-sathyan-on-his-50th-death-anniversary/photostory/83535648.cms|access-date=2021-11-09|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2021 |title=Remembering Sathyan Master on his 109th birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/remembering-sathyan-master-on-his-109-birth-anniversary/photostory/87599463.cms |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=Times of India}}</ref> Known for his own style and versatility in acting, Satyan was one of the pioneers of realistic acting in [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]]. He is respectfully called '''Sathyan Master'''. He was also a soldier in the [[British Indian Army]] and later a police officer with the [[Travancore]] State Police.

Sathyan served as an officer in the [[British Indian Army]] during [[World War II]]. After the war he joined the Travancore state police as an inspector in late 1940s. During this time he got interested in acting and acted in amateur stage plays. He made his debut film in 1952 film [[Aathmasakhi|Athmasakhi]] and rose to stardom with the critically acclaimed film [[Neelakuyil]] in 1954. He dominated the Malayalam film industry over two decades ( 1952 – 1971) along with his contemporary [[Prem Nazir]].

He is remembered for his performances in [[Anubhavangal Paalichakal|''Anubhavangal Palichakal'']] (1971), ''[[Karinizhal]]'' (1971), ''[[Kadalpalam]]'' (1969), [[Yakshi (film)|''Yakshi'']] (1968), [[Odayil Ninnu (film)|''Odayilninnu'']] (1965), ''[[Udhyogastha]]'' (1967), ''[[Veettu Mrugam]]'' (1969), [[Vazhve Mayam|''Vazhvemayam'']] (1970), [[Oru Penninte Katha|''Oru Penninte Kadha'']] (1971), ''[[Karakanakadal]]'' (1971), [[Pakalkkinavu|''Pakalkinavu'']] (1966), [[Ningalenne Communistakki (film)|''Ningalenne Communist Akki'']] (1970), [[Kayamkulam Kochunni (1966 film)|''Kayamkulam Kochunni'']] (1966), ''[[Sarasayya]]'' (1971), ''Rowdy'' (1966), ''[[Mooladhanam]]'' (1969),''[[Chemmeen]]'' (1965), ''[[Ammayenna Sthree]]'' (1970), [[Kuttravali|''Kuttavali'']] (1970), [[Cross Belt (film)|''Crossbelt'']] (1970), ''[[Adimakal]]'' (1969), ''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]'' (1964), ''[[Aadyakiranangal]]'' (1964) and ''[[Mudiyanaya Puthran]]'' (1961).

Sathyan won the Best Actor Award at the inaugural Kerala State Film Award ceremony for his double role in ''[[Kadalpalam]]''. He won the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] again in 1971 for his film ''[[Karakanakadal]]''.

==Personal life==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2015}}
Sathyan was born in Aramada, Thiruvananthapuram on 9 November 1912. His parents' names were Manuel and Emily. The eldest of five sons, his younger brothers were Chellayya, Neshan, Devadas, and Jacob. His family were Nadar Christians who belonged to the Anglican Church ([[Church of India, Burma and Ceylon|C.I.B.C.]]) (later Church of South India ([[Church of South India|C.S.I.]]). Their family home in Aramada was called Cheruvilakathu Veettil.<ref name="TheNewIndianExpress" />

Sathyan passed the ''Vidwan'' exam, equivalent to [[Master of Arts]] before joining [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Trivandrum]] as a teacher. After some time, he got job as a clerk in the Kerala Secretariat and worked there for about a year. He joined the army in 1941 and got posted as a [[Viceroy's Commissioned Officer|Commissioned Officer]] of the [[Viceroy of India]]. He served the [[British army]] in [[Manipur]], [[Burma]] (now [[Myanmar]]) and [[British Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia]]) during the [[World War II]] period. After finishing his term in the army, he returned home and joined the then Travancore State Police as a [[Inspector#India|police inspector]]. During the [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising]] in 1946, Sathyan was the inspector at [[Alappuzha]] North Police Station.<ref name="OnManorama" />

Sathyan was married to Jessy until his death in 1971. They have three sons: Prakash, Satheesh and Jeevan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Remembering Sathyan, a great actor Malayalam cinema lost 50 years ago |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-sathyan-great-actor-malayalam-cinema-lost-50-years-ago-150733 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Entry to films==

{{unreferenced section|date=April 2015}}
Sathyan's entry into the field of acting started during his tenure as the police officer. At that time he acted in several amateur plays and that experience made him more interested in acting. His entry to film industry was accidental. He got introduced to a film musician [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]] during his tenure as Inspector in [[Alappuzha]] North Police Station. The musician introduced Sathyan to various film personalities and one producer promised to cast him in a film; however, Sathyan did not get any calls from the producer. Sathyan came to know about a film that [[Kerala Kaumudi|Kaumudi]] Chief Editor and his neighbour K. Balakrishnan were planning. He met Balakrishnan and the latter was impressed by Sathyan. Balakrishnan cast him as the protagonist in the film written and produced by him, titled ''Thyagaseema''. The then Deputy Superintendent of Police, Mary Arputham, objected to Sathyan acting in the film. Sathyan resigned from his job to act in this film and shortened his name to Sathyan from Sathyaneshan. However, the film was dropped. ''Thyagaseema'' was also incidentally the first film for [[Prem Nazir]].

In 1952 [[P. Subramaniam]] established Neela Productions. He happened to see the rushes of ''Thyagaseema'' and was impressed by Sathyan's performance. Subramaniam invited Sathyan to act as hero in his first film ''Athmasakhi'' (1952) which was Sathyan's first release.

==Film career==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}

===Rise to stardom===

In 1952, Sathyan's first film got released. The film was titled ''[[Athmasakhi]]'' and it earned him recognition in the industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/sathyan-40-years-down-memory-lane/powder.htm |title=Sathyam Sundaram- Sathyan- 40 years down memory lane |publisher=manoramaonline.com |date=14 June 2011 |access-date=16 June 2011 |archive-date=17 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617064541/http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/sathyan-40-years-down-memory-lane/powder.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sathyan rose to fame with the legendary ''[[Neelakkuyil]]'' (1954). The film was also a milestone in [[Cinema of Kerala#History|Malayalam film history]]. It was the first film to have an authentic Malayalam story.<ref name="malayalamcinema.com: Cinema History">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223132036/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html|url-status=dead|title=malayalamcinema.com, Official website of AMMA, Malayalam Film news, Malayalam Movie Actors & Actress, Upcoming Malayalam movies|archive-date=23 December 2008|website=www.malayalamcinema.com}}</ref> The film was written by renowned literary figure [[Uroob]] and directed by Ramu Karyat-[[P. Bhaskaran]] duo. The songs in the film written by [[P. Bhaskaran]] and set to tunes by K. Raghavan were superhits. The film became the first Malayalam film to win national recognition when it was awarded the ''Rajat Kamal'' ([[National Film Awards|Silver Lotus Award]]). The film's success at the box office raised Sathyan and his co-star Miss Kumari to stardom.<ref name="malayalamcinema.com: Cinema History"/>

===Peak time===

Sathyan's career was influenced by great directors like [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]], [[P. Venu]], [[A. Vincent]] and Ramu Karyat. Sathyan's roles in various films directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] like ''Pappu'' in ''[[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]]'', ''Jayarajan'' in ''Daham'', ''Prof. Sreeni'' in ''[[Yakshi (film)|Yakshi]]'' (first psychological thriller in Malayalam) and the pratogonist in ''[[Vazhve Mayam]]'' were well appreciated. Sathyan's other major performances include those in ''[[Udhyogastha]]'', ''[[Snehaseema]]'', ''[[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]]'', ''[[Veettu Mrugam]]'', ''[[Mudiyanaya Puthran]]'', ''[[Bharya (1962 film)|Bharya]]'', ''[[Shakuntala (1965 film)|Shakuntala]]'', ''Kayamkulam Kochunni'', ''[[Adimakal]]'' and ''[[Karakanakadal]]''. His famous title character 'Othenan' in the film ''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]'' became highly popular among the masses. His role in ''[[Chemmeen]]'', the poignant love story set against the background of the coast of [[Alappuzha]] did not win him the best actor award for the year, but is one of the most popular roles of his career. He acted in over 150 [[Malayalam]] films and two [[Tamil films]].

Sathyan won the first [[Kerala State Film Award]] for Best Actor in 1969 for the double role in [[Kadalpalam]].

===Final films===

Vazhve Mayam, [[Anubhavangal Paalichakal]], [[Karakanakadal]] which won high critical acclaim were among his final films. Other releases were ''Bhikara Nimishankal'', ''Aranazhikaneram'' and ''[[Oru Penninte Katha]]'' (as Madhavan Thambi). Sathyan died before completing the movie 'Anubhavangal Paalichakal.' It is said that the expressions of Sathyan in the song 'Pravaachankanmare' in that movie is real because of the pain he suffered in real life. It is also said that, the final scenes of Sathyan in the movie are made with a dupe and the crying scene of [[Sheela]] in the climax is real because of the departure of Sathyan in real life. He was posthumously awarded the [[Kerala State Film Award]] for Best Actor in 1971 for his performance in ''Karakanakadal''. [[Mammootty]] and [[Suresh Gopi]] debuted in film as child artists in Sathyan's movies. Mammootty in Anubhavangal Paalichakal and Suresh Gopi in Odayil Ninnu.

===Death===

Sathyan died of [[leukemia]] after fighting it for a year and four months on 15 June 1971 at Madras. He was aged 58 at the time of his death. His body was taken back to his native place Thiruvananthapuram, and was buried with full state honours. Thousands attended his funeral. His wife outlived him for 16 years, dying in 1987. His eldest son Prakash Sathyan died on [[Vishu]] day in 2014.

==Accolades and legacy==

Sathyan was a prominent actor to be considered as a superstar in Malayalam film industry after [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/sathyan-40-years-down-memory-lane/simhasanam.htm |title=40 years since the throne became vacant- Sathyan- 40 years down memory lane |publisher=manoramaonline.com |date=14 June 2011 |access-date=16 June 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606015750/http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/sathyan-40-years-down-memory-lane/simhasanam.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the late 1950s and the whole of the 1960s, he and [[Prem Nazir]] formed a bipolar industry with a considerable number of films starring at least one of them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sathyan-award-presented/article3046171.ece|title=Sathyan award presented|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 November 2006|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109064116/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sathyan-award-presented/article3046171.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He won the inaugural Kerala State Film Award for best actor in 1969 & again posthumously in 1971. There is a Sathyan Memorial Art Gallery in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

===Awards and recognition===
[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/sathyan-40-years-down-memory-lane/profile.htm |title=Sathyan enna prathibha |publisher=manoramaonline.com |date=14 June 2011 |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606020906/http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/sathyan-40-years-down-memory-lane/profile.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1969: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''[[Kadalpalam]]'' (First State Award receiver)
*1971: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''[[Kara Kana kadal|Karakanakkadal]]''

Film Film Awards:
*1969: Adimakal

===Popular roles===
Below are a few of the most popular & critically praised characters played by Sathyan:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/sathyan-40-years-down-memory-lane/filmography.htm |title=Sathyan- 40 years down memory lane |publisher=manoramaonline.com |date=14 June 2011 |access-date=16 June 2011 |archive-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619042229/http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/sathyan-40-years-down-memory-lane/filmography.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Neelakuyil]] (1954) – Sreedharan Nair
*[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]] (1964) – Othenan
*[[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]] (1965) – Pappu
*[[Chemmeen]] (1965) – Palani
*[[Yakshi (film)|Yakshi]] (1968) – Sreeni
*[[Kadalpalam]] (1969) – Double Role
*[[Mooladhanam]] (1969) – multistarrer with Nazeer
*[[Vazhve Mayam]] (1970) – Sudhi
*[[Karinizhal]] (1970) – Colonel
*[[Anubhavangal Paalichakal]] (1971) – Chellappan
*[[Karakanakadal]] (1971) – posthumous state award winner

==Memorials==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}

===Awards established in his name===
'' Sathyan National Film Award (Sathyan Foundation) '': An award instituted by the "Sathyan Foundation" a charitable organization formed with the basic objective of perpetuating the memory of veteran actor Sathyan by his children and grand child. The "Sathyan National Film Award" is presented annually to an eminent personality of Indian cinema. Memento, certificate and Rs. 25000/- are given as award for the awardees.
*Winners: Murali, Thilakan, P. Bhaskaran, Balachandra Menon, Kalabhavan Mani, Sheela, Nedumudi Venu, Dileep, K. S. Chithra, K.J Yesudas, Kalabhavan Mani, Madhu, Sharada, Suresh Gopi, M. Jayachandran, Sreekumaran Thampi, Jerry Amaldev.

''Sathyan Award'': An award instituted by the Kerala Cultural Forum. The award carries a sum of Rs. 10000 and a plaque.
*Winner: Innocent (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/|title=malayalamcinema.com, Official website of AMMA, Malayalam Film news, Malayalam Movie Actors & Actress, Upcoming Malayalam movies|website=www.malayalamcinema.com|access-date=30 November 2007|archive-date=14 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014201446/http://www.malayalamcinema.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2020}}

''Sathyan Memorial Film Award'': An award instituted by the Sathyan Memorial Arts and Sports Club. The award is given in various fields including Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Anti-Hero, Best Comedian, Best Newcomer and Best Singers (male and female), taking the last year's performances into consideration.

