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Kunnathur, Kerala Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T15:34:35Z

Priya.Miahram:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kunnathur
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 118
| map_image = Sasthamcotta Lake By ArunElectra.jpg
| map_caption = [[Sasthamcotta Lake]] in Kunnathur Assembly constituency
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| electors = 2,02,165 (2021)
| mla = Ullas Kovoor
| party = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
}}
'''Kunnathur''' is the only [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes]] in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is one of the 11 assembly constituencies in the district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html |title=CONSTITUENCIES IN KERALA |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>. This constituency included in [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency]]. As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is Ulllas Kovoor of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Kunnathur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="50px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Sooranad North]]
|Grama Panchayath
|Kunnathur
|-
|2
|[[Sooranad South]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kunnathur
|-
|3
|[[Poruvazhy]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kunnathur
|-
|4
|[[Sasthamcotta]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kunnathur
|-
|5
|[[Mynagappally]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kunnathur
|-
|6
|[[Kunnathur, Kerala|Kunnathur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kunnathur
|-
|7
|[[West Kallada]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kunnathur
|-
|8
|[[East Kallada]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kollam
|-
|9
|[[Munroethuruth]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kollam
|-
|10
|[[Pavithreswaram]]
|Grama panchayat
|Kottarakkara
|}

==Electoral history==
Kunnathur Assembly constituency was a two-member constituency until 1965. It officially became an constituency reserved for the Scheduled Castes in the 1967 Kerala State Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudhish|first=Navamy|date=2021-03-07|title=Kunnathur has mostly leaned towards the Left|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kunnathur-has-mostly-leaned-towards-the-left/article34014615.ece|access-date=2021-03-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===[[Travancore-Cochin]] Legislative Assembly Elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!|Vote Margin
|----
|1951
|Aadichan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|5,316
|----
|1951
|Madhavan Unnithan
|6,247<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b|title=Election to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly-1951 and to the Madras Assembly Constituencies in the Malabar Area|publisher=Government of Kerala|page=37|access-date=2020-02-12|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080302/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|----
|1954
|[[P. R. Madhavan Pillai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|5,778
|----
|1954
|K. S. Krishna Sastri
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|5,566<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127210305/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-27|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954 to the Legislative Assembly of Travancore-Cochin|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=118|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[P. R. Madhavan Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2 |Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[R. Govindan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|G. Chandrasekhara Pillai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[P. C. Adichan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. C. S. Sastri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|Sathyapalan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Kallada Narayanan
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|M. Kottarakuzhi Sukumaran
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="3" |T. Nanoo Master
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===
There were x registered voters in the constituency for the 2026 Kerala Assembly election.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Ullas Kovoor
|votes = 81,488
|percentage = 49.66
|change = 8.26{{gain}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)
|candidate = [[Kovoor Kunjumon]]
|votes = 56,174
|percentage = 34.23
|change = 8.9 {{loss}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Raji Prasad
|votes = 24,841
|percentage = 15.14
|change = 1.62{{gain}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indipendent
|candidate = Manthara Velayudhan
|votes = 828
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 25,314
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,101
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,02,165 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)|candidate=[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]|votes=69,436|percentage=43.13|change={{decrease}}4.26|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=Ullas Kovur|votes=66,646|percentage=41.40|change={{increase}}6.86|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Raji Prasad|votes=21,760|percentage=13.52|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=R.S. Anju|votes=946|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Manthara Velayudhan|votes=623|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=ADHRMPI |candidate=R. Sukumaran|votes=326|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Arunkumar S Uliyacovil|votes=325|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,790|percentage=1.74|change={{decrease}}11.14|}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,60,062|percentage=78.1|change={{increase}}1.44}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 2,08,502 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)|candidate=[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]|votes=75,725|percentage=47.39|change={{decrease}}2.61|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=Ullas Kovur|votes=55,196|percentage=34.54|change={{decrease}}7.06|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Thazhava Sahadevan|votes=21,742|percentage=13.61|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Thulaseedharan Pallickal|votes=1,698|percentage=1.06|change={{decrease}}0.54|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kunjumon|votes=1,516|percentage=0.95|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=C. K. Gopi|votes=1,422|percentage=0.89|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,051|percentage=0.66|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=V. Remadevi|votes=740|percentage=0.46|change={{decrease}}0.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Manilal M. R.|votes=718|percentage=0.45|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=20,529|percentage=12.84|change={{increase}}4.44}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,59,830|percentage=76.66|change={{increase}}2.66}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)|loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,94,417 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]|votes=71,923|percentage=50.0|change={{decrease}}6.6|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. K. Ravi|votes=59,835|percentage=41.6|change={{increase}}4.6|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Raji Prasad|votes=5,949|percentage=4.1|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Thulaseedharan Pallickal|votes=2,310|percentage=1.6|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Vallikunnam Prasad|votes=1,354|percentage=0.9|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Pulikuzhy Balachandran|votes=1,145|percentage=0.8|change={{decrease}}1.6|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shylaja P.|votes=611|percentage=0.4|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ravi|votes=525|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V. Remadevi|votes=266|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,088|percentage=8.4|change={{decrease}}11.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,43,918|percentage=74.0|change={{increase}}3.1}}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
There were 1,62,149 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.

{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]|votes=65,011|percentage=56.6|change={{increase}}7.0|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P Ramabhadran|votes=42,438 |percentage=37|change={{decrease}}9.8|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Adv. M. Saraswathy|votes=4,652 |percentage=4.1|change={{increase}}0.4|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P T Prasannakumar|votes=2,728 |percentage=2.4|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=22,573|percentage=19.7|change={{increase}}16.9}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,14,875|percentage=70.9%|change={{decrease}}3.4}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 1,65,183 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.

{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]|votes=60,827|percentage=49.6|change={{increase}}3.0|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pandalam Sudhakaran|votes=57,341|percentage=46.8|change={{increase}}4.5|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P T Bhaskaran|votes=4,489 |percentage=3.7|change=-|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,486|percentage=2.8|change={{decrease}}1.4}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,22,662|percentage=74.3%|change={{increase}}1.4}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 1,55,586 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.

