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List of programmes broadcast by Hungama TV

2026-05-27T12:02:55Z

Priyankasingh: New a info initial version - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
[[File:Hungama TV.svg|right|200px]]
This is a list of television programmes that are airing on [[Hungama TV]] in India.

==Current programming==
* ''Bhaiyyaji Balwan''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/make-way-for-bhaiyyaji-balwan-421573|title=Make way for Bhaiyyaji Balwan|date=13 August 2022|access-date=5 September 2022|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Pokémon (TV series)|Pokémon]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title='Pokemon' resonates with Hungama's audiences: Vijay Subramaniam |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/pokemon-resonates-with-hungama-s-audiences-vijay-subramaniam-141126 |website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''Selfie With Bajrangi''<ref name="alacarte">{{cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/star-india-introduces-tyohar-ka-upahar-festive-offer-on-a-la-carte-channels-100132.html|title=Star India introduces 'Tyohar ka Upahar' festive offer on a-la-carte channels|date=12 October 2019|access-date=5 September 2022|work=Exchange4Media}}</ref>
* ''[[Supa Strikas]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/hungama-adds-supa-strikas-to-programming-line-up-201218|title=Hungama adds Supa Strikas to programming line-up|date=18 December 2020|access-date=5 September 2022|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[The Daltons (2010 TV series)|The Daltons]]''
* ''[[The Gutsy Frog]]''
* ''[[Tsurupika Hagemaru]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2020-04-18|title=Hagemaru Show's relaunch episode grabs 1.6 mn kids' eyeballs on Hungama TV|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/hagemaru-shows-relaunch-episode-grabs-16-mn-kids-eyeballs-on-hungama-tv-200418|access-date=|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Upin & Ipin]]''<ref name="alacarte"/>

== Former programming ==

===Live-action===
{{div col}}
* ''[[Are You Afraid of the Dark?]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/hungama-to-air-are-you-afraid-of-the-dark-from-15-september|title=Hungama to air 'Are You afraid of the Dark' from 15 September|date=12 September 2008|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Backyard Science]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/hungama-tv-gets-kids-busy-with-a-clean-pyjama-hunt-this-summer-30819.html|title=Hungama TV gets kids busy with a clean pyjama hunt this summer - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref>
* ''Chooha Mantar''<ref name=GNAL>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/9972_Our-Indian-content-sets-us-apart-says-Hungama-CEO|title=Our Indian content sets us apart, says Hungama CEO|date=September 28, 2004|access-date=May 12, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Colgate Muskurahatein''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/sep/oct101.htm|title=Hungama TV to air tele-serial 'Colgate Muskurahatein'|date=8 September 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''Door Door Doorbeen''<ref name=GNAL/>
* ''Dum Dum''<ref name="archive.org"/>
* ''[[Dharam Veer (TV series)|Dharam Veer]]''<ref name=AQI>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k9/spl_report_kids.php|title=Kids Channel gains viewership|date=June 9, 2009|access-date=July 22, 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827140042/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k9/spl_report_kids.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Full Toss''<ref name=Laun/>
* ''Fungama''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/media-hub/press-coverage/2005/12/fungama-time-here|title=Fungama time is here!|website=Disney India}}</ref>
* ''Gol Gol Gulam''<ref name=Laun/><ref name=GNAL/>
* ''[[Hatim (TV series)|Hatim]]''<ref name=AQI/>
* ''[[Hero – Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai]]''
* ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]''<ref name=New>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/oct/oct75.htm|title=Hungama TV to launch new identity|date=October 6, 2005|access-date=July 2, 2017|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010728/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/oct/oct75.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Hungama Fungama''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungamatv.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216200735/http://www.hungamatv.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2006|title=Hungama|date=16 February 2006}}</ref>
* ''[[Kartika (TV series)|Kaarthika]]''<ref name=Laun/>
* ''Kabhi Hero Kabhi Zero''<ref name="archive.org"/>
* ''Kaun Anadi Kaun Khiladi''<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.hungamatv.com/tvshows.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050303064837/http://www.hungamatv.com/tvshows.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2005|title=TV Shows - Hungama TV|date=3 March 2005}}</ref>
* ''Khabdoo Bigdoo''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungamatv.com/tvshows.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050303064837/http://www.hungamatv.com/tvshows.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2005|title=TV Shows - Hungama TV|date=3 March 2005}}</ref>
* ''Kya Mujhse Dosti Karoge''<ref name="archive.org"/>
* ''Loomba''<ref name=Laun/>
* ''Majooba Ka Ajooba''<ref name="archive.org"/>
* ''Mr. Funtoosh''<ref name="archive.org"/>
* ''[[Ninja Warrior (TV series)|Ninja Warrior]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/past-shows|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129213642/http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/past-shows|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2017|title=Disney India|date=29 January 2017|access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref>
* ''Noddy Aur Daddy''<ref name=Laun/>
* ''Paowan''<ref name=Laun>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep229.htm|title=Hungama TV banking on movies, four driver shows|date=September 21, 2004|access-date=December 28, 2017|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128121110/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep229.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Poochne Bhi Do Yaaron''<ref name="archive.org"/>
* ''[[Power Rangers Dino Thunder]]''<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/jan/jan44.htm|title=Hungama TV names board of directors for this year|date=5 January 2007|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue]]''<ref name="auto2"/>
* ''[[Power Rangers Ninja Storm]]''<ref name="auto2"/>
* ''[[Power Rangers Operation Overdrive]]''<ref name="archive.org1">{{cite web|url=http://hungamatv.com/shows/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325100506/http://hungamatv.com/shows/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2010|title= Hungama TV|date=25 March 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Power Rangers RPM]]''<ref name=MX>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/celebrations-galore-on-disney-multiplex-this-xmas|title=Celebrations galore on Disney multiplex this X'mas|date=21 December 2009|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Power Rangers S.P.D.]]''<ref name="auto2"/>
* ''[[Power Rangers Wild Force]]''<ref name="auto2"/>
* ''[[Sanya (TV series)|Sanya]]''
* ''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungamatv.com/prog-skbb.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101113621/http://www.hungamatv.com/prog-skbb.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2007|title=Hungama TV|date=1 January 2007}}</ref>
* ''Shisha — Kahani Ek Raaz Ki''<ref name=GNAL/>
* ''[[Telematch]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/hungama-tv-ramps-up-activity-with-new-shows-contest|title=Hungama TV ramps up activity with new shows & contest|date=2 April 2007|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''Tiger''<ref name=GNAL/>
* ''Veer''<ref name="archive.org"/>
* ''Zoran''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sail-with-zoran/article2249837.ece|title=Sail with Zoran|date=July 2, 2007|access-date=May 12, 2018|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920200934/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sail-with-zoran/article2249837.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Animated series===
{{div col}}
* ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar186.htm|title=Hungama TV banks on animation content; Mehta to spearhead programming|date=21 March 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Being Ian]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com"/>
* ''[[Beyblade (manga)|Beyblade]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungama-to-add-90-hours-of-original-content-this-summer-150404|title=Hungama to add 90 hours of original content this summer|date=4 April 2015|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Norakuro-kun|Blacky the Funny Dog]]''
* ''[[Bolek and Lolek]]''
* ''[[BoBoiBoy]]''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|title=Disney India|website=corporate.disney.in|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104231713/http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Bola Kampung]]''
* ''[[Boyster]]''<ref name="auto1"/>
* ''Bunty Aur Billy''<ref name=Hungama>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungama-to-add-90-hours-of-original-content-this-summer-150404|title=Hungama to add new original content|date=April 4, 2015|access-date=June 28, 2017|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605225703/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungama-to-add-90-hours-of-original-content-this-summer-150404|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Chacha Bhatija''
* ''Chai Chai''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|title=Disney India|date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209115549/http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Chimpui]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[Detective Conan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/santabhai-to-present-new-shows-movies-on-hungama|title='Santabhai' to present new shows & movies on Hungama|date=7 December 2007|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Digimon Xros Wars]]''
* ''[[Doraemon (1979 anime)|Doraemon]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar186.htm|title=Hungama TV banks on animation content; Mehta to spearhead programming|date=21 March 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''The Eena Meena Deeka Chase Comedy Show''
* ''[[Fifi and the Flowertots]]''<ref name=Summer>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/mar/mar390.htm|title=Kids' channels line up hot fanfare as summer beckons|date=March 25, 2006|access-date=June 4, 2017|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819165431/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/mar/mar390.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Fireman Sam]]''<ref name=New/>
* ''[[Freaktown]]''
* ''[[The Genie Family]]''<ref name=MX/>
* ''[[Chō-Bakuretsu I-Jigen Menko Battle Gigant Shooter Tsukasa|Gigant Big Shot Tsukasa]]''
* ''[[Grami's Circus Show]]''
* ''[[Harry & Bunnie]]''<ref name="auto1"/>
* ''Hum Chik Bum''<ref name=Hungama/>
* ''[[Inspector Chingum]]''
* ''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/mar/mar98.htm|title=Hungama TV takes second position in kids channel genre|date=7 March 2006|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[KochiKame]]''<ref name=Summer/>
* ''[[Lunar Jim]]''<ref name=PreS>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/mar/mar68.htm|title=Hungama TV kicks off pre school block|date=March 5, 2007|access-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Green Gold Animations|Luv Kushh]]''<ref name="archive.org2">{{cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/past-shows|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104231701/http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/past-shows|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2014|title=Disney India|date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Martin Morning]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1"/>
* ''[[Ninjaboy Rantaro]]''
* ''[[Ojarumaru]]''<ref name=MX/>
* ''[[Osomatsu-kun]]''<ref>{{cite web
|title=Osomatsu-kun on Hungama TV
|url=http://www.tvserialsandshows.com/2011/03/osomatsu-kun-osomat-su-kun-on-hungama.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605021025/http://www.tvserialsandshows.com/2011/03/osomatsu-kun-osomat-su-kun-on-hungama.html
|archive-date=2012-06-05
|website=TVSerialsAndShows
|access-date=2025-08-06
}}</ref>
* ''[[List of Disney Channel (India) series#Disney XD|P5 - Pandavas 5]]''
* ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''
* ''[[Pororo the Little Penguin]]''<ref name=PreS/>
* ''[[Robotan]]''
* ''[[Rolling with the Ronks!]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|title=Disney India|date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604102217/http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|archive-date=4 June 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Shuriken School]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com"/>
* ''[[Slugterra]]''<ref name="archive.org2"/>
* ''[[Sonic X]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr342.htm|title='Sonic X' to premiere on Hungama TV on 2 May|date=29 April 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=9 May 2019|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514091648/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr342.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Space Goofs]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/05/disney-network-brings-over-500-hours-of-fresh-programming-this-summer/|title=Disney Network brings over 500 hours of fresh programming this summer|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Supa Strikas (TV series)|Supa Strikas]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/hungama-adds-supa-strikas-to-programming-line-up-201218|title=Hungama adds Supa Strikas to programming line-up|date=18 December 2020|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Tensai Bakabon]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com"/>
* ''[[Tokyo Pig]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130616/spectrum/main6.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Ultimate Book of Spells]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/may/may5.htm|title=Hungama TV claims second position in kids genre|date=1 May 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Ultra B]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* ''[[ViR: The Robot Boy]]''
* ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]''<ref name=New/>
{{div col end}}

==Films==
===Chacha Bhatija films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S. No<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungamas-chacha-bhatija-to-go-on-new-a-new-adventure-in-second-movie-171114|title=Hungama's 'Chacha Bhatija' to go on a new adventure in second movie|date=14 November 2017|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117094309/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/hungamas-chacha-bhatija-to-go-on-new-a-new-adventure-in-second-movie-171114|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Name
!Premiere
|-
| 1
| ''Chacha Bhatija Khazane Ki Khoj''
|13 August 2017
|-
|2
|''Chacha Bhatija Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai''
|19 November 2017
|}

===Fatak Patak films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S. No<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/new-kids-franchise-fatak-patak-launches-in-india-with-animated-tv-series-merchandise/articleshow/60826601.cms|title=New kids franchise 'Fatak Patak' launches in India with animated TV series, merchandise|first=Gaurav|last=Laghate|date=25 September 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=17 November 2021|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117092756/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/new-kids-franchise-fatak-patak-launches-in-india-with-animated-tv-series-merchandise/articleshow/60826601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Name
!Premiere
|-
| 1
| ''Fatak Patak: Sheru Aur Alienoid Gabru''
|17 September 2017
|-
|2
|''Fatak Patak: Sheru Aur Eagon Ka Aakraman''
|24 September 2017
|-
|3
|''Fatak Patak: Sheru Aur Titan Taapu Ka Rahasya''
|1 October 2017
|-
|4
|''Fatak Patak: Sheru Aur Baaku Ka Kala Saya''
|8 October 2017
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Disney Channel}}{{Lists of TV programs by country}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Hungama]]
[[Category:Hungama TV original programming|*]]
[[Category:Disney India Media Networks]]
[[Category:Anime television]]
[[Category:Disney Channel related-lists]]

Urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh

2026-05-04T09:12:58Z

Priyankasingh:

{{short description|None}}
{{For|a list of current office-holders|List of current city mayors in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
In the [[2011 Census of India]], an [[urban agglomeration]] was defined as "An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths, or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher =The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate = 10 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/cities/andhrapradesh/|access-date=2021-04-28|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities having population 1 lakh and above|work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher =The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200310224309/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|accessdate = 10 August 2014 | archive-date = 10 March 2020}}</ref>

{{location map+|India Andhra Pradesh|width=300|right|caption=Top 10 largest urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh|places=
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Visakhapatnam]]|position=bottom|mark=Yellow pog.svg|lat=17.6868|long=83.2185}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Vijayawada]]|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=16.5062|long=80.6480}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Guntur]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=16.3067|long=80.4365}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Nellore]]|position=right|mark=Pink pog.svg|lat=14.4426|long=79.9865}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Kurnool]]|position=right|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat=15.8281|long=78.0373}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]]|position=left|mark=Orange pog.svg|lat=17.0005|long=81.8040}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Tirupati]]|position=left|mark=Brown pog.svg|lat=13.6288|long=79.4192}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Kakinada]]|position=right|mark=Black pog.svg|lat=16.9891|long=82.2475}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Kadapa]]|position=bottom|mark=Gold pog.svg|lat=14.4673|long=78.8242}}
{{location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|label=[[Anantapur]]amu|position=right|mark=Purple pog.svg|lat=14.6819|long=77.6006}}
}}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Urban agglomeration]]s in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] with a population of 100,000 and above based on the [[Census of India, 2011|Census of India of 2011]]
!S.No
!Name
!District
!Population (2011)
!Estimated Population (2024)
|-
|1
| align="left" |[[Visakhapatnam]]
| align="left" |[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| align="right" |1,730,320
|2,385,110<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam, India Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/visakhapatnam |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|-
|2
| align="left" |[[Vijayawada]]
| align="left" |[[NTR district|NTR]]
| align="right" |1,476,931
|2,290,780<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayawada, India Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/vijayawada |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|-
|3
| align="left" |[[Guntur]]
| align="left" |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| align="right" |743,354
|940,205<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntur, India Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/guntur |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|-
|4
| align="left" |[[Nellore]]
| align="left" |[[Nellore district|SPSR Nellore]]
| align="right" |558,548
|837,660<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellore, India Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/nellore |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|-
|5
| align="left" |[[Kurnool]]
| align="left" |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| align="right" |484,327
|745,946<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurnool, India Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/kurnool |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|-
|6
| align="left" |[[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]]
| align="left" |[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| align="right" |476,873
|581,376<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajahmundry, India Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/rajahmundry |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|-
|7
| align="left" |[[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]
| align="left" |[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| align="right" |461,900
|775,455<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirupati, India Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/tirupati |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|-
|8
| align="left" |[[Kakinada]]
| align="left" |[[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| align="right" |443,028
|552,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kakinada, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21292/kakinada/population |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
|-
|9
| align="left" |[[Kadapa]]
| align="left" |[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
| align="right" |344,893
|489,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadapa, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21221/kadapa/population |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
|-
|10
| align="left" |[[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapuramu]]
| align="left" |[[Anantapur district|Anantapuramu]]
| align="right" |340,613
|498,089<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anantapur, India Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/india/anantapur |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|-
|11
| align="left" |[[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri {{Ndash}} Tadepalli]]
| align="left" |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| align="right" |330,613
|
|-
|12
| align="left" |[[Eluru]]
| align="left" |[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| align="right" |250,834
|355,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eluru Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011-2024 Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/358-eluru.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|13
| align="left" |[[Vizianagaram]]
| align="left" |[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| align="right" |239,909
|338,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vizianagaram City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/401-vizianagaram.html#:~:text=Vizianagaram%20Population%202024&text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|14
| align="left" |[[Proddatur]]
| align="left" |[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
| align="right" |217,895
|307,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proddatur Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011-2024 Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/360-proddatur.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|15
| align="left" |[[Nandyal]]
| align="left" |[[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| align="right" |211,424
|298,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandyal City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/421-nandyal.html#:~:text=The%20Nandyal%20city%20is%20located,population%20is%20estimated%20at%20298,000%20. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|16
| align="left" |[[Ongole]]
| align="left" |[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| align="right" |208,344
|294,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ongole City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/415-ongole.html#:~:text=Ongole%20Population%202024 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|17
| align="left" |[[Adoni]]
| align="left" |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| align="right" |184,625
|261,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adoni City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/420-adoni.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,population%20is%20estimated%20at%20261,000%20. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|18
| align="left" |[[Madanapalle]]
| align="left" |[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| align="right" |180,180
|255,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madanapalle Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011-2024 Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/365-madanapalle.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|19
| align="left" |[[Chittoor]]
| align="left" |[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| align="right" |175,647
|248,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chittoor City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/429-chittoor.html#:~:text=Chittoor%20Population%202024&text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|20
| align="left" |[[Machilipatnam]]
| align="left" |[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| align="right" |169,892
|238,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Machilipatnam City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/410-machilipatnam.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|21
| align="left" |[[Tenali]]
| align="left" |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| align="right" |164,937
|232,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenali Municipality City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802982-tenali-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|22
| align="left" |[[Chirala]]
| align="left" |[[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| align="right" |162,471
|229,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirala Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011-2024 Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/370-chirala.html#:~:text=Chirala%20Population%202024,based%20on%20past%20growth%20rate. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|23
| align="left" |[[Hindupur]]am
| align="left" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| align="right" |151,677
|214,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindupur City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/426-hindupur.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|24
| align="left" |[[Srikakulam]]
| align="left" |[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| align="right" |147,015
|207,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikakulam City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/400-srikakulam.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|25
| align="left" |[[Bhimavaram]]
| align="left" |[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| align="right" |146,961
|207,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhimavaram City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/407-bhimavaram.html#:~:text=Bhimavaram%20Population%202024&text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|26
| align="left" |[[Tadepalligudem]]
| align="left" |[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| align="right" |135,032
|147,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadepalligudem City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/405-tadepalligudem.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,population%20is%20estimated%20at%20147,000%20. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|27
| align="left" |[[Guntakal]]
| align="left" |[[Anantapur district|Anantapuramu]]
| align="right" |126,270
|178,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntakal City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/423-guntakal.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|28
| align="left" |[[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]]
| align="left" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| align="right" |121,874
|170,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmavaram City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/425-dharmavaram.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|29
| align="left" |[[Gudivada]]
| align="left" |[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| align="right" |118,167
|165,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudivada City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/409-gudivada.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|30
| align="left" |[[Narasaraopet]]a
| align="left" |[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| align="right" |117,489
|163,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narasaraopet City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/411-narasaraopet.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,population%20is%20estimated%20at%20164,000%20. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|31
| align="left" |[[Kadiri]]
| align="left" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| align="right" |112,489
|125,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadiri Municipality City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803011-kadiri-andhra-pradesh.html#:~:text=Kadiri%202024%20Population,is%20postponed%20due%20to%20covid. |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|32
| align="left" |[[Tadipatri]]
| align="left" |[[Anantapur district|Anantapuramu]]
| align="right" |108,171
|152,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadpatri City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/424-tadpatri.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|33
| align="left" |[[Chilakaluripet]]a
| align="left" |[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| align="right" |101,398
|142,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chilakaluripet City Population 2024 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/413-chilakaluripet.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India]]
*[[List of states and union territories of India by population]]
*[[Demographics of India]]
*[[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population]]
*[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Urban agglomerations of India by states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh, List of}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists]]

Unity One Elegante Mall

2026-04-28T16:12:07Z

Priyankasingh: Started

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Unity One Elegante Mall
| location = [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Pitam Pura|Pithampura]], [[Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.696|N|77.151|E|display=inline,title}}
| opening_date = 16 October 2025
| developer = Parshvnath Developers
| owner = Unity Group
| number_of_stores = 100
| floors = 4
| parking = Multilevel
| publictransit = [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station]]
| website = https://unityoneelegante.com/
}}

'''Unity One Elegante Mall''' is a shopping mall located in [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Pitam Pura|Pitampura]], [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rotberg |first=Florian |date=19 September 2025 |title=New Retail Landmark Goes All-In on DooH |url=https://invidis.com/news/2025/09/delhi-new-retail-landmark-goes-all-in-on-dooh/ |work=Invidis.com}}</ref> It is owned and operated by Unity Group and opened its doors on 16 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2025 |title=Unity Group Launches 'Unity One Elegante' Mall at NSP, Brings Premium Retail Experience in Delhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/unity-group-launches-unity-one-elegante-mall-at-nsp-brings-premium-retail-experience-in-delhi-125101600849_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

The mall is spread over 4 floors, and has a dedicated area of over 500,000 sq ft. It has 300,000 leasing area for shopping brands.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2025 |title=Parsvnath Developers, Unity Group lease entire 3 lakh sq ft retail space at upcoming Delhi mall |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/parsvnath-developers-unity-group-lease-entire-3-lakh-sq-ft-retail-space-at-upcoming-delhi-mall/articleshow/124363479.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Amenities ==

=== Stores ===

* The mall is home to many international brands like CaratLane, Allen Solly, Vanheusen, Lifestyle, Sunglass Hut, Zen Diamond, NEWME and Go Colors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2025 |title=NEWME expands in Delhi-NCR with third store at UnityOne Elegante Mall |url=https://infashionbusiness.com/home/news_details/6645 |work=IN Fashion Business}}</ref>

=== Entertainment ===

* It also has a 4-screen multiplex, a dedicated spacious food court and a gaming zone.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://unityoneelegante.com/ Official Website]

{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Delhi]]
[[Category:North Delhi district]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2025]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in India]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in India by populated place]]
[[Category:Shopping malls]]

Manidhargal

2026-04-27T12:53:52Z

Priyankasingh: starting new stub!

{{Short description|2025 Tamil language film by Raam Indhra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manidhargal first look poster.jpg
| alt = Manidhargal first look poster
| caption = Manidhargal film poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ta|மனிதர்கள்}}
| director = {{Ubl|Raam Indhra}}
| writer = {{Ubl|Raam Indhra}}
| producer = {{Ubl|Rajendra Prasad
| Naveen | M.K.Sambasivam}}
| starring = {{plainlist|* {{Ubl|Kapil velavan}}
* {{Ubl|Dasha}}
* {{Ubl|Arjun dev Saravanan}}
* {{Ubl|Gunavanthan}}
* {{Ubl|Sambasivan}}}}
| cinematography = Ajay Abraham George
| editing = Dinsa
| music = Anilesh L Mathew
| studio = {{ubl
|Studio Moving Turtle
|Sri Krish Pictures
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|30|ref1=<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Nandhakumar |title='மனிதர்கள்' படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/manithargal-movie-release-date-announced-1159233 |work=www.dailythanthi.com |date=22 May 2025 |language=ta}}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 106 minutes{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Manidhargal''''' ({{translation|Humans}}) is a 2025 [[Tamil language]] [[drama film|drama]] [[thriller film]] directed by debutant Raam Indhra starring Kapil Velavan, Dasha, Arjun Dev Saravanan, Gunavanthan and Sambasivan. This film is made through [[crowd funding]] by friends.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=பெண் கதாபாத்திரங்களே இல்லாத படம் 'மனிதர்கள்', திரைச்செய்தி செய்திகள் - தமிழ் முரசு Cinema News in Tamil, Tamil Murasu |url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/cinema/manidhargal-film-no-female-characters |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Tamil Murasu |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Subramanian |first1=Nandhakumar |title=அறிமுக இயக்குநர் இராம் இந்திரா இயக்கத்தில், ஒர் இரவில் நடக்கும் திரில்லர் டிராமா "மனிதர்கள்" !! |url=https://moviewingz.com/manidhargal-2/ |website=Moviewingz.com |access-date=23 May 2025 |date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Subramanian |first1=Nandhakumar |title=“Manidhargal : A Night of Twists Begins With a Powerful First Look” {{!}} TalksOfCity |url=https://talksofcity.com/?p=31585 |website=talksofcity.com |access-date=23 May 2025 |date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Nandhakumar |title=Story of director Raam Indhra's thriller drama 'Manidhargal' happens in a single night! |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/story-of-director-raam-indhras-thriller-drama-manidhargal-happens-in-a-single-night-832313 |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=www.dtnext.in |date=3 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revloves around six friends who get drunk together and get caught in a trap, where the friends struggle emotionally and physically to overcome the struggle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title=ஒர் இரவில் நடக்கும் திரில்லர் டிராமா; 'மனிதர்கள்' பட ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/manidhargal-movie-first-look-released |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Nandhakumar |title=பாராட்டுக்களைக் குவிக்கும் மனிதர்கள் பட ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் ! – New Cinema Express |url=https://newcinemaexpress.com/sri-krish-pictures/ |access-date=23 May 2025 |date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramanian |first1=Nandhakumar |title=அறிமுக இயக்குநர் இராம் இந்திரா இயக்கத்தில், ஒர் இரவில் நடக்கும் திரில்லர் டிராமா "மனிதர்கள்" !! |url=https://www.cinemapluz.com/manithargal-frist-look-huge-response-in-audiance/ |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=Cinemapluz |date=3 May 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Kapil Velavan as 'Karli' Pandi
* Daksha as Sathis
* Arjun Dev Saravanan as Deepan
* Gunavanthan as Mano
* Sambasivam as Chandru

== Production ==
The film is produced by Rajendra Prasad, Naveen and M.K.Sambasivam under the banners of Studio Moving Turtle and Sri Krish Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-05-03 |title=பாராட்டுக்களைக் குவிக்கும் "மனிதர்கள்" பட ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் {{!}} The first look poster of the film Manithargal is garnering praise |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-first-look-poster-of-the-film-manithargal-is-garnering-praise-771321 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place entirely in [[Dindigul]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title=ஒரே இரவில் நடக்கும் த்ரில்லர்… ரசிகர்களின் கவனத்தை ஈர்க்கும் 'மனிதர்கள்' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-manithargal-movie-first-look-poster-impresses-fans-nw-kls-ws-l-1795777.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta |archive-date=3 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503120744/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-manithargal-movie-first-look-poster-impresses-fans-nw-kls-ws-l-1795777.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features debutant actors, Kapil Velavan, Dasha, Arjun Dev Saravanan, Gunavanthan, Sambasivan and others while the technical team consists of cinematographer Ajay Abraham George, editor Dinsa and music composer Anilesh L Mathew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title=பாராட்டுக்களைக் குவிக்கும் மனிதர்கள் பட ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டர் |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/stunning-first-look-poster-of-manidhargal-movie-580063 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has music composed by Anilesh L Mathew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-05-03 |title=பெண்களே இல்லாத படமான 'மனிதர்கள்' படத்தின் பர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-first-look-of-the-film-manithargal-a-film-without-women-is-released-1155979 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504030449/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-first-look-of-the-film-manithargal-a-film-without-women-is-released-1155979 |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Manidhargal'' released on 30 May 2025.

== Reception ==
The Times of India highlighted the film’s intriguing setup and the psychological tension that unfolds over the course of one night. It appreciated the filmmakers' effort to maintain suspense and deliver a thought-provoking thriller.<ref>{{cite news |title=One Night, Six Friends, One Death: Manidhargal keeps you guessing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/one-night-six-friends-one-death-manidhargal-keeps-you-guessing/photostory/121625855.cms?picid=121625910 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2025}}</ref>
[[Dina Thanthi]] noted that the [[ensemble cast]] delivered emotionally charged performances, and the confined setting added to the sense of urgency and drama. The review appreciated the film’s focus on how a single incident can alter relationships and test personal morals.<ref>{{cite news |title='மனிதர்கள்' படம் எப்படி இருக்கிறது? - விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/manithargal-movie-review-in-tamil-1160639 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=www.dailythanthi.com |date=31 May 2025 |language=ta}}</ref>
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Director Raam Indhra loads his cast with actors who look like small-time thugs, yet they react to their predicament with the emotional fortitude of frightened children. [[Road movie]] tropes pile up predictably: near-accidents, fuel shortages, paranoid phone calls, while the overacting reaches seizure-inducing levels."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manidhargal Movie Review : 100 minutes of histrionics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/manidhargal/movie-review/121507738.cms |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] lauded the film’s cinematography and music, describing it as a bold attempt to explore guilt, fear, and friendship. The review particularly highlighted the night-time visuals and immersive score as key elements in building suspense.<ref>{{cite news |title=திரைப் பார்வை - மனிதர்கள் {{!}} கொடுத்தனுப்பும் நண்பர்கள்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1364492-manidhargal-movie-review-in-tamil.html |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=Hindu Tamil Thisai |date=6 June 2025 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Indian School, Muladha

2026-04-21T23:00:33Z

Priyankasingh: made a post!

{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Indian School Muladha
| image =
| established = 1991<ref>{{cite web|title=About ISML|url=http://isml-oman.com/|access-date=5 February 2016 }}</ref>
| school_board = CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education)
| schooltype = English Medium Secondary School
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| school_number = AFFILIATION NUMBER: 6130007
| school_code = 90170
| president = Mr. M.T Musthafa<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=ISML Management|url=https://isml-oman.com/school-management}}</ref>
| head_name2 =
| head2 =
| city = Muladha
| province = Al Batinah South Governorate
| country = Oman
| teaching_staff = 86
| key_people = Dr. LEENA FRANSIS Mr. ASHICK KP, Mr. JAILAL V.C, Mrs. SHEEJA A JALEEL, Mrs. JEBA PRIYADHARSHINI
| grades = K-12
| gender = [[Co-educational]]
| enrollment =
| international_students = International Students
Indian School Muladha is home to
a diverse group of international students, primarily from Egypt, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, with some students also hailing from Sri Lanka, Iran, and other countries. This international presence enriches the school community, fostering cultural exchange and promoting global understanding among students.
| avg_class_size = 35 - 40 students per classes on average.
| language = English Medium
| hours_in_day = 7:00 AM - 2:00 PM
| free_label1 =
| publication = https://isml-oman.com/e-magazine
| fees = The fee structure varies depending on the nationality of the ward.
It is give in the school website: https://isml-oman.com/fee-structure/
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| motto = '''''Satyameva Jayate'''''
| website = [http://www.isml-oman.com/ Official website]
| lastupdate = 24 August 2025
| principal = Dr. Leena Francis <ref name="auto"/>
| houses = {{color box|green}} [[Salalah]] House {{color box|red}} [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] House {{color box|blue}} [[Sur, Oman|Sur]] House {{color box|yellow}} [[Nizwa]] House
| colors = The School's logo contains the following five colors:

{{color box|red}}-Red – In the flame, lamp, and book detailing. 
{{color box|yellow}}-Yellow/Gold – In the flame and circular border. 
{{color box|green}}-Green – In the laurel wreath. 
{{color box|blue}}-Blue – In the text "सत्यमेव जयते" and book details. 
{{color box|white}}-White – In the background and book pages.
| slogan = "In Pursuit of Excellence"
| song = In this school the abode of knowledge.
| nickname = ISML
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[India]]
| alumni_name = Indian School Muladha Alumni (ISML – A)
| motto_translation = ''Satyameva Jayate'' (सत्यमेव जयते) translates to **"Truth Alone Triumphs"** in English.
| location = Muladha, [[Al Batinah Region|Al Batinah]]
| classrooms = The school has 56 sections of classes from KG to XII function in the premises.
| campus_size = Muladha Campus {{convert|16|acre|sqkm|adj=on}}
| area = 16 acres
}}

'''Indian School Muladha''' is an [[English-medium education|English Medium]] [[Secondary school|Secondary School]], started in 1991, in a small building with 9 teachers and 90 students. It is now one of the largest interior schools in the [[Sultanate of Oman]] with around 2100 students and around 80 staff including teaching and non-teaching.

==Location==

The school is 120 kilometres away from [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] on the [[Muscat]]-[[Dubai]] highway in the South [[Batinah]] region. The school is located in a sprawling 16 acres of lush green land in sharp contrast to the [[desert]] enveloping it.

==Facilities==

'''''Classes:''''' KG I to Class XII classes are taught in Indian School Muladha.

'''''Facilities''''': Work Experience, Library, Audio Visual Room, Laboratories, Auditorium, Canteen, Remedial Classes, Environmental Classes, Staff transport, Educational trips, Medical Check - Up, Staff Excursion, Activity Room.

'''''Laboratories''''': Three fully equipped Science labs, a Math Lab, three Computer Labs and one Audio Visual Room.

'''''Sports''''': Playground for games like Cricket, Volleyball, Football, Hockey, Kho Kho, Kabaddi, Badminton, etc.

== International Students ==
'''Indian School Muladha''' is home to a diverse group of international students, primarily from [[Egypt]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]], with some students also hailing from [[Sri Lanka]], [[Iran]], and other countries. This international presence enriches the school community, fostering cultural exchange and promoting global understanding among students.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.isml-oman.com/ Indian School Muladha website]

{{International schools in Oman}}
{{Indian international schools}}

{{coord|23.7599|57.5547|type:edu_region:OM|display=title}}

[[Category:1991 establishments in Oman]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1991]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in Oman]]

{{Oman-school-stub}}

Hakeem Noor-ud-Din

2026-04-17T05:59:00Z

Priyankasingh: made new data

{{Short description|1st Ahmadiyya Caliph (1834–1914)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Hakeem Noor-ud-Din
| native_name = {{nq|حکیم نور الدین}}
| title = [[Ahmadiyya Caliphate|Caliph of the Messiah]] Amir al-Mu'minin
| image = Khalifatul MasihI.jpg
| caption = Hakeem Noor-ud-Din circa 1878
| term1 = 27 May 1908 – 13 March 1914
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]]
| religion = [[Ahmadiya]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
| Fatima Sahiba
| Sughra Begum
}}
| children = 7
| father = Haafiz Ghulam Rasool<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/noor-ud-deen/hakeem-noor-ud-deen.pdf|title= Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen (Khalifatul Masih I): The Way of the Righteous|website=Alislam.org|access-date=2016-01-27}}</ref>
| mother = Noor Bakht
| birth_date = {{birth date|1834|1|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhera]], [[Sikh Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1914|3|13|1841|1|08|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Qadian]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| resting_date =
| resting_place = Bahishti Maqbara, Qadian, India
| signature = Unterschrift von Hakim Nuur ud-Din.jpg
}}
{{Ahmadiyya|Organizational structure}}
'''Hakeem Noor-ud-Din''' (also spelled '''Hakim Nur-ud-Din'''; {{script|ur-Arab|حکیم نور الدین}}; 8 January 1834 – 13 March 1914)<ref name="source">{{cite web|url=https://www.alfazlonline.org/11/04/2020/14869/ |title=حضرت خلیفۃ المسیح الاولؓ کی عمر کے متعلق جدید تحقیق|date=11 April 2020 }}</ref> was a close companion of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya Movement]], and his first successor and [[Ahmadiyya Caliphate|first Ahmadiyya caliph]] since 27 May 1908.

Royal Physician to the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] for many years, his extensive travels included a long stay in the cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in pursuit of religious learning. Noor-ud-Din was the first person to give [[bay'ah]] (pledge of allegiance) to Ghulam Ahmad in 1889 and remained his closest associate and confidant, leaving his home in [[Bhera]] and setting up permanent residence at [[Qadian]] in 1892.{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|pp=84–5}} He assisted Ghulam Ahmad throughout his religious vocation, himself authored several volumes of rebuttals to criticisms raised by Christian and Hindu polemicists against Islam and was instrumental in arranging some of the public debates between Ghulam Ahmad and his adversaries.{{sfn|Friedmann|2003|pp=14}} After Ghulam Ahmad's death, he was unanimously chosen as his successor. Under Noor-ud-Din's leadership, the Ahmadiyya movement began to organise missionary activity with small groups of Ahmadis emerging in [[South India|southern India]], [[Bengal]] and [[Afghanistan]], the [[Ahmadiyya in the United Kingdom|first Islamic mission in England]] was established in 1913,{{sfn|Friedmann|2003|pp=15}} and work began on the English [[Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran|translation of the Quran]].{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|p=124}} His lectures on [[Tafsir|Quranic exegesis]] and [[Hadith]] were one of the main attractions for visitors to Qadian after Ghulam Ahmad.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Many prominent scholars and leaders were his students, including [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]] and [[Maulvi Sher Ali|Sher Ali]], who were themselves Quranic commentators and [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad|Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmud]] who succeeded him as the caliph.

==Family==
Hakeem Noor-ud-Din was the youngest of seven brothers and two sisters and the 34th direct lineal male descent of [[Umar Ibn al-Khattab]], the second [[caliph]] of Islam.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/HazratMaulviNooruddeen.pdf | title=Hadrat Maulawi Nur-ud-Din: Khalifatul Masih I | access-date=19 April 2011 | author=Khan, Muhammad Zafrulla | page=1}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=December 2020}} The forebears of Maulana Noor-ud-Deen, on migration from [[Medina]] settled down in [[Balkh]] and became rulers of [[Kabul]] and [[Ghazni]]. During the attack of [[Genghis Khan]], his ancestors migrated from [[Kabul]] and first settled near [[Multan]] and then finally at [[Bhera]]. Among his forefathers were a number of individuals who taught [[Islam]] and claimed a proud privilege of heading a chain of descendants who had memorized the [[Qur'an]]; His earlier eleven generations shared this distinction. Among the ancestors of Maulana Noor-ud-Deen, there were [[Saints in Islam|saints]] and [[Islamic scholar|scholars]] of high repute. [[Sultans]], ''[[Sufi]]is'', ''[[Qadi|Qazi]]''s and [[Shaheed|martyrs]] were all among his [[Family tree of Umar|ancestors]] who once enjoyed an important place in the [[Muslim World]]. In [[Bhera]] (his birthplace), his [[Family tree of Umar|family]] was accorded a high degree of respect from the beginning.{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|pp=1–6}}

== Early years and education ==
Noor-ud-Din considered his mother, Noor Bakht, to be his first teacher. He used to say that he was fed the love of the [[Quran]] through his mother's milk. He went to a local school for his early education. His father Hafiz Ghulam Rasul, a devoted Muslim and parent placed great emphasis on his children's education. Noor-ud-Din spoke [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as his mother tongue, but after hearing a soldier speaking [[Urdu]], he fell in love with the language and learnt it by reading Urdu literature. His eldest brother, Sultan Ahmad, was a learned person who owned a printing press in [[Lahore]]. Once when Noor-ud-Din was 12 years old, he accompanied his brother to Lahore, where he fell ill and was successfully treated by Hakeem Ghulam Dastgir of Said Mitha. Impressed by his manner and his renown, Noor-ud-Din became eager to study [[medicine]]; but his brother persuaded him to study [[Persian language|Persian]] and arranged for him to be taught by a famous Persian teacher, Munshi Muhammad Qasim Kashmiri.

Noor-ud-Din learnt Persian at Lahore, where he stayed for two years. His brother then taught him basic [[Arabic]]. In 1857, a traveling bookseller came to [[Bhera]] from [[Calcutta]]. He urged Noor-ud-Din to learn the translation of the [[Quran]] and presented him with a printed copy of five of the principal chapters of the Book together with their [[Urdu]] translation. Shortly after, a merchant from [[Bombay]] urged him to read two Urdu books, ''Taqviatul Iman'' and ''Mashariqul Anwar'', which were commentaries ([[Tafsir]]) on the [[Quran]]. A few years later, he returned to Lahore and started studying medicine with the renowned Hakeem Allah Deen of Gumti Bazaar. This turned out to be a short stay and the study was postponed.{{sfn|Ahmad|2003}}{{page needed|date=May 2017}} Noor-ud-Din was then sent to study at a School in [[Rawalpindi]] where he graduated with a [[Diploma]] at the age of 21 and thereafter, due to his academic abilities, was appointed the [[headmaster]] to a school in [[Pind Dadan Khan]] at the young age of 21. Noor-ud-Din first came into contact with Christian missionaries while he was in Rawalpindi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://store.alislam.org/hayatenoor.html |title=Hayat-e-Noor |website=Store.alislam.org |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202214921/http://store.alislam.org/hayatenoor.html |archive-date=2 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Further learning and travels ==
[[File:Allama Nur-ud-Din.jpg|thumb|Noor-ud-Din, c. 1899|301x301px]]
Noor-ud-Din travelled extensively throughout India for next 4–5 years and went to [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Muradabad]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Bhopal]] to learn Arabic with the renowned teachers of that time. He learnt ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]'' from Syed Hasan Shah, [[Fiqh]] (Jurisprudence) from Azizullah Afghani, [[Kalam|Islamic Philosophy]] from Maulvi Irshad Hussain Mujaddadi, [[Arabic]] Poetry from Saadullah Uryall, and [[Logic]] from Maulvi Abdul Ali and Mullah Hassan.

In Lucknow, Noor-ud-Din went in the hope of learning [[Oriental medicine|Eastern medicine]] from the renowned Hakeem Ali Hussain Lucknowi. The Hakeem had taken a vow of not teaching anyone. It is narrated by biographers that he went to his house for an interview and the discussion between them impressed the Hakeem so much that he eventually agreed to take Noor-ud-Din as his disciple.

The next city he visited was Bhopal, where he practiced medicine and was introduced to the [[Nawab of Bhopal]] during this time.

=== Mecca and Medina ===
In 1865, at the age of thirty-one, he traveled to the cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. He stayed there for many years to acquire religious knowledge. He learnt [[Hadith]] from famous Sheikh Hasan Khizraji and Maulvi Rahmatullah Kiraynalwi. He gave 'bay'ah' (pledge of allegiance) to Shah Abdul Ghani, the Grandson of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlawi]].

=== Return to Bhera ===
On his way back to his hometown, Noor-ud-Din stayed in Delhi for a few days. Here, he had the opportunity to attend a session of lessons by the leader and founder of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Deoband]] Seminary, [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi|Qasim Nanotawi]] and had a very good impression of him.{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|pp=31–2}}

In 1871 he returned to [[Bhera]], his home town, and started a religious school where he taught the [[Quran]] and the Hadith. He also started practice in the [[Oriental medicine|Eastern medicine]]. In a short time he became well known for his healing skills and his fame came to the notice of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Maharaja]] of [[Kashmir]], who appointed him in his court physician in 1876.

==Royal Physician==
In 1876 he was employed as the royal physician to Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] the ruler of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. There are detailed accounts of his tenure as the court physician. All the schools hospitals of the state were placed under him. Initially he worked under the Chief Physician [[Agha (Hakim) Muhammad Baqir]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medind.nic.in/jab/t12/i1/jabt12i1p91.pdf |title=AYUSH in J&K:- A Historical Perspective with special reference to Unani System of Medicine. |author=Abdul Kabir Dar |website=Medind.nic.in |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919002903/http://medind.nic.in/jab/t12/i1/jabt12i1p91.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> but after Hakim Baqir's death he was made the chief physician himself. During his time as physician he is said to have given a lot of time to the service of Islam; and would often engage in religious and intellectual discussion with the Maharaja himself. During these discussions he was known for his fearlessness and frankness. The Maharaja and his son Raja Amar singh are said to have learnt the Quran from Noor-ud-Din.

The Maharajah is said to have stated once to his courtiers, "each one of you is here on some purpose or to seek some favour from me and keep flattering me, but this man (Hakeem Sahib) is the only person who has no axe to grind and is here because he is needed by the state. This is the reason why whatever is stated by Hakeem Sahib is listened to carefully as he has no ulterior motive."<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/noor-ud-deen/hakeem-noor-ud-deen.pdf |title=Hakeem Noor-Ud-Deen : The Way of the Righteous |author=Syed Hasanat Ahmad |website=Alislam.org |access-date=2016-01-27}}</ref>

Being a scholar of [[Hebrew]] also, Noor-ud-Din was selected by [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] as the co-ordinator of the team of scholars in writing a commentary of the [[Torah]] from the Muslim viewpoint. During this time he was also actively involved with the [[Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam]].

Noor-ud-Din had been the royal physician from 1876. when Maharajah [[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Partab Singh]] took over, Noor-ud-Din was made to leave the service of the state of Jammu in 1892 due to various political reasons. He was later offered the position in 1895 but declined the offer.

==Introduction to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad==
Noor-ud-Deen was constantly involved in religious debates with Christians and Hindus during his stay at [[Jammu]]. Once he was confronted by an atheist who asked him that if the concept of God was true, then how in this day and age of reason and knowledge, no one claims to be the recipient of Divine revelations. This was a question to which the Noor-ud-Din did not find an answer immediately.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> During the same period, he came across a torn page from a book named [[Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya]]. The book was written by one Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, who would later claim to be the [[Messiah|Promised Messiah]] and [[Mahdi]]. Noor-ud-Din was surprised to see that the writer of the page was a claimant of receiving [[Wahi]] (revelation). He purchased the book and read it with great interest. He was so impressed by the book that he decided to meet the writer. Noor-ud- Din later recalled his first meeting with Ghulam Ahmad in his own words.<ref>Al-Hakam (22 April 1908)
</ref>
{{cquote| As I arrived in a nearby place of Qadian, I got excited and was also trembling with anxiety and prayed feverishly....|cquote}}

Noor-ud-Deen later stated:

{{cquote| It was after [[Asr]] prayer, I approached ''Masjid Mubarak''. As soon as I saw his face I was overjoyed, and felt happy and grateful to have found the ''perfect man'' that I was seeking all my life...

At the end of the first meeting, I offered my hand for [[Bay'ah]]. Hazrat Mirza Sahib (Ghulam Ahmad) said, he was not yet Divinely commissioned to accept Bay'ah; then I made Mirza Sahib promise me that I would be the person whose Bay'ah would be accepted first...(Al-Hakam, April 22, 1908)|cqote}}

During his stay in Qadian, Noor-ud-Din became a close friend of Ghulam Ahmad and it is apparent in the writings of both persons that they held each other in highest esteem. Although this relationship soon became that of a Master and disciple and Noor Deen devoted himself as a student to Ahmad. He eventually migrated to Qadian and made his home there soon after he was made to leave his job in Kashmir. He would often accompany Ghulam Ahmad on his travels.

Noor Deen once asked Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to assign him a task by the way of Mujahida ([[Jihad]]). Ahmad asked him to write a book answering the Christian allegations against Islam. As a result, Noor-ud-Din wrote two volumes of ''Faslul Khitab, Muqaddimah Ahlul Kitaab''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/urdu/pdf/6.php |title=Fasal-ul-Khitab Moqadama Ahl-ul-Kitab - Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at Urdu Pages |website=Alislam.org |access-date=2016-01-27}}</ref>

After completing this, he again asked Ghulam Ahmad the same question. This time, Ahmad assigned him to write a rebuttal to [[Arya Samaj]]. Noor-ud-Din wrote ''Tasdeeq [[Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.alislam.org/pdf/mulfozaat.pdf |access-date=21 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717214159/http://www2.alislam.org/pdf/mulfozaat.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2007 }}</ref>

==Leadership of Ahmadiyya==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2015}}
After the [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad#Death|death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], Noor-ud-Din was unanimously elected as his first successor. Among his achievements as Caliph were overseeing a satisfactory English translation of the Qur'an, the establishment in 1914 of the first Ahmadiyya Muslim mission in England and the introduction of various newspapers and magazines. After becoming Khalifa, he personally took part in two successful debates at the cities of Rampur and Mansouri. He sent various teams of scholars from Qadian to preach the Ahmadiyya message, to deliver lectures on Islam and hold sessions of religious discussion in numerous cities within India, which proved to be very successful for the community. These teams often included [[Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din]], [[Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad|Mirza Mahmood Ahmad]] and [[Mufti Muhammad Sadiq]].

===The treasury===
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2016}}

As Khalifatul Masih, Noor-ud-Din set up an official treasury (Baitul Maal) to cope with the growing financial requirements of the community. All the funds as well as the [[Zakat]] donations and other voluntary contributions were directed to be collected in the treasury. Various rules and regulations were given to govern its administration.

===Public library===
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2016}}
Noor-ud-Din was himself a man of learning and was fond of books. Soon after he became Khalifa, he set up a public library at Qadian, he donated many books from his own personal library and also gave some financial contributions towards it, followed by many other members of the community. The library was placed under the control of Mirza Mahmood Ahmad.

===Friday prayers leave===
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2016}}
In 1911 the British Government announced that a coronation ceremony will be held in [[Delhi]] to proclaim [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], Emperor of India. Noor-ud-Din requested the King that Muslim employees of the Government may be granted a leave of two hours on Friday for the Friday noon service. As a consequence two-hour leave for Muslim Employees was granted.

===Mission in the UK===
When [[Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din]] visited [[London]] in pursuance of his legal practice, Noor-ud-Din advised him to keep three things in view, one of which was to try to get the Mosque in [[Woking]] opened which was originally built by the [[Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Begum of Bhopal]], and had been reported to have been locked for some time. Having reached London Kamaludin enquired about the mosque, met with other Muslims and was able to have the Woking Mosque unlocked.

===Internal dissension===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2016}}
He also dealt with internal dissension, when some high-ranking office bearers of the Ahmadiyya Council disagreed with some of the administrative concepts being implemented and regarding the rights of a Caliph. After his death this group eventually left Qadian and made their headquarters in Lahore setting up their own association known as [[Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahmadiyya.org/qadis/contents.htm |title=Refuting the Qadiani beliefs |website=Ahmadiyya.org |access-date=2016-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Truth-about-the-Split.pdf |title=Truth about the Split |author=Hadrat Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad Khalifatul Masih II |website=Alislam.org |access-date=2016-01-27}}</ref>

==Works==
*''[[Haqaiq al-furqan]]'' (six-volume compilation of Quranic discourses)
*''Exegesis The Holy Qur’ân: Commentary & Reflections '' (based on his writings, translated by his daughter-in-law Amatul Rahman Omar with help from his son Abdul Mannan Omar)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://islamusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Exegesis-Commentary.pdf |title=Exegesis of The Holy Qur'ân, Commentary and Reflections |via=islamusa.org |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-942043-04-1 |access-date=2024-11-17 |last1=Nooruddin |first1=Allamah |publisher=Noor Foundation International Incorporated }}</ref>
*''Rahnuma-yi Hijaz al-mawsum bi-Riyaz al-haramayn'' (A Guide to the Hijaz, entitled the Gardens of Mecca and Medina), describing the holy places in [[Hijaz]].
*''Bayyaz-i-Noor-ud-Din'' (Noor-ud-Din's [[Pharmacopoeia]])
*''Faslul Khitab, fi Mas'ala-te Fatihah-til Kitab'' (on the importance of reciting the ''[[Fatiha]]'' during [[Salah|prayer]] behind an Imam)<ref>[https://www.alislam.org/urdu/pdf/Fasl-ul-Khitab-Fatiha-til-Kitab.pdf ''Faslul Khitab, fi Mas'ala-te Fatihah-til Kitaab''], Jammu, 1879</ref>
*''Faslul Khitab, Muqaddimah Ahlul Kitab'' (two-volume response to Christian polemics against Islam)<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/urdu/pdf/6.php Ahmadiyya Muslim Community - ''Fasal-ul-Khitab Moqadama Ahl-ul-Kitab'']</ref>
*''Ibtal Uluhiyyat-i-Masih'' (Refutation of the Divinity of Christ)<ref>[https://alisl.am/e28067 ''Ibtal Uluhiyyat-i-Masih''], Qadian, Zia ul Islam, 1904</ref>
*''Radd-i-Tanasukh'' (Refutation of the doctrine of Reincarnation)<ref>[http://aaiil.org/urdu/books/others/nuruddin/ruddaytanaasukh/ruddaytanaasukh.pdf ''Rudd-i-Tanasukh''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311024646/http://aaiil.org/urdu/books/others/nuruddin/ruddaytanaasukh/ruddaytanaasukh.pdf |date=11 March 2016 }}, 1891</ref>
*''Radd-i-Naskh-i- Qur'an'' (Refutation of the doctrine of Quranic Abrogation), comprising a series of correspondence with a [[Shia]] friend.
*''Tasdeeq Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya'' (Verification of ''[[Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya]]''), in response to [[Pandit Lekh Ram]]'s ''takzeeb Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya''.<ref>[http://aaiil.org/urdu/books/others/nuruddin/tusdeeqbarahinahmadiyya/tasdiqebarahineahmadiyya1.pdf ''Tasdeeq Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185940/http://aaiil.org/urdu/books/others/nuruddin/tusdeeqbarahinahmadiyya/tasdiqebarahineahmadiyya1.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, Qadian, 1890</ref>
*''Mirqatul-Yaqeen fi-hayaat-i-Noor-ud-Din'' (Autobiography)
*''Deeniyat ka pehla rasala'' (Primer of Theology)
*''Mabadi al-sarf wa Nahw'' (Principles of Grammar)
*''Khutbat e-Noor'' (Collected Sermons)<ref>[http://www.alislam.org/urdu/knoor/Khutbaat-e-Noor.pdf ''Khutabat-i-Noor''], (4th ed.),
Qadian: ''nazaarat nashro ishaat'', 2003</ref>
* ''Khitabat e Noor'' (Collected Speeches).<ref>[https://alisl.am/u1470 ''Khitabat e-Noor'']</ref>
*''Eik Isai kei Tin Sawal aur unkei Jawabat'' (''A Response to Three Questions of a Christian'')<ref>[https://alisl.am/e28098 ''Eik ‘Isai kei Tin Sawal aur unkei Jawabat''], Anjuman Himayat-e-Islam, 1892</ref>
* ''Irshadat e Noor'' (3-volume collection of letters, articles, announcements and Question & Answer Sessions).<ref>[https://alisl.am/u1486 ''Irshadat e Noor'']</ref>

==Marriages and children==
[[File:Al-Hajj Maulana Noor-ud-Din.jpg|thumb|right|Noor-ud-Din with his son Abdul Hayy|346x346px]]
Noor-ud-Din married three times. His first wife was Fatima, daughter of Sheikh Mukarram Bhervi. She died in 1905, before he became Caliph. He also married Sughra Begum (1874 - 7 August 1955), the daughter of Sufi Ahmad Jan of [[Ludhiana]] in 1889. There is little information about his third wife. He likely married her during a visit to Mecca and Medina. Many of his children died in childhood.{{sfn|Ahmad|2003|p=3}}

Noor-ud-Din had children with both his wives. With Fatima:

*Imamah (Died in 1897).
*Hafsah (1874 - )
*Amatullah
*Usamah
*Abdullah
*Hafeezul Rahman
*Muhammad Ahmad
*Abdul Quyyum
*Rabia
*Ayesha

With Sughra Begum, also known as Ammaji<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
*Amatul Hayy (1 August 1901 - 10 December 1924), married [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]]
*Abdul Hayy (15 February 1898 - 11 November 1915)
*Abdus Salaam ( - 1956).
*Abdul Wahhaab
*Abdul Mannaan (19 April 1910 - 28 July 2006).