==Filmography==
===Malayalam===
==== 1950s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1951 || ''Thyaagaseema'' || || Unreleased film<ref name="unreleased">{{Cite news |date=2012-11-18 |title=Thyagaseema (1951) |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/thyagaseema-1951/article4105620.ece |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Aathmasakhi]]'' || ||<ref name="unreleased"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1953 || ''[[Thiramala]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Lokaneethi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ashadeepam]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1954 || ''[[Snehaseema]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| ''[[Neelakuyil]]'' || Sreedharan Nair ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Kalam Marunnu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Avar Unarunnu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1957 || ''[[Deva Sundari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thaskaraveeran (1957 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]'' || Kumar/Maayavi/Khan Sahib ||
|-
| ''[[Achanum Makanum]]'' || Reghu ||
|-
| ''[[Minnunnathellam Ponnalla]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1958 || ''[[Lilly (1958 film)|Lilly]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1959 || ''[[Chathurangam (1959 film)|Chathurangam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Minnalppadayaali]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 1960s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1961 || ''[[Unniyarcha (film)|Unniyarcha]]'' || Aromal Chekavar ||
|-
| ''[[Mudiyanaya Puthran]]'' || Rajasekharan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Arappavan]]'' || Vettukaaran Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Kuchela]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1962 || ''[[Bharya (1962 film)|Bhaarya]]'' || Benny ||
|-
| ''[[Viyarppinte Vila]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Kannum Karalum]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Akasam Puthiya Bhoomi]]'' || Sukumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Sreekovil (film)|Sreekovil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vidhi Thanna Vilakku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Laila Majnu (1962 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || Baqthum ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyajathakam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Palattu Koman]]''|| Palattu Koman ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1963 || ''[[Kadalamma]]'' || Neelan ||
|-
| ''[[Moodupadam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ammaye Kaanaan]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor (1963 film)|Doctor]]'' || Rajendran ||
|-
| ''[[Nithyakanyaka]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rebecca (1963 film)|Rebecca]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1964 || ''[[Pazhassi Raja (1964 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Baber ||
|-
| ''[[Kalanjukittiya Thankam]]'' || Sugathan ||
|-
| ''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]'' || Thacholi Othenan ||
|-
| ''[[Anna (1964 film)|Anna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manavaatti]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Omanakuttan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aayisha]]'' || Abubacker Sahib ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyakiranangal]]'' || Kunjukutty ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1965 || ''[[Ammu (1965 film)|Ammu]]'' || Shekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Kattuthulasi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chettathi]]'' || Premachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]]'' || Pappu ||
|-
| ''[[Devatha (1965 film)|Devatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shyamala Chechi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Inapraavugal]]'' || Anthony ||
|-
| ''[[Kadathukaran]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Daaham]]'' || Jayaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Shakuntala (1965 film)|Shakuntala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chemmeen]]'' || Palani ||
|-
| ''[[Thommante Makkal]]'' || Pappachan ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1966 || ''[[Koottukar (1966 film)|Koottukaar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Jail'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pakalkkinavu]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (1966 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' || [[Kayamkulam Kochunni]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kallipennu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Station Master (1966 film)|Station Master]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tharavattamma]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''Thilothama'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anarkali (1966 film)|Anarkali]]'' || [[Akbar]] ||
|-
| ''Rowdy'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1967 || ''[[Arakkillam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pavappettaval]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Kudumbam (1967 film)|Kudumbam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ashwamedham]]'' || Dr. Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Naadan Pennu]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Chekuthante Kotta]]'' || Lawrence ||
|-
| ''[[Ollathumathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Postman (1967 film)|Postman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Udhyogastha]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[Anweshichu Kandethiyilla]]'' || Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Sheelavathi]]'' || Ugrathapassu ||
|-
| ''[[Kavalam Chundan (film)|Kavalam Chundan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swapnabhoomi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[N. G. O.]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mynatharuvi Kolakase]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Khadeeja (film)|Khadeeja]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalirukal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sahadharmini]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1968 || ''[[Karthika (film)|Karthika]]'' || Kunju ||
|-
| ''[[Midumidukki]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhi Pizhacha Santhathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pengal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliyalla Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thokkukal Kadha Parayunnu]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Velutha Kathreena]]'' || Chellappan ||
|-
| ''[[Yakshi (film)|Yakshi]]'' || Prof. Sreenivasan ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Pareeksha (1968 film)|Agni Pareeksha]]'' || Dr. Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Manaswini]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aparadhini]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1969 || ''[[Kuruthykkalam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vilakkapetta Bendhangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kattukurangu]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Koottukudumbam]]'' || Appukkuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Chattambikkavala]]'' || John Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Mooladhanam]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Velliyazhcha]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Adimakal]]'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Urangatha Sundari]]'' || Vikraman Kartha ||
|-
| ''[[Kadalpalam]]'' || Narayana Kaimal, Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhya (film)|Sandhya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veettu Mrugam]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 1970s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1970 || ''[[Vivahitha]]'' || Ashok ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhve Mayam]]'' || Sudhindharan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Nilakkatha Chalanangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thara (film)|Thara]]'' || Balakrishna Pilla ||
|-
| ''Kuttavaali'' || Kedi Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Kalpana (1970 film)|Kalpana]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Thriveni]]'' || Damodaran Muthalali ||
|-
| ''[[Ningalenne Communistakki (film)|Ningalenne Communistaakki]]'' || Paramu Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Othenente Makan]]'' || Othenan Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Cross Belt (film)|Cross Belt]]'' || Rajasekharan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Bheekara Nimishangal]]'' || Mancheri Raghavan ||
|-
| ''[[Dathuputhran]]'' || Kunjachan ||
|-
| ''[[Ammayenna Sthree]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Nishagandhi (film)|Nishagandhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aranazhika Neram]]'' || Mathukkutty ||
|-
| ''Sthree'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukshethram (1970 film)|Kurukshethram]]'' || Balakrishnan ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1971 || ''[[Kalithozhi]]'' || Dr. Issac Matthew ||
|-
| ''[[Vimochanasamaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karinizhal]]'' || Colonel Rajasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Penninte Katha]]'' || Madhavan Thampi ||
|-
| ''[[Karakanakadal]]'' || Thoma ||
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. In Jungle]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shiksha (film)|Shiksha]]'' || Surendran ||
|-
| ''[[Moonnupookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panchavan Kaadu]]'' || Ananda Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Anubhavangal Paalichakal]]'' || Chellappan/Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Sarasayya]]'' || Dr. Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Thettu]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttyedathi]]'' || Appunni ||
|-
| ''[[Agnimrigam]]'' || Mukundan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1972 || ''Lakshyam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalippava]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Akkarapacha]]'' || Vasudevan ||
|-
| ''[[Baalyaprathijna]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1973 || ''[[Thenaruvi]]'' || Rajan's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Aashachakram]]'' || Ravichandran ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Checkpost (film)|Checkpost]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Aalukkoru Veedu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Pesum Deivam]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0766163|name=Sathyan}}

{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathyan}}
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Deaths from leukemia in India]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Malayalam male actors]]

Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital

2026-01-28T12:30:29Z

Proabin: Adding basic entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Hospital in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Hatnote|"Regional Cancer Centre, Shimla" redirects here.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital (IGMCH)
| native_name = इंदिरा गांधी राजकीय आयुर्विज्ञान महाविद्यालय और अस्पताल
| native_name_lang = hi-IN
| image = Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| former_name = Himachal Pradesh Medical College
| motto = सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = May all be happy, May all be disease free,
| type = Public Medical School
| established = {{start date and age|1966}}
| affiliation = [[Atal Medical and Research University]]
| principal = Dr. Sita Thakur
| city = [[Shimla]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|http://www.igmcshimla.edu.in}}
}}

'''Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital''' ('''IGMCH'''), formerly '''Himachal Pradesh Medical College''', is a [[public university|public]] [[medical school|medical college]] and hospital located in Snowdown area of [[Lakkar Bazaar]], [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref name="igmcshimla-about">{{Cite web |url=http://www.igmcshimla.org/about_IGMC.htm |title=Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Official Web Site. |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170103/http://www.igmcshimla.org/about_IGMC.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:IGMC Shimla entrance.jpg|thumb|IGMC Shimla entrance]]
The college was established in 1966 as the ''Himachal Pradesh Medical College (HPMC)'', and assumed the present name in 1984.<ref name="igmcshimla-about" /> On 29 June 2013, [[Himachal Pradesh]] Health minister [[Kaul Singh Thakur]] said that Indira Gandhi Medical College (IGMC) would be upgraded on the analogy of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)]] under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Sewa Yojana, (PMSSY). The minister stated that during his meeting with Union health minister Ghulam Nabi Azad, the proposal for granting the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS]] status to IGMC was under consideration of the [[government of India]]. The minister also added that the endeavour of the state government was to develop IGMC as a prestigious institute so that it can provide qualitative and better health services to the people of the state.<ref name=":0" />

== Regional Cancer Centre ==
[[File:IGMC SHIMLA.jpg|thumb|IGMC Shimla]]

The ''Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology'' of this institution is an approved [[Regional Cancer Centre]] of [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://kidwai.kar.nic.in/regional.htm |title=Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology Official Website. 'Regional Cancer Centres in the Country'. |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107212439/http://www.kidwai.kar.nic.in/regional.htm |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf WHO India. Addresses of Regional Cancer Centres.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005109/http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf |date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> It was founded in 1977 as a ''Tumor Clinic'' of the hospital and was granted the status of RCC in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.igmcshimla.org/Departments/Radiotherapy/Introduction.html |title=Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Official Web Site. Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology. |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914012803/http://www.igmcshimla.org/Departments/Radiotherapy/Introduction.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* Dr. [[Randeep Guleria]] - former Director of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS New Delhi]] and former [[President (education)|President]] of [[AIIMS Bilaspur]]
* Dr. [[Jagat Ram]] - Former director, [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER Chandigarh]]
* Arvind Rajwanshi - former Director of [[AIIMS Raebareli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|31.1072|77.1830 |type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Education in Shimla]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Shimla]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Nasal irrigation

2026-01-25T18:45:56Z

Proabin: Started New Details From Scratch.

{{Short description|Personal hygiene practice for rinsing out nasal passages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox medical intervention
| Name=Nasal irrigation
| Image=Jalaneti.JPG
| Caption=Woman flushing her nose with a neti pot
| ICD10=
| ICD9={{ICD9proc|22.0}}
| MeshID=D055556
| OPS301=
| OtherCodes=
}}

'''Nasal irrigation''' (also called '''nasal lavage''', '''nasal toilet''', '''neti pot''' or '''nasal douche''') is a personal [[hygiene]] practice in which the [[nasal cavity]] is washed to flush out [[mucus]] and debris from the [[Human nose|nose]] and [[sinuses]], in order to enhance [[Obligate nasal breathing|nasal breathing]]. Nasal irrigation can also refer to the use of [[Saline spray|saline nasal spray]] or [[nebulizer]]s to moisten the [[mucous membrane]]s.

==Medical uses==
[[File:Nasendusche IMG 3357.jpg|thumb|To prepare an isotonic saline solution for nasal rinsing, approx. 0.25 liter lukewarm, sterilized drinking water and 2.5 ml of table salt (about half a level [[teaspoon]]) is required.]]
[[File:Nasendusche.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Nasal irrigation device commonly available at pharmacies]]

Nasal irrigation can be an effective therapy to relieve symptoms of acute sinusitis caused by [[upper respiratory tract infections]] such as the [[common cold]].<ref name=Ros2015>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=RM |last2=Piccirillo |first2=JF |last3=Chandrasekhar |first3=SS |last4=Brook |first4=I |last5=Ashok Kumar |first5=K |last6=Kramper |first6=M |last7=Orlandi |first7=RR |last8=Palmer |first8=JN |last9=Patel |first9=ZM |last10=Peters |first10=A |last11=Walsh |first11=SA |last12=Corrigan |first12=MD |title=Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis executive summary. |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=April 2015 |volume=152 |issue=4 |pages=598–609 |pmid=25833927 |doi=10.1177/0194599815574247|doi-access=free }}</ref> The evidence for effectiveness in relieving chronic sinusitis is weak.<ref name=Cochrane2016>{{cite journal |last1=Chong |first1=LY |last2=Head |first2=K |last3=Hopkins |first3=C |last4=Philpott |first4=C |last5=Glew |first5=S |last6=Scadding |first6=G |last7=Burton |first7=MJ |last8=Schilder |first8=AG |title=Saline irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=26 April 2016 |volume=4 |article-number=CD011995 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011995.pub2 |pmid=27115216|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1489911/1/Schilder_Chong_et_al-2016-The_Cochrane_library.pdf }} {{open access}}</ref>

It can also be useful for the temporary relief of the symptoms associated with [[allergic rhinitis]].<ref name=Hermelingmeier2012>{{cite journal |last=Hermelingmeier |first=Kristina E. |last2=Weber |first2=Rainer K. |last3=Hellmich |first3=Martin |last4=Heubach |first4=Christine P. |last5=Mösges |first5=Ralph |date=2012-09-01 |title=Nasal irrigation as an adjunctive treatment in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=e119–125 |doi=10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3787 |issn=1945-8932 |pmc=3904042 |pmid=23168142}}</ref>

==Adverse effects==
Adverse effects include nasal irritation, nosebleeds, headache, and drainage after the irrigation is done. It is generally well tolerated.<ref name=Cochrane2016/>

There is a risk of infection if the water is not sterile or the device is not cleaned after use. If the device is used improperly this can be harmful.<ref name=FDA2017>{{cite web |title=Is Rinsing Your Sinuses Safe? |url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm316375.htm |website=FDA |date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104231633/https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm316375.htm |archive-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> In fact, proper application suggests the use of boiled water or [[saline water]]. In 2018, a patient was reported to have contracted ''[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]'' after one month of using [[tap water]] filtered through a [[Brita (company)|Brita]] water purifier for nasal irrigation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris brain infection associated with improper nasal lavage |url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(18)34525-9/fulltext |publisher=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |website=IJID Online |date=December 2018}}</ref>

Rare cases of fatal [[naegleriasis]] have occurred due to nasal insufflation of the amoeba ''[[Naegleria fowleri]]'' (the "brain-eating amoeba") from untreated tap water. Two people died from ''Naegleria fowleri'' infections tied to using neti pots containing tap water in 2011.<ref name="ABC-Neti">{{cite news |last=Moisse |first=Katie |date=16 December 2011 |title=Louisiana Issues Neti Pot Warning After Two Fatal Infections |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/fatal-infections-linked-neti-pots/story?id=15170230 |url-status=live |work=ABC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122224915/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/fatal-infections-linked-neti-pots/story?id=15170230 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020 }}</ref> A [[Louisiana]] man died from the same amoeba in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brain infection from water amoeba kills 3; victim used 'neti pot' |url=https://www.king5.com/article/mobile/news/health/brain-infection-from-water-amoeba-kills-3-victim-used-neti-pot/308001356 |access-date=21 January 2021 |publisher=King-TV |date=January 4, 2013}}</ref>

==Mechanism of action==
Flushing the nasal cavity can soothe inflamed tissue and remove irritants like allergens; it may help clear mucus.<ref name=Cochrane2016/><ref name=Hermelingmeier2012/>

Typical use involves the pouring or pumping of saline water through one nostril and letting it drain from the other.

==Solutions and devices==
===Solutions===
The water should not be tap water, which may contain small amounts of bacteria that are safe to drink but may be dangerous in the nose. The water should be sterile or filtered for micro-organisms; if tap water is used it should be boiled and cooled.<ref name=FDA2017/> [[Saline solution]] is also sometimes used.<ref name=Cochrane2016/>

The U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] has a fact sheet recommending one of four methods to make the water safe:<ref name="CDC-Fact-Sheet">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pdf/naegleria-ritual-ablution-factsheet.pdf |title=Safe Ritual Nasal Rinsing |author= |website=CDC.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618181911/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pdf/naegleria-ritual-ablution-factsheet.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2019}}</ref>
# Boil: Use water that has been previously boiled for 1 minute and left to cool. At elevations above 6,500 feet, boil for 3 minutes.
# Filter: Use a filter designed to remove some water-loving germs. The label may read "NSF 53" or "NSF 58". Filter labels that read "absolute pore size of 1 micron or smaller" are also effective.
# Buy: Use water with a label specifying that it contains distilled or sterile water.
# Disinfect: Learn how to disinfect your water to ensure it is safe from [[Naegleria]]. Chlorine bleach used at the right level and time will work as a disinfectant against this germ.

A number of other compounds may be included in irrigation fluids such as the steroid [[budesonide]] in an effort to treat chronic [[Sinusitis|rhinosinusitis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thaler|first1=Erica|last2=Kennedy|first2=David W.|title=Rhinosinusitis: A Guide for Diagnosis and Management|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73062-2|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFQSZR71rGAC&pg=PA82|language=en}}</ref>

===Devices===
[[File:Neti pot.jpg|thumb|Ceramic neti pot]]
Neti pots are commonly used and rely on gravity and head position in order to rinse the outer sinus cavities. Typically they have a spout attached near the bottom, sometimes with a handle on the opposite side.<ref name=FDA2017/>

Various squeeze bottles for nasal irrigation have also been used to apply the water.<ref name=FDA2017/>

Bulb syringes are commonly used for infants and children.<ref name=FDA2017/>

There are also irrigation machines available that utilize electric motor-driven pumps.<ref name=FDA2017/>

==History==
The earliest record of nasal irrigation is found in the ancient [[Hindu]] practice of Indian [[Ayurveda#India|Ayurveda]] whose roots are traced to the [[Vedas]]. It was customary to perform jala-neti daily, as part of ''soucha'' (personal hygiene according to scriptures). ''[[Neti (Hatha Yoga)#Jala Neti|Jala neti]]'', which means to cleanse the nose with water, is an old yogic technique from India. The container used to administer the saline is called a "neti pot". This process removes mucus and dirt and clears the nose. A second neti technique known as ''[[Neti (Hatha Yoga)#Sutra neti|sutra neti]]'' uses a piece of string instead of water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fandino |first=A. |last2=Douglas |first2=R. |date=February 2021 |title=A historical review of the evolution of nasal lavage systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-laryngology-and-otology/article/abs/historical-review-of-the-evolution-of-nasal-lavage-systems/0966B3539A8C12DE5E33BFA01ADDB672 |journal=The Journal of Laryngology & Otology |language=en |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=110–116 |doi=10.1017/S002221512100030X |issn=0022-2151|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Medicine}}
* [[Neti (Hatha Yoga)]]
* [[Post-nasal drip]]

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks|1=Ethnomedicine|2=Home Remedies/Saline Nasal Wash|3=Saline Nasal Wash}}
* [https://www.fammed.wisc.edu/nasal-irrigation/ University of Wisconsin instructions, study and video]
* [http://www.cfp.ca/content/49/2/168.full.pdf Saline nasal irrigation: Its role as an adjunct treatment]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasal irrigation}}
[[Category:Hygiene]]
[[Category:Rhinology]]

Sultanpur, Delhi

2026-01-23T06:49:30Z

Proabin: starting the data from scratch.