{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=T Nanoo Master|votes=51,697|percentage=46.6|change={{decrease}}2.5|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Visalakshy|votes=46,934|percentage=42.3|change={{decrease}}4.5|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India) |candidate=T A Velayudhan|votes=7,231|percentage=6.5|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K Sadhanandan|votes=4,098 |percentage=3.7|change={{increase}}0.2|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sasikumar|votes=525|percentage=0.5|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Janardhanan|votes=228|percentage=0.2|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Jan Parishad |candidate=G Balakrishnan|votes=167|percentage=0.2|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,763|percentage=4.2|change={{increase}}1.9}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,13,483|percentage=72.9%|change={{decrease}}4.3}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
There were 1,49,077 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 election.

{{Election box begin|title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=T Nanoo Master|votes=56,064|percentage=49.1|change={{decrease}}3.2|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V Sasidharan|votes=53,462|percentage=46.8|change={{increase}}5.7|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=S Raghunath|votes=4,006 |percentage=3.5|change={{decrease}}1.0|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V Janardhanan|votes=694|percentage=0.6|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,602|percentage=2.3|change={{decrease}}8.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,15,018|percentage=77.2%|change={{decrease}}6.4}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies |state=expanded}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Government of Kollam]]
[[Category:Politics of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kollam district]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T13:06:00Z

Priya.Miahram: Added Basic Info And Citations

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bapatla {{Small|AP-15}}
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Bapatla.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1977
| assembly_cons = [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]] [[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]] [[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]] [[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]] [[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]] [[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]] [[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency|Santhanuthalapadu]]
| reservation = SC
| mp = [[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Nandigam Suresh]]
}}

'''Bapatla''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments in [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]] and [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] districts .<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=46|value2=46|value3=8|label1=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP '''(6 Times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (6 Times)]]|label3=[[YSR Congress Party|'''YSRCP''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Bapatla Lok Sabha}}

==Assembly segments==

Bapatla constituency comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|89
|[[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]](SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
|[[Nakka Ananda Babu]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|90
|[[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]]
|[[Anagani Satya Prasad]]
|-
|92
|[[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]]
|[[Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju]]
|-
|104
|[[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]]
|[[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]]
|-
|105
|[[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]]
|[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|[[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]
|-
|106
|[[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
|[[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
|[[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]]
|-
|107
|[[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency|Santhanuthalapadu]](SC)
|[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|[[B. N. Vijay Kumar]]
|-
|}

'''''Source''': Assembly segments of Parliamentary constituencies''<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan= 2 |[[P. Ankineedu Prasada Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Chimata Sambu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Salagala Benjamin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Daggubati Ramanaidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Malyadri Sriram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Nandigam Suresh]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Salagala Benjamin]]
| votes = 364,008
| percentage = 52.15
| change = +6.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu]]
| votes = 320,388
| percentage = 45.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 43,620
| percentage = 6.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 697,980
| percentage = 69.82
| change = +1.65
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]
| votes = 285,788
| percentage = 46.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Salagala Benjamin]]
| votes = 284,681
| percentage = 46.64
| change = -5.51
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,107
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 610,418
| percentage = 61.08
| change = -8.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
| votes = 276,064
| percentage = 41.51
| change = -5.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Vijaya Prad Arya]]
| votes = 267,802
| percentage = 40.27
| change = -6.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = [[Laavu Rathaiah]]
| votes = 98,554
| percentage = 14.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,262
| percentage = 1.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 665,086
| percentage = 61.93
| change = +0.85
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
| votes = 316,788
| percentage = 47.31
| change = +7.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
| votes = 276,300
| percentage = 41.27
| change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Ganesuni Rathaiah Chowdary]]
| votes = 66,914
| percentage = 9.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 40,488
| percentage = 6.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 669,535
| percentage = 62.62
| change = +0.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[D. Ramanaidu|Daggubati Ramanaidu]]
| votes = 399,596
| percentage = 55.83
| change = +14.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jesudasu Seelam]]
| votes = 307,139
| percentage = 42.92
| change = -4.39
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 92,457
| percentage = 12.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 715,681
| percentage = 66.40
| change = +3.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Daggubati Purandareswari]]
| votes = 411,009
| percentage = 55.88
| change = +12.96
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[D. Ramanaidu|Daggubati Ramanaidu]]
| votes = 317,017
| percentage = 43.10
| change = -12.73
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Chellamalla Venkata Reddy
| votes = 3,753
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prathipati Srinivasu
| votes = 2,159
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Inaganti Apparao
| votes = 1,434
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 93,992
| percentage = 12.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 735,462
| percentage = 77.50
| change = +11.10
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Bapatla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| votes = 460,757
| percentage = 44.15
| change = -11.73
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Malyadri Sriram]]
| votes = 391,419
| percentage = 37.51
| change = -5.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = [[Nuthakki Rama Rao]]
| votes = 144,593
| percentage = 13.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Battula Rosayya]]
| votes = 14,370
| percentage = 1.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Dara Sambaiah]]
| votes = 8,979
| percentage = 0.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 69,338
| percentage = 6.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,043,627
| percentage = 78.96
| change = +1.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bapatla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Malyadri Sriram]]
| votes = 578,145
| percentage = 48.80
| change = +11.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = Varikuti Amruthapani
| votes = 545,391
| percentage = 46.04
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| votes = 23,072
| percentage = 1.95
| change = -42.20
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = PPoI
| candidate = Yellamati Ramesh
| votes = 8,414
| percentage = 0.71
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dwarapalli Philipu
| votes = 8,113
| percentage = 0.68
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Eda Chennaiah
| votes = 3,948
| percentage = 0.33
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Jai Samaikyandhra Party
| candidate = R. D. Wilson
| votes = 3,657
| percentage = 0.31
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 6,146
| percentage = 0.52
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 32,754
| percentage = 2.76
| change = -3.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,84,634
| percentage = 85.04
| change = +6.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bapatla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate=[[Nandigam Suresh]]
|votes=598,257
|percentage=47.24
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Telugu Desam Party
|candidate=[[Malyadri Sriram]]
|votes=582,192
|percentage=45.97
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate=K. Devanand
|votes= 42,580
|percentage= 3.36
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Challagali Kishore Kumar
|votes = 10,351
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 13,218
|percentage = 1,04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=16,065
|percentage=1.27
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes= 12,69,998
|percentage= 86.47
|change=
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,68,671
|ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Bapatla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]]
| votes = 7,17,493
| percentage = 55.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Nandigam Suresh]]
| votes = 5,09,462
| percentage = 39.17
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jesudasu Seelam]]
| votes = 43,259
| percentage = 3.33
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NOTA
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 13,723
| percentage = 1.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,08,031
| percentage = 15.99
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,08,243
| percentage = 86.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = YSRCP
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407064112/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/bapatla/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Bapatla lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Bapatla district}}
{{coords|15.9|80.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bapatla district]]
[[Category:Prakasam district]]

Paschim Superfast Express

2026-05-03T15:23:51Z

Priya.Miahram: started a info...