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Ahmad
|first = Syed Hasanat
|year = 2003
|title = Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen: The Way of the Righteous
|publisher = Islam International
|place = Surrey
|isbn = 1-85372-743-1
|url = https://www.alislam.org/library/books/noor-ud-deen/hakeem-noor-ud-deen.pdf
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Friedmann
|first = Yohanan
|year = 2003
|title = Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|place = New Delhi
|isbn = 0-19-566252-0
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8EAAAACAAJ&q=Prophecy+Continuous
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nuur ud-Din}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vuqk5J5jumc&list=PL674D7B53596D739A Life Sketch of Maulana Hakeem Noor-ud-Din]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928202025/http://www.jamiaahmadiyya.ca/hquotes_khalifa1.html Quotes from Hakeem Noor-ud-Din]
* [http://www.alislam.org Official Website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]
* [http://www.aaiil.org/index.shtml Official Website of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820192226/http://www.aaiil.org/index.shtml |date=20 August 2006 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070823220913/http://www.esnips.com/user/moubasher ''Dawat-e-Lillah Articles''] - Ahmadiyya articles at eSnips both in Urdu and in English languages and as well as in Arabic
* [http://www.ahmadiyya.org/books/f-ahm-mv/founder.htm Life of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad by Maulana Muhammad Ali]
* [http://www.alislam.org/books Islamic Books Library @ Alislam.org] - Alislam.org
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030603232859/http://www.real-islam.org/reply/index.html Real-islam.org]}}

{{Ahmadiyya topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noor-ud-Din}}
[[Category:Ahmadiyya Caliphate]]
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:Ahmadiyyah caliphs]]
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur]]
[[Category:Indian Ahmadis]]

Baramulla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:59Z

Priyankasingh: Starting initial entry with sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Baramulla]]
| mla = [[Javid Hassan Baig]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| established = 1962
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 10
}}

'''Baramulla Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Baramulla is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Baramulla Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/baramulla.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Harbans Singh Azad || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Shamas-Ud-Din
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mohammed Maqbool Mahjoo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ghulam Ud-Din Shah || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=2 | Shiekh Mohammed Maqbol
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Mujahid Mohammed Abdullah
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Javid Hassan Baig]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Baramulla">{{cite news |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Baramulla |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0810.htm |access-date=16 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716175724/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0810.htm |archive-date=16 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javid Hassan Baig]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,523 |percentage=32.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shoaib Nabi Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=10,750 |percentage=15.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,872 |percentage=8.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Touseef Mehraj Raina |party=Independent politician |votes=5,324 |percentage=7.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mir Iqbal Ahmad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,669 |percentage=6.79% |change={{decrease}}13.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmad Lone |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=3,183 |percentage=4.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Rafiq Rather |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=3,177 |percentage=4.62% |change={{decrease}}39.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,599 |percentage=3.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Shalla |party=Independent politician |votes=1,968 |percentage=2.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=561 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,773 |percentage=17.12% |change= {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,779 |percentage=54.49% |change= {{increase}}14.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}52.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javid Hassan Baig]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=14,418 |percentage=43.75% |change={{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Rahi |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,401 |percentage=22.46% |change={{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salman Anees Soz |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,805 |percentage=20.65% |change={{increase}}15.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousf Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=1,164 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ud-Din Gulshan |party=Independent politician |votes=850 |percentage=2.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=758 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=570 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Aslam Deedar |party=Independent politician |votes=381 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Altaf Jameel Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,017 |percentage=21.29% |change= {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,954 |percentage=39.73% |change= {{increase}}6.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,937 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=13,019 |percentage=53.46% |change={{increase}}14.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Hussain Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,621 |percentage=31.29% |change={{increase}}8.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,367 |percentage=5.61% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harmeet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=927 |percentage=3.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Parray |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=404 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohiuddin Akhoon |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Begum |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=168 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Mattoo |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=167 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Din Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=166 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,398 |percentage=22.16% |change= {{increase}}6.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,355 |percentage=33.31% |change= {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,112 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}14.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=6,833 |percentage=38.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Kachru |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,984 |percentage=22.52% |change={{decrease}}18.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khursheed Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=1,673 |percentage=9.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Rahi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,147 |percentage=6.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Monga |party=Indian National Congress |votes=848 |percentage=4.79% |change={{decrease}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damoder Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=828 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sakhi Gojer |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulshan Snhotra |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=478 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbajan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=298 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool |party=Independent politician |votes=231 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,849 |percentage=16.10% |change= {{decrease}}11.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,693 |percentage=24.15% |change= {{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,274 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mujahid Mohammed Abdullah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,649 |percentage=41.28% |change={{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sareer Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,474 |percentage=13.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,113 |percentage=11.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damoodar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,862 |percentage=10.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,770 |percentage=9.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daljeet Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,332 |percentage=7.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzaman Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,331 |percentage=7.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,175 |percentage=27.93% |change= {{increase}}23.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,531 |percentage=37.47% |change= {{decrease}}40.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,566 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiekh Mohammed Maqbol |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,247 |percentage=48.06% |change={{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohmad |party=Independent politician |votes=14,811 |percentage=43.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjeet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,399 |percentage=4.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Akbar Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,123 |percentage=3.32% |change={{decrease}}32.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,436 |percentage=4.25% |change= {{decrease}}9.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,806 |percentage=77.35% |change= {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,429 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiekh Mohammed Maqbol |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,812 |percentage=36.05% |change={{decrease}}19.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Safi |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=6,185 |percentage=22.72% |change={{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,163 |percentage=18.97% |change={{decrease}}36.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ismail Rather |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,059 |percentage=18.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Akbar Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=607 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,627 |percentage=13.32% |change= {{decrease}}20.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,221 |percentage=74.13% |change= {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,967 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}19.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ud-Din Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,509 |percentage=55.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Meha Safi |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=4,472 |percentage=21.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid Kakroo |party=Janata Party |votes=3,632 |percentage=17.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam Rather |party=Independent politician |votes=654 |percentage=3.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piaray Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=170 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=129 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,037 |percentage=34.02% |change= {{increase}}20.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,684 |percentage=66.78% |change= {{increase}}15.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,149 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool Mahjoo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,809 |percentage=45.37% |change={{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,517 |percentage=32.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid Kakroo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,876 |percentage=10.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soom Nath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=835 |percentage=4.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=732 |percentage=4.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Nath Raina |party=Independent politician |votes=442 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,292 |percentage=13.32% |change= {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,211 |percentage=50.60% |change= {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,437 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}12.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamas-Ud-Din |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,180 |percentage=58.28% |change={{decrease}}30.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,572 |percentage=41.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,608 |percentage=16.56% |change= {{decrease}}60.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,752 |percentage=55.01% |change= {{decrease}}25.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,085 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}30.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Baramulla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Singh Azad |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,021 |percentage=88.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,223 |percentage=11.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,798 |percentage=76.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,244 |percentage=80.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,119 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Baramulla]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|34.20|74.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Jaitu Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:40Z

Priyankasingh: made a post!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaitu
| map_image = 89-Jaitu.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 89
| mla = Amolak Singh
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:151056}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Jaitu''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 |df= }}</ref>
It is part of the [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="5" |As part of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Amolak Singh]]<ref name=election2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|Baldev Singh
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Joginder Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" |Constituency does not exist (1967 - 2012, Part of [[Panjgrain Assembly constituency|Panjgrain Assembly Constituency]])
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Tirlochan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jagdish Kaur
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| colspan="5" |As part of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly]] (1951 - 56)
|-
|[[1954 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1954]]
|Hira Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1951]] (Twin-member constituency of Kotakpura - Jaitu)
|Ranjit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Manjit Inder Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Jaitu<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Amolak Singh]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:60242}}
|percentage = 52.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Manjit Singh Alias Suba Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:27453}}
|percentage = 23.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Darshan Palsingh Dilwan]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:19388}}
|percentage = 16.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:894}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}-->
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:32789}}
|percentage = 28.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:116318}}
|percentage = 76.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:151056}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Jaitu<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Baldev Singh]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:45344}}
|percentage = 37.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohammad Sadique]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:35351}}
|percentage = 29.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manjit Singh @ Suba Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:33064}}
|percentage = 27.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:677}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:9993}}
|percentage = 8.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:119167}}
|percentage = 83.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:143296}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Faridkot district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.49|74.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Faridkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Trivandrum Lodge

2026-04-12T13:48:05Z

Priyankasingh: New - done

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Trivandrum Lodge
| image = TRIVANDRUMLODGE.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
| producer = P. A. Sebastian
| writer = [[Anoop Menon]]
| starring = [[Jayasurya]] [[Anoop Menon]] [[Honey Rose]] [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[M. Jayachandran]] '''Background score:''' [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = Pradeep Nair
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| studio = Time Ads Entertainment
| distributor = Popcorn Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|9|21}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| gross =
}}

'''''Trivandrum Lodge''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language drama film directed by [[V. K. Prakash]], written by [[Anoop Menon]], and produced by P. A. Sebastian. The film stars [[Jayasurya]], [[Anoop Menon]], and [[Honey Rose]], and features [[P. Balachandran]] and [[P. Jayachandran]] in supporting roles. Its music is composed by [[M. Jayachandran]] and the cinematography is handled by Pradeep Nair. The film is edited by [[Mahesh Narayanan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10453/malayalam/trivandrum-lodge/index.htm|publisher=Nowrunning.com|access-date=17 April 2012|title=Trivandrum Lodge: Synopsis, Preview, Review and Gallery}}</ref>

The film was released in theatres on 20 September. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics. It was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/run-baby-run-to-trivandrum-lodge-mohanlal-is-giving-back-to-back-hits/299788-71-210.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016021738/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/run-baby-run-to-trivandrum-lodge-mohanlal-is-giving-back-to-back-hits/299788-71-210.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2012|title='Run Baby Run' to 'Trivandrum lodge', back to back hit|date=10 October 2012|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
Trivandrum Lodge, situated in [[Kochi]], and its inmates form the backdrop of the film. Abdu is a man who does odd jobs for a living, including being a masseur at a spa and the driver of a wealthy businessman. He is also obsessed with sex, being sex-starved. Shibu Vellayani is a cinema reporter who works with a not-so-well-known film magazine and persuades women to sleep with him for roles in films. Kora is a retired [[clerk]] from the secretariat who boasts about having had sex with 999 women in his life and who wishes to have a policewoman as his 1000th conquest. Satheeshan wants to be an actor. Shibu promises to help him and has even given Satheeshan a new name, Sagar. Arthur Relton and Peggy Aunty are the oldest inmates. Relton teaches piano and lives in the world of music while Peggy Aunty runs a canteen inside the lodge.

The lodge's owner is Ravisankar, a rich widower with a son, Arjun. Ravisankar's mother was into many rich men and all his wealth comes from her earnings. This caused Ravisankar's father Narayanan to move away from the family years before. He runs a small hotel, away from his son's world.

Dhwani makes her entry into this world of Ravi, Narayanan, and all the inmates of Trivandrum Lodge. She is [[divorce]]d, wants to be free, eat good food, and as she herself says, "fornicate with abandon". Dhwani comes to stay at Trivandrum Lodge, aiming to write a novel with Kochi as the backdrop. Her intentions are not so honourable, and the sexually repressed souls of Trivandrum lodge go into a tizzy. Dhwani and Abdu have a deep affectionate love when she pays Abdu to act as her lover in a hotel room to stop her husband from asking her to take him back.

The film also discusses in detail the adolescent romance between Arjun and his classmate Amala, and the unconditional romance between Ravisankar and his wife, Malavika, who is dead. Dhwani is fascinated by his ability to stay true to one woman even after she passes away and the broken love story of Relton and Peggy.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jayasurya]] as Abdu, a poor man without self-confidence who does any job for a living
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Ravisankar, owner of the Trivandrum Lodge
* [[Honey Rose]] as Dhwani Nambiar, a writer
* [[P. Balachandran]] as Korah, an inmate in the lodge
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Shibu Vellayini, a local film magazine editor
* [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] as Malavika, Ravisankar's wife
* Dhananjay as Arjun, Ravisankar's son
* [[Nayanthara Chakravarthy]] as Amala, Arjun's classmate and his love interest
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Arthur Gopal Relton, a pianist
* [[Sukumari]] as Peggy, an inmate in the lodge
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Kanyaka Menon, a prostitute
* [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]] as Satheesan, an inmate in the lodge
* [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]] as Narayanan Nair, Ravisankar's father
* [[Devi Ajith]] as Zarina, a close friend of Dhwani
* [[Joju George]] as Althas, Zarina's husband, less educated but a rich wholesale fish trader
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Sadanandan
* [[Krishna Praba]] as Roslin
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Antony, School teacher
* Nikhil as Vivek, Dhwani's husband
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Nancy Mathew, the principal of Arjun's school
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Thangal (cameo), a professional pimp; he reprises the same role from ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]''
* [[V. K. Prakash]] (cameo) as a drunken guest<ref>Shiba Kurian (11 November 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121218023603/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-11/news-and-interviews/35033317_1_aashiq-abu-mollywood-duel-role "M’wood directors are bitten by the acting bug"]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</ref>
}}

==Production==
{{Quote box|width=35%|align=right|quote="The film revolves around the lives of a group of people who stay in the lodge. The lodge is just a metaphor for the happenings in the film, which won't have a conventional beginning, middle and end... It will be a tale of love, lust and longing. Each character evolves as the film progresses, from situation to situation."|source=—V. K. Prakash, about the film<ref name=Story>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-12/news-and-interviews/31679518_1_trivandrum-lodge-film-chin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117042646/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-12/news-and-interviews/31679518_1_trivandrum-lodge-film-chin|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-17|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Director about the film Trivandrum Lodge}}</ref>}}

=== Development ===
After the success of ''Beautiful'', director V. K. Prakash wanted to meet the audience with another feel-good movie. ''Trivandrum Lodge'' brings together the key names behind ''Beautiful'' once again. While Anoop Menon was in charge of the scripts and was to play a pivotal role, Jayasurya came up in the lead role.<ref name="Films">{{cite web|url=http://www.primeglitz.com/beautiful-team-with-a-trivandrum-lodge/|title=Jayasurya in Trivandrum Lodge|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-date=30 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730192116/http://www.primeglitz.com/beautiful-team-with-a-trivandrum-lodge/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Trivandrum Lodge'' combines elements of [[off-color humor]]. It follows the lives of the residents in a lodge and their relationships. According to the director, "it is a tale of love, lust and longing set in a lodge."<ref name="tracinglives">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3917741.ece|title=Tracing lives |author=Liza George|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 September 2012|access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Jayasurya]] was chosen to play the character without further remarks. Initially, [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] was chosen to play the female lead. She opted out after some changes in the script because she believed there was very limited scope for her to perform.<ref name=times>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-09/news-interviews/31308806_1_trivandrum-lodge-padmapriya-script|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104023003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-09/news-interviews/31308806_1_trivandrum-lodge-padmapriya-script|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-04|access-date=2012-04-17|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Trivandrum Lodge}}</ref>
Rumours said that the role was later given to [[Meghana Raj]], but it was actually offered to [[Honey Rose]] who came through with a different character as Dhwani in the film.<ref name=BalconyBeats>{{cite web|url=http://www.balconybeats.com/2012/actresses/padmapriya-out-of-trivandrum-lodge-meghna-raj-in/|publisher=nowrunning.com|access-date=2012-04-17|title=Meghana in Trivandrum Lodge}}</ref>
The film marked a comeback of sorts for veteran singer [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]] who had previously acted in 80s films such as ''[[Nakhakshathangal]]'' and ''[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]]''.<ref name=Jayachandran>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-05/news-and-interviews/31585824_1_trivandrum-lodge-singer-actor/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-05/news-and-interviews/31585824_1_trivandrum-lodge-singer-actor|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-25|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Jayachandran in Trivandrum Lodge}}</ref> Writer [[P. Balachandran]] and singer Nikhil also appear in major supporting roles. [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] was cast to play a small cameo role as the wife of Anoop Menon's character, and the actress agreed to do it readily.<ref name=Bhavana>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/news-and-interviews/31702160_1_bhavana-trivandrum-lodge-film-industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123536/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/news-and-interviews/31702160_1_bhavana-trivandrum-lodge-film-industry |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-01-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Bhavana in Trivandrum Lodge}}</ref> Devi Ajith was cast after a big break to play Zarina, a close friend of Dhwani.<ref>{{cite web|author=Asha Prakash |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/news-and-interviews/32102636_1_trivandrum-lodge-role-change-comeback |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123529/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/news-and-interviews/32102636_1_trivandrum-lodge-role-change-comeback |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-01-16 |title=Devi Ajith on a role change |date=2012-06-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-08-05}}</ref> Thesni Khan plays Kanyaka, a role she herself enacted in V. K. Prakash's 2011 film ''Beautiful''. Babu Namboothiri plays Thangal, a professional pimp, reprising the famous role he played in [[Padmarajan]]'s [[cult film|cult classic]] ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]'', which was acclaimed by viewers.

===Filming===
The film began its shoot and held its pooja or launch on 22 April 2012 in [[Fort Kochi]]. The other locations are [[Mattancherry]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The cinematography was done by Pradeep Narayanan to mark his first in Malayalam cinema, while Aravind operated the [[helicam]]. It was the first ever film to have scenes shot by the helicam, which is a mix of the two: a remote-controlled mini-helicopter captures aerial shots with the help of a video camera.<ref>{{cite news|author=Keerthy Ramachandran|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/helicam-here-mollywood%E2%80%99town-921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526154442/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/helicam-here-mollywood%E2%80%99town-921 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2012 |title=Helicam is here in Mollywood'town |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 May 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The film opened to mixed to positive responses from critics. Sujit Chandra Kumar stated in his review for ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'': "While the director-scriptwriter duo succeeds in creating lively and well-developed characters, the plot fails to be gripping as it enters the most dramatic phase." Rating the film {{Rating|3|5}}, the critic was all praise for the film's cinematography, music and the lead performances.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sujit Chandra Kumar|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Trivandrum Lodge review: Glimpses of changing sexual mores|date=23 September 2012 |access-date=23 September 2012|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/trivandrum-lodge-review-glimpses-changing-sexual-mores-773|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923172532/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/trivandrum-lodge-review-glimpses-changing-sexual-mores-773|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2012}}</ref> Unni R. Nair of Kerala9.com rated the film {{Rating|4|5}} and concluded his review calling the film, "Different, bold, well-scripted, well-directed and with good performances."<ref>{{cite web|author=Unni R. Nair|publisher=Kerala9.com|title=Trivandrum Lodge Movie Review|date=21 September 2012|access-date=22 September 2012|url=http://kerala9.com/news/trivandrum-lodge-movie-review/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925232815/http://kerala9.com/news/trivandrum-lodge-movie-review/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> [[Sify.com]] gave a verdict of "below average" and went on to tell "A disturbingly offensive film, which frequently crosses every limit of decency under the guise of bold experiments".<ref>{{cite web|date=22 September 2012|title=Trivandrum Lodge|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trivandrum-lodge-review-malayalam-15008263.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411132736/https://www.sify.com/movies/trivandrum-lodge-review-malayalam-pcma66hcacfia.html|archive-date=11 April 2016|access-date=23 September 2012|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Paresh C. Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film {{Rating|2.5|5}} and said, "''Trivandrum Lodge'' is a frank retelling of people's cravings and desires and if not entirely successful, it does have something going for it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-trivandrum-lodge-is-shamelessly-frank/20120924.htm|title=Review: Trivandrum Lodge is shamelessly frank|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> Aswin J. Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Rating|3.5|5}} and concluded his review saying, "''Trivandrum Lodge'' commands interest not because it displays bluntness with regard to love and lust, but remains honest in its narrative."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-23/movie-reviews/34041584_1_trivandrum-lodge-honey-rose-jayasurya|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-23/movie-reviews/34041584_1_trivandrum-lodge-honey-rose-jayasurya|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Trivandrum Lodge Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> Nowrunning.com and Indiaglitz.com also gave the film average reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10453/malayalam/trivandrum-lodge/3923/review.htm|title=Trivandrum Lodge Review – Malayalam Movie Trivandrum Lodge nowrunning review|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malayalam-reviews-trivandrum-lodge-is-woth-watching/295149-71-212.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929003839/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malayalam-reviews-trivandrum-lodge-is-woth-watching/295149-71-212.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2012|title=Malayalam Reviews: 'Trivandrum Lodge' is woth [sic] watching|date=25 September 2012|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film collected {{USD}}1,887 from the UK box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/yearly/?yr=2012&sort=gross&order=DESC&pagenum=5&p=.htm|title=United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role – [[Thesni Khan]]

; Asiavision Movie Awards 2012<ref>[http://gulftoday.ae/portal/f3754c79-d7b7-4b23-84ba-efe67894c301.aspx "South Indian movie stars honoured in run-up to awards ceremony "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110024028/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/f3754c79-d7b7-4b23-84ba-efe67894c301.aspx |date=10 November 2012 }}. ''[[The Gulf Today]]''. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</ref>
* Second Best Actor – Jayasurya
* Trendsetter of the Year – Anoop Menon
* Popular Media awards – Trivanrum Lodge
* Master Dhananjay – Best Child Artist Asianet film award 2013
* Master Dhananjay – Best Child Artist Amritha TV award 2013

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Trivandrum Lodge
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| released = 5 September 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = ''[[Chattakaari (2012 film)|Chattakaari]]''
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2012
| next_title = [[916 (film)|916]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
The film's soundtrack features songs composed by [[M. Jayachandran]]. The audio release of the film was held on 5 September 2012. All the lead actors, including [[Jayasurya]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Anoop Menon]], and other actors, such as [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Aju Varghese]], Bhagath Manuel, Gauthami Nair, as well as director [[Joshi]] attended the function and released the audio. The background score is composed by [[Bijibal]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| all_music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| title1 = Kanninullil Nee Kanmani
| lyrics1 = Rajeev Nair
| extra1 = [[Najim Arshad]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kilikal Parannatho
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Theyyaram
| lyrics3 = Rajeev Nair
| extra3 = [[M. Jayachandran]], [[Suchitra]]
| length3 =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2458524|Trivandrum Lodge}}

{{V. K. Prakash}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about virginity]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. K. Prakash]]
[[Category:2012 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Kharali

2026-04-07T04:55:47Z

Priyankasingh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khurali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pa
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 144523
| registration_plate = PB07
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kharali''' (sometimes spelled as '''Khurali'''<ref name="India .All states, Districts, Villages, Schools, Colleges, Maps, Pin Codes of India">{{cite web | title=Khurali Village | website=India .All states, Districts, Villages, Schools, Colleges, Maps, Pin Codes of India | url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Hoshiarpur/Garhshankar/Khurali | accessdate=4 April 2016}}</ref> or '''Khuralgarh''') is a village located in [[Garhshanker]] area of [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India]]. The village is known for [[Shri Khuralgarh Sahib]], a place visited by the social reformer and spiritual figure [[Ravidas]].<ref name="Startup Page 2016">{{cite web | title=Press Information Bureau | website=Startup Page | date=3 April 2016 | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=46391 | accessdate=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Service 2016">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=CM lays stone of Rs110-cr Guru Ravidass memorial | website=tribuneindia.com | date=4 April 2016 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/cm-lays-stone-of-rs110-cr-guru-ravidass-memorial/217398.html | accessdate=4 April 2016 | archive-date=5 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405182546/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/cm-lays-stone-of-rs110-cr-guru-ravidass-memorial/217398.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Kharali has a population of 1786 persons (901 males and 885 females) in 343 families. Children population aged 0-6 is 201 which makes up 11.25% of the total population. Average Sex Ratio is 982 higher than Punjab state average of 895. As in 2011 census, literacy rate of the village was 76.53%. 37.79% of total population is [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]]/[[Dalit]] at the village.<ref name="Census 2011 India 1980">{{cite web | title=Kharali Village Population - Garhshankar - Hoshiarpur, Punjab | website=Census 2011 India | date=29 May 1980 | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/32016-kharali-punjab.html | accessdate=4 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Shri Khuralgarh Sahib]], religious place in Kharali.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{hoshiarpur district}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

{{Hoshiarpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hoshiarpur district]]

Gouri Shankaram

2026-03-30T09:27:17Z

Priyankasingh: Added some stub w/ refs...

{{short description|Indian Television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = GS
| image = Gouri Shankaram.jpg
| caption = കൊടുങ്കാറ്റായ ശങ്കരന്റെ കഥ
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Spellbound Production
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Pearl Grey (original)
* Manoj Ramachandran
}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Abhi balakrishna
* Manju dharman
* Sarin
}}
| creative_director = Pearl Grey
| editor = Adarsh Balachandran Selvarajan
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| executive_producer =
| location = [[Trivandrum]]
| producer = Krishnan Sethukumar
| cinematography = Manoj Kumar
| company = Movieemill
| theme_music_composer = Vidhyadharan Master
| open_theme = "Ambili kala" by [[Vidyadharan]], sung by [[Kavalam Sreekumar]], lyrics by BK Harinarayan
| end_theme = "Ente pennu ival ente pennu Sankara ninnudal pathiyolu"
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| channel = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|07|03}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2024|12|27}}
| starring = Harishanker Veena Nair
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 407
| related = [[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]
}}

'''''Gouri Shankaram''''' ({{translation|''Gouri and Shankar''}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]] television series that aired from 3 July 2023 to 27 December 2024 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/top-10-malayalam-tv-serials-in-2023-4-2063.html#kathodu-kathoram|title=Top 10 Malayalam Tv Serials In 2023|website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.indiantvinfo.com/gouri-sankaram-serial-characters-and-actors/|title=Gouri Sankaram Serial Characters and Actors – Launching on 03rd July Onward's, Monday to Friday at 09:30 PM On Asianet|website=Indian TV Info}}</ref> The show is an official remake of the [[Hindi]] soap opera ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/gauri-shankaram-serial-success/|title=Gauri Shankaram Serial Completed 100+ Episodes in Asianet – Every Monday to Friday at 09:30 PM|website=Kerala TV}}</ref> The title of the series is adapted from 2003 Malayalam film ''[[Gowrisankaram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mounaragam-to-aniyathipravu-malayalam-tv-serials-that-copied-their-titles-from-classic-movies/photostory/102363085.cms|title=Mounaragam to Aniyathipravu: Malayalam soaps that copied their titles from classic movies|website=The Times Of India}}</ref> The story revolves around the life of Sankar Mahadevan (lord Siva devotee), love at first sight for Shankar when he encounters Gouri, an upright girl.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/gouri-sankaram/1260144410|title=Gouri Shankaram|website=Hotstar}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around the life of Lord Vadakkumnadha devotee Sankar (Sankar bhayi ) who unfortunately met with a girl named Gouri, a college girl whose life changes after she enters wedlock with her obsessive and die-hard lover, Sanker. Gouri is a girl of principles taught by her father, Shyam. Sanker, on the other hand, is opposite, always following his principles in life and being the master of his decisions. Sanker always confidant in his muscular body physique, and he always tries to win others with his extraordinary muscle power.

The show takes a new turn when Sanker falls head over heels for Gouri and makes all his efforts to make her his wife. Later, Gouri teaches him that the pure love of a girl cannot be bought with men's muscle power. The series shows the negative shades of stalking and forced marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ രണ്ട് പുതിയ പരമ്പരകള്‍; 'ഗൗരീശങ്കര'വും 'കാതോട് കാതോര'വും വരുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/new-serials-on-asianet-gaurisankaram-kathodu-kathoram-nsn-rx05cq |website=Asianet |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722085545/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/new-serials-on-asianet-gaurisankaram-kathodu-kathoram-nsn-rx05cq |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Annajohn |first=Ajili |date=2023-07-15 |title=ആ അപകടത്തിൽ നിന്ന് ഗൗരിയെ രക്ഷിച്ച് ശങ്കർ; നാടകീയത നിറഞ്ഞ കഥാമുഹൂർത്തങ്ങളുമായി ഗൗരീശങ്കരം |url=https://metromatinee.com/gourishankaram-2/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Matinee |language=en-US}}</ref> Actor Harisanker played the role of Sankar bhayi set a new trend for heroic charactrisation in Malayalam serial.

== Cast ==
===Main===
*Hari Shanker as Sankar Mahadevan (Sankar bhayi), main protagonist: Radhamani and Mahadevan's second eldest son; Shekar's and Veni's brother; Kamala, Arathi and Adarsh's brother-in-law; Gouri's husband (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Veena Nair as Gouri Sankar: Nandhini and Shyamprasad's eldest daughter; Adarsh and Arathi's sister; Shankar's wife; Veni's sister-in-law (2023–2024)

===Recurring===
*Akshaya Raghavan as Krishnaveni "Veni" Adarsh: Radhamani and Mahadevan's youngest daughter; Shekar's and Sankar's younger sister; Adarsh's wife; Kamala's, Gouri's and Arathi's sister-in-law (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Kannan Balachandran as Adarsh: Nandhini's and Shyamprasad's eldest son; Veni's husband; Gouri's and Arathi's brother; Shekar's and Sankar's brother-in-law (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Nitheesh Purushothaman as Dhruvan: main antagonist (2023{{endash}}2024)
* Sathyajith as Charangattu Mahadevan: Radhamani's husband; Shekar, Sankar and Veni father; Kamala, Gouri and Adarsh's father-in-law (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Sylaja Sreedharan Nair (2023–2024) / [[Jennifer Antony]] (2024) as Radhamani Thankachi: Mahadevan's wife; Shekar's, Sankar's and Veni's mother; Kamala's, Gouri's and Adarsh's mother-in-law
*Nisha Mathew as Nandhini Shyamprasad: Shyamprasad's wife; Adarsh, Gouri and Arathi's mother; Veni and Sankar's mother-in-law (2023{{endash}}2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title='പോസിറ്റീവ് എനര്‍ജി തരുന്ന എല്ലാവര്‍ക്കും നന്ദി'; 'കൂടെവിടെ'യിലെ റാണിയമ്മ പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/nisha-mathew-koodevide-serial-actress-instagram-post-nsn-rxgiq3 |website=Asianet}}</ref>
*Ravikrishnan Gopalakrishnan as Professor Shyamaprasad: Nandhini's husband; Adarsh, Gouri and Arathi's father; Veni and Sankar's father-in-law (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Kripa Sekhar as Arathi: Nandhini's and Shyamprasad's youngest daughter; Adarsh's and Gouri's sister; Veni's and Sankar's sister-in-law (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Thomas Bilgin as Shekar Mahadevan: Radhamani's and Mahadevan's eldest son; Sankar's and Veni's brother; Kamala's husband (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Deepa Prabha as Kamala: Radhamani's and Mahadevan's daughter-in-law; Shekar's wife; Sankar's and Veni's sister-in-law (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Renjin Raj in [[dual role]] as
**Naveen (antagonist): Gouri's ex-fiancée
**Dr. Mithun (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Athira Praveen as Deepa: Gouri's friend and Adarsh's former love interest (2023{{endash}}2024)
*Santhosh Sanjay as Ajith
*Gautham Girish as Shaan
*Subha Sumithran as Ambika Devi
*Abhilash Rokey as Afsal
*Cleetus Paul as Cleetus
*Ajayan Unni as Joju
*Athira Murali as Ganga
*Sreerang Shine as Saravanan Shankaran

===Guest appearances===
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as SI Somashekharan (2023)
*[[Vinay Forrt]] as Himself (2023)
*[[Nithin Jake Joseph]] as Adv.Harshan (2024)

==Production==
It is produced by Krishnan Sethukumar under the banner of Moviemill. Veena P Nair signed to play the title role, along with Harishankar. Nisha Mathew and Ravikrishnan were retained from the previous project ''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/gouri-shankaram-serial-asianet/|title=Gouri Shankaram Serial On Asianet Launching on 3rd July at 09:30 PM – Veena, Harisanker, Nishaa Mathew in Lead|website=Kerala TV}}</ref>

==Reception & awards==
The show was launched on 3 July 2023 at 9.30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalam.keralatv.in/gouri-shankaram-serial-asianet/|title=ഗൗരി ശങ്കരം സീരിയല്‍ ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ്‌ – ജൂലൈ 3 മുതല്‍ ആരംഭിക്കുന്നു, തിങ്കള്‍ മുതല്‍ വെള്ളി വരെ രാത്രി 09:30 മണിക്ക്|website=Kerala TV}}</ref> In December 2023, The show entered Top fifth position in [[Target Rating Point|TRP]] ratings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-continues-to-be-the-most-watched-show-on-malayalam-tv-heres-everything-about-the-recent-trp-reports/photostory/105835971.cms?picid=105836086|title=Santhwanam continues to be the most-watched show on Malayalam TV; Here's everything about the recent TRP reports|website=The Times of India}}</ref> On March 11, 2024, the show was shifted to 6.30 PM due to launch of ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 6)|Bigg Boss season 6]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-6-theme-premiere-date-confirmed-contestants-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-season/photostory/108324505.cms?picid=108324615|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 6 theme, premiere date, confirmed contestants: Here's everything you need to know about the season|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Later the series shifted to 10.30pm. After that they had taken a temporary halt and continued at afternoon slot of 3 pm. The series went off-air on 27 December 2024. The pair of the show were praised by the audience for their romantic performance .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gouri-shankaram-actress-veena-gets-engaged-to-vaishnav/articleshow/113218473.cms|title=Gouri Shankaram actress Veena gets engaged to Vaishnav|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/gouri-sankaram/1260144410 Gouri Shankaram]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} on [[Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|31951176}}

{{Asianet programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Delhi Sultanate

2026-03-27T06:43:10Z

Priyankasingh:

{{Short description|Late medieval empire in the Indian subcontinent (1206–1526)}}
{{distinguish|Sultanate of Deli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Delhi
| native_name = {{native name|fa|{{Nastaliq|سلطنت دهلی}}}} {{small|{{transliteration|fa|Salṭanat-i-Dehlī}}}}
| common_name = Delhi Sultanate
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| status = [[Sultanate]]
| event_start = [[History of Delhi|Independence]]{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=28}}
| year_start = 1206
| date_start = 25 June
| event1 = [[Khalji Revolution]]
| date_event1 = 1 February – 13 June 1290
| event2 = [[Battle of Lahrawat]]
| date_event2 = 6 September 1320
| event3 = [[Sack of Delhi (1398)|Sack of Delhi]]
| date_event3 = 17–20 December 1398
| event_end = [[First Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]]
| year_end = 1526
| date_end = 21 April
| stat_area1 = 1300000 <ref name="escholarship.org">[https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf Size and Duration of Empires: Systematics of Size"]</ref>
| stat_area2 = 1500000 <ref name="escholarship.org"/>
| stat_area3 = 3200000 <ref>Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). [http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf East-West Orientation of Historical Empires] {{webarchive |url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf |date=17 May 2016}}" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222-223. {{ISSN|1076-156X}}. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.</ref>
| stat_area4 = 2800000 <ref name="escholarship.org"/>
| stat_year1 = 1250
| stat_year2 = 1300
| stat_year3 = 1312
| stat_year4 = 1350
| p1 = Ghurid dynasty
| p2 = Middle kingdoms of India
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| s2 = Regional Sultanates of India
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Map of the Mamluk Dynasty.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=147}}|[[File:Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khalji Dynasty circa 1320.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=38}}|[[File:Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Tughlaq Dynasty circa 1330.{{sfn|Jackson|2003}}{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=147}}|
[[File:Map of the Sayyid Dynasty.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Sayyid Dynasty circa 1421.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=148}}|[[File:Map of the Lodis.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Lodi Dynasty circa 1489. {{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=148}}|default=3}}
| image_map_caption =
| capital = {{plainlist|
* [[Lahore]] (1206–1210)
* [[Badayun]] (1210–1214)
* [[Delhi]] (1214–1327; 1334–1506)
* [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] (1327–1334)
* [[Agra]] (1506–1526)}}
| official_languages = {{ubl
|[[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |pages=41-42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |year=1998 |title=The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=317-349 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x98002947 |s2cid=146630389 |quote=Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540–1555) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis (1451–1526).}}</ref>
|[[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{Cite web |title=Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929105219/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |archive-date=29 September 2011 |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=asi.nic.in}}</ref>
}}
| legislature = [[Corps of Forty]] (1211–1266)
| population_estimate = 101,000,000<ref name="ggdc.net" />
| population_estimate_year = 1500
| religion = '''State religion''' [[Sunni Islam]] '''Others''' [[Hinduism]] (majority), [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], [[Sikhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]]
| currency = [[Ancient taka|Taka]]
| government_type = [[Sultan|Sultanate]]
| leader1 = [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1206–1210
| leader2 = [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1517–1526
| title_leader = [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultan]]
| today = {{ubl|[[Bangladesh]]|[[India]]|[[Pakistan]]||[[Nepal]]}}
| image_flag = Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg
| flag_type = Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' ({{circa}} 1375).<ref>Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' ({{circa}} 1375): [[File:Flag of the Delhi Tughlaq Sultanate according to the Catalan Atlas.jpg|60px]] in the [[:File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|Depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kadoi |first=Yuka |date=2010 |title=On the Timurid flag |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816 |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |volume=2 |page=148 |doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009 |s2cid=263250872 |quote="...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602–962 / 1206–1555)."}}</ref><ref>Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] flag, and the red [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion.{{Cite book |last=Qurashi |first=Ishtiyaq Hussian |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281982/page/n159/mode/2up |title=The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi |date=1942 |publisher=SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF |location=Kashmiri Bazar Lahore |page=143 |quote="Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning, the sultans had only two colours: on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left, they carried their colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-ud-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon."}}{{Cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Sadan |title=Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag |date=8 January 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11887-4 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |language=en}}, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in {{Cite book |last1=Thapliyal |first1=Uma Prasad |title=The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study |date=1938 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-092-0 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMogAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94 |language=en}}</ref>
| flag_border = yes
}}

The '''Delhi Sultanate''' or the '''Sultanate of Delhi''' was a [[Medieval India|late medieval]] [[empire]] primarily based in [[Delhi]] that stretched over large parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for more than three centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shally-Jensen |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQuXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |title=A Cultural Encyclopedia of Lost Cities and Civilizations |last2=Vivian |first2=Anthony |date=2022 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7311-9 |page=171 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="brt">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156530/Delhi-sultanate Delhi Sultanate], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref>A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980</ref> The [[sultanate]] was established in 1206 in the former [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid territories]] in India. The sultanate's history is generally divided into five periods: [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk]] (1206–1290), [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] (1290–1320), [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] (1320–1414), [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid]] (1414–1451), and [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] (1451–1526). It covered large swaths of territory in modern-day [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], as well as some parts of southern [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chapman |first=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzh-CwAAQBAJ |title=Shared Space - Divided Space: Essays on Conflict and Territorial Organization |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-35837-4 |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Michael |pages=106-134 |language=en |chapter=Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire |editor-last2=Smith |editor-first2=David M. |orig-year=1990}}</ref>

The foundation of the Sultanate was established by the Ghurid conqueror [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]], who routed the [[Rajput|Rajput Confederacy]], led by Ajmer ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], in [[Second Battle of Tarain|1192 near Tarain]] in a reversal of an [[First Battle of Tarain|earlier battle]].<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Sugata |last1=Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ihNtzxy5GEC&q=Rajput |title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayesha |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-30786-4 |page=21 |language=en |quote=It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhammad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later, in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of the first Muslim sultanate...}}</ref> As a successor to the Ghurid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate was originally one of several principalities ruled by the Turkic slave-generals of Muhammad Ghori, including [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]], [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], [[Bahauddin Tughril]] and [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]], that had inherited and divided the Ghurid territories amongst themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |year=1992 |edition=2nd |volume=5 |page=198}}</ref> Khalji and Tughlaq rule ushered a new wave of rapid and continual [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]] deep into [[South India]].<ref name="Mahajan 121">{{Cite web |last=Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=revolution+ceaseless&pg=RA1-PA90 |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=Chand |year=2007 |isbn=9788121903646 |page=121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sugata Bose, Ayesha Jalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bodaohHyDRcC&dq=tughlaq+deccan+south+india&pg=PA28 |title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |date=1998 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415169523 |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=M.S. Ahluwalia |title=History and Culture of Rajasthan (From Earliest Times upto 1956 A.D.) |publisher=Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan |year=1999 |editor-last=Shyam Singh Ratnawat |page=135 |chapter=Rajput Muslim Relations (1200–1526 A.D.) |oclc=264960720 |quote=The Khaiji rule proved much stronger for the Rajput principalities ... A new wave of invasions and conquests began, which ended only when practically the whole of India had been bought under the sway of the Delhi kingdom. |editor-last2=Krishna Gopal Sharma}}</ref> The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent under [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. A major political transformation occurred across [[North India]], triggered by the Central Asian king [[Timur]]'s devastating raid on Delhi in 1398, followed soon afterwards by the re-emergence of rival Hindu powers such as [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Mewar]] asserting independence, and new Muslim sultanates such as the [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] and [[Bahmani Sultanate]]s breaking off.<ref>Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, ''A History of India'', 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, {{ISBN|0-415-15482-0}}, p. 187-190.</ref>{{sfn|Smith|1920|loc=Ch. 2, p. 218}} In 1526, [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler [[Babur]] invaded northern India and [[First Battle of Panipat|conquered the Sultanate]], leading to its succession by the [[Mughal Empire]].

The establishment of the Sultanate drew the Indian subcontinent more closely into international and multicultural Islamic social and economic networks,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=50-52}} as seen concretely in the development of the [[Hindustani language]]<ref name="brown2008" /> and [[Indo-Islamic architecture]].<ref>A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India", Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, p. 311-322.</ref><ref>J. A. Page, [https://archive.org/stream/guidetothequtbde031434mbp#page/n15/mode/2up/search/temple ''Guide to the Qutb''], Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, p. 2-7.</ref> It was also one of the few powers to repel attacks by the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] (from the [[Chagatai Khanate]])<ref>Pradeep Barua ''The State at War in South Asia'', {{ISBN|978-0803213449}}, p. 29-30.</ref> and saw the enthronement of one of the few female rulers in [[History of Islam|Islamic history]], [[Razia Sultana]], who reigned from 1236 to 1240.<ref>Bowering et al., ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought'', {{ISBN|978-0691134840}}, Princeton University Press</ref> During the sultanate's rule, there was no mass forcible conversion of Hindus, Buddhists, and other [[Indian religions|dharmic faiths]], and Hindu officials and vassals were readily accepted.<ref name="Britannica"/> However, there were cases like [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]]'s annexations, which involved a large-scale desecration of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temples and the destruction of universities and libraries.<ref name="gk">Gul and Khan (2008)[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/182 "Growth and Development of Oriental Libraries in India"], ''Library Philosophy and Practice'', [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Delhi sultanate {{!}} History, Significance, Map, & Rulers {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi-sultanate |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=britannica.com |language=en |quote=The Delhi sultanate made no break with the political traditions of the later Hindu period—namely, that rulers sought paramountcy rather than sovereignty. It never reduced Hindu chiefs to unarmed impotence or established an exclusive claim to allegiance. The sultan was served by a heterogeneous elite of Turks, Afghans, Khaljīs, and Hindu converts; he readily accepted Hindu officials and Hindu vassals. Threatened for long periods with Mongol invasion from the northwest and hampered by indifferent communications, the Delhi sultans perforce left a large discretion to their local governors and officials.}}</ref><ref name="regbook">Richard Eaton, {{Google books|5PgEmMULQC8C|Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India}}, (2004)</ref><ref name="re2000">{{Cite journal |last=Richard Eaton |date=September 2000 |title=Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=283–319 |doi=10.1093/jis/11.3.283}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: a political and military history |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |edition=Reprint |series=Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization}}</ref> Mongolian raids on [[West Asia|West]] and [[Central Asia]] set the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, intelligentsia, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from those regions [[Immigration to India#Medieval era|into the subcontinent]], thereby establishing [[Islamic culture]] there.{{sfn|Ludden|2002|p=67}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=50-51}}

== Name ==
Although conventionally named after its principal capital city, Delhi, the terminology applied to the Delhi Sultanate was often not fixed. It was called the "Empire of Delhi" (Persian: Mamalik-i-Delhi) by Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani and Ziauddin Barani, while Ibn Battuta referred to the empire under Muhammad bin Tughlaq as "Hind and Sind". The Delhi Sultanate was also known as the "Empire of Hindustan" (Persian: Mamalik-i-Hindustan), a name that gained currency during this period.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=86}}

== History ==
=== Background ===
{{Main|Mamluk|Turkic migration}}

The rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the [[Asia]]n continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the influx of [[nomad]]ic [[Turkic peoples]] from the Central Asian [[steppe]]s. This can be traced back to the 9th century when the Islamic [[Caliphate]] began [[Anarchy at Samarra|fragmenting]] in the [[Middle East]], where Muslim rulers in rival states began enslaving non-Muslim nomadic Turks from the Central Asian steppes and raising many of them to become loyal army slaves called [[Mamluk]]s. Soon, [[Turkic migration|Turks were migrating]] to [[Muslim world|Muslim lands]] and becoming [[Spread of Islam|Islamicized]]. Many of the Turkic Mamluk slaves eventually rose to become rulers and conquered large parts of the [[Muslim world]], establishing Mamluk Sultanates from [[Mamluk Sultanate|Egypt]] to present-day [[Ghaznavids|Afghanistan]], before turning their attention to the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=19, 50-51}}

{{South Asia in 1175|right|{{center|Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent. Orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205, which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=37, 147}}{{sfn|Eaton|2020|p=38}}}}|{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=31|N |long=67.5|E |mark=Chess drt45.svg|marksize=35}}{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.5|N |long=75|E |mark=Ghurid invasions in India (map overlay).png|marksize=225}}}}

It is also part of a longer trend predating the [[spread of Islam]]. Like other [[Sedentary lifestyle|settled]], [[Agrarian society|agrarian societies]] in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the northwestern subcontinent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium.<ref>Richard M. Frye, "Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Cultures in Central Asia", in ''Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective'', ed. Robert L. Canfield (Cambridge University Press, c. 1991), 35-53.</ref>

By 962 AD, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia faced a series of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia.<ref name="mrpislam">See:
* M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, {{ISBN|978-9004177581}}, Brill
* The Islamic frontier in the East: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), p. 91-109
* Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, {{ISBN|978-9004083417}}, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat</ref> Among them was [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], the son of a Turkic Mamluk military slave,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=19}} who raided and plundered kingdoms in northern India from east of the Indus river to west of the Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=3-30}} Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retreated each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heathcote |first=T. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSK8AAAAIAAJ |title=The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600–1947 |date=1995 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-3570-8 |pages=5-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnett |first=Lionel D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnoREHdzxt8C&pg=PA73 |title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan |date=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-442-2 |pages=73-79 |language=en}}</ref>

The series of raids on northern and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Richard H. |date=January 1994 |title=Three styles in looting India |journal=History and Anthropology |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=293-317 |doi=10.1080/02757206.1994.9960832}}</ref> The raids did not establish or extend the permanent boundaries of the Islamic kingdoms. In contrast, the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor|Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori]] (commonly known as Muhammad of Ghor) began a systematic war of expansion into northern India in 1173.<ref>MUHAMMAD B. SAM Mu'izz AL-DIN, T.W. Haig, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII, ed. C.E.Bosworth, E.van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1993)</ref> He sought to carve out a principality for himself and expand the Islamic world.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=3-30}}<ref>C.E. Bosworth, Tidge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), p 161-170</ref> Muhammad of Ghor created a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the [[Indus River]], and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=3-30}} Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Muhammad of Ghor in South Asia by that time.<ref>[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/southasia_timeline.htm History of South Asia: A Chronological Outline] Columbia University (2010)</ref>

Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated in 1206 by [[Ismailism]] Shia Muslims.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396618/Muizz-al-Din-Muhammad-ibn-Sam Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām] Encyclopædia Britannica (2011)</ref> After the assassination, one of Ghor's slaves (or [[Mamluk|Mamluks]]), the Turkic [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], assumed power, becoming the first Sultan of Delhi.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=3-30}}

=== Dynasties ===
{{Main|List of sultans of Delhi|List of sultans of Delhi#Family trees|l2=Sultans of Delhi Family trees}}

==== Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)====
{{Main|Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)}}
[[File:Map of the Mamluk Dynasty.png|thumb|Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=147, map XIV.3 (h)}}]]
[[File:Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg|thumb|left|Tomb of [[Iltutmish]] (r. 1211–1236) in the [[Qutb Minar]] complex.]]

[[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], a former slave of [[Muhammad of Ghor|Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori]], was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak was of Turkic [[Cumans|Cuman]]-[[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] origin, and due to his lineage, his dynasty is known as the Mamluk dynasty.<ref>Jackson P. (1990), The Mamlūk institution in early Muslim India, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 122(02), p. 340-358.</ref> Aibak reigned as the Sultan of Delhi for four years, from 1206 to 1210. Aibak was praised by the contemporary and later accounts for his generosity and due to this was called with the sobriquet of ''Lakhbaksh'' (provider of lakhs).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=K. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526) |publisher=[[People's Publishing House]] |year=1992 |pages=205-206 |chapter=FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANAT |quote=All contemporary and later chroniclers praise the qualities of loyalty, generosity, courage and justice in his character. His generosity won for him the sobriquet of lakhbaksh (giver of lakhs)}}</ref>

After Aibak died, [[Aram Shah]] assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by Aibak's son-in-law, [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]].<ref>C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, Columbia University Press (1996)</ref> Iltutmish's power was precarious, and several Muslim amirs (nobles) challenged his authority as they had been supporters of Qutb al-Din Aibak. After a series of conquests and brutal executions of opposition, Iltutmish consolidated his power.<ref>Barnett & Haig (1926), A review of History of Mediaeval India, from ad 647 to the Mughal Conquest – Ishwari Prasad, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 58(04), p. 780-783</ref>

His rule was challenged several times, such as by Qubacha, and this led to a series of wars.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=29-48}} Iltutmish conquered [[Multan]] and [[Bengal]] from contesting Muslim rulers, as well as [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] and [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik]] from the Hindu rulers. He also attacked, defeated, executed [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]], who asserted his rights as heir to Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori.<ref name="cads">Anzalone, Christopher (2008), "Delhi Sultanate", in Ackermann, M. E. etc. (Editors), Encyclopedia of World History 2, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6386-4}}</ref> Iltutmish's rule lasted until 1236. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate saw a succession of weak rulers, disputing Muslim nobility, assassinations, and short-lived tenures. Power shifted from [[Ruknuddin Firuz|Rukn ud-Din Firuz]] to [[Razia Sultana]] and others, until [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas ud-Din Balban]] came to power and ruled from 1266 to 1287.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=29-48}}<ref name=cads/> Ghiyasuddin Balban destroyed the power of the [[Corps of Forty]], a council of 40 Turkic slaves who had played a role as kingmakers and had been independent of the Sultan. He was succeeded by 17-year-old [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]], who appointed [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]] as the commander of the army. Khalji assassinated Qaiqabad and assumed power in the [[Khalji Revolution]], thus ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty.

Qutb ud-Din Aibak initiated the construction of the [[Qutb Minar]] but died before it was completed. It was later completed by his son-in-law, Iltutmish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qutub Minar |url=http://qutbminardelhi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/ |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Qutb Minar complex|Quwwat-ul-Islam]] (Might of Islam) Mosque was built by Aibak, now a UNESCO world heritage site.<ref name="unescoaqm" /> The Qutub Minar Complex was expanded by Iltutmish, and later by Ala ud-Din Khalji in the early 14th century.<ref name="unescoaqm">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi] UNESCO</ref>{{NoteTag|Welch and Crane note that the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque was built with the remains of demolished Hindu and Jain temples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Anthony |last2=Crane |first2=Howard |year=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |url-status=dead |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=123-166 |doi=10.2307/1523075 |jstor=1523075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813185947/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>}} During the Mamluk dynasty, many nobles from Afghanistan and Persia migrated and settled in India, as West Asia came under [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] siege.<ref name="awhc">{{Cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Anthony |last2=Crane |first2=Howard |year=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |url-status=dead |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=123-166 |doi=10.2307/1523075 |jstor=1523075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813185947/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

==== Khalji dynasty (1290–1320)====
{{Main|Khalji Revolution|Khalji dynasty|Mongol invasions of India}}
[[File:Map of the Khalji Sultanate.png|thumb|Territory controlled by [[Khalji dynasty]] circa 1320.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=147, map XIV.3 (i)}}]]
[[File:Alai Darwaza.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Alai Darwaza]], completed in 1311 during the Khalji dynasty.]]

The [[Khalji dynasty]] was of [[Turco-Afghan|Turko-Afghan]] heritage.<ref name="Khan">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Hussain Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56gcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Artisans, Sufis, Shrines: Colonial Architecture in Nineteenth-Century Punjab |date=2014 |publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]] |isbn=9781784530143 |page=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Parmar">{{Cite book |last1=Yunus |first1=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opbtAAAAMAAJ |title=South Asia: a historical narrative |last2=Aradhana |first2=Parmar |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-1957-9711-4 |page=97 |access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Asim">{{Cite book |last=Kumar Mandal |first=Asim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbKGojVTWGcC&pg=PA43 |title=The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-738-7143-6 |page=43 |access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThrcNWLRk6EC&pg=PA141 |title=The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-702-4992-4 |page=141 |access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> They were originally Turkic, but due to their long presence in Afghanistan, they were treated by others as [[Afghans|Afghan]] as they [[Pashtunization|adopted]] Afghan habits and customs.<ref name="Chaurasia">{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |page=28 |quote=The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. |access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Cavendish">{{Cite book |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C |title=World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |page=320 |quote=The members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi. |access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref>

The first ruler of the Khalji dynasty was [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]]. He was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension and was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public.{{Sfn|Srivastava|1929|page=141}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=A. B. M. Habibullah |title=A Comprehensive History of India |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |year=1992 |editor-last=Mohammad Habib |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526) |page=312 |chapter=The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji |oclc=31870180 |editor-last2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |orig-year=1970}}</ref> Jalal ud-Din Firuz ruled for 6 years before he was murdered in 1296 by Muhammad Salim of Samana, on the orders of his nephew and son-in-law [[Alauddin Khalji|Juna Muhammad Khalji]],<ref name="holt913"/> who later came to be known as Ala ud-Din Khalji.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0S62AAAAIAAJ&q=jalaluddin+khalji+man+of++samana |title=New Indian Antiquary - Volume 2 |date=1939 |publisher=Karnatak Publishing House |page=545 |quote=Alauddin gave the signal and in a twinkling Muhammad Salim of Samana struck}}</ref>

Ala ud-Din began his military career as governor of [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]] province, from where he led two raids on the Kingdom of Malwa (1292) and [[Daulatabad Fort|Devagiri]] (1294) for plunder and loot. After he acceded to the throne, expansions towards these kingdoms were renewed including [[Gujarat]] which was conquered by the [[Grand vizier|Grand Vizier]] [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=AL. P. Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ&q=nusrat+khan+defeated+vaghela+king |title=History of medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.) |date=1987 |publisher=TKonark Publishers |isbn=9788122000429}}</ref><ref name="Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi 1972 194">{{Cite journal |last=Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi |author-link=Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi |year=1972 |title=the Kotwals under the Sultans of Delhi |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=194 |jstor=44145331 |quote=Nusrat Khan Jalesari who was the Kotwal in the first year of the Alai reign was an Indian Muslim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZgnqfXjnQC&q=nusrat%20khan%20follower%20of%20alauddin&pg=PA51 |title=The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=1992 |isbn=9788171563623 |quote=the Sultan appointed his Wazir Nusrat Khan to deal with the Jalali nobles}}</ref> the kingdom of Malwa by [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani|Ainul Mulk Multani]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fauja Singh |title=History of the Punjab - A.D. 1000–1526 |date=1972 |page=150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20(1206-1526%20...&pg=PA90 |title=Medieval India - From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) - Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=9788124110645}}</ref> as well as [[Rajputana]].<ref>[[Alexander Mikaberidze]], Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, {{ISBN|978-1598843361}}, p. 62-63</ref> However, these victories were cut short because of [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol attacks]] and plunder raids from the northwest. The Mongols withdrew after plundering and stopped raiding the northwest parts of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>Rene Grousset – Empire of steppes, Chagatai Khanate; Rutgers Univ Press, New Jersey, 1988 {{ISBN|0-8135-1304-9}}</ref>

After the Mongols withdrew, Ala ud-Din Khalji continued to expand the Delhi Sultanate into southern India with the help of Indian slave generals such as [[Malik Kafur]] and [[Khusrau Khan|Khusro Khan]]. They collected much war booty (anwatan) from those they defeated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qHiAAAAMAAJ&q=khusrau+khan+gujarati |title=Gujarat State Gazetteer: Part 1 |date=1989 |page=164}}</ref><ref>Frank Fanselow (1989), Muslim society in Tamil Nadu (India): a historical perspective, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 10(1), p. 264-289</ref> His commanders collected war spoils and paid ghanima (Arabic: الْغَنيمَة, a tax on spoils of war), which helped strengthen the Khalji rule. Among the spoils was the [[Warangal]] loot that included the famous [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond.<ref>Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, {{ISBN|0-415-15482-0}}</ref>

{{Continental Asia in 1310 CE|right|The Delhi Sultanate and contemporary Asian polities circa 1320. Most of the Asian continent was occupied by the [[Mongol Empire]] by that time, with Turkic polities occupying South and Western Asia, as far as Egypt where they established the [[Mamluk Sultanate]].||Map of the Delhi Sultanate in 1320 (world).png}}

Ala ud-Din Khalji changed tax policies, raising agricultural taxes from 20% to 50% (payable in grain and agricultural produce), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banning socialisation among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him, and he cut salaries of officials, poets and scholars.<ref name="holt913" /> These tax policies and spending controls strengthened his treasury to pay the keep of his growing army; he also introduced price controls on all agricultural produce and goods in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, and by whom these goods could be sold. Markets called "shahana-i-mandi" were created.<ref name="als156">{{Harvnb|Srivastava|1929|p=156-158}}</ref> Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these "mandis" to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Those found violating these "mandi" rules were severely punished, often by mutilation.<ref>M.A. Farooqi (1991), The economic policy of the Sultans of Delhi, Konark publishers, {{ISBN|978-8122002263}}</ref>{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=244-248}} Taxes collected in the form of grain were stored in the kingdom's storage. During the famines that followed, these granaries ensured sufficient food for the army.<ref name="holt913" />

Historians note Ala ud-Din Khalji as being a [[tyrant]]. Anyone, Ala ud-Din suspected of being a threat to this power, was killed along with the men, women, and children of that family. He grew to eventually distrust the majority of his nobles and favoured only a handful of his slaves and family. In 1298, between 15 000 and 30 000 Mongols near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to a mutiny during an invasion of Gujarat.{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=231-235}} He is also known for his cruelty against the kingdoms he defeated in battle.

After Ala ud-Din died in 1316 by assassination through his nobles, his general Malik Kafur, who was born to a Hindu family but converted to Islam, assumed de facto power and was supported by non-Khalji nobles like [[Kamal al-Din Gurg]]. However, he lacked the support of the majority of Khalji's nobles who had him assassinated, hoping to take power for themselves.<ref name="holt913">Holt et al., The Cambridge History of Islam – The Indian sub-continent, south-east Asia, Africa and the Muslim west, {{ISBN|978-0521291378}}, p. 9-13</ref> However, the new ruler had the killers of Kafur executed.