{{distinguish|Sultanpur Majra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sultanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Sultanpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.49292|N|77.15992|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi|South]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Delhi Government
| governing_body = Bjp
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15160
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 110030
| registration_plate = DL
| website = www.delhi.gov.in
| footnotes =
| official_name = Sultanpur
| translit_lang1_info1 = Hindi
| seat = Chhatarpur
}}
'''Sultanpur ''' is a village in [[South Delhi district]] of Delhi.

According to the 2011 census, there are 3280 houses, two government schools and three national banks. The metro station ([[Sultanpur metro station]]) is 0.6 km away from the village.

"[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen|Aa Ab Laut Chale]]", a film directed by [[Rishi Kapoor]], had principal photography shot at this village in 1999.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sultan Pur had a population of 15,160. Males constituted 57% of the population and females 43%. Sultan Pur had an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 75%, and female literacy was 61%. In Sultan Pur, 15% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Census Commission of India. Archived from the [http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-Delhi.html original] on 2010-11

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Delhi district]]

Village Rockstars 2

2026-01-18T08:31:07Z

Proabin: starting initial place nd citations.

{{short description|2024 film by Rima Das}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Village Rockstars 2
| image = Village Rockstars 2 film poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Rima Das]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Rima Das
* [[Fran Borgia]]
}}
| writer = Rima Das
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhanita Das]]
* Manabendra Das
* [[Boloram Das]]
}}
| cinematography = Rima Das
| editing = Rima Das
| music = Pallab Talukdar
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Flying River Films
* Akanga Film Asia
}}
| distributor = Flying River Films
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|4|[[29th Busan International Film Festival|BIFF]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* India
* Singapore
}}
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| gross =
}}

'''''Village Rockstars 2''''' is a 2024 Indian-Singapore [[Assamese language]] [[coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[drama film]] written, edited, produced and directed by [[Rima Das]]. Sequel to ''[[Village Rockstars]]'' (2017), revisits the life of Dhunu, seven years after the events of the last film.<ref name="vr:biff">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=76001&c_idx=400&sp_idx=0&QueryStep=2 |title= Village Rockstars 2 |website=Busan International Film Festival|date=September 12, 2024|access-date=September 13, 2024|language=en}}</ref>

The film premiered at the [[29th Busan International Film Festival]] on 4 October 2024 competing in the Kim Jiseok section,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/busan-competition-titles-brillante-mendoza-rima-das-tom-lin-1236051149/ |title=Busan Competition Titles Include Films By Brillante Mendoza, Rima Das & Tom Lin|first= Sara |last= Merican |date=27 August 2024|access-date=29 August 2024 |website= [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en}}</ref> where it won [[Kim Jiseok Award]].<ref name="award:dl"/>

==Synopsis==

Dhunu, now in her late teens, still climbs trees, swims, and most importantly, dreams of continuing her childhood life as a guitarist in her rock band. However, life does not unfold as Dhunu wishes. As she faces the bitter and sour moments of life, she stands on the threshold of leaving her once-happy childhood behind.

== Cast ==
* [[Bhanita Das]] as Dhunu
* Basanti Das as Maa
* Manabendra Das as Manab, Dhunu's elder brother
* [[Boloram Das]] as Bolo
* Bhaskar Das as Bhaskar
* Junumoni Boro as Junu
* Bishnu Kalita as Bishnu

==Release==

''Village Rockstars 2'' had its world premiere at [[29th Busan International Film Festival]] on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rima-das-village-rockstars-2-to-compete-for-kim-jiseok-award-at-busan-international-film-festival/article68572000.ece|title=Rima Das' 'Village Rockstars 2' to compete for Kim Jiseok Award at Busan International Film Festival|date=27 August 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> It was also selected for the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]], where it competed in the South Asia Competition section.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2024-10-09 |title=MAMI Mumbai Film Festival will open with Payal Kapadia’s ‘All We Imagine as Light’ |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1074218/mami-mumbai-film-festival-will-open-with-payal-kapadias-all-we-imagine-as-light |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

It was selected at the [[2nd Eikhoigi Imphal International Film Festival]] 2025 under the International Competition: Fiction section and was screened on 8 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://powercorridors.in/imphal-film-festival-unveils-diverse-lineup-with-57-films-showcasing-manipuri-classics/|title=Imphal Film Festival Unveils Diverse Lineup with 57 Films, Showcasing Manipuri Classics|author=Navin Upadhyay|website=powercorridors.in}}</ref>

The film was selected in the Generation 14plus section of the [[75th Berlin International Film Festival]], where it had its European premiere on 16 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/12/berlin-film-festival-michel-gondry-ira-sachs-competition-panorama-vasilis-kekatos-1236205467/ |title=Berlin Film Festival: Michel Gondry & Ira Sachs Among Names Set For Competition Sidebars|first=Zac |last= Ntim |date=17 December 2024|access-date=17 December 2024 |website= [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2025/programme/202506997.html |title= Village Rockstars 2 |work=Berlinale |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref> It was also selected at the [[8th Malaysia International Film Festival]] in Lenses of India Women Filmmakers section and screened on July 24, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miffest.com.my/film-lineup-2025/# |title=Film Lineup 2025 |date=12 June 2025|access-date=19 June 2025|website= [[Malaysia International Film Festival]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==

Nikki Baughan reviewing the film for ''[[ScreenDaily]]'' praised [[Bhanita Das]] for giving "a low-key, naturalistic performance conveying Dhunu’s deep connection to this land and her family". Baughan felt that the [[Rima Das]] has given "subtle approach" to the film which "extends to every element of ''Village Rockstars 2'', giving it the feeling of a documentary." Baughan opined that "Rima Das has used the narrative as a way of amplifying the struggles of the people of Assam, which is bearing the effects of climate change and cut-throat battle for land and resources."<ref name="rev:sd">{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/village-rockstars-2-busan-review/5197799.article |title=‘Village Rockstars 2’: Busan Review |first= Nikki|last= Baughan |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[ScreenDaily]]|language=en}}</ref>

Kalpajyoti Bhuyan in his review for High on Films sums up how the "Heart of Nature and Weight of Life" finds focus in Village Rockstars 2. He also adds that the film sends out a strong ecological message as it blends "art and activism". "Filmmaker Rima Das has also previously criticized the Assam government’s decision to fell thousands of trees along NH 17 for the construction of four lanes. It’s only fitting that her voice of protest comes out in her film as well", he added.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhuyan |first=Kalpa Jyoti |date=2025-02-23 |title=Village Rockstars 2 (2024) ‘Berlinale’ Movie Review: Heart of Nature and Weight of Life Finds Focus in Rima Das’s Sequel Which Bridges Art and Activism |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/village-rockstars-2-2024-berlinale-movie-review/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=High On Films |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-28 |title=Adil, Rima protest move to cut over 1k trees to expand NH-17 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/adil-rima-protest-move-to-cut-over-1k-trees-to-expand-nh-17/articleshow/104769634.cms |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Accolades==

The film competed for Kim Jiseok award at [[Busan International Film Festival]], which is given to 2 films from the selected 10 films in the competition category for the Asian directors who have directed more than 3 feature films, and present their new film for premiere in the festival.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Busan International Film Festival]]
| [[29th Busan International Film Festival|11 October 2024]]
| [[Kim Jiseok Award]]
| rowspan=4|[[Rima Das]]
| {{Won}}
| align="center"|<ref name="award:dl">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/busan-new-currents-jiseok-awards-land-of-morning-calm-ma-cry-of-silence-1236113229/ |title=Korea’s ‘The Land Of Morning Calm’, Myanmar’s ‘MA Cry Of Silence’ Win New Currents Awards At Busan|first= Liz|last=Shackleton |date=October 10, 2024|access-date=October 11, 2024 |website= [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="acc:dl">{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/village-rockstars-2-by-rima-das-only-indian-feature-in-jiseok-competition-at-29th-busan-international-film-festival-1549310 |title='Village Rockstars 2' by Rima Das only Indian feature in Jiseok Competition at 29th Busan International Film Festival|first= Abdul |last= Gani |date=27 August 2024|access-date=13 September 2024 |website= [[The Assam Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]]
| [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024|24 October 2024]]
| South Asia Competition
| {{nom}}
| align="center"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!scope="row" |[[Berlin International Film Festival]]
| [[75th Berlin International Film Festival|23 February 2025]]
| Grand Prize for Best Film
| {{Nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="1"|<ref name="pan:dl">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/berlin-film-festival-justin-kurzel-the-narrow-road-to-the-deep-north-jacob-elordi-lineup-2025-1236258397/ |title= Justin Kurzel Series ‘The Narrow Road To The Deep North’ Starring Jacob Elordi Among Titles Added To Berlinale Lineup|website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |first=Zac|last=Ntim|date=16 January 2025|access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2025/news-press-releases/261120.html |title=Generation 2025 – Wresting Meaning from the World|work=Berlinale |date=16 January 2025 |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |[[Toulouse Indian Film Festival]]
| 27 April 2025
| Jury Prize (ex aequo)
| {{Won}}
| align="center" rowspan="1"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://toulouseindianfilmfestival.com/en/10th-edition-toulouse-indian-film-festival |title=10th edition of the Toulouse Indian Film Festival|work=[[Toulouse Indian Film Festival]] |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[18th Asia Pacific Screen Awards|27 November 2025]]
| [[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Youth Feature Film|Best Youth Film]]
| ''Village Rockstars 2''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"| <ref name="apsa:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/apsa-nominations-samsara-it-was-just-an-accident-magellan-1236553220/ |title=‘Samsara,’ ‘It Was Just an Accident,’ ‘Magellan’ Lead Asia Pacific Screen Awards Nominations |author= Naman Ramachandran |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date= 14 October 2025 |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.berlinale.de/en/2025/programme/202506997.html ''Village Rockstars 2''] at Berlinale

{{Kim Jiseok Award}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2020s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Singaporean films]]

Moumita Das

2025-12-31T05:19:23Z

Proabin: Started Initial Info Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Moumita Das
| fields = Physics, Mathematics
| workplaces = [[Syracuse University]] [[Rochester Institute of Technology]]
| alma_mater = [[Jadavpur University]] [[Indian Institute of Science]] [[Harvard University]] [[University of California, Los Angeles]] [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Sriram Ramaswamy]]
}}

'''Moumita Das''' is an Indian-American physicist specializing in [[soft matter]] and [[statistical mechanics]] research. She is a professor at the [[Rochester Institute of Technology]].

==Life==
Das earned a B.S. and M.S. from [[Jadavpur University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Moumita |date=2023 |title=CV |url=https://claws.rit.edu/photos/getphotoid.php?Client=MarketingCV&UN=modsps&HASH=75499bee1d4cce26c469d455e399a2e1ef338687&T=1708347383 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Rochester Institute of Technology}}</ref> She received a Ph.D. in physics from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Her dissertation was titled, ''Ordering, Stochasticity, and Rheology in Sheared and Confined Complex Fluids''.<ref name=":0" /> [[Sriram Ramaswamy]] was her dissertation supervisor.<ref name=":0" /> From 2004 to 2005, she was a postdoctoral fellow at the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] working under mentor [[Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan]].<ref name=":0" /> She was a postdoctoral fellow in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] under [[Alex J. Levine]] from 2005 to 2006.<ref name=":0" /> From 2007 to 2011, Das researched as a VENI fellow at the school of physics and astronomy at the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] with [[Frederick C. MacKintosh]].<ref name=":0" />

Das joined [[Syracuse University]] as a senior scientist in the department of physics in 2011.<ref name=":0" /> She researches [[soft matter]] and [[statistical mechanics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moumita Das |url=https://www.rit.edu/directory/modsps-moumita-das |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=RIT |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, she became an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at the [[Rochester Institute of Technology]].<ref name=":0" /> Das was promoted to associate professor in 2018 and professor in 2023.<ref name=":0" /> In 2024, she was elected a fellow of the [[American Physical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radzinski |first=Mollie |date=January 2, 2024 |title=RIT's Moumita Das elected as American Physical Society fellow |url=https://www.rit.edu/news/rits-moumita-das-elected-as-american-physical-society-fellow |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=RIT |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Moumita}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Syracuse University faculty]]
[[Category:Rochester Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Indian women physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:21st-century American women physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century American physicists]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]

Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India

2025-12-16T19:28:24Z

Proabin: Updated article with clearer structure

{{See also| Anglican Bishop of Tinnevelly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = [[Diocese]]
| name = [[Tirunelveli]]
| image = CSI Tirunelveli Diocese Logo.png
| caption = {{ffdc|1=CSI Tirunelveli Diocese Logo.png|log=2025 December 14}}

| country = [[India]]
| province = [[Church of South India]]

| congregations = 770 in 2025
| members = 1.80,202 in 2025

| cathedral = [[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Palayamkottai]]
| priests =

| bishop = [[A.R.G.S.T. Barnabas|Rt. Rev. A.R.G.S.T. Barnabas]]

| website = [http://www.csitirunelveli.org/ www.csitirunelveli.org]

| map = Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu (India).svg
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = CSI Tirunelveli Diocese
|patron=
|dissolved=
|founded=
|churches=
|established = 1859
|sui_iuris_church=
|rite=
|flag=
|parishes=
|denomination=
|headquarters =
|metropolitan=
|territory=
|coat=
|local=
|latin=
|language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]], [[Malayalam]]
}}

[[File:Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Palayamkottai.jpg | thumb | right | Holy Trinity Cathedral, Palayamkottai ]]
The '''Diocese of Tirunelveli''' is one among the 25 dioceses of the [[Church of South India]] (CSI), a [[United Protestant]] denomination. It is based at Tirunelveli, in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], southern India. This is the second ever diocese to be formed in South India.

As of 2025, the diocese has 770 churches, 161 pastors, 9 deacons and a membership of 1,80, 202;<ref>[https://csitirunelveli.org/profile/present-status/statistics/ Official website, retrieved 2023-10-04]</ref> it also runs 342 schools and fifteen colleges and hospitals. [[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Palayamkottai|Holy Trinity Cathedral]], at Palayamkottai is the Cathedral of Tirunelveli Diocese. The churches were established by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) missionaries and the Society for Propagating the Gospel (SPG) missionaries. In the year of 1919 Tinnevely Diocese Trust Association (TDTA) was formed by uniting both mission and also with Baptists and Presbyterians churches in the neighbourhood.

==History==
In October 1896, Tinnevelly (the British name for Tirunelveli<ref>[https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/46_067.pdf Biblical Studies website, Indian Journal of Theology, Volume 46, ''A Brief History of Missions in Tirunelveli'' by D B Daughrity, page 76]</ref>) was separated from the Diocese of Madras and Rev. Samuel Morley was ordained as the first Bishop of the newly formed diocese.<ref>[https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1908998.pdf Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, ''Genesis of the Tirunelveli Diocese Trust'' by Stella Mary, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]</ref><ref>[https://missionstudies.org/archive/conference/1papers/fp/Dyron_Daughrity_Tirunelveli.pdf Mission Studies website, ''A Brief History of Missions in Tirunelveli (Part One)'' by Rev. Dyron B Daughrity]</ref>

[[Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah|V. S. Azariah]], the first Indian bishop, came from [[Tirunelveli]] Diocese.
==Issues in 2025==
The election for 2024-27 was not scheduled. Regarding this the Synod has formed an Administrative committee on 22 May 2025 and they took charge on 23 May 2025 led by Mr. Christopher Selvaraj and Mr. Anish Aseer. It was challenged by Mr. Selvakumar, Mr. Jesu Jegan and Mr. Solomon David. The court stepped in and tried to resolve it amicably. Due to the failure of Executive Committee to schedule the election for 2024-27, the High Court of Madras, Madurai Bench has ordered Former Justice Mr. Bharathidasan to administer the diocese. But, he did not take charge.
==Reforms in 2021==
Prior to 2021-24 elections, one named Dr. E. Pradeep Kumar has filed a case to restrain Diocese workers to participate in the elections and it has been found valid and granted. Proceedings has been issued by Administrators to confirm this on 19 Dec 2020. This serves as a reform for employees.
==Issues in 2017==
Due to the representation of Mr
Gabriel Jesudas, the court has ordered immediate election. Contrary to the order, the Diocese election was not conducted and the office bearers took charge informally. Then the Bishop/TDTA Chairman Rt.Rev. JJ Christudoss has complained about it to the ROC-Chennai and following that the ROC-Chennai has marked the company TDTA as dispute on 02 Nov 2017.