{{short description|Train in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 50FF
| name = Paschim Superfast Express
| logo =
| image = Paschim express at mathura.jpg
| caption = Paschim Superfast Express at [[Mathura Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]] & [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1956|12|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Mumbai Central]] (MMCT)
| stops = 39
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} (ASR)
| distance = {{convert|1877|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12925 / 12926
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Paschim Express (Amritsar - Mumbai) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12925 / 12926 '''Paschim Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Railways dismisses CIC appeal, says fare calculation method a 'trade secret' |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/indian-railways-calls-fare-calculation-a-trade-secret-cic-appeal-dismissed/126505605 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref> It runs between [[Mumbai Central]] in Mumbai ([[Maharashtra]]) and [[Amritsar]] in Punjab.

It is a daily service. It operates as train number 12925 from Mumbai Central to Amritsar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foggy weather derails Shatabdi schedule |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/foggy-weather-derails-shatabdi-schedule/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> and as train number 12926 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-16 |title=Dense fog, cold wave disrupt rail services yet again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/dense-fog-cold-wave-disrupt-rail-services-yet-again/articleshow/126551399.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Route & halts==

* '''{{rws|Mumbai Central}}'''
* {{rws|Borivali}}
* {{rws|Vapi}}
* {{rws|Valsad}}
* {{rws|Navsari}}
* {{rws|Surat}}
* {{rws|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{rws|Godhra Junction}}
* {{rws|Dahod}}
* {{rws|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{rws|Nagda}}
* {{rws|Kota Junction}}
* {{rws|Gangapur City}}
* {{rws|Bharatpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Mathura Junction}}
* {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}
* {{rws|New Delhi}}
* {{rws|Panipat}}
* {{rws|Karnal}}
* {{rws|Ambala Cantonment}}
* {{rws|Chandigarh}}
* {{rws|Ludhiana}}
* {{rws|Jalandhar City}}
* {{rws|Beas Junction}}
* '''{{rws|Amritsar}}'''

==Traction==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] locomotive from end to end.

== References ==
<references />

==See also==
* [[Mumbai Central railway station]]
* [[Amritsar Junction railway station]]
* [[Golden Temple Mail]]

[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1956]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chandigarh]]

HIT: The Third Case

2026-05-02T15:57:41Z

Priya.Miahram:

{{Short description|2025 film by Sailesh Kolanu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = HIT: The Third Case
| image = HIT - The Third Case.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Sailesh Kolanu]]
| writer = Sailesh Kolanu
| producer = {{Plain list|
* [[Prashanti Tipirneni]]
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* Nani
* [[Srinidhi Shetty]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Sanu John Varghese]]
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| studio = {{Plain list|
* [[Prashanti Tipirneni|Wall Poster Cinema]]
* Unanimous Productions
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|05|01}}
| runtime = 157 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIT 3: Nani's film gets an 'A' certificate from the censors, locks in a lengthy runtime |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hit-3-nanis-film-gets-an-a-certificate-from-the-censors-locks-a-lengthy-runtime/212f0eabda202 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425233313/https://www.ottplay.com/news/hit-3-nanis-film-gets-an-a-certificate-from-the-censors-locks-a-lengthy-runtime/212f0eabda202 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|70 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2025 |title=HIT: The Third Case OTT Release: Where to watch Nani and Srinidhi Shetty's Telugu action film after theatres |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/hit-the-third-case-ott-release-where-to-watch-nani-srinidhi-shetty-telugu-film-after-theatres-656228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409131117/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/hit-the-third-case-ott-release-where-to-watch-nani-srinidhi-shetty-telugu-film-after-theatres-656228.html |archive-date=9 April 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=[[India Times]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|120 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2025 |title=HIT 3 OTT release date confirmed: Nani's crime thriller to stream earlier than expected. Where and when to watch? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hit-3-ott-release-date-confirmed-nanis-crime-thriller-to-stream-earlier-than-expected-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/121379947.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''HIT: The Third Case'''''{{Efn|''HIT'' is the abbreviation of ''Homicide Intervention Team''.}} is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film|neo- noir action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Nani starrer 'HIT: The Third Case' gets 'A' Certificate; runtime details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-starrer-hit-the-third-case-gets-a-certificate-runtime-details-inside/articleshow/120601514.cms |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=[[Times of India]] |quote=Nani's much-awaited action thriller 'HIT: The Third Case' is all set for a grand theatrical release on May 1, 2025.}}</ref> written and directed by [[Sailesh Kolanu]]. Produced by [[Wall Poster Cinema]] and Unanimous Productions, it is the third installment in the [[HIT (film series)|HIT film series]] following ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' (2020) and ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' (2022). The film stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Srinidhi Shetty]] (in her Telugu film debut). In the film, a ruthless police officer is sent by the Homicide Intervention Team (HIT) to find a group of killers and put an end to their grisly murder spree.

''The Third Case'' was first teased in the credits of its predecessor, with Nani leading the cast. In February 2024, Nani's commitments went to ''Nani 32'', directed by [[Sujeeth]] and produced by [[DVV Entertainment]]. However, due to delays with the director's ''[[They Call Him OG]]'' (2025) led to postponement with the start of its production. By September, Nani began prioritising ''The Third Case''. [[Principal photography]] took place from September 2024 to March 2025 in [[Hyderabad]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The film has music composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]], cinematography handled by [[Sanu Varghese]] and editing by [[Karthika Srinivas]].