The last Khalji ruler was Ala ud-Din Khalji's 18-year-old son [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji]], who ruled for four years before he was killed by [[Khusrau Khan]], another slave-general with Hindu origins, who reverted from Islam and favoured his Hindu Baradu military clan in the nobility. Khusrau Khan's reign lasted only a few months, when Ghazi Malik, later to be called [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], defeated and killed him and assumed power in 1320, thus ending the Khalji dynasty and starting the Tughlaq dynasty.<ref name="awhc"/>{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=231-235}}

==== Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413) ====
{{Main|Tughlaq dynasty}}
[[File:Map of the Tughlaqs.png|thumb|Territory of the Tughlaq dynasty circa 1330–1335, corresponding to the maximum extent of the Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=147, map XIV.3 (j)}}]]

The [[Tughlaq dynasty]] was a [[Turco–Mongol tradition|Turko-Mongol]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=ÇAĞMAN |first1=FİLİZ |last2=TANINDI |first2=ZEREN |date=2011 |title=Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf |journal=Muqarnas |volume=28 |pages=231 |issn=0732-2992 |jstor=23350289 |quote="[[Muhammad Tughluq]] and his successors were contemporaries of the [[Jalayirid]] sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol"}}</ref> or Turkic<ref name="malik">{{Cite web |last=Jamal Malik |author-link=Jamal Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=PA104 |title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-9004168596 |page=104}}</ref> Muslim dynasty, which lasted from 1320 to 1413. The first ruler was [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]]. Ghiyath al-Din ruled for five years and built a town near Delhi named [[Tughlaqabad Fort|Tughlaqabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight Cities of Delhi: Tughlakabad |url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/tughlakabad.jsp |website=Delhi Tourism}}</ref> His son Juna Khan and general Ainul Mulk Multani conquered [[Kakatiya dynasty|Warangal]] in south India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement, Parts 1-2 |date=1980 |publisher=Brill Archive |isbn=9004061673 |page=105}}</ref> According to some historians such as [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent Smith]],{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=236-242}} he was killed by his son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Juna Khan]], who then assumed power in 1325.

Juna Khan renamed himself as [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] and ruled for 26 years.<ref>Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, The History of India as Told by Its Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co</ref> During his rule, the Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, covering most of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="ebmit">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396460/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq Muḥammad ibn Tughluq] Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>

Muhammad bin Tughluq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of the Quran, [[Fiqh]], poetry and other fields. He was also deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and wazirs (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, he ordered the minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins – a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metals they had in their houses and used them to pay taxes and [[jizya]].<ref name="ebmit"/>{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=236-242}}

[[File:Shah Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq arrives in Tirhut. Depicted by eyewitness Muhammad Sadr Ala-i in his BasaUn al-uns, ca.1410. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032 (the Shah).jpg|thumb|left|Depiction of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, in the ''Basātin al-uns'' by [[Muhammad Sadr Ala-i|Ikhtisān-i Dabir]], a member of the Tughluq court and an ambassador to Iran. Ca. 1410 [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirid]] copy of 1326 lost original.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=ÇAĞMAN |first1=FİLİZ |last2=TANINDI |first2=ZEREN |date=2011 |title=Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf |journal=Muqarnas |volume=28 |pages=230, 258 Fig.56 |issn=0732-2992 |jstor=23350289}}</ref>]]

Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose the city of [[Daulatabad Fort|Deogiri]] in the present-day Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] (renaming it [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]]), as the second administrative capital of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|2019|p=115}}: "The Sultan created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals – Delhi and Daulatabad."</ref> He ordered a forced migration of the Muslim population of Delhi, including his royal family, the nobles, [[Sayyid]]s, [[Sheikh]]s and [[Ulama]] to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enrol them in his mission of world conquest. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carl W. Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xnM2RWvswgC&q=Eternal%20Garden%3A%20Mysticism%2C%20History%2C%20and%20Politics%20at%20a%20South%20Asian%20Sufi%20Center%20second%20administrative%20capital&pg=PA113 |title=Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center |date=1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438402123}}</ref> Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad seeing their non-compliance with his order as equivalent to rebellion. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived in [[Punjab]], the Sultan returned the elite to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained an administrative centre.{{sfn|Ray|2019|p=115}} One result of the transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the hatred of the nobility to the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|2019|p=115}}: "The primary result of the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad was the hatred of the people towards the Sultan."</ref> The other result was that he managed to create a stable Muslim elite, resulting in the growth of the Muslim population of Daulatabad, who did not return to Delhi,<ref name="ebmit"/> without which the rise of the Bahmanid kingdom to challenge the Vijayanagara kingdom would not have been possible.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=P.M. Holt |url=https://archive.org/stream/CambridgeHistoryOfIslamVol2B/Cambridge%20History%20of%20Islam%20Vol%202A#page/n31/mode/2up |title=The Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2A |last2=Ann K.S. Lambton |last3=Bernard Lewis |date=1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=15}}</ref> Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]] also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration temples, for example, the Svayambhu Shiva Temple and the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] in [[Warangal]].<ref name="regbook"/>

Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrank. The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate,<ref>Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, ''A History of India'', (Routledge, 1986), 188.</ref> and liberated south India from the Delhi Sultanate's rule.<ref>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 97</ref> In the 1330s, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered an invasion of China, sending part of his forces over the [[Himalayas]]. However, they were defeated by the [[Kangra State]].<ref>Chandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. p. 101-102. {{ISBN|978-8124105221}}.</ref> During his reign, state revenues collapsed due to his policies, such as the base metal coins from 1329 to 1332. Famines, widespread poverty, and rebellion grew across the kingdom. In 1338, his nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught, flayed alive, and killed ultimately.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elphinstone |first=Mountstuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYpvCwAAQBAJ&q=1338+malwa+revolt+flayed+alive |title=History Of India |date=2014 |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |isbn=978-1-78289-478-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJxeAAAAcAAJ&q=1338+malwa+revolt |title=A Compendium of the History of India: With a Synopsis of the Principal Events |date=1870 |publisher=Gantz Bros. |page=37 |language=en}}</ref> By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by [[Hindu king]]s had revolted and declared independence from the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom.{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=242-248}} The historian Walford chronicled that Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule in the years after the base metal coin experiment.<ref>Cornelius Walford (1878), {{Google books|WA8qAAAAYAAJ|The Famines of the World: Past and Present|page=3}}, p. 9-10</ref><ref>Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, {{ISBN|978-0816083626}}, p. 70-72; Quote: "In 1335–1342, during a severe famine and death in the Delhi region, the Sultanate offered no help to the starving residents."</ref> In 1335, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a Sayyid native of [[Kaithal]] in North India, revolted and founded the [[Madurai Sultanate]] in South India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC&dq=kaithal+sayyids&pg=PA82 |title=Essays on Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=9788171416837 |page=82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kate Fleet |last2=Gudrun Krämer |last3=Denis Matringe |last4=John Nawas |last5=Devin J. Stewart |date=January 2018 |title=Jalal al-Din Ahsan |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/jalal-al-din-ahsan-COM_32708}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M. S. Nagaraja Rao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5ItAAAAMAAJ&q=Writing+about+a+century+later+,+Ya%E1%B8%A5ya+Sarhindi+also+calls+him+a+Sayyid+form+Kaithal |title=Kusumāñjali: New Interpretation of Indian Art & Culture: Sh. C. Sivaramamurti Commemoration Volume · Volume 2 |date=1987}}</ref> By 1347, the Bahmani Sultanate had become independent through the [[rebellion of Ismail Mukh]]. It became a competing Muslim kingdom in the Deccan region of South Asia, founded by [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]].<ref name="mrpislam"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suvorova |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |title=Masnavi |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22 |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |pages=59-60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayanta Gaḍakarī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title=Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama |date=2000 |page=140}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| total_width = 340
| footer = The Tughlaq dynasty is remembered for its architectural patronage, such as the construction of [[Firoz Shah Kotla]]. It reused old Buddhist pillars erected by [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE, such as the [[Delhi-Topra pillar]]. The Sultanate initially wanted to use the pillars as [[minaret]]s. Firuz Shah Tughlaq decided otherwise and had them installed near mosques.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKibben |first=William Jeffrey |date=1994 |title=The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=24 |pages=105-118 |jstor=4629462}}</ref> The meaning of the [[Brahmi script]] on the pillars (the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]) was unknown in Firuz Shah's time.<ref>HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871), [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n367/mode/2up Tarikh I Firozi Shahi – Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj] The History of India as told by its historians, Volume 3, Cornell University Archives, p. 352-353</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prinsep, J. |year=1837 |title=Interpretation of the most ancient of inscriptions on the pillar called lat of Feroz Shah, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah pillar, or lat inscriptions which agree therewith |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic62asia#page/600/mode/2up |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=600-609}}</ref>
| image1 = Feroz Shah Kotla view.jpg
| image2 = Ashoka Pillar at Feroze Shah Kotla, Delhi 05.JPG
}}

Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in 1351 while trying to chase and punish people in Gujarat who were rebelling against the Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=242-248}} He was succeeded by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (1351–1388), who tried to regain the old kingdom, boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall. Firuz Shah ruled for 37 years. His reign was marked with prosperity much of which was due to the wise and capable Grand Vizier, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul, a South Indian [[Telugu people|Telugu]] Muslim.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India - Volume 2 |date=1979 |page=225 |quote=Khan-i-Jahan was a Brahmin from Telangana whose original name was Kattu or Kannu. Kannu was brought a captive to Delhi, where he embraced Islam and was given the name of Maqbul. No wonder Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul and his family made a great contribution towards the initial administrative achievements of Sultan Firuz Tughlaq; the peace and prosperity of his reign during the first two decades are unintelligible unless the services rendered by Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul to the throne are taken into consideration.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&dq=firuz+shah+khan+jahan+maqbul&pg=PA141 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |date=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810864016 |page=141}}</ref> His reign attempted to stabilise the food supply and reduce famines by commissioning an irrigation canal from the [[Yamuna]]| river. An educated sultan, Firuz Shah, left a memoir.<ref>Firoz Shah Tughlak, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n389/mode/2up Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Memoirs of Firoz Shah Tughlak], Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives</ref> In it he wrote that he banned the practice of torture, such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, setting people on fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others.{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=249-251}} He also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslim and [[Mahdi]] sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild temples that his armies had destroyed.<ref name="fst377381">Firoz Shah Tughlak, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n393/mode/2up Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Autobiographical memoirs], Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives, p. 377-381.</ref> Firuz Shah Tughlaq also lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and jizya for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Ajit K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YaaJAgAAQBAJ |title=A History of Indian Economic Thought |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92551-3 |page=45 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="firoz374383">[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n389/mode/2up Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi] Simultaneously, he raised taxes and [[jizya]], assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu [[Brahmin]]s from the jizya.</ref><ref>[[Annemarie Schimmel]], Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, {{ISBN|978-9004061170}}, Brill Academic, p. 20-23</ref> He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of Muslim nobles, who were converted to Islam, taught to read and memorize the Quran, and employed in many offices especially in the military, out of which he was able to amass a large army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Praveen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLw6DwAAQBAJ&dq=firuz+shah+hindustani+slaves&pg=PA219 |title=Complete Indian History for IAS Exam Highly Recommended for IAS, PCS and other Competitive Exam |page=219}}</ref> These slaves were known as the Ghulaman-i-Firuz Shahi formed an elite guard which later became influential in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=André Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ&dq=firuz+shah+slaves+captured+converted+hindus&pg=PA92 |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: C. 700–1800 CE |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108417747}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurcharn Singh Sandhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ&q=firuz+shahi+slaves+influence |title=A Military History of Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=9788170945253 |page=247}}</ref> The reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, elimination of favours to select parts of society, but also increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups,{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=249-251}} the latter of which resulting in conversion of significant parts of the population to Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debajyoti Burman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6hOAAAAMAAJ&q=Firuz+converting |title=Indo-Muslim Relations: A Study in Historical Background |publisher=Jugabani Sahitya Chakra |year=1947 |page=36}}</ref>

[[File:Forced token currency coin of Muhammad bin Tughlak.jpg|thumb|left|A base metal coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq that led to an economic collapse.]]

The death of Firuz Shah Tughlaq created anarchy and the disintegration of the kingdom. Firuz Shah's successor, his great-grandson, [[Tughluq Khan|Ghiyath-ud-Din Shah II]] was young and inexperienced and gave himself up to wine and pleasure. The nobles rose against him, killed the Sultan and his vizier, and installed a grandson of Firuz, [[Abu Bakr Shah]] on the throne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Aijaz Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIU3EAAAQBAJ&dq=tughluq+ii+inexperienced&pg=PA111 |title=History of Mewat |date=2021 |publisher=Alina Books |isbn=9788193391426 |page=112}}</ref> However, the old Ghulaman-i-Firuz Shahi turned against Abu Bakr, who fled, and on their invitation [[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III|Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad Shah]] was installed on the throne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DYbAQAAMAAJ&q=The+old+Firoz+Shahi+slaves+,+however+,+turned+against+Abu+Bakr+,+who+fled+,+and+on+their+invitation+Sultan+Muhammad+%E2%80%9C+entered+the+city+and+took |title=Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India Issues 52-54 |date=1937 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=19 |quote=The old Firoz Shahi slaves, however, turned against Abu Bakr, who fled, and on their invitation Sultan Muhammad entered the city and took}}</ref> The anamalous institution of the Ghulaman-i-Firuz Shahi became a corrupting influence on the successive Sultans following Firuz Shah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Āg̲h̲ā Mahdī Ḥusain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGA9AAAAMAAJ&q=firoz+shahi+slaves+institution |title=Tughluq Dynasty |date=1963 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |page=444}}</ref> The last rulers of this dynasty both called themselves Sultan from 1394 to 1397: [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]], the grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from Delhi, and [[Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq]], brother of Tughluq Khan and another great-grandson of Firuz who ruled from [[Firozabad]], which was a few miles from Delhi.{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=248-254}} The battle between the two relatives continued until [[Timur#Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty|Timur's invasion]] in 1398. [[Timur]], also known as Tamerlane in Western scholarly literature, was the Turkicized Mongol ruler of the [[Timurid Empire]]. He became aware of the weakness and quarrelling of the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, so he marched with his army to Delhi, plundering and killing all the way.{{sfn|Jackson|1999|p=312-317}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Tīmūr Lang |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |editor-last=P. J. Bearman |edition=2 |volume=10 |author=Beatrice F. Manz |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C. E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W. P. Heinrichs}}</ref> Estimates for the massacre by Timur in Delhi range from 100 000 to 200 000 people.<ref>Lionel Trotter (1906), History of India: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Gorham Publishers London/New York, p. 74</ref><ref>Annemarie Schimmel (1997), Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004061170}}, p. 36-37; Also see: Elliot, Studies in Indian History, 2nd ed., p. 98-101</ref> Timur had no intention of staying in or ruling India. He looted the lands he crossed, then plundered and burnt Delhi. Over fifteen days, Timur and his army raged a massacre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayapalan |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&q=timur+massacre+delhi |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |pages=50-51 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gipson |first=Therlee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJWdDwAAQBAJ&q=timur+massacre+delhi |title=India's Struggle |date=2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-59732-1 |page=15 |language=en}}</ref> Then he collected wealth, captured women and men and children, and enslaved people (particularly skilled artisans), and returning with this loot to Samarkand. The people and lands within the Delhi Sultanate were left in a state of anarchy, chaos, and pestilence.{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=248-254}} Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, who had fled to Gujarat during Timur's invasion, returned and nominally ruled as the last ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, as a puppet of the various factions at the court.<ref name="aschi">Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, {{ISBN|978-9004061170}}, Brill Academic, Chapter 2</ref>

==== Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450) ====
{{Main|Sayyid dynasty}}
[[File:Map of the Sayyid Dynasty.png|thumb|Territories of the Sayyid Dynasty.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=39, 148}}]]
[[File:Lodhi_Garden,_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG|thumb|left|The tomb of [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] at [[Lodi Gardens]], New Delhi.]]

The [[Sayyid dynasty]] was founded by [[Khizr Khan]] and it ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1415 to 1451.<ref name="mrpislam"/> Members of the dynasty derived their title, [[Sayyid]], or the descendants of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]], based on the claim that they belonged to his lineage through his daughter [[Fatima]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05dEAQAAMAAJ&q=The+claim+of+Khizr+Kh%C4%81n+,+who+founded+the+dynasty+known+as+the+Sayyids+,+to+descent+from+the+prophet+of+Arabia+was+dubious |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en |quote=The claim of Khizr Khān, who founded the dynasty known as the Sayyids, to descent from the prophet of Arabia was dubious, and rested chiefly on its causal recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalāl-ud-dīn of Bukhārā.}}</ref> [[Abraham Eraly]] thinks his forebears were likely that Khizr Khan's ancestors were likely descendants of an Arab family who had long ago settled in the region of Multan during the early Tughluq period, but he doubts his Sayyid lineage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |pages=261 |language=en |quote=The first of these two dynasties was founded by Khizr Khan, who bore the appellation "Sayyid", which identified him as a descendant of prophet Muhammad, so the dynasty he founded came to be known as the Sayyid dynasty. The veracity of Khizr Khan's claimed lineage is uncertain, but his forebears were likely Arabs who had migrated to India in the early Tughluq period and settled in Multan. The family prospered in India, gaining wealth and power. This advancement culminated in Malik Suleiman, Khizr Khan's father, becoming the governor of Multan under the Tughluqs. When Suleiman died, Khizr Khan succeeded him in the post but lost it during the political turmoil following the death of Firuz Tughluq.}}</ref> A.L. Srivastava shares a similar viewpoint.{{Sfn|Srivastava|1929|p=229|loc="their claim of Descendants of Prophet Mohammad is dubious but it seems certain that Khizr Khan's ancestors came from Arabia"}} According to [[Richard M. Eaton]] and [[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]], Khizr Khan was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] chieftain from [[Khokhar]] clan.<ref>{{Citation |last=[[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Digby, Simon]] |title=After Timur Left: North India in the Fifteenth Century |date=13 October 2014 |pages=47-59 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002 |access-date=25 January 2023 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-945066-4 |quote=And we find that a Khokhar chieftain, Khizr Khan who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately became the power holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had {{sic|aq|uired}}.|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2020|loc="The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India."}} The Timurid invasion and plunder had left the Delhi Sultanate in shambles, and little is known about the rule by the Sayyid dynasty. [[Annemarie Schimmel]] notes the first ruler of the dynasty as Khizr Khan, who assumed power as a vassal of the [[Timurid Empire]]. His successor was Mubarak Khan, who renamed himself Mubarak Shah, discontinued his father's nominal allegiance to Timur and unsuccessfully tried to regain lost territories in Punjab from Khokhar warlords.<ref name="aschi"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=9788121903646 |page=239}}</ref>

With the power of the Sayyid dynasty faltering, Islam's history on the Indian subcontinent underwent a profound change, according to Schimmel.<ref name="aschi"/> The previously dominant Sunni sect of Islam became diluted, alternate Muslim sects such as the Shia rose, and new competing centres of Islamic culture took root beyond Delhi.

In the course of the late Sayyid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate shrank until it became a minor power. By the time of the last Sayyid ruler, [[Alam Shah]] (whose name translated to "king of the world"), this resulted in a common northern Indian witticism, according to which the "kingdom of the king of the world extends from Delhi to [[Palam]]", i.e. merely {{Convert|13|km|mi|abbr=}}. Historian Richard M. Eaton noted that this saying showcased how the "once-mighty empire had become a joke".{{sfn|Eaton|2020|p=108}} The Sayyid dynasty was displaced by the Lodi dynasty in 1451, however, resulting in a resurgence of the Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Eaton|2020|p=108}}

==== Lodi dynasty (1451–1526) ====
{{Main|Lodi dynasty}}
[[File:Map of the Lodis.png|thumb|Territory of the Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526).{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=147, map XIV.4 (d)}}]]
[[File:Ibrahim Lodi at the Battle of Panipat (1526).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ibrahim Lodi]], last Sultan of the [[Lodi dynasty]], at the [[First Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]] (1526) against [[Babur]], ''[[Baburnama]]'' c. 1590]]

The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan, or Turco-Afghan dynasty,{{efn|Herbert Hartel calls the Lodi sultans Turco-Afghan: ''"The Turco-Afghan sultans of the Lodi Dynasty..."''.{{sfn|Hartel|1997|p=261}}}} related to the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] ([[Afghans|Afghan]]) [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi tribe]].<ref>Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, {{ISBN|978-0816083626}}, p. 81; Quote: "The last dynasty was founded by a Sayyid provincial governor, [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] (r. 1451–1489). The Lodis were descended from Afghans, and under their rule, Afghans eclipsed Turks in court patronage."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramananda Chatterjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgPSAAAAMAAJ |title=The Modern Review |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |year=1961 |volume=109 |page=84}}</ref> The founder of the dynasty, [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]], was a [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] of the Lodi clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=56 |language=English |quote="In 1451 Bahlul Khan, a Khalji of the Lodhi clan, deposed the then sultan and founded a second Afghan sultanate, the Lodhi Dynasty, which ruled northern India for 75 years (1451–1526)."}}</ref> He started his reign by attacking the Muslim [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] to expand the influence of the Delhi Sultanate and was partially successful through a treaty. Thereafter, the region from Delhi to [[Varanasi]] (then at the border of Bengal province), was back under the influence of the Delhi Sultanate.

After Bahlul Lodi died, his son Nizam Khan assumed power, renamed himself [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Lodi]] and ruled from 1489 to 1517.<ref>Digby, S. (1975), The Tomb of Buhlūl Lōdī, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 38(03), p. 550-561</ref> One of the better-known rulers of the dynasty, Sikandar Lodi expelled his brother Barbak Shah from Jaunpur, installed his son Jalal Khan as the ruler, then proceeded east to make claims on [[Bihar]]. The Muslim governors of Bihar agreed to pay tribute and taxes but operated independently of the Delhi Sultanate. Sikandar Lodi led a campaign of destruction of temples, particularly around [[Mathura]]. He also moved his capital and court from Delhi to [[Agra]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Delhi Sultanate under Lodhi Dynasty: A Complete Overview |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/delhi-sultanate-under-lodhi-dynasty-a-complete-overview-1490962660-1 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> an ancient Hindu city that had been destroyed during the plunder and attacks of the early Delhi Sultanate period. Sikandar thus erected buildings with Indo-Islamic architecture in Agra during his rule, and the growth of Agra continued during the Mughal Empire, after the end of the Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Smith|1920|pp=253–257}}<ref>Andrew Petersen, Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415060844}}, p. 7</ref>

Sikandar Lodi died a natural death in 1517, and his second son [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi]] assumed power. Ibrahim did not enjoy the support of Afghan and Persian nobles or regional chiefs.<ref>Richards, John (1965), The Economic History of the Lodi Period: 1451–1526, Journal de l'histoire économique et sociale de l'Orient, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 47-67</ref> Ibrahim attacked and killed his elder brother Jalal Khan, who was installed as the governor of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] by his father and had the support of the amirs and chiefs.{{sfn|Smith|1920|p=253-257}} Ibrahim Lodi was unable to consolidate his power, and after Jalal Khan's death, the governor of Punjab, [[Daulat Khan Lodi]], reached out to the Mughal [[Babur]] and invited him to attack the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="eblodi">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345985/Lodi-dynasty#ref222519 Lodi Dynasty] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2009)</ref> Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the [[First Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]] in 1526. The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the [[Mughal Empire]] replaced it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |pages=30-31 |language=en}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
The historian [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]] explains in ''[[The New Cambridge History of Islam]]'': "The elite of the early Delhi sultanate comprised overwhelmingly first-generation immigrants from [[Iran]] and [[Central Asia]]: [[Persians]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghūrīs]], [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] from the hot regions (''garmsīr'') of modern [[Afghanistan]]".<ref>{{New Cambridge History of Islam |volume=3 |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |chapter=Muslim India: the Delhi sultanate |page=101}}</ref>

=== Political system ===
{{Main|Delhi Sultanate}}

Medieval scholars such as [[Abdul Malik Isami]] and [[Ziauddin Barani]] suggested that the prehistory of the Delhi Sultanate lay in the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] state and that its ruler, Mahmud Ghaznavi, provided the foundation and inspiration integral to the making of the Delhi regime. The Mongol and Hindu monarchies were the great "Others" in these narratives and the Persianate and class-conscious, aristocratic virtues of the ideal state were creatively memorialised in the Ghaznavid state, now the templates for the Delhi Sultanate. Cast within a historical narrative, it allowed for a more self-reflective, linear rooting of the Sultanate in the great traditions of Muslim statecraft.<ref>{{Cite book |last=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&dq=expanding+frontiers+in+south+asian+the+great+others&pg=PA56 |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107034280 |page=55}}</ref> Over time, successive Muslim dynasties created a "centralized structure in the Persian tradition whose task was to mobilize human and material resources for the ongoing armed struggle against both Mongol and [[Hindu monarchies]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RpuAAAAMAAJ&q=task+was+to+mobilize+human+and+material+resources+for+the+ongoing+armed+struggle+against+both+Mongol+and+Hindu+infidels |title=Power, Administration, and Finance in Mughal India |date=1993 |publisher=Variorum |isbn=9780860783664}}</ref> The monarch was not the Sultan of the Hindus or of, say, the people of Haryana, rather in the eyes of the Sultanate's chroniclers, the Muslims constituted what in more recent times would be termed a "Staatsvolk". For many Muslim observers, the ultimate justification for any ruler within the Islamic world was the protection and advancement of the faith. For the Sultans, as for their Ghaznavid and Ghurid predecessors, this entailed the suppression of heterodox Muslims, and [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]] attached some importance to the fact that he had acted against the ashab-i had-u ibadat (deviators and latitudinarians). It also involved plundering and extorting tribute from independent Hindu principalities.{{sfn|Jackson|1999|p=278}} Firuz Shah, who believed that India was changed into a Muslim nation,<ref>{{Cite book |last=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=firuz+shah+country+of+musalmans&pg=PA446 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=9788121903646 |page=446}}</ref> declared that "no zimmi living in a Musalman country might dare to act".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPptAAAAMAAJ&q=dare |title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society: Volume 45 |date=1997 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |page=222}}</ref>

The Hindu kingdoms who submitted to Islamic rule qualified as [[dhimmi|"protected peoples"]] according to the wide spectrum of the educated Muslim community within the subcontinent. The balance of the evidence is that in the latter half of the fourteenth century, if not before, the jizyah was levied as a discriminatory tax on non-Muslims, although even then it is difficult to see how such a measure could have been enforced outside the principal centres of Muslim authority.{{sfn|Jackson|1999|p=283-287}} The Delhi Sultanate also continued the governmental conventions of the previous Hindu polities, claiming [[Suzerainty|paramountcy]] of some of its subjects rather than exclusive supreme control. Accordingly, it did not interfere with the autonomy and military of certain conquered Hindu rulers and freely included Hindu vassals and officials.<ref name="brt"/>

=== Economic policy and administration ===
{{Main|Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji}}
[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Bengal. Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad. Governor, AH 614-616 AD 1217-1220. Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Iwaz Khalji|Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad]], Governor of [[Bengal]], AH 614–616 AD 1217–1220. Struck in the name of [[Iltutmish|Shams al-Din Iltutmish]], Sultan of Dehli.]]

The economic policy of the Delhi Sultanate was characterised by greater government involvement in the economy relative to the Classical Hindu dynasties, and increased penalties for private businesses that broke government regulations. Alauddin Khalji replaced the private markets with four centralized government-run markets, appointed a "market controller", and implemented strict price controls{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=379-380}} on all kinds of goods, "from [[cap]]s to [[sock]]s; from [[comb]]s to [[pin]]s; from [[vegetable]]s to [[soup]]s, from [[Confectionery|sweetmeats]] to [[chapati]]s" (according to [[Ziauddin Barani]] [c. 1357]{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}}). The price controls were inflexible even during droughts.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=379}} Capitalist investors were completely banned from participating in the horse trade,{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=385}} animal and slave brokers were forbidden from collecting commissions,{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}} and private merchants were eliminated from all animal and slave markets.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}} Bans were instituted against [[hoarding]]{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}} and [[Engrossing (law)|regrating]],{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}} granaries were nationalised{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}} and limits were placed on the amount of grain that could be used by cultivators for personal use.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=389}}

Various licensing rules were imposed. Registration of merchants was required,{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=383}} and expensive goods such as certain fabrics were deemed "unnecessary" for the general public and required a [[license|permit]] from the state to be purchased. These licenses were issued to ''[[emir|amirs]]'', ''[[Malik#Usage in South Asia|maliks]]'', and other important persons in government.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}} Agricultural taxes were raised to 50%.

Traders regarded the regulations as burdensome, and violations were severely punished, leading to further resentment among the traders.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}} A network of spies was instituted to ensure the implementation of the system; even after price controls were lifted after Khalji's death, Barani claims that the fear of his spies remained and that people continued to avoid trading in expensive commodities.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=386}}

=== Social policies ===
[[File:Shah Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq arrives in Tirhut. Depicted by eyewitness Muhammad Sadr Ala-i in his BasaUn al-uns, ca.1410. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032 (troops led by the Shah).jpg|thumb|[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] leading his troops in the capture of the city of [[Mithila (region)|Tirhut]] in 1324, from ''Basātin al-uns'' by [[Muhammad Sadr Ala-i|Ikhtisān-i Dabir]], a member of the Tughluq court. Ca. 1410 [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirid]] copy of 1326 lost original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms R. 1032.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=ÇAĞMAN |first1=FİLİZ |last2=TANINDI |first2=ZEREN |date=2011 |title=Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf |journal=Muqarnas |volume=28 |pages=230, 258 Fig.56 |issn=0732-2992 |jstor=23350289}}</ref>]]

The sultanate enforced Islamic religious prohibitions on anthropomorphic representations in art.{{CN|date=March 2026}}

=== Military ===
The army of the Delhi sultans initially consisted of nomadic [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Mamluk]] military slaves belonging to [[Muhammad of Ghor]].

The nucleus of this South Asian sultanate military was the Turco-Afghani regular units named ''Wajih'', which were composed of elite household cavalry archers who came from slave backgrounds.<ref name="Boot, Hooves and Wheels">{{Cite book |last=Saikat K. Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ |title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels |date=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |isbn=9789384464547 |language=en |chapter=And the Social Dynamics Behind South Asian Warfare |quote=They had corps of regulars, the watch, formed primarily of mounted archers but which also had an advance reserve, the blemish, of lancers. The wajih had a nucleus of the elite khasakhail or household cavalry, composed largely of slaves. |access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref> A major military contribution of the Delhi Sultanate was their successful campaigns repelling the [[Mongol Empire]]'s [[Mongol invasions of India|invasions of India]], which could have been devastating for the Indian subcontinent, like the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol invasions]] of [[Mongol conquest of China|China]], [[Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia|Persia]] and [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Europe]]. Were it not for the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongol Empire may have been successful in invading India.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=19, 50-51}}

The strength of the armies changes according to time. Historians state the Delhi sultanate during the Khalji dynasty maintained 300 000-400 000 horse cavalry and 2500-3000 [[war elephant]] as a standing army.<ref name="History of Kanauj To the Moslem Conquest">{{Cite book |last=Ram Shankar Tripathi |author-link=Ram Shankar Tripathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8GPENMw_psC |title=History of Kanauj To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804784 |page=327 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour">{{Cite book |last=((Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton)) |author-link=Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52FDeFdxbV0C |title=Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour |date=2002 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=9780486422299 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate; Simon Digby">{{Cite book |last=Simon Digby |author-link=Simon Digby (oriental scholar) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo3fAAAAMAAJ |title=War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate |date=1971 |publisher=Orient Monographs |isbn=9780903871006 |page=24 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Islamic Arms and Armour of Muslim India">{{Cite book |last=Syed Zafar Haider |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHvfAAAAMAAJ |title=Islamic Arms and Armour of Muslim India |date=1991 |publisher=Bahadur Publishers |isbn=9789698123000 |page=265 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="A Description of Indian and Oriental Armour Illustrated from the Collection Formerly in the India Office, Now Exhibited at South Kensington, and the Author's Private Collection, with a Map, Twenty-three Full-page Plates (two Coloured), and Numerous Woodcuts, with an Introductory Sketch of the Military History of India">{{Cite book |last=((Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton)) |author-link=Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXcDAAAAYAAJ |title=A Description of Indian and Oriental Armour Illustrated from the Collection Formerly in the India Office, Now Exhibited at South Kensington, and the Author's Private Collection, with a Map, Twenty-three Full-page Plates (two Coloured), and Numerous Woodcuts, with an Introductory Sketch of the Military History of India |date=1896 |publisher=W. H. Allen & Company, limited |page=16 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE">{{Cite book |last=Kaushik Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317586920 |page=219 |language=en |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> Its successor state, the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] further expanded into 500 000 horse cavalry in their force.<ref name="War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate; Simon Digby" />

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economic history of India}}
{{Continental Asia in 1500 CE|left|The Delhi Sultanate and main other polities circa 1500|{{location map~ |Continental Asia |lat=27|N |long=75|E |mark=Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|marksize=30}}}}
[[File:Sirat i-Firuz Shahi 14th century illustration of the transportation of the Topra pillar to Delhi.jpg|thumb|upright|Transportation of the [[Delhi-Topra pillar]] to Delhi. ''Sirat i-[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shahi]]'', 14th century illustration.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/memoirs-archaeological-survey-india-no-52-memoir-kotla-firoz-delhi |title=Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No. 52 a Memoir on Kotla Firoz, Delhi |page=58 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Some historians argue that the Delhi Sultanate was responsible for making India more multicultural and cosmopolitan. The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in India has been compared to the expansion of the [[Mongol Empire]] and called "part of a larger trend occurring throughout much of Eurasia, in which nomadic people migrated from the steppes of Inner Asia and became politically dominant".{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=50-52}}

According to [[Angus Maddison]], between the years 1000 and 1500, India's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], of which the sultanates represented a significant part, grew nearly 8% to $60.5 billion in 1500. Though the overall the percentage of the GDP share reduced from 33% to 22% <ref name="maddison379">{{Cite book |last=Madison |first=Angus |title=Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922720-4 |page=379}}</ref> According to [[Angus Maddison|Maddison's]] estimates, India's population grew from 85 million in 1200 to 101 million in 1500 AD in the period.<ref name="ggdc.net">{{Cite web |last=Maddison |date=27 July 2016 |title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820 |url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2021 |access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref>

The Delhi Sultanate period coincided with more use of mechanical technology in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Pacey">{{Cite book |last=Pacey |first=Arnold |title=Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History |publisher=The MIT Press |year=1991 |edition=First MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=26-29 |orig-year=1990}}</ref> India previously already had highly sophisticated agriculture, food crops, textiles, medicine, minerals, and metals.<ref name="Pacey" /> [[Water wheel]]s also previously existed in India, as described by various Chinese monks and Arab travellers and writers in their books.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al- |first=Biruni |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/162833441 |title=Alberuni's India: an Account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India about A.D. 1030. An English Edition, with Notes and Indices by Edward C. Sachau. |date=1888 |publisher=Trübner & Co |oclc=162833441}}</ref><ref name="siddiqui">{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Iqtidar Hussain |year=1986 |title=Water Works and Irrigation System in India during Pre-Mughal Times |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=63-64 |doi=10.2307/3632072 |jstor=3632072}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Pali literature dating to the 4th century BC mentions the ''cakkavattaka'', which commentaries explain as ''arahatta-ghati-yanta'' (machine with wheel-pots attached), and according to Pacey, water-raising devices were used for irrigation in Ancient India predating their use in the Roman empire or China.{{sfn|Pacey|1991|p=10}} Greco-Roman tradition, on the other hand, asserts that the device was introduced to India from the Roman Empire.<ref name="Wikander">{{Citation |last=Oleson |first=John Peter |title=Handbook of Ancient Water Technology |volume=2 |pages=217-302 |year=2000 |editor-last=Wikander |editor-first=Örjan |series=Technology and Change in History |chapter=Water-Lifting |place=Leiden, South Holland |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-11123-3 |editor-link=Örjan Wikander}}</ref> Furthermore, South Indian mathematician [[Bhaskara II]] describes water-wheels {{circa|1150}} in his incorrect proposal for a perpetual motion machine.{{sfn|Pacey|1991|p=36}} Srivastava argues that the Sakia, or ''araghatta'' was in fact invented in India by the 4th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Vinod Chanda |title=History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. |last2=Gopal |first2=Lallanji |publisher=Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8069-521-6 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>}} During the Delhi Sultanate, various mechanical devices were introduced from the Islamic world to India, such as [[gear]]ed water-raising wheels and other [[machine]]s with gears, [[pulley]]s, [[cam (mechanism)|cams]], and [[Crank (mechanism)|cranks]].<ref name="Pacey" /> Later, Mughal emperor Babur provided a description on the use of water wheels in the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 |title=Roots and Routes of Development in China and India: Highlights of Fifty Years of ''The Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' (1957–2007) |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-04-17060-5 |editor-last=Jos Gommans |editor-link=Jos Gommans |location=Leiden, South Holland |page=444 |editor-last2=Harriet Zurndorfer}}</ref>

According to historians Arnold Pacey and [[Irfan Habib]], the [[spinning wheel]] was introduced to India from Iran during the Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Pacey|1991|p=23-24}} Smith and Cothren suggested that it was invented in India during the latter half of the first millennium,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=C. Wayne |url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471180459.html |title=Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production |last2=Cothren |first2=J. Tom |date=1999 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0471180456 |volume=4 |page=viii |quote=The first improvement in spinning technology was the spinning wheel, which was invented in India between 500 and 1000 A.D. |archive-date=1 April 2017 |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401042540/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471180459.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> but Pacey and Habib said these early references to cotton spinning do not identify a wheel, but more likely refer to [[hand spinning]].{{sfn|Pacey|1991|p=23-24}} The earliest unambiguous reference to a spinning wheel in India is dated to 1350.{{sfn|Pacey|1991|p=23-24}} The worm gear roller [[cotton gin]] was invented in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries; Habib states that the development may likely occurred in peninsular India, before becoming more widespread across India during the Mughal era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9788131727911 |page=53}}</ref> The incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin may have appeared sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.{{sfn|Habib|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 53-54]}}

India and China have connections throughout thousands of years of history. Paper had already reached some parts of India as early as the 6th or 7th century,<ref name=":0">Harrison, Frederick. ''A Book about Books''. London: John Murray, 1943. p. 79. Mandl, George. "Paper Chase: A Millennium in the Production and Use of Paper". Myers, Robin & Michael Harris (eds). ''A Millennium of the Book: Production, Design & Illustration in Manuscript & Print, 900–1900''. Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies, 1994. p. 182.
Mann, George. ''Print: A Manual for Librarians and Students Describing in Detail the History, Methods, and Applications of Printing and Paper Making''. London: Grafton & Co., 1952. p. 79. McMurtrie, Douglas C., ''The Book: The Story of Printing & Bookmaking''. London: Oxford University Press, 1943, p. 63.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Tsien |first=Tsuen-Hsuin |title=Paper and Printing |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=2-3, 356-357 |year=1985 |editor-last=Joseph Needham |series=Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link=Joseph Needham}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Wilkinson |first=Endymion |title=Chinese History: A New Manual |pages=909 |year=2012 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute}}</ref> initially through Chinese travellers and the ancient silk road which India was very well connected with. Earlier some historians believed that paper failed to catch on as palmyra leaves and birch bark remained far more popular but this theory was discredited later on.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurlansky, Mark |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1119136572 |title=Paper: paging through history |date=2017 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-393-35370-9 |oclc=1119136572}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=D. C. Sircar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC |title=Indian Epigraphy |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-208-1166-9 |pages=67-68}}</ref>{{Sfn|Habib|2011|p=96}}{{Sfn|Habib|2011|p=95-96}} On the other hand, the paper may have arrived in [[Bengal]] from a separate route, as 15th-century Chinese traveller [[Ma Huan]] remarked that Bengali paper was white and made from "bark of a tree" similar to the Chinese method of papermaking (as opposed to the Middle-Eastern method of using rags and waste material), suggesting a direct route from China for the arrival of paper in Bengal and paper was already very well established and widespread in that part of the subcontinent.{{sfn|Habib|2011|p=95-96}}

== Factors ==
=== Demographics ===
{{Main|Demographics of India#History|l1=Demographics of India: History}}

According to one set of very uncertain estimates by modern historians, [[Demographics of India|the total Indian population]] had largely been stagnant at 75 million during the [[Middle kingdoms of India|Middle Kingdoms]] era from 1 AD to 1000 AD. During the [[Medieval India|Medieval]] Delhi Sultanate era from 1000 to 1500, India as a whole experienced lasting population growth for the first time in a thousand years, with its population increasing nearly 50% to 110 million by 1500 AD.<ref name="maddison">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 pages 241-242] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170118/http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 |date=11 November 2020}}, [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref><ref name="maddison236">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 page 237] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170118/http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 |date=11 November 2020}}, [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref>

=== Culture ===
{{See also|Indo-Persian culture}}
[[File:هند قلعه سرخ دهلی - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Decorative reliefs, [[Alai Darwaza]], 1311.]]

While the Indian subcontinent has had invaders from Central Asia since ancient times, what made the Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though the non-Muslim population was left to their laws and customs.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=47}}<ref>{{Citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=B. |title=A Concise History of Modern India |date=9 October 2006 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&pg=PA6 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-68225-1 |last2=Metcalf |first2=T. R. |author-link1=Barbara Metcalf |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf}}</ref> They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture that was mixed in nature, different from ancient Indian culture. The overwhelming majority of Muslims in India were Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.<ref>Eaton, Richard M., The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, accessed on 1 May 2007</ref>

The [[Hindustani language]] (Hindavi) began to emerge in the Delhi Sultanate period, developed from the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]] ''[[Apabhraṃśa|apabhramsha]]'' [[vernacular]]s of [[North India]]. [[Amir Khusrau]], who lived in the 13th century CE during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used a form of Hindustani, which was the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the period, in his writings and referred to it as ''Hindavi''.<ref name="brown2008">{{Citation |last1=Keith Brown |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 |quote=... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from the Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ... |last2=Sarah Ogilvie}}</ref>

The officers, the Sultans, Khans, Maliks and the soldiers wore the Islamic qabas dress in the style of Khwarezm, which were tucked in the middle of the body, while the turban and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa clothing|kullah]] were common headwear. The turbans were wrapped around the kullah (caps), and the feet were covered with red boots. The Wazirs and Katibs also dressed like the soldiers, except they did not use belts, and often let down a piece of cloth in front of them in the manner of the Sufis. The judges and the learned men wore ample gowns (farajiyat) and an Arabic garment (durra).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raj Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=islamic+qabas++khwarizm&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval And Modern |date=2008 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=9788178356648 |page=212}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Indo-Islamic architecture}}
[[File:Qutab Minar mausoleum.jpg|thumb|The [[Qutb Minar]] (left, begun {{circa|1200}}) next to the [[Alai Darwaza]] gatehouse (1311); [[Qutb Minar complex]] in Delhi.<ref name="unescoaqm" />]]

The start of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 under [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] introduced a large Islamic state to India, using Central Asian styles.<ref>Harle, 423-424</ref> The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites, with [[mosque]]s and tombs much the most common, were very different from those previously built in India. The exteriors of both were very often topped by large [[dome]]s and made extensive use of [[arch]]es. Both of these features were hardly used in [[Hindu temple architecture]] and other indigenous Indian styles. Both types of building essentially consist of a single large space under a high dome, and completely avoid the figurative sculpture so important to Hindu temple architecture.{{sfnm|Harle|1994|1pp=421, 425|2a1=Yale|2p=165|3a1=Blair|3a2=Bloom|3y=1995|3p=149}}

The important [[Qutb Minar complex]] in Delhi was begun under [[Muhammad of Ghor]], by 1199, and continued under Qutb ud-Din Aibak and later sultans. The [[Qutb Minar complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque]], now a ruin, was the first structure. Like other early Islamic buildings, it re-used elements such as columns from destroyed [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] temples, including one on the same site whose platform was reused. The style was Iranian, but the arches were still [[Corbel arch|corbelled]] in the traditional Indian way.{{sfnm|1a1=Yale|1pp=164-165|Harle|1994|2pp=423-424|3a1=Blair|3a2=Bloom|3y=1995|3p=149}}

Beside it is the extremely tall [[Qutb Minar]], a [[minaret]] or victory tower, whose original four stages reach 73 meters (with a final stage added later). Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick [[Minaret of Jam]] in Afghanistan, of {{circa|1190}}, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower.{{NoteTag|Also two huge minarets at [[Ghazni]].}} The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi, the shaft is [[fluting (architecture)|fluted]] with "superb [[stalactite]] bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage.{{sfnm|1a1=Yale|1p=164|Harle|1994|2p=424|2ps=(quoted)|3a1=Blair|3a2=Bloom|3y=1995|3p=149}} In general, minarets were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.<ref>Harle, 429.</ref>

The Tomb of [[Iltutmish]] was added by 1236; its dome, the [[squinch]]es again corbelled, and is now missing, and the intricate carving has been described as having an "angular harshness", from carvers working in an unfamiliar tradition.{{sfnm|1a1=Yale|1p=164|1ps=(quoted)|Harle|1994|2p=425}} Other elements were added to the complex over the next two centuries.

Another very early mosque, begun in the 1190s, is the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] in [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], built for the same Delhi rulers, again with corbelled arches and domes. Here, Hindu temple columns (and possibly some new ones) are piled up in threes to achieve extra height. Both mosques had large detached screens with pointed corbelled arches added in front of them, probably under Iltutmish a couple of decades later. In these, the central arch is taller, in imitation of an [[iwan]]. At Ajmer, the smaller screen arches are tentatively cusped, for the first time in India.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1a2=Bloom|1y=1995|1pp=149-150|Harle|1994|2p=425}}

By around 1300, true domes and arches with [[voussoir]]s were being built; the ruined [[Tomb of Balban]] (d. 1287) in Delhi may be the earliest survival.{{sfn|Harle|1994|p=425}} The [[Alai Darwaza]] gatehouse at the Qutb complex, from 1311, still shows a cautious approach to the new technology, with very thick walls and a shallow dome, only visible from a certain distance or height. Bold contrasting colours of masonry, with red [[sandstone]] and white [[marble]], introduce what was to become a common feature of Indo-Islamic architecture, substituting for the polychrome tiles used in Persia and Central Asia. The pointed arches come together slightly at their base, giving a mild [[horseshoe arch]] effect, and their internal edges are not cusped but lined with conventionalised "spearhead" projections, possibly representing [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] buds. [[Jali]], stone [[openwork]] screens, are introduced here; they already had been long used in temples.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=151}}

==== Tughlaq architecture ====
[[File:Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] at [[Multan]], built during the reign of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq]] in 1320 AD]]

The [[tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] (built 1320 to 1324) in [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]] is a large octagonal brick-built [[mausoleum]] with polychrome glazed decoration that remains much closer to the styles of Iran and Afghanistan. Timber is also used internally. This was the earliest major monument of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1320–1413), built during the unsustainable expansion of its massive territory. It was built for a [[Wali|Sufi saint]] rather than a sultan, and most of the many [[Tughluq tombs|Tughlaq tombs]] are much less exuberant. The tomb of the founder of the dynasty, [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] (d. 1325), is more austere, but impressive; like a Hindu temple, it is topped with a small [[amalaka]] and a round [[finial]] like a [[kalasha]]. Unlike the buildings mentioned previously, it completely lacks carved texts and sits in a compound with high walls and battlements. Both these tombs have external walls sloping slightly inwards, by 25° in the Delhi tomb, like many fortifications including the ruined [[Tughlaqabad Fort]] opposite the tomb, intended as the new capital.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1a2=Bloom|1y=1995|1pp=151-156|Harle|1994|2pp=425-426}}

The Tughlaqs had a corps of government architects and builders, and in this and other roles employed many Hindus. They left many buildings and a standardised dynastic style.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=151}} The third sultan, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (r. 1351–1388) is said to have designed buildings himself and was the longest ruler and greatest builder of the dynasty. His [[Firoz Shah palace complex]] (started 1354) at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]] is a ruin, but parts are in fair condition.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1a2=Bloom|1y=1995|1p=154|Harle|1994|2pp=425}} Some buildings from his reign take forms that had been rare or unknown in Islamic buildings.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|pp=154-156}} He was buried in the large [[Hauz Khas Complex]] in Delhi, with many other buildings from his period and the later Sultanate, including several small domed [[pavilion]]s supported only by columns.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1a2=Bloom|1y=1995|1pp=154-156|Harle|1994|2p=425}}

By this time Islamic architecture in India had adopted some features of earlier Indian architecture, such as the use of a high [[Pedestal|plinth]],{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=149}} and often [[Molding (decorative)|mouldings]] around its edges, as well as columns and brackets and [[hypostyle]] halls.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=156}} After the death of Firoz, the Tughlaqs declined, and the following Delhi dynasties were weak. Most of the monumental buildings constructed were tombs, although the impressive [[Lodi Gardens|Lodi Gardens in Delhi]] (adorned with fountains, ''[[charbagh]]'' gardens, ponds, tombs and mosques) were constructed by the late Lodi dynasty. The architecture of other regional Muslim states was often more impressive.{{sfnm|Harle|1994|1p=426|2a1=Blair|2a2=Bloom|2y=1995|2p=156}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (literally "shed of 2½ days").jpg|Screen of the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque, [[Ajmer]], {{circa|1229}}; [[Corbel arch]]es, some cusped.
File:Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and side tomb (3319047170).jpg|Tomb of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] (d. 1325), Delhi
File:Balban Khan's Tomb 029.jpg|Possibly the first "true" arches in India; [[Tomb of Balban]] (d. 1287) in Delhi
File:The tomb of Ferozshah ii ag61.jpg|Pavilions in the [[Hauz Khas Complex]], Delhi
File:The Tomb of Sikander Lodi, seen from the Sheesh Gumbad.JPG|The [[Shish Gumbad]] in the [[Lodi Gardens]], Delhi
File:Tomb_of_Sikandar_Lodi_in_Lodi_Garden_08.jpg|Tomb of [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Lodi]] in the [[Lodi Gardens]], Delhi
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==
{{Main|List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate}}

== Decline ==
=== Cities ===
While the sacking of cities was not uncommon in medieval warfare, the army of the Delhi Sultanate also often destroyed cities in its military expeditions. According to Jain chronicler Jinaprabha Suri, [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan's]] conquests destroyed hundreds of towns including [[Ashaval|Ashapalli]] (modern-day [[Ahmedabad]]), Anhilvad (modern-day [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]), [[Vanthali]] and [[Surat]] in Gujarat.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=85}} This account is corroborated by [[Ziauddin Barani]].{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=86}}

=== Battles and massacres ===
* [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]] wiped out the Rajputs of [[Mewar]] and [[Awadh]], killing approximately 100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=W. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&q=Balban+massacred+100,000+Hindus+south+of+Delhi&pg=PA280 |title=The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136383014 |pages=280 |language=en}}</ref>
* Alauddin Khalji ordered the killing of 30,000 people at [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|Chittor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA30 |title=The State at War in South Asia |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2005 |isbn=0803213441 |pages=30, 317}}</ref>
* Alauddin Khalji ordered the killing Brahmins during his [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|raid on Devagiri]].{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=55}}
* According to a hymn, Muhammad bin Tughlaq is said to have killed 12,000 Hindu ascetics during the sacking of [[Srirangam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hopkins |first=Steven Paul |date=18 April 2002 |title=Singing the Body of God: The Hymns of Vedantadesika in Their South Indian Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6teBA7bmFwC&pg=PA69 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=69 |isbn=9780198029304}}</ref>
* [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] killed 180,000 people during his invasion of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rummel |first=R. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1j1QdPMockC&q=180,000+massacred+bengal&pg=PA60 |title=Death by Government |date=2011 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=9781412821292 |page=60 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Desecration ===
[[File:Jordanus, on the destructions of the Turkish Saracens in India (Mirabilia Descripta, 1329–1338).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Jordan Catala]] was a contemporary European witness of the destructions by the "Turkish Saracens" in India (extract from ''Mirabilia Descripta'', written in 1329–1338).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jordanus |first1=Catalani |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wQUVAAAAQAAJ/page/n52/mode/1up |title=Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East |last2=Yule |first2=Henry |last3=Parr |first3=Charles McKew donor |last4=Parr |first4=Ruth |date=1863 |publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Juncu |first=Meera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NYkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |title=India in the Italian Renaissance: Visions of a Contemporary Pagan World 1300–1600 |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44768-9 |page=85 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Historian Richard Eaton has tabulated a campaign of destruction of idols and temples by the Delhi Sultans, intermixed with certain years where the temples were protected from desecration.<ref name="re2000" /><ref>Richard M. Eaton, ''Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States'', Part II, '''Frontline''', 5 January 2001, 70-77. [http://ftp.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples2.pdf]</ref><ref>Richard M. Eaton, ''Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States'', Part I, '''Frontline''', 22 December 2000, 62-70.[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples1.pdf]</ref> In his paper, he has listed 37 instances of [[Hindu temple]]s being desecrated or destroyed in India during the Delhi Sultanate, from 1234 to 1518, for which reasonable evidences are available.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |year=2000 |title=Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1726/17260700.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040012/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1726/17260700.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |page=297}}</ref><ref>[[Annemarie Schimmel]], Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, {{ISBN|978-9004061170}}, Brill Academic, p. 7-10.</ref><ref>James Brown (1949), The History of Islam in India, The Muslim World, 39(1), 11-25</ref> He notes that this was not unusual in medieval India, as there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kings against rival Indian kingdoms between 642 and 1520, involving conflict between devotees of different Hindu deities, as well as between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains at small scales.<ref name="Eaton-dec">{{Cite journal |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |date=December 2000 |title=Temple desecration in pre-modern India |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1725/17250620.htm |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |volume=17 |issue=25}}</ref><ref name="Eaton-sep">{{Cite journal |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |date=September 2000 |title=Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States |journal=[[Journal of Islamic Studies]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=283-319 |doi=10.1093/jis/11.3.283}}</ref><ref name="Eaton-2004">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India |publisher=Hope India Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-8178710273 |location=Gurgaon}}</ref> He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. For example, a [[Sanskrit]] inscription notes that Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] repaired a Shiva and Parvati temple in [[Bidar]] after his [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] conquest. There was often a pattern of Delhi sultans plundering or damaging temples during the conquest and then patronising or repairing temples after the conquest. This pattern came to an end with the [[Mughal Empire]], where [[Akbar]]'s chief minister [[Abul Fazl|Abu'l-Fazl]] criticised the excesses of earlier sultans such as [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].<ref name="auto" />

In the majority of cases, the demolished remains, rocks and broken statue pieces of temples destroyed by Delhi sultans were reused to build mosques and other buildings. For example, the Qutb complex in Delhi was built from stones from 27 demolished Hindu and Jain temples by some accounts.<ref>Welch, Anthony (1993), Architectural patronage and the past: The Tughluq sultans of India, Muqarnas, Vol. 10, 311-322</ref> Similarly, the Muslim mosque in [[Khanapur]], [[Maharashtra]] was built from the looted parts and demolished remains of Hindu temples.<ref name="awhc" />

The first historical record of a campaign of destruction of temples and defacement of faces or heads of Hindu idols lasted from 1193 to 1194 in [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] under the command of Ghuri. Under the Mamluks and Khaljis, the campaign of temple desecration expanded to [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]], and continued through the late 13th century.<ref name="re2000"/> The campaign extended to [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] under [[Malik Kafur]] and [[Ulugh Khan]] in the 14th century, and by the Bahmanis in the 15th century.<ref name="regbook"/>{{failed verification|date=October 2023}} Orissa temples were destroyed in the 14th century under the Tughlaqs.