==Issues in 2015==
In November 2015, the Tirunelveli diocese increased the annual membership amount (in Tamil: Kanikkai) from Rs 100 to Rs 500. The retirement age of the pastors also increased by the CSI synod from 65 to 67, and a correction was made in the rule to permit pastors to remove someone from the diocese. Against all these decisions, members raised their voices. They requested to take a vote to implement these changes, but the Bishop ignored them and said that these changes are acceptable without proper voting. The members have thrown chairs to display their opposition. Due to the decision to increase the retirement age, J J Christdoss's retirement age also increased.<ref>Dinakaran (daily newspaper Tamil);13 November 2015;Page 2</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamalar.com/twitter_detail.asp?id=1385775|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105112955/http://www.dinamalar.com/twitter_detail.asp?id=1385775|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2016|title=நெல்லை சி.எஸ்.ஐ., கவுன்சில் கூட்டத்தில் நாற்காலி வீச்சு: பிஷப்பிற்கு எதிர்ப்பு|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nellaionline.net/view/31_105349/20151112165520.html |title=நெல்லை டயோசீசன் கூட்டத்தில் நாற்காலிகள் வீச்சு: போலீஸ் குவிப்பு |access-date=2015-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113103038/http://nellaionline.net/view/31_105349/20151112165520.html |archive-date=2016-01-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/districtnews/225|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105142716/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/districtnews/225|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 January 2016|title=சி.எஸ்.ஐ., டயோசீசன் கூட்டத்தில் குழப்பம் ! உறுப்பினர்கள் சேர்களை வீசி ரகளை! - Dinamalar|website=www.dinamalarnellai.com}}</ref>

==Issues in 2014==
In 2014, one school teacher committed suicide as she was transferred. The diocese management was blamed for this.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/06/07133309/Teacher-suicide-protesting-ag.html|title=Tamil News, Tamil latest news, Tamilnadu news, தமிழ், தமிழ் செய்திகள், தமிழ் சினிமா, அரசியல், World news, Crime news, Business news.|access-date=2015-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105132130/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/06/07133309/Teacher-suicide-protesting-ag.html|archive-date=2016-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==2008 Issues==
In 2008, the then administration led by a bus company owner rigged the election and but were eventually defeated in the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2008/02/05/tn-nellai-bishop-beaten.html|title=நெல்லை பிஷப்புக்கு சரமாரி அடி, உதை - கார் உடைப்பு|publisher=}}</ref>

==Bishops of the Diocese==
# [[Samuel Morley (bishop)|Samuel Morley]] (1896–1903)
# [[Arthur Williams (bishop)|Arthur Williams]] (1905–1914)
# [[Edward Waller (bishop)|Edward Waller]] (1915–1923)
# [[Norman Tubbs]] (1923–1928)
# [[Frederick Western]] (1923–1928)
# [[Stephen Neill]] (1939–1944)
# [[George Selwyn (bishop of Tinnevelly)|George Selwyn]] (1945–1952)
# [[Augustine Jebaraj]] (1953–1970)
# [[Thomas Garrett (bishop)|Thomas Garrett]] (1971–1974)
# [[Daniel Abraham (bishop)|Daniel Abraham]] (1975–1984)
# [[Jason Dharmaraj (bishop)|Jason Dharmaraj]] (1985–1999)
# [[Jeyapaul David]] (1999–2009)
# [[JJ Christdoss]] (2009-2020)
# [[A.R.G.S.T. Barnabas]] (2021 onwards)

==Educational Institutions under the Diocese==

*Primary and Middle Schools -323
*Higher Secondary Schools-13
*Colleges -6
*Teacher Training Institutes -3

==See also==
* [[Church of South India]]
* [[Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese of the Church of South India|Thoothukudi-Nazareth Diocese]]
* [[Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India|Madurai-Ramnad Diocese]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of Madras|Diocese of Madras]]
* [[Trichy-Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India|Trichy-Tanjore Diocese]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of Coimbatore|Diocese of Coimbatore]]
* [[Diocese of Kanyakumari of the Church of South India|Diocese of Kanyakumari]]
* [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Church of North India]]
* [[Christianity in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.csitirunelveli.org/ CSI Tirunelveli Diocese]
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{Churches in India}}

[[Category:Dioceses established in the 18th century|Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Church of South India dioceses|Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]

Ramit Tandon

2025-12-09T08:17:06Z

Proabin: basic fixed content for clarity for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian squash player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox squash player
| name = Ramit Tandon
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Ramit Tandon
| nickname =
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|8|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Columbia University]]
| height = 178 cm
| weight = 70 kg
| turnedpro = 2018
| retired =
| plays = Right-handed
| coach = David Palmer Hesham El Attar
| racquet = [[Tecnifibre]]
| website =
| event = Men's singles
| highest_ranking = 28 (October 2024)
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking = 32
| date_of_current_ranking = 14 July 2025
| WorldOpenresult =
| club = {{ubl
| [[Columbia Lions men's squash| Columbia Lions]]
| (2011–2015)
| Philadelphia Lightning
| (2025–present)
| Newport Dragons
| (2025–present)
}}
| titles = 4
| finals = 8
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[squash (sport)|squash]]}} [[File:Squash pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Squash at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's team|Men's team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Individual Squash Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Men's Asian Team Squash Championships|2022 Cheongju]]|[[2022 Men's Asian Squash Team Championships#Final rankings|Men's team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2021 Men's Asian Squash Team Championships|2021 Kuala Lumpur]]|[[2021 Men's Asian Squash Team Championships#Final rankings|Men's team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Junior Squash Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Junior Team Squash Championships|2011 Colombo]]|[[Asian Junior Team Squash Championships#Boys' championship|Boys' team]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships|2011 Amman]]|[[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships#Boys Under 19|Boys' individual]]}}
| psa_id = ramit-tandon
| updated = September 2024
}}

'''Ramit Tandon''' (born 21 August 1992) is an Indian professional [[squash (sport)|squash]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-13 |title=Ramit Tandon's journey from Wall Street to Abu Dhabi Squash Open triumph is a story of grit and courage to take the unconventional road |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/ramit-tandons-journey-from-wall-street-to-abu-dhabi-squash-open-triumph-is-a-story-of-grit-and-courage-to-take-the-unconventional-road-4467597.html/amp |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He is a bronze medalist at the [[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]] and a gold and a silver medalist at the [[Asian Team Squash Championships|Asian Team Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2022-11-04 |title=Squash: Indian men clinch first-ever gold at Asian Team Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-squash-men-win-first-ever-gold-2022-asian-team-championships-korea-saurav-ghosal-ramit-tandon/article66095335.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> As of Oct 2024, Tandon is ranked 28th in [[Men's Squash World Rankings|world rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramit Tandon {{!}} Overview |url=https://www.psasquashtour.com/player/ramit-tandon/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=PSA Squash Tour |language=en-GB}}</ref>

He turned pro in 2018 and has won four tour titles since.<ref>{{Cite news |title=From analyst's job to squash: Gamble paying off for Ramit Tandon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/from-analysts-job-to-squash-gamble-paying-off-for-ramit-tandon/articleshow/65307436.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is India's number one and Asia's number three ranked male player.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2017-12-10 |title=Ramit Tandon wins Singapore Open |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/ramit-tandon-wins-singapore-open/article21385825.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Tandon completed his education from [[Sishya School]], [[Chennai]] and moved to the [[United States]] to continue his education at [[Columbia University]], [[New York City|New York]]. He became a part of the college's squash team [[Columbia Lions men's squash|Columbia Lions]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramit Tandon - Men's Squash |url=https://gocolumbialions.com/sports/mens-squash/roster/ramit-tandon/2526 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Columbia University Athletics |language=en}}</ref> He was ranked #2 in university squash, won the Skillman Award given for sportsmanship and good conduct on and off the court and captained the team.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/23487132/how-hedge-fund-analyst-ramit-tandon-turned-top-100-squash-pro |title=How hedge fund analyst Ramit Tandon turned into a top-100 squash pro |date=13 May 2018 |website=espn.in |publisher=[[ESPN]] |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425065356/http://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/23487132/how-hedge-fund-analyst-ramit-tandon-turned-top-100-squash-pro |archive-date=25 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also became the MVP four times and won the Maniatty Award, given to the best student-athlete. Tandon graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in statistics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gocolumbialions.com/sports/mens-squash/roster/ramit-tandon/2526 |title=Ramit Tandon - Men's Squash |website=gocolumbialions.com |publisher=[[Columbia University Athletics]] |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

After graduating, he worked in the finance industry for a few years before stepping into the professional squash world. Off the court, he is seen at fashion shows, Ted Talks and as a guest speaker at several events.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.squashinfo.com/player/2347-ramit-tandon |title=Ramit Tandon player profile |website=squashinfo.com |publisher=Squash Info |access-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2011, Tandon won the [[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships#Under 19|U-19 boys singles]] title at the [[Asian Junior Individual Squash Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]. He was part of the bronze medalist [[Squash at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's team|men's team]] at the [[Squash at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 edition]] of the [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Asian Games: After quitting Wall Street job for professional squash, Ramit Tandon on a collission course with destiny |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-asian-games-after-quitting-wall-street-job-for-professional-squash-ramit-tandon-on-a-collission-course-with-destiny-2646760/amp |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, he was a part of the [[2021 Men's Asian Squash Team Championships#Final rankings|men's team]] that clinched the silver medal at the [[Asian Team Squash Championships|Asian Team Championships]]. Tandon was also a part of the gold medalist [[2022 Men's Asian Squash Team Championships#Final rankings|men's team]] at the [[2022 Men's Asian Team Squash Championships|2022 edition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghosal, Tandon inspire India to first-ever gold at Asian Team Squash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/ghosal-tandon-inspire-india-to-first-ever-gold-at-asian-team-squash-101667575870786-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The win was historic as it was the first time the team had won the title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=India men’s squash team wins maiden gold at Asian Championships |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/india-mens-squash-team-wins-maiden-gold-at-asian-championships-8249593/lite/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramit Tandon {!} Squash Biography |url=http://ispsquash.com/BiographyOfIndianPlayers_R.htm#Ramit_Tandon |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=ispsquash.com}}</ref>

==Titles and finals==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Result
! Score
! Ref
|-
| 2002
| Singapore Junior Open
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditya Jagtap]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (9-0, 9-0, 9-2)
|
|-
| 2003
| Scottish Junior Open
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Robert Downer]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (5-9, 9-5, 9-0, 9-2)
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-01-01 |title=Ramit Tandon wins Scottish Junior Open squash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ramit-tandon-wins-scottish-junior-open-squash/articleshow/32985914.cms |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2017
| SYS Open
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kush Kumar]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11-3, 11-2, 11-3)
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2017-05-15 |title=Ramit Tandon quashes Kush Kumar to win SYS Open |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/ramit-tandon-wins-sys-open/article18455363.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Singapore Open
| {{flagicon|TPE}} James Huang
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–0 (11-3, 11-6, 11-3)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2017-12-10 |title=Ramit Tandon wins Singapore Open |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/ramit-tandon-wins-singapore-open/article21385825.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| Abu Dhabi Squash Open
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Omar Abdel Meguid]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (11-6, 6-11, 11-3, 11-2)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2018-05-06 |title=Ramit tames top seed to claim Abu Dhabi Open title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/ramit-tames-top-seed-to-claim-abu-dhabi-open-title/article23792953.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| Seattle Open
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Mohamed ElSherbini]]
| bgcolor="99FB98"|Win
| 3–1 (11-4, 11-7, 2-11, 11-2)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2019-02-03 |title=Squash News: Ramit Tandon wins Seattle Open |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/squash-news-ramit-tandon-wins-seattle-open/article26167595.ece/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| EM Noll Classic
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Youssef Ibrahim]]
| bgcolor="ffa07a"|Loss
| 1–1 (8-11, 11-5, 2-0 rtd)
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Squash in India]]
* [[India men's national squash team]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{PSA|new_id=ramit-tandon}}
* {{Squash Info|2347}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Ramit}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian male squash players]]
[[Category:Columbia Lions men's squash players]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in squash]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games squash players for India]]
[[Category:La Martiniere Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Columbia College, Columbia University alumni]]

Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park, Gomti Nagar

2025-10-30T16:00:07Z

Proabin: Creating basic details v1.

{{Short description|Park in Lucknow, India}}
{{morefootnotes|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| image_size = 280px
| type = [[Public park]]
| location = [[Gomti Nagar]] in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| map =
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|50|21.66|N|80|59|38.28|E}}
| elevation = {{convert|109.00|m|ft}}
| line =
| other =
| area = 76 acres (0.31 km2)
| created = {{Start_date|df=yes|2007}}
| operator = Lucknow Development Authority
| status = Open year round
| website = [http://www.ldalucknow.co.in www.ldalucknow.co.in]
}}

'''Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Park'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uptourism.gov.in/ram-manohar.html |title=Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park - Uttar Pradesh Tourism |accessdate=2015-05-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518180421/http://uptourism.gov.in/ram-manohar.html |archivedate=2015-05-18 }} Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park</ref> is developed by the [[Lucknow]] Development Authority in the Vipin Khand area of [[Gomti Nagar]] locality in the memory of great socialist [[Ram Manohar Lohia|Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia]].<ref>http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/pm-pays-tributes-to-dr-ram-manohar-lohia-on-his-birth-115032300358_1.html - PM pays tributes to Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia on his birth anniversary</ref> The total area of the park is 76 acres.

==The Courtyard==
There are total four courtyards. All the entrances have ticket counters.

==Parking==
All the entrance courtyards are equipped with ample parking space with a capacity to park 60-100 vehicles each.

==Public Utility Area==
All the four entry points of the park have public utility block

==Main Navigation Path (4.5 wide and 1km long)==
Starting from the South-East corner of the park, the Main Navigation Path goes through the centre and ends at the North-East corner, measuring around 1 kilometre in length and 4.50 metres in width. The Main Navigation Path which is made up of Kota stones flooring also has a 50 cm strip in the middle of the path where seasonal flowers are grown. Special architectural lights on designer polls can be seen all around the navigation path.

==Light Beam Pathways==
Right from the entrance there are pathways in various directions of the park along with natural mounds, flower nursery and other areas. It looks like a light spreading in various directions. The [[Fish measurement|total length]] of these light beam path is 2.7 kilometres and it is made up of vitrified tile along with white sandstone strips in the middle.

==Semi-circular path==
The semi-circual path situated near the main memorial area is almost 500 metres long, also six memory columns and walls are situated along the semi-circular path. The walls have been engraved with the thoughts of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya,<ref>http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1243.html Dr Lohia’s Life and Thought: Some Notes</ref> while the columns have life and work of Mr. Madhu Limye, Mr. Raj Narayan, Mr. Karpuri Thakur, Mr. Badri Vishal Pitti, Mama Baleshwar Dayal and Mr. [[Ram Sewak Yadav]], engraved on them.

==Synthetic Jogging Track==
There are two state of the art synthetic jogging tracks in the park. The first track is of 340 metres in length and 2.70 metre wide, while the second track is 440 metres long and 3 metre wide.

==Jogging Track==
There are two jogging tracks in the park which are made up of sand soil. The first track is 365 metres long and 2.4 metres wide, while the second track is 400 metres long and 2.4 metres wide.

==Acupressure track==
There is also a modern acupressure track near the entrance courtyard number two. The length of this acupressure track is 100 metres and width is 2.40 metres.

==Water Body==
A lake of area 15,277 square metre is situated in the background of the idol of Dr Ram Manohar Lohia. The flooring of the lake is made up of rectified glazed ceramic tiles. There are four floating fountains in the lake and each fountain is 12 metres.