''HIT: The Third Case'' was released worldwide on 1 May 2025 in theatres. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Nani's performance, cinematography, visuals, soundtrack and action sequences but criticized the story and excessive violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2025 |title='HIT 3' X reviews out: Netizens call Nani's comeback 'gory but watchable' |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/hit-3-x-reviews-out-netizens-call-nanis-comeback-gory-but-watchable/articleshow/120781413.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref> It emerged as the [[List of Telugu films of 2025|eight highest-grossing Telugu film of the year]]. A sequel, ''HIT: The Fourth Case'', is announced.

==Plot==
[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Arjun Sarkaar, a ruthless cop who commits a heinous murder, is imprisoned for an unspecified crime. In jail, he is saved by a fellow prisoner named Samuel Joseph from being harmed by inmates he had previously arrested. Later, Arjun narrates his story to Joseph through a series of flashbacks.

Following the events of ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'', Arjun is posted to HIT [[Visakhapatnam]] in place of Krishnadev "KD". He murders a civilian, who is later revealed to be a pedophile, by hanging him upside down in a forest and slitting his [[jugular vein]]. He further records the act. Afterwards, he is assigned to investigate his own crime, further revealing that organs were removed from the corpse after the murder. Meanwhile, he begins a romantic relationship with Mrudula, a woman he met through a matrimonial site set up by his father. His subordinate officer, [[HIT: The Second Case|ASP Varsha IPS]], grows suspicious of him and starts tracking him, witnessing Arjun commit another murder in the same manner. She ambushes Arjun, however, he gets the upper hand and ties her to a chair. Confronted by her, Arjun justifies his actions, revealing that the two [[Civilian|civilians]] killed by him were [[Pedophilia|pedophiles]].

A flashback reveals that when Arjun was posted to HIT [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], he investigated a similar murder and apprehended the killer after a fierce fight with his accomplices, only to discover later that a similar murder was committed in [[Bihar]], where the culprit was apprehended. On inquiring about him, Arjun found that both killers were members of a [[dark web]] cult organisation called CTK (Capture, Torture, Kill), which required members to record two such murders to join. Following the suicide of the first killer in custody and the death of two of his accomplices who were [[Kashmir]] activists, Arjun was transferred to HIT Visakhapatnam.{{Efn|Shown in the climax of ''HIT: The Second Case''}} Having decided to infiltrate CTK, he committed the murders, uploaded the videos, and gained membership. Tracking a CTK killer to [[Jaipur]], Arjun prevents another murder and apprehends the killer but he is stabbed. As he recovers, CTK’s leader, Alpha, welcomes him into the organisation.

Now, being a member of CTK, Arjun learns that the group meets annually and the next meeting set to take place in [[Naharlagun|Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh]]. With the approval of his superior, ADGP Nageswara Rao IPS, he leads a team, including Varsha, to dismantle CTK. Further, Mrudula is revealed to be an undercover police officer reporting to Nageswara Rao and joins the team. With Arjun initially hurt by the revelation, Mrudula admits that she kept it a secret from him due to his policy against dating colleagues. With Mrudula revealing that Arjun was the reason why she became a police officer due to punishing eve teasers who harassed her sister four years ago, Arjun reconciles with her. On reaching Naharlagun, Arjun splits off from his team, giving them orders to track him to CTK's secret hideout. However, Alpha’s decoy misled Arjun's team and the local police to three different places. [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Diwakar, one of the team members, is captured by Alpha's men. Meanwhile, at the CTK hideout, it is revealed to be an old [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese Palace]], where Arjun witnesses brutal killings of the hostages, including that of a young lady and is forced to participate in a deadly fight among 4 other new recruits to prove his loyalty. He survives and secretly sends radio signals to his team by tagging his pet [[vulture]] with a [[transmitter]].

As Alpha grows suspicious of a traitor, Arjun manipulates the situation to protect his cover. During an attempted killing, Arjun intervenes to save a nine-month-old child and attempts to free the surviving hostages, sparking a violent confrontation with CTK members. Meanwhile, Arjun's team arrive at the CTK hideout by tracking his vulture. With assistance from his team members and backup from the [[HIT: The Second Case|Hyderabad HIT team]], Arjun defeats and eliminates Alpha and all the CTK members in a climactic battle. He reveals that Alpha’s brother was the killer he apprehended in Jaipur. The operation uncovers CTK’s true purpose: harvesting [[Gland|hormonal glands]] from victims in a state of fear for organ trafficking. Using the hormonal glands, they were sent to a Swedish pharmaceutical company for synthesising a highly potent drug that the rich and powerful use as [[Sildenafil|Viagra]].

With knowledge that the whole conspiracy is orchestrated by Samuel Joseph, the prisoner Arjun confided in, in the form of an NGO named Keen to Care (KTC). Arjun reveals he entered jail deliberately to kill Joseph, which he does. The film concludes with the revelation that the young lady who was killed in the CTK hideout was ACP Dhanya Mohan IPS, who infiltrated the group by allowing herself to be captured by them. However, she sacrificed herself to save the child, earning Arjun’s respect. He names her as the investigating officer of the case, as a mark of respect.

The [[post-credits scene|mid-credits scene]] introduces a new police officer in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Veerappan IPS, discovering a body hidden in a truck at a checkpoint, hinting at ''HIT: The Fourth Case''.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as SP Arjun Sarkaar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], HIT Visakhapatnam
* [[Srinidhi Shetty]] as ASP Mrudula IPS, HIT Visakhapatnam
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] Nageswara Rao IPS, HIT Visakhapatnam
* [[P. Samuthirakani|Samuthirakani]] as Arjun Sarkaar's father
* [[Tisca Chopra]] as ADGP Karnika Ahuja IPS, HIT Srinagar
* [[Prateik Smita Patil]] as Alpha, leader of CTK
* [[Komalee Prasad]] as ASP Varsha IPS, HIT Visakhapatnam
* Chaitanya Jonnalagadda as SI Diwakar, HIT Visakhapatnam
* [[Surya Srinivas]] as ASP Ravi IPS, HIT Srinagar
* Pranjal Pateriya as Hound
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Samuel Joseph
* Pavani Gangireddy as Doctor
* Adil Pala as SI Zubair Ahmed Khan, HIT Srinagar
* Amit Sharma as Alpha's brother
* Nidhi Singh as the female CTK member with whom Arjun Sarkaar fights