Beyond destruction and desecration, the sultans of the Delhi Sultanate in some cases had forbidden the reconstruction or repair of damaged Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples. In certain cases, the Sultanate would grant a permit for repairs and construction of temples if the patron or religious community paid [[jizya]] (fee, tax). For example, a proposal by the Chinese to repair Himalayan Buddhist temples destroyed by the Sultanate army was refused, because such temple repairs were only allowed if the Chinese agreed to pay jizya tax to the treasury of the Sultanate.{{Sfn|Srivastava|1929}}<ref>R. Islam (2002), Theory and Practice of Jizyah in the Delhi Sultanate (14th Century), Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 50, p. 7-18</ref>{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=287-295}} According to Eva De Clercq, an expert in the study of Jainism, the Delhi Sultans did not strictly prohibit construction of new temples in the sultanate, Islamic law notwithstanding.<ref>Eva De Clercq (2010), ON JAINA APABHRAṂŚA PRAŚASTIS, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 63 (3), p. 275-287</ref> In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq describes how he destroyed temples and built mosques instead and killed those who dared build new temples.<ref name="fst377381" /> Other historical records from ''wazirs'', ''amirs'' and the court historians of various Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate describe the grandeur of idols and temples they witnessed in their campaigns and how these were destroyed and desecrated.<ref>Hasan Nizami et al., [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036729#page/n233/mode/2up Taju-l Ma-asir & Appendix], Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 2 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives, p. 22, 219, 398, 471</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Temple desecration during Delhi Sultanate period, a list prepared by Richard Eaton in ''Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States''<ref name="re2000"/><ref>Richard Eaton, Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim states, Frontline (5 January 2001), p. 72-73</ref>
|-
!Sultan / Agent
!Dynasty
!Years
!Temple Sites Destroyed
!States
|-
| [[Muhammad of Ghor]], [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] and [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
| [[Ghurids]]
| 1192–1206
| [[Ajmer]], [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], [[Kuhram]], [[Delhi]], [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]], [[Pushkar]], [[Anahilavada]], [[Kol Tehsil|Kol]], [[Kannauj]], [[Varanasi]], [[Nalanda]], [[Odantapuri]], [[Somapura Mahavihara|Somapura]], [[Vikramashila]]
| [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal]]
|-
| [[Iltumish]], [[Jalal-ud-din Khalji]], [[Alauddin Khalji]], [[Malik Kafur]]
| Mamluk and Khalji
| 1211–1320
| [[Vidisha|Bhilsa]], [[Ujjain]], [[Jhain]], [[Vijapur]], [[Devagiri]], [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], [[Lonar]], [[Prabhas Patan|Somnath]], [[Ashaval|Ashapalli]], [[Khambhat]], [[Vanthali|Vamanathali]], [[Surat]], [[Dhar]], [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]], [[Chittor]], [[Siwana]], [[Jalore]], [[Hanmakonda]], [[Halebidu|Dvarasamudra]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Srirangam]], [[Madurai]]
| Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
|-
| [[Ulugh Khan]], [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], [[Raja Nahar Khan]], [[Muzaffar Khan]]
| Khalji and Tughlaq
| 1320–1395{{NoteTag|[[Ulugh Khan]] also known as Almas Beg was brother of [[Ala-al Din Khalji]]; his destruction campaign overlapped the two dynasties.}}
| [[Warangal]], [[Bodhan]], [[Erakeswara Temple, Pillalamarri|Pillalamarri]], [[Ghanpur, Mulugu district|Ghanpur]], [[Halebidu|Dvarasamudra]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Somanathapura]], [[Puri]], [[Cuttack]], [[Jajpur]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Sainthal, Uttar Pradesh|Sainthali]], [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]{{NoteTag|[[Somnath]] temple went through cycles of destruction by Sultans and rebuilding by Hindus.}}
| Gujarat, Telangana, Karnataka, Orissa, Haryana
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah Miri|Sikandar]], [[Muzaffar Shah I|Muzaffar Shah]], [[Ahmad Shah I|Ahmad Shah]], [[Mahmud]]
| Sayyid
| 1400–1442
| [[Paraspur]], [[Bijbehara]], [[Tripureshwor|Tripureshvara]], [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]], [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Manvi]], [[Sidhpur]], [[Navasari]], [[Dilwara Temples|Dilwara]], [[Kumbhalgarh|Kumbhalmer]]
| Gujarat, Rajasthan
|-
| [[Suhrawardy family|Suhrab]], [[Bey|Begada]], [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmanis]], [[Khalid Shahanshah|Khalil Shah]], [[Khawas Khan Marwat|Khawwas Khan]], [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Lodi]], [[Ibrahim Lodi]]
| Lodi
| 1457–1518
| [[Mandalgarh]], [[Malana, Himachal Pradesh|Malan]], [[Dwarka]], [[Alampuram (Hemalapuram)|Alampur]], [[Kondapalli]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Amorha|Amod]], [[Nagarkot]], [[Girnar]], [[Vadnagar]], [[Junagadh]], [[Pavagadh]], [[Uthiramerur|Utgir]], [[Narwar]], [[Khajuraho]], [[Gwalior]]
| Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu
|-
|}

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4" caption="[[Iconoclasm]] under the Delhi Sultanate">
File:Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg|The [[Somnath temple|Somnath Temple]] in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Delhi Sultanate armies and rebuilt by Chaulukya armies. It was destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 and was rebuilt afterwards.<ref name="eaton200080">Eaton (2000), [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples2.pdf Temple desecration in pre-modern India] Frontline, p. 73, item 16 of the Table, Archived by Columbia University</ref>

File:Benares- The Golden Temple, India, ca. 1915 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66).jpg|The [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] was destroyed by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] along with thousand other temples in [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Andre Wink]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries |date=1991 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9004102361 |page=333 |language=en |quote=We do not know much about the first Muslim raid on Benares, by Ahmad Nayaltigin in 1033 AD, which appears merely to have been a plundering expedition. When Muhammad Ghuri marched on the city, we are merely told that after breaking the idols in above 1000 temples, he purified and consecrated the latter to the worship of the true God}}</ref>

File:Temple de Mînâkshî01.jpg|The armies of the Delhi Sultanate led by their Delhi Sultanate commander [[Malik Kafur]] demolished and plundered the [[Meenakshi Temple]] of [[Madurai]] and looted it of all its wealth.<ref name="Ernst2004p109">{{Cite book |last=Carl W. Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bNAAQAAIAAJ |title=Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-566869-8 |page=109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarojini Chaturvedi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXcwAQAAIAAJ |title=A short history of South India |publisher=Saṁskṛiti |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-87374-37-4 |page=209}}</ref><ref name="Eraly2015chid">{{Cite book |last=Abraham Eraly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |pages=155–156}}</ref>

File:Warangal fort.jpg|[[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]] (Warangal Gate) built by the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="re2000" />

File:Rani ki vav1.jpg|[[Rani ki Vav]] is a [[stepwell]], built by the [[Chaulukya dynasty]], located in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]; the city was sacked by Sultan of Delhi [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] between 1200 and 1210, and again by the [[Alauddin Khalji|Allauddin Khalji]] in 1298.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=84}}

File:Elevation of Kirtistambh Rudramahalaya Sidhpur Gujarat India.jpg|Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambha at [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]]. The temple was destroyed by [[Alauddin Khalji]].<ref name="Burgess1874">{{Cite book |last1=Burgess |title=Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana |last2=Murray |publisher=Bourne and Shepherd |year=1874 |page=19 |chapter=The Rudra Mala at Siddhpur |access-date=23 July 2016 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/photographsofarc00murr#page/n17/mode/2up}}</ref>

File:Exteriors Carvings of Shantaleshwara Shrine 02.jpg|Exterior wall reliefs at [[Hoysaleswara Temple|Hoysaleshvara Temple]]. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{Cite book |last1=Robert Bradnock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC |title=India Handbook |last2=Roma Bradnock |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1 |page=959}}</ref>
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{History of India|File:Rani_ki_vav1.jpg}}

* [[Mongol invasions of India]]
* [[Delhi Sultanate literature]]
* [[Iconoclasm]]
* [[Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi's Tomb]]
* [[Persianate society|Persianate states]]
* [[Tomb of Bahlol Lodi]]
* [[Turkish slaves in the Delhi Sultanate]]
* [[Islam in South Asia]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin |colwidth=30em |indent=yes}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC |title=India Before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-51750-8 |edition=1st}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Sheila |title=The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800 |last2=Bloom |first2=Jonathan M. |publisher=Yale University Press Pelican History of Art |year=1995 |isbn=0300064659}}

* {{Cite book |last=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |title=History of Medieval India: 800–1700 |publisher=Orient Longman |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7}}


* {{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-141-98539-8 |location=London |orig-year=1st pub. 2019}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |title=Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 |last2=Grabar |first2=Oleg |author-link2=Oleg Grabar |last3=Jenkins-Madina |first3=Marilyn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780300088694 |ref={{sfnref|Yale}}}}



* {{Cite book |last=Harle |first=J.C. |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |publisher=Yale University Press Pelican History of Art |year=1994 |isbn=0300062176 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hartel |first=Herbert |title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |publisher=BRILL |year=1997 |isbn=90-04-02104-3 |editor-last=Kissling |editor-first=H. J. |pages=262–263 |chapter=India under the Moghol Empire |access-date=20 July 2011 |editor-last2=Barbour |editor-first2=N. |editor-last3=Spuler |editor-first3=Bertold |editor-last4=Trimingham |editor-first4=J. S. |editor-last5=Bagley |editor-first5=F. R. C. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA262}}


* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |url=https://archive.org/details/TheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization |title=the Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |date=April 1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
** {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}


* {{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |author-link=K. S. Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |title=History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) |publisher=The Indian Press |year=1950 |location=Allahabad |oclc=685167335}}
* {{Citation |last=Ludden |first=David |title=India And South Asia: A Short History |pages=xii, 306 |year=2002 |no-pp=true |publisher=Oxford: Oneworld |isbn=978-1-85168-237-9}}.


* Majumdar, R. C., Raychaudhuri, H., & Datta, K. (1951). An advanced history of India: 2. London: Macmillan.
* Majumdar, R. C., & Munshi, K. M. (1990). The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.

* Prasad, Pushpa (1990). ''Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate 1191-1526''. Oxford University Press.


* {{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000007299}}

* {{Cite book |last=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526) |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |year=1992 |editor-last=Mohammad Habib |edition=2nd |volume=5 |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |oclc=31870180 |editor-last2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |orig-year=1970}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schwartzberg |first=Joseph E. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226742210 |location=Chicago |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2gxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 |date=1920 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirvadi Lal |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |url=https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Sultanate Of Delhi 711–1526 A D |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company |year=1929 |edition=2nd |oclc=607636383}}







{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Encyclopaedia Islamica |last1=Seyyed Hussein-zadeh |first1=Huda |last2=Miller |first2=Isabel |title=Delhi Sultanate |year=2018 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/*-COM_037181}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=H. M. |author-link1=Henry Miers Elliot |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3.) |title-link=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians |last2=John Dowson |author-link2=John Dowson |publisher=Trübner & Co. |year=1867 |location=London |chapter=15. Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí, of Ziauddin Barani |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n107/mode/2up}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Nile Green |title=The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca |date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520972100 |editor-last=Green |editor-first=Nile |editor-link=Nile Green}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=7 |fascicle=3 |title=Delhi Sultanate |last=Hambly |first=Gavin R. G. |last2=Asher |first2=Catherine B. |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/delhi-sultanate |pages=242-250}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mohd. Adul Wali |url=https://archive.org/stream/goldandsilvercoi019909mbp#page/n0/mode/2up |title=Gold and Silver Coins of Sultans of Delhi |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=1974}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoIMAQAAMAAJ |title=The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192–1286 |date=2007 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-147-0 |language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{India topics}}
{{Turkic topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Delhi Sultanate| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1206]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:1206 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1526 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1526]]

P. Vijayan

2026-03-23T02:31:04Z

Priyankasingh: brief enhance references per standard format and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Indian Police Officer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Vijayan IPS
| image = P_Vijayan_IPS.jpg
| native_name_lang = ml
| birth_name = Puthiyottil Vijayan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1968|9|25}}
| birth_place = Puthoormadam, [[Kunnamangalam]], [[Kozhikode District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = Master's Degrees in crack, Bachelor's Degree in Education Qualified UGC Lectureship & JRF Exams Pursuing research for Doctoral Degree in Economics
| alma_mater = [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College]], [[Calicut]] Government College, Meenchantha, [[Kozhikode]] [[University of Calicut]] [[University of Kerala]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| occupation = Director, Kerala Police Academy
| other positions =
| title = Chief of State Special Branch
| spouse = Dr. M.Beena, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| children = 2
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]]
| website = {{URL|pvijayanips.in}}
| footnotes =
| honorific_prefix = Additional director general of police
| office = [[Additional Director General of Police]], Intelligence 
| office2 = Director, Kerala Police Academy (KEPA)
| term2 = 2023-2024
| term_start = 08-10-2024
}}

'''P Vijayan''' (born 4 February 1968), is the [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]]. He is a 1999 batch official of the [[Indian Police Service]]. He is currently serving as the intelligence chief of [[Kerala Police]]. He is the founder and chief architect of the [[Student Police Cadet Project]] And CEEP,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Origin & Growth|url=http://studentpolicecadet.org/overview/origin_growth|access-date=2021-02-19|website=studentpolicecadet.org}}</ref> a youth development initiative.

==Early life and education==
Puthiyottil Vijayan was born on 4 February 1968 in a not-so-affluent family in a remote hamlet called '''Puthoormadam''' near [[Kozhikode]] in [[North Kerala]]. He is the third child of seven siblings.

Vijayan studied in High School at Pantheerankavu High School, Kozhikode. When he failed to clear the [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] exam on his first attempt, he had to take up employment in construction sites at an early age. It was only after a gap of two years that he managed to pass this exam. Determined to earn a college degree, he set up a small scale soap manufacturing unit and took classes for school children.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet the modern day role models|first=Krishna|last=Kumar|date=September 27, 2012|url=http://archive.asianage.com/kochi/meet-modern-day-role-models-673|newspaper=[[The Asian Age]]}}</ref>

Vijayan went on to do an MA and MPhil in economics from [[Calicut University]], and finally passed the Civil Services examination in 1999 to join the IPS.<ref name="tehelka">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.tehelka.com/life-lessons-from-a-police-officer-who-was-once-a-child-labourer/|title=Life lessons from a police officer who was once a child labourer|magazine=[[Tehelka]]|access-date=3 January 2015|archive-date=27 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227101014/http://www.tehelka.com/life-lessons-from-a-police-officer-who-was-once-a-child-labourer/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
===IPS Officer===
In October 2001 he began his policing career as the [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] (Kanhangad) in [[Kasaragod]] District. He has been District Police Chief of several districts including Kasaragod, Thiruvananthapuram Rural, Malappuram, Ernakulam Rural and was the first to have served as Commissioner of Police in all four Commissionerates in the state, viz. Thiruvananthapuram,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://news.entecity.com/trivandrum-can-sleep-well-the-city-police-commissioner-is-on-the-alert/|title=Trivandrum can sleep well- The City Police Commissioner is on the alert|date=5 February 2013|website=news.entecity.com}}</ref> [[Kozhikode]], [[Thrissur]] and [[Kochi]].

Vijayan headed the police organization of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of the state, as its [[Commissioner of Police#India|Police Commissioner]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/New-Commissioner-Takes-Charge/2014/02/18/article2062746.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103090157/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/New-Commissioner-Takes-Charge/2014/02/18/article2062746.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2015|title=New Commissioner Takes Charge|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="tehelka" />

He also had held simultaneous charge as [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (Battalions) overseeing all Police Battalions in Kerala, as well as official-in-charge of the Kerala Railway Police while holding the position of DIG (Intelligence).

[[File:P. Vijayan IPS, speaking at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, 2013.jpg|thumb|P. Vijayan IPS, speaking at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, USA, 2013]]
In acknowledgement of his efforts to promote a drug-free community, in particular among youth, he was awarded a fellowship in 2013 to attend the Global Tobacco Control Leadership Programme at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Washington DC, USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emalayalee.com/varthaFull.php?newsId=52024|title=പി. വിജയന്‍ ഐ.പി.എസിനു യു.എസില്‍. നിന്നു അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര പുരസ്‌കാരം|date=6 June 2013 |publisher=}}</ref>

P Vijayan had held the post of [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] of [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti Terrorist Squad]] and managing director of Kerala Books and Publications Society. later as the IG Training, Kerala Police. and was promoted as the [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] in 2024. and holds the office of Director, Kerala Police Academy

===Investigating officer===
A Kerala cadre police official, Vijayan led the teams that investigated the Kalamassery Bus Burning case,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/12/stories/2005091205970400.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103040754/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/12/stories/2005091205970400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-03|title=Kerala / Kochi News : Seven being grilled in bus-burning case|date=2005-09-12|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> the Sabarimala [[Tantri case|Thanthri case]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sobha-John-10-others-convicted-in-tantri-case/articleshow/15397593.cms?referral=PM|title=Sobha John, 10 others convicted in tantri case|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2012 }}</ref> the [[Chelembra bank robbery]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Dhoom-inspired-gang-found-guilty/articleshow/19119372.cms|title=Dhoom-inspired gang found guilty|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 October 2017 }}</ref> and the email threat case against the Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Email-threat-to-PM-Prez-3-held/articleshow/193593.cms?referral=PM|title=Email threat to PM, Prez; 3 held|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2006 }}</ref>

===Contributions===
Vijayan's community initiatives include a Police Call Centre at Kozhikode,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/kerala/police-call-centre-launched-104085.html |title='Police Call Centre', launched, Kerala - Mathrubhumi English News Online |accessdate=2015-01-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101195606/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/kerala/police-call-centre-launched-104085.html |archivedate=1 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/police-to-set-up-call-centre/article537800.ece|title=Police to set up call centre|date=28 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and Pink Autos programme in Thiruvananthapuram for safe travel by women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/3466/after-she-taxi-now-its-pink-auto/E|title=സ്ത്രീകള്‍ക്കായി ഇനി പിങ്ക് ഓട്ടോ|publisher=mathrubhuminews.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.entecity.com/keralas-first-women-friendly-auto-rickshaws-to-be-inaugurated-in-trivandrum/|title=Kerala's first women friendly auto rickshaws to be inaugurated in Trivandrum|date=2 May 2013|publisher=}}</ref> He also initiated an innovative "Punyam Poonkavanam" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wirenews.in/sabarimala.html|title=WireNews.in - INDIA|publisher=}}</ref> project to promote waste cleanup at the Sabarimala pilgrimage site<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2665636.ece
|title=Cleaning Sabarimala becoming a collective responsibility
|work=The Hindu
|date=27 November 2011
|accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sabarimala-sets-a-model-for-sustainable-waste-treatment/article4110321.ece
|title=Sabarimala sets a model for sustainable waste treatment
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|accessdate=19 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/sabarimala/sabarimala/punyam-pookavanam-project-gains-momentum.html|title=Error 404 - Not found|publisher=|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101195436/http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/sabarimala/sabarimala/punyam-pookavanam-project-gains-momentum.html|archive-date=1 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a Traffic Safety & Learning Centre at Thrissur,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.changemakers.com/project/traffic-education-road-safety-centre?enid=189641 |title=TRAFFIC EDUCATION & ROAD SAFETY CENTRE | Changemakers |accessdate=2015-01-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101195536/http://www.changemakers.com/project/traffic-education-road-safety-centre?enid=189641 |archivedate=1 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and School Protection Groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/school-protection-groups-to-be-extended-to-more-schools-in-city/article3561781.ece|title=School Protection Groups to be extended to more schools in city|date=23 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In August 2005, Vijayan, as Commissioner of Police, Kochi City, constituted a team of "Shadow Police" as the first of its kind in the State. Subsequently, such units have been formed and are functional in Kozhikode, Thrissur and Trivandrum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3420597.ece|title=Shadow Police complete a year|date=15 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He also initiated the State Temple anti-Theft Squad in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/templetheft-gang-busted/article4528337.ece|title=Temple-theft gang busted|date=20 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In acknowledgement of his efforts to promote a drug-free community, Vijayan was awarded a fellowship in 2013 to attend the Global Tobacco Control Leadership Programme at [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]] Bloomberg Institute for Public Health in Washington DC, USA.<ref name="hopkins">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/police-commissioner-selected-for-fellowship/article4816662.ece|title=Police Commissioner selected for fellowship|date=15 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Subsequently, Vijayan has been designated as state coordinator to lead the statewide school-level anti-drug abuse campaign of Government of Kerala, viz. "Safe Campus Clean Campus"<ref>{{cite web| url=http://safecampus.keralapolice.gov.in/messages/message_nodal_officer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614173829/http://safecampus.keralapolice.gov.in/messages/message_nodal_officer | archive-date=2017-06-14 | title=Message of State Coordinator, Clean Campus Safe Campus project}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2020|reason=Citation doesn't say why he was selected as coordinator.}}

===Youth initiatives===
[[File:P Vijayan IPS With Student Police Cadet.JPG|thumb|right|Student Police Cadets with P.Vijayan IPS]]
Early in his professional career, Vijayan realised that it was necessary for police to connect with youth in a healthy and positive manner. This would not only create a good image of the police in young minds, but also channel the adolescent fascination with authority in a positive and productive manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnnews.com/2010/11/10/man-making-is-our-mission-crime-free-society-our-ambition/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152107/http://apnnews.com/2010/11/10/man-making-is-our-mission-crime-free-society-our-ambition/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-07|title='Man making is our mission, Crime-free society our ambition'|publisher=[[APN News]]}}</ref>

Thus, Vijayan launched a [[Student Police Cadet Project]] in August 2010 in 127 schools across Kerala, with 11,176 students - both boys and girls - enrolled as Cadets (G.O (P) No 121/2010/Home dtd 29-05-2010). The project has now been expanded to a statewide network of 433 schools with a combined strength of nearly 35,000 SPCs, being trained by over 850 existing teachers and nearly 1,500 officers of Kerala Police.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/student-police-cadet-a-success-story/14/40748/|title=Student Police Cadet, a success story - T. Satisan|magazine=The Sunday Indian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/student-police-cadet-project-to-go-national/article3207395.ece|title=Student Police Cadet project to go national|date=24 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last1=Haridas|first1=Anand}}</ref> This programme is planned for expansion throughout India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spcgujarat.org/Eng/WhtSPC.aspx|title=SPC|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/state-to-replicate-kerala-s-student-police-cadet-project/article1-1135417.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120090957/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/state-to-replicate-kerala-s-student-police-cadet-project/article1-1135417.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2013|title=State to replicate Kerala's Student Police Cadet project|date=15 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

As Kozhikode City Police Commissioner, Vijayan initiated the Our Responsibility to Children (ORC) project to address the increasing socially deviant behaviour among adolescents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Kozhikode-police-project-for-children-to-be-extended/articleshow/16510170.cms|title=Kozhikode police project for children to be extended|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The success of the project prompted Government of Kerala to take it up in all districts, under the aegis of the Kerala Social Security Mission.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/ORC-project-to-be-extended-to-all-districts/2013/04/30/article1568430.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103061432/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/ORC-project-to-be-extended-to-all-districts/2013/04/30/article1568430.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2015|title=ORC project to be extended to all districts|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Vijayan is also founder of the Police Youth Football Academy, a football programme for youth at Thrissur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.asianage.com/football/police-football-academy-kicks-374|title=Police football academy kicks off|website=[[The Asian Age]]}}</ref> He then founded a similar academy at Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://footballnewsindia.in/m-vijayan-head-kerala-police-football-academy/|title=I.M Vijayan to Head Kerala Police Football Academy - Football News India|date=16 October 2013|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/playing-a-game-that-counts/article3938642.ece|title=Playing a game that counts|date=26 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vijayan is married to Dr M. Beena IAS, a medical doctor by training and a civil servant (Kerala cadre 1999)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/article325124.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103071338/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/article325124.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2015|title=Steeled to cross all hurdles|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref> by profession, and the couple have two school-going children. In 2008, Vijayan And Beena were recognised as the Model Official Couple by Thrissur-based South Indian Bank Ltd.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/financial-services/200804108677.htm|title=South Indian Bank Selects D.S.P.Mr.P.Vijayan and District Collector Dr.M.Beena As "Model Official Couple"|agency=India PR Wire}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayan, P.}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Kerala]]

Lachit Borphukan

2026-03-18T04:56:02Z

Priyankasingh:

{{short description|Ahom commander (1622–1672)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Lachit Barphukan
|honorific_suffix =
|image = File:Status of lachit borphhukon and ahom sibsagar (cropped).jpg
|image_upright =
|alt =
|caption = Statue of Lachit Borphukan (centre) in [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Assam]].
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = as
|birth_name =
|other_name =
|nickname =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1622|11|04|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Ahom Kingdom]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1672|04|25|1622|11|24}}
|death_place = [[Kaliabor]],<ref name="sarkar-lachit-death"/> [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|placeofburial = Lachit Borphukan’s [[Maidam]], Holongapar, [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]], India
|placeofburial_label =
|placeofburial_coordinates = 
|allegiance = [[Ahom Kingdom]]
|branch = [[Ahom Army]]
|branch_label = 
|serviceyears =
|serviceyears_label =
|rank = [[Borphukan]] ([[General officer|General]]) [[Commander-in-chief]]
|rank_label =
|servicenumber =
|unit =
|commands =
|known_for =
|battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
** [[Battle of Alaboi]] (1669)
** [[Battle of Saraighat]] (1671)
{{tree list/end}}
|battles_label =
|awards =
|memorials = Holongapar, Jorhat, Assam, India
|relations = [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]] (father) Nang La-Cheng Aaideu (mother) [[Laluksola Borphukan]] (brother) [[Pakhori Gabharu]] (sister) [[Marangi Borbarua]] (brother) [[Bhardhora Borphukan]] (brother) Lao Deka (brother) Datukaria (brother) [[Ramani Gabharu]] (niece) [[Baduli Borphukan]] (uncle)
|laterwork =
|signature =
|signature_size =
|signature_alt =
|website = 
|module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
}}
}}
'''Lachit Borphukan''' (24 November 1622 – 25 April 1672) was an army general, primarily known for commanding the [[Ahom Army]] and the victory in the naval [[Battle of Saraighat]] (1671) that thwarted an invasion by the vastly superior [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Forces]] under the command of [[Ramsingh I]].<ref>"In 1671 he commanded the Ahom forces that defeated the vastly superior Mughal army led by Raja Ram Singh of Ajmer in the battle of Saraighat." {{harvcol|Baruah|2020|p=146}}</ref> He died about a year later in April 1672.<ref name="sarkar-lachit-death">"Lachit Barphukan, who had literally staked his life and honour, soon died at Kaliabar, April 1672..." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=228}}</ref>

There is keen contemporary interest in Lachit Borphukan today—he has emerged as a powerful symbol of Assam's historical autonomy.<ref>"Lachit Borphukon is a powerful symbol of Assam’s autonomous past for many in Assam." {{harvcol|Baruah|2020|p=146}}</ref><ref>"That event subsequently served as basis for the proud claim by modem Assamese nationalism that Assam was one of the few regions to stave off ‘alien’ rule by ‘Bangals’ or ‘Yavanas’, as the buranjis classified these would-be conquerors from the Indian heartland." {{harvcol|Sharma|2004|p=176}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Lachit was youngest born to [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]], a commoner who rose to the rank of [[Borbarua]] under [[Pratap Singha]] and Nang Lacheng Aaideu ({{reign|1545|1641}}).<ref name=":1" /><ref>"The supreme command of the expedition was entrusted to Lachit Deka, youngest son of Momai Tamuli Barbarua, the reputed statesman and general of Pratap Simha's time, who had earned renown in fighting the Mughals under Jahangir and Shahjahan." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=205}}</ref> His sister was Pakhari Gabhoru, a queen to the Ahom kings [[Jayadhwaj Singha]], [[Chakradhwaj Singha]] and [[Suhung|Samaguria Raja]], and his niece was [[Ramani Gabharu]], the Ahom princess who was given to the Mughals as part of the [[Treaty of Ghilajharighat]]. A few [[Buranji]]s give some details on Lachit's life and education.<ref>"''PAB'', 104 (date); ''SMAB'': 91; ''BKK'', ii, 26-0; ''AB'', 196-7; ''KB'' 91; ''TB'', 4; ''Lachit'', 17-24, based on MS. ''AB''. Nos. 7, 8, 12, gives details of Lachit's family background, education;" {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=206f}}</ref>{{Efn|''PAB'': Purani Asam Buranji, ed., Hem Chandra Goswami; ''SMAB'': Assam Buranji obtained from the family of Sukumar Mahanta; ''BKK'': Tai-Ahom Buranji from Khunlung and Khunlai; ''AB'': Ahom Buranji, tr., G. C. Barua; ''TB'': Tungkhungia Buranji, ed., S.K. Bhuyan; ''Lachit'': Lachit Barphukan and His Times by S. K. Bhuyan}} He learnt the art of statecraft from his father and grew up instilled with a sense of loyalty to the king.<ref>{{harvcol|Gohain|2012|p=8}}</ref>

He is said to have participated in battle against Mir Jumla's forces at Dikhaumukh and rose up the ranks of Ahom officialdom—''Ghora Barua'', ''Dulia Barua'', ''Simalugiria Phukan'' and ''Dolakasharia Barua''.<ref>"Lachit himself had given sufficient evidence of his prowess and power of leadership in lighting Mir Jumla's men at Dikhaumukh and in different posts held. e.g. Ghora Barua (Superintendent of the Royal Horses), Dulia Barua (Superintendent of Dola or palanquin-bearers of kings and incharge of royal palanquins), Simaluguria Phukan (Commandant of the levy usually posted at Simaluguri near the capital) and Dolakasharia Barua (Superintendent of the armed guards accompanying the king while moving on the royal sedan, and police constable, in effect Inspector General of Police of today)." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=205}}</ref> Following the Chakradhwaj's preparations to retake Guwahati and on the eve of the march, Lachit was appointed the Borphukan (Ahom viceroy in the west) and the commander of the Ahom forces.<ref>"Thus he was selected after considerable search and due tests and appointed commander-in-chief of the army and Barphukan in charge of the civil administration of Lower Assam." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=205}}</ref><ref>"Lachit himself reached the rank of Barphukan, with charge of the Ahom territories in Lower Assam, near modern Guwahati." {{harvcol|Sharma|2004|p=176}}</ref> As Borphukan, he worked to develop Lower Assam by organising new villages, instituting crafts classes for women and taking a census of the population. During this time, he received a letter mistakenly from [[Kachar]] addressing him as the King of Lower Assam (''Narayan Raja''), to which he took offence.<ref>{{harvcol|Gohain|2012|pp=4–5}}</ref>

===Guwahati campaign===
Lachit set up his base-camp at Kaliabar and then advanced on Guwahati in August 1667 in two divisions;<ref>"On August 22, 1667, a large army, warned by the consequences of failure, sailed down the Brahmaputra from the capital. Fixing his base at Kaliabar, Lachit advanced towards Guwahati in two divisions." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=205–206}}</ref> and after a series of battles, finally retook Guwahati with the fall of Itakhuli in November 1667.<ref>"The fall of Itakhuli was followed by the flight of the defenders of Guwahati. Sayyid Firuz Khan faujdar and Sayyid Salar Khan Mir Bakhshi ("Sana' of Assamese sources) also fled with a few followers towards the Manah river, the old Ahom-Mughal boundary. The victors entered the capital about the middle of November, 1667." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=207}}; "The victory at Guwahati, won by Lachit, and implying the recovery of Kamrup up to the Manas, was a momentous chapter in Ahom-Mughal relations. It was the first round in turning the tide against the Mughals. In four years the Ahoms regained the prestige lost in 1663." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=208}}</ref>

===Death===
[[File:Lachit Barphukan's maidam.JPG|thumb|Lachit Barphukan's maidam at Hoolungapara, [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]].]]
A few Buranjis briefly describe Lachit's victory over the Mughal naval fleet, led by Ram Singh, in the [[Battle of Saraighat]].<ref>"In their accounts of the Ahom Bangal encounters, some of these chronicles made brief allusions to a victory narrowly won over the Mughal commander, Ram Singh, in a naval conflict by his Ahom counterpart, Lachit Barphukan." {{harvcol|Sharma|2004|p=176}}</ref> He died soon after in Kaliabor and was buried at [[Teok]] in Jorhat in a [[maidam]],<ref>"Lachit did not live to savour his victory, dying shortly after his defeat of the Mughal forces at Saraighat." {{harvcol|Sharma|2004|p=176}}</ref><ref name="sarkar-lachit-death"/> which are burial grounds for Ahom royals and nobles.<ref>"Moidams are Ahom burial grounds for royals and nobles." {{harvcol|Baruah|2020|p=230f}}</ref>

== Contemporary narratives ==
In the pre-colonial times [[Buranji]]s were not available for popular consumption and their circulation was restricted to the nobility.<ref>"The social function of pre-colonial Buranjis as an attractive reading subject was exceedingly limited, and even doubtful. Others than the pre-colonial elites and nobility, no one else had either the scope or the privilege to read these works." {{harvcol|Saikia|2008|p=489}}</ref> Beginning in the early twentieth century, a few localities in Upper Assam began commemorating November 24 as ''Lachit Dibox'' (trans. ''Lachit Day'').<ref name=":0">{{harvcol|Baruah|2020|p=147}}</ref><ref>"In a parallel development, Lachit was commemorated in similar manner through annual melas on a date declared as Lachit Diwas...The Lachit Diwas celebrations, in contrast, were much more localized, failing to spread much further than their epicentre at Charing Gaon, even within Upper Assam." {{harvcol|Sharma|2004|pp=179–180}}</ref> The contemporaneous burgeoning of public interest in history ensured that the legend of Barphukan had "attained an iconic status" by the first quarter of the century and [[Surya Kumar Bhuyan]] published an article comparing him with Shivaji;<ref>"Bhuyan wrote a biography of Lachit Barphukan, which was preceded by a paper presented in the first session of the Indian history Congress, held in 1935 at Pune. His choice of the subject and its critical relevance to the place of the conference cannot be ruled out. Bhuyan later stated that his paper had been appreciated by contemporary Maratha scholars who were also pursuing the career of Shivaji. See Bhuyan, Lachit Barphukan." {{harvcol|Saikia|2008|p=501f}}</ref> but Lachit was only one of the many historical icons who were appropriated by Assamese elites towards different politico-cultural ends, and his popularity was later surpassed by [[Joymoti Konwari]] and others.<ref name=":1" />

In 1947, Bhuyan published Lachit's biography "Lachit Barphukan and His Times" against the backdrop of Ahom conflicts with the Mughal Empire; not only did the work grant a veneer of "academic respectability" to the legend but also "mythologized" his exploits in the Assamese psyche.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> However, in state-building in postcolonial Assam, cultural heroes like Lachit were largely displaced by anti-colonial activists; Jayeeta Sharma notes the legend of Lachit to have "retired into the domain of knowledge, away from activism."<ref name=":1" />{{efn|The Government of Assam's only attempt at institutionalizing Barphukan's memory was probably in the naming of the [[Saraighat Bridge]] in 1962.}} Nonetheless, the legend survived in the backwaters of Assamese nationalism, with the [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA) — a secessionist organization seeking the creation of an independent and sovereign Assam — extensively using Lachit's imagery for propaganda.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|In 1968, ULFA established the ''Lachit Sena'' (Lachit Army) to drive away all foreigners but to no effect. A couple of decades hence, [[Suresh Phukan]] wrote ''Moidamor Pora Moi Lachite Koiso'' (trans. This is Lachit speaking from my burial tomb) which exerted significant influence on ULFA cadres and sympathizers; it had Barphukan, in the narrator's robe, admonishing Assam's political class for betraying the interests of the native people and commending the separatist cause.<ref name=":0" />}}

Lachit's memory would be significantly appropriated by the state only under the governorship of [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]];{{efn|Sinha started the annual "Lachit Barphukan Memorial Lecture" at [[Gauhati University]] in 1998 and lobbied the Ministry of Defense to confer the best passing out cadet from the [[National Defence Academy]] with an eponymous medal; probationary IAS cadres from the state were required to enact Lachit defeating the Mughals.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newslivetv.com/regional/lachit-borphukan-gold-medal-award-nda-ideal-platform-for-grooming-of-cadets-gogoi.html |title=Lachit Borphukan gold medal award: NDA ideal platform for grooming of cadets: Gogoi - Regional | News Post |publisher=Newslivetv.com |date=2013-02-18 |access-date=2013-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203225116/http://www.newslivetv.com/regional/lachit-borphukan-gold-medal-award-nda-ideal-platform-for-grooming-of-cadets-gogoi.html |archive-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Sharma, writing as of 2004, found that it was no more the ULFA but the Government of Assam that tried the most to bring him into prominence.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Coterminous to the rise of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the state, Lachit has been inducted within the framework of a Hindu Nationalist grammar, as a Hindu military hero who defended against Muslim aggression which is contested by historians who claim that Lachit followed [[Ahom religion|Tai religion]] and wasn't a Hindu.<ref>"Besides, [Udayaditya Bharali, a historian and former principal of Guwahati’s Cotton College] said, Borphukan himself was not Hindu. “Lachit was from the Tai religion,” he said. “History can’t be written forcefully as one wishes. Hinduism only became the predominant religion during the reign of Sib Singh [1714-1744]. Many soldiers under Lachit were from the tribal faith.”" {{harvcol|Zaman|2022}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{harvtxt|Sharma|2004}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |title=Why Assamese historians and writers are protesting against the BJP’s celebration of Lachit Borphukan |url=https://scroll.in/article/1038074/why-assamese-historians-and-writers-are-protesting-against-the-bjps-celebration-of-lachit-borphukan |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |title=In the Name of the Nation: India and Its Northeast |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2020 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bhuyan |first=S K |title=Lachit Barphukan: A great Assamese Contemporary of Shivaji Maharaja, and the successful antagonist of the Mogul General Raja Ram Singha of Amber |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1935 |volume=1 Part II |pages=2–3 |jstor=44202311}}
* {{cite book |last=Gohain |first=Birendra Kumar |title=Lachit Barphukan: The National Hero of Assam |publisher=Asama Prakāśana Parishada |location=Guwahati |date=October 2012 |pages=1–8}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Saikia |first=Arupjyoti |date=December 2008 |title=History, buranjis and nation: Suryya Kumar Bhuyan's histories in twentieth-century Assam |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946460804500401 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=473–507 |doi=10.1177/001946460804500401 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter VIII Assam-Mughal Relations |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=148–256 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jayeeta |title=The Politics of Cultural Mobilization in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780195668018 |editor-last=Zavos |editor-first=John |location=Delhi |language=en |chapter=Heroes for our Times: Assam’s Lachit, India’s Missile Man |editor-last2=Wyatt |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-last3=Hewitt |editor-first3=Vernon}}
* {{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |title=Why Assamese historians and writers are protesting against the BJP’s celebration of Lachit Borphukan |url=https://scroll.in/article/1038074/why-assamese-historians-and-writers-are-protesting-against-the-bjps-celebration-of-lachit-borphukan |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |year=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123193935/https://scroll.in/article/1038074/why-assamese-historians-and-writers-are-protesting-against-the-bjps-celebration-of-lachit-borphukan |archive-date=2023-01-23}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borphukan, Lachit}}
[[Category:1671 deaths]]
[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]

Kamayani Bisht

2026-03-12T16:26:37Z

Priyankasingh: made info!

{{Short description|Indian academician, poet, and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamayani Bisht
| image = Kamayani_Bisht.jpg
| caption =
| other_names = Kamayani Vashisht
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|8|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bede's College]] [[Himachal Pradesh University]]
| occupation = Academician, Poetess, Actress
| notable_works = Poem collections: The Witch Must Die and Other Poems (2019) Recipe for Ladyfinger Pickle (2022) Short films: Boys Don't Wear Nailpolish (2013) Pashi (2017)
| awards = Final shortlist, Sahitya Academy Award for Writing in English (2022)
}}
'''Kamayani Bisht''' (born 20 August 1974), also known as '''Kamayani Vashisht''', is an Indian academician, poet, and actor based in [[Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh, India. She is noted for her poetry in English. Her anthology ''The Witch Must Die and Other Poems'' (2019) was in the final shortlist for the '[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Writing in English (2022)', the [[Government of India]]'s highest annual recognition for writing in the English language. She is also noted for her roles in [[Siddharth Chauhan]]'s critically-acclaimed short films that explore [[queer]] issues.

== Education ==
Bisht did her undergraduate studies in English Literature at [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bede's College]], Shimla.<ref name=":0" /> She did her Masters and PhD in English Literature at the [[Himachal Pradesh University]]. The title of her doctoral degree, awarded in 2015–16, was ''The Evolving Matrices of Fantasy: Revisiting the Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen and The Brothers Grimm.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ph. D in last five years 2015–2020 |url=https://hpuniv.ac.in/hpuniv/upload/uploadfiles/files/Ph_D%20in%20last%20five%20years.pdf |website=hpuniv.ac.in}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Academic ===
Bisht currently serves as Principal, Jawahar Lal Nehru College of Fine Arts, Shimla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Our Distinguished Alumnae |url=https://www.stbedescollege.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Distinguished-Alumnae-updated.pdf |website=stbedecollege.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2024 |title=HP CM Sukhu inaugurates Rs 15 crore building of Jawahar Lal Nehru Fine Arts College in Shimla |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/hp-cm-sukhu-inaugurates-rs-15-crore-building-of-jawahar-lal-nehru-fine-arts-college-in-shimla20240226191537/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

Earlier, she taught English at the Government College, [[Sanjauli]], and the Government College, [[Theog]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamayani Bisht (Towards Visibility) |url=https://www.setumag.com/2023/09/kamayani-bisht-towards-visibility.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=setumag.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Jijivisha Social Outreach |url=https://www.gcsanjauli.edu.in/files/jijivisha/jijivisha_17.pdf |website=gcsanjauli.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=3-week Special Summer School on Disaster Management |url=https://hpuniv.ac.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/List%20of%20Participants%20of%20SSS-05(1).pdf |website=hpuniv.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2018 |title=Kiss The Frog – Say English Dons at Theog |url=https://hillpost.in/2018/12/kiss-the-frog-say-english-dons-at-theog/111163/ |work=Hill Post}}</ref>

=== Acting ===
Bisht played leading roles in two short films directed by Shimla-based director [[Siddharth Chauhan]]. These were ''Boys Don't Wear Nailpolish'' (2013) and ''Pashi'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamayani Bisht {{!}} Actress |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5753326/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}} {{unreliable?|date=June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2017 |title=Pahari short film 'Pashi' selected for Oscar qualifying 'Rhode Island International Film Festival 2017' |url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2017/07/27/pahari-short-film-pashi-selected-for-oscar-qualifying-rhode-island-international-film-festival-2017/ |work=Himachal Watcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Negi |first=Bhawani |date=24 February 2014 |title=Shimla boy bags award at international short film festival |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-punjabsectionpage-dontmiss/shimla-boy-bags-award-at-international-short-film-festival/article1-1187776.aspx |work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619221013/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-punjabsectionpage-dontmiss/shimla-boy-bags-award-at-international-short-film-festival/article1-1187776.aspx |archive-date=19 June 2015 }}</ref> In ''Boy's Don't Wear Nailpolish'', Bisht plays a mother who stands up for her son's non-conventional masculinity.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chauhan |first=Siddharth |title=Boys Don't Wear Nailpolish! |date=2015-11-25 |type=Short, Biography, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3003950/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |others=Kamayani Bisht, Manan Thakur}}</ref> In the critically-acclaimed coming-of-age short-film ''Pashi'', Bisht plays the mother of the protagonist Ashish, a young boy who struggles with homo-erotic feelings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OneFilmFan |date=2018-08-20 |title=India/South Asian Independent Short Film Review "Pashi" |url=https://onefilmfan.com/india-south-asian-independent-short-film-review-pashi/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=One Film Fan |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Others'''

Bisht has frequently been a speaker, moderator, anchor, or chief guest at scholarly, literary, artistic, and educational events in and around Shimla.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2024 |title=St Thomas' School, Shimla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/st-thomas-school-shimla-7/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Webinar on "Gender Equality & Women"s Rights" in view of ongoing Covid-19 on 14th July, 2020 |url=https://hpuniv.ac.in/hpuniv/upload/uploadfiles/files/Activity%20Report%202020-22%20%20final(2).pdf |website=hpuniv.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=Shimla college welcomes freshers 'in vogue' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/shimla-college-welcomes-freshers-in-vogue |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shoolini LitFest: Valuable insights into world of literature |url=https://shooliniuniversity.com/news/shoolini-litfest-valuable-insights-into-world-of-literature |website=shooliniuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=National Conference on Culture, Language and Literature – December 2019 |url=https://www.stbedescollege.in/uploads/Full%20Magazine.pdf |website=stbedescollege.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2024 |title=Shimla Music Festival 2024: Day Two Mesmerizes Audience with Classical Performances |url=https://himachaltonite.com/himachal/shimla-music-festival-2024-day-two-mesmerizes-audience-with-classical-performances/ |work=Himachal Tonite}}</ref>

== Writing ==
Bisht's 2016 book ''Dioramas of Girlhood: The Faerie Recast'' draws inspiration from her doctoral research, and interrogates the traditional [[fairy tale]] characters of the heroine and the witch through a postmodern lens.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Dioramas of Girlhood: The Faerie Recast |url=https://notionpress.com/in/read/dioramas-of-girlhood-the-faerie-recast/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=notionpress.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kritya {{!}} Poetry in Our Time |url=https://kritya.in/poetry-in-our-time-en-july-23/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=kritya.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bisht's 2019 poetry anthology ''The Witch Must Die and Other Poems'' has been positively reviewed for its [[Feminism|feminist]] poems that posit women as active agents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nagpal |first1=Payal |last2=Narayan |first2=Shyamala A. |date=2022-12-01 |title=India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00219894221126225?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.3 |journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature |language=EN |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=821–858 |doi=10.1177/00219894221126225 |issn=0021-9894|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Reviewing Bisht's 2022 poetry anthology ''Recipe for Ladyfinger Pickle,'' Anupama Jaidev Karir of [[Delhi University]] remarks that the collection possesses richness, variety, authenticity, and candour. The themes covered by the poems here include "confessions and interlocutions, intergenerational mindscapes as well as myriad aspects of the interiority of [Bisht's] personae"''.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Karir |first=Anupama Jaidev |date=2023 |title=Reviewed Work(s): Recipe for Ladyfinger Pickle by Kamayani Vashisht |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27291936 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=203|jstor=27291936 }}</ref> Karir adds that the poems, even though abundant in metaphors and intertextual conversations with some literary greats (like [[Pablo Neruda|Neruda]] and [[Maya Angelou|Angelou]]), still reveal a poetic voice that is consistently un-encumbered by any particular influence or thesis, and one which is self-possessed and often playful.<ref name=":2" />

== Recognition ==
* In 2022, Bisht's ''The Witch Must Die'' was only poetry collection in the final shortlist for the 'Sahitya Academy Award for Writing in English', competing with the likes of [[Anuradha Roy (novelist)|Anuradha Roy]]'s novel ''[[All the Lives We Never Lived|All The Lives We Never Lived]],'' [[Basharat Peer]]'s memoir ''[[Curfewed Night]],'' and [[Devdutt Pattanaik]]'s non-fiction book ''Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2022 |title=Digest of Final Recommended for the Sahitya Akademi Award – 2022 in English |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2022.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards and Special Achievements |url=https://www.gcsanjauli.edu.in/files/sar/6_faculty_profile_and_research_rctivities/6.11_awards_by_recognised_&_reputed_organisation/6.11_awards_and_special_achievements.pdf |website=gcsanjauli.edu.in}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* Bisht, Kamayani. 2016. ''Dioramas of Girlhood: The Faerie Recast''. Notion Press.
* Bisht, Kamayani. 2019. ''The Witch Must Die and Other Poems''. Authors Press.
* Bisht, Kamayani. 2022. ''Recipe for Ladyfinger Pickle: Poems''. Red River.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisht, Kamayani}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:St. Bede's College, Shimla alumni]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:Women writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Actresses from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Poets from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

2026-03-12T07:51:35Z

Priyankasingh: small fix

{{Short description|1994 U.S. federal law}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994
| fullname = An Act to Control and Prevent Crime
| acronym =
| nickname = 1994 Crime Bill
| enacted by = 103rd
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = {{USPL|103|322}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|108|1796}}
| acts amended =
| acts repealed =
| title amended = [[Title 12 of the United States Code|12 U.S.C.: Banks and Banking]]
[[Title 18 of the United States Code|18 U.S.C.: Crimes and Criminal Procedure]]
[[Title 42 of the United States Code|42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare]] 
| sections created = {{Usc-title-chap|42|136}} 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d103:HR03355:@@@S
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = {{USBill|103|HR|3355}}
| introducedby = [[Jack Brooks (American politician)|Jack Brooks]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Texas|TX]])
| introduceddate = October 26, 1993
| committees = [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary]]
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = November 3, 1993
| passedvote1 = [[voice vote]]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 = November 19, 1993
| passedvote2 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=103&session=1&vote=00384 95–4], in lieu of {{USBill|103|S|1607}}
| conferencedate = August 10 and 21, 1994
| passedbody3 = House
| passeddate3 = August 21, 1994
| passedvote3 = [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1994/roll416.xml 235–195]
| passedbody4 = Senate
| passeddate4 = August 25, 1994
| passedvote4 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=103&session=2&vote=00295 61–38]
| signedpresident = [[Bill Clinton]]
| signeddate = September 13, 1994
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases =
}}
{{USgunlegalbox}}
{{Bill Clinton series|expanded=Policies}}
{{Joe Biden series|expanded=U.S. senator from Delaware}}
The '''Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994''', commonly referred to as the '''1994 Crime Bill''',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kessler|first=Glenn|date=May 16, 2019| title=Joe Biden's defense of the 1994 crime bill's role in mass incarcerations|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/16/joe-bidens-defense-crime-bills-role-incarceration-trend/|access-date=October 6, 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> or the '''Clinton Crime Bill''',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lussenhop|first=Jessica|date=April 18, 2016|title=Why is Clinton crime bill so controversial?|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36020717|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref> is an [[act of Congress]] dealing with crime and law enforcement; it became law in 1994. It is the largest crime bill in the history of the United States, consisting of 356 pages that provided for 100,000 new police officers and $9.7 billion in funding for prisons which were designed with significant input from experienced police officers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/billfs.txt | title=Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 | publisher=National criminal justice reference service}}</ref> Sponsored by [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] [[Jack Brooks (American politician)|Jack Brooks]] of [[Texas]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brooks|first=Jack B.|date=September 13, 1994|title=H.R.3355 - 103rd Congress (1993-1994): Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/3355|access-date=October 20, 2020|website=U.S. Congress}}</ref> the bill was passed by [[United States Congress|Congress]] and signed into law by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994|url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Violent-Crime-Control-and-Law-Enforcement-Act-of-1994/|access-date=October 20, 2020|website=History, Art & Archives|publisher=US House of Representatives|language=en}}</ref> Then-Senator [[Joe Biden]] of [[Delaware]] drafted the Senate version of the legislation in cooperation with the [[National Association of Police Organizations]], also incorporating the Assault Weapons ban and the [[Violence Against Women Act]] (VAWA) with Senator [[Orrin Hatch]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kranish |first=Michael |date=June 8, 2020 |title=Joe Biden let police groups write his crime bill. Now, his agenda has changed. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/joe-biden-let-police-groups-write-his-crime-bill-now-his-agenda-has-changed/2020/06/08/82ab969e-a434-11ea-8681-7d471bf20207_story.html |access-date=June 9, 2020 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Law|first=Tara|date=September 12, 2019|title=The Violence Against Women Act Was Signed 25 Years Ago. Here's How the Law Changed American Culture|url=https://time.com/5675029/violence-against-women-act-history-biden/|access-date=October 20, 2020|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

The Violent Crime Prevention and Law Enforcement Act was first conceived by the government in the early 1990s, with Senator [[Joe Biden]], then chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, playing a major role in drafting the law. Biden worked closely with law enforcement officials, especially the [[National Association of Police Organizations|National]] Police Officers Association, due to his keenness to reduce crime and impose security and peace in the United States. Biden developed measures aimed at reducing crime by formulating some basic concepts on how to avoid crimes or punish criminals with severe penalties. He also added that when drafting the law, certain strategies should be used to help punish and rehabilitate prisoners. He also said that the [[National Association of Police Organizations]] played a major role in drafting the bill by formulating policies that were fully aligned with the priorities of law enforcement agencies across the United States. More deeply, the police, due to their many patrols in areas where crimes are rampant, helped reduce those risks because the police arrested a large percentage of drug dealers, gangs and criminals. Republicans argued that the bill would provide significant funding for crime prevention programs that purported to be social rehabilitation, while drug treatment programs and youth crime initiatives could cost the state much money but could be ineffective. They argued that punitive measures could be easier and more effective.<ref>139 Cong.Rec. * (bound ed. Nov. 3, 1993) Rules suspended, debated and passed House (H.R. 3355, H.R. 3354, H.R. 3353, H.R. 3350); Motion to suspend the rules and pass H.R. 3351 fails), available at ProQuest Legislative Insight. https://li.proquest.com/legislativeinsight/docview?id=CR-1993-1103-PL103-322-H&type=CONGRESSIONAL_RECORD&accountid=12924</ref>

Following the [[101 California Street shooting]], the 1993 [[Waco Siege]], and other high-profile instances of [[violent crime]], the act expanded [[federal law]] in several ways. One of the most noted sections was the [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban]]. Other parts of the act provided for a greatly expanded [[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal death penalty]], new classes of individuals banned from possessing firearms, and a variety of new crimes defined in [[statute]]s relating to [[hate crime]]s, [[sex and the law|sex crimes]], and [[gang]]-related crime. The bill also required states to establish [[sex offender registries in the United States|registries for sexual offenders]] by September 1997.

== Legislative history ==

During the [[Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign|1992 presidential campaign]], Bill Clinton sought to reposition the Democratic Party, which had previously been attacked as "soft on crime," as an advocate for "get-tough" policing strategies as well as investing in community policing. Federal funding for additional police and community policing were both priorities of the [[Democratic Leadership Council]], of which Clinton was a member.<ref>{{Cite book|last=From|first=Al|title=The New Democrats and the Return to Power|date=December 3, 2013|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-137-40144-1|pages=198}}</ref> In an announcement that the ''New York Times'' described as "a page from the Republican playbook," Clinton said on July 23, 1992:<blockquote>We cannot take our country back until we take our neighborhoods back. Four years ago this crime issue was used to divide America. I want to use it to unite America. I want to be tough on crime and good for civil rights. You can't have civil justice without order and safety.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ifill|first=Gwen|date=1992-07-24|title=THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Democrats; Clinton, in Houston Speech, Assails Bush on Crime Issue|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/24/us/1992-campaign-democrats-clinton-houston-speech-assails-bush-crime-issue.html|access-date=2020-06-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref></blockquote>Clinton's platform, ''Putting People First'', proposed to:<blockquote>Fight crime by putting 100,000 new police officers on the streets. We will create a National Police Corps and offer unemployed veterans and active military personnel a chance to become law enforcement officers at home. We will also expand community policing, fund more drug treatment, and establish community boot camps to discipline first-time non-violent offenders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clinton|first=Bill|date=June 21, 1992|title=PUTTING PEOPLE FIRST: A NATIONAL ECONOMIC STRATEGY FOR AMERICA|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/political-science/speeches/clinton.dir/c20.txt}}</ref></blockquote>[[Liberal democracy|Liberal Democrats]] opposed the law because they were very concerned about the mandatory minimum sentences, especially since the law added the [[three-strikes law|three-strikes]] rule, which meant a life sentence for criminals who were convicted of three violent or drug crimes, pointing out that this would lead to an increase in the prison population, especially in mass prisons, as this would lead to overcrowding. On the other hand, the negative effects that the law produced when it eliminated the Pell grants for prisoners, as this move was met with strong opposition from Democrats, who argued that education is a tool for rehabilitation, and that eliminating these grants would reduce educational opportunities for prisoners, which would reduce their chances of rehabilitation and reintegration into society again after imprisonment.