==Fish/Duck Pond==
The Fish and Duck Pond is divided in two parts. In the first part there are multi-colour small fishes, while the other part is reserved for ducks.

==Swings and Benches==
There are many types of latest swings installed in the park for the entertainment of children, also benches are installed to provide rest to the park goers.

==Open Exercise Area==
Keeping in view, the health and fitness of the people coming to park there seven machines installed in the open area near synthetic jogging track.

==Amphitheatre==
To cater the need of social and cultural functions, there is a stage with a main diameter of 30 metres. This amphitheatre is situated near the entrance courtyard number two. Clock Tower is also located near this amphitheatre. There is a provision of reserving this amphitheatre in two categories. First category is Non Commercial and under this category the rent is 11,000 Rs per day. While the second category is Commercial, where one has to pay 21,000 Rs per day.
Dr. Lohia Memorial Column

Keeping in mind the principles of Dr Ram Manohar Lohia's four pillar rule, four massive columns of 25 metre height each are constructed.

==Flower Garden==
Just near the main memorial area a flower garden is located in the area of 2 acres. This garden is always blooming with seasonal flowers, also there is a baradari located in the middle of the garden.

==Rain Water Harvesting==
A unique system for Rain Water Harvesting has been installed in the park. A recharge trench of 805 metres and 29 deep bores have been installed to cater to the Rain Water Harvesting system.

==Tree Plantation==
Mainly covered with green trees and flowers, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Park houses more than 50 different species of trees. Taking both small and big trees in count, there are almost 15000 trees planted in the park. Also 2 lac square ft green lawn is developed in the park. The species of the trees planted in the park are:-

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No !! Botanical/English Name !! Common name of Plant !! Family
|-
| || '''Tree''' || ||
|-
| || Adensonia Digitata || Kalp taru/Kalp vriksha || Malvaceae
|-
| || [[Albizia]] lebbeck || || Fabaceae
|-
| || [[Alstonia scholaris]] || Saptparni || Apocynaceae
|-
| || Ashoka serpense || ||
|-
| || Azadirechta indica || Neem || Meliaceae
|-
| || Bahunia Galpini || Lal kachnar || Fabaceae
|-
| || Bahunia purpurea || Purple kachnar || Caesalpiniaceae
|-
| || Bahunia tomentosa || Pila kachnar || Fabaceae
|-
| || Budhha belly Bamboos || ||
|-
| || [[Brunfelsia]] Americana || Lady of the night || Solanaceae
|-
| || Caesalpinia pulcherima || Pecock flower || Fabaceae
|-
| || [[Calliandra brevipes]] || Pink powder Puff flower || Fabaceae
|-
| || Calliandra haematocephala || Red powder puff flower || Fabaceae
|-
| || [[callistemon]] || Bottle Brush || Myrtaceae
|-
| || Cassia Biflora || Cassia Biflora || Leguminosae
|-
| || Cassia saimea || Kassod tree || Fabaceae
|-
| || [[Chorisia speciosa]] || Floss silk tree || Malvaceae
|-
| || Dalbergia sisso || Sheesham || Fabaceae
|-
| || [[Delonix regia]] || Gulmohar || Fabaceae
|-
| || [[Dillenia indica]] || Chalta/Ramphal || Dilleniaceae
|-
| || Elaeocarpus sphaericus || Rudrakhsa || Elaeocarpaceae
|-
| || Erythrina indica || Coral/Flame tree || Fabaceae
|-
| || Eugenia operculata || || Myrtaceae
|-
| || Ficus Aleey || || |
|-
| || [[Ficus benghalensis|Ficus Bengalsis]] || Bargad || |
|-
| || Ficus Bengalsis varigeta || Bargad Varigated || |
|-
| || Ficus Benjamina || || |
|-
| || Ficus citation || || |
|-
| || Ficus Goldstar || || |
|-
| || Ficus infectoria || Pakar || Moraceae
|-
| || Ficus Lyreta || || |
|-
| || Ficus marginata || || |
|-
| || Ficus Raginold || || |
|-
| || Fish tail palm || || Arecaceae
|-
| || Franciscea pauciflora || Kal aaj aur kal || Solanaceae
|-
| || Grevillia robusta || Silver Oak || Proteaceae
|-
| || Jakranda mimosaefolia || Jambul || Bignoniaceae
|-
| || Juniperus chinensis || || Cupressaceae
|-
| || Kajelia pinata || Balam kheera || |
|-
| || Lagestromia flos regini || || Lythraceae
|-
| || Magnolia Grandiflora || || |
|-
| || Mimusops elengi || Maulsari || |Sapotaceae
|-
| || Peltophorum ferrugineum || Pila gulmohar || Fabaceae
|-
| || [[Pine]]s roxburgii || || Pinaceae
|-
| || Plumeria Alba || || Apocynaceae
|-
| || Pterospermum acerifolium || Kanak champa || sterculiaceae
|-
| || Royale Palm || || |
|-
| || Roystonia Regia || Cuban royal palm || Arecaceae
|-
| || Schleichera Trijuga || Cylon oak || Sapindaceae
|-
| || Sellphydum || || |
|-
| || Spathodia campanulata || Tulip tree/Ragtura || Bignoniaceae
|-
| || Tamarindus indica || Imli || Fabaceae
|-
| || Terminalia Arjuna || Arjuna || Combretaceae
|-
| || Washingtonia || || |
|-
| || '''Shrubs''' || | ||
|-
| || Duranta plumeri || Golden dew drop || Verbenaceae
|-
| || Ficus Panda || || |
|-
| || Galphimia nitida || || Malpighiaceae
|-
| || Gardenia Jasminodies || || Rubiaceae
|-
| || Hamelia Patens || || Rubiaceae
|-
| || Hibiscus Daffodil || Yellow Gudhal || |
|-
| || Hibiscus Hybrid || Red Gudhal || |
|-
| || Ixora Singaporensis || || Rubiaceae
|-
| || Jacobinia Spps || || |
|-
| || Jasminum Sambac || || |
|-
| || Murraya Exotica || || |
|-
| || Mussaenda Erythrophylla || || |
|-
| || Pachystachs lutea || || |
|-
| || Plumbago Capensis || || |
|-
| || Russelia Juncea || || |
|-
| || Tabernaemontana Coronaria || || |
|-
| || Tecoma Capensis || || |
|-
| || Tecoma Stans || || |
|-
| || Yucca Aloifolia || || |
|-
| || '''Climbers''' || || |
|-
| || Bignonia vanusta || || Bignoniaceae
|-
| || Clerodendron splendens || || |
|-
| || Ficus repens || || |
|-
| || Jiaquemontia violacea || || |
|-
| || Petrea volubilis || || |
|-
| || Quisqualis indica || || |
|-
| || Tecoma grandiflora || || |
|-
| || Wisteria sinensis || || |
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gardens in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ram Manohar Lohia]]

Tansener Tanpura

2025-10-25T05:08:12Z

Proabin: basic update information for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tansener Tanpura poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster for Season 2
| writer = Sougata Basu
| director = Soumik Chattopadhyay
| starring = [[Vikram Chatterjee]] [[Rupsa Chatterjee]] Jayati Bhatia
| composer = [[Joy Sarkar]]
| country = India
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| list_episodes =
| num_seasons = 2 
| num_episodes = 19 
| language = Bengali
| company = Hoichoi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/dish-tv-india-partners-with-hoichoi-introduces-bengali-viewing-content-on-both-its-platforms-dishtv-d2h/|title=Dish TV India Partners With Hoichoi; Introduces Bengali Viewing Content On Both Its Platforms DishTV & D2H|via=indiaeducationdiary.in|date=13 July 2020|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116183758/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/dish-tv-india-partners-with-hoichoi-introduces-bengali-viewing-content-on-both-its-platforms-dishtv-d2h/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|06|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|11|13|df=y}}
}}

'''''Tansener Tanpura''''' ({{Lit|[[Tansen]]'s [[Tanpura]]}}) is an Indian [[Musical film|musical]] [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] web series. The series is about the notes and melodies of [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/tansener-tanpura/seasonreview/76708704.cms |title=Tansener Tanpura Season 1 Review: A musical thriller that engages with a simple treasure hunt tale |newspaper=The Times of India |last1=Sen |first1=Debolina |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2021-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426061912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/tansener-tanpura/seasonreview/76708704.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Directed by Soumik Chattopadhyay, it was released on 26 June 2020 on the Hoichoi streaming service. A second season released on 13 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-web-of-mystery-and-intrigue-set-to-get-deeper-in-tansener-tanpura-part-2/cid/1786336|title=Hunt for the elusive instrument continues|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2020-11-02|archive-date=2020-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110103104/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-web-of-mystery-and-intrigue-set-to-get-deeper-in-tansener-tanpura-part-2/cid/1786336|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-web-series-review-tansener-tanpura-dgtl-1.1172306|title=অচিন তারে সুরের থ্রিলার বাঁধল 'তানসেনের তানপুরা'|first=পরমা|last=দাশগুপ্ত|website=anandabazar.com|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2020-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110171234/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-web-series-review-tansener-tanpura-dgtl-1.1172306|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Description ==
The plot revolves around the travels of a youngster in search of haunting events and the truth. He sets out for Tansener Tanpura filled with the magic of music and a lot of mysteries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pakaoo.in/movie/tansener-tanpura-review/|title=Tansener Tanpura Review, Cast & Story | Watch on Hoichoi|access-date=2020-06-30|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630210437/https://pakaoo.in/movie/tansener-tanpura-review/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/tansener-tanpura-will-entertain-audiences-also-give-lot-knowledge-music-jayati-bhatia/2020/06/26|title=Tansener Tanpura will entertain audiences and also give a lot of knowledge about music: Jayati Bhatia|date=26 June 2020|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630085251/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/tansener-tanpura-will-entertain-audiences-also-give-lot-knowledge-music-jayati-bhatia/2020/06/26|url-status=live}}</ref>

The series features [[Vikram Chatterjee]], Rupsha Chatterjee, [[Jayati Bhatia]], Rajat Ganguly, Debesh Roychowdhury, [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]], [[Subhashish Mukherjee]], Bhaskar Banerjee in the lead roles. On 22 June hoichoi released an animated shot that looks back at the story's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/do-you-know-about-tansens-tanpura-hoichois-animated-video-looks-back-to-its-history/|title=hoichoi's animated video looks back at Tansen-er('s) Tanpura|date=25 June 2020|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028202415/https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/do-you-know-about-tansens-tanpura-hoichois-animated-video-looks-back-to-its-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Vikram Chatterjee]] as [[Alap]]
*Rupsa Chatterjee as Shruti
*[[Jayati Bhatia]] as Madhubanti Mishra
**Anuradha Mukherjee as young Madhubanti Mishra
*Rajat Ganguly as Kedar Mishra
*Debesh Roychowdhury as Bahadur Hussain
*[[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]] as Lalit Sen
**Suhotro Mukherjee as young Lalit Sen
*[[Subhashish Mukherjee]] as Ramnidhi Gosain
**Saunak Samanta as young Ramnidhi Gosain
*[[Bhaskar Banerjee]] as Hemanta Ganguly
**Satyam Bhattacharya as young Hemanta Ganguly
*[[Debshankar Haldar]] as Ranjan Ghosh
**Gautam Siddhartha Ghosh as young Ranjan Ghosh
*[[Pushpita Mukherjee]] as Rohini / Raunak Bai
**[[Angana Roy (Bengali actress)|Angana Roy]] as young Rohini / young Raunak Bai
*Sourav Saha as the assistant of Ramnidhi Gosain
*[[Kalyan Chatterjee]] as the beggar
*Surajit Bandopadhyay as Sunil Mitra
*Pradip Dhar as the grandson of the beggar
*Pradip Bhattacharya as Madhubanti Mishra's house servant
*Soumyadip Banerjee
*Rupam as Chotu
*Soumitra Banerjee
*Goutam Saha
*Anirban Paria
*Jagannath Chakraborty

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| caption =

| color1 = #4C5966
| link1 = #Season 1 (2020)
| episodes1 = 10
| start1 = {{Start date|2020|06|26|df=y}}
| end1 = {{End date|2020|07|3|df=y}}

| color2 = #273746
| link2 = #Season 2 (2020)
| episodes2 = 9
| start2 = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=y}}
| end2 = {{End date|2020|11|13|df=y}}
}}

==Season 1 (2020)==
The series started streaming on 26 June 2020 on Bengali [[Over-the-top media service in India|OTT]] platform Hoichoi with five episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/sougata-bose-s-web-series-tansener-tanpura-logo-released-vikram-chatterjee-rupsha-in-lead-role/5e5fb0a8af57dd1edf55e2b3|title=Sougata Bose's Web Series Tansener Tanpura Logo Released; Vikram Chatterjee, Rupsha In Lead Role|website=www.spotboye.com|access-date=2020-06-30|archive-date=2020-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701102247/http://spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/sougata-bose-s-web-series-tansener-tanpura-logo-released-vikram-chatterjee-rupsha-in-lead-role/5e5fb0a8af57dd1edf55e2b3|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 July 2020 hoichoi released all the remaining episodes.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall=Police decided to encounter Guddu and Bablu and attack them. Kaleen ask them to stay low, they hide in Bihar border. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = [[Swaralipi]]
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Jog-Sutra
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham Baad]]
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Tunabha Nali
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = [[Hamsadhvani|Hangsadhwani]]
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|06|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Prashanna Biswas
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Masitkhani Gat
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Nawabi Khanjar
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Snori Miyar Santan
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Bangshporichay
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|07|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Season 2 (2020)==
{{Episode table |background=#273746 |overall=|title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Shri'r Putro
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Umrababi
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Rai Dhairyang
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = [[Bilaskhani Todi|Bilash Khan]]
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Jogyotomo Shishya
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = [[Avarohana|Abarohon]]
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Raag Deepak
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = [[Arohana|Arohon]]
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = [[Malhar|Miyan Ki Malhar]]
|DirectedBy = Soumik Chattopadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==OST==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tansener Tanpura (season 2)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Joy Sarkar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2020|11|04|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Television soundtrack]]
| length = 3:46
| language = Bengali
| label = SVF Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|d60sxZyZGLE|"OST: Chhonnochhara Mon"}}|type=song}}
}}

The original soundtrack is composed by [[Joy Sarkar]] with lyrics by [[Srijato]]. The OST "Chhonnochhara Mon" has been sung by [[Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury]], Jimut Roy, [[Soham Chakrabarty]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt11993258}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian musical television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Television series with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]

Francisco de Almeida

2025-10-19T17:18:23Z

Proabin: enhance lead as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Portuguese nobleman and soldier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Senhor|His Lordship]]
| name = D. Francisco de Almeida
| image = Retrato de D. Francisco de Almeida (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido.png
| order = 1st
| office = Viceroy of Portuguese India
| term_start = 12 September 1505
| term_end = 4 November 1509
| monarch = [[Manuel I of Portugal]]
| predecessor = [[Tristão da Cunha]] (designate; never took office)
| successor = [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]
| birth_name = Francisco de Almeida
| birth_date = ca. 1450
| birth_place = [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1510|3|1|1450|df=y}}
| death_place = Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope
| nationality = [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
| citizenship =
| occupation = Soldier, explorer, [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|viceroy of Portuguese India]]
| known_for = Establishment of Portuguese naval hegemony in the Indian Ocean.
| signature =
| children = [[Lourenço de Almeida]]
}}
''[[Dom (honorific)|Dom]]'' '''Francisco de Almeida''' ({{IPA|pt|fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku ðɨ alˈmɐjðɐ}}; c. 1450 – 1 March 1510), was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] nobleman, soldier and [[exploration|explorer]]. He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King [[John II of Portugal]] and later in the wars against the [[Moors]] and in the conquest of [[Granada]] in 1492. In 1505 he was appointed as the first governor and viceroy of the Portuguese [[Portuguese India|State of India]] (''Estado da Índia''). Almeida is credited with establishing Portuguese [[hegemony]] in the Indian Ocean with his victory at the naval [[Battle of Diu]] in 1509. Before Almeida returned to Portugal he lost his life in a [[Battle of Salt River|conflict]] with indigenous people at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1510. His only son [[Lourenço de Almeida]] had previously been killed in the [[Battle of Chaul]].