'''Cameo appearances'''
* Maganti Srinath as SP Abhilash IPS, HIT Hyderabad
* Ruheen Ali Khan as ACP Dhanya Mohan IPS
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as ADGP Rajan Sarkaar IPS, Arjun's grandfather (photo presence)
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as SP Krishna Dev "KD" IPS, HIT Hyderabad
* [[Karthi]] as ACP Veerappan IPS, HIT [[Chennai]]
* [[Chaganti Koteswara Rao]] as a story narrator (voiceover)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In December 2022, ''HIT: The Third Case'' was announced during the credits of ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' with [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2022 |title=HIT 3: Natural star Nani to play lead in the third installment, confirms director Sailesh Kolanu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-3-natural-star-nani-to-play-lead-in-the-third-installment-confirms-director-sailesh-kolanu/articleshow/96027492.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208234226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-3-natural-star-nani-to-play-lead-in-the-third-installment-confirms-director-sailesh-kolanu/articleshow/96027492.cms |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=Nani's HIT 3 will create 'next level rampage', promises director Sailesh Kolanu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nanis-hit-3-will-create-next-level-rampage-promises-director-sailesh-kolanu-2305858-2022-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129134210/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nanis-hit-3-will-create-next-level-rampage-promises-director-sailesh-kolanu-2305858-2022-12-06 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> In February 2024, it was announced that ''#Nani32'' was going to be directed by [[Sujeeth]] and produced by [[D. V. V. Danayya]] under DVV Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2024 |title=Nani 32: Actor announces next project after Saripodhaa Savinaavaram, to be directed by Sujeeth; check details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/nani-32-actor-next-project-after-saripodhaa-savinaavaram-to-be-directed-by-sujeeth-101708863355782.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920111749/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/nani-32-actor-next-project-after-saripodhaa-savinaavaram-to-be-directed-by-sujeeth-101708863355782.html |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2024 |title=Official: Nani signs up for his next film with director Sujeeth; 'Nani 32' announcement out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-signs-up-for-his-next-film-with-director-sujeeth-nani-32-announcement-out/articleshow/107979941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414060651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-signs-up-for-his-next-film-with-director-sujeeth-nani-32-announcement-out/articleshow/107979941.cms |archive-date=14 April 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However due to production delays for ''[[They Call Him OG]]'', the film was postponed and in September 2024, it was announced that ''#Nani32'' was going to be ''HIT: The Third Case'' directed by [[Sailesh Kolanu]] with [[Prashanti Tipirneni]] and Nani returning to produce the film under [[Wall Poster Cinema]] and Nani's newly announced production house, [[Nani filmography|Unanimous Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2024 |title='Nani 32' titled as 'Hit: The Third Case'; Makers launch teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-32-titled-as-hit-the-third-case-makers-launch-teaser/articleshow/113096731.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905122547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-32-titled-as-hit-the-third-case-makers-launch-teaser/articleshow/113096731.cms |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2024 |title='HIT: The 3rd Case': Nani looks stylish and fierce as Arjun Sarkaar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hit-the-3rd-case-nani-looks-stylish-and-fierce-as-arjun-sarkaar/article68608593.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922081437/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hit-the-3rd-case-nani-looks-stylish-and-fierce-as-arjun-sarkaar/article68608593.ece |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced for the film in September 2024 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2024 |title=Nani begins shooting for 'Hit: The Third Case' in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-begins-shooting-for-hit-the-third-case-in-hyderabad/articleshow/113324647.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919053546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-begins-shooting-for-hit-the-third-case-in-hyderabad/articleshow/113324647.cms |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=14 September 2024 |title=Nani begins shooting for Hit: The 3rd Case |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/14/nani-begins-shooting-for-hit-the-3rd-case |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915055535/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/14/nani-begins-shooting-for-hit-the-3rd-case |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second schedule commenced in October 2024, in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=KGF Actress Srinidhi Shetty Cast Opposite Nani In HIT 3; Joins Shoot In Vizag |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/kgf-actress-srinidhi-shetty-cast-opposite-nani-in-hit-3-joins-shoot-in-vizag-article-113890835 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104105223/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/kgf-actress-srinidhi-shetty-cast-opposite-nani-in-hit-3-joins-shoot-in-vizag-article-113890835 |archive-date=4 November 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2 October 2024 |title=Srinidhi Shetty Joins Nani for HIT: The 3rd Case, Shoot Underway in Vizag |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/srinidhi-shetty-joins-nani-for-hit-the-3rd-case-shoot-underway-in-vizag-911557 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004070600/https://www.thehansindia.com//cinema/tollywood/srinidhi-shetty-joins-nani-for-hit-the-3rd-case-shoot-underway-in-vizag-911557 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> Filming resumed in December 2024 in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=18 December 2024 |title=Nani resumes shoot for 'HIT: The 3rd Case' in Kashmir |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nani-resumes-shoot-for-hit-the-3rd-case-in-kashmir-930793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102170051/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nani-resumes-shoot-for-hit-the-3rd-case-in-kashmir-930793 |archive-date=2 January 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2024 |title=Natural Star Nani grabs attention through his salt and pepper look for 'HIT 3' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/natural-star-nani-grabs-attention-through-his-salt-and-pepper-look-for-hit-3/articleshow/116363236.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308021809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/natural-star-nani-grabs-attention-through-his-salt-and-pepper-look-for-hit-3/articleshow/116363236.cms |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In February 2025, it was reported that filming was scheduled to be finished by March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Actor Nani to wrap filming HIT 3 by March: Reports |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-nani-to-wrap-hit-3-in-march-film-to-release-in-may-reports-stmp-2673521-2025-02-02 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2025 |title=Nani's 'HIT 3' nears completion: filming to wrap by March 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-hit-3-nears-completion-filming-to-wrap-by-march-2025/articleshow/117878978.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223115336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-hit-3-nears-completion-filming-to-wrap-by-march-2025/articleshow/117878978.cms |archive-date=23 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name = HIT: The Third Case
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| released =
| recorded = 2024–25
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Mickey J. Meyer
| prev_title = [[Mr. Bachchan]]
| next_title = [[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2025
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]], in his second collaboration with Nani after ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' (2021) and first collaboration with Sailesh Kolanu. The audio rights of the film were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=22 February 2025 |title=Saregama bags audio rights for Nani's Hit 3 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/22/saregama-bags-audio-rights-for-nanis-hit-3 |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The first single, "Prema Velluva", was released on 24 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2025 |title=Nani's 'HIT 3' begins promotion with a duet song |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/nanis-hit-3-begins-promotion-with-a-duet-song?amp |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single, "Abki Baar Arjun Sarkaar", was released on 9 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2025 |title=Abki Baar Arjun Sarkaar From Nani's HIT 3 Is Out Now |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/abki-baar-arjun-sarkaar-from-nanis-hit-3-is-out-now-72854.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411182629/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/abki-baar-arjun-sarkaar-from-nanis-hit-3-is-out-now-72854.amp |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single, "Thanu" was released on 25 April 2025. The fourth single, "Poratame 3.0", was released on 6 May 2025.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Prema Velluva
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]], Nutana Mohan
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Abki Baar Arjun Sarkaar
| extra2 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Sai Charan, Hymath, Lokesh, Ritesh G. Rao, Akhil Chandra, Harsha Vardhan, Saatvik G. Rao
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| length2 = 4:09
| title3 = Thanu
| extra3 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyrics3 = Raghav
| length3 = 4:08
| title4 = Poratame 3.0
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Sanvi Sudeep, Cizzy (Rap)
| lyrics4 = Krishna Kanth
| length4 = 2:59
|
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''HIT: The Third Case'' was released on 1 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=5 September 2024 |title=Nani's intense avatar revealed in 'HIT: The 3rd Case'teaser, set for May 2025 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nanis-intense-avatar-revealed-in-hit-the-3rd-caseteaser-set-for-may-2025-release-904698 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905071404/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nanis-intense-avatar-revealed-in-hit-the-3rd-caseteaser-set-for-may-2025-release-904698 |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> It received an "[[Central Board of Film Certification|A]]" (adults only) certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] due to its bloody violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Nani starrer 'HIT: The Third Case' gets 'A' Certificate; runtime details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-starrer-hit-the-third-case-gets-a-certificate-runtime-details-inside/articleshow/120601514.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425031603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-starrer-hit-the-third-case-gets-a-certificate-runtime-details-inside/articleshow/120601514.cms |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> However, some cuts were made and some scenes were blurred to tone down the excessive gore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Certificate Detail |url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292500000323 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref> It was also the second film in the [[HIT Universe|franchise]] to receive this certificate.