The law was widely criticized by politicians, pointing out that this law would increase the authority of the [[federal government of the United States]] in matters of local law enforcement, which would have greatly affected marginalized communities, especially African American communities. Despite all the criticism that the law had gone through, it was passed in the House by voice vote on November 3, 1993, and passed in the Senate on November 19th by a vote of 95-4. One of the main reasons that the bill was eventually supported was due to the [[Congressional Black Caucus#:~:text=The caucus has grown steadily,and the U.S. Virgin Islands.|Congressional Black Caucus]] after their concerns of rising crime rates in their areas.<ref name=":3">139 Cong.Rec. * (bound ed. Nov. 8, 1993) Debated in Senate (S. 1607)), available at ProQuest Legislative Insight. https://li.proquest.com/legislativeinsight/docview?id=CR-1993-1108-PL103-322-S&type=CONGRESSIONAL_RECORD&accountid=12924</ref>

A majority of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] voted for the bill.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Analysis: Black Leaders Supported Clinton's Crime Bill |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/analysis-black-leaders-supported-clinton-s-crime-bill-n552961 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=NBC News |date=April 8, 2016 |language=en}}</ref> A Gallup survey in 1994 found that "58% of African Americans supported the crime bill, compared to 49% of white Americans."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galston |first=Rashawn Ray and William A. |date=2020-08-28 |title=Did the 1994 crime bill cause mass incarceration? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/08/28/did-the-1994-crime-bill-cause-mass-incarceration/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> However, a 1993 poll from ''USA Today'', CNN, and Gallup found that "an overwhelming number of Blacks believed that the criminal justice system treated Blacks more harshly than whites."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fortner |first=Michael Javen |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Reconstructing Justice: Race, Generational Divides, and the Fight Over "Defund the Police" |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/reconstructing-justice-race-generational-divides-and-the-fight-over-defund-the-police/ |journal=Niskanen Center |pages=11}}</ref> Historian Michael Javen Fortner cites high crime rates as a likely cause of Black support of the bill as well as the bill's funding of crime prevention and rehabilitation programs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-07 |title=The Clintons Aren't the Only Ones to Blame for the Crime Bill |url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/10/07/the-clintons-aren-t-the-only-ones-to-blame-for-the-crime-bill |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Marshall Project |language=en}}</ref> In August 1994, President Clinton worked to increase Democratic support on the bill and met with three Caucus members who had previously opposed the bill, convincing them that the bill was the best it could be.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hosler |first=Karen |date=Aug 18, 1994 |title=Black Caucus yields on crime bill |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-08-18-1994230118-story.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Baltimore Sun}}</ref> The bill was signed into law by President Clinton on September 13, 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/09/14/crime-bill-is-signed-with-flourish/650b1c2f-e306-4c00-9c6f-80bc9cc57e55/|title=CRIME BILL IS SIGNED WITH FLOURISH|newspaper=Washington Post|date=September 13, 1994}}</ref>

==Provisions==
The Violent Crime Prevention and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is one of the largest anti-crime bills in the history of the United States, as it includes many provisions whose primary goal is to address crime and add public safety to the community. One of the important provisions included in the anti-crime law is to increase law enforcement through numerous fundings provided by the US government. Through this funding, approximately 100,000 new police officers have been hired nationwide. This is done through a program that offers community-oriented police services. It can be said that this program has expanded police efforts in the community and shaped the relationship between police officers and civilians to work together to eliminate or reduce crime.<ref>Hearing on Domestic Violence, Hearing Before the Committee on Judiciary. Senate, 103rd Cong. (1993), available at ProQuest Legislative Insight. https://li.proquest.com/legislativeinsight/docview?id=HRG-1993-SJS-0008&type=HEARING&accountid=12924</ref>

The anti-crime law also added a provision to expand the scope of federal crimes and penalties, as it introduced approximately 60 new crimes, indicating that these crimes require the death penalty, including terrorist murders, drug-trafficking, and drive-by shootings, in addition to the [[three-strikes law|three-strikes]] law.<ref name=":3" />

=== Federal Assault Weapons Ban ===
{{main|Federal Assault Weapons Ban}}
One of the important aspects of the law that caused much controversy in the United States, especially in the government, is the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, which prohibited the manufacture and transfer of certain types of [[assault rifle|semi-automatic firearms]], and banned high-capacity magazines for civilian use. This particular provision was met with great opposition from the police, so a clause was added to this provision to prohibit the circulation of weapons between civilians, while allowing their manufacture and use for law enforcement. The duration of the ban was 10 years and ended in 2004. The ban took effect September 13, 1994, and expired on September 13, 2004, by a [[sunset provision]]. The ban was not renewed as the evidence on its effectiveness was inconclusive at best, it saw a short-term decrease in the use of assault weapons in violent crimes, but by an amount too small (17%) to be deemed conclusive, and did not reduce overall rates of gun violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keneally |first1=Meghan |title=Understanding the 1994 assault weapons ban and why it ended |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/understanding-1994-assault-weapons-ban-ended/story?id=65546858 |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=ABC News |publisher=ABC News Network |date=13 September 2019}}</ref> It also faced significant legal hurdles in being renewed due to its constitutional issues, with gun rights groups citing the very minor drop in criminal assault weapon use as proof that laws don't prevent criminals from obtaining weapons, and the inconclusive results on crime didn't justify infringing on the [[Second Amendment]] rights of law-abiding Americans. It also faced criticism for the ban's poorly written definitions, as the guns it banned as assault weapons only had the appearance of a military assault rifle, but in terms of function were identical to many rifles that were legal during the ban and commonly used for target shooting and hunting, which the average person not familiar with firearms didn't consider to be an assault rifle, and when surveyed many people incorrectly believed the civilian [[semi-automatic rifle|semi-automatic]] [[AR-15]] was exactly the same as the [[automatic firearm|fully automatic]] military [[M4 carbine]].<ref "NRA">{{cite news |title=The Truth About So-Called "Assault Weapons" |url=https://www.nraila.org/the-truth-about-so-called-assault-weapons/ |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=NRA-ILA |publisher=National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action}}</ref> Since the expiration date, there is no federal ban on the subject firearms or magazines capable of holding more than ten rounds of ammunition.<ref>Assault Weapons: A View from the Front Lines, Hearing Before the Committee on Judiciary. Senate, 103rd Cong. (1993), available at ProQuest Legislative Insight. https://li.proquest.com/legislativeinsight/docview?id=HRG-1993-SJS-0016&type=HEARING&accountid=12924</ref>

=== Violence Against Women Act ===
{{main|Violence Against Women Act}}
In order to crack down on crimes against women, namely violent and sexual crimes, a provision was added to the act entitled the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), which provided $1.6 billion to programs aimed at preventing and treating domestic violence and sexual violence that women are exposed to annually. This law also added provisions to establish centers for the psychological and physical rehabilitation of women to relieve them of the impacts of rape and domestic violence. In addition, the government invested $9.7 billion to construct new prisons to prevent overcrowding as a result of this new provision's incarceration related efforts.<ref>Violent Crimes Against Women, Hearing Before the Committee on Judiciary. Senate, 103rd Cong. (1993), available at ProQuest Legislative Insight. https://li.proquest.com/legislativeinsight/docview?id=HRG-1993-SJS-0015&type=HEARING&accountid=12924</ref>

Part of VAWA was ruled unconstitutional by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in ''[[United States v. Morrison]]'' (2000).

===Federal Death Penalty Act===
Title VI, the Federal Death Penalty Act, created 60 new death penalty offenses under 41 federal capital statutes,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00069.htm|work=Office of the United States Attorneys|publisher=Department of Justice|access-date=May 17, 2013}}</ref> for crimes related to acts of [[terrorism]], non-homicidal narcotics offenses, [[murder]] of a federal law enforcement officer, [[civil rights]]-related murders, [[drive-by shooting]]s resulting in death, the use of [[weapons of mass destruction]] resulting in death, and [[carjacking]]s resulting in death.

The 1995 [[Oklahoma City bombing]] occurred a few months after this law came into effect, and the [[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996]] was passed in response, which further increased the federal death penalty. In 2001, [[Timothy McVeigh]] was executed for the murder of eight federal law enforcement agents under that title.

The Federal Death Penalty Act was declared unconstitutional in the case of ''U.S. v Quinones,'' ruling that the act presented an "undue risk of executing innocent people". This decision was reversed on appeal, allowing its continued use.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14btc21|access-date=2021-08-06|website=www.jstor.org| jstor=j.ctt14btc21 |language=en| title=Wrongful Conviction | year=2008 | publisher=Temple University Press | isbn=9781592136452 }}</ref> However, the death penalty for non-homicidal crimes [[Kennedy v. Louisiana|was abolished nationwide in 2008.]]

=== Elimination of higher education for inmates{{anchor|Elimination_of_inmate_education}}===
One of the more controversial provisions of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act overturned a section of the [[Higher Education Act of 1965]] permitting prison inmates to receive a [[Pell Grant]] for [[higher education]] while they were incarcerated. The amendment is as follows:

{{blockquote|(a) IN GENERAL- Section 401(b)(8) of the [[Higher Education Act of 1965]] (20 U.S.C. 1070a(b)(8)) is amended to read as follows:

(8) No basic grant shall be awarded under this subpart to any individual who is incarcerated in any Federal or State penal institution.<ref>{{cite web|title=H. R. 1168|url=https://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/bills/103/h1168ih.txt|publisher=Bulk.Resource.Org|access-date=October 26, 2014|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214614/https://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/bills/103/h1168ih.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

The VCCLEA effectively eliminated the ability of lower-income prison inmates to receive college educations during their term of imprisonment, thus ensuring the education level of most inmates remains unimproved over the period of their incarceration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Education as Crime Prevention: The Case for Reinstating Pell Grant Eligibility for the Incarcerated|url=http://www.bard.edu/bpi/pdfs/crime_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127065134/http://www.bard.edu/bpi/pdfs/crime_report.pdf|archive-date=November 27, 2007|publisher=[[Bard Prison Initiative]]}}</ref>

The [[Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021]], signed into law on December 27, 2020, restored the ability of incarcerated students to receive Pell Grants beginning July 1, 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://fsapartners.ed.gov/knowledge-center/library/dear-colleague-letters/2023-03-29/eligibility-confined-or-incarcerated-individuals-receive-pell-grants | title=Eligibility of Confined or Incarcerated Individuals to Receive Pell Grants | Knowledge Center }}</ref>

===Driver's Privacy Protection Act===
Title XXX, the [[Driver's Privacy Protection Act]], governs the privacy and disclosure of personal information gathered by the [[U.S. state|states]]' [[Department of Motor Vehicles|Departments of Motor Vehicles]]. The law was passed in 1994; it was introduced by [[Jim Moran]] in 1992 after an increase in opponents of abortion rights using public driving license databases to track down and harass abortion providers and patients, most notably by both besieging [[Susan Wicklund]]'s home for a month and following her daughter to school.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Information Age: Debate Mounts Over Disclosure Of Driver Data |work=Wall Street Journal |date=August 25, 1992 |first=Michael W. |last=Miller}}</ref>

===Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act===
Under Title XVII,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/14071|title=42 U.S. Code § 14071 to 14073 - Repealed. Pub. L. 109–248, title I, § 129(a), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 600|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> known as the [[Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act]], guidelines were established for states to track sex offenders.<ref name=jacobw /> States had also been required to track sex offenders by confirming their place of residence annually for ten years after their release into the community or quarterly for the rest of their lives if the sex offender was convicted of a violent sex crime.<ref name=jacobw>{{cite web|url=https://smart.gov/legislation.htm|title=Legislative History - SMART Office|website=SMART website - Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART)|access-date=June 15, 2019|archive-date=May 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513164714/https://smart.gov/legislation.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Wetterling Act was later amended in 1996 with [[Megan's Law]], which permanently required states to give public disclosure of sex offenders.<ref name=jacobw /> In 2006, the Wetterling Act's state registers was replaced with a federal register through the [[Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.smart.gov/pdfs/practitioner_guide_awa.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=September 6, 2016 |archive-date=August 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810203415/http://www.smart.gov/pdfs/practitioner_guide_awa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Community Oriented Policing Services===
Since 1994, the [[Community Oriented Policing Services|COPS]] Office has provided $30 billion in assistance to state and local [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] to help hire community policing officers. The COPS Office also funds the research and development of guides, tools and training, and provides technical assistance to police departments implementing community policing principles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=44 |title=COPS History |publisher=Community Oriented Policing Services}}</ref> The law authorized the COPS Office to hire 100,000 more police officers to patrol the nation's streets.<ref name="mmpppav">{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/wp/2014/09/26/bill-clintons-claim-that-100000-cops-sent-the-crime-rate-way-down/| title = Bill Clinton's claim that 100,000 cops sent the crime rate 'way down' - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

===Violent Offender Incarceration and Truth-in-Sentencing Incentive Grants Program===
Title II of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 provided incentive grants to build and expand correctional facilities to qualifying states that enforced [[mandatory sentencing]] of 85% of a person's sentence conviction.<ref name="bjsspecialreport">{{cite web |author1=103rd Congress (1993-1994) |title=H.R.3355 - Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/3355/text |website=congress.gov |date=September 13, 1994 |access-date=February 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Bureau of Justice Statistics |title=Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons |url=https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/tssp.pdf |website=Bureau of Justice Statistics |access-date=February 15, 2020 |page=3}}</ref> "One purpose of theVOI/TIS incentive grants," the Bureau reported, "is to enable States to manage prison capacity by providing funds to increase prison beds for violent offenders."<ref name=":0">{{Cite report|url=https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/tssp.pdf|title=Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons|last=Bureau of Justice Statistics|date=January 1999|id=NCJ 170032|access-date=June 9, 2020}}</ref>

===Other provisions===
The act authorized the initiation of "[[Boot camp (correctional)|boot camps]]" for [[Juvenile delinquency|delinquent minors]] and allocated a substantial amount of money to build new prisons.

Fifty new [[Federal crime|federal offenses]] were added, including provisions making membership in gangs a crime. Some argued that these provisions violated the guarantee of [[freedom of association]] in the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]].<ref name="Anti-Gang law Constitution">{{cite journal |last1=Bjerregaard |first1=Beth |title=The Constitutionality of Anti-Gang Legislation |journal=Campbell Law Review |date=January 1998 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=31–47 |url=https://scholarship.law.campbell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?httpsredir=1&article=1344&context=clr |access-date=31 May 2025 |series=Constitutional Law Commons |publisher=Campbell University School of Law |location=Raleigh, North Carolina |language=English}}</ref>The act did incorporate elements of H.R. 50 "Federal Bureau of Investigation First Amendment Protection Act of 1993" (into §2339A (c)) to prohibit investigations based purely on protected First Amendment activity, but this was effectively removed in the [[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996]].<ref name="TerrorismAndTheConstitution">{{cite book|last1=Dempsey|first1=James|last2=Cole|first2=David|title=Terrorism and the Constitution: Sacrificing Civil Liberties In The Name Of National Security|date=2006|publisher=New Press|location=New York|page=63|edition=Scribd Online|url=https://www.scribd.com/book/251562727/Terrorism-and-the-Constitution-Sacrificing-Civil-Liberties-In-The-Name-Of-National-Security|access-date=September 9, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072743/https://www.scribd.com/book/251562727/Terrorism-and-the-Constitution-Sacrificing-Civil-Liberties-In-The-Name-Of-National-Security|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The act also generally prohibits individuals who have been convicted of a felony involving breach of trust from working in the business of insurance, unless they have received written consent from state regulators.

The act also made [[drug testing]] mandatory for those serving on [[federal supervised release]].

As a result of this act, the board decided that the Civil Rights Division should primarily control the work of internal affairs of Law Enforcements for possible reasons of bias, and as a precaution, the Internal Affairs member should cooperate with the Civil Rights Division as per the council's resolution.

The act prohibits "any person acting on behalf of a governmental authority, to engage in a pattern or practice ... that deprives persons of rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States." (Title XXI, Subtitle D.) Subtitle D further requires the [[United States Department of Justice]] to issue an annual report on "the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers." Such reports have not been issued, however.<ref name="serpico">{{cite journal |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/the-police-are-still-out-of-control-112160/ |title=The Police Are Still Out of Control |last=Serpico |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Serpico |journal=[[Politico|Politico Magazine]] |date=October 23, 2014 |page=2 |access-date=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

The act included a [[three-strikes law|three-strikes]] provision addressing repeat offenders.<ref name="The New Yorker">{{cite magazine|last1=Vara|first1=Vauhini|title=Will California Again Lead the Way on Prison Reform?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/will-california-lead-way-prison-reform|access-date=November 10, 2014|magazine=The New Yorker|date=November 7, 2014}}</ref>

The act expanded the scope of required FBI data to include hate crimes based on [[Disability hate crime|disability]], and the FBI began collecting data on disability bias crimes on January 1, 1997.<ref name = "UCR96">{{cite web | url = https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hate96.pdf | access-date = December 10, 2009 | title = Hate crime statistics 1996 | work = [[CJIS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709230626/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hate96.pdf |archive-date=July 9, 2007}}</ref>

==Legacy and impacts==
The 1994 Crime Bill marked a shift in the politics of crime and policing in the United States. Sociologist and criminologist William R. Kelly states that, "While the longer-term impact of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 was questionable, the political impact was clear—crime control or 'tough on crime' became a bipartisan issue."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kelly|first=William R.|title=Criminal Justice at the Crossroads: Transforming Crime and Punishment|date=2015|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53922-7|pages=29}}</ref>
[[File:US_Crime_rates_per_capita_1970-2001,_GAO_Chart.png|thumb|Total, Violent, and Property Crime Rates per 100,000 Persons, 1970–2001]]
Bill Clinton has claimed credit for the reduction in crime rates in the 1990s, stating that, "Because of that bill we had a 25-year low in crime, a 33-year low in the murder rate, and because of that and the background-check law, we had a 46-year low in deaths of people by gun violence."<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Terruso|first1=Julia|last2=Lubrano|first2=Alfred|date=April 7, 2016|title=Bill Clinton stumps for Hillary in Philly - and parries with protesters|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/politics/20160408_webhead_goes_here.html|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=Philadelphia Inquirer|language=en-US}}</ref> Crime rates underwent a long period of reduction beginning in 1991 and declined by 26% during this eight-year period.<ref name="mmpppav" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Ekstrand |first1=Laurie E. |last2=Kingsbury |first2=Nancy R. |title=Community Policing Grants: Cops Grants Were a Modest Contributor to Declines in Crime in The 1990s |date=March 2006 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4223-0454-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4I2O9A0RANoC&pg=PA14 |page=14 }}</ref> The primary reasons for this reduction remain a topic of debate.<ref name="mmpppav" /> A study by the General Accounting Office found that grant funding from the Community Oriented Policing Services program supported the hiring of an estimated 17,000 additional officers in 2000, its peak year of impact, and increased additional employment by 89,000 officer-years from 1994 to 2001. This was an increase of 3% in the number of sworn officers in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ekstrand |first1=Laurie E. |last2=Kingsbury |first2=Nancy R. |title=Community Policing Grants: Cops Grants Were a Modest Contributor to Declines in Crime in The 1990s |date=March 2006 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4223-0454-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4I2O9A0RANoC&pg=PA89 |page=89 }}</ref> The GAO concluded that the COPS Office potentially had a modest impact in reducing crime, contributing to an approximate 5% reduction in overall crime rates from 1993 to 2001.<ref name=":1" /> A published study by criminologists John Worrell and Tomislav Kovandzic alleged that "COPS spending had little to no effect on crime."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Worrall |first1=John L. |last2=Kovandzic |first2=Tomislav V. |title=COPS grants and crime revisited |journal=Criminology |date=February 2007 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=159–190 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00075.x }}</ref> [[File:US incarceration timeline-clean.svg|thumb|250px|Total U.S. incarceration by year]]The Crime Bill has also become emblematic of a shift towards mass incarceration in the United States, although its contribution to the long-term trend of expanding prisons is debated. The Justice Policy Institute stated in 2008 that "the Clinton Administration's 'tough on crime' policies resulted in the largest increases in federal and state inmate populations of any president in American history".<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Justice Policy Institute |title=Clinton Crime Agenda Ignores Proven Methods for Reducing Crime |date=April 14, 2008 |url=http://november.org/stayinfo/breaking08/ClintonCrime.html |access-date=October 17, 2020 }}</ref> Jeremy Travis, former director of the [[National Institute of Justice]], described the [[truth-in-sentencing]] provisions of the law as a catalyst: "Here's the federal government coming in and saying we'll give you money if you punish people more severely, and 28 states and the District of Columbia followed the money and enacted stricter sentencing laws for violent offenses."<ref>{{Cite news|title=20 Years Later, Parts Of Major Crime Bill Viewed As Terrible Mistake|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/09/12/347736999/20-years-later-major-crime-bill-viewed-as-terrible-mistake|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> The act may have had a minor effect on mass incarceration and prison expansion.<ref>{{cite news |title=The controversial 1994 crime law that Joe Biden helped write, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/20/18677998/joe-biden-1994-crime-bill-law-mass-incarceration |work=Vox |date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> In 1998, twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia qualified for that Federal grant program.<ref name="bjsspecialreport" /> Thirteen more states adopted truth-in-sentencing law applying to some crimes or with a lower percentage threshold.<ref name=":0" /> By 1997, 69% of sentenced violent offenders were in states meeting the 85% "truth-in-sentencing" threshold and over 90% faced at least a 50% threshold.<ref name=":0" /> The Bureau of Justice Statistics projected in 1999 that, "As a result of truth-in-sentencing practices, the State prison population is expected to increase through the incarceration of more offenders for longer periods of time," and found that the State prison population had "increased by 57%" to "a high of 1,075,052 inmates" while the number of people sentenced to prison each year was only up by 17%.<ref name=":0" /> However, a GAO report found that federal incentives were "not a factor" in enacting truth in sentencing provisions in 12 of the 27 states that qualified, and "a key factor" in just four.<ref>{{Cite conference|last=US General Accounting Office|date=1998|title=Truth in Sentencing: Availability of Federal Grants Influenced Laws in Some States|location=Washington, DC|publisher=General Accounting Office}}</ref>

The 1994 Crime Bill was also just one in a trend of crime-prevention actions taken by the federal government in the latter part of the 20th Century, with significant expansions of prison facilities and incarceration already being seen by the start of Clinton's first term in 1993.<ref>{{Cite report |author=Darryl K. Gilliard |date=May 1993 |title=Prisoners in 1992 |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/p92.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Justice Statistics |page=1 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Other government efforts cited as also contributing to the dramatic increase in prison population across the U.S. include the creation of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] under President [[Richard Nixon]] as part of his worldwide "[[war on drugs]]" campaign, and the [[Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984]] under President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=From 1990-2005, the U.S. Built a Prison Every 10 Days - Here's Why|url=https://interrogatingjustice.org/ending-mass-incarceration/prison-every-10-days/|access-date=June 27, 2024|website=InterrogatingJustice.org|date=April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The legal system relied on [[plea bargains]] to minimize the increased case load.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rohrlich|first1=Justin|title=Why Are There Up to 120,000 Innocent People in US Prisons?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-are-there-up-to-120000-innocent-people-in-us-prisons/|access-date=November 10, 2014|work=VICE news|date=November 10, 2014}}</ref> [[Jerry Brown]] and [[Bill Clinton]] later expressed regret over the portions of the measure that led to increased prison population like the [[Three-strikes law|three-strikes provision]].<ref name="The New Yorker" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hunt|first1=Kasie|title=Bill Clinton: Prison sentences to take center stage in 2016|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/bill-clinton-prison-sentences-take-center-stage-2016|access-date=June 2, 2015 |work=MSNBC |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Incarceration in the United States]]
*[[United States incarceration rate]]
*[[Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10824/uslm/COMPS-10824.xml Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994] ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10824/pdf/COMPS-10824.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-10824/ details]) as amended in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]

{{Joe Biden}}

[[Category:1994 in American law]]
[[Category:103rd United States Congress]]
[[Category:Capital punishment in the United States]]
[[Category:United States federal firearms legislation]]
[[Category:United States federal criminal legislation]]
[[Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton]]
[[Category:United States Senate career of Joe Biden]]

Thakurli railway station

2026-03-07T18:52:12Z

Priyankasingh: cleanup

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Thakurli
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Thakurli railway station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Thakurli]], [[Kalyan-Dombivali]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.225507|N|73.09673|E|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline}}
| line = [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = THK
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Central|left=Dombivli|right=Kalyan Junction}}
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Thakurli
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Thakurli''' is a railway station on the [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network of the Central Railway. It serves the city of [[Thakurli]]. Thakurli is at a distance of 49 km from the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CST station]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=ठाकुर्ली रेल्वे स्थानकाजवळ प्रवाशाचा मोबाईल चोरणारा फटका टोळीचा गुंड अटकेत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/thane/thakurli-railway-station-fatka-gang-arrest-mobile-thief-dombivli-rds-00-5756521/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The station code is THK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakurli Railway Station Map/Atlas CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/thakurli-thk/9220 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

In March 2016, it was announced that India’s first elevated train terminus for long-distance trains would come up at Thakurli station at a cost of Rs.1,250 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-25 |title=India’s first elevated train terminus to come up at Thakurli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/indias-first-elevated-train-terminus-to-come-up-at-thakurli/articleshow/51543762.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central}}

[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Thane district]]
[[Category:Transport in Kalyan-Dombivli]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Rajgir Mahotsav

2026-03-06T03:16:55Z

Priyankasingh: corrected section and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Rajgir Mahotsav
| logo = File:Rajgir Mahotsav logo.jpg
| logo_caption = Logo of Rajgir Mahotsav
| image =
| caption =
| status =  active
| genre = festivals
| date = 
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = 
| venue = Quila Maidan, [[Rajgir International Convention center]]
| location = [[Rajgir]], [[Nalanda district]], [[Bihar]]
| coordinates = 
| country = India
| years_active = {{Ubl
| 1986–1989
| 1994–present
}}
| first = {{Start date|1986|04|04|df=y}}
| founder_name =
| last = 27–29 December 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/3-day-rajgir-mahotsav-ends-on-positive-note/articleshow/72282876.cms |title=Nitish Inaugurates Rajgir Mahotsav |publisher=PatnaDaily.Com |date=2013-12-29 |access-date=2014-05-27}}</ref>
| prev =
| next = 2021
| participants =
| attendance = approx. 1 lakh (2013)<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131231/jsp/bihar/story_17735065.jsp#.U4TLooGDkTA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011102/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131231/jsp/bihar/story_17735065.jsp#.U4TLooGDkTA |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2014 |title=Tourists fail to keep Rajgir date |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2013-12-31 |accessdate=2014-05-27}}</ref>
| area =
| budget = {{INR}}90 lakh<ref name="telegraphindia1"/>
| activity =
| patron =
| organised = 
| filing = 
| people =
| member =
| website = {{URL|nalanda.bih.nic.in/en}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajgir Mahotsav''' or festival, formerly Rajgir Nritaya (Dance) Mahotsav,<ref>{{cite web |author=Nadim |first=Farrukh |date=2013-12-14 |title=Kailash Kher, Kavita Seth to perform at Rajgir Mahotsava |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/Kailash-Kher-Kavita-Seth-to-perform-at-Rajgir-Mahotsava/articleshow/27344270.cms |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=2014-05-27}}</ref><ref name="Tripathi17416">{{cite web|last1=Tripathi|first1=Piyush Kumar|title=Bright spot fights fair gloom - Festival juggles themes over years|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151130/jsp/bihar/story_55785.jsp#.VxOHkTArLDc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204110730/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151130/jsp/bihar/story_55785.jsp#.VxOHkTArLDc|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2015|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=17 April 2016|date=30 November 2015}}</ref> is a festival of dance and music. It is an annual three-day event in [[Rajgir]], [[Bihar]], India, that was first held in 1986. It is organized by the [[Nalanda district]] administration with the help of the [[Government of Bihar]]’s Department of Culture and [[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Nadim |first=Farrukh |date=2013-12-22 |title=Bid to make Rajgir Mahotsava a spectacular event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bid-to-make-Rajgir-Mahotsava-a-spectacular-event/articleshow/27742695.cms |publisher=The Times of India (Patna) |access-date=2014-05-27}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[Bindeshwari Dubey]], the then Chief Minister of Bihar, had inaugurated the festival in Swarna Bhadar area of Rajgir on 4 April 1986.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |author=Nadim |first=Farrukh |date=29 December 2012 |title=Deputy CM opens Rajgir festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Deputy-CM-opens-Rajgir-festival/articleshow/17802520.cms |publisher=The Times of India (Patna) |access-date=2014-05-27}}</ref><ref name="Tripathi17416"/> The Tourism Department of Bihar Government had sponsored festival until 1989. After 1989, event abandoned for reasons unknown. Few years later in 1994, it was again started and since then, it is an annual event in the calendar of Bihar Government.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

Various competitions on Tonga race, martial arts competitions, mehndi contest, mahila utsav, food plaza, gramshree mela etc. have been introduced recently besides organizing performance by artists of national and international repute. Qila Maidan located in the backdrop of Ratnagiri hills is its current venue.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> In 2016, Rajgir Mahotsav was organized from 25 to 27 November.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://travelnewsindia.com/enthralling-charm-rajgir-mahotsav-2016/|title=An Enthralling Charm of Rajgir Mahotsav - Travel News India|publisher=travelnewsindia.com |date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

In 2017, Rajgir Mahotsav will be organized from 25 to 27 November.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://angika.com/angikainmedia/angika-angika-poets-will-participate-in-rajgir-mahotsav-2017/|title=अंतर्राष्ट्रीय राजगीर महोत्सव के राज्य स्तरीय कवि सम्मेलन में होगा हिंदी, उर्दू , अंगिका, बज्जिका, भोजपुरी, मैथिली, मगही के कवियों का समागम|publisher=angika.com|date=2017-11-01|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030052/http://angika.com/angikainmedia/angika-angika-poets-will-participate-in-rajgir-mahotsav-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After Successful Rajgir Mahotsav of 2019, Rajgir Mahotsav of 2020 was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Mukesh Kumar, manager at a hotel run by the [[BSTDC]] said that in 2020 also, majority of the state tourism functions were cancelled due to Covid. “Events like Buddha Purnima, Rajgir Mahotsav and Sonepur fair had to be cancelled,” he said.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/fearing-second-wave-bihar-tourism-dept-cancels-all-mega-events-101617727100131-amp.html|title=Fearing second wave, Bihar tourism dept cancels all mega events|date=2021-04-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Bihar]]
[[Category:Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Fine Arts of Bihar]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 1986]]
[[Category:Rajgir]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

Hardik Shubhechha

2026-03-04T09:32:09Z

Priyankasingh: made a pg!

{{Short description|2025 Marathi film directed by Pushkar Jog}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hardik Shubhechha
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pushkar Jog]]
| writer = Pushkar Jog
| based_on =
| producer = [[Anand Pandit]] Roopa Pandit Pushkar Jog
| starring = {{ubl|Pushkar Jog|[[Hemal Ingle]]}}
| cinematography = Yogesh M. Koli
| editing = Sunil Dahifale
| music = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| studio = Anand Pandit Motion Pictures Goosebumps Entertainment Production
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|03|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Hardik Shubhechha... Pan Tyancha Kay?''''' ({{translation|Heartfelt Greetings… but what about them?}}), also abbreviated as '''''Hardik Shubhechha''''', is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi-language]] [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] written and directed by [[Pushkar Jog]], starring Jog and [[Hemal Ingle]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Shruti |date=2025-02-03 |title=Hardik Shubheccha: 'हार्दिक शुभेच्छा…पण त्याचं काय'; वैवाहिक नातेसंबंधांवर भाष्य करणाऱ्या नव्या चित्रपटाचे मोशन पोस्टर प्रदर्शित |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/pushkar-jog-hardik-shubheccha-movie-motion-poster-of-new-film-released-svk01 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-02-07 |title=Hardik Shubhechha Movie {{!}} पुष्कर जोग-हेमल इंगळेचा चित्रपट 'हार्दिक शुभेच्छा' येतोय |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/hardik-shubhechha-movie-pushkar-jog-hemal-ingle |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref> Produced by Anand Pandit Motion Pictures in association with Goosebumps Entertainment, the film explores the sensitive subject of sexual compatibility in marriage through a light-hearted approach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ianslive |url=https://ianslive.in/the-fact-that-pushkar-jog-is-part-of-the-project-was-another-big-plus-anand-pandit-on-hardik-subheccha--20250204175144 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=ianslive.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=narayan |first=kimaya |date=2025-02-03 |title=Marathi Movie : हार्दिक शुभेच्छा … पण त्याचं काय? पुष्कर जोगच्या नव्या सिनेमाचं पोस्टर प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/actor-and-director-pushkar-jog-upcoming-movie-hardik-shubhechha-motion-poster-is-out-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> Upon release the film received mixed reviews and failed commercially.

== Plot ==
Madhav Joshi is a man who struggles to find a suitable bride for marriage. After considerable difficulty, he marries Radhika Pathak. On their wedding day, Madhav's friend Ravi gifts him a box of sex toys as a wedding present.

The complications begin on their first night when Radhika discovers the box. Having had a traumatic past experience with her ex-boyfriend who had used sex toys forcibly, she becomes uncomfortable and fearful that her new husband might behave similarly. This discovery creates a significant rift between the newly married couple, and for five months, they are unable to consummate their marriage. Radhika confides in her friend Sapna about her past trauma and her fears regarding her husband, though she doesn't reveal that she had seen the box of sex toys. Meanwhile, the tension in their relationship continues to mount as both partners struggle with unspoken fears and misunderstandings.

After five months of marital discord, Madhav travels to [[Amsterdam]] and [[Paris]] for a work assignment. During his time in Amsterdam, he befriends Natasha, a divorcee who helps him understand the importance of communication in relationships. She advises Madhav to have an honest conversation with his wife to resolve their differences. Back in [[India]], Sapna explains to Radhika that using intimacy aids to enhance marital relationships is considered normal and healthy. Realizing her mistake and understanding that her fears were based on past trauma rather than her husband's intentions, Radhika decides to make amends. She travels to Paris where Madhav is staying and apologizes to him, leading to the resolution of their marital issues.

== Cast ==

* [[Pushkar Jog]] as Madhav Joshi
* [[Hemal Ingle]] as Radhika Pathak
* Purvi Mundada as Natasha
* [[Abhijeet Chavan]] as Madhav's father
* [[Vishakha Subhedar]] as Madhav's mother
* [[Prithvik Pratap]] as Ravi<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-07-08 |title=महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा फेम् ‘पृथ्वीक’चं ‘हार्दिक शुभेच्छा’ नावाचं नवीन चित्रपट लवकरच येणार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-prithvik-pratap-new-movie-hardik-shubhechha-coming-soon-pps-98-4911733/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Loksatta}}</ref>
* Anushka Sarkate as Sapna
* [[Vijay Patkar]]
* Kishori Ambiye as Radhika's mother

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] took place at various locations abroad, including Amsterdam, Paris, and Dubai, making it the first Marathi film to be shot in Amsterdam and Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03 |title=Pushkar Jog : हार्दिक शुभेच्छा पण त्याचं काय? पुष्करच्या पोस्टने वेधलं लक्ष |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/pushkar-jog-shared-motion-poster-of-hardik-shubheccha-movie/845772/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मराठी सिनेमात होतायंत हटके प्रयोग; पुष्कर जोग घेऊन येतोय लैंगिक सुसंगततेवर भाष्य करणारा चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/pushkar-jog-upcoming-movie-hardik-shubheccha-starring-hemal-ingale-releasing-on-21st-march/articleshow/117900897.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The first romantic song, ''O Bawari'', was unveiled on February 14, 2025, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-02-14 |title=Hardik Shubheccha {{!}} 'हार्दिक शुभेच्छा… पण त्याचं काय?' चित्रपटातील रोमँटिक गाणे प्रदर्शित |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/hardik-shubheccha-romantic-song-release |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 5:08
| title1 = O Bawari
| length1 = 3:15
| lyrics1 = Manndar Cholkar
| music1 = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title2 = Dokyala Shot
| length2 = 1:53
| lyrics2 = [[Pushkar Jog]], Varun Likhate
| music2 = Salil Amrute
| extra2 = Varun Likhate
}}
== Release and reception ==
The motion poster was released in February 2025 followed by the trailer on 27 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-07-15 |title=‘हार्दिक शुभेच्छा’ चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर प्रकाशन; पुश्कर जोग आणि हेमल इंगळे प्रमुख भूमिकेत |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/hardik-shubhechha-movie-trailer-release-starrer-pushkar-jog-and-hemal-ingle-a-a991/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Lokmat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=narayan |first=kimaya |date=2025-02-28 |title=Marathi Movie : लग्नानंतरची गोष्ट सांगणार ‘हार्दिक शुभेच्छा... पण त्याचं काय?’ ; सिनेमाचा ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/actor-pushkar-jog-and-hemal-ingale-upcoming-movie-hardik-shubhechha-movie-trailer-out-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> ''Hardik Shubhechha'' was released theatrically across India on 21 March 2025 and was distributed by [[Panorama Studios]]. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics who praised Pushkar Jog's bold approach to addressing sexual compatibility in marriage. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2025-03-21 |title='HARDIK SHUBHECHCHA' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 21 March, 2025 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/hardik-shubhechcha-marathi-review-21-march-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Film Information |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35671249|Hardik Shubhechha}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]

Mugulu Nage

2026-03-03T21:29:29Z

Priyankasingh: starting post

{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mugulu Nage
| image = Mugulu Nage.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| producer = Syed Salam [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] Yogaraj Bhat
| writer = Yogaraj Bhat
| starring = Ganesh [[Apoorva Arora]] [[Achyuth Kumar]] [[Nikitha Narayan]] [[Ashika Ranganath]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Sugnaan
| editing = Suresh Arumugam
| studio = S. S. Films Golden Movies Yogaraj Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|9|1|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| distributor = Mysuru Talkies
}}

'''''Mugulu Nage''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮುಗುಳು ನಗೆ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{Translation|Smile}})<ref name="B"/> is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Yogaraj Bhat]], and jointly produced by [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] and Syed Salaam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mugulu-nage-poster-revealed/articleshow/57140388.cms|title=Mugulu Nage poster revealed|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film stars Ganesh in the lead role alongside [[Ashika Ranganath]], [[Apoorva Arora]] and [[Nikitha Narayan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ganeshs-four-play-in-mugulu-nage/articleshow/58260457.cms|title=Ganesh's four play in Mugulu Nage|work=The Times of India|date=20 April 2017}}</ref> The soundtrack and [[film score|score]] is by [[V. Harikrishna]], the cinematography is by Sugnan. The first look of the film was released on 14 February 2017 coinciding the [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/golden-star-ganeshs-mugulu-nage-first-look-poster-10486-slide-60465#O7Iq8ISRcRS1MSUC.97|title=Golden Star Ganesh's Mugulu Nage first look poster|work=International Business Times|date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

The project marked the third collaboration of Bhat and Ganesh after ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' (2006) and ''[[Gaalipata]]'' (2008). The filming began on 8 December 2016 in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14093-ganesh-yograj-bhat-mugulu-nage-starts-on-friday.html|title=Ganesh -Yograj Bhat Mugulu Nage Starts on Friday |publisher=Chitraloka|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Further, shooting took place in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/18/team-mugulu-nage--shoots-at-scenic-puducherry-1561019.html|title=Team Mugulu Nage shoots at scenic Puducherry |work=The New Indian Express|date=19 January 2017}}</ref> [[Mysuru]], [[Yana, India|Yaana]] and [[Sirsi, Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/15307-mugulu-nage-censored-releasing-on-september-1st.html|title=Mugulu Nage censored – Releasing on September 1ST |publisher=Chitraloka|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Pulakeshi is born with a strange problem of always smiling and not able to cry at all. He meets Vaishali on the day of his college's 50th-year celebration and [[alumni]] reunion. Both of them fall in love eventually. Vaishali persuades Pulakeshi to study abroad with her and make a better life for both of them. Pulakeshi agrees and on the day of departure, he realizes his strong love for his family and stays back. Heartbroken, Vaishali leaves alone.

Later, Pulakeshi finds Siri, a guitarist, from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. They share common interests and develop a liking for each other. After realising the strong feelings for each other, Pulakeshi asks Siri to marry him. Siri likes living in the moment and rejects the proposal. Having a difference of opinion, they decide to part ways for good. Siri tells him if Pulakeshi dreams of having a family, he may marry any girl of his choice and that she would live the rest of her life with sweet memories of him. Heartbroken, but still not able to shed tears, Pulakeshi starts his life afresh in [[Bangalore]].

Two years later, his mother finds him a girl and asks his friends to take him to her place. As soon as Pulakeshi sees her, he likes her. The girl named Charulatha is hardworking and lives in [[coastal Karnataka]]. Her father is a cancer patient and mother has already expired. Her sister's marriage is fixed with the son of her father's friend who also has cancer. When Charulatha's sister elopes with her colleague to escape from unwanted marriage, she sacrifices her love and marries her would-be brother-in-law. Heartbroken once again, Pulakeshi finally sheds tears and cries.

At the end, it is shown that Pulakeshi is married to Amulya and becomes a father to a boy. All his three ex-girlfriends receive this message. Siri genuinely feels happy for him, while Charulatha has mixed reactions.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as Pulakeshi
* [[Ashika Ranganath]] as Vaishali
* [[Nikitha Narayan]] as Siri
* [[Apoorva Arora]] as Charulatha
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Pulakeshi's father
* [[Ananth Nag]] as Dr. Anant
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Raghu, Charulatha's father
* [[Chandan Achar]] as Pulakeshi's friend
* Niharika
* Dharmanna Kadur as Gopi, Pulakeshi's friend
* Manjunath Hegde as Charulatha's foster father
* [[Srinivas Prabhu]] as M. Srinivas, a college Principal
* Rekha Mohan as a musician
* [[Jaggesh]] in a [[cameo appearance|cameo]] as singer
* [[Amulya]] in a cameo as Pulakeshi's wife
* Nitesh Nittur in a cameo as the man in the restaurant
* Sunetra Pandit in a cameo as lady in restaurant
}}

==Production==
===Filming===
In August 2016, it was reported that the successful combination of Yogaraj Bhat and Ganesh are teaming up together again for a new romantic venture.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/ganesh-yoraj-bhat-reunite-for-new-film|title=Ganesh-Yoraj Bhat reunite for new film|publisher=NewsKarnataka.com|date=10 August 2016}}</ref> While Bhat was taking care of the script, wrote story and take up the direction, Ganesh was cast as the lead actor apart from co-producing the film and [[V. Harikrishna]] was chosen to compose the music. On 30 November 2016, the film was reported to have titled as ''Mugulu Nage''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14061-yogaraj-bhatt-s-new-film-titled-mugulunage.html|title=Yogaraj Bhatt's New Film Titled Mugulunage|work=Chitraloka}}</ref> On 8 December 2016, the filming began with the first schedule officially canned at ISRO Layout in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14093-ganesh-yograj-bhat-mugulu-nage-starts-on-friday.html|title=Ganesh -Yograj Bhat Mugulu Nage Starts on Friday |work=Chitraloka}}</ref> The second schedule was held at Mysuru followed by the third schedule being shot in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14269-mugulunage-shooting-in-pondicherry.html|title=Mugulunage Shooting in Pondicherry |work=Chitraloka}}</ref> It was also reported that team expected the filming would be completed by the end of February 2017. However, the shooting was officially concluded in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14606-mugulu-nage-shooting-completed.html|title=Mugulu Nage Shooting Completed|work=Chitraloka}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[File:Ganesh and Bhat in Pondicherry.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|alt=Ganesh and Yogaraj Bhat shooting in Pondicherry for the film ''Mugulu Nage''|Ganesh (''right'') and Bhat (''left'') during the filming in Pondicherry]]

After signing Ganesh for the lead role, actress [[Amulya]] was signed in for one of the female leads.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/040117/spun-in-gold-again.html|title=Amulya: Spun in GOLD, again?|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date= 4 January 2017}}</ref> It was also reported that the film would feature three more leading female characters, with a total of four different romantic tracks. Actresses [[Nabha Natesh]] and [[Nikitha Narayan]] were approached to play the other lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/nov/15/nabha-nikitha-to-romance-ganesh-1538955.html|title=Nabha, Nikitha to romance Ganesh?|work=The New Indian Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> However, later Nabha was replaced by model turned actress Ashika Ranganath, playing her first role for a film. Apart from these leading actresses. In February 2017, it was announced that actor [[Jaggesh]] would be appearing in a special song sequence penned by Bhat himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14402-jaggesh-dances-for-mugulunage.html|title=Jaggesh Dances For Mugulunage|work=Chitraloka}}</ref> Later in March 2017, Bhat made some last-minute changes by replacing Amulya with actress [[Apoorva Arora]] since Amulya got engaged and her marriage dates were clashing with the film schedule.<ref name="A">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/mar/16/amulya-leaves-mugulu-nage-apoorva-steps-in-1581749.html|title=Amulya leaves Mugulu Nage, Apoorva steps in|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Apoorva joined the team on 18 March and shot her scenes at [[Barkur]]. It was also reported that Amulya would still make a guest appearance in the film.<ref name="A"/>

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mugulu Nage
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 11 July 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:00
| label = D Beats
| producer = V. Harikrishna
| prev_title =[[Raajakumara]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title =[[Bharjari]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

[[V. Harikrishna]] scored the film's background and for its soundtrack.<ref name="auto"/> The soundtrack, consisting of six tracks, was released starting with the track "Hodi Ombattu" on 11 July 2017 in [[Hubli]] and each song in a different city of Karnataka subsequently on every alternate day to "honour each of Harikrishna's songs", who scored for his 100th film.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Christopher|first1=Kavya|title=Mugulu Nage's two-week-long audio launch begins today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mugulu-nages-two-week-long-audio-launch-begins-today/articleshow/59513216.cms|accessdate=31 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ganesh, Yogaraj Bhat release Hodi Ombattu in Hubballi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ganesh-yogaraj-bhat-release-hodi-ombattu-in-hubballi/articleshow/59545826.cms|accessdate=31 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=11 July 2017}}</ref> The distribution rights procured by D Beats.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mugulu Nage audio to be released on July 12|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mugulu-nage-audio-to-be-released-on-july-12/articleshow/59456270.cms|accessdate=31 July 2017|work=The Times of India|date=5 July 2017}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and [[Jayanth Kaikini]].

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:00
| title1 = Ninna Snehadinda
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:07
| title2 = Amara Hale Nenapu
| lyrics2 = Yogaraj Bhat
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Roopasi Summane
| lyrics3 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length3 = 4:17
| title4 = Hodi Ombath
| lyrics4 = Yogaraj Bhat
| extra4 = Vijay Prakash
| length4 = 4:30
| title5 = Kere Yeri
| lyrics5 = Yogaraj Bhat
| extra5 = Sonu Nigam
| length5 = 4:40
| title6 = Mugulu Nage
| lyrics6 = Yogaraj Bhat
| extra6 = Sonu Nigam
| length6 = 4:15
| title7 = Kannadi Illada Orinali
| lyrics7 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra7 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length7 = 4:19
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "''Mugulu Nage'' is a film that touches the heart. Yogaraj Bhat and Ganesh found a way to capture love and heartbreak in ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' through rains, and this time the two seem to have matured in their outlook on romance. This time the two tell us that love can be navigated with a smile and only Ganesh complements Bhat’s efforts".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/02/in-mugulu-nage-matters-of-the-heart-are-bittersweet-1651292.html|title=In Mugulu Nage, matters of the heart are bittersweet|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2 September 2017|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Yogaraj and Ganesh first got together to make a film about heartbreak. With Mugulu Nage, the combination has grown and learnt to move on, which in many ways is quite akin to the film itself".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mugulu-nage/movie-review/60319646.cms|title=MUGULU NAGE MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Sunayana|last= Suresh|date=1 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901152319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mugulu-nage/movie-review/60319646.cms|archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref>

On the contrary, a critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "Both Yogaraj and Ganesh reunite after a decade to recreate their magic but it turns out to an ordinary venture with mixed feelings. While some part of the film looks refreshing and is emotionally packed with a reason to smile, the remainder is dragged on with the director’s usual tidbit formula".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010917/mugulu-nage-movie-review-smile-with-a-teary-end.html|title=Mugulu Nage movie review: Smile with a teary end|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|first=Shashiprasad|last=S. M.|date=1 September 2017}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Mugulu Nage is good enough to drag people to the theatres, but does it give the immersive experience to keep off gadgets altogether?"<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mugulu-nage-movie-review-not-much-to-smile-about/articleshow/60328750.cms|title=Mugulu nage movie review: Not much to smile about|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=1 September 2017|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "‘Mugulu Nage’ is not great as a whole but is at least good in parts which are not what you could say about many of Bhat’s efforts".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/women-hold-forte/article19684463.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923000128/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/women-hold-forte/article19684463.ece|url-access=subscription|archive-date=23 September 2023|title=Women hold forte|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6721424}}
* {{facebook|@mugulunageOfficial|''Mugulu Nage''}}

{{Yogaraj Bhat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mugulu Nage}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yogaraj Bhat]]

Oonga (film)

2026-03-02T10:01:56Z

Priyankasingh: created basic stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oonga
| image = Oonga_Poster_2013.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Devashish Makhija]]
| producer = Harish Amin Mehvash Husain
| story = [[Devashish Makhija]] Sarat Talluri Rao
| screenplay = Devashish Makhija Harish Amin
| starring = [[Nandita Das]] [[Seema Biswas]] [[Salim Kumar]]
| music = Krsna
| cinematography = [[:en:Jehangir_Choudhary|Jehangir Choudhary]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|05|03|New York Indian Film Festival}}
| runtime = 98 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi, Oriya
}}

'''''Oonga''''' is a [[Hindi]] and [[Oriya language|Oriya]] film directed by [[Devashish Makhija]], and produced by Speaking Tree Pictures & Moo Print Pictures.<ref name="Sunday Indian">{{cite web|title=Sunday Indian interview|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-big-little-war-in-our-backyard/23/47987/|accessdate=1 October 2013|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230220544/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-big-little-war-in-our-backyard/23/47987/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Pandolin interview">{{cite web|title=Pandolin|date=25 June 2013 |url=http://pandolin.com/oonga-explores-a-collision-of-cultures-devashish-makhija/|accessdate=1 October 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224231/http://pandolin.com/oonga-explores-a-collision-of-cultures-devashish-makhija/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a story of a little [[adivasi]] boy's obsession with becoming [[Rama]], set against the backdrop of corrupt land mining activities threatening to destroy his village and the civil strife it leads to. The film stars [[Nandita Das]], [[Seema Biswas]], [[Salim Kumar]] and Raju Singh<ref>{{cite news|last=Mumbai Mirror|title=Little Big Boy|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Little-big-boy/articleshow/24325336.cms|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=28 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025329/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Little-big-boy/articleshow/24325336.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (as Oonga).

''Oonga'' had its world premiere at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] on 3 May 2013;<ref>{{Cite news |last=vishu |date=17 April 2013 |title=Bringing the indie into Indian cinema |url= |work=[[Mid-Day]]  |id={{NewsBank text|149564CBB2004EE8}}.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=13th Annual New York Indian Film Festival: April 30 - May 4, 2013 |url=http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2013/schedule.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430035359/http://www.iaac.us/NYIFF2013/schedule.htm |archive-date=30 April 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=Indo-American Arts Council |at=See heading "Friday, May 3, 2013, 4:00 pm, Theatre 2 at Tribeca Cinemas." |publication-place=New York, NY}}</ref> and was screened in the 'India Gold' section at the 15th [[Mumbai Film Festival]];<ref name="MAMI Website">{{cite web|title=India Gold Section - MAMI|url=http://www.mumbaifilmfest.org/index.php?page=film_selection|accessdate=1 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002012213/http://www.mumbaifilmfest.org/index.php?page=film_selection|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> the 13th River to River Florence Indian film festival 2013<ref name="River to River Florence Indian festival">{{cite web|last=Florence Indian film festival|title=festival website|url=http://www.rivertoriver.it/index.php?option=com_zoo&view=frontpage&layout=frontpage&Itemid=187&lang=en|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-date=13 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124635/http://www.rivertoriver.it/index.php?option=com_zoo&view=frontpage&layout=frontpage&Itemid=187&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Indian film festival at Melbourne 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Indian film festival Melbourne|title=Festival Website|url=http://iffm.com.au/oonga.html|accessdate=10 April 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140336/http://iffm.com.au/oonga.html|archivedate=13 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Oonga is also a part of the international competition at the International Film Festival of Kerala 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kerala|first=24thInternational Film Festival of|title=24thInternational Film Festival of Kerala {{!}} IFFK2019 at Thiruvananthapuram|url=http://iffk.in/|access-date=2020-07-31|language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107114056/http://iffk.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Little adivasi Oonga misses his village school trip to see the ‘[[Ramayana]]’. Upset about being the only kid in his tribal village Pottacheru who has not yet seen the mythical warrior-king ‘Rama’, Oonga runs away, embarking on a long adventurous journey to the big city of Lohabad.

Oonga braves his way across forests, rivers and roads, hitching stolen rides on cars past valleys dug up for industrialization... along under-construction highways... until he reaches Lohabad. This world is much larger, brighter and faster than where he came from. After being denied entry he sneaks in to watch the play.

He is stunned to see that Rama is everything that the adivasi are - gentle, brave, a forest dweller and protector of mother-earth Sita. Except, he is also blue! Oonga gapes in awe as this blue hero saves Sita from the demon king [[Ravana]].

When he emerges after the play, Oonga believes he has become Rama! Painted blue, he returns to Pottacheru, unaware that he is now returning not to the home he left behind, but to a battlefield where the ‘company’ will do anything to take the adivasi's land away from them to mine it for Bauxite.

As the [[Naxalite]] rebels and the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] soldiers go to war over Pottacheru, little Oonga, in his Rama avatar, believes he can save his home from this Ravana seeking to ravage it.

== Cast ==

* [[Nandita Das]] as Hemla
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Laxmi
* [[Alyy Khan]] as Manoranjan
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Kunja/Tramp
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as Pradip
* [[Anand Tiwari]] as Sushil
* [[Priyanka Bose]] as Oongamma
* Raju Singh (Debut)as Oonga

== Production and development ==

The idea for ''Oonga'' came to Devashish Makhija from a journey through the tribal belt of South Orissa and North Andhra with the photo-journalist Javed Iqbal, and documentary filmmaker Faiza Ahmad Khan. The film was shot on a limited budget, on a tight schedule of 18 days.

The story of Oonga found its seed in a small anecdote Devashish Makhija heard while in Koraput, Orissa. He recalls Sharanya Nayak, the local head of Action Aid there telling him how she had taken a group of adivasis to watch a dubbed version of [[Avatar (2009 film)]]. They hollered and cheered the [[Na’vi]] right through the film as if they were their own fellow-tribals, fighting the same battles they were.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandolin|title=Interview|url=http://www.pandolin.com/oonga-explores-a-collision-of-cultures-devashish-makhija/|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110115834/http://www.pandolin.com/oonga-explores-a-collision-of-cultures-devashish-makhija/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most of what is shown in the film is based on real incidents Makhija had witnessed or heard or read of. The character of Hemla was "inspired in part by the case of [[Soni Sori]]". About a fortnight before the filming of the abduction scene, in Koraput, Orissa, an adivasi MLA was actually kidnapped from a spot very near to the location for the planned shoot.

''Oonga'' was shot as a bilingual film, and both [[Oriya language|Oriya]] and [[Hindi]] is spoken in the film. The actors playing Naxalites and the CRPF were from Mumbai, and the actors playing the adivasis were from Orissa, while Nandita Das speaks both languages.<ref>{{cite web|last=The Big Indian Picture|title=Interview|url=http://thebigindianpicture.com/2013/10/planet-of-the-natives/|accessdate=10 January 2014|archive-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221015328/http://thebigindianpicture.com/2013/10/planet-of-the-natives/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The film received several favourable reviews.

Josh Hurtado of [[Twitch Film]] described the film as "a complicated tale of a complicated existence in a place where simplicity still reigns" and praised the beauty of the Indian landscape in the film.<ref>{{cite web|last=Twitch Film|title=Review|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2013/05/nyiff-2013-review-oonga-is-a-little-boys-dream-made-real.html|accessdate=10 January 2014|archive-date=18 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218002012/http://twitchfilm.com/2013/05/nyiff-2013-review-oonga-is-a-little-boys-dream-made-real.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=twitch film|first1=Josh Hurtado|title=13 best Indian films|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2014/12/j-hurtados-favorite-indian-films-of-2013-2014-gallery.html|website=twitchfilm.com|date=31 December 2014 |access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315091955/http://twitchfilm.com/2014/12/j-hurtados-favorite-indian-films-of-2013-2014-gallery.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Louis Proyect of the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] called it "the first film I have seen out of India that takes up the cause of the Adivasi."<ref>{{cite web|last=Louis Proyect|title=Review|url=http://louisproyect.org/2013/04/30/new-york-indian-film-festival-2013/|accessdate=10 January 2014|archive-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110094522/http://louisproyect.org/2013/04/30/new-york-indian-film-festival-2013/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Arnesh Ghose of ''[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]]'' praised the cinematography and music, and commented favourably on Raju Singh's performance,<ref>{{cite web|last=Man's World India|title=Review|url=http://www.mansworldindia.com/cinema/festival-offerings|accessdate=10 January 2014|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209064256/http://www.mansworldindia.com/cinema/festival-offerings|url-status=live}}</ref> while Saibal Chaterjee from Civil Society Online said that the film "is remarkably free from the good-versus-evil narrative dynamics that define mainstream Hindi cinema."<ref>{{cite web|last=Civil Society Online|title=Review|url=http://www.civilsocietyonline.com/pages/Details.aspx?374|accessdate=10 January 2014|archive-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110114637/http://www.civilsocietyonline.com/pages/Details.aspx?374|url-status=live}}</ref>

Deborah Young of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' said that ''Oonga'' "does a pretty good job explaining why the regional police and the Naxalites, Maoist-inspired guerrillas coming from native tribes, are in a standoff in modern India"; she also praised the cinematography and the actors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hollywood Reporter|title=Review|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=21 October 2013 |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/oonga-mumbai-review-649709|accessdate=10 January 2014|archive-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313072732/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/oonga-mumbai-review-649709|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2830226}}
* http://www.oongathemovie.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528035841/http://www.oongathemovie.com/ |date=28 May 2013 }}
* http://speakingtreepictures.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623175234/http://speakingtreepictures.com/ |date=23 June 2013 }}
* http://www.indianexpress.com/news/zoom-into-conflict/1180549/0
* http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jCpqwBd2aYR0brLZ4lSJgP/Mumbai-Film-Festival--Oonga.html
* http://www.gqindia.com/content/6-ways-enjoy-mumbais-film-festival?page=2

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Krsna Solo]]
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

1947 Ramdas ship disaster

2026-02-28T21:00:55Z

Priyankasingh: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian passenger ferry that sank in 1947}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox ship 
|infobox_caption= 1947 ''Ramdas'' ship disaster
|display_title= 1947 ''Ramdas'' ship disaster
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_size=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|British Raj|Name=India}}
|name= SS ''Ramdas''
|owner= Indian Cooperative Steam Navigation Company
|ordered=
|registry = [[Bombay]]
|route = [[Bombay]] to [[Rewas]]
|builder=
|original_cost=
|laid_down=
|launched=1936
|acquired=
|commissioned=
|in_service=
|struck= 17 July 1947
|honours=
|honors=
|fate= Sank; killing 690 of the people on board
|notes=
}}
}}

The '''1947 ''Ramdas'' ship disaster''' occurred near Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) in India. The Indian [[passenger ship]] SS ''Ramdas'', while bound for [[Rewas]] in [[Maharashtra]], capsized on 17 July 1947,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/1149933/Kashacha-Khadak-Ferry-Ramdas-sank-here-drowning-700-persons|title = Kashacha Khadak (Gull Island) | disaster site}}</ref> near Gull Island (Kashyacha Khadak), ten miles from [[Colaba]] ([[South Mumbai]]) Point, killing 724 of the people on board.