== Exploits as soldier ==
Almeida was born at [[Lisbon]]. As was customary for men in his social circle, he joined the military at an early age. In 1476 he took part in the [[Battle of Toro]]. Then he fought in conflicts in different parts of [[Morocco]] and in 1492 participated in the Christian conquest of [[Granada]] on the side of the [[Crown of Castile|Castilians]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

==Mission to the east==
{{Main|7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)}}
[[File:Portuguese India 16-17th centuries v05.jpg|thumb|Portuguese presence in India ,Gulf of Bengal and the Himalayas (maximum extent) between the 15th and 17th centuries]]
[[File:SantaMaria.jpg|thumb|A [[carrack]], 14 of which Almeida employed in his voyage to the east]]

In 1505, King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] made Almeida, then in his mid-fifties, the first viceroy of [[Portuguese India]] (''Estado da Índia'').<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marjay |first1=Frederic Pedro |title=Portugal, Pioneer of New Horizons: Documentary Proof of Portuguese Priority in Discovering the Secrets of the Globe |last2=Habsburg |first2=Otto von |publisher=Livraria Bertrand |year=1965 |location=Lisboa |pages=34}}</ref> With an armada of 22 ships, including 14 [[carrack]]s and 6 [[caravel]]s, Almeida departed from Lisbon on 25 March 1505. The armada carried a crew of 1,500 soldiers. The [[flagship]] was the carrack ''São Rafael'' captained by Fernão Soares. The mission's primary aims were to bring the spice trade under Portuguese control, build forts along the east African and Indian coasts, further Portuguese [[spice trade]] through alliances with local chieftains, and construct trading posts.

===African conquest===
Almeida rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and entered African coastal waters again at [[Sofala]] and the [[Island of Mozambique]], whence they proceeded northwards to the coastal settlement of [[Kilwa District|Kilwa]]. In July 1505, they employed 8 ships to attack and conquer the roughly 4,000-strong population of this harbour town. Because of the good harbour that the town provided, sufficient for anchoring ships of up to 500 tons, the Portuguese decided to build a fort here. For this purpose, Pêro Ferreira and a crew of 80 soldiers remained in the town.

In 1505, Francisco d'Almeida arrived with eleven heavily armed ships that destroyed [[Kilwa]], [[Barawa]], and [[Mombasa]], a coastal port further north. The city with a population of about 10,000 was [[Battle of Mombasa (1505)|conquered in heavy combat]] against the troops of the local Arab sheikh. The city was plundered and torched. The Portuguese were assisted in this attack by an enemy of Mombasa, the Sultan of [[Malindi|Melinde]]. The same month, a caravel of Almeida's fleet captained by John (''João'') Homere captured [[Zanzibar]] island and claimed it for Portugal.

===Viceroy in India===
[[File:Forte de Anjediva.gif|thumb|[[Fort Anjediva]], [[Anjediva Island]]]]
[[File:Kannur-Fort-22.jpg|thumb|[[St. Angelo Fort|Fort St. Angelo]], [[Cannanore]]]]

On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed as ''Viceroy of India'', on the condition that he would set up four forts on the southwestern Indian coast: at [[Anjediva Island]], [[Cannanore]], [[Cochin]], and [[Quilon]].<ref name="Logan" /> Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men.<ref name="Logan" />

On 13 September, Francisco de Almeida reached Anjediva Island, where he immediately started the construction of [[Fort Anjediva]].<ref name="Logan" /> On 23 October, he started, with the permission of the friendly ruler [[Kōlattiri]], the building of [[St. Angelo Fort]] in [[Cannanore]], leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men and two ships.<ref name="Logan" />

Francisco de Almeida then reached Cochin on 31 October 1505, with only eight vessels left.<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&pg=RA1-PA312 |title=Malabar Manual |publisher=J. Jetley for Asian Educational Services |year=2000 |isbn=81-206-0446-6 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |page=312 |orig-year=First published 1887}}</ref> There he learnt that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed. He decided to send his son [[Lourenço de Almeida|Lourenço]] with 6 ships, who wantonly destroyed 27 [[Calicut]] vessels in the harbour of Quilon.<ref name="Logan" /> Almeida took up residence in Cochin. He strengthened the Portuguese fortifications of [[Fort Kochi|Fort Manuel]] on Cochin.

The [[Zamorin]] of Calicut prepared a large fleet of 200 ships to oppose the Portuguese, but in March 1506 De Almeida's son [[Lourenço de Almeida]] intercepted Zamorin's fleet in a sea battle at the entrance to the harbour of Cannanore, the [[Battle of Cannanore]], and inflicted heavy losses. Hereupon Lourenço de Almeida explored the coastal waters southwards to [[Colombo]], in modern-day [[Sri Lanka]]. Meanwhile, the Zamorin succeeded in convincing the Kōlattiri of Cannanore of the true imperialistic motives of Portuguese in Kerala. The Kōlattiri was already annoyed and angered with the Portuguese for their violation of the safe conduct guaranteed to the ships of Muslim merchants of Cannanore. The Kōlattiri joined the fight against the Portuguese, besieging Fort St. Angelo at the [[Siege of Cannanore (1507)|Siege of Cannanore]].

In 1507, Almeida's mission was strengthened by the arrival of [[Tristão da Cunha]]'s squadron. [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]'s squadron had, however, split from that of Cunha off east Africa and was independently conquering territories to the west.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

In March 1508, at the request of the Arab merchants of Calicut, an Egyptian fleet under the command of [[Amir Husain Al-Kurdi]] (Mir Hussain) of the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mameluk Egyptian]] attacked and defeated the Portuguese squadron under command of Lourenço de Almeida at [[Chaul]] in the [[Battle of Chaul]]. Lourenço de Almeida was killed in this battle and this led to a temporary retreat by the Portuguese from Indian waters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sreedhara |first=A. Menon |title=A Survey of Kerala History |publisher=D.C. Books Kottayam |year=1967 |page=152}}</ref>

[[Afonso de Albuquerque]] arrived at Cannanore at the close of 1508 and immediately made known a hitherto secret commission he had received from the King empowering him as governor to replace Almeida at the end of his term as viceroy. Almeida, determined to avenge the death of his son and free the Portuguese prisoners taken at Chaul, refused to recognize Albuquerque's credentials immediately, and later arrested him.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

In 1509, Almeida became the first Portuguese to arrive by ship in [[Bombay]]. He sought Meliqueaz, to whom he had written a menacing letter, and the [[Mameluk]] Mirocem, fiercely engaging them at the naval [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] on 3 February 1509 commanding a fleet of 23 ships near the port of [[Diu, India|Diu]]. He inflicted a decisive defeat on a joint fleet from the [[Burji dynasty|Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]], and the [[Mahmud Begada|Sultan of Gujarat]], with technical naval support from the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Republic of Ragusa]] (Dubrovnik), which feared for their eastern trade links.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guilmartin |first=John E. |title=The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe |publisher=Westview Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-8133-2053-4 |editor-last=Rogers |editor-first=Clifford J. |location=San Francisco |pages=299–333 |chapter=The Military Revolution: Origins and First Tests Abroad |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOaO-_WBcNMC&pg=PA299}}</ref>

His victory was decisive: the Ottomans and Egyptians left the Indian Ocean, enabling a Portuguese trade monopoly over Indian waters for over 100 years, into the 17th century when it was ended by the Dutch and English. Albuquerque was released after three months' confinement, on the arrival of the grand-marshal of Portugal with a large fleet, in November 1509.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pelúcia |first=Alexandra |title=Afonso de Albuquerque : corte, cruzada e império |publisher=Temas e Debates - Círculo dos Leitores |year=2016 |isbn=978-989-644-337-5 |edition=1a edição |location=Lisboa |pages=193–195 |language=pt |oclc=958470506}}</ref>

===Return and death===
{{See also|Battle of Salt River}}
[[File:ManuelI-P.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Almeida's patron, [[Manuel I of Portugal]]]]

Almeida sailed for Portugal in December 1509 and reached [[Table Bay]] near the Cape of Good Hope, where the Garcia, Belém, and Santa Cruz dropped anchor in late February 1510 to replenish water. There they encountered the local indigenous people, the ǃUriǁ'aikua (recorded as "Goringhaiqua", a [[Khoekhoe language|Khoe-speaking]] clan).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khoisan |first=Zenzile |date=27 February 2016 |title=Invaders Received a Lesson in Warfare |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/lifestyle/invaders-received-a-lesson-in-warfare-1990598 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025924/https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/lifestyle/invaders-received-a-lesson-in-warfare-1990598 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=IOL}}</ref> After friendly trade with the ǃUriǁ'aikua, some of the crew visited their nearby village, situated in modern-day [[Observatory, Cape Town|Observatory]] where they tried to steal some of the locals' cattle. Almeida allowed his captains Pedro and Jorge Barreto to return to the village on the morning of 1 March 1510.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2elBgAAQBAJ&dq=1510+table+bay+portuguese&pg=PA10 |title=Imagining the Cape Colony: History, Literature, and the South African Nation |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7486-4308-0 |location=Edinburgh |page=11}}</ref> The village's cattle herd was raided with the loss of one man, while Almeida awaited his men some distance from the beach. As the flagship's master Diogo d'Unhos had moved the landing boats to a watering point, the Portuguese were left without a means of retreat. The ǃUriǁ'aikua sensed the opportunity for an attack, during which Almeida and 64 of his men perished, including 11 of his captains.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 February 2012 |title=An Attempt to Falsify African History |work=The Herald |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/an-attempt-to-falsify-african-history/ |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=City of Cape Town |title=Stories of the South Peninsula: Historical Research, Stories and Heritage Tourism Opportunities in the South Peninsula |date=June 2014 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Stories_of_the_South_Peninsula_chapter_10_2014-06.pdf |mode=cs1 }}</ref> Almeida's body was recovered the same afternoon and buried on the shore front of the current [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vergunst |first=Nicolaas |date=25 March 2012 |title=Knot of Stone: The Day that Changed South Africa's History |url=http://www.knotofstone.com/2012/03/murder-memory-and-bones |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Knot of Stone}}</ref> An archivist, [[Nicolaas Vergunst]], suggested in a 2011 book that De Almeida was the victim of a plot by his own men, who intentionally cut off his retreat after the planned provocation of the ǃUriǁ'aikua<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vergunst |first=Nicolaas |date=29 April 2012 |title=5. First Encounters, Lasting Legacies—Part Two |url=http://www.knotofstone.com/2012/04/first-encounters-early-conflicts-and-forgotten-beaches-part-2/ |access-date=8 March 2019 |website= Knot of Stone}}</ref>

==Relatives and subjects==
Almeida was the son of the 1st [[Count of Abrantes]] and one of a number of highly distinguished siblings including two bishops, an ambassador to the [[Holy See]] and the Portuguese head of the Order of Malta. His son, Lourenço, was killed in the battle of Chaul, but he was survived by a daughter, Leonor, who was married twice: with Dom Rodrigo de Melo, [[Count of Tentúgal]], precursor of the [[Dukes of Cadaval]], and with Francisco de Mendonça, of the House of the Alcaides de [[Mourão]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mendonça |first1=Manuel Lamas |url=https://www.academia.edu/1034356 |title=Furtado (Os) de Mendonça Portugueses |last2=Soveral |first2=Manuel Abranches de |publisher=Ed. dos autores |year=2004 |isbn=972-97430-7-X |pages=81 |language=pt}}</ref> He also had a bastard daughter, Susana, who married Diogo de Barbuda, Alcaide of [[Seia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soveral |first=Manuel Abranches de |title=Mello e Souza |url=https://www.soveral.info/mas/MelloeSouza.htm#27 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Manuel Abranches de Soveral - História e genealogia |page=III |language=pt}}</ref>
[[Ferdinand Magellan]] (''Fernão de Magalhães'') accompanied Almeida to the east, but was promoted to captain and only returned in 1512 after losing that commission.

==See also==
*[[Lourenço de Almeida]], his son
*[[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)]]
*[[Chronology of European exploration of Asia]]
*[[Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[First Luso-Malabarese War]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]]'s account of Almeida's mission

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Almeida, Dom Francisco de}}
* {{DNB portal|119167166|TYP=}}
*[https://www.boringworld.org/2020/10/blue-water-policy.html Blue Water Policy]
* [http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=colvin&book=south&story=almeida ''The Story of Almeida'', by Ian D. Colvin, The Baldwin Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821054627/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.coming.of.the.portuguese.htm Paul Lunde, ''The coming of the Portuguese'', 2006, Saudi Aramco World]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324230907/http://www.knotofstone.com/book/ ''Knot of Stone: the day that changed South Africa's History'', 2011, by Nicolaas Vergunst, Arena Books, UK]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=Post Established}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroy of Portuguese India]]|years=1505–1509}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Afonso de Albuquerque]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Portuguese Governors and Viceroys of India|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Almeida, Francisco De}}
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1450s births]]
[[Category:1510 deaths]]
[[Category:Portuguese military personnel killed in action]]

[[Category:Nobility from Lisbon]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lisbon]]

[[Category:16th-century Portuguese explorers]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese nobility]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese military personnel]]

Sunil Kapoor

2025-10-14T03:10:36Z

Proabin: starting the entry first draft.

{{Short description|Indian RTI activist}}{{Infobox person
| image = Sunil Kapoor.jpeg
| caption = Kapoor in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1989}}
| birth_place = [[Jind, Haryana]], India
| death_date = 14 September 2025 {{Death date and age|2025|09|14|1989}}
| death_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| death_cause = Gunshot
| occupation = Jeweller and social activist
}}

'''Sunil Kapoor''' (c. 1989 – 14 September 2025) was an Indian jeweller and Right to Information (RTI) activist from [[Jind, Haryana]]. Known for exposing police corruption through RTI queries, complaints, and sting operations shared on social media, he faced multiple assaults and threats. In 2025, Kapoor was accused in a case involving sexual harassment allegations against a senior police officer. He died by suicide after allegedly shooting at police and being surrounded during a raid.

== Early life ==
Kapoor was born around 1989 in Jind, Haryana. He worked as a jeweller while pursuing activism.<ref name=":2" />

== Activism ==
Kapoor began his [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] activism around 2018, focusing on police misconduct in [[Haryana]]. He filed numerous RTI queries and complaints, leading to actions against several police personnel.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2025 |title=IPS अफसर केस के वांटेड ने पकड़वाए थे 3 पुलिसवाले:हरियाणा पुलिस को देख खुद को गोली मारी; भाई बोला-ये मर्डर, रंजिश निकाली |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/jind/news/jind-sunil-kapoor-suicide-case-ips-officer-sumit-kumar-case-135920448.html |work=Bhaskar}}</ref>

He regularly posted sting videos on [[Facebook]] exposing bribery and other systemic issues. His work earned him support from fellow activists but also reprisals.<ref name=":3" />

A relative of Kapoor revealed that he began his activism against [[corruption in India]] around 2015, utilising social media platforms and the internet. He operated over 150 social media accounts during this period.<ref name=":3" />

== 2018 attacks and threats ==
{{See also|Attacks on RTI activists in India}}
In February 2018, Kapoor received death threats via phone. On 26 March 2018, masked assailants attacked his home, injuring him and his family, including his mother, with gunfire and lathis; the incident was captured on CCTV. Less than two weeks later, on 5 April 2018, he was assaulted again at his jewellery shop by masked men with lathis, sustaining severe injuries requiring knee surgery.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-06 |title=Jind RTI activist thrashed twice within ten days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jind-rti-activist-thrashed-twice-within-ten-days/story-kVCZwOvFq1MZVnpQic1TxN.html |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RTI activist gets threat calls |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/rti-activist-gets-threat-calls-540360/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2018-03-28 |title=RTI activist attacked in Haryana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Mar/28/rti-activist-attacked-in-haryana-1793728.html |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Kapoor accused a DSP-rank officer of orchestrating the attacks in retaliation for a complaint about the officer accepting bribes, supported by a video.<ref name=":2" />

He had requested police protection twice after the first attack but was ignored. Two suspects were arrested for the assaults. Fellow RTI activists demanded investigations into the DSP’s call records.<ref name=":2" />

In August 2019, Kapoor faced another threat in Jind, prompting outcry from activists, though no arrests followed.