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]] for {{INR}}54 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2025 |title='OG', 'Hit: The Third Case', 'Mass Jathara' to be part of Netflix's 2025 Telugu OTT release slate. Check the full movie list |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/og-hit-the-third-case-mass-jathara-to-be-part-of-netflixs-2025-telugu-ott-release-slate-check-the-full-movie-list/articleshow/117240602.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114145128/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/og-hit-the-third-case-mass-jathara-to-be-part-of-netflixs-2025-telugu-ott-release-slate-check-the-full-movie-list/articleshow/117240602.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform from 29 May 2025 in Telugu and dubbed versions of [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref name="‘HIT: The Third Case’ OTT release date: When and where to watch Nani's box office blockbuster">{{Cite news |date=24 May 2025 |title='HIT: The Third Case' OTT release date: When and where to watch Nani's box office blockbuster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-the-third-case-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-nanis-box-office-blockbuster/articleshow/121376730.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524144050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-the-third-case-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-nanis-box-office-blockbuster/articleshow/121376730.cms |archive-date=24 May 2025 |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''HIT: The Third Case'' received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for Nani's performance and the film's visuals and action sequences, but criticism for its weak narrative and story, while the excessive violence received polarized response.

Avad Mohammed of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Nani's boldest avatar is the selling point of the action drama. Coupled with some exciting cameos, the latest addition to the HIT franchise lives up to all the hype created."<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIT 3 Review: Nani's boldest avatar delivers a pulsating action thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/hit-3-review-nanis-boldest-avatar-delivers-a-pulsating-action-thriller/d1d463e583614 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505234124/https://www.ottplay.com/review/hit-3-review-nanis-boldest-avatar-delivers-a-pulsating-action-thriller/d1d463e583614 |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Sanjay Ponnappa of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Despite the drawbacks, '''HIT 3''{{'}} can still be considered an entertainer and a fan-feast for most of Nani’s admirers. Not for those expecting to see Nani in his 'chocolate-boy' avatar, though!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=HIT 3 review: Nani's film has its moments, but it's more a miss than a hit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/hit-3-movie-review-nani-film-has-its-moments-but-it-is-more-a-miss-than-a-hit-2718036-2025-05-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501115305/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/hit-3-movie-review-nani-film-has-its-moments-but-it-is-more-a-miss-than-a-hit-2718036-2025-05-01 |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "[…] instead of an engaging narrative, we get a stretched-out cop saga that abandons logic and emotional depth for blood, gore, and brute force."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=1 May 2025 |title=Hit 3 Review: Nani Goes Full-Throttle in This Mindless Action Frenzy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/nani-goes-full-throttle-in-this-mindless-action-frenzy-1876215 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501115304/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/nani-goes-full-throttle-in-this-mindless-action-frenzy-1876215 |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars, commending Nani’s intensity and the film’s visuals but noting a lack of narrative coherence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicodemus |first=Paul |title=HIT: The 3rd Case Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hit-the-3rd-case/movie-review/120790561.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502163626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hit-the-3rd-case/movie-review/120790561.cms |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Raisa Nasreen of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated it 3 out of 5, calling it a "gritty thriller" anchored by Nani but with a predictable plot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=May 2025 |title=HIT: The Third Case Movie Review: A Gritty Thriller Anchored by Nani's Intensity |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/hit-the-third-case-movie-review-a-gritty-thriller-anchored-by-nanis-intensity-review-151537926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501052452/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/hit-the-third-case-movie-review-a-gritty-thriller-anchored-by-nanis-intensity-review-151537926 |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Asmita Pant of ''[[CNBCTV18]]'' lauded Nani’s performance but founded the emotional beats lacking.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Asmita |date=May 2025 |title=HIT: The Third Case Review: Nani Shines in Action-Packed Spectacle |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/hit-the-third-case-review-nani-shines-ws-l-19597581.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501141838/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/hit-the-third-case-review-nani-shines-ws-l-19597581.htm/ |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[CNBCTV18]]}}</ref> Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP Live]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5, describing it as a "blood-soaked thriller" but criticizing its weak storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Amit |date=May 2025 |title=HIT: The Third Case Review: Nani Delivers A Blood-Soaked Thriller With Conviction And Chaos |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movies-hit-the-third-case-review-nani-delivers-a-blood-soaked-thriller-with-conviction-and-chaos-1769312 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref>

Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating that Nani "steals the show" in a gory film that needed better execution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=HIT The Third Case movie review: Blood-soaked Nani steals the show in this gory fest that could've been better |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hit-the-third-case-movie-review-blood-soaked-nani-steals-the-show-in-this-gory-fest-that-couldve-been-better-101746086431220.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501181735/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hit-the-third-case-movie-review-blood-soaked-nani-steals-the-show-in-this-gory-fest-that-couldve-been-better-101746086431220.html |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' praised Nani’s intensity but criticized the lack of nuance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |title=HIT: The Third Case Movie Review: Nani Goes for the Jugular in Blunt Action Thriller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/hit-the-third-case-movie-review-nani-goes-for-the-jugular-in-blunt-action-thriller |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that Nani lifts a "visually slick but uneven thriller."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=May 2025 |title=HIT 3 Telugu movie review: Nani lifts a visually slick but uneven thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hit-3-telugu-movie-review-nani-lifts-a-visually-slick-but-uneven-thriller/article69521004.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501110631/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hit-3-telugu-movie-review-nani-lifts-a-visually-slick-but-uneven-thriller/article69521004.ece |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
In India, ''HIT: The Third Case'' was released alongside [[Retro (film)|''Retro'']], ''[[Tourist Family]]'' and [[Raid 2 (film)|''Raid 2'']] collected {{INRConvert|43|c}} worldwide on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=HIT Day 1 Box Office Prediction: Nani's cop saga eyes top spot with potential for strongest opening yet |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/hit-box-office-prediction-day-1-nanis-cop-saga-stands-chance-to-emerge-as-best-opener-will-it-be-able-to-crack-no-1-position-1385383?amp |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> In six days, it has collected a worldwide gross of {{INR|88 crore}}, including {{INR|65 crore}} domestically.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=7 May 2025 |title=HIT 3 vs Retro Box Office Comparison First 6 Days: Nani's A-rated crime thriller performs better than Suriya starrer |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/hit-3-vs-retro-box-office-comparison-first-6-days-nanis-a-rated-crime-thriller-performs-better-than-suriya-starrer-1386504 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508064411/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/hit-3-vs-retro-box-office-comparison-first-6-days-nanis-a-rated-crime-thriller-performs-better-than-suriya-starrer-1386504 |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
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Jagirdari crisis

2026-04-29T18:48:46Z

Priya.Miahram: Created a redirect

{{Short description|Late-Mughal historiographical concept of imbalance between rank-holders and revenue assignments}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
[[File:Emperor_Awrangzib_Receives_Prince_Mu'azzam_(CBL_In_34.7).jpg|thumb|right|Aurangzeb receiving Prince Mu'azzam in court. By the late reign, the imperial service elite had expanded faster than available revenue.]]
{{History of South Asia}}

The '''Jagirdari crisis''' ({{langx|fa|بحران جاگیرداری}}) is a [[historiographical]] category used to describe a chronic imbalance in the [[Mughal Empire]]'s service-compensation system during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, in which the number of imperial rank-holders ([[Mansabdar|mansabdars]]) and their aggregate salary claims outran the revenue of assignable land ([[Jagir|jagirs]]). The term was coined by the Indian historian [[M. Athar Ali]] in his 1966 study ''The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb'',{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=1–3}} and it has since framed much of the scholarly debate on the [[Decline of the Mughal Empire|decline of the Mughal Empire]]. Although contemporary Mughal chroniclers such as [[Khafi Khan]] and Saqi Mustaid Khan recorded specific symptoms, terms such as ''bejagiri'' (an officer without a jagir) and the shrinking ''paibaqi'' (reserve of assignable land) were not assembled into a named crisis until late twentieth-century historiography.{{sfn|Ali|1968|p=11}}{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=123}}

The structural mechanism was that from the late reign of [[Shah Jahan]] and accelerating through that of [[Aurangzeb]], the Mughal service elite expanded faster than the empire's realised revenue. The Deccan campaigns after 1681 incorporated [[Marathas|Maratha]], [[Deccan sultanates|Deccani]], and [[Afghans|Afghan]] nobilities into the mansabdari, further inflating claims on a stock of revenue that was, in many provinces, contracting because of peasant flight, [[zamindar]] militarisation, and declining collections.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=27}}{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=24–25}} Officers waited years for jagir assignments; when assignments came, they yielded only a fraction of the assessed jama. Factional politics, fiscal shortfall, and regional reconfiguration moved together in the decades around Aurangzeb's death in 1707.

Later historians have disputed both the scale and the causal weight of the crisis. [[Irfan Habib]] grounded the problem in a deeper [[Agrarian crisis of the Mughal Empire|agrarian crisis]] that made jagirdari shortfall a symptom rather than an independent cause.{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=347}} [[Satish Chandra]] emphasised factional politics at the imperial court.{{sfn|Chandra|2002|p=311}} [[Karen Leonard]] argued that the withdrawal of indigenous banking credit from the Mughal state was more decisive than the jagir balance sheet.{{sfn|Leonard|1979|pp=16}} [[Muzaffar Alam]] contested the category itself, arguing that what looked like crisis in [[Delhi]] appeared as regional reconfiguration in [[Awadh]] and the [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=12–14}} [[John F. Richards]] read these positions as overlapping rather than mutually exclusive.{{sfn|Richards|1993}}

In most modern narratives of Mughal decline, the jagirdari crisis occupies a central explanatory place: a structural flaw that converted military victory in the [[Deccan]] into fiscal exhaustion, underpinned the factional paralysis of the post-Aurangzeb succession, and shaped the [[Mughal successor states|regional polities]] that emerged in the half-century before the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757.