==The disaster==
''Ramdas'' was a coastal [[passenger ferry]] owned by the [[Indian Cooperative Steam Navigation Company]]. It was a [[Twin-screw steamer|twin-screw]] vessel built in 1936 and measured 406 [[tonnage|tons]]. On 17 July 1947, at around 8:05 a.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), 30 minutes after she left Bombay, and at {{convert|5|mi|km}} Colaba Point, while en route to Rewas, she was caught in violent storms and high seas.<ref>{{cite news |title=669 Die in Ship Disaster |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/26402001 |accessdate=12 November 2018 |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |date=19 July 1947}}</ref> While she was passing the island of Kashyacha Khadak, one of the waves caught her on the [[starboard]] side, resulting in the passengers rushing to the [[Port (nautical)|port]] side and causing her to capsize.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Indian steamer disaster: Nearly 700 drowned|url=http://wikimapia.org/1149933/Kashacha-Khadak-Ferry-Ramdas-sank-here-drowning-700-persons|accessdate=18 April 2015|work=Pg 4|agency=The Times|issue=50816|date=18 July 1947}}</ref>

The port authorities knew of the tragedy only when a few of the survivors swam to safety and reached the [[Sassoon Docks]] and broke the news at 3:00 p.m. Some of the survivors swam across and reached the northern coast of [[Raigad district|Raigad]] near Rewas. Some people were rescued by fishermen from Rewas.<ref name="interviews">{{cite book|title=Interviews with survivors: "Ramdas Botichya Jalasamadhichi Samay Hakikat" (Marathi)|date=1950|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Of the 713 passengers on board, 690 died. Most passengers were from the [[Girgaum]] and [[Parel]] areas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purandare |first=Vaibhav |date=2022-08-13 |title=India’s Titanic tragedy that killed 700 also marks 75 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-titanic-tragedy-that-killed-700-also-marks-75-years/articleshow/93530748.cms |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They were mostly workers from [[Pen, India|Pen]], [[Roha]], and [[Alibag]]. Survivors included the ship's [[Sea captain|captain]], Sheikh Suleman Ibrahim, who later provided the facts of the incident.

==Aftermath==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2017}}
For the rescue operation mounted by the Rewas (Alibag) fishermen, the Indian government allotted some land and a [[jetty]] to them. The resulting settlement was subsequently called [[Bodni]].<ref name="interviews"/>

The [[Mumbai Port Trust|Bombay Port Trust]] decided to salvage it in August 1951 and the work was entrusted to an Italian firm for a cost of {{INR}}13.8 [[lakh]].<ref>{{cite news |title="Ramdas" to be Salvaged |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 September 1951 |page=3}}</ref> However, the wreck resurfaced on its own at [[Ballard Pier]] off the coast at Bombay in 1957.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}
* [https://archive.today/20010424230659/http://www.timesrelieffund.com/ramdasship/ramdas.htm Times Relief Fund]

{{1947 shipwrecks}}

{{coord| 18.91|72.81|display=title}}

[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in India]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of India]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1947]]
[[Category:Shipping in India]]
[[Category:20th century in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Disasters in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1947 disasters in India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{Transport-accident-stub}}
{{India-transport-stub}}

Rajin Saleh

2026-02-28T10:48:37Z

Priyankasingh: pg

{{Short description|Bangladeshi cricketer (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Rajin Saleh
| image =
| caption =
| country = Bangladesh
| fullname = Khondokar Mohammad Rajin Saleh Alam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|11|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role = [[Batsman]]
| family = [[Sayem Alam]] (brother) [[Nasirul Alam]] (brother) [[Rezaul Haque (cricketer)|Rezaul Haque]] (brother)
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2003–2008
| testdebutdate = 20 August
| testdebutyear = 2003
| testdebutagainst = Pakistan
| testcap = 33
| lasttestdate = 25 October
| lasttestyear = 2008
| lasttestagainst = New Zealand
| odidebutdate = 9 September
| odidebutyear = 2003
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odicap = 67
| lastodidate = 13 October
| lastodiyear = 2006
| lastodiagainst = Zimbabwe
| odishirt = 35
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 24
| runs1 = 1141
| bat avg1 = 25.93
| 100s/50s1 = 0/7
| top score1 = 89
| deliveries1 = 438
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 134.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/9
| catches/stumpings1 = 13/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 43
| runs2 = 1,005
| bat avg2 = 23.92
| 100s/50s2 = 1/6
| top score2 = 108[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 539
| wickets2 = 15
| bowl avg2 = 30.60
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/16
| catches/stumpings2 = 9/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 148
| runs3 = 8,481
| bat avg3 = 36.08
| 100s/50s3 = 18/44
| top score3 = 201[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 1,563
| wickets3 = 9
| bowl avg3 = 104.66
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/44
| catches/stumpings3 = 128/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 140
| runs4 = 3,153
| bat avg4 = 24.63
| 100s/50s4 = 5/14
| top score4 = 108[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 1,470
| wickets4 = 38
| bowl avg4 = 32.92
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/16
| catches/stumpings4 = 44/–
| date = 12 March
| year = 2023
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56074.html CricInfo
}}
'''Khondokar Mohammad Rajin Saleh Alam''' ({{langx|bn|খন্দকার মোহাম্মদ রাজিন সালেহ আলম}}) (born November 20, 1983) is a Bangladeshi former [[cricket]]er, who has played Tests and ODIs for the national team. He was recognised for his outstanding fielding attributes and was one of the best fielders of his generation. He was also a member of the national [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]] and [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] squads. In November 2018, he announced his retirement from [[first-class cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25163318/bangladesh-batsman-rajin-saleh-retires-first-class-cricket |title=Rajin Saleh retires from first-class cricket |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>

==International career==
Alam was the twelfth man in Bangladesh's inaugural Test, played against [[Indian cricket team|India]] on November 10, 2000. He then spent three years out of the national squad. He made his Test debut against Pakistan in autumn 2003 when Bangladesh toured Pakistan, scoring a half-century on debut.<ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-tour-of-pakistan-2003-62185/pakistan-vs-bangladesh-1st-test-64043/full-scorecard</ref> He also made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut in that same series. During and after that series he proved himself to be one of the regular members of the national team. In [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]] he captained the side in the absence of the injured [[Habibul Bashar]]. He also made an unbeaten knock of 108 against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] to become the third Bangladeshi batsman to score a century in One-day Internationals.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Habibul Bashar]]|
title=[[Bangladeshi national cricket captains|Bangladesh national cricket captain]]|
years=2004|
after=[[Habibul Bashar]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bangladesh ODI cricket captains}}
{{Bangladesh Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saleh, Rajin}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bangladesh One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Test cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricketers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket captains]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Sylhet Division cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Sylhet]]
[[Category:Cricket Coaching School cricketers]]
[[Category:Mohammedan Sporting Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Partex Sporting Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Bangladesh East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]
[[Category:The Aided High School alumni]]

{{Bangladesh-cricket-bio-1980s-stub}}

Jagban

2026-02-26T22:41:41Z

Priyankasingh: made a entry

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagban
| official_name = Jagban East Gram Panchyat and Jagban West Gram Panchyat
| native_name = जगबन
| native_name_lang = mai
| other_name = Jagwan
| settlement_type = Rural
| nickname = Joge-Van
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|26.3569274|N|85.8325757|E}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.3569274|N|85.8325757|E}}
| subdivision_type = State
| subdivision_name = Bihar
| subdivision_type1 = District
| subdivision_name1 = Madhubani
| subdivision_type2 = Block
| subdivision_name2 = Bisfi
| subdivision_type3 = Country
| subdivision_name3 = {{flag|India}}
| named_for = [[Yajnavalkya]]
| seat_type = Panchayat
| seat = Gram Panchyat Raj
| government_type = Mukhiya
| governing_body = Panchayati raj
| population_total = 10,744
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| population_note = India Population Census 2011
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official language
*Mother language
| demographics2_info1 = *Hindi
*[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| postal_code_type = Postal Pin Code
| postal_code = 847304
| footnotes = Village of the Indian Philosopher Yajnavalkya
}}
'''Jagban''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: जगबन ) also known as ''Joge-Van'' is a village in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]]. It is believed to be the ''Tapobhumi'' of the Vedic sage [[Yajnavalkya]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=वैदिक काल के महान दार्शनिक और ज्ञाता थे महर्षि याज्ञवल्क्य |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-maharishi-yajnavalkya-was-a-great-philosopher-and-knower-of-the-vedic-period-7817667.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Madhubani, Through the Ages: A Regional History of Madhubani|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Madhubani_Through_the_Ages.html?id=UWpuAAAAMAAJ#Joge|publisher=Image Impressions|date=2007|language=en|first=Iẓhār|last=Aḥmad|pages=14}}</ref> The village is located in [[Bisfi]] block of [[Madhubani district]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Madhubani, Government Of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://madhubani.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is around five kilometres distance by road from ''Kamtaul'' railway station of the East Central Railway. The village is divided into two Gram Panchyats, they are ''Jagban East'' and ''Jagban West''.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, the number of families residing in this village is 2,346. The total population of the village is 10,744, of which 5,741 are male while 5,003 are females. The sex ratio of Jagban village is 871 females to 1000 males on average. Among children, this ratio is on average 884 females to every 1000 males. In 2011, the literacy rate of Jagban village was 39.3%, with literacy among males at 46.99% and 30.39% among females.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Madhubani district Census 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in |website=India Population Census 2011}}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
''Jagban'' village is believed to be the residence place of the Vedic sage [[Yajnavalkya]].<ref name=":0" /> It is believed that the sage Yajnavalkya did his tough penance devoted to [[Surya|Lord Suryanarayana]] in this village. In the ''Jagban West [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=ऋषि याज्ञवल्क्य महान व्यक्ति थे : डाॅ. जयशंकर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/rishi-yagnavalkya-was-a-great-man-dr-jayashankar-050118-4102168.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=hi}}</ref> of the village there is an ancient place related to the sage, known as [[Yajnavalkya Ashram]]. According to legend, Yajnavalkya founded his treatises [[Shatapatha Brahmana|Satapatha Brahmana]], [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] and [[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]], etc. at this village. On the occasion of [[Yajnavalkya Jayanti|Yajnavalkya Janmoshtav]], huge devotees gather here for paying tributes to the Vedic sage Yajnavalkya. There is a temple called as ''Shree Yogeshwar Yajnavalkya Mandir'' in the campus of the [[Yajnavalkya Ashram]], built in the memory of [[Yajnavalkya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-12 |title=बिहार में रहते थे राजा जनक के पुरोहित, शास्त्रार्थ में थे सबसे बड़े ज्ञानी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/rishi-yagyavalkya-settled-here-priest-of-king-janak-know-interesting-things-related-to-the-sage-8312276.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=याज्ञवल्क्य आश्रम के विकास की जरूरत - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-8948481.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

Dharma Narayan Barma

2026-02-13T13:16:39Z

Priyankasingh: Added new data and citations...

{{Short description|Indian Sanskrit teacher}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dharma Narayan Barma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|11|10}}
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]
}}

'''Dharma Narayan Barma''' (born 10 November 1935) is an Indian Sanskrit teacher from [[Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]]. He is known for his work in promoting Kamtapur language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=Rajbanshis’ salience in Bengal politics surfaces as TMC, BJP lock horns over Kaliaganj flare-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajbanshi-bengal-politics-tmc-bjp-lock-horns-kaliaganj-flare-up-8577872/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> For his contribution to the Arts and Literature, he was given India's fourth-highest civilian [[Padma Shri]] award in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-26 |title=West Bengal: ‘Bantul the Great’ creator wins Padma Shri |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bantul-the-great-creator-wins-padma-shri/articleshow/80456930.cms |access-date=2023-12-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Barma was born in 1935 in, He did his master's degree from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] in [[Sanskrit]] in 1959. Then started working as teacher at Metropolitan Higher Secondary School, Calcutta. after that he returned to Cooch Behar, where he worked at Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School until he retired.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web| title=Dr. Dharma Narayan Barma | url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2021/202125.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214175626/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2021/202125.pdf | archive-date=2023-12-14}}</ref>

== Awards ==
[[Padma Shri]] from [[Government of India]] in 2021.<ref name=":02"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan Barma, Dharma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Edu-bio-stub}}

M. S. Ananth

2026-02-08T11:59:42Z

Priyankasingh: corrected references and improved wording

{{short description|Indian academic|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Prof_M_S_Ananth.jpg
| image_size =
| name = M S Ananth
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1945}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Chemical engineering]]
| work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Florida]], [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]] [[Anna University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Keith E. Gubbins]]
| known_for = [[Thermodynamics]]
| prizes = Herdillia award for excellence in basic research in chemical engineering (IIChE 1994)
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madaboosi Santanam Ananth''' is an Indian academic who served as the director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] from 2001 to 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rdec2001/21122001/r2112200111.html|title=PROF. M.S. ANANTH IS THE NEW DIRECTOR OF IIT-CHENNAI |date=21 December 2001|publisher=Govt. of India, Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/scientific-indian/article2496922.ece|title=Scientific Indian |date=29 September 2011|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2014-06-04}}</ref> He was presented with The Herdillia award for excellence in basic research in chemical engineering.

==Biography==
{{expand_section|date=June 2011}}
He did his schooling in [[Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6709112.cms|title=Star-studded 175th b'day for MCC school|date=7 October 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> Ananth is an alumnus of [[Alagappa College of Technology]], [[Chennai]], where he completed his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering with a gold medal. Subsequently, he obtained his M.E. and Ph.D.(1972) degrees from [[University of Florida]], [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/22/stories/2001122201591300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105024940/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/22/stories/2001122201591300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title= New Director for IIT-Madras |date=22 December 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> His doctoral work at the [[University of Florida]] was on molecular thermodynamics, and his advisor was [[Keith E. Gubbins]], a famous British-born internationally renowned scientist, who figures in the list of "hundred great chemical engineers" in America after the post-war years, and who is a distinguished professor at the North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

He was a visiting faculty at [[Princeton University]](1982–83) and a visiting scientist at [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]], [[Boulder, Colorado]](1990–91).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/12/08/stories/2005120800650300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105024759/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/12/08/stories/2005120800650300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=We want action, not daya or karuna|last=Mohanty|first=Meera|date=8 December 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> He was a visiting scientist in the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado (1990–91), in RWTH, Aachen, Germany (summer 1983 and summer 1999) and a visiting thermodynamics expert in Aspen Tech, Massachusetts, US (summer 1991).

He has held various senior positions such as the head of the department, dean of academic courses and dean of academic research.

Ananth is the head of NPTEL's Project Implementation committee,<ref>[https://nptel.ac.in/faq.html NPTEL FAQ]</ref> and the NPTEL program is often referred to as his 'brainchild'.<ref>[https://www.govtech.com/education/Indias-Online-Science-and-Engineering-Course.html?topic=118264 India's Online Science and Engineering Course Now Free for Students Everywhere]</ref> He also serves on the boards of companies, including [[Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited]], [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation]] and Medlab Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=CHPC.BO&officerId=838019|title=Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Officers and Directors, Ananth, M. S., Brief biography|publisher=Reuters Finance|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>

==Research interests==

* [[Thermodynamics]]
* [[Mathematical modeling]]
* [[Engineering education]]

==Awards, honors and memberships==

* Herdillia award for excellence in basic research in chemical engineering (IIChE 1994)
* Fellow, Indian Institute of Chemical Engineering
* Fellow, [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.che.iitm.ac.in/~ananth/ Ananth] at [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ananth, M. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Florida College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology directors]]

Neera

2026-02-06T15:48:13Z

Priyankasingh: starting post

{{other|Neera (given name)}}
{{short description|Palm nectar used as a drink}}
{{Infobox drink
| name = Neera
| image = Neera manufactured from Kollam Kaippuzha Plant, Feb 2016.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Neera manufactured by the Kollam Kaipuzha Plant in 2016
| type =
| abv =
| proof =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| origin =
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| colour =
| flavour =
| ingredients = [[toddy palm]]
| variants =
| related =
| website =
| region =
}}


{{refimprove|date=October 2012}}
'''Neera''', also called '''palm nectar''', is a sap extracted from the [[inflorescence]] of various species of [[toddy palm]]s and used as a drink.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-chief-gives-marketing-tips-to-toddy-tappers/article4511798.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=TDP chief gives marketing tips to toddy tappers | date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> Neera extraction is generally performed before sunrise. It is sweet, [[translucent]] in colour. It is susceptible to natural [[fermentation]] at ambient temperature within a few hours of extraction, and is also known as palm wine. Once fermented, Neera becomes [[Palm wine|toddy]]. Neera is widely consumed in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Africa]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]], and [[Myanmar]]. Neera is not the juice made from palm fruit.

Neera requires neither mechanical crushing, as in the case of sugarcane, nor leaching, like beet-root; it is obtained by slicing the spathes of the [[coconut]], [[sago]], and [[Borassus flabellifer|Palmyra]] (''Borassus flabellifer L.'') palm, and scraping the tendermost part, just below the crown.

In Goa though, the word ''surr'' is used for toddy of the [[coconut palm]], and ''nirau'' for the sweet juice extracted last from the [[cashew apple]]. The words are not interchangeable.

==Composition==
Neera is rich in carbohydrates, mildly alcoholic, mostly sucrose, and has a nearly neutral [[pH]].<ref name="fii">{{cite web|date=May 21, 2007|url=http://www.foodindustryindia.com/newfood/detailnews.jsp?n=Neera%20Board%20in%20Karnataka%20supports%20marketing&id=110|title=Neera Board in Karnataka supports marketing|publisher=FoodIndustryIndia.com|access-date=June 19, 2008|archive-date=July 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711015126/http://www.foodindustryindia.com/newfood/detailnews.jsp?n=Neera%20Board%20in%20Karnataka%20supports%20marketing&id=110|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a [[specific gravity]] ranging from 1.058 to 1.077. The chemical percentage composition of neera varies, depending on such factors as place, type of palm, mode and season of collection. Typical values are:<ref name="drdo">{{cite web|date=April 2005|url=http://www.drdo.org/pub/techfocus/april05/coconut_sap.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070813122708/http://www.drdo.org/pub/techfocus/april05/coconut_sap.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 13, 2007|title=Preserved Coconut Sap|publisher=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance
! Concentration (g/100 mL)
|-
| [[Sucrose]]
| 12.3 – 17.4
|-
| [[Ash (analytical chemistry)|Total ash]]
| 0.11 – 0.41
|-
| [[Protein]]
| 0.23 – 0.32
|-
| [[Ascorbic acid]]
| 0.016 – 0.030
|-
| Total solids
| 15.2 – 19.7
|}

==Fermentation==
Neera is highly susceptible to natural [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]] at ambient temperature within a few hours of extraction from the palm source. Once fermented, it transforms into [[Palm wine|toddy]] with 4% [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]].

Using several technologies developed by various research institutes, neera is processed and preserved in its natural form to retain the vitamins, sugar, and other nutrients beneficial for health. To extend the shelf life of neera, heat preservation techniques such as [[pasteurization]] are used.<ref name="drdo"/>

A team of experts from SCMS Institute of BioSciences and Biotechnology, Cochin, India have successfully developed filtration and preservation techniques for neera and collaborated with Coconut Development Board to commercialize the drink among the public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Coconut-Board-SCMS-develop-new-Neera-technology/articleshow/25233512.cms|title=Coconut Board, SCMS develop new Neera technology – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 November 2013 }}</ref>

A special filtration technique to enhance the shelf life of neera was developed by the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] in [[Pune]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|date=May 17, 2008|url=http://www.calcuttanews.net/story/360264|title=Neera, palm tree juice that could go Amul way|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Technologies for the preservation and processing of neera were also developed by the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]] in [[Mysore]], [[India]].<ref name="edrink">{{cite news|date=May 30, 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/30/stories/2007053006640400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602001257/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/30/stories/2007053006640400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 2, 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title= 'Neera' to be promoted as nutritious energy drink|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==By-products==
Palmgur ([[jaggery]]), [[palm sugar]], coconut nectar and [[neera syrup]] are produced by heating fresh neera and concentrating it. [[Caramelization]]{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} turns the heated neera from milky white to transparent brown.

[[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha|Orissa]] are the Indian states where most of the neera is converted into palmgur. Palmgur is also produced from neera in the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]].

==In India==
{{see also|List of Indian beverages}}

* In [[Gujarat]], Neera-producing societies have formed the Federation of Gujarat Neera And Tadpadarth Gramodyog Sangh. This organisation has set up a filtration plant that processes Neera to increase its shelf life. The Gujarat Neera and Tadpadarth Gramodyog Sangh, established in 1991, aims to improve living conditions of the workers engaged in the production of Neera. It is also trying to increase the production of neera in the state by planting more palm trees, and investing in the training of tapper-workers.
*In [[Andhra Pradesh]], unlike other states, there is no state government sponsorship/support to promote neera or its by-products at retail outlets. Only the [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]] (KVIC) promotes neera as a health drink.
*In Gujarat and [[Maharashtra]], neera is made available through various outlets known as "Neera Vikri Kendra" (Neera sale centre). The Neera Palm Product Cooperative Society had set up small green kiosks that sold neera in major railway stations, but they are now only to be found alongside highways and expressways outside the Mumbai city area. In the above two states the neera is extracted from date palm and pulmyrah trees. In the state of Karnataka, where there are abundant coconut trees, neera is tapped from coconut trees .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uppercrustindia.com/14crust/fourteen/season3.htm|title=Getting A Kick Out Of Toddy!|publisher=Upper Crust|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219053938/http://www.uppercrustindia.com/14crust/fourteen/season3.htm|archivedate=2007-12-19}}</ref>
*In [[Karnataka]], neera is extracted and sold by the [[Ediga]] and [[Billava]] castes. The state government constituted the Neera Board, comprising farmers, provincial government officials, and neera training institutes, to inspect and control the quality of neera and its products, give approvals to labels, and develop various schemes for selling in the international market. The Central Food Technological Research Institute developed a technology to preserve neera for two months, and the government plans to promote neera as an energy drink with medicinal value, packaged in sachets and bottles.<ref name="edrink"/>
*In [[Kerala]], the state government, as part of Kerala Vision 2010, set up three units to manufacture neera.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 26, 2006|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/27/stories/2006022700591700.htm|title=Kerala Govt to set up three units for 'Neera'|publisher=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>
*In [[Odisha]], the state government established a cooperative organisation known as the Odisha State Palmgur Cooperative Federation to provide technological support in the processing and production of neera and its associated by-products such as jaggery and candy.
*In [[Tamil Nadu]], Neera is also called "Padaneer" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. [[Khadi Gramodyog|KVIC]] and Tamil Nadu Palm Products Development Board sell refrigerated Padaneer at their outlets.
*Neera syrup is used as a drink in [[Ayurveda]].<ref name="fii"/>

==See also==
{{portal|Drink}}
* [[Palm wine]]
* [[Coconut sugar]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Fermented drinks]]
[[Category:Indian alcoholic beverages]]
[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]

Prosopis cineraria

2026-01-31T07:50:03Z

Priyankasingh: minor edit

{{Short description|Species of legume}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Redirect|Ghaf|the asteroid|88055 Ghaf}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Khejri.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Prosopis
| species = cineraria
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L]].) [[George Claridge Druce|Druce]]
| synonyms = ''Adenanthera aculeata'' Roxb.<ref name="LIFE">{{cite web |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/details/species/id/583159 |title=''Prosopis cineraria'' (L.) Druce |work=Catalogue of Life |publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System and Species2000 |date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2012-03-21 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213302/https://www.catalogueoflife.org/details/species/id/583159 }}</ref> 
''[[Mimosa]] cineraria'' L. 
''Prosopis spicigera'' L.<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref> 
''Prosopis spicata'' Burm.<ref name="LIFE"/>|
}}

'''''Prosopis cineraria''''', also known as '''Persian mesquite''' or '''ghaf''' or '''khejri''',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-06 |title=The dying Khejri trees of Rajasthan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/the-dying-khejri-trees-of-rajasthan/article6571460.ece |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a species of [[Flowering plant|flowering]] [[tree]] in the [[pea]] family, [[Fabaceae]]. It is native to [[arid]] portions of [[Western Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]], including Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iran, India, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Its leaves are [[pinnate|bipinnate]]. It can survive extreme drought. It is an established [[introduced species]] in parts of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Indonesia]].{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}<ref name="LIFE"/>

The ghaf is the national tree of the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Through the ''Give a Ghaf campaign'' its citizens are urged to plant it in their gardens to combat [[desertification]] and preserve their country's heritage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.7daysindubai.com/UAE-groups-help-save-ghaf-trees-Combat/story-19300102-detail/story.html|title=UAE groups help to save ghaf trees on UN 'Combat Desertification Day'|last=Philp|first=Myra|date=2013-06-17|newspaper=7DAYS in Dubai|access-date=2018-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012075247/http://www.7daysindubai.com/UAE-groups-help-save-ghaf-trees-Combat/story-19300102-detail/story.html|archive-date=2013-10-12|publisher=Al Sidra Media}}</ref> The desert village of [[Nazwa]] in the UAE is home to the Al Ghaf Conservation Reserve.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/six-natural-reserves-declared-in-dubai-1.247444|title=Six natural reserves declared in Dubai|work=The National|access-date=2018-09-09|language=en}}</ref>

''Prosopis cineraria'' is also the state tree of [[Rajasthan]] (where it is known as '''khejri'''), [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] (where it is known as '''chhonkara''') and [[Telangana]] (where it is known as '''jammi'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/What%E2%80%99s-common-to-jinka-paalapitta-jammi-chettu-and-thangedu-puvvu/article11013542.ece|title=What's common to jinka, paalapitta, jammi chettu and thangedu puvvu?|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-10-20|language=en}}</ref>) in India. A large and well-known example of the species is the [[Tree of Life, Bahrain|Tree of Life]] in Bahrain; it is approximately 400 years old and growing in a desert devoid of any obvious sources of water.

In 1730 AD, the village of [[Khejarli]] near [[Jodhpur]] in Rajasthan was the scene of a violent environmental confrontation. [[Amrita Devi]] and her three young daughters gave their lives in an attempt to protect some khejri trees which Maharaja [[Abhai Singh of Marwar]] had ordered cut to make way for his new palace. This led to widespread defiance in which [[Khejarli massacre|363 people were killed trying to save the trees]]. In the 1970s, the memory of this sacrifice led to the start of the [[Chipko movement]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/khejri-the-tree-that-inspired-chipko-movement-is-dying-a-slow-death-4409701/|title = Khejri, the tree that inspired Chipko movement, is dying a slow death|date = 4 December 2016}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Vanni maram branch.jpg|thumb|right|Branch]]
''P. cineraria'' is a small tree, ranging in height from {{convert|3–5|m|abbr=on}}. The leaves are bipinnate, with seven to fourteen leaflets on each of one to three pinnae. Branches are thorned along the internodes. Flowers are small and creamy-yellow and followed by seeds in pods. The tree is found in extremely arid conditions, with rainfall as low as {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} annually; but is indicative of the presence of a deep water table. As with some other ''Prosopis'' spp., ''P. cineraria'' has demonstrated a tolerance of highly alkaline and saline environments.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/PF000371.HTM |title=''Prosopis cineraria'' (L.) Druce |work=Tropical Forages |publisher=Centre for International Agriculture Research and Food and Agriculture Agency |year=2005 |access-date=2012-03-21 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024213136/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/DATA/PF000371.HTM }}</ref>

The tree should not be confused with the similar-looking Chinese lantern tree, ''[[Dichrostachys cinerea]]''. They can be told apart by the flowers. While the Chinese lantern tree has bicolored pink-yellow flowers, the true Shami tree has yellow-colored bristled flowers only, like most other [[mesquite]]s.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Religious significance==
This tree is highly revered among Hindus and worshipped as part of [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] festival.<ref>{{cite journal |first=S.M. |last=Edwards |title=Tree-worship in India |journal=Empire Forestry Journal |date=March 1922 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=78–86 |jstor=42594479}}</ref> This tree takes importance during the tenth day of the [[Dasara Festival]] when it is celebrated in various parts of India. Historically, among the [[Rajput]]s, the ranas – who were the high priest and the king – used to conduct the worship and then to liberate a jay which was the sacred bird of Lord Rama.<ref name=Crooke1915>{{cite journal |first=W. |last=Crooke |title=The Dasahra: An Autumn festival of Hindus |journal=Folklore |year=1915 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=28–59 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1915.9719701 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429971 }}</ref>{{rp|29–30}}<ref name="MANEKA">{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Maneka |last2=Singh |first2=Yasmeen |title=Brahma's hair – Mythology of Indian plants |url=https://archive.org/details/brahmashaironmyt00gand |url-access=limited |year=1989 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7167-005-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/brahmashaironmyt00gand/page/n61 29]–32}}</ref> In the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], as part of the tenth-day ritual of [[Dussahera]], the marathas used to shoot arrows onto the crown of the tree and gather the falling leaves into their turbans.<ref name=Crooke1915/>{{rp|36–37}}<ref name="MANEKA"/>

The tree is known by different names across the western and northern regions of India, e.g. shami in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharastra]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]], jammi in [[Telangana]] & [[Andhra Pradesh]], khijro in [[Gujarat]], khejri in Rajasthan, janti in [[Haryana]], and jand in the [[Punjab]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

In [[Karnataka]], ''[[Acacia ferruginea]]'' has also been locally referred to as ''Banni mara'' instead of the accepted Khejri tree, and accepted as the tree where the Pandavas hid their weapons during exile.<ref>{{cite news |author=Babu N.M. Ganesh |title=Tree that hid Pandavas' weapons when they were in exile |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/may/02/tree-that-hid-pandavas-weapons-when-they-were-in-exile-1600285.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> There are also some unconfirmed references which consider ''Acacia ferruginea'' as the tree which is revered and worshipped on [[Vijay Dashami day]].<ref>{{cite book |author=S.G. Neginhal |title=Forest Trees of the Western Ghats |year=2011 |publisher=S.G. Neginhal |isbn=978-93-5067-173-3 |page=133}}</ref> However, according to historical references, ''Prosopis cineraria'' is known as the ''Banni mara'',<ref name="MYSOREDASARA">{{cite book |author=S. Sivapriyananda |title=Mysore Royal Dasara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVkyFvZL_qMC |year=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=51, 55}}</ref><ref name="MYSORE TRIBES">{{cite book |author1=L. Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer (Diwan Bahadur) |author2=Nanjundayya Hebbalalu Velpanuru (Diwan Bahadur) |author3=H.V. Nanjundayya |title=The Mysore tribes and castes |year=1935 |publisher=Mysore University |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SmRnQEACAAJ&q=Mysore+tribes+and+castes+volume+2}}</ref><ref name="CAMPHOR">{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=Christopher John |title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12048-5 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claus |first1=Peter |last2=Diamond |first2=Sarah |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret |title=South Asian Folklore: An encyclopedia |series=Special Reference |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |page=536 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC}}</ref><ref name="MYSORE CITY">{{cite book |author-last=Parsons |author-first=Constance |title=Mysore City |year=1930 |editor-last=Milford |editor-first=Humphery |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/MysoreCity1930/page/n255 184] |url=https://archive.org/details/MysoreCity1930}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |journal=Mythic Society |year=1941 |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=309 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheQuarterlyJournalOfTheMythicSociety}}</ref><ref name="BANNIMANTAP">{{cite news |last=Milton |first=Lawrence |title=Why Dasara procession culminates at Bannimantap |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Why-Dasara-procession-culminates-at-Bannimantap/articleshow/16897375.cms |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref name="CASTES AND TRIBES">{{cite book |author1=Thurston, Edgar |author2=K. Rangachari |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |url=https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso01thuruoft |year=1909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso01thuruoft/page/147 147]|publisher=Madras Government Press }}</ref> and holds a special place in the Mysore Dasara, where its worshipped on the Vijay-dashami day.<ref name="MYSOREDASARA" /><ref name="MYSORE TRIBES" /><ref name="CAMPHOR" /><ref name="MYSORE CITY" /><ref name="BANNIMANTAP" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Smaranananda Swami |title=Prabuddha Bharata: Or awakened India |year=2001 |volume=106 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLkoAAAAYAAJ&q=mysore+dasara+prabuddha}}</ref><ref name="PRABUDDHA BHARATA">{{cite web |author=Bharata Prabuddha |title=Mysore Dasara - a living tradition |url=http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307104723/http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa |archive-date=2007-03-07 }}</ref>

In the Mahabharata, the Pandavas spent their thirteenth year of exile in disguise in the kingdom of Virata. Before going to Virata, they hung their celestial weapons in this tree for safekeeping for a year. When they returned after a year, they found their weapons safe in the branches of the Shami tree. Before taking the weapons, they worshipped the tree and thanked it for keeping their weapons safe.<ref name="SACRED PLANTS OF INDIA">{{cite book |author1=Krishna Nanditha |author2=M. Amirthalingam |title=Sacred Plants of India |year=2014 |publisher=Penguin books India |isbn=978-0-14-306626-2 |pages=171–175 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="MANEKA" /><ref name="CASTES AND TRIBES" /><ref name="MYSOREDASARA"/><ref name="BANNIMANTAP" /><ref name="PRABUDDHA BHARATA" />{{excessive citations inline|date=June 2023}}

==Culinary uses==
<gallery>
File:Singhrian ji Bhaaji.jpg|alt=Singhrian ji Bhaaji prepared in Tanay:The Great, Sindh|''Singhrian ji [[Curry|Bhaaji]]'' prepared in [[Tharparkar]], [[Sindh]]
File:Singhrian jo Raabro(Khaatiyo).jpg|alt=Popular Thari dish Singhrian jo Raabro(Khaatiyo)|Popular [[Tharparkar|Thari]] dish ''Singhrian jo [[Kadhi|Raabro (Khaatiyo)]]''
</gallery>

In [[Thar Desert]] the singhri or sangri pods growing on ''Prosopis cineraria'' are used in various types of [[Curry|bhaaji]] and [[kadhi]]. Singhri is one of the traditional [[cuisine]]s of the Thar Desert.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/money-matters/118413-Bountiful-desert|title=Bountiful desert|last=Khaskheli|first=Jan|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref>

==Medical use==
Extract from unripe fruit pods of the plant was shown to ameliorate artificially-induced damage to testes in an animal model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramalingam S |first1=Logeshwaran |last2=Vellapandian |first2=Chitra |last3=R Vetrivelan |first3=Venkataramanan |last4=Sukumaran |first4=Evelyn Sharon |title=Un-riped[sic] fruit pods of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce ameliorates Cisplatin therapy-induced partial testicular atrophy in male Wistar rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=October 2020 |volume=261 |article-number=113070 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2020.113070 |pmid=32585233 |s2cid=220075154 }}</ref>
Leaves of this tree can ameliorate mouth ulcers. Chewing its leaves for a few minutes, so releasing the juice of the leaves in the mouth can relieve the ulcers. The swelling comes down significantly. The juice is then spat out, rather than swallowed.<ref name="Upadhya2022">{{cite book |last1=Upadhya |first1=Tarun Kumar |last2=7 others |first2=and |title=Medicinal Plants |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor and Francis, Apple Academic Press |isbn=978-1-003-27740-8 |pages=15 |edition=1st |chapter=Prosopis Cineraria (Khejri): Ethanopharmacology and Phytochemistry}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020928/windows/main2.htm The wonders of the 'wonder tree'], ''Tribune India''
* [http://www.goumbook.com/give-a-ghaf Meet the Ghaf Tree]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1136117}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Prosopis|cineraria]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1914]]
[[Category:Symbols of Rajasthan]]

Rama Kant Shukla

2026-01-22T05:40:57Z

Priyankasingh:

{{Short description|Poet, Academician and Padma Awardee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rama Kant Shukla
| image = Ramakant Shukla Sahitya Akademi award winner IMG 5259.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Rama Kant Shukla at Festival of Letters Delhi 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|12|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khurja]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|5|11|1940|12|24|df=yes}}{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Sanskrit scholar and writer Reader at [[Rajdhani College]], [[Delhi University]] (''Retired 2005'')
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Shri Brahmanand Shukla Smt. Priyamvada Shukla
| awards = • [[Padma Shri]] • [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit]] • [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] State Award • ''Sanskrit Rashtrakavi'' • ''Kaviratna'' ''• Kavi Siromani'' • ''Hindu Sanskrit Setu'' • ''[[Kalidas Samman]]'' • ''Sanskrit Sahitya Seva Samman'' • ''Sanskrit Rashtrakavi'' • ''Akhil Bharatiya Maulika Sanskrit Rachana Puraskara'' • [[Rashtrapati Award|President]]'s Award
}}
'''Rama Kant Shukla''' (25 December 1940 - 11 May 2022) was an Indian scholar of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindi]] languages.<ref name="Bhati Me Bharatam Episode-11 recited by Dr.Ramakant shukla">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyA7oTqZ4dk | title=Bhati Me Bharatam Episode-11 recited by Dr.Ramakant shukla | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=25 May 2010 | access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2013, by awarding him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of literature.<ref name="Padma 2013">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838 | title=Padma 2013 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=25 January 2013 | access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Rama Kant Shukla was born on 25 December 1940, at Khurja city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Sanskrit">{{cite web | url=http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/ASSP/writer/rkshukla.html | title=Sanskrit | publisher=Government of India | date=2014 | access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/shukla.html | title=Library of Congress | publisher=Government of India | date=201 | access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> His initial studies were in the traditional way as he learnt Sanskrit from his parents, Sahityacharya PANDIT Brahmanand Shukla and Smt. Priyamvada SHUKLA, and attained ''Sahitya Acharya'' and ''Sankhya Yoga Acharya'' degrees. Later, he joined [[Agra University]] and did MA in [[Hindi literature|Hindi]] with a gold medal and subsequently did MA in [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] from the Sampurnananda Sanskrit University. He also secured a Ph.D. in the year 1967. The topic of his Ph.D. was 'Jainacharya Ravishena- krita Padmapurana (Sanskrit) evam Tulasidas krita Ramacharitmanas ka tulanatmak adhayayan.<ref name="Bhati Me Bharatam Episode-11 recited by Dr.Ramakant shukla" /><ref name="Sanskrit" /><ref name="Library of Congress" />

Shukla started his career by joining the Multanimal Modi PG College in Modi Nagar in 1962 as a Hindi lecturer. After obtaining his PhD, he joined [[Rajdhani College]], [[Delhi University]], New Delhi as a Hindi faculty member on 1 August 1967. In 1986, he was appointed as the Reader of the Hindi Department and worked there till his retirement, in 2005.<ref name="Sanskrit" /><ref name="Library of Congress" /> He has participated in many seminars and conferences<ref name="Library of Congress" /> including the [[World Sanskrit Conference]].<ref name="Sanskrit" /> He has held the chair of All ''India Oriental Conferences'' on Indian aesthetics and poetry and Sanskrit literature and is the founder Chief Editor of the ''Arvacheena-Sanskritam'', a quarterly journal published by Devavani Parishad, Delhi,<ref name="Sanskrit" /> an organization he has founded.<ref name="Library of Congress" /> He has also participated in the ''[[All India Radio]] Sarvabhasha Kavi Sammelan'' representing Sanskrit language.<ref name="Library of Congress" />

He died on 11 May 2022 while travelling to the state of Jharkhand from Delhi by train, near Hari Nagar (Aligarh) in India.

==Books==
Shukla has authored several books in Sanskrit and Hindi,<ref name="Library of Congress" /><ref name="Sanskrit poet and scholar Rama Kant Shukla reads from his works">{{cite book | title=Sanskrit poet and scholar Rama Kant Shukla reads from his works | publisher=South Asian Literary Recordings Project (Library of Congress) | author=Rama Kant Shukla | year=2000 | location=New Delhi | oclc=47738659}}</ref><ref name="Bharatajnataham ">{{cite web | url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/bharatajnataham-p-10862.html | title=Bharatajnataham | publisher=Vedic Books | date=2002 | access-date=27 October 2014 | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla}}</ref><ref name="Sārasvata-saṅgama">{{cite book | url=http://catalog2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CMD=lccn+99956208&CNT=25+records+per+screen | title=Sārasvata-saṅgama | publisher=Jñānabhāratī Pablikeśansa | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla | year=2000 | location=New Delhi | lccn=99956208}}</ref><ref name="Bhāti me Bhāratam ">{{cite book | url=http://catalog2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CMD=lccn+83906451&CNT=25+records+per+screen | title=Bhāti me Bhāratam | publisher=Devavāṇī-Pariṣad | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla | year=1980 | location=New Delhi | lccn=83906451}}</ref><ref name="Arvācīnasaṃskr̥tam">{{cite book | url=http://catalog2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CMD=lccn+81910313&CNT=25+records+per+screen | title=Arvācīnasaṃskr̥tam | publisher=Devavāṇī-Pariṣad | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla | year=1979 | location=New Delhi | lccn=81910313}}</ref><ref name="Devavani-suvasah">{{cite book | title=Devavani-suvasah - Dr. Rama Kant Shukla felicitation volume | publisher=Devavani-Prakasanam | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla | year=1993 | isbn=978-8190030854}}</ref> He has also written and directed a Sanskrit television series, ''Bhati Me Bharatam'', telecast by [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="Bhati Me Bharatam">{{cite web | url=http://pawanalluru.blogspot.ae/2010/08/bhati-me-bharatam-ep16-by-drramakant.html | title=Bhati Me Bharatam | publisher=Pawan Alluru | date=1989 | access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Library of Congress" />

* {{cite book | title=Devavani-suvasah - Dr. Rama Kant Shukla felicitation volume | publisher=Devavani-Prakasanam | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla | year=1993 | isbn=978-8190030854}}
* {{cite book | url=http://catalog2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CMD=lccn+81910313&CNT=25+records+per+screen | title=Arvācīnasaṃskr̥tam | publisher=Devavāṇī-Pariṣad | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla | year=1979 | location=New Delhi | lccn=81910313}}
* {{cite book | url=http://catalog2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CMD=lccn+83906451&CNT=25+records+per+screen | title=Bhāti me Bhāratam | publisher=Devavāṇī-Pariṣad | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla | year=1980 | location=New Delhi | lccn=83906451}}
* {{cite book | url=http://catalog2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CMD=lccn+99956208&CNT=25+records+per+screen | title=Sārasvata-saṅgama | publisher=Jñānabhāratī Pablikeśansa | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla | year=2000 | location=New Delhi | lccn=99956208}}
* {{cite book | title=Sanskrit poet and scholar Rama Kant Shukla reads from his works | publisher=South Asian Literary Recordings Project (Library of Congress) | author=Rama Kant Shukla | year=2000 | location=New Delhi | oclc=47738659}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/bharatajnataham-p-10862.html | title=Bharatajnataham | publisher=Vedic Books | date=2002 | access-date=27 October 2014 | author=Dr. Rama Kant Shukla}}

Shukla lives in New Delhi attending to his duties as the ''Shastra Chudamani Vidwan'' at the ''Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan''.<ref name="Sanskrit" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Rama Kant Shukla is a recipient of ''Sanskrit Rashtrakavi'', ''Kaviratna'', ''Kavi Siromani'' and ''Hindi Sanskrit Setu'' titles by various literary organizations.<ref name="Library of Congress" /> He has also been awarded the titles such as ''[[Kalidas Samman]]'', ''Sanskrit Sahitya Seva Samman'' and ''Sanskrit Rashtrakavi''.<ref name="Sanskrit" /><ref name="Library of Congress" />

The Uttar Pradesh government has honoured Dr. Shukla with the state award while he has also received the ''Akhil Bharatiya Maulika Sanskrit Rachana Puraskara'' from the Delhi Sanskrit Academy.<ref name="Library of Congress" /> The President of India awarded him the ''Sanskrit Scholar'' award in 2009<ref name="Sanskrit" /> and the [[Government of India]] followed it up with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]], in 2013.<ref name="Padma 2013" /> He is the founder president of Bhartiya Sanskrit Ptrakar Sangh.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Rama Kant Shukla was awarded the [[Sahitya Academy Award|Sahitya Academy Award in Sanskrit]] for ''Mama Janani'' in 2018 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2018.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2018|date=5 December 2018|website=sahityaakademi.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205151530/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2018.pdf|archive-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/2013/04/08/president-confers-padma-awards/ | title=Padma Awards List | publisher=Indian Panorama | date=2014 | access-date=12 October 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/topic/cricket/u-r-ananthamurthy-sanskrit-chhand-varanavritta-recited-by-dr-ramakant-shukl-video-2X6GcE5Seg0-116109-1.html | title=Sanskrit Chhand (Varanavritta) recited By Dr. Ramakant Shukla | publisher=First Post | work=Video | date=27 October 2014 | access-date=27 October 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyA7oTqZ4dk | title=Bhati Me Bharatam Episode-11 recited by Dr.Ramakant shukla | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=25 May 2010 | access-date=27 October 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Rama Kant}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Avataran

2026-01-21T03:38:57Z

Priyankasingh: added references

{{Short description|Upcoming Assamese film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avataran
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Tarunabh Dutta
| producer = Tarunabh Dutta
| writer = Tarunabh Dutta
| starring = Reema Kaif Ananya Parashar Devam Shwel Govind Malakar [[Rimpi Das]] Saurabh Hazarika Pranjal Saikia Purnima Saikia Sameer Ranjane
| music = Nilutpal Choudhury Dhiraj Dutta
| cinematography = Tarunabh Dutta
| editing = Tarunabh Dutta
| studio = TD Film Studio
| distributor =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Assamese
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Avataran''''' is an upcoming Assamese-language [[science fiction film]] directed and produced by Tarunabh Dutta under the banner of TD Film Studio Productions. The film features Reema Kaif, Ananya Parashar, Devyam Seal, Govind Malakar, [[Rimpi Das]], Saurabh Hazarika, Pranjal Saikia, Purnima Saikia and Sameer Ranjane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2014/01/avataran-an-upcoming-assamese-sci-fi-film-by-tarunabh-dutta.html|title=Avataran: An Upcoming Assamese Sci-Fi Film by Tarunabh Dutta|first=Hussain|last=Ahmed|date=18 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rupaliparda.com/archives/8704|title="অৱতৰণ"- প্ৰথম অসমীয়া কল্পবিজ্ঞান ভিত্তিক চলচিত্ৰ|date=17 December 2019 }}</ref> The film was initially scheduled for a release on August 21, 2020, but the release date has been postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jollywoodlife.com/post/sci-fi-film-avataran-s-slated-release-date-of-august-21-hangs-in-uncertainity-due-to-pandemic|title=Sci-fi film AVATARAN's slated release date of August 21 hangs in uncertainity due to pandemic.|date=28 April 2020|website=Jollywood LIFE|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725020545/https://www.jollywoodlife.com/post/sci-fi-film-avataran-s-slated-release-date-of-august-21-hangs-in-uncertainity-due-to-pandemic|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This is the first Assamese science fiction film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/09/10/avataran-assams-first-sci-fi-feature-film-gets-censor-certification/|title='Avataran': Assam's first sci-fi feature film gets Censor approval|first=Aminul Zaman|last=Choudhury|date=10 September 2021|website=EastMojo}}</ref>
==Cast==
* Pranjal Saikia
* Purnima Saikia
* [[Rimpi Das]]
* Saurabh Hazarika
* Ananya Parasha
* Sameer Ranjan
* Govinda Malakar
* Sangeeta Pachani
* Vishal P. Chaliha
* Ronit Raj

==Production==
Production and principal photography began in 2012. Filming took place in and around [[Guwahati]], Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kothasobi.com/news/avataran-assamese-sci-fi-film|title=Avataran: Assamese Sci-Fi Film|website=Kothasobi.com|date=19 July 2014|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2014-02-15 |title=The Sentinel |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529090715/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2014-02-15 |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rupaliparda.com/archives/9091|title=টেকনল'জিৰে আদৰিলে নৱবৰ্ষকঃ "অৱতৰণ"-এ আকৰ্ষিত কৰিছে দৰ্শকক-|date=January 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website |https://www.avataranfilm.com}}
* [https://tdfilmstudio.com/avataran Studio website]
* {{IMDb title|5141528}}
* {{Facebook|avataran.film}}
* [http://www.asambani.com/epaper/20-03-2020/page12.html Asam Bani - অসম বাণী - Asamese Weekly News Paper]

[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]
[[Category:Indian post-apocalyptic films]]

Parshottam Rupala

2026-01-17T08:45:38Z

Priyankasingh:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|date=March 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = The Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Shri Parshottam Rupala.jpg
| office = [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Union Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
| term_start = 7 July 2021
| term_end = 9 June 2024
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| successor = [[Lalan Singh]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]]
| term_start1 = 5 July 2016
| term_end1 = 7 July 2021
| primeminister1 = Narendra Modi
| minister1 = [[Radha Mohan Singh]] [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Union Minister of State for Panchayati Raj]]
| term_start2 = 5 July 2016
| term_end2 = 30 May 2019
| primeminister2 = Narendra Modi
| minister2 = Narendra Singh Tomar
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 1 June 2016
| term_end3 = 2 April 2024
| predecessor3 = [[Praveen Rashtrapal]]
| successor3 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| constituency3 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| term_start4 = 10 April 2008
| term_end4 = 9 April 2014
| constituency4 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| office5 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat]]
| term_start5 = 26 October 2006
| term_end5 = 1 February 2010
| predecessor5 = [[Vajubhai Vala]]
| successor5 = [[R. C. Faldu]]
| office6 = [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]] Minister of Agriculture
| term_start6 = 7 October 2001
| term_end6 = 21 December 2002
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata6 = Narendra Modi
| office7 = [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]] Minister of Irrigation & Water Supply
| term_start7 = 19 March 1995
| term_end7 = 19 September 1996
| 1blankname7 = [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata7 = [[Keshubhai Patel]] [[Suresh Mehta]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 1991
| term_end8 = 2002
| constituency8 = [[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]]
| predecessor8 = [[Dileepbhai Sanghani]]
| successor8 = [[Paresh Dhanani]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start9 = 4 June 2024
| term_end9 =
| constituency9 = [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot, Gujarat]]
| predecessor9 = [[Mohan Kundariya]]
| successor9 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|10|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amreli]], [[Bombay State]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Savitaben Rupala|1979}}
| children = 2 (1 daughter and 1 son)
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[agriculturist]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Bachelor of Science|B. Sc.]] ([[Saurashtra University]]) [[Bachelor of Education|B. Ed.]] ([[Gujarat University]])
| website = {{url|http://www.parshottamrupala.com}}
| source = https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx
}}
'''Parshottam Khodabhai Rupala''' (born 1 October 1954) is an Indian politician and [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]] in the [[Second Modi ministry]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-some-of-the-faces-from-pm-modis-new-team/articleshow/84203141.cms | title=Cabinet Reshuffle: The full list of Modi's new ministers and what they got | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=8 July 2021 | accessdate=8 July 2021}}</ref> He was elected to [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]].<ref name=":0" /> He was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214083532/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> representing the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] and a leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was a former member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Amreli]] and formerly served as a minister in [[Government of Gujarat]].

==Early life==
Rupala was born to Hariben Khodabhai and Khodabhai Madhabhai, on 1 October 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2072|title=Detailed Profile - Shri Parshottam Khodabhai Rupala - Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001213050/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2072|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rupala earned his B.Sc. and B.Ed. He studied at [[Saurashtra University]] and [[Gujarat University]] in 1976–1977.

Before entering politics, he served as School Principal at Hamapur in Medium School from 1977 to 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parshottamrupala.com/index.php/about-rupalaji/about-us/life-sketch|title=Parshottam Rupala's life sketch|author=Administrator}}</ref> He was the chief officer of the Amreli municipality from November 1983 to March 1987.

==Career==
Rupala was the president of the [[Amreli]] district Bhartiya Janta Party from 1988 to 1991. This led to his service as [[Secretary]] of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] in 1992.

He was Chairman of a youth hostel from February 2002 to 2004. He served as trustee of Kadva Patidar trust, in Amreli, Chairman of Madad Trust and President of the Gujarat electricity board union.

He served 3 consecutive terms as a member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] ending in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parshottamrupala.com/index.php/about-rupalaji/about-us/political-background|title=Polytical History Of Parshottam Rupala|author=Administrator}}</ref>

He was a Cabinet Minister in Narmada for Irrigation and Water Supply from 19 March 1995 to 20 October 1995 and again from 4 November 1995 to 18 September 1996; for Agriculture from 9 October 2001 to 21 December 2002. He chaired the Public Accounts Committee of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from March 1997 to December 1997.

He was the Chairman of [[Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation]] (G.I.D.C.) from June 1998 to October 2001.

He was elected a Rajya Sabha Member (2008-2009) where he served on the Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution Member (Aug. 2009 - Aug. 2010), on the Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice Member (July 2010 -), on the Committee for the Ministry of Shipping Member (Sept. 2010 -) and on the Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers Member, Committee on Agriculture (Aug. 2012 -).

He was again elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] in June 2016 in by-poll following death of sitting [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] MP [[Praveen Rashtrapal]].<ref name="NDTV2016">{{cite web|date=3 June 2016|title=BJP's Parshottam Rupala Elected To Rajya Sabha From Gujarat|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-parshottam-rupala-elected-to-rajya-sabha-from-gujarat-1415270|access-date=12 June 2016|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> From May 2019 to July 2021, he served as the [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref> In July 2021, he became [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-07|title=Parshottam Rupala gets Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parshottam-rupala-gets-ministry-of-fisheries-animal-husbandry-and-dairying-1825257-2021-07-08|access-date=2021-07-08|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Parshottam Rupala gets Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=8 July 2021 |title=Parshottam Rupala gets Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parshottam-rupala-gets-ministry-of-fisheries-animal-husbandry-and-dairying-1825257-2021-07-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704062050/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parshottam-rupala-gets-ministry-of-fisheries-animal-husbandry-and-dairying-1825257-2021-07-07 |archivedate=4 July 2024 |accessdate=4 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected to [[Loksabha]] from [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]] constituency in [[2024 Indian general election]].

==Controversies==
During the [[2024 Indian general election|Lok Sabha Elections 2024]], Parshottam Rupala, stirred controversy due to his remarks about the [[Rajput]] community during a campaign rally. His comments, which criticized the actions of erstwhile '[[Maharaja|''maharajas'']]' for allegedly capitulating to foreign rulers and British colonizers, sparked protests from the Rajput community.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2024-04-20 |title=BJP's Rajkot candidate Parshottam Rupala confident of victory amid protests over his remarks on Kshatriyas |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/lok-sabha-elections-2024-bjp-parshottam-rupala-remarks-over-kshatriyas-rajput-community-bjp-pm-narendra-modi-latest-updates-2024-04-20-927211 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakurs Emerge as the Biggest Chink in Modi's Armour |url=https://thewire.in/politics/thakurs-emerge-as-the-biggest-chink-in-modis-armour |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

The Rajput community perceived Rupala's remarks as an insult, considering that the majority of the erstwhile rulers in Gujarat were from their community. Despite Rupala's public apology and request for forgiveness, community leaders continued to demand BJP to remove him from the list of candidates, threatening to vote against the party in the ongoing Lok Sabha elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=Why the BJP is not afraid of protests by the Rajput community? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-the-bjp-is-not-afraid-of-protests-by-the-rajput-community-101713635468851.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> But high command didn’t change the candidate and continued with Rupala. Despite this he was elected from [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Rupala won as Kshatriya stir polarised voters in favour of BJP: Rajkot Congress president |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/rupala-won-as-kshatriya-stir-polarised-voters-in-favour-of-bjp-rajkot-congress-president-9376990/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rupala married Savitaben in 1979. They have a daughter and one son.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Giriraj Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]|years=7 July 2021 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-end}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rupala, Parsottambhai}}
[[Category:People from Amreli district]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

2023 West Bengal local elections

2026-01-10T13:08:53Z

Priyankasingh: Starting some entry needs work.

{{Short description|Local village body elections in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2023 West Bengal Panchayat elections
| type = legislative
| country = India
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year = [[2018 West Bengal local elections|2018]]
| election_date = 8 July 2023
| next_election =
| next_year = ''2028''
| turnout = 80.71% ({{decrease}}1.46 [[Percentage point|pp]])<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/2023-panchayat-elections-record-80-71-per-cent-turnout-with-14-per-cent-votes-cast-before-5pm/cid/1950932#:~:text=West%20Bengal%20Panchayat%20Elections,cast%20before%205pm%20%2D%20Telegraph%20India</ref>
| image1 = [[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|100px]]
| party1 = All India Trinamool Congress
| image2 = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|100px]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| image3 = [[File:CPIM election symbol.png|100px]]
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| image4 = [[File:Hand INC.svg|100px]]
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| seats_for_election = 63,229 [[Gram Panchayat]] 9,730 [[Panchayat Samiti]] 928 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]
| image5 = [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Envelope.jpg|100px]]
| party5 = Indian Secular Front
| leader1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| leader2 = [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
| leader3 = [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| leader4 = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| leader5 = [[Nawsad Siddique]]
| leader_since1 = 5 June 2021
| leader_since3 = 16 March 2022
| leader_since2 = 20 September
2021
| leader_since4 = 20 September 2021
| leader_since5 = 21 January 2021
| 1blank = Gram Panchayat
| 2blank = Panchayat Samiti
| 3blank = Zilla Parishad
| 1data1 = 44,105
| 1data2 = 9,990
| 1data3 = 3,242
| 1data4 = 2,680
| 1data5 = 543
| 2data1 = 7,855
| 2data2 = 1,074
| 2data3 = 196
| 2data4 = 293
| 2data5 = 0
| 3data1 = 879
| 3data2 = 31
| 3data3 = 2
| 3data4 = 14
| 3data5 = 1
| swing5 = ''New''
| popular_vote1 = 51%
| swing1 = {{decrease}}21%
| swing2 = {{increase}}10%
| popular_vote3 = 14%
| swing3 = {{increase}}8%
| swing4 = {{increase}}2%
| popular_vote4 = 7%
| popular_vote5 = 2%
| popular_vote2 = 23%
}}

[[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] elections were held in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] in July 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-panchayat-polls-to-be-held-on-july-8-sec-rajiva-sinha/cid/1943437|title=Bengal panchayat polls to be held on July 8: SEC Rajiva Sinha|access-date=2023-06-08}}</ref> It was held by the [[West Bengal State Election Commission]]. The results were announced on 11 July 2023.