== 2025 accusations ==
In 2024–2025, Kapoor became implicated in a case after an anonymous letter accused former [[Jind]] [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] Sumit Kumar of sexual harassment and exploitation of women police personnel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-02 |title=Jind man made letter of cops' sexual abuse viral, say police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/allegations-of-sexual-abuse-by-jind-police-spark-major-investigation/articleshow/114864305.cms |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The letter went viral, leading to a case against Kapoor under the [[IT Act]] and other sections for allegedly levelling the allegations. The [[Haryana government]] gave Kumar a clean chit and closed the matter, but the [[National Women's Commission|Women's Commission]] demanded further investigation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-15 |title=Activist who accused Haryana SP of sex abuse shoots self dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/activist-who-accused-haryana-sp-of-sex-abuse-shoots-self-dead/articleshow/123892108.cms |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Death ==
On 13 September 2025, Kapoor allegedly shot at Sub-Inspector Surendra of the Jind [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] team near [[Haridwar]] bus stand before fleeing. The next day, on 14 September 2025, police located him hiding at a relative’s house in Laxman Chowk, [[Dehradun]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=14 September 2025 |title=Death of accused who fired on Jind Police:Shot himself in Haridwar a day after attacking SI Surendra; police under pressure |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/jind/news/jind-sunil-kapoor-suicide-case-ips-officer-sumit-kumar-case-135920448.html |work=Bhaskar}}</ref>

A joint team from Haryana, Haridwar, and Dehradun police surrounded the location. Kapoor locked himself in a room and, upon the door being opened with relatives' help, reportedly panicked and shot himself with his licensed revolver.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-14 |title=Activist accused in SP sexual harassment case shoots himself dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/activist-accused-in-sp-sexual-harassment-case-shoots-himself-dead/articleshow/123883607.cms |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=SI को गोली मारने वाले सुनील कपूर ने देहरादून में की आत्महत्या, हरियाणा पुलिस पर लगा झूठे केस में फंसाने का आरोप - Sunil Kapoor who shot the SI committed suicide in Dehradun accused Haryana Police of implicating him in a false case |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/jind-sunil-kapoor-who-shot-the-si-committed-suicide-in-dehradun-accused-haryana-police-of-implicating-him-in-a-false-case-24047480.html |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Police described it as suicide, but the death has been termed controversial and suspicious by some sources, with questions raised about the circumstances. [[Uttarakhand Police]] handled the proceedings.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunil, Kapoor}}
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Right to Information activists]]
[[Category:Indian freedom of information activists]]
[[Category:People from Jind]]

Battle of Ooscota

2025-10-11T02:36:38Z

Proabin: small rework intro for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|1768 battle}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Lead too short|date=December 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Battle of Ooscota
| partof = the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 22–23 August 1768
| place = [[Hoskote]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.07|N|77.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| result = [[Maratha]] victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Murari Rao]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}} [[Hyder Ali]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = 18 killed or wounded
| casualties2 = 300 killed or wounded
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}

'''Battle of Ooscota''' (or '''Ooscata''') was a military engagement fought during the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]], in which the Marathas intervened to aid the British, and in an attempt to reclaim territories previously lost to Mysore.<ref name = "Harbottle">{{Cite book|title=Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles|edition=second|date =1979|publisher=Granada|isbn=0-246-11103-8|page=188|author=T. B. Harbottle, George Bruce}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
The British under Colonel [[Donald Campbell (Colonel)|Donald Campbell]], and the [[Maratha Empire]] forces under [[Murari Rao]] [[Ghorpade]] were under march, and they encamped near [[Ooscata]]. The British contingent invited the Maratha to encamp within their defensive lines, but due to the illness of [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Mohammed Ali]], the [[Nawab of Arcot]], Rao declined, and they threw up their own picket a short distance away. Meanwhile, Hyder Ali was nearby and decided to attack the Maratha forces in the night.

==Battle==
The Mysorean cavalry attacked behind Hyder Ali's [[war elephant]]s, which successfully ambushed the Maratha defenders, breaking through the camp’s defenses. Rao instructed his cavalrymen to remain unmounted, so that his forces could bring down any mounted troops; knowing them to be enemy. In the chaos, Rao's state elephant broke loose, and wielding its chain as a weapon, threw back the cavalry in the face of the supporting infantry. Disheartened, the Mysorean troops retreated, with a loss of some 300 troops compared to the Maratha losses of just 18.

As the British had been alerted and were advancing to relieve the Maratha, Hyder Ali decided against further attacks.

The British lost Cambell's ''[[aide de camp]]'', Gee who had ridden to the Maratha camp to investigate, and been shot down under Rao's blanket orders to kill mounted men.<ref name="Wilks 1869">{{Cite book|author=Mark Wilks|title=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor, Etc|date=1869|publisher=Higginbotham and Company|pages=341–342}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1768 in British India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company|Ooscota]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Mysore|Ooscota]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Ooscota]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1768|Ooscota]]
[[Category:History Bangalore Rural district]]
[[Category:Military history of Bengaluru]]

{{India-battle-stub}}

Laitumkhrah Assembly constituency

2025-07-25T19:15:21Z

Proabin: Adding the data first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Laitumkharah
| type= SLA
| state = Meghalaya
| established = 1972
| abolished = 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.khadc.nic.in/acts_rules_regulations_bills/Existing-Proposed-Delimitation-Constituencies.pdf |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20240712090523/https://www.khadc.nic.in/acts_rules_regulations_bills/Existing-Proposed-Delimitation-Constituencies.pdf |access-date =4 January 2025 |title =Existing and Proposed Delimitation Constituencies |archive-date =12 July 2024 |url-status =live }}</ref>

| electors = 14,326
| mla = [[Ampareen Lyngdoh|Dr. Mazel Ampareen Lyngdoh]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Laitumkharah Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=2 | Peter G. Mareaniang || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Justin Khonglah || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Peter G. Mareaniang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Justin Khonglah || {{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Robert Garnett Lyngdoh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Ampareen Lyngdoh|Dr. Mazel Ampareen Lyngdoh]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Laitumkharah<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ampareen Lyngdoh|Dr. Mazel Ampareen Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,775 |percentage=34.10% |change={{increase}}16.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malcolm B. Tariang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,182 |percentage=19.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nicky F Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,491 |percentage=13.47% |change={{decrease}}40.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stevenson Bulbin Nongdhar |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=1,466 |percentage=13.24% |change={{increase}}9.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John G. Soanes |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=926 |percentage=8.36% |change={{decrease}}9.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paul Higgins Suting |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=854 |percentage=7.71% |change={{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romeo Phira Rani |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=319 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,593 |percentage=14.39% |change= {{decrease}}21.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,071 |percentage=77.28% |change= {{increase}}31.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,326 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}24.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Laitumkharah<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Robert Garnett Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,672 |percentage=54.34% |change={{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Werlok Kharshiing |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,578 |percentage=18.35% |change={{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barister Myrthong |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,495 |percentage=17.39% |change={{decrease}}11.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vicky S. Lyngdoh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=565 |percentage=6.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raynold Cavinson Diengdoh |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=288 |percentage=3.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,094 |percentage=35.99% |change= {{increase}}14.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,598 |percentage=45.52% |change= {{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,896 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Laitumkharah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Robert Garnett Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,975 |percentage=50.89% |change={{increase}}21.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Margaret Rose Mawlong |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,837 |percentage=29.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lionaal Garnette Laloo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,451 |percentage=14.84% |change={{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naramai Langstieh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=285 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John G. Soanes |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oral Synnah |party=Independent politician |votes=54 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,138 |percentage=21.87% |change= {{increase}}15.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,776 |percentage=56.74% |change= {{decrease}}6.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,646 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= {{increase}}15.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Laitumkharah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Justin Khonglah |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,697 |percentage=35.69% |change={{decrease}}6.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=George M. War |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,055 |percentage=29.49% |change={{decrease}}26.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stephan Min |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=1,834 |percentage=17.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ivoryna Shylla |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,352 |percentage=13.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raymond Ranee |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. M. M. Kharpuri |party=Independent politician |votes=172 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Micheal Kharshing |party=Independent politician |votes=23 |percentage=0.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=642 |percentage=6.20% |change= {{decrease}}7.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,359 |percentage=62.85% |change= {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,857 |ref = |change= {{increase}}37.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Laitumkharah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peter G. Mareaniang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,313 |percentage=55.86% |change={{increase}}35.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Khonglah |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,249 |percentage=42.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Morrow M. Kharpuri |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=159 |percentage=2.06% |change={{decrease}}32.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,064 |percentage=13.78% |change= {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,721 |percentage=64.27% |change= {{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,263 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Laitumkharah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Justin Khonglah |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,968 |percentage=42.66% |change={{increase}}16.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peter G. Marbaniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,399 |percentage=34.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiplut Nongbri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,410 |percentage=20.27% |change={{decrease}}46.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kister Kharkongor |party=Independent politician |votes=180 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=569 |percentage=8.18% |change= {{decrease}}32.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,957 |percentage=67.15% |change= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,648 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}23.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Laitumkharah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peter G. Mareaniang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,983 |percentage=66.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alexander Warjri |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,554 |percentage=25.91% |change={{decrease}}41.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Weston Nonghulo |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=5.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Bhattacharjee |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=123 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,429 |percentage=40.50% |change= {{increase}}4.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,997 |percentage=67.61% |change= {{increase}}4.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,156 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Laitumkharah<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peter G. Mareaniang |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=3,059 |percentage=67.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pranesh Chandra Biswas |party=Independent politician |votes=1,446 |percentage=32.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,613 |percentage=35.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,505 |percentage=63.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,347 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}

List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir

2025-06-28T01:57:51Z

Proabin: update structure

#REDIRECT [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sai Rajesh

2025-06-03T05:26:04Z

Proabin:

{{Short description|Indian film director, writer and producer}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Sai Rajesh Neelam
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nellore, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director| writer| producer}}
| years_active = 2014{{ndash}}present
| awards =
| known_for =
}}

'''Sai Rajesh Neelam''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/sai-rajesh-s-telugu-film-baby-story-sugar-coated-patriarchy-179909 | title=Sai Rajesh's Telugu film Baby is a story of sugar-coated patriarchy |website=[[The News Minute]]| date=18 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/telugu-film-director-sai-rajesh-assaulted-one-held-114040600721_1.html |title=Telugu film director Sai Rajesh assaulted one held|website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/baby-director-sai-rajesh-stop-judging-directors-before-listening-to-their-scripts-give-them-a-chance/f5f5cf05df141 | title=Baby director Sai Rajesh: Stop judging directors before listening to their scripts, give them a chance|website=[[HT Media]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/director-sai-rajesh-neelams-clarification-after-his-film-baby-gets-legal-notice-over-drug-scene-8578921.html#google_vignette | title=Director Sai Rajesh Neelam's Clarification After His Film Baby Gets Legal Notice over Drug Scene |website=[[News 18]]| date=15 September 2023 }}</ref> He has produced ''[[Colour Photo]]'' (2020) under Amrutha Productions, which won him the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]].<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Sandeep Raj and Sai Rajesh Received National Award for Colour Photo; 68th National Film Awards |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rd8qfOamfAM |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> His film ''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]'' (2023) grossed {{INR|100 crore}} worldwide, becoming the [[List of Telugu films of 2023|tenth highest-grossing Telugu film of the year]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/bollywood-star-kids-want-to-be-part-of-hindi-remake-of-tollywood-s-rs-100-cr-blockbuster-baby--news-338430 | title=Bollywood Star-Kids 'Want to be Part' of Hindi Remake of Tollywood's Rs 100-cr Blockbuster 'Baby' |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]| date=24 December 2023 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Producer
! scope="col" | Writer
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/hrudaya-kaleyam-an-experiment-says-director/article5902069.ece | title='Hrudaya Kaleyam' an experiment, says director | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Kobbari Matta]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Mar/15/sai-rajeshs-next-announced-41106.html | title=Sai Rajesh's next announced | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=15 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Colour Photo]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/incidents-in-sai-rajeshs-life-inspired-colour-photo/article32325431.ece | title=Suhas and Chandini starrer 'Colour Photo' is inspired by incidents in producer Sai Rajesh's life | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 August 2020 | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/i-wrote-the-dialogues-on-the-set-baby-director-sai-rajesh-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-viraj-ashwin | title=I Wrote the Dialogues on the Set: Baby Director Sai Rajesh |website=[[Film Companion]]| date=24 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|Chennai Love Story}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sai-rajesh-and-skns-new-movie-launches-with-a-pooja-ceremony.html | title=Sai Rajesh and SKN's new movie launches with a pooja ceremony |website=[[123 Telugu]]| date=30 October 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Year
!Work
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"|{{Tooltip|'''Ref.'''|References}}
|-
|2021
| rowspan="2" |''[[Colour Photo]]''
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Debut Producer – Telugu
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824115648/https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php | archive-date=24 August 2021 | title=SIIMA; South India International Movie Awards}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[68th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-07-22 |title=68th National Film Awards |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/68th-national-film-awards-live-here-are-all-the-winners/article65670011.ece |access-date=2022-07-22 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726102004/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/68th-national-film-awards-live-here-are-all-the-winners/article65670011.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
| rowspan="5" |''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|[[22nd Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[Santosham Best Director Award|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Telugu |first1=10TV |last2=Nill |first2=Saketh |date=2023-11-08 |title=22వ సంతోషం సౌత్ ఇండియన్ ఫిల్మ్ అవార్డ్స్.. ఈసారి ఘనంగా గోవాలో.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suresh-kondeti-santosham-awards-will-held-in-goa-this-time-735660.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[10TV|10TV Telugu]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Telugu Film|Critics Best Film – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/telugu/winners</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-07-17 |title=SIIMA 2024 Nominations Revealed: Nani's Dasara and Rajinikanth Starrer Jailer Lead with 11 Nominations Each |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/siima-2024-nominations-revealed-nanis-dasara-and-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-lead-with-11-nominations-each-enn24071700580 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Critics Best Director – Telugu
|{{won}}
|-
|[[3rd IIFA Utsavam]]
|[[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA UTSAVAM 2024 UNVEILS NOMINATIONS, HONORING THE DIVERSITY OF SOUTH INDIAN CINEMA! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/utsavam-news-details/iifa-utsavam-2024-unveils-nominations-honoring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema- |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm6489803}}
*{{instagram|sairazesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajesh, Sai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]

M. S. Gurupadaswamy

2025-05-23T06:58:13Z

Proabin:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1924–2011)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. S. Gurupadaswamy
| image = MSGurupadaswamy.jpg
| caption = M. S. Gurupadaswamy
| office1 = 18th [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = December 1989
| term_end1 = November 1990
| predecessor1 = [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
| successor1 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of Opposition]] ([[Rajya Sabha]])
| term_start2 = March 1971
| term_end2 = April 1972
| predecessor2 = [[Shyam Nandan Mishra]]
| successor2 = [[Kamalapati Tripathi]]
| term_start3 = June 1991
| term_end3 = July 1991
| predecessor3 = P. Shiv Shankar
| successor3 = S. Jaipal Reddy
| constituency_MP4 = [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]]
| parliament4 = Indian
| term_start4 = 1952
| term_end4 = 1957
| predecessor4 = ''Seat established''
| successor4 = [[M. Shankaraiya]] [[S. M. Siddaiah]]
| alongside4 = [[N. Rachaiah]]
| birth_date = 7 August 1924<ref name=bio />
| birth_place = Malangi, [[Kingdom of Mysore]], (present-day [[Mysore district]], Karnataka, India)<ref name=bio />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|05|10|1924|08|07}}<ref name=abc />
| death_place = Bangalore, Karnataka, India<ref name=abc />
| party = [[Janata Dal]]
| otherparty = [[Janata Party]] [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]] [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
| spouse = Rajasree
| alma_mater = Maharaja's College, [[Mysore]] Canning College, Lucknow
}}