==Schedule==
The election schedule was announced by the State Election Commission of West Bengal on 8 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=Bengal Panchayat Election 2023: Voting On July 8, Nomination Begins From June 9 {{!}} Check Full Schedule|url=https://www.india.com/west-bengal/bengal-panchayat-election-2023-dates-announced-voting-results-nomination-full-schedule-west-bengal-panchayat-poll-6098644/|access-date=2023-06-19 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 9 June 2023
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 15 June 2023
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 20 June 2023
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''8 July 2023'''
|-
| Date of Counting of Votes
| 11 July 2023
|}

==Parties and alliances==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party
! Symbol
! Alliance
|-
|{{party color cell|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|style="text-align:center"|AITC
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|50px|centre]]
|
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="text-align:center" |BJP
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="text-align:center"|CPI(M)
|[[File:CPIM election symbol.png|60px|centre]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Sanjukta Morcha]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="text-align:center" |INC
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px|centre]]
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|style="text-align:center"|AIFB
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px|centre]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|style="text-align:center"|RSP
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px|centre]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="text-align:center"|CPI
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px|centre]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Secular Front}}
|[[Indian Secular Front]]
| style="text-align:center" |ISF
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Envelope.jpg|50px|centre]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|style="text-align:center"|NCP
|[[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|50x50px|centre]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| style="text-align:center" |CPI(ML)L
|[[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|50x50 px|centre]]
|
|-
| {{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|SUCI(C)
|[[File:SUCI_flag.svg|50x50 px|centre]]
|
|}

==Turnout==
80.71 percent of the total voters exercised their franchise in the three-tier [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] elections, according to the [[West Bengal State Election Commission]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=West Bengal panchayat polls {{!}} Repolling in 696 booths on July 10; death toll rises to 18 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/west-bengal-panchayat-poll-violence-death-toll-rises/article67060347.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The re-poll in 600 booths where voting had to be suspended due to violence is scheduled to be held on 10 July 2023.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Violence==
{{main|2023 West Bengal local elections violence}}
Between 8 June and 16 July 2023 a total of 55 people died due to panchayat poll violence in the state.

On 8 July 2023, 12 persons died due to election-day violence. On 9 July 2023, six more deaths were reported,<ref name="Hindu"/> increasing the death toll to 18 on the election day. The dead included 10 [[Trinamool Congress]] supporters, four from the [[Indian National Congress]], two from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and two from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name="Hindu"/>

On 11 July 2023, result day late night in Bhangar, South 24 parganas there were gunshots and huge bombings killing 3.

"Murder of democracy in West Bengal under the TMC govt. Over 60 dead & 100s injured in the local body elections. Strongly condemn. Strengthen popular resistance to save democracy in Bengal & in India," said Sitaram Yechury, National Secretary, Communist Party of India (Marxist), condemning the alleged rigging in elections by the ruling party.

==Results==
===Partywise===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|value1=51|value2=23|value3=14|value4=7|value5=1|value6=4|color1=#20C646|color2=#FF9933|color3=#CC0D0D|color4=#00BBFF|color5=#000180|color6=grey|caption='''Vote share by Party'''|label1=[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|label2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|label3=[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]|label4=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|label5=[[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]|label6=Others}}
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|value1=51|value2=23.02|value3=22.92|value4=4|color1=#20C646|color3=#CC0D0D|color2=#FF9933|color4=grey|caption='''Vote share by Alliance'''|label1=[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|label3=[[Secular Democratic Alliance|Sanjukta Morcha]]{{efn|name=political party|inc. [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]], [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI (ML)]]}}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|label4=Others}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Political parties
!Popular votes
!% of votes
!'''Gram Panchayat'''
!'''Panchayat Samiti'''
!'''Zilla Parishad'''
|-
|{{party color cell|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|20,942,380
|51.14%
|35,606
|6,560
|877
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|9,467,540
|22.92%
|9,990
|1,044
|31
|-
|{{party color cell|Sanjukta Morcha}}
|[[Secular Democratic Alliance|Sanjukta Morcha]]{{efn|name=political party|inc. [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]], [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI (ML)]]}}
|9,565,359
|23.02%
|6,822
|459
|17
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent}}
|Others
|1,081,673
|2.84%
|2,972
|301
|1
|}

===Zilla Parishad wise===
Corporation Election Data Published by State [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] of [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbsec.org/|title=State Election Commission WB}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |No.
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |Zilla Parishad
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |Total Seats
|{{party color cell|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3" {{party color cell|Sanjukta Morcha}}
|{{party color cell|Independent}}
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
!rowspan=3|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"|[[Secular Democratic Alliance|Sanjukta Morcha]]
!rowspan=3|Others
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party color cell|Indian Secular Front}}
|-
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]
|-
!1
|Cooch Behar
|'''34'''
|32
|2
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!2
|Alipurduar
|'''18'''
|18
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!3
|Jalpaiguri
|'''24'''
|24
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!4
|Uttar Dinajpur
|'''26'''
|23
|0
|0
|3
|0
|0
|-
!5
|Dakshin Dinajpur
|'''21'''
|21
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!6
|Malda
|'''43'''
|34
|4
|0
|5
|0
|0
|-
!7
|Murshidabad
|'''78'''
|71
|0
|2
|5
|0
|0
|-
!8
|Nadia
|'''52'''
|46
|6
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!9
|North 24 Parganas
|'''66'''
|66
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!10
|South 24 Parganas
|'''85'''
|84
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
!11
|Howrah
|'''42'''
|42
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!12
|Hooghly
|'''53'''
|51
|2
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!13
|Purba Bardhaman
|'''66'''
|66
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!14
|Paschim Bardhaman
|'''18'''
|18
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!15
|Birbhum
|'''52'''
|51
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
!16
|Purba Medinipur
|'''70'''
|56
|14
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!17
|Paschim Medinipur
|'''60'''
|60
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!18
|Jhargram
|'''19'''
|19
|0
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
!19
|Purulia
|'''45'''
|42
|2
|colspan=3|0
|1
|-
!20
|Bankura
|'''56'''
|55
|1
|colspan=3|0
|0
|-
! colspan=2 align=center style="background-color:#CDCDCD; color:black"|'''Total'''
! align=center style="background-color:#CDCDCD; color:black"|'''928'''
! align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|879
! align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:black"|31
! align=center style="background-color:#CC0D0D; color:white"|2
! align=center style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:black"|14
! align=center style="background-color:#000180; color:white"|1
! align=center style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black"|1
|}

== Analysis ==
The [[Trinamool Congress]] won a landslide victory in the panchayat election, winning 100 per cent of Zilla Parishads, 92 per cent Panchayat Samitis and 80 per cent Gram Panchayats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=West Bengal panchayat election results: TMC sweeps, BJP second. 10 updates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-panchayat-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-tmc-bjp-left-cpim-congress-mamata-banerjee-101689033315836.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=Bengal panchayat polls: TMC sweeps all but 2 hill dists; ISF impresses in stronghold |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tmc-leads-in-every-dist-barring-hills-cong-cpm-hopes-dashed-8826548/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] secured a second position in these polls and performed well in North Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=BJP loses Jangalmahal, north Bengal grounds in TMC wave, but Suvendu gets rural poll booster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-loses-jangalmahal-north-bengal-tmc-suvendu-rural-poll-booster-8834252/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Sanjukta Morcha]] alliance came third in these local bodies elections.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sayantan |date=2023-07-12 |title=Bengal Panchayat Polls: TMC Wins, But At What Cost? Many Cautionary Signs For Mamata Banerjee |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/bengal-panchayat-poll-results-opinion-tmc-victory-under-widespread-violence-caution-for-mamata-banerjee-1615404 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]] especially performed well in the areas where it contested, winning almost 50% of the seats contested.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=TMC’s worry: Not just Bhangar, Indian Secular Front picked up seats across Bengal districts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/west-bengal-panchayat-elections-indian-secular-force-seats-8836202/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]] also performed well in the Muslim-dominated [[Malda division]].<ref name=":1" /> Most notably [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] pushed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to third spot in the [[Burdwan division]] after a long time since 2016.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:2023 elections in India|West Bengal local elections]]
[[Category:Elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:May 2023 in India|West Bengal local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Local government in West Bengal]]

India national football team results (1980–1989)

2026-01-02T01:42:49Z

Priyankasingh: small changes

{{Short description|none}}
{{main|India national football team results}}
{{India national football team results}}
Results of [[India national football team]] from 1980 to 1989.<ref>[http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1980olympicsq.html 1980 Olympics]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160509033915/http://www.fifa.com/live-scores/teams/country=ind/men/matches/index.html#year1981 1981 Merdeka Tournament]</ref><ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-intres.html India International Matches]</ref>

{| Class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=7|Summary Matches 162–239
|-
! Games
! Won
! Draw
! Lost
!{{abbr|GF|Goals For}}
!{{abbr|GA|Goals Against}}
! Win %
|-
|78
|20
|17
|41
|78
|112
|{{Percentage | 20 | 78 | 2 }}
|-
!colspan=7|Biggest win
|-
|colspan=7|{{fb-rt|IND}} 5–0 {{fb|MDV}} 
[[#INDvMDV1|21 November 1987]]
|-
!colspan=7|Biggest defeat
|-
|colspan=7|{{fb-rt|KSA}} 5–0 {{fb|IND}} 
6 November 1983
|-
!colspan=7|Honours
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Gold medal with cup.svg|16px|alt=Gold|link=|Gold medal]] [[Football at the 1985 South Asian Games|1985 South Asian Games, Bangladesh]]
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Gold medal with cup.svg|16px|alt=Gold|link=|Gold medal]] [[Football at the 1987 South Asian Games|1987 South Asian Games, India]]
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Bronze medal with cup.svg|16px|alt=Bronze|link=|Bronze medal]] [[1989 South Asian Games|1989 South Asian Games, Pakistan]]
|-
!colspan=4 style="font-size: 86%;" |← [[India national football team results (1970–1979)|1970–79]]
!colspan=3 style="font-size: 86%;"| [[India national football team results (1990–1999)|1990–99]] →
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Key

|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#9F9"|
|Indicates India national football team won the match
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb"|
|Indicates the match ended in [[Tie (draw)|draw]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F99"|
|Indicates India national football team lost the match
|}

==1980==
{{football box
|date = 24 February 1980{{efn|Some sources doesn't count the games played at the Olympics finals and qualifiers as official.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te13972/india/|title=India » Historical results |date=9 June 2021 }}</ref> In 1999 FIFA deleted Olympics and Olympics Qualifying matches from its records. However most FAs ignore FIFA ruling and continue to recognize their Olympics and Olympics qualifying matches as official. According to [[RSSSF]] all those matches are considered official for India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-intres.html|title=India International Matches}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19800225-1.2.108.4|title=Chinese fail to impress|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[1980 Asian Olympic Qualifying Tournaments|1980 Olympic Qualifier]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1980q.html#Asia
|team2 = {{fb|CHN}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Huang Xiangdong]] {{goal|64}}
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 26 February 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19800227-1.2.89.1|title=Singapore show colour to move into picture|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[1980 Asian Olympic Qualifying Tournaments|1980 Olympic Qualifier]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1980q.html#Asia
|team2 = {{fb|SIN}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Fandi Ahmad]] {{goal|54}}
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 3 March 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19800304-1.1.25|title=A rout, but Indians do not impress|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[1980 Asian Olympic Qualifying Tournaments|1980 Olympic Qualifier]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 4–0
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1980q.html#Asia
|team2 = {{fb|SRI}}
|goals1 = [[Shabbir Ali]] {{goal|38}}{{goal}} Xavier Pius {{goal|66||77}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 7 March 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19800308-1.2.112.4|title=Indians come close to a major upset|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[1980 Asian Olympic Qualifying Tournaments|1980 Olympic Qualifier]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 0–2
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1980q.html#Asia Report] [https://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=2028 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IRN}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Abdolreza Barzegari|Barzegari]] {{goal|81}} [[Hamid Alidoosti|Alidoosti]] {{goal|82}}
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 10 March 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19800311-1.2.116.9|title=Korea triumph, but not enough|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[1980 Asian Olympic Qualifying Tournaments|1980 Olympic Qualifier]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 1–2
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1980q.html#Asia
|team2 = {{fb|PRK}}
|goals1 = Xavier Pius {{goal|51}}
|goals2 = Se-uk An {{goal|31||87}}
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}

==1981==
{{football box
|id = INDvNZL1
|date = 1 September 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19810902-1.2.113.2|title=Republic beaten in opening Merdeka tie|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Merdeka Tournament|1981 Merdeka]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 0–0
|report = https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1981
|team2 = {{fb|New Zealand}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 3 September 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19810904-1.2.127.8|title=Brazilians delight with superb skills|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Merdeka Tournament|1981 Merdeka]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|JPN|1947}}
|score = 3–2
|report = [http://samuraiblue.jp/timeline/19810903/ Report] [https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/41337/India_Japan.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| goals1 = [[Masaaki Kato|M. Kato]] {{goal|32}} [[Masafumi Yokoyama|Yokoyama]] {{goal|35||62}}
| goals2 = [[Shabbir Ali|Ali]] {{goal|30}} [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal|89|pen.}}
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 5 September 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/harjinder-singh-1981-merdeka-he-made-high-and-mighty-bite-the-bullet|title=Harjinder Singh & 1981 Merdeka: He made the high and mighty bite the bullet }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19810906-1.2.72.3|title=Indians thrive in wet conditions|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Merdeka Tournament|1981 Merdeka]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–0
|report = https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1981
|team2 = {{fb|UAE}}
|goals1 = Harjinder Singh {{goal|26}} Xavier Pius {{goal|56}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 11 September 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19810912-1.2.125.5|title=Roy hero in Indians 1-0 victory|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Merdeka Tournament|1981 Merdeka]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|Indonesia}}
|score = 0–1
|report = https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1981
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Krishnendu Roy|Roy]] {{goal|85}}
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 15 September 1981<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=x8G803Bi31IC&dat=19810917&printsec=frontpage&hl=en New Straits Times - 17 September 1981]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19810916-1.2.116.10|title=India just make it into last four|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Merdeka Tournament|1981 Merdeka]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|Malaysia}}
|score = 2–2
|report =[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/merdeka81.html Report] [https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/41324/Malaysia_India.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|India}}
|goals1 = Ibrahim Din {{goal|8}} [[Mokhtar Dahari|Dahari]] {{goal|73}}
|goals2 = Harjinder Singh {{goal|31||84}}
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 26 October 1981
|time =
|round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|UAE}}
|score = 2–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1981 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/uae-intres.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
|attendance =
|location =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 28 October 1981
|time =
|round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|UAE}}
|score = 3–1
|report =[https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1981 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/uae-intres.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates
|attendance =
|location =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}

==1982==

{{football box
|date = 16 February 1982
|time =
|round = [[1982 Nehru Cup]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|China PR}}
|goals1= Mihir Bose {{goal|59}}
|goals2= [[Zuo Shusheng]] {{goal|24}}
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 18 February 1982
|time =
|round = [[1982 Nehru Cup]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–2
|report = [https://www.kfa.or.kr/national/?act=nt_man&position=&s_idx=1619&search_val=1982&cursor=#cursor_location_sub KFA] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|South Korea|1949}}
|goals1= [[Prasanta Banerjee|Banerjee]] {{goal|41}} Manas Bhattacharya {{goal|89|pen.}}
|goals2= [[Hwang Seok-keun|Hwang]] {{goal|64}} [[Chung Jong-Soo|Chung]] {{goal|86}}
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|id = INDvURU1
|date = 20 February 1982
|time =
|round = [[1982 Nehru Cup]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–3
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Uruguay}}
|goals1= Manas Bhattacharya {{goal|35}}
|goals2= [[Jorge da Silva|da Silva]] {{goal|8||23}} [[Mario Saralegui|Saralegui]] {{goal|70}}
|stadium = [[Eden Gardens]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 5 June 1982{{efn|Indonesia's team (known as PSSI Garuda) was composed mostly of young players with a view to developing the next generation of the national team. It can be considered as a national B team or youth team. It is not clear whether any of their matches are considered to be full internationals for the [[Football Association of Indonesia|PSSI]]. The match against India is considered full internationals by some sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-intres.html|title=India International Matches}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te13972/india/all-matches/|title=India » Fixtures & Results 1982 |date=9 June 2021 }}</ref>}}
|time =
|round = [[1982 President's Cup Football Tournament|1982 President's Cup]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/skor-pres82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Indonesia}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Agusman Riyadi {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Dongdaemun Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Seoul]], South Korea
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 9 June 1982
|time =
|round = [[1982 President's Cup Football Tournament|1982 President's Cup]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–1
|report =[https://www.kfa.or.kr/national/?act=nt_man&position=&s_idx=1619&search_val=1982&cursor=#cursor_location_sub KFA] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/skor-pres82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|KOR|1949}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal|65|o.g.}}
|stadium = [[Busan Gudeok Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Seoul]], South Korea
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|id = INDvBHR1
|date = 13 June 1982
|time =
|round = [[1982 President's Cup Football Tournament|1982 President's Cup]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/skor-pres82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Bahrain|1972}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Incheon Sungui Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Seoul]], South Korea
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 9 August 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19820807-1.2.116.4|title=India draw on old habits|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Pestabola Merdeka|1982 Merdeka]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/merdeka82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|THA}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 9 August 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/40937/Singapore_India.html|title=Singapore 3-0 India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19820813-1.1.38|title=Singapore unleash full power on India|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Pestabola Merdeka|1982 Merdeka]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–3
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/merdeka82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|SIN}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Salim Moin]] {{goal|5}} [[Fandi Ahmad]] {{goal|61}} [[Malek Awab]] {{goal|76}}
|stadium = [[City Stadium, Penang|Stadium Bandar Raya Pulau Pinang ]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Penang]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|id = GHAvIND1
|date = 12 August 1982<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19820810-1.1.23|title=Alhassan to the rescue of Ghana|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
|round = [[Pestabola Merdeka|1982 Merdeka]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|Ghana}}
|score = 1–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/merdeka82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[George Alhassan|Alhassan]] {{goal|50}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 20 November 1982
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Bangladesh}}
|goals1 = [[Prasun Banerjee|P. Banerjee]] {{goal|1||90+5}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 23 November 1982
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Malaysia}}
|goals1 = Kartick Seth {{goal|68}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 26 November 1982
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–2
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|China PR}}
|goals1 = [[Shabbir Ali]] {{goal|53}} Kartick Seth {{goal|60}}
|goals2 = [[Shen Xiangfu]] {{goal|25}} [[Zuo Shusheng]] {{goal|82}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|id = INDvKSA1
|date = 28 November 1982
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games QF]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1982 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames82.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Saudi Arabia}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Ahmed Bayazid|Bayazid]] {{goal|89}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}

==1983==
{{football box
|date = 1 October 1983{{efn|Some sources doesn't count the games played at the Olympics finals and qualifiers as official.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te13972/india/|title=India » Historical results |date=9 June 2021 }}</ref> In 1999 FIFA deleted Olympics and Olympics Qualifying matches from its records. However most FAs ignore FIFA ruling and continue to recognize their Olympics and Olympics qualifying matches as official. According to [[RSSSF]] all those matches are considered official for India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-intres.html|title=India International Matches}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39754/India_Saudi_Arabia.html|title=India 1-2 Saudi Arabia}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification|1984 Olympics Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 1–2
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1984q.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|Saudi Arabia}}
|goals1 = [[Biswajit Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal|5}}
|goals2 = [[Majed Abdullah]] {{goal|28}} Khaled Al-Moajel {{goal|29}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawarhal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 17 October 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19831018-1.2.127|title=Two flashes in the pan fire Singapore to first triumph|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification|1984 Olympics Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|SIN}}
|score = 2–1
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1984q.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals2 = [[Parminder Singh (footballer)|P. Singh]] {{goal|51}}
|goals1 = [[Malek Awab|Awab]] {{goal|83}} [[K. Kannan|Kannan]] {{goal|86}}
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium, Singapore]]
|attendance = 4,000
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 19 October 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19831020-1.2.119|title=Magical Indians|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification|1984 Olympics Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 4–0
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1984q.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IDN}}
|goals1 = [[Shabbir Ali]] {{goal|10||20}} Kartick Seth {{goal|39}} [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]] {{goal}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium, Singapore]]
|attendance = 3,000
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|referee = Arthur Edwards ([[New Zealand Football|New Zealand]])
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 22 October 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19831023-1.1.26|title=Saved in the nick of injury time|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39759/India_Malaysia.html|title=India 3-3 Malaysia}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification|1984 Olympics Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 3–3
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1984q.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|MAS}}
|goals1 = [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal|30}} [[Shabbir Ali|Ali]] {{goal|36}} [[Prasanta Banerjee|Banerjee]] {{goal|65}}
|goals2 = [[Santokh Singh|Singh]] {{goal|3|pen.|59|pen.}} [[Lim Teong Kim|Kim]] {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium, Singapore]]
|attendance = 7,000
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 25 October 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19831026-1.1.43|title=Malaysia sink India on wet Merdeka pitch|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification|1984 Olympics Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|India}}
|score = 0–2
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1984q.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|MAS}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Lim Teong Kim|Kim]] {{goal|33}} Karim Pin {{goal|60}}
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 29 October 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19831030-1.2.105.2|title=Farewell to Olympic fantasy|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39761/India_Singapore.html|title=India 1-0 Singapore}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification|1984 Olympics Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–0
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1984q.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|SIN}}
|goals1 = [[Shabbir Ali|Ali]] {{goal|44}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance = 3,000
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee = S. Okaya ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 31 October 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19831101-1.1.47|title=Staying Alive|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39306/Indonesia_India.html|title=Indonesia 0-1 India}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification|1984 Olympics Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IDN}}
|score = 0–1
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1984q.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Shabbir Ali|Ali]] {{goal|53}}
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|attendance = 3,000
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|referee = Lee Do-Ha ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 6 November 1983<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39763/Saudi_Arabia_India.html|title=Saudi Arabia 5-0 India}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification|1984 Olympics Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|KSA}}
|score = 5–0
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1984q.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Majed Abdullah|Abdullah]] {{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}} [[Fahad Al-Musaibeah|Al-Musaibeah]] {{goal}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Prince Faisal bin Fahd Sports City Stadium|Prince Faisal bin Fahad Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}

==1984==

{{Football box
|id = INDvPOL1
|round = [[1984 Nehru Cup]]
|date = 11 January 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma8487788/lineup/|title=Friendlies 1984 » January » India - Poland 1:2}}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1−2
|report = [https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=8276 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru84det.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|POL}}
|goals1 = [[Biswajit Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal|42}}
|goals2 = [[Dariusz Dziekanowski|Dziekanowski]] {{goal|10}} [[Krzysztof Pawlak|Pawlak]] {{goal|34}}
|stadium = [[Eden Gardens]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance = 80,000
|referee = [[Károly Palotai]] ([[Hungarian Football Federation|Hungary]])
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|id = INDvARG1
|round =[[1984 Nehru Cup]]
|date = 14 January 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/india-v-argentina-13-january-1984-238240/|title=India v Argentina, 13 January 1984}}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0−1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru84det.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Ricardo Gareca|Gareca]] {{goal|79}}
|stadium = [[Eden Gardens]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance = 50,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzDsDp1ctLI|title=India vs. Argentina Nehru Cup 13-1-1984 [INDIAN BROADCAST]}}</ref>
|referee = Stefan Petrescu ([[Romanian Football Federation|Romania]])
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round =[[1984 Nehru Cup]]
|date = 25 January 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CHN}}
|score = 3−0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru84det.html Report]
|team2= {{fb|IND}}
|goals1= [[Li Huayun]] {{goal|42||60}} [[Jia Xiuquan]] {{goal|81}}
|goals2=
|stadium = [[Eden Gardens]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|id = TRIvIND1
|round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|date = 9 June 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|TRI}}
|score = 1–3
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = Nevick Denoon {{goal}}
|goals2 = Ravi Bhusan {{goal}} [[Babu Mani]] {{goal}} Pradip Ghosh {{goal}}
|attendance =
|referee =
|stadium = Skinner Park
|location = [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]], Trinidad & Tobago
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|date = 11 June 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/38427/Trinidad_Tobago_India.html|title=Trinidad & Tobago 3-0 India}}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|TRI}}
|score = 3–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = Adrian Fonrose {{goal|2}} Robert Joseph {{goal|60}} Bertram O´Brien {{goal|85}}
|goals2 =
|attendance =
|referee =
|stadium = Skinner Park
|location = [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]], Trinidad & Tobago
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|id = SURvIND1
|round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|date = 15 June 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|SUR}}
|score = 6–2
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Parminder Singh (footballer)|Parminder Singh]] {{goal}} Asokan {{goal}}
|attendance =
|referee =
|stadium = [[André Kamperveen Stadion]]
|location = [[Paramaribo]], Suriname
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|id = SURvIND2
|round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|date = 17 June 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|SUR}}
|score = 4–1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Ravi Bhusan {{goal}}
|attendance =
|referee =
|stadium = [[André Kamperveen Stadion]]
|location = [[Paramaribo]], Suriname
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|date = 22 June 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|TRI}}
|score = 3–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|attendance =
|referee =
|stadium = Arima Municipal Stadium
|location = [[Arima]], Trinidad & Tobago
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = 1984 Great Wall Cup
|date = 21 August 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CHN}}
|score = 2–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/greatwall.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Zuo Shusheng]] {{goal|9}} [[Li Hui (footballer)|Li Hui]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2 =
|attendance =
|referee =
|stadium = [[Workers' Stadium]]
|location = [[Beijing]], China
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|id = INDvYAR1
|round = [[1984 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1984 AFC Q]]
|date = 12 October 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 4–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|North Yemen}}
|goals1 = [[Krishanu Dey|Dey]] {{goal}} [[Shabbir Ali|Ali]] {{goal}} [[Prasanta Banerjee|Banerjee]] {{goal}} [[Babu Mani|Mani]] {{goal}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1984 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1984 AFC Q]]
|date = 14 October 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|MAS}}
|goals1 = [[Narender Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal}} [[Babu Mani|Mani]] {{goal}}
|goals2= [[Zainal Abidin Hassan|Abidin]] {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1984 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1984 AFC Q]]
|date = 17 October 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19841018-1.1.39|title=Indian in the final reckoning|date=18 October 1984|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|PAK}}
|goals1 = [[Shabbir Ali|Ali]] {{goal|24||82}}
|goals2=
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1984 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1984 AFC Q]]
|date = 19 October 1984
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|KOR|1984}}
|score = 1–0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Park Chang-Seon]] {{goal|48}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1984 AFC Asian Cup|1984 Asia Cup]]
|date = 2 December 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19841203-1.1.27|title=The Straits Times, 3 December 1984}}</ref>
|time = 21:00 [[UTC+8]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|SIN}}
|score = 2–0
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Malik Awab|Awab]] {{goal|36}} [[Razali Saad (footballer)|Saad]] {{goal|81}}
|goals2 =
|attendance= 21,000
|referee = [[Antonio Márquez Ramírez|Antonio Márquez]] ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Report]
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1984 AFC Asian Cup|1984 Asia Cup]]
|date = 4 December 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19841205-1.2.68.22|title=Rain and shine|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
|time = 19:00 [[UTC+8]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|UAE}}
|score = 2–0
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Adnan Al-Talyani|Al-Talyani]] {{goal|81}} [[Fahad Khamees|Khamees]] {{goal|88}}
|goals2 =
|attendance= 2,010
|referee= Abu Wahid Shanbe ([[Oman Football Association|Oman]])
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Report]
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1984 AFC Asian Cup|1984 Asia Cup]]
|date = 8 December 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/1984-asian-cup-when-india-rose-rejuvenated-like-a-phoenix|title=1984 Asian Cup: When India rose rejuvenated like a phoenix}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=2058|title=India 0-0 Iran|access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19841208-1.2.69.19|title=Underdogs' night|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|time = 19:00 [[UTC+8]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IRI}}
|score = 0–0
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|attendance= 10,000
|referee = Koh Guan Kiat ([[Football Association of Malaysia|Malaysia]])
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Report]
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1984 AFC Asian Cup|1984 Asia Cup]]
|date = 9 December 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19841210-1.2.47.25|title=A one-sided affair|newspaper=The Straits Times|access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
|time = 21:00 [[UTC+8]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CHN}}
|score = 3–0
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Lin Lefeng]] {{goal|19}} [[Gu Guangming]] {{goal|59}} [[Jia Xiuquan]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2 =
|attendance = 8,256
|referee = Ahmed Jassim ([[Bahrain Football Association|Bahrain]])
|stadium = [[Former National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]
|location = [[Kallang]], Singapore
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1984 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Report]
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}

==1985==

{{Football box
|id = MARvIND1
|round = 1985 [[Nehru Cup]]
|date = 31 January 1985
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|MAR}}
|score = 1−0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru85.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Fakhreddine Rajhy|Rajhy]] {{goal|34}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|location = [[Cochin]], India
|attendance =
|referee = Park Hee-Chang ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1986 FIFA World Cup qualification|1986 FIFA Q]]
|date = 21 March 1985
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IDN}}
|score = 2−1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86qual.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Bambang Nurdiansyah|Nurdiansyah]] {{goal|41||49}}
|goals2 = [[Krishanu Dey|Dey]] {{goal|34}}
|stadium = [[Senayan Stadium]]
|location = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
|attendance = 70,000
|referee = Reynaldo Reyes ([[Philippine Football Federation|Philippines]])
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1986 FIFA World Cup qualification|1986 FIFA Q]]
|date = 26 March 1985
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|THA}}
|score = 0−0
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86qual.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Suphachalasai Stadium]]
|location = [[Bangkok]], Thailand
|attendance =
|referee = Shunsaku Nakanishi ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1986 FIFA World Cup qualification|1986 FIFA Q]]
|date = 30 March 1985
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BAN}}
|score = 1−2
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86qual.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Ashraf Uddin Ahmed Chunnu|Chunnu]] {{goal|42}}
|goals2 = [[Sisir Ghosh|Ghosh]] {{goal|34}} [[Bikash Panji|Panji]] {{goal|84}}
|stadium = [[Dhaka Stadium]]
|location = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|attendance = 8,000
|referee = Liu Jingli ([[Chinese Football Association|China]])
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1986 FIFA World Cup qualification|1986 FIFA Q]]
|date = 6 April 1985
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1−1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86qual.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IDN}}
|goals1 = [[Narender Thapa]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2 = Dede Suleiman {{goal|20}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance = 10,000
|referee = Farouk Mustafa ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1986 FIFA World Cup qualification|1986 FIFA Q]]
|date = 9 April 1985
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1−1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86qual.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|THA}}
|goals1 = [[Krishanu Dey]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2 = Narasek Boongeang {{goal|76}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance = 6,000
|referee = Shokor Abdulkader Abdul Latif ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[1986 FIFA World Cup qualification|1986 FIFA Q]]
|date = 12 April 1985
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2−1
|report = [https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/86qual.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|BAN}}
|goals1 = [[Bikash Panji]] {{goal|36}} Camilo Gonsalves {{goal|54}}
|goals2 = [[Ashish Bhadra|Bhadra]] {{goal|15}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance = 8,000
|referee = Salih Abdul Karim Saadi ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|id = INDvNEP1
|round = [[Football at the 1985 South Asian Games|1985 S.A.Games]]
|date = 21 December 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1973merdekacup.html|title=India national football team archives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819181154/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1973merdekacup.html |access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=2016-08-19 }}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2−0
|report =[https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg85.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|NEP}}
|goals1 = [[Sisir Ghosh|Ghosh]] {{goal}} {{goal}}
|goals2 =
|stadium =[[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]]
|location = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Football at the 1985 South Asian Games|1985 S.A.Games]]
|date = 25 December 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/36872/India_Bangladesh.html|title=India 1-1 Bangladesh}}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1−1
|report =[https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1985 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg85.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|BAN}}
|goals1 = [[Sisir Ghosh|Ghosh]] {{goal|37}}
|goals2 = [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam|Aslam]] {{goal|39}}
|penaltyscore = 4–1
|stadium =[[National Stadium, Dhaka|National Stadium]]
|location = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|attendance =
|referee =
|penalties1 = [[Krishnendu Roy]] {{pengoal}} Debashis Misra {{pengoal}} [[Krishanu Dey]] {{pengoal}} [[Prasanta Banerjee]] {{pengoal}}
|penalties2 = [[Kaiser Hamid]] {{pengoal}}
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}

==1986==

{{Football box
|round = [[Nehru Cup]]
|date = 25 January 1986
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0−0
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru86.html
|team2 = {{fb|CHN}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Greenfield International Stadium]]
|location = [[Trivandrum]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{Football box
|id = INDvPER
|round = [[Nehru Cup]]
|date = 30 January 1986
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0−1
|report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru86.html Report] [https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/35724/India_Peru.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|PER}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Franco Navarro|Navarro]] {{goal|60}}
|stadium = [[Greenfield International Stadium]]
|location = [[Trivandrum]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|id =
|round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|date = 30 June 1986<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te13972/india/all-matches/|title=India » Fixtures & Results 1986|date=9 June 2021 |access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|Burma|1948}}
|score = 3−1
|report = https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/35841/Myanmar_India.html
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =[[Yangon]], Myanmar
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Pestabola Merdeka|1986 Merdeka]]
|date = 24 July 1986
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|MAS}}
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/merdeka86.html
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = Azhar Shariff {{goal|11}} [[Zainal Abidin Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|71||74}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadium Merdeka]]
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|attendance = 7,582
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Pestabola Merdeka|1986 Merdeka]]
|date = 30 July 1986
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 3−1
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/merdeka86.html
|team2 = {{fb|THA}}
|goals1 = [[Krishanu Dey|Dey]] {{goal|5||13||48}}
|goals2 = [[Witthaya Laohakul|Laohakul]] {{goal|pen.}}
|stadium = Stadium Jalan Raja Muda
|location = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|attendance =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Football at the 1986 Asian Games|1986 Asian Games]]
|date = 20 September 1986
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|KOR}}
|score = 3−0
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames86.html
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Noh Soo-jin]] {{goal|10}} [[Choi Soon-ho]] {{goal|36}} [[Park Chang-sun|Chang-sun]] {{goal|84|pen.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Busan Gudeok Stadium]]
|location = [[Busan]], South Korea
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Football at the 1986 Asian Games|1986 Asian Games]]
|date = 22 September 1986
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1−2
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames86.html
|team2 = {{fb|CHN}}
|goals1 = Debashish Mishra {{goal|37}}
|goals2 = [[Ma Lin (footballer)|Ma Lin]] {{goal|22||25}}
|stadium = [[Busan Gudeok Stadium]]
|location = [[Busan]], South Korea
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Football at the 1986 Asian Games|1986 Asian Games]]
|date = 26 September 1986
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BHR}}
|score = 3−0
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asgames86.html
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = Abdulrahman Hisham {{goal|3||45}} Yousif Ali Hassan {{goal|23}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Busan Gudeok Stadium]]
|location = [[Busan]], South Korea
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}

==1987==

{{Football box
|round = [[Football at the 1987 South Asian Games|1987 S.Asian Games]]
|date = 21 November 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te13972/india/all-matches/|title=India » Fixtures & Results 1987 |date=9 June 2021 }}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0−0
|report = [https://archive.org/details/india-nt-results/mode/2up Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg87.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|PAK}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{Football box
|id = INDvMDV1
|round = [[Football at the 1987 South Asian Games|1987 S.Asian Games]]
|date = 21 November 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=https://national-football-teams.com/matches/report/35129/India_Maldives.html|title=India 5-0 Maldives}}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 5−0
|report = [https://archive.org/details/india-nt-results/mode/2up Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg87.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|MDV}}
|goals1 = Shareef {{goal||o.g.}} [[Sisir Ghosh]] {{goal}} Amit Bhadra {{goal}} Deepak Kumar {{goal}} [[Krishanu Dey]] {{goal}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{Football box
|round = [[Football at the 1987 South Asian Games|1987 S.Asian Games]]
|date = 21 November 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=https://national-football-teams.com/matches/report/35130/India_Nepal.html|title=India 1-0 Nepal}}</ref>
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1−0
|report = [https://archive.org/details/india-nt-results/mode/2up Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg87.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|NEP}}
|goals1 = Mohammed Farid {{goal|89}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Calcutta]], India
|attendance =
|referee =
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}

==1988==

{{football box
|date = 6 February 1988
|time =
|round = [[1988 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1988 AFC Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BAN}}
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/33961/Bangladesh_India.html
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE
|referee =
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 9 February 1988
|time =
|round = [[1988 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1988 AFC Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tables/88asch.html
|team2 = {{fb|THA}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Boonpob Prapruit {{goal|89}}
|stadium = [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 11 February 1988
|time =
|round = [[1988 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1988 AFC Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.rsssf.org/tables/88asch.html
|team2 = {{fb|North Yemen}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Mohammed Al Sharani {{goal|80}}
|stadium = [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|id = UAEvIND1
|date = 13 February 1988
|time =
|round = [[1988 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1988 AFC Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|UAE}}
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/33674/United_Arab_Emirates_India.html
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Fahad Khamees|Khamees]] {{goal|59}} [[Abdulrahman Mohamed (Emirati footballer)|Mohamed]] {{goal|63}} [[Adnan Al Talyani|Al Talyani]] {{goal|67}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 16 February 1988
|time =
|round = [[1988 AFC Asian Cup qualification|1988 AFC Q]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CHN}}
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/33542/China_India.html
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Liu Haiguang]] {{goal|30}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE
|referee =
|bg = #FFBBBC
}}

==1989==

{{football box
|date = 23 October 1989<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/india-nt-results/mode/2up|title=India national team result archive|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://national-football-teams.com/matches/report/33049/Bangladesh_India.html|title=Bangladesh 1-1 India|publisher=National Football Teams.com|access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1989 South Asian Games|1989 S.A Games]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BAN}}
|score = 1–1
|report =[https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1989 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg89.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Nurul Haque Manik|Manik]] {{goal|34}}
|goals2 = [[Satyajit Chatterjee|Chatterjee]] {{goal|84}}
|stadium = [[Jinnah Sports Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
|referee = Ahmed Ibrahim Hakeem
|bg = #FFFEBB
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 25 October 1989<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te13972/india/all-matches/|title=India » Fixtures & Results 1989 |date=9 June 2021 }}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1989 South Asian Games|1989 S.A Games]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–1
|report =[https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1989 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg89.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|SRI}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Jinnah Sports Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
|referee = Ahmed Ibrahim Hakeem
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}
----
{{football box
|date = 26 October 1989<ref>{{cite web|url=https://national-football-teams.com/matches/report/33051/India_Nepal.html|title=India 2-1 Nepal|publisher=National Football Teams.com|access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
|time =
|round = [[Football at the 1989 South Asian Games|1989 S.A Games]]
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–1
|report =[https://en.fifaranking.net/nations/ind/results/season.php?y=1989 Report] [https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/safg89.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|NEP}}
|goals1 = [[Mauricio Afonso|Afonso]] {{goal|18}} [[Satyajit Chatterjee|Chatterjee]] {{goal|62}}
|goals2 = [[Mani Shah|Shah]] {{goal|56}}
|stadium = [[Jinnah Sports Stadium]]
|attendance =
|location = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
|referee = Ahmed Ali
|bg = #BCF3BA
}}

==See also==
*[[Indian women's national football team results (1980–1989)]]
*[[India national football team results (1970–1979)]]
*[[India national football team results (1990–1999)]]
*[[History of the India national football team]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India national football team}}
{{Football results AFC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India national football team results (1980-1989)}}
[[Category:1980s in Indian sport|Football]]
[[Category:India national football team results|1980]]

Malik Muhammad Javed Iqbal Awan

2025-12-20T03:56:05Z

Priyankasingh: expanded intro based on references and fixed typos

{{short description|Pakistani politician (born 1951)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Malik Muhammad Javed Iqbal Awan
| honorific-suffix =
| office = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start = 2002
| term_end = 31 May 2018
|constituency=
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|11|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sargodha]]
|nationality = Pakistani
|party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
}}
[[File:Beautiful view of Punjab Assembly Lahore - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Punjab Assembly Lahore|alt=Beautiful view of Punjab Assembly Lahore - panoramio.jpg]]
'''Malik Muhammad Javed Iqbal Awan''' is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]], from 2002 to May 2018.

==Early life and education==
He was born on 7 November 1951 in [[Sargodha]].<ref name="pap">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/895|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=15 January 2018}}</ref>

He has the degree of Bachelor of Arts and the degree of Bachelor of Laws where he received in 1976 from [[Punjab University Law College]].<ref name="pap" />

==Political career==

He was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] from Constituency PP-39 (Khushab-I) in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]]. He received 38,367 votes and defeated Malik Mukhtar Ahmed Awan, a candidate of [[National Alliance (Pakistan)|National Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=24 March 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|archivedate=26 January 2018}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-39 (Khushab-I) in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]]. He received 24,235 votes and defeated Faisal Aziz, a candidate of PML-Q.<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=24 March 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|archivedate=5 January 2018}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) from Constituency PP-39 (Khushab-I) in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=List of winners of Punjab Assembly seats|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/429935|accessdate=18 January 2018|work=The News|date=13 May 2013|language=en}}</ref> He received 42,635 votes and defeated Malik Ameer Mukhtar Sangha Awan, a candidate of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI).<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |publisher=ECP |accessdate=12 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526173608/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archivedate=26 May 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Awan, Malik Muhammad Javed Iqbal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)]]

Hurhuri

2025-11-28T16:01:26Z

Priyankasingh: made a stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Huruhuri
| other_name = Raj Nagar
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.647|N|82.881|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kerakat]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 83
| population_total = 1987
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 222142
| registration_plate = UP62
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 984/1003 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kerakat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Kerakat]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{convert|5|km|mi}}
| blank6_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Jaunpur District]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{convert|25|km|mi}}
| website = http://jaunpur.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Huruhuri''' is a village about 2 km north from the [[Gomti River]] in the ''[[tehsil]]'' of [[Kerakat]], [[Jaunpur District|Jaunpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ng-44-12a.jpg US army map of Banaras] at "blue coordinates" (22.2; 9.8)</ref> It belongs to the [[Varanasi Division]]. It is located 25 km east of the city of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], 4 km west of [[Kerakat]], and 274 km from [[Lucknow]], the capital of Uttar Pradesh. Hurhuri's [[Postal Index Number]] is 222142 and the postal head office is situated in [[Kerakat]] and Branch Office is JaiGopalGanj.
Huruhuri is situated Near State Highway 36.

==Transport==
===By rail===
*[[Kerakat railway station]]-5 km
*[[Gangauli railway station]]-2.5 km

===By road===
* Village is connected by SH-36 Saidpur Khajurhat Road
*Kerakat Bus Stand-5 km

===By air===
*Shri Lal Bahadur Shashtri Airport-38 km

==Population==
Huruhuri is a medium size village located in [[Kerakat]] of [[Jaunpur district]], Uttar Pradesh with total 310 [[families]] residing. The Huruhuri village has population of 1987 of which 984 are [[Male]]s while 1003 are [[Females]] as per [[Population Census]] 2011.

In Huruhuri village population of [[Children]] with age 0-6 is 275 which makes up 13.84% of total population of village. Average [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of Huruhuri village is 1019 which is higher than [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average of 912. Child Sex Ratio for the Huruhuri as per census is 964, higher than Uttar Pradesh average of 902.

Huruhuri village has higher literacy rate compared to Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, literacy rate of Hurhuri village was 77.39% compared to 67.68% of Uttar Pradesh. In Hurhuri Male literacy stands at 86.26% while female [[literacy]] rate was 68.78%.

As per constitution of India and [[Panchyati Raaj Act]], Huruhuri village is administrated by [[Sarpanch ]](Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/203250-hurhuri-uttar-pradesh.html
{{Jaunpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Kerakat]]

{{Jaunpur-geo-stub}}

National Highway 30A (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T18:39:20Z

Priyankasingh: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 10 (India, old numbering)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Nawab Abdul Jabbar

2025-10-17T02:16:07Z

Priyankasingh: starting new data

{{Short description|British Indian bureaucrat (1837–1918)}}
{{one source|date=November 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Khan Bahadur]] [[Nawab]]
| name = Abdul Jabbar
| honorific_suffix = [[C.I.E]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1837|10|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Paharhati]], [[Burdwan district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1918|1|30|1837|10|24|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Government officer
| organization = [[Central National Mohammedan Association]] [[Mohammedan Literary Society]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children = [[Khan Bahadur Abdul Momen]]
| father = Khan Bahadur Ghulam Asghar
| relatives = [[Abul Kasem (politician, born 1872)|Abul Kasem]] (nephew) [[Abul Hashim]] (grandnephew) [[Badruddin Umar]] (great grandnephew)
| awards = [[Khan Bahadur]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|C.I.E]], [[Nawab]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College Calcutta]]
}}
Nawab '''Abdul Jabbar''' ({{Langx|bn|নবাব আব্দুল জব্বার}}; 24 October 1837 – 30 January 1918) was a British Indian bureaucrat and social worker.<ref name="BP">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Jabbar, Nawab Abdul|author=[[Badruddin Umar|Umar, Badruddin]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Abdul Jabbar was born on 24 October 1837 in his maternal grandfather's home in [[Paharhati]], [[Burdwan district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. He belonged to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Muslim]] family from the village of Kashiara in Burdwan. His father Khan Bahadur Ghulam Asghar was the Chief ''Sadar Amin'' in the judiciary of the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company rule]]. Abdul Jabbar passed his [[matriculation]] from Burdwan Raj School. Here, he was a student of [[Ramtanu Lahiri]]. Then he was admitted in [[Presidency College Calcutta]] in BA class. After his father's death in 1857 he left education.<ref name="BP" />

==Career==
At the beginning of his career he joined as a deputy magistrate. Between 1889 and 1894 he served as presidency magistrate in [[Calcutta]]. In 1884, 1886 and 1893 he was nominated member in [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]]. After retirement he was appointed the chief minister of [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] and served from 1897 to 1902. There he was honored for his contribution in social welfare work.<ref name="BP" />

In a meeting arranged in Calcutta by [[Surendranath Banerjee]] to support [[Gandhi|Gandhi's]] anti racism movement in [[South Africa]] Abdul Jabbar was the president. [[Indian National Congress]] and [[All India Muslim League]] was founded during his lifetime but he never showed interest in politics.<ref name="BP" />

==Contribution in Muslim society==
He was a member of [[Central National Mohammedan Association]], first organization of Indian Muslims. He was also a member of [[Mohammedan Literary Society]] and in 1900 elected president of the society. He had close relation with [[Nawab Abdul Latif]]. Abdul Jabbar was eager to promote western education among the Muslims. He wrote a book in Bengali titled ''Muslim Dharma Porichoy'' (Muslim Religion Introduction) . He did not show much interest in women education. He presented his view on woman education in his two Urdu books.<ref name="BP" />

In Calcutta, Taylor hostel was built for the Muslim students in 1896. Due to its unhealthy environment and inadequate facilities he initiated movement in 1908 to establish new hostel. Eventually [[Baker Hostel]] was established for the Muslim students.<ref name="BP" />

==Honors==
Abdul Jabbar was awarded [[Khan Bahadur]] and [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] in 1895. Later, he received [[Nawab]] title.<ref name="BP" />

==Death==
Abdul Jabbar died on 30 January 1918.<ref name="BP" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jabbar, Abdul}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Social workers from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]

List of archaeological sites in Rajasthan

2025-10-15T20:56:33Z

Priyankasingh: starting new info!

{{Short description|List of a Wikimedia project}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}

[[File:Kalibangan cylinder seal (impression).jpg|thumb|190px|right|[[Kalibangan]] cylinder seal (impression)]]
{{Tree list}}
*[[Archaeological sites]] in [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=by |date=2017-12-22 |title=ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES of Rajasthan |url=https://himachalpradesh.pscnotes.com/rajasthan-history-culture/archaeological-sites-rajasthan/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Himachal Pradesh PCS Free Notes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Studio |first=Rajasthan |date=2020-11-28 |title=Explore The Six Most Alluring Archaeological Sites Of Rajasthan |url=https://rajasthanstudio.com/explore-the-six-most-alluring-archaeological-sites-of-rajasthan/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Rajasthan Studio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Sites in Rajasthan |url=https://rajras.in/rajasthan/history/archaeological-sites/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=RajRAS {{!}} RAS Exam Preparation |language=en-US}}</ref>
**Stone Age
***Paleolithic
****[[Jayal]]
****[[Indragarh]]
****[[Viratnagar]]
****Gogakheda (Rajsamand)
***Middle Paleolithic
****[[Bagor, Rajasthan|Bagor]]
****[[Tilwara]]
****[[Sojat]] (Pali)
****[[Nimbahera]] ([[Chittorgarh District]])
****[[Pachpadra]] ([[Barmer District]])
***Neolithic
****Hamirgarh (Bhilwara)
****[[Viratnagar]] ([[Jaipur District]])
****Bharani (Tonk)
****Sohanpura (Sikar)
****Harsoura (Alwar)
****Samdari (Barmer)
****Alaniya (Kota)
**Chalcolithic
****[[Kalibangan]] ([[Hanumangarh District]])
**Bronze Age
****Ahar (Udaipur)
****Ganeshwar (Sikar)
****Giloond (Rajsamand)
****Jhadol (Udaipur)
****Pindpadliyan (Chittorgarh)
****Kurara (Nagaur)
****Sabaniya and Pugal (Bikaner)
****Nandalalpura (Jaipur)
****Kiradot (Jaipur)
****Chithwadi (Jaipur)
****Elana (Jalore)
****Budha Pushkar (Ajmer)
****Kol Maholi (Sri Madhopur)
****Malah (Bharatpur)
****Balathal (Udaipur)
****[[Ojhiyana archaeological site]]([[Bhilwara District]])
**Iron Age
****Noh (Bharatpur)
****Jodhpura (Jaipur)
****Sunari (Jhunjhunu)
****Raidh (Tonk)
****Eesawal (Udaipur)
****[[Viratnagar|Bairath]] ([[Jaipur District]])
****Nagari (Chittorgarh)
****[[Baror]] ([[Sri Ganganagar District]])
****Naliyasar (Jaipur)
****[[Bhinmal]] ([[Jalore District]])
****[[Singod]] ([[Jaipur]])
{{tree list/end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]

Sai Kishore

2025-09-27T07:33:18Z

Priyankasingh:

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Indian name|Sai Kishore|Ravisrinivasan}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sai Kishore
| image = 4 15 Sai Kishore.jpg
| caption = Kishore playing for [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] in 2025
| country = India
| fullname = Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|11|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 1.96 m<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakshmanan |first1=Karthik |last2=Sen |first2=Abhimanyu |title=IPL 2025 {{!}} Prasidh Krishna: ‘Loved Tilak Varma wicket the most; Sai Kishore staredown with Hardik was fun to watch’|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2025-prasidh-krishna-loved-tilak-varma-wicket-gt-vs-mi-gujarat-titans-9914212/ |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=Indian Express|date=3 April 2025|quote=Ashish Nehra, GT coach has put together an impressive all-India Three Towers bowling attack comprising Md Siraj (2/34, and 1.78 metres tall), Prasidh (1.88 m) and Sai Kishore (1.96 m)}}</ref>
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| club1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| year1 = 2017–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| year2 = 2022–present
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| year3 = 2025
| clubnumber3 =

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2023–present
| onetest =
| testdebutdate =
| testdebutyear =
| testdebutagainst =
| testcap =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =

| oneodi =
| odidebutdate =
| odidebutyear =
| odidebutagainst =
| odicap =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =

| oneT20I =
| T20Idebutdate = 3 October
| T20Idebutyear = 2023
| T20Idebutagainst = Nepal
| T20Icap = 108
| lastT20Idate = 7 October
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = Afghanistan
| T20Ishirt = 60

| columns = 4

| column1 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 0
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = –
| deliveries1 = 72
| wickets1 = 4
| bowl avg1 = 15.75
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/12
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/–

| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 48
| runs2 = 816
| bat avg2 = 14.31
| 100s/50s2 = 0/3
| top score2 = 81
| deliveries2 = 10,460
| wickets2 = 203
| bowl avg2 = 23.57
| fivefor2 = 13
| tenfor2 = 1
| best bowling2 = 7/70
| catches/stumpings2 = 16/–

| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 60
| runs3 = 452
| bat avg3 = 18.83
| 100s/50s3 = 0/2
| top score3 = 74
| deliveries3 = 2,944
| wickets3 = 99
| bowl avg3 = 20.96
| fivefor3 = 2
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/26
| catches/stumpings3 = 29/–

| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 85
| runs4 = 96
| bat avg4 = 6.40
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 21[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 1,758
| wickets4 = 99
| bowl avg4 = 18.94
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/6
| catches/stumpings4 = 28/–

| date = 31 July 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1048739.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}} [[File: Cricket pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
}}
'''Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore''' (born 6 November 1996) is an Indian cricketer who plays for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] in domestic cricket and [[Gujarat Titans]] in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/11595/ravisrinivasan-sai-kishore |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.cricbuzz.com |language=en}}</ref> He is primarily a [[left-arm orthodox]] bowler, and also bats left-handed. He made his [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] debut for [[India national cricket team|India]] on 3 October 2023 in the [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Asian Games]].

== Domestic career==
He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] in the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 12 March 2017.<ref name="LA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053877.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2nd Quarter-final: Tamil Nadu v Gujarat at Delhi, Mar 12, 2017 |accessdate=13 March 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Tamil Nadu in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]] on 14 October 2017.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118630.html |title=Group C, Ranji Trophy at Chennai, Oct 14-17 2017 |accessdate=14 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Tamil Nadu in the [[2017–18 Zonal T20 League]] on 8 January 2018.<ref name="T20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1130671.html |title=South Zone, Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament at Visakhapatnam, Jan 8 2018 |accessdate=8 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He was the leading wicket-taker for Tamil Nadu in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], with 22 dismissals in six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12592;team=2184;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2018/19 - Tamil Nadu: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref> He topped the wicket-takers list in the [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] with 20 wickets in 12 matches at an economy rate of 4.63.<ref name="scien">{{cite news |last1=Lakshmanan |first1=Karthik |last2=Sen |first2=Abhimanyu |title=Sai Kishore's Journey From an Aspiring Scientist to Cricket Nerd |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/sai-kishores-journey-from-an-aspiring-scientist-to-cricket-nerd-2412061.html |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=News18 |date=5 December 2019 |quote=Being tall and lanky – he stands at 6’4" now}}</ref>

== Indian Premier League ==
In the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]], he was bought by the [[Chennai Super Kings]] at a base price of {{INR|20 lakh}} for the [[2020 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-auction-analysis-do-the-eight-teams-have-their-best-xis-in-place-1210632 |accessdate=20 December 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2020 - Kamlesh Nagarkoti, Shahbaz Ahmed, Ravi Bishnoi head line-up of exciting uncapped Indian bowlers |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2020-kamlesh-nagarkoti-shahbaz-ahmed-ravi-bishnoi-head-line-up-of-uncapped-indian-bowlers-1231750 |accessdate=10 September 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was bought by the [[Gujarat Titans]] at a price of {{INR|3 crore}} in the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] (IPL) auction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who is R Sai Kishore? Uncapped player who was bought by Gujarat Titans for Rs 3 crore |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/cricket/who-is-r-sai-kishore-uncapped-player-who-was-bought-by-gujarat-titans-for-rs-3-crore |access-date=12 February 2022| work=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-the-uncapped-ones-shahrukh-khan-umran-malik-and-more-1307144 |title=The uncapped ones: Shahrukh Khan, Umran Malik and more |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

== International career ==
In June 2021, he was named as one of five net bowlers for India's [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|tour of Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shikhar Dhawan to captain India on limited-overs tour of Sri Lanka |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sl-vs-ind-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911 |access-date=10 June 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=10 June 2021 }}</ref> Following a positive case for [[COVID-19]] in the Indian team, Kishore was added to India's main squad for their final two [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches of the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ind-vs-sl-krunal-pandya-close-contacts-to-miss-second-t20i-7425837/ |title=IND vs SL: Krunal, Hardik, Surya, Shaw among 8 to miss second T20 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

In January 2022, he was named as one of two standby players in India's T20I squad for their home series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2021–22|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/west-indies-in-india-shahrukh-khan-sai-kishore-part-of-indias-stand-bys-for-west-indies-t20is-1299298 |title=Shahrukh Khan, Sai Kishore part of India's stand-bys for West Indies T20Is |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 January 2022}}</ref>

He was part of the Indian squad at the [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022 Asian Games]] in [[Hangzhou]], China, which won the gold medal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruturaj Gaikwad, Harmanpreet Kaur to lead as BCCI announces India men's and women's squads for 19th Asian Games |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-indias-womens-squad-for-19th-asian-games-at-hangzhou-8837968/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He took 1/25 runs in 4 overs in his debut match against [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]]. In the semifinal against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], he picked 3/12 in his 4 overs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Aashin |title=Hangzhou Asian Games cricket {{!}} Washington and Sai Kishore help India trump Bangladesh, to face Afghanistan in the final |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/asian-games-cricket-rampant-india-crush-bangladesh-to-reach-final/article67387385.ece |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=6 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1048739}}

{{Gujarat Titans squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Ravisrinivasan Sai}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat Titans cricketers]]
[[Category:Surrey cricketers]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in cricket]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Equestrian Premier League

2025-09-06T12:23:58Z

Priyankasingh:

'''Equestrian Premier League''' is the Embassy International Riding School's [[Equestrianism|Equestrian]] tournament that holds [[Dressage]] and [[Show jumping|Jumping]] competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Tejas |date=2025-07-23 |title=Equestrian Premier League at 15: Challenges remain but proves successful platform |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/equestrian-premier-league-at-15-years-feature-news/article69846236.ece |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> It is aimed at raising the Equestrian standards in [[India]], providing a platform to riders to increase their fitness and confidence levels, with the ultimate aim of making riders internationally competitive in [[Equestrian Sports]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equestrian Premier League {{!}} Embassy International Riding School, Bangalore |url=https://www.embassyridingschool.in/epl/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Embassy Riding School |language=en-US}}</ref>

EPL was started in 2009 and since then has become one of the best competitions of the equestrian calendar in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2019 |first=Manuja |last=Veerappa |title=Six-leg Equestrian Premier League from June 29 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/six-leg-equestrian-premier-league-from-june-29/articleshow/69897496.cms |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Equestrian sports competitions in India]]

{{India-sport-stub}}
{{equestrian-stub}}

Wee Wee Hill

2025-09-03T03:53:55Z

Priyankasingh: small corrected structure per standard format additionally and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Hill in Indiana, United States}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Wee Wee Hill
| other_name =
| photo =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption =
| map = USA Indiana
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| location = [[Highland Township, Franklin County, Indiana]]
| label =
| label_position =
| elevation_ft = 981
| elevation_ref = <ref name="gnis">{{GNIS|445633}}</ref>
| prominence_ft =
| prominence_ref =
| isolation_mi =
| isolation_ref =
| parent_peak =
| listing =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation =
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|39|20|38|N|084|59|50|W|display=inline,title}}<ref name="gnis"></ref>
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| normal_route =
| access =
}}
'''Wee Wee Hill''' (also known as '''Wewe Hill'''<ref name="INDOT">{{cite web|title=Notice to Highway Contractors|publisher=[[Indiana Department of Transportation]]|date=July 7, 2010|page=9|url=https://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/letting/archive/2010/jul07/070710SUPP1NTC.txt}}</ref>) is a [[hill]] in [[Highland Township, Franklin County, Indiana]], in the [[United States]].<ref name="gnis"></ref> With an elevation of {{convert|981|ft}}, it is the 19th highest summit in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://peakery.com/wee-wee-hill-indiana/ | title=Wee Wee Hill | publisher=Peakery.com | accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref>

The summit has been noted for its [[place names considered unusual|unusual place name]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Monmonier|first=Mark|title=From Squaw Tit to Whorehouse Meadow: How Maps Name, Claim, and Inflame|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DyZWTwkfF0C&pg=PA61|date=15 September 2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53464-0|page=61}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hook|first=J. N.|title=All Those Wonderful Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIq4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249|date=10 June 2014|publisher=Open Road Media|isbn=978-1-4976-1186-3|page=249|quote=Wee Wee Hill, IN, makes the prurient think of something other than small size.}}</ref> A nearby county road is named after the hill, using the spelling "Wewe".<ref name="INDOT" /><ref>{{cite map|title=Governmental Unit Reference Map: Franklin County, IN|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|date=November 22, 2015|scale=1:15,000|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/pvs/bas/bas16maps/st18_in/cou/c18047_franklin/BAS16C21804700000_014.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hills of Indiana]]
[[Category:Landforms of Franklin County, Indiana]]

{{FranklinCountyIN-geo-stub}}

Dhruva (soundtrack)

2025-08-15T23:40:57Z

Priyankasingh: Added some stub w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhruva (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| cover = Dhruva (soundtrack).png
| alt =
| released = 9 November 2016
| recorded = 2016
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:49
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label =
* [[Aditya Music]]
* [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| prev_title = [[Kaththi Sandai]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
'''''Dhruva (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[Soundtrack album|soundtrack]] to the 2016 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] [[Dhruva (2016 film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Surender Reddy]]. A remake of the Tamil film ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015), the film stars [[Ram Charan]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]] and [[Arvind Swamy]]. The musical score is composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]] in their Telugu debut and features four songs with lyrics written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Varikuppala Yadagiri]]. The soundtrack was released under the [[Aditya Music]] label on 9 November 2016.