'''M. S. Gurupadaswamy''' (7 August 1922 – 10 May 2011) was an Indian politician. He was the [[Rajya Sabha#Officers|Leader of House of Rajya Sabha]] from December 1989 to November 1990 and served twice as the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] during March 1971 to April 1972 and 28 June 1991 to 21 July 1991.<ref name=abc>{{cite news |title= M. S. Gurupadaswamy passes away |url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/11/stories/2011051164730600.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514150121/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/11/stories/2011051164730600.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 May 2011|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 10 May 2011|accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Former Union Minister M. S. Gurupadaswamy dies of heart attack|url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-10/news/29528180_1_parliamentary-party-psp-gurupadaswamy|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141003163329/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-10/news/29528180_1_parliamentary-party-psp-gurupadaswamy|url-status= dead|archive-date= 3 October 2014|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 10 May 2011|accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gurupadaswamy was born in Malangi in [[Mysore district]] in August 1924. He was second among four brothers and five sisters.<ref name=bio2>{{cite web|url= http://www.in.com/m-s-gurupadaswamy/biography-1957625.html|title= M. S. Gurupadaswamy biography|publisher= [[In.com]]|accessdate= 4 April 2013|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150328035648/http://www.in.com/m-s-gurupadaswamy/biography-1957625.html|archivedate= 28 March 2015}}</ref>

He had his primary education in Malangi, and secondary education at [[Malavalli]]. He studied [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]] and [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] at Canning College in Lucknow.<ref name=bio2 />

He married Rajasree on 21 May 1945.<ref name=bio>{{cite web |url= http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/735.htm|title= Members Bioprofile on Lok Sabha website|publisher= [[National Informatics Centre]], Delhi/[[Lok Sabha]]|accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref> He has one son and two daughters.<ref name="Rajya Sabha" />

==Political career==
Gurupadaswamy was an [[Indian independence movement|independence activist]]. He took part in [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. At that time, he was a member of [[All India Students Federation]]. After India's independence, he joined [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]. In 1952 [[1952 Indian general election|general election]], he was elected from [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]] to [[Lok Sabha]]. After the merger of his party and the Socialist Party in 1952 at the national level, Gurupadaswamy became the General Secretary of the Parliamentary Party.<ref name=abc />

Gurupadaswamy was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] for 4 terms from [[Mysore]] from 1960 to 1966, from Uttar Pradesh from 1966 to 1972 and from [[Karnataka]] from 1984 to 1990 and from 1990 to 1992.<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web |url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/g.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha Members' Biographical Sketches 1952 - 2003 |publisher= Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Parliament House, New Delhi. }}</ref>

He was Minister of State for Atomic Energy in 1967. He was [[Minister of Agriculture]] and Food, Community Development and Cooperation in [[Indira Gandhi]]'s [[First Indira Gandhi Ministry|Cabinet]] during 1967–69.<ref name=abc />

In 1969, when [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] split, Gurupadaswamy was one of the first Ministers to resign from Indira Gandhi's cabinet. Gurupadaswamy became Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha in 1971. He was one of the founders of the [[Janata Party]].<ref name=abc />

Gurupadaswamy served as Minister of Petroleum and Chemicals in [[V. P. Singh Ministry]] from 1989 to 1990.<ref name=abc />

==Publications==
Gurupadaswamy published two books, namely ''Modern Trends in International Affairs'' and ''Communalism''. He was editor of ''The Prajamata'' and president of Mysore State Journalists' Association.<ref name=bio />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurupadaswamy, M. S.}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party politicians]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

1984 Indian vice presidential election

2025-05-17T12:54:02Z

Proabin:

{{Short description|Vice-presidential election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1984 Indian vice presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1979 Indian vice presidential election
| previous_year = 1979
| next_election = 1987 Indian vice presidential election
| next_year = 1987
| election_date = 22 August 1984
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=R_Venkataraman_(cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=90|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}
| nominee1 = '''[[R. Venkataraman]]'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| home_state1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''508'''
| percentage1 = '''71.05%'''
| image2 = Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg
| nominee2 = [[B. C. Kamble]]
| party2 = [[Republican Party of India (Kamble)|RPI (K)]]
| home_state2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| color2 = 000190
| electoral_vote2 = 207
| percentage2 = 28.95%
| title = [[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
| before_election = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| before_party = Independent politician
| after_election = [[R. Venkataraman]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
}}
The '''1984 Indian vice presidential election''' was held on 22 August 1984 to elect the [[vice president of India]]. [[R. Venkataraman]] was elected for the post, after he defeated [[B. C. Kamble]] in the election.<ref name=eci>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/Vice%20Presidentail%20Election%20Background.pdf BACKGROUND MATERIAL REGARDING FOURTEENTH ELECTION TO THE OFFICE OF THE VICE-PRESIDENT, 2012, ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA]</ref>

==Result==
{{election table|title=Result of the Indian vice-presidential election, 1984|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Candidate 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Electoral Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
|-
|align="left"|[[R. Venkataraman]]||align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]]||508||71.05
|-
|align="left"|[[B. C. Kamble]]||align="left"|[[Republican Party of India (Kamble)|RPI (K)]]||207||28.95
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| Total
! style="text-align:right;"|715
! style="text-align:right;"|100.00
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Valid Votes||715||95.97
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Invalid Votes||30||4.03
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Turnout||745||94.54
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Abstentions||43||5.46
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Electors||788|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[1982 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Indian vice presidential elections}}

[[Category:Vice-presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:1984 elections in India|India]]

Chapakhowa

2025-05-16T04:16:09Z

Proabin: formatting fix

{{Short description|Town in Assam, India}}
{{moresources|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Chapakhowa''' is a town in [[Assam]], India. It is the centre of the [[Sadiya]] sub-division in the [[Tinsukia district]]. The name Chapakhowa came from the [[Deori language|Deori]] word Sepa haba meaning Owtenga khowa in Assamese.<ref>[http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/subpages/sadiya.html Sadiya - Sub-Divisional Profile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810044153/http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/subpages/sadiya.html |date=10 August 2011 }}</ref>

[[Sadiya College]] is located in this area. The town also has a school named the Sadiya Model Government Higher Secondary.

Education in the area include [[Sadiya college]], Sadiya Government Model High School, Town High school, ME school, and Adarsha Vidyalaya.

St Thomas High School an English Medium school is situated 3 km away from Chapakhowa.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.918|95.766|display=title}}

== External links ==
* [https://chapakhowamb.com/ Chapakhowa Municipal Board]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tinsukia district]]

Swati Nanda

2025-05-11T09:42:10Z

Proabin:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2018}}

'''Swati Nanda''' (born Gujarat state, India)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/meet-swati-nanda-the-leggy-lass-of-doli-armaanon-ki-150117|title=Meet Swati Nanda, the leggy lass of Doli Armaanon Ki|accessdate=January 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topmodelgirlzz.blogspot.in/2014/09/swati-nanda-top-model-of-india-2014.html?m=1|title=Swati Nanda - Top Model of India 2014|date=10 September 2014 |accessdate=January 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2014/03/15/few-moments-with-tgpc-peoples-choice-winner-swati-nanda/|title=Few moments with TGPC People's Choice Winner: Swati Nanda|date=15 March 2014 |accessdate=January 4, 2018}}</ref> is an [[Indian television]] [[actress]], [[fashion model|model]], and the winner of the [[Top Model of the World]] [[beauty pageant|pageant]] of 2014. Swati appeared in [[Doli Armaano Ki]] as Sanaya Seth (Urmi's friend). She has also starred in various other [[TV show]]s, ramp shows, [[television commercial|TV commercials]], and [[music video]]s. Nanda studied at [[K.J. Somaiya College of Engineering]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanda, Swati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Gujarat]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

George Byers Mainwaring

2025-03-06T18:20:11Z

Proabin: Creating a pg added tags.

{{short description|British Indian army officer and linguist}}
General '''George Byers Mainwaring'''{{efn|the middle name is sometimes given as '''Byres'''}} (18 July 1824 – 16 January 1894) was a British Indian army officer and a linguist. He compiled the first English dictionary of the [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] (or Róng) language.

Mainwaring (pronounced "Mannering") was born in [[Banda district, India|Banda]] in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] to Bengal civil servant George Mainwaring and his wife Isabella (1800–1872), daughter of Major General Patrick Byers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Finley, R. Mainwaring |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofma00finl/page/101/mode/2up |title=A short history of the Mainwaring Family |publisher=Griffith Farran Okeden & Welsh |year=1890 |place=London |page=60}}</ref> He was sent to Britain for study and was educated at Mr Tulloch's Academy, Aberdeen and at Messrs. Stoton and Mayor, Wimbledon. He obtained commission in the Bengal army on 8 January 1842. He was posted to the 16th Bengal Native Infantry and saw action in the [[Gwalior campaign|Battle of Maharajpur]], receiving a Gwalior campaign bronze star in 1843. He also received awards for service in the [[First Anglo-Sikh war|Sutlej campaign]] (1845–46) and the [[Battle of Mudki|Battle of Moodki]]. He went to England in 1854 and returned on 5 November 1857. Because of his fluency in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], he was posted as an interpreter with the 42nd and 49th Highlanders during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]]. He went to England for medical reasons in 1863 and returned in 1866. In 1867 he was appointed by the government to produce a dictionary and grammar of the Lepcha language. He lived in [[Darjeeling]] at [[Lebong Valley|Lebong]] and later at Poloongdong. He studied the [[Lepcha language]] under a Lepcha priestess who learned some English. Mainwaring was made full colonel in January 1873. He was promoted to Major General in January 1884 and Lieutenant General in 1887. Mainwaring died at [[Serampore]] where he is buried.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1921 |title=Christian inscriptions from Serampur |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.10168/page/191/mode/1up |journal=Bengal, Past and Present |volume=23 |pages=171–194 |issue=45–46|author=Hosten, H.}}</ref>

Mainwaring's ''A Grammar of the Lepcha (Rong) Language as it exists in the Dorjeling and Sikkim Hills'' was published in 1876. It was revised by Albert Grunwedel and republished in 1898.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=A Key To Four Transcription Systems Of Lepcha |author= Plaisier, Heleen|title=Himalayan Languages and Linguistics: Studies in Phonology, Semantics, Morphology and Syntax | year=2011 |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-19448-9 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004194489.i-322.15 |editor1=Turin, Mark |editor2=Zeisler, Bettina|pages=39–53 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/grammarofronglep00mainuoft A grammar of the Rong (Lepcha) language as it exists in the Dorjeling and Sikim hills] (1876)
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mainwaring, George Byers}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:Linguists from British India]]
{{improve categories|date=March 2025}}

Sutram

2025-03-04T22:17:31Z

Proabin: redirect

#REDIRECT[[Sutra]]

Zamzama (music)

2025-02-04T22:42:19Z

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{{for|the cannon|Zamzama}}

'''Zamzama''' is a [[Persian language|Persian]] word meaning "Thunder," or "Roar", but it can also mean "murmur" or "whisper to oneself". As with many Arabic and Persian words, it has been taken into [[Urdu]] and is now considered indigenous to that language. The meaning is: '''addition of notes'''. Zamzama is a type of [[Alankar]]{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}) and part of the [[Ornament (music)#Indian classical music|note ornamentation]] in [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]].

Like a [[khatka]], another type of [[Alankara]], ''zamzama'' is a '''cluster of notes''', which is used by the musician to embellish the landing note. The difference to a khatka is that the [[Swara|note]]s in a ''zamzama'' are rendered in progressive combinations and permutations. For the listener it sounds like a complex [[Taan (music)|taan]] pattern with sharp [[gamak]]s.

''Zamzamas'' are an integral part of [[tappa]] singing. In [[Khyal|Khayal]] renditions it needs to be used with great caution by the vocalist, depending on the [[raga]].

==Source/Reference==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090423023829/http://www.itcsra.org/alankar/alankar.html Types of Alankaras in Indian Classical Music - Alankars: A Background] (ITC SRA)
* [http://www.itcsra.org/zamzama Alankars - Zamzama] (ITC SRA)

[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]

Rasa (literary form)

2024-11-01T06:51:21Z

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{{other uses|Rasa (disambiguation)}}
'''''Rasa''''' ({{langx|gu|રાસ}}) or '''''Raso''''' is a certain didactic literary form in [[Apabhramsa]]. It is a genre of poetry in [[Old Gujarati language]] popular during early period of [[Gujarati literature]]. Sometimes the term is used interchangeably with ''[[Prabandha]]'' of medieval literature.

==History==
''Rasa'' developed during the period of Gurjar Apbhramsa. It is a period between [[Hemachandra]] and [[Narsinh Mehta]]. They are mostly written by [[Jain]] monks and were performed in [[Jain temple]]s on certain occasions.<ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978"/> Early examples are ''Updeshrasayan Rasa'' (1143) by [[Jinadattasuri]], ''Bharateshwar-Bahubali Raso'' (1184) by Shilabhadrasuri, ''Jeevdaya Raso'' (1200) by Asigu. ''Sandesa Rasak'' (15th century) by Abdul Rahman is one example of non-Jain composition. The literary tradition till 19th century. ''Gajsinh-Raja-no-Rasa'' (1851) is one late example.<ref name="Mukherjee1998">{{cite book|author=Sujit Mukherjee|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA327|year=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|page=327}}</ref><ref name=Parul1983>{{cite thesis |last= Shah|first=Parul |date= 31 August 1983|title= The rasa dance of Gujarata |volume=1|type= Ph.D.|chapter= 5|pages=124–156|publisher= Department of Dance, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]|hdl=10603/59446 }}</ref>

==Form==
During its earliest form, it was a musical ''Roopaka'' (theatrical performance). Vagbhatta describes ''Rasaka'' as a soft and vigorous musical ''Roopaka'' with a variety of ''Tala'' (beat or measure) and ''Laya'' (rhythm). ''Rasaka'' was played by female dancers. The number of pairs participating can increase up to 64.<ref name=Parul1983/><ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978">{{cite book|last1=Jhaveri|first1=Mansukhlal|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/460465|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|page=242|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031359/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/460465|archivedate=2016-12-20}}</ref>

There were two types of ''Rasa''s; ''Tala Rasa'' and ''Lakuta Rasa''. In ''Tala Rasa'' the beats of time were matched by claps of hands while in ''Lakuta Rasa'' it was matched by clashing of wooden sticks in the hands of performers. So the ''Rasa'' was a type of literature intended to be performed by pairs of females dancing and singing in a circle. ''Tala Rasa''s were mostly played by females while ''Lakuta Rasa''s were mostly played by males. The form is somewhat similar to ''Rasa'' dance played in ''[[Rasa lila]]''.<ref name=Parul1983/><ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978"/><ref name="Mukherjee1998"/><ref name="Pollock2003">{{cite book|author=Sheldon Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA571|date=19 May 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|page=571}}</ref>

As the early ''Rasa''s were intended to be performed, they were not lengthy. But over the years, they became lengthy and narrative with elements of story. So the performance aspect may have been diminished. It is doubtful that the ''Rasa''s written in 17th and 18th centuries were actually performed. It is most likely that they were only recited.<ref name=Parul1983/><ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978"/>

The ''Rasa''s were written in a variety of [[metre (poetry)|metre]]s like [[Doha (Indian literature)|Doha]], [[Chaupai (poetry)|Chaupai]] or Deshi. ''Rasa''s were divided into ''Khanda'' and different parts were called ''Bhasha'', ''Thavani'', ''Kadavaka''.<ref name=Parul1983/><ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978"/>

They had historical as well as mythological themes.<ref name="Mukherjee1998"/> Due to their basic composition meant to be didactic, the early ''Rasa'' like the ''Buddhi Rasa'' includes only words of advice. In late compositions of 16th to 18th century, they reads heavy and artificial due to incorporation of elements of narration, description, moral instructions and sectarian principles.<ref name=Parul1983/><ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Genres of poetry]]
[[Category:Gujarati literature]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]

MTV Roadies Rising

2024-09-09T09:17:32Z

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