== Development ==
For the film's score and soundtrack, Surender Reddy chose to retain the original composers [[Hiphop Tamizha]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=DNA Web Team |date=2016-02-10 |title=Hip Hop Thamizha to debut in Telugu with Ram Charan's 'Thani Oruvan' remake |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hip-hop-thamizha-to-debut-in-telugu-with-ram-charan-s-thani-oruvan-remake-2176080 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316061604/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hip-hop-thamizha-to-debut-in-telugu-with-ram-charan-s-thani-oruvan-remake-2176080 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en}}</ref> The duo recalled that they did not plan their debut in Telugu industry and mentioned that Reddy liked the original film because of its music, which led them to be retained for this film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-11-16 |title=Hiphop Tamizha on 'Dhruva' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-composer-duoaadhi-and-jeeva-foray-into-telugu-cinema-with-ram-charans-dhruva/article9353388.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118235221/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-composer-duoaadhi-and-jeeva-foray-into-telugu-cinema-with-ram-charans-dhruva/article9353388.ece |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Even before they started working on the film, they spent over a week with the director so that they could understand his sensibilities, adding that "In every sense, this was a new film and like the original, it was not an easy arena to enter into".<ref name=":0" />

With this, they composed a new set of tunes with the change in context of the Telugu version. Within their limitations, the duo worked with the lyricists Chandrabose and Varikkuppala Yadagiri to understand the meaning and ensured that the words would be native to the Telugu audience, and also considered numerous aspects like the flavor, linguistics and wide appeal. They further minimized the use of Hindi words to the best of their abilities.<ref name=":0" />

The title song was performed by [[Bollywood]] singer [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]] in his Telugu debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title=Amit Mishra: When my songs were not becoming hits, my dad told me, 'You've given 5-6 years of your life to this profession, now I will give 5-6 years of my life to you' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amit-mishra-when-my-songs-were-not-becoming-hits-my-dad-told-me-youve-given-5-6-years-of-your-life-to-this-profession-now-i-will-give-5-6-years-of-my-life-to-you-exclusive/articleshow/106552245.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108003129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amit-mishra-when-my-songs-were-not-becoming-hits-my-dad-told-me-youve-given-5-6-years-of-your-life-to-this-profession-now-i-will-give-5-6-years-of-my-life-to-you-exclusive/articleshow/106552245.cms |archive-date=2024-01-08 |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The duo described the title song as a challenging one,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-05 |title=Hip Hop Thamiza opens about Dhruva's title song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Hip-Hop-Thamiza-opens-about-Dhruvas-title-song/articleshow/55811206.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617140019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Hip-Hop-Thamiza-opens-about-Dhruvas-title-song/articleshow/55811206.cms |archive-date=2017-06-17 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and took inspiration from the song "Travelling Soldier" from the [[Pawan Kalyan]]-starrer ''[[Thammudu]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-12 |title=Dhruva's title song inspired by Pawan Kalyan's Travelling Soldier song: Ram Charan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Dhruvas-title-song-inspired-by-Pawan-Kalyans-Travelling-Soldier-song-Ram-Charan/articleshow/55936444.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507004338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Dhruvas-title-song-inspired-by-Pawan-Kalyans-Travelling-Soldier-song-Ram-Charan/articleshow/55936444.cms |archive-date=2023-05-07 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The song "Pareshanura" was a melody number where he experimented with [[Carnatic music]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]].<ref name=":0" /> The music composition was completed by October 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-16 |title=Dhruva's music nearing completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dhruvas-music-nearing-completion/articleshow/53991786.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017041913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dhruvas-music-nearing-completion/articleshow/53991786.cms |archive-date=2016-10-17 |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[Aditya Music]] acquired the film's audio rights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-06 |title=Aditya Music to release audios of 4 Mega movies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Aditya-Music-to-release-audios-of-4-Mega-movies/articleshow/55275502.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722172718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Aditya-Music-to-release-audios-of-4-Mega-movies/articleshow/55275502.cms |archive-date=2020-07-22 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film's track list was released with a 10-second song promo on 2 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-02 |title=Dhruva's 10 second song promo launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Dhruvas-10-second-song-promo-launched/articleshow/55262685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510182700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Dhruvas-10-second-song-promo-launched/articleshow/55262685.cms |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Initially, the makers planned for a music launch event at Hyderabad on 9 November 2016, with Pawan Kalyan as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-21 |title=Pawan Kalyan to unveil Dhruva audio? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Pawan-Kalyan-to-unveil-Dhruva-audio/articleshow/54975426.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505211327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Pawan-Kalyan-to-unveil-Dhruva-audio/articleshow/54975426.cms |archive-date=2023-05-05 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> However, due to the announcement of the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]], plans for an audio launch was cancelled,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=No audio launch for Dhruva |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-11-04/No-audio-launch-for-Dhruva/262358 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711054132/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-11-04/No-audio-launch-for-Dhruva/262358 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-09 |title=No exclusive audio function for Dhruva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/No-audio-launch-for-Dhruva/articleshow/55241933.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117093902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/No-audio-launch-for-Dhruva/articleshow/55241933.cms |archive-date=2016-11-17 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and the album was directly released to stores and online on the same date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-09 |title=Ram Charan's album 'Dhruva' launched online |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Ram-Charans-album-Dhruva-launched-online/articleshow/55328916.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008234814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Ram-Charans-album-Dhruva-launched-online/articleshow/55328916.cms |archive-date=2017-10-08 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The song "Theemai Dhan Vellum" from the original film was reused in Telugu, titled "Manushi Musugulo Mrugam Neney Ra" which was used for promotional purposes. It was released as a bonus track on 7 December 2016 on [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=Dhruva – Manishi Musugulo Mrugam Neney Ra Telugu Song | Ram Charan, Rakul Preet Singh |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_unXY-axVks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109021937/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_unXY-axVks |archive-date=9 November 2019 |access-date=9 January 2017 |work=YouTube}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critics ===
The soundtrack album received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=2016-11-09 |title=Ram Charan's Dhruva music review: Song causal, title track are the pick of many audience |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/ram-charans-dhruva-music-review-song-chusaa-chusaa-title-track-are-pick-many-audience-703275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709174149/https://www.ibtimes.com/ram-charans-dhruva-music-review-song-chusaa-chusaa-title-track-are-pick-many-audience-703275 |archive-date=2020-07-09 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the album 2.75 out of 5 stating "Dhruva is an impressive album from Hip-Hop Thamizha with enjoyable and experimental compositions".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-09|title=Dhruva (aka) Druva songs review|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/telugu-movies/dhruva/dhruva-songs-review.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' gave 2.75 out of 5 and stated "An album that doesn't boast of formulaic songs [...] while the party-time song is a rip-off, the title track stands out for its meaningful lyrics and rendition."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=Dhruva Music review songs lyrics |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dhruva-songs-review-telugu-movie-20932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616141321/https://www.indiaglitz.com/dhruva-songs-review-telugu-movie-20932 |archive-date=2020-06-16 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''[[123Telugu]]'' reviewed "the 'Dhruva' album is more classy, slightly different from the routine, and is an album of situations."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-09|title=Dhruva audio review|url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/reviews/dhruva-telugu-music-review.html|access-date=2020-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''Milliblog'' commented "Hip-hop Tamizha's Telugu debut is largely the same of what they are usually known for in Tamil."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2016-11-09 |title=Dhruva (Music review), Telugu – Hip-hop Tamizha |url=https://milliblog.com/2016/11/27/dhruva-music-review-telugu-hiphop-tamizha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526101246/https://milliblog.com/2016/11/27/dhruva-music-review-telugu-hiphop-tamizha/ |archive-date=2019-05-26 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> Karthika Raveendran of ''[[Bollywood Life|Bollywoodlife.com]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and commented "This album will catch everyone's interest as it marks Hip Hop Tamizha's debut in Telugu industry but it won't hold their attention for long."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raveendran |first=Karthik |date=2016-11-11 |title=Dhruva music review: Neethoney Dance is the biggest highlight in this Ram Charan-Rakul Preet Singh album |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dhruva-music-review-neethoney-dance-is-the-biggest-highlight-in-this-ram-charan-rakul-preet-singh-album-830640/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422045629/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dhruva-music-review-neethoney-dance-is-the-biggest-highlight-in-this-ram-charan-rakul-preet-singh-album-830640/ |archive-date=2023-04-22 |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "Hiphop Tamizha who composed the soundtrack for the Tamil film has done it for the Telugu one too and the score is just right to complement the taut script."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=2016-12-09 |title=Review: Slick and tight, Dhruva a worthy Telugu remake of Thani Oruvan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/review-slick-and-tight-dhruva-worthy-telugu-remake-thani-oruvan-54077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524221354/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/review-slick-and-tight-dhruva-worthy-telugu-remake-thani-oruvan-54077 |archive-date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Srividya Palarpathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "While the album has already claimed the attention of the Telugu audiences, the BGM in the film elevates the experience of the film to the next level".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palarpathi |first=Srividya |date=2016-12-09 |title=Dhruva Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/dhruva/movie-review/55892391.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118131929/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/dhruva/movie-review/55892391.cms |archive-date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Audience ===
The film's audio jukebox crossed one million views in YouTube within a short span of its release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-15 |title=Dhruva jukebox hits a million |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dhruva-jukebox-hits-a-million/articleshow/55435250.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927090408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dhruva-jukebox-hits-a-million/articleshow/55435250.cms |archive-date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| headline = ''Dhruva (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:15
| title1 = Dhruva Dhruva
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Choosa Choosa
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[Padmalatha]], Snaggy
| length2 = 3:20
| title3 = Pareshanura
| lyrics3 = [[Varikuppala Yadagiri]]
| extra3 = Padmalatha, [[Vishnupriya Ravi]]
| length3 = 3:13
| title4 = Neethoney Dance
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| length4 = 3:14
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Bonus song
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:49
| title5 = Manishi Musugulo Mrugam Neney Ra
| lyrics5 = Varikuppala Yadagiri
| extra5 = Hiphop Tamizha, Kaushik Krish
| length5 = 3:34
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Accolades for ''Dhruva (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|17 June 2017]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| [[Padmalatha]] and [[Vishnupriya Ravi]] for "Pareshanura"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Nominations for the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21257.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704171930/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21257.html |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[IIFA Utsavam]]
|[[2nd IIFA Utsavam|28–29 March 2017]]
| Best Music Director – Telugu
| [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2017 |title=IIFA Utsavam 2017 Telugu nomination list: Janatha Garage, Oopiri get most nods |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-2017-telugu-nomination-list-janatha-garage-oopiri-get-most-nods-719356 |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019115507/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-utsavam-2017-telugu-nomination-list-janatha-garage-oopiri-get-most-nods-719356 |archive-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2017 |title=IIFA Utsavam: Complete winner's list |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729094731/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/ |archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June–1 July 2017]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
| [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] for "Choosa Choosa"
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2017 |title=SIIMA Nominations: Theri, Janatha Garage, Maheshinte Prathikaram and Kirik Party lead |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705012559/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-nominations-theri-janatha-garage-maheshinte-prathikaram-and-kirik-party-lead-4683082/ |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2017 |title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Telugu winners list: Jr NTR and Rakul Preet Singh declared best actors |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-telugu-winners-list-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-singh-declared-best-actors-733067 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927040942/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2017-telugu-winners-list-jr-ntr-rakul-preet-singh-declared-best-actors-733067 |archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| [[Padmalatha]] for "Choosa Choosa"
| {{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Hiphop Tamizha}}
[[Category:2016 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hiphop Tamizha albums]]
[[Category:Aditya Music soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]

FC Goa (women)

2025-06-27T02:54:16Z

Priyankasingh:

{{short description|Women football club}}
{{About|the women's football club|the men's football club|FC Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox football club
| title = FC Goa Women
| image = FC Goa logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| clubname = FC Goa (women)
| fullname = Football Club Goa (women)
| short name = Goa
| nickname = [[Gaur|The Gaurs]]
| ground = [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]]
| capacity = 19,000
| founded = {{start date and age|2018}}<ref>{{cite web |title= FC Goa launch women's team|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-have-womens-state-league-iwl-in-sight/articleshow/81197650.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| owner = [[FC Goa#Ownership|Goan Football Club Pvt. Ltd]].
| coach =
| league = [[Goa Women's League]]
| season = 2020–21
| position = Runners up
| current =
| pattern_b1 = _fcgoa2122h
| pattern_b2 = _thinblackstripes
| pattern_la1 = _blueborder
| pattern_la2 = _blueborder
| pattern_ra1 = _blueborder
| pattern_ra2 = _blueborder
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so1 =
| pattern_so2 =
| body1 = FA6400
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = FA6400
| leftarm1 = FA6400
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = FA6400
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website = http://www.fcgoa.in/
}}

'''Futebol Clube de Goa Women''' is a [[women's association football|women's football]] club affiliated with [[FC Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |title= FC Goa launches women's team ahead of Vedanta League|url= https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-super-league-football-vedanta-womens-league-mapusa-goa-sports-news/article33924817.ece/|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|date= 24 February 2021}}</ref> The team currently plays in the [[Goa Women's League]], the state division of women's football in Goa.<ref>{{cite web |title= FC Goa announces 24 member squad for the 2021 Vedanta women's League |url= https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-announces-24-member-squad-for-the-2021-season-of-the-gfa-vedanta-womens-league|website=fcgoa.in}}</ref>

Formed in 2018, the F.C. Goa Women's team played its inaugural season in the second edition of GFA Vedanta Women's League.<ref>{{cite web |title= FC Goa on Saturday launched their women's team ahead of the second Vedanta Goa Women's Football League|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/fc-goa-become-second-isl-side-to-launch-women-s-team-1299114-2018-07-28|website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref>

==History==

===Inception===
FC Goa women's team is officially launched on 28 July 2018 became the second [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) side, after [[FC Pune City (women)|FC Pune City]], to launch a women's team.<ref>{{cite web |title= FC Goa on Saturday launched their women's team ahead of the second Vedanta Goa Women's Football League|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/fc-goa-become-second-isl-side-to-launch-women-s-team-1299114-2018-07-28|website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref>

The women's side of the [[FC Goa|Goan Club]] was launched ahead of the second Vedanta Goa Women's Football League.

"The women's team will be built in the same image and with the same principles as the men's team. The club will work extremely hard towards developing and producing talented women footballers and hope to emulate the successful women that represented the national team from Goa in the 1970's," FC Goa Technical Director Derrick Pereira said on the official launching ceremony.

==Stadium==
{{Main|Fatorda Stadium}}
The [[Fatorda Stadium|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Margao]], better known as ''The Fatorda'' is the home stadium of Goa. The stadium has hosted many international games, including [[India national football team|India national team]]'s qualifiers for both the [[FIFA World Cup]] and [[AFC Asian Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/asia/matches/round=250425/match=300033484/report.html |title=2010 FIFA World Cup Asia Group Playoffs Match Report |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=2010-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101091735/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/asia/matches/round=250425/match=300033484/report.html |archive-date=1 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also one of the six host venues for the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] held in India.

The stadium opened in 1989. In 2014, it has been refurbished and upgraded according to the latest [[FIFA]] specifications to host the [[2014 Lusofonia Games|Lusofonia Games in 2014]]. It is designed with a 20,000 seating capacity With a roof covering 100 percent of the seating area, the stadium complex provides two levels of fans seating arrangement along with a VIP area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiansuperleaguefootball.in/indian-super-league-stadiums-a-walkthrough-part-2/ |title=Indian Super League Stadiums - A Walkthrough (Part-2) > Fatorda Stadium & JL Nehru Stadium, Kochi | Indian Super League Football |access-date=2014-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011023953/http://indiansuperleaguefootball.in/indian-super-league-stadiums-a-walkthrough-part-2/ |archive-date=11 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Players ==
{{updated|15th January 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Team|url=https://fcgoa.in/squad/womens-team|website=FC Goa}}</ref>

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Josline D'Souza|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Joyvi Fernandes|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Neefa Clemente|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kusum Shaikh|other=}}
{{Fs Player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Leena Gaunco|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Pushpa Parab|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Velanie Fernandes|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kimberly Fernandez|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Vailanka Souza|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Arpita Yeshwant Pednekar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Alisha Tavares|other=}}
{{Fs Player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Prithi Kesrakar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Namita Govekar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Snehal Morajkar|other=}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sushmita Jadhav|other=}}
{{Fs Player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Atiriya Narayan Ardikey|other=}}
{{Fs Player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Khushboo Saundatikar|other=}}
{{Fs Player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Meloshka Carvalho|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ansiva Vaz|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Gail Avril Fernandes|other=}}
{{Fs end}}

== Records ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Season
![[Goa Women's League]]
!Other
|-
| align="center" |2018
| style="text-align:center; background:Silver;" | Runners-up
| align="center" |–
|-
| align="center" |2018
| style="text-align:center | DNP
| align="center" |–
|-
| align="center" |2021
| style="text-align:center; background:Silver;" | Runners-up
| align="center" |–
|-
|}

== Honours ==
* '''[[Goa Women's League]]'''
** Runners-up (2): 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|title=FC Goa Women’s Team gets off to a flying start|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/press/fc-goa-womens-team-gets-off-to-a-flying-start|website=fcgoa.in}}</ref> 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sirvodem SC crowned champions of Vedanta Women's Football League|url=https://khelnow.com/football/vedanta-womens-league-2021-final|website=khelnow.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{FC Goa}}
{{Football in Goa}}

[[Category:FC Goa]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Goa]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Goa]]

Economy of the Hoysala Kingdom

2025-06-20T05:48:13Z

Priyankasingh: Added new stub v1...

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Kudremukh national park.jpg|thumb|250px|Hoysala country, ''[[malnad]]'' [[Karnataka]]]]
{{Main|Hoysala Kingdom}}
The '''[[Hoysala Kingdom]]''' ({{langx|kn|ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ}}) was a notable [[South India]]n [[Kannadiga]] kingdom that ruled most of the modern-day state of [[Karnataka]] between the 10th to the 14th centuries. The capital of the kingdom was initially based at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], and later transferred to [[Halebidu]]. '''Economy of Hoysala kingdom''' was primarily based on agriculture though business within [[India]] as well as foreign trade flourished to some extent.

==Agriculture==
[[File:Country side with Lakshmidevi temple in Doddagaddavalli, Hassan district.jpg|thumb|250px|Country side in [[Doddagaddavalli]] near Belur]]
The administration sustained itself through agriculture.<ref name="irr">''A Concise History of Karnataka'', p. 132, Dr. S.U. Kamath</ref> Land grants were made by the kings to religious beneficiaries like Brahmins, Jains and persons rewarded for services rendered to the king. The type of land grant was generally wetland which was already under cultivation. This was popular in the fertile river valleys of the [[Tungabhadra]] and [[Kaveri]]. In addition, clearing of forests for cultivation was viewed favourably as it not only brought new sources of revenue but also created job opportunities for the landless and introduced forest dwellers to a more agrarian life style. Whenever land was cleared for cultivation, it was on a large scale. Knowledge of agriculture included assessing irrigation systems like tanks, reservoirs with sluices, canals and wells which were built and maintained at the expense of local villagers. The more impressive irrigation tanks such as ''Vishnusagara'', ''Shantisagara'', ''Ballalarayasagara'' were created at the expense of the state.<ref name="traders">Dr. S.U. Kamath, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'', p. 132</ref> Irrespective of whether the expense and control came from local or state bodies, organising labour to till the land was taken up at the village and across village levels and the job of cultivation was largely that of the landless. The highlands (''[[malnad]]'' regions) with its favourable climate was suitable for cattle farming, orchards and spices. Paddy and corn were staple crops in the plains (''Bailnad''). In Kannada country, key figures in rural areas were the rich land owners called ''gavunda'' or ''gauda'' and ''heggade''.<ref name="gowda">Dr. [[Romila Thapar]], The Penguin History of Early India, p. 378</ref> They are mentioned in inscriptions relating to land transactions, maintenance of irrigation, collection of taxes and works of village council. The ''gavunda'' of people (''praja gavunda'') was lower in status than the wealthy lord of ''gavundas'' (''prabhu gavunda''). The ''gavundas'' sometimes had a dual role as village representatives and appointees of the state. Some judicial responsibilities were also included like raising a militia if required.

==Imports and Exports==
Import of horses on the western seaboard was a flourishing business and inscriptions speak of Brahmin merchants who were active. [[Arab]]s made wealth from the unending need for horses from Indian kingdoms.<ref name="horses">Marco Polo who claims to have travelled in India at this time wrote of a monopoly in horse trade setup between the Arabs and merchants of South India. This extremely expensive commodity had to be imported because horse breeding never did well in India, perhaps due to the different climatic, soil and pastoral conditions,''The Penguin History of Early India'', p. 383, Dr. Romila Thapar</ref> Rich forest produce like [[Teak]] was exported through ports of present-day [[Kerala]]. Merchants from this region settled down in [[Arasikere]] and Halebidu in addition to Jain traders.<ref name="traders"/> ''Virgal'' ([[hero stone]]) in the coastal areas depict ships indicating active sea trade with shipping fleets. Piracy was common and ''Virgals'' made for fallen heroes have been found. Inscriptions mention a flourishing textile industry. Trade with overseas kingdoms reached unprecedented levels. [[Song dynasty|Sung dynasty]] records from China mention Indian merchants in ports of South China. Chinese interest in Indian astrology and [[Alchemy]] is well known.<ref name="china">''The Penguin History of Early India'', p. 382, Dr. Romila Thapar</ref> South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, salt made from salt pans, jewels, gold, ivory, Rhino horn, [[ebony]] and [[camphor]] to China. The same products reached ports like [[Dhofar]], [[Aden]]. In addition, [[Agarwood|aloe wood]], perfumes, [[Sandalwood]] and condiments reached western ports like [[Siraf]] which was the entry port to [[Egypt]], [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]]. [[Cairo]] and [[Alexandria]] were in active trade across the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="persia">''The Penguin History of Early India'', p. 383, Dr. Romila Thapar</ref> Architects (''Vishwakarmas''), sculptors, quarry workers, goldsmiths and others whose trade directly or indirectly related to construction of temples were also prosperous due to the vigorous temple building activities undertaken.<ref name="gold">Some 1500 monuments built during these times in about 950 locations {{cite web |title=Hoysala Heritage |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm |author=Professor S. Settar |publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu |work=Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003 |accessdate=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm |archivedate=1 July 2006 }}, creating employment to people of number of guilds and backgrounds, according to Dr. S.U. Kamath, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'', p. 132</ref>

==Tax system==
Tax assessment was done by the village assembly who were responsible for collecting for the government. Land revenue was called ''Siddhaya'' and included original assessment (''Kula'') and various cesses. Cesses were collected in proportion to ''Kula''.<ref name="traders"/> Taxes were levied on professions, marriage, goods in transit on chariots, carriages, domesticated animals. Taxes on commodities like gold, precious stones, perfumes, Sandalwood, ropes, yarn, residence, hearth, shops, cattle pans, sugarcane presses and produce like black pepper, betel leaves, ghee, paddy, spices, palm leaves, coconuts and sugar are mentioned in records.<ref name="china"/> Cattle tax was called ''balavana'' and loom tax was called ''maggadere''. Fines for violating laws were also collected. The village assembly could levy tax for a specific purpose like construction of a water tanks.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}.
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041.
* Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, {{ISBN|0-14-302989-4}}.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm |title=Hoysala Heritage, Prof. Settar |accessdate=17 November 2006 |work=Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm |archivedate=1 July 2006 }}

[[Category:Hoysala Kingdom|Economy]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Historical economies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Medieval economic history]]
[[Category:Economies by former country|Hoysala Empire]]

Syntar Klas Sunn

2025-04-07T17:15:48Z

Priyankasingh: added references

{{Short description|Indian politician (1958–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Syntar Klas Sunn''' (10 December 1958<ref>{{Cite web|title=SHRI SYNTAR KLAS SUNN - Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|url=https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/SyntarKlas_Sunn.pdf}}</ref> – 10 September 2021<ref>[https://www.eastmojo.com/meghalaya/2021/09/10/meghalaya-mawphlang-mla-sk-sunn-passes-away/ Meghalaya: Mawphlang MLA Syntar Klas Sunn passes away]</ref>) was an Indian politician and football administrator from [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2024 |title=Rangdajied partner with B'luru FC for youth and coach development |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2024/09/06/rangdajied-partner-with-bluru-fc-for-youth-and-coach-development/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The Shillong Times |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909210205/https://theshillongtimes.com/2024/09/06/rangdajied-partner-with-bluru-fc-for-youth-and-coach-development/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/complete_news/club/143 |title=BFC makes three new signings |date=15 July 2014 |work=Bengaluru FC official website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035956/http://www.bengalurufc.com/complete_news/club/143 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mitra |first=Atanu |title=Lyngdoh: Football speaks on the field |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/03/13/9775542/lyngdoh-football-speaks-on-the-field?ICID=SP |work=Goal.com |date=12 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113324/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/03/13/9775542/lyngdoh-football-speaks-on-the-field?ICID=SP |archive-date=26 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=S. S. |last1=Shreekumar |date=11 June 2015 |title=All Eyes will be on Lyngdoh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/Jun/11/all-eyes-will-be-on-lyngdoh-753925.html |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407165517/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/Jun/11/all-eyes-will-be-on-lyngdoh-753925.html }}</ref>

He was elected to the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from [[East Khasi Hills district]]'s [[Mawphlang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawphlang]] assembly constituency in 2018 as an [[Independent politician]] but later joined [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/meghalaya-democratic-alliance-strength-rises-to-39-as-independent-mla-joins-udp/articleshow/64378823.cms Meghalaya Democratic Alliance strength rises to 39]</ref><ref>[https://myneta.info/meghalaya2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5838 My Neta]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2019/04/28/sk-sunn-elected-president-of-shillong-sports-association/ |title=SK Sunn elected President of Shillong Sports Association |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019155550/https://theshillongtimes.com/2019/04/28/sk-sunn-elected-president-of-shillong-sports-association/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sunn died from COVID-19 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eastmojo.com/meghalaya/2021/09/13/meghalaya-legislative-assembly-marks-death-of-mawphlang-mla-sk-sunn/ | title=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly marks death of Mawphlang MLA SK Sunn | date=13 September 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunn, Syntar Klas}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:People from East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Priyanka Bala

2025-01-30T01:37:53Z

Priyankasingh: created new post with sources

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1995)}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Priyanka Bala
| female = true
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995 |03|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| international =

| oneodi =
| odidebutdate =
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| T20Idebutdate =
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| T20Icap =
| lastT20Idate =
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| lastT20Iagainst =

| club1 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| year1 =
| club2 =
| year2 = l
| club3 =
| year3 =
| club4 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| year4 = 2023–present

| columns = 1

| column1 =
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| date = 8 June 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/priyanka-bala-1255564 ESPN Cricinfo
}}
'''Priyanka Bala''' (born 30 September 1995) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]. She plays as a right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] and right-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Bala Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/priyanka-bala-1255564 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In the inaugural [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]] auction in February 2023, Bala was purchased by [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] franchise at 20 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-13 |title=WPL Auction 2023: Full list of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/wpl-auction-2023-full-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-101676271490797.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bala, Priyanka}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengal women cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

Shayari

2025-01-24T07:47:11Z

Priyankasingh: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Urdu poetry]]

Devyani (TV series)

2024-12-27T09:38:05Z

Priyankasingh: Added first post needs work...

{{short description|Marathi Television Drama}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Devyani.jpeg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| num_seasons = 2
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| language = Marathi
| num_episodes = 1314
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| producer = [[Anuj Saxena]] (Season 1) Vidhyadhar Pathare (Season 2)
| company = Maverick Production (Season 1) Iris Productions (Season 2)
| first_aired = {{start date|2012|03|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|05|28|df=y}}
}}

'''''Devyani''''' is a [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New serial 'Devyani' on Star Pravah from 19th March|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/devyani-on-star-pravah-from-19th-march-2.php|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Marathi Movie World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407005225/http://marathimovieworld.com:80/news/devyani-on-star-pravah-from-19th-march-2.php |archive-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> Its second season aired from 27 July 2014 with name ''Devyani... Ekka Raja Rani''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Pravah’s Devyani hits a century|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/star-pravah?amp|access-date=2021-09-19|website=Telly Chakkar}}</ref> The series re-aired during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shivani Surve and Sangram Salvi starrer popular series Devyani to rerun soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shivani-surve-and-sangram-salvi-starrer-popular-series-devyani-to-rerun-soon/articleshow/76245785.cms|access-date=2020-12-02|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
=== Season 1 ===
It is a story of girl named Devyani a college girl whose life gets change after she enters the wedlock with her obsessive and die-hard lover Sangram. Devyani is a girl of her principles that are taught by his father, Sangram is opposite and who always follows his principles in life and is the master of his decisions. The show takes a new turn when Sangram falls head over heels with Devyani and makes all his efforts to let the girl become his wife.

=== Season 2 ===
It is a story about Devyani's journey from her childhood till now. Devyani is a confident girl who believes that the bad can be erased off if wanted. According to Devyani, good always beats bad. Devyani aspires to be a crime reporter and wishes to make the society better place to live in.

== Cast ==
=== Season 1 ===
* [[Shivani Surve]] as Devyani Kelkar / Devyani Vikhe-Patil; Sangram's wife, Aabasaheb and Chandrika's daughter-in-law, Ashu's sister, Subhanrao's daughter (2012-2013)
** [[Deepali Pansare]] replacing Shivani as Devyani Kelkar / Devyani Vikhe-patil (2013-2014)
* Sangram Salvi as Sangram Vikhe-Patil; Devyani's husband, Aabasaheb and Chandrika's son, Samrat and Lavanya's brother, Aausaheb's grandson (2012-2014)
* [[Nagesh Bhonsle]] as Aabasaheb Vikhe-Patil; Sangram, Samrat and Lavanya's father, Devyani and Vatsala's father-in-law, Chandrika's husband, Aausaheb's son (2012-2014)
* [[Surekha Kudachi]] as Chandrika Vikhe-Patil; Sangram, Samrat and Lavanya's mother, Aabasaheb's wife, Aausaheb's daughter-in-law, Devyani and Vatsala's mother-in-law (2012-2013)
** Sunila Karambelkar replacing Surekha as Chandrika Vikhe-Patil (2013-2014)
* Sai Ranade as Vatsala Vikhe-Patil; Samrat's wife, Aabasaheb and Chandrika's daughter-in-law (2012-2013)
* [[Devdatta Nage]] as Samrat Vikhe-Patil; Vatsala's husband, Girija's ex-husband, Aabasaheb and Chandrika's son, Samrat and Lavanya's brother, Aausaheb's grandson (2013-2014)
* Richa Pariyalli as Girija; Samrat's second and ex-wife (2012-2013)
** [[Samidha Guru]] replacing Pariyalli as Girija; Samrat's second wife (2013)
* Prachi Pisat as Lavanya Vikhe-Patil; Sangram and Samrat's sister, Devyani's sister-in-law, Aabasaheb and Chandrika's daughter, Aausaheb's granddaughter (2012)
** Pooja Kadam replacing Prachi as Lavanya Vikhe-Patil (2012-2014)
* Gauri Kendre as Aausaheb Vikhe-Patil; Sangram, Samrat and Lavanya's grandmother, Chandrika's daughter-in-law, Aabasaheb's mother (2012-2014)
* [[Maadhav Deochake]] as Dr. Namit; Devyani's ex-fiancé and best friend (2012)
* Khushboo Tawde as Tara; Sangram's obsessive lover (2013)
* Atul Abhyankar as Tara's father (2013)
* Madhura Godbole as Ashu; Devyani's sister (2012-2013)
* Rajan Tamhane as Subhanrao Kelkar; Devyani's father (2012)
* Namit Godbole as Ashwin Kelkar; Devyani's brother (2012-2013)
* Rama Joshi as Devyani's grandmother
* Vijay Mishra as Devyani's uncle
*[[Sudhant Shelar]]
* Vidyadhar Joshi as Hambirrao Vikhe-Patil; Aabasaheb's cousin, Sangram, Samrat and Lavanya's uncle; Manjula's son, Vikram's father (2013)
* Mrunal Chemburkar as Hambirrao's wife, Manjula's daughter-in-law, Vikram's mother, Sangram, Samrat and Lavanya's aunt (2013)
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Manjula Vikhe-Patil; Hambirrao's mother, Vikram's grandmother, Sangram, Samrat and Lavanya's grandmother (2013)
* Prasad Limaye as Vikram Vikhe-Patil; Hambirrao's son, Manjula's grandson, Sangram, Samrat and Lavanya's cousin (2013)
* Rasika Vengurlekar as Rani; Vikhe-Patil's homemade (2012-2013)
* Smita Saravade as Mandakini; Aabasaheb's sister-in-law (2012)
* [[Anuj Saxena]] as Advocate Anuj Daftardari (2013)
* Vibhuti Thakur as Vibhuti Daftardari (2013)
* Kaustubh Diwan as Jay; Lavanya's boyfriend (2013)
* Sushant Shelar as Police Inspector (2012)
* Rashmi Anpat as Pallavi (2013)
* [[Ravi Patwardhan]] as Kakasaheb (2013)
* Bharati Patil as Sangram's Kakisaheb (2013)

=== Season 2 ===
* [[Bhagyashree Mote]] as Devyani Ekka Sawant; Ekka's wife, Surekha's daughter-in-law, Sara and Yashodhan's sister-in-law (2014-2015)
** Siddhi Karkhanis replacing Bhagyashree as Devyani Ekka Sawant (2015-2016)
* Vivek Sangle as Ekka Sawant (Baji); Devyani's husband, Surekha's adoptive son, Sara and Yashodhan's adoptive brother (2014-2016)
* Kishori Ambiye as Surekha Sawant; Ekka's adoptive mother, Devyani's mother-in-law, Sara and Yashodhan's mother (2014-2016)
* Shreejit Marathe as Inspector Chittaranjan (Chitta); Devyani's ex-fiancé and obsessive lover (2014-2015)
* Shweta Mahadik as Ekka's Sister-in-law (2014-2015)
* Shraddha Pokhrankar as Radhika; Devyani's childhood friend, Ranjan's obsessive lover (2014-2015)
* Omkar Kulkarni as Yashodhan Sawant; Ekka's adoptive brother, Surekha's son, Sara's brother (2014-2015)
* [[Abhidnya Bhave]] as Veena; Ekka's obsessive lover (2015-2016)
* Divesh Medge as Vinayak; Devyani's brother (2015-2016)
* Sara Shravan as Sara; Ekka's adoptive sister, Surekha's daughter, Yashodhan's sister, Devyani's sister-in-law (2014-2016)
* Vinod Gaykar as Taimur; Ekka's sidekick (2014-2016)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
It is produced by [[Anuj Saxena]] under the banner of Maverick Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anuj Saxena keen on making a come back to TV - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Television-Actor-Anuj-Saxena-speaks-about-his-stint-with-Marathi-television-and-his-wish-to-make-a-come-back-to-Hindi-television-/articleshow/22366863.cms|access-date=2021-01-05|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was airing from 19 March 2012 on [[Star Pravah]] by replacing ''Bandh Reshmache''. It starred [[Shivani Surve]], Sangram Salvi, [[Nagesh Bhonsle]] as Devyani, Sangram and Aabasaheb respectively. [[Shivani Surve]] was removed from the show in 2013 because of her tantrums.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I did not leave Devyani; I was ousted: Shivani Surve - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-did-not-leave-Devyani-I-was-ousted-Shivani-Surve/articleshow/19951792.cms|access-date=2020-12-02|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She was replaced by [[Deepali Pansare]] who played the role of Devyani. In 2014, all casts of the show were changed for new story. Parallel lead [[Bhagyashree Mote]] playing New Devyani and recurring one Vivek Sangle. In 2015, [[Bhagyashree Mote]] also quit the series and Siddhi Karkhanis was cast in the role.

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 15
|2012
|0.81
|2
|70
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 15 (08/04/2012-14/04/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233411/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=08/04/2012&endperiod=14/04/2012|archive-date=2012-04-25|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=08/04/2012&endperiod=14/04/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2012
|0.9
|2
|66
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 16 (15/04/2012-21/04/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605235516/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=15/04/2012&endperiod=21/04/2012|archive-date=2012-06-05|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=15/04/2012&endperiod=21/04/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2012
|0.96
|1
|71
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 17 (22/04/2012-28/04/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517011042/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=22/04/2012&endperiod=28/04/2012|archive-date=2012-05-17|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=22/04/2012&endperiod=28/04/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2012
|0.94
|1
|64
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 19 (06/05/2012-12/05/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529010416/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=06/05/2012&endperiod=12/05/2012|archive-date=2012-05-29|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=06/05/2012&endperiod=12/05/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2012
|1.08
|1
|51
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 21 (20/05/2012-26/05/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607001753/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=20/05/2012&endperiod=26/05/2012|archive-date=2012-06-07|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=20/05/2012&endperiod=26/05/2012}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2012
|1.22
|1
|41
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings for Week 22 (27/05/2012-02/06/2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224005923/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=27/05/2012&endperiod=02/06/2012|archive-date=2013-02-24|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=27/05/2012&endperiod=02/06/2012}}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' मन की आवाज प्रतिज्ञा
| 7 December 2009
| [[StarPlus]]
| 27 October 2012
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Krishna Rukmini'' ಕೃಷ್ಣ ರುಕ್ಮಿಣಿ
| 2 May 2011
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 8 March 2013
| rowspan="7"| Remake
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Devyani'' देवयानी
| 19 March 2012
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 28 May 2016
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Puthu Kavithai]]'' புது கவிதை
| 18 December 2013
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 29 May 2015
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Gouri Shankaram]]'' ഗൗരിശങ്കരം
| 3 July 2023
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 27 December 2024
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Gowri Shankara'' ಗೌರಿ ಶಂಕರ
| 13 November 2023
| [[Star Suvarna]]
|rowspan="3"| Ongoing
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sakthivel: Theeyaai Oru Theeraa Kaadhal]]'' சக்திவேல்: தீயாய் ஒரு தீராக்காதல்
| 4 December 2023
| [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Satyabhama'' సత్యభామ
| 18 December 2023
| [[Star Maa]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10783102}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/devyani/795 ''Devyani''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Ayush TV

2024-11-30T00:58:54Z

Priyankasingh: Starting some stub initial version.

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Ayush TV
| logo = Ayushtv.png
| logo_size =
| owner = AYUSH TV PRIVATE LIMITED
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=y|2017|01|15}}<ref name="R1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ayushtv.com/about-ktpl.php |title=Who We Are |publisher=srisankaratv.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language =
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]],<ref>http://www.ayushtv.com/bangalore.php{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.ayushtv.com/p{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| sister_channels =
| website = {{url|www.ayushtv.com}}
}}
'''Ayush TV''' is an Indian 24 hour health and wellness channel broadcast in [[Kannada]] language, focusing on holistic medicine and therapies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://main.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/List_FTA_channel.pdf |title=Permitted Private Satellite TV Channels-FTA (as obtained from broadcast seva) |website=main.trai.gov.in |publisher=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]], [[Government of India]] |location=India |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.udayavani.com/kannada/news/state-news/190714/ayush-channel-launch |title=ಆಯುಷ್‌ ವಾಹಿನಿ ಲೋಕಾರ್ಪಣೆ |website=Udayavani - ಉದಯವಾಣಿ |publisher=[[Udayavani]] |location=[[Karnataka]], India |language=kn |access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/bangalore/ayush-to-learn-all-the-languages-of-yoga-says-baba-ramdev-111699.html |title=ಆಯುಷ್ ನಿಂದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಯೋಗ ಕಲಿಯಿರಿ: ರಾಮ್ ದೇವ್ |last=Ananthanag |date=2017-01-16 |website=kannada.oneindia.com |publisher=[[Oneindia]] |location=India |language=kn |access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.srisankaratv.com/ |title=Sri Sankara TV: Hindu Spiritual Channel Online - Our Verticals |website=www.srisankaratv.com |publisher=[[Sri Sankara TV]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> It is a free-to-air channel that is available via cable and satellite..

==History==
The channel was inaugurated by [[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]] on 16 January 2017 at [[Freedom Park, Bengaluru]]. Other guests who were present during the inauguration included Union Cabinet Minister for Programme Implementation and Statistics [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]], MLA's N.A.Haris, [[Dinesh Gundu Rao]], Kannada film actor [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Belle Monappa Hegde|B.M.Hegde]], CEO of [[Sringeri mutt]] V.R.Gowrishankar, [[Vishweshwar Bhat]], M.Harikrishnan (Managing Director of Ayush TV), G.Srinivasa (Director of Ayush TV) and a host of other dignitaries. The channel has been incepted by Kamadhenu Telefilms Pvt Limited who had started [[Sri Sankara TV]]. AYUSH TV completed its 3rd anniversary on 15 January 2019.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Social impact==
The channel aims to inculcate and promote the use of holistic medicine which has been forgotten of late due to the emergence of modern medicine.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Bengaluru Maha Utsava 2019==

Ayush TV and [[Sri Sankara TV]] organized Bengaluru Maha Utsava 2019 at [[Freedom Park, Bangalore]] from 14 August 2019 to 3 September. The event aimed at promoting Indian culture, traditions and alternate form of medicine i.e, Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy saw a huge footfall. The idea of this event was appreciated by Hon'ble Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] & [[Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] and [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] [[Prakash Javadekar]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Frequency details==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Frequency
|-
|Channel
|Ayush TV
|-
|Satellite
|[[Gsat]] at 66 degrees east
|-
|Transponder
|4C (LM4CV)
|-
|Down Link Frequency
|3845 MHz
|-
|Symbol Rate
|28.800 MSPS
|-
|Video PID
|5401
|-
|Audio PID
|5402
|-
|Polarization
|Vertical
|-
|Transponder
|Tata Communication
|-
|Antenna Size
|9.2 Meters
|-
|Compression Channel
|MEPG 4 420
|-
|Contact Address
|Kamadhenu Telefilms Private Limited, 8/5-2,
New BEL Road, Near-FM Silks, RMV Extension,
Bengaluru:560054
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ayushtv.com/ Official website]

{{Kannada TV Channels}}

[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2017]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Karnataka]]

Kretzmann Commission

2024-08-29T00:53:44Z

Priyankasingh: made post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Short description|1969 commission of the Andhra Christian Theological College}}
{{Tone|date=August 2024}}{{Context|date=August 2024}}{{Infobox project
| name = Kretzmann Commission Report
| logo =
| image =
| caption = Kretzmann Commission Report
| mission_statement = ''to survey and study the task of theological education in the Churches related to the College Society''
| commercial = no
| type =
| products =
| location = [[Rajahmundry]]
| country = [[India]]
| owner = Board of Governors, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]]
| founder = [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] M. L. Kretzmann, [[D.D.]], Secretary for planning, study and research, Department of World Missions of the [[Lutheran World Federation]] ([[Convenor]]),
| key_people =[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[K. Devasahayam]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[A. B. Masilamani]], [[The Right Reverend|The Rt. Rev.]] C. S. Sundaresan
| established = {{Start date|1969|10|25|df=y}}
| disestablished = {{End date|1969|11|29|df=y}}
| funding = [[World Council of Churches]] and the [[Lutheran Church in America]]
| budget =
| current_status =
| website = 
}}
'''The Kretzmann Commission'''<ref>Raymond Brady Williams, ''Christian Pluralism in the United States: The Indian Immigrant Experience'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996, p.291. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w1uk6zZQKzAC&dq=kretzmann%20commission&pg=PR6]</ref><ref name="Kretzmann">''Theological Education in Andhra Pradesh - The Kretzmann Commission Report'', Printed by A. Nageswara Rao at Saraswathi Power Press, Rajahmundry, 1970. [http://115.115.194.213/W27/Result/w27AcptRslt.aspx?AID=80030&xF=T&xD=0&nS=2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127143230/http://115.115.194.213/W27/Result/w27AcptRslt.aspx?AID=80030&xF=T&xD=0&nS=2|date=27 January 2017}}</ref> was a 1969 commission of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India. It was formed in 1969 by the college's board of governors to survey and study the task of theological education in the Churches related to the College Society.{{Clarify|date=August 2024}}

== Background ==
A couple of years before the Kretzmann Commission was constituted, [[seminarians]] deliberated on the church's mission with special reference to [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. In 1966, a graduate thesis was undertaken by a candidate studying at [[Serampore College]] entitled ''The Hebrew Concept of 'Righteousness' as proclaimed by the 8th century Prophets and its implications for the Church's mission in [[Andhra Pradesh]]''<ref>G. Babu Rao, ''The Hebrew Concept of 'Righteousness' as proclaimed by the 8th century Prophets and its implications for the Church's mission in [[Andhra Pradesh]]'', an unpublished graduate thesis presented to the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Divinity degree, Serampore, 1966.</ref>

== Ecclesiastical societies ==
These [[ecclesiastical]] societies related to the college society at that point of time (1969) included:<ref name="Kretzmann"/>

* [[South Andhra Lutheran Church]] Society
* [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] Society
* [[Methodist Church in India|Methodist Church of South Asia]] Society
* [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] Society
* [[Church of South India]] Society (Dioceses of [[Diocese of Dornakal|Dornakal]], [[Krishna-Godavari Diocese|Krishna-Godavari]], [[Diocese of Medak|Medak]], and [[Diocese of Rayalaseema|Rayalaseema]]<ref>The Diocese of Karimnagar came into existence only in 1978.</ref>
* [[Church of India, Pakistan, Burma, and Ceylon]] Society, Diocese of [[Diocese of Nandyal|Nandyal]]<ref>The Diocese of Nandyal was under the ecclesiastical purview of the Anglican Church and later the Church of North India at the time of formation of the College [https://books.google.com/books?id=O_hq6JUSLToC&dq=diocese+of+nandyal+church+of+north+india&pg=PA176]</ref>
* [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]] Society

==Commission members==
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] M. L. Kretzmann, [[D.D.]], Secretary for planning, study and research, Department of World Missions of the [[Lutheran World Federation]] (Convenor),
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[K. Devasahayam]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] ([[Hon.]]), [[S.T.M.]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]],
* [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[A. B. Masilamani]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Th.M.]], [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]],
* [[The Right Reverend|The Rt. Rev.]] C. S. Sundaresan, [[Bishop]] - in - [[Diocese of Rayalaseema|Rayalaseema]], [[Church of South India]]

==Findings==
The commission members met during various points of time during the latter half of 1969,<ref name="Kretzmann"/> first on 25 October 1969 to draw up a plan and again a month later during 26–29 November to summarize its findings. The members of the commission met at different places for visitation and consultation. As part of field visits,<ref name="Kretzmann"/> the members had been to,

* Hindustan Bible Institute, [[Chennai]]
* [[Mennonite Brethren Centenary Bible College]], [[Shamshabad]]
* [[St. John's Regional Seminary|St. John's Regional Seminary (Theologiate)]], [[Ramanthapur]]
* [[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary, [[Ramayapatnam]]
* Lutheran Bible Training Institute, [[Rajahmundry]]

In addition, the members of the commission also had special consultations<ref name="Kretzmann"/> with [[Canon Emani Sambayya]], Dr. P. David and Reveremd Erik W. Nielsen. As for the background material, the commission members accessed scholarly action reports relating<ref name="Kretzmann"/> to the [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]] Society, especially the papers of [[B. V. Subbamma]], [[S. W. Schmitthenner]], [[W. P. Peery]] and James A. Bergquist, the papers of the [[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]], the [[National Council of Churches in India]] and other papers. The commission took cognizance of the concerns of the church in [[Andhra Pradesh]] ([[Telangana]] included).

The commission also devised a structured questionnaire<ref name="Kretzmann"/> for use among two kinds of respondents, the church leaders and the old students, during field visits.

The Commission report was tabled before the Board of Governors of the College Society which eventually led to the building<ref>James A. Bergquist, P. Kambar Manickam, ''The Crisis of Dependency in Third World Ministries: A Critique of Inherited Missionary Forms in India'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1976, pp. 50, 63.[https://books.google.com/books?id=HPEcAAAAMAAJ&q=kretzmann]</ref> up of curriculum-intensive courses<ref name="Kretzmann" /> and the equipping of the [[seminarians]] with capacities to lead the [[Christian Church|church]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Theological education took an upward rise with the Kretzmann Commission Report. The Kretzmann Commission was enabled with the assistance of the Theological Education Fund of the [[World Council of Churches]] and the Board of World Missions of the [[Lutheran Church in America]].<ref name="Kretzmann" /> The secretary of the Board of Governors, [[W. D. Coleman]], on behalf of the board published 1,000<ref name="Kretzmann" /> copies to be circulated among the Churches in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].

==Outcome==
At the very outset, the commission recommended for [[Indian people|Indian]] teachers<ref name="Kretzmann"/> to be placed in seminaries to take up theological curriculum, especially for the core subjects in theology. The commission further recommended that theological education broaden its horizons in keeping up with the changing times. Based on the recommendations of the commission, the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] did away with the erstwhile [[Licentiate in Theology]] programme and embarked on two graduate programmes,<ref name="Kretzmann"/> a [[Bachelor of Theology]] and a [[Bachelor of Divinity]]. As part of the curriculum study, the commission members foresaw the need to include [[worship]], social analysis, [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]], [[gender]] concerns, [[inculturation]], [[psychology]], language [[usability]], personal devotion, [[sociology]] and many other interdisciplinary courses.<ref name="Kretzmann"/> In the ensuing [[decade]], the faculty members were able to upgrade their academics at national and international [[universities]] and returned to teach in the college who included,
* [[Gaddala Solomon|G. Solomon]], [[Th.M.]] ([[Palmer Theological Seminary|Eastern]]),<ref>G. Solomon, ''The concept of Suffering in the Bible and in Hinduism'', Eastern University, King of Prussia, 1957.[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13351098]</ref>
* K. Prasada Rao, [[M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
* K. Wilson,<ref>K. Wilson, ''Culture and Conversion: An Analytical Study of the Interaction between Western Theology and Eastern Culture through the Christian Missions in the Indian Sub-Continent'', Syracuse University, Syracuse, 1972.[http://surface.syr.edu/rel_etd/54/]</ref> [[Th.M.]] ([[Duke University|Duke]]), [[Ph.D.]] ([[Syracuse University|Syracuse]])<ref>Though Wilson returned to teach at the College after his doctoral studies, he preferred to teach [[Philosophy]] at the state-run [[Osmania University]]. ''Indian Journal of Philosophic Studies'', Volume 1, Issue 1, 1974, p. 53.[https://books.google.com/books?id=y9JRs6SJyGMC&q=kothapalli+wilson]</ref>
* [[Victor Premasagar]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] ([[Cantab.]]), [[Ph.D.]] ([[St. Andrews University|St. Andrews]])
* [[William Powlas Peery]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] ([[Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt]]), [[Ph.D.]] ([[Duke University|Duke]])
* [[Suppogu Joseph|S. Joseph]], [[M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]], [[D.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
* [[Eric J. Lott]], [[M.Litt.]] ([[University of Lancaster|Lancaster]]), [[Ph.D.]] ([[University of Lancaster|Lancaster]])
* [[Ryder Devapriam]], [[Th.M.]] ([[McCormick Theological Seminary|McCormick]]), [[Th.D.]] ([[General Theological Seminary|GTS]])
* [[Muriel Spurgeon Carder]], [[Th.M.]] ([[Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York|Union]]), [[Th.D.]] ([[Toronto University|Toronto]])
* [[R. R. Sundara Rao]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] ([[Venkateshwara University|Venkateshwara]]), [[Ph.D.]] ([[Wisconsin University|Wisconsin]])
* [[Ravela Joseph|R. Joseph]], [[Th.M.]] ([[Andover Newton Theological School|Andover]]), [[M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
* [[M. Victor Paul]], [[M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]), [[Th.M.]] ([[Luther Seminary|Luther]]), [[D.Min.]] ([[Luther Seminary|Luther]])
* K. David, [[M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]), [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] ([[University of Calcutta|Calcutta]]), [[Ph.D.]] ([[Edinburgh]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=998XAQAAIAAJ&q=komaravalli+david |title=Contributors (?) |work=University of Edinburgh Journal|year=1991 }}</ref>

Many of these Teachers also played a role at the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] and subsequent curriculum revisions at the University level. In 1985, a [[Content analysis]] of theological [[syllabi]] being taught at the [[Seminaries]] in the country was undertaken by the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, [[Bangalore]]. The [[New Testament]] Scholar M. V. Abraham<ref name="Siga"/> and the [[Old Testament]] Scholar G. Babu Rao,<ref>G. Babu Rao, "Content Analysis of Theological Syllabi – Old Testament" in ''Religion and Society'', Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=g.babu+rao+doctoral+studies&btnG=Search+Books]</ref> the former being associated with the Leonard Theological College, [[Jabalpur]] and the latter associated with the [[Bible Society of India]] in [[Translations]] were given the task of finding out the extent of theological [[syllabi]] using the [[statistical]] [[tool]] of [[Content analysis]].<ref name="Siga"/>

Similarly, a research on the theological education in India was also undertaken by [[Siga Arles]] in the 1990s at the [[University of Aberdeen]] and its findings were published with the title ''Theological education for the mission of the church in India, 1947–1987: theological education in relation to the identification of the task of mission and the development of ministries in India, 1947-1987, with special reference to the Church of South India''<ref name="Siga">Siga Arles, ''Theological education for the mission of the church in India, 1947–1987: theological education in relation to the identification of the task of mission and the development of ministries in India, 1947–1987, with special reference to the Church of South India'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt, 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7XnYAAAAMAAJ&q=siga+arles+theological+education]</ref> which was published in 1990 by Peter Lang, [[Frankfurt]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Protestant ecumenism]]
[[Category:Church of South India]]
[[Category:Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Christianity studies]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]