==Etymology and historiographical origin==

The compound ''jagirdari'' derives from the Persian ''jāgīr'' (a revenue assignment) and the suffix ''-dārī'' (the holding of office), producing the abstract noun for "the office or system of holding a jagir".{{sfn|Habib|2013}} A ''jagirdar'' was a nobleman assigned the right to collect the state's share of land revenue from a specified tract in lieu of a cash salary, while retaining an obligation to maintain a set number of cavalrymen and horses at the emperor's disposal.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=78}}{{sfn|Richards|1993}} The jagir was not land ownership; it was a revenue right, rotated periodically to prevent the formation of hereditary local power.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=38–40}}

Contemporary administrative vocabulary included several related terms that recur in discussions of the crisis. ''Khalisa'' denoted crown lands whose revenue flowed directly to the imperial treasury rather than to assignees. ''Paibaqi'' designated the reserve of land revenue held aside for the assignment of future jagirs. ''Bejagiri'' described the condition of a mansabdar who, despite holding formal rank, had not yet been allotted a jagir and therefore received no income. ''Jama'' was the revenue assessed on a tract on paper, while ''hasil'' was the revenue actually realised; the gap between the two widened sharply after the middle of the seventeenth century.{{sfn|Habib|2013}}{{sfn|Moosvi|1987}}

The phrase "jagirdari crisis" itself is not a seventeenth-century Mughal term. It appears nowhere in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', in the ''[[Padshahnama]]'', or in the chronicles of Aurangzeb's reign. It is a historiographical construct, introduced in 1966 by M. Athar Ali as a heading under which to organise a cluster of documented administrative complaints, salary reductions, and factional quarrels that he argued were evidence of a systemic rather than episodic failure.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=35}} The concept was taken up by Habib, [[S. Nurul Hasan]], Chandra, Alam, and others in successive decades, and has since stabilised as a named category in [[Aligarh school of historians|Aligarh-school]] and Cambridge-school accounts of Mughal decline.{{sfn|Hintze|1997}}{{sfn|Richards|1993}}

==Background: the jagir and mansabdari system, c. 1580–1650==
[[File:Joppen_map-India_in_1605_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg|thumb|right|The Mughal Empire in 1605, showing the core subahs on which the mature jagir system rested.]]
The mature Mughal service system was codified under [[Akbar]] in the 1570s and 1580s. Military and civilian officers received dual numerical ranks, ''[[zat]]'' (personal rank, indicating status and salary) and ''sawar'' (cavalry rank, indicating the number of horsemen to be maintained).{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|p=168}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=163}} Salaries for the upper ranks were paid not in cash but through jagir assignments, which were rotated typically every three or four years between provinces to discourage entrenchment.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=35}} Revenue assessments, codified for the northern core under the ''[[zabt]]'' system supervised by [[Raja Todar Mal]], produced the ''jama'' figures that governed the nominal value of each assignment.{{sfn|Moosvi|1987}}

The system was stable so long as three conditions held: the mansab ranks were awarded sparingly, the ''jama'' remained close to the realised ''hasil'', and a healthy ''paibaqi'' of unassigned revenue was available for the assignment of new officers and for the crown's khalisa.{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=285}}{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=35}} Under Akbar and [[Jahangir]] the balance generally held. The service elite remained small. Akbar's reign recorded under two thousand total mansabdars in administrative documentation; at the end of Jahangir's reign around 1628 the service elite was substantially expanded but still largely matched by available assignable revenue.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=35}}{{sfn|Moosvi|1987|p=217}}

Under Shah Jahan the system began to register pressure. The twentieth year of his reign (1646) recorded some 8,000 mansabdars on the imperial rolls, a large expansion from Jahangir's day.{{sfn|Ali|1968|p=7}} Much of the growth was concentrated at the upper ranks, among mansabdars of 1,000 ''zat'' and above, who drew the largest salaries and required the largest jagirs. Shah Jahan simultaneously expanded the ''khalisa'' substantially to fund imperial construction projects, removing land from the ''paibaqi'' available for assignment.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=93}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=93}} A gap between rank awards and realisable revenue began to widen before Aurangzeb's accession.

==Structural tensions under Shah Jahan and early Aurangzeb==

[[File:Farrukhsiyar_Procession_in_front_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Delhi.png|thumb|right|Emperor Farrukhsiyar (r. 1713–1719) in procession. Post-Aurangzeb emperors presided over a fiscally hollowed-out service system.]]

Administrative documents from the last two decades of Shah Jahan's reign show officers negotiating jagir transfers more frequently and with longer delays than a generation earlier.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=78}} The first generation of scholars who examined this correspondence, notably [[Jadunath Sarkar]] and [[William Irvine (Indian civil service)|William Irvine]] in the early twentieth century, read the delays as ordinary bureaucratic friction rather than as signs of structural strain.{{sfn|Sarkar|1924}}{{sfn|Irvine|1922}} Later quantitative work, especially Athar Ali's collation of the ''tazkiras'' and the ''Ma'asir-ul-Umara'' for ''The Apparatus of Empire'', treated the same delays as early indications of a widening mismatch.{{sfn|Ali|1985}}{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=7–11}}

In the first two decades of Aurangzeb's reign (1658–1678), the number of mansabdars above the 1,000-''zat'' threshold grew to 486. In the last three decades (1679–1707), the number rose to 575, an increase of 18 percent concentrated in the Deccan theatre.{{sfn|Ali|1968|p=27}} Habib's analysis of the provincial assessment figures shows that over the same period the realised ''hasil'' in the core northern provinces ([[Delhi]], Agra, [[Allahabad]], [[Malwa]]) was falling or stagnating in real terms.{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=189}} Two curves, rising rank inflation and flat or falling realised revenue, were converging by the 1680s.

Administrative responses in this period were ad hoc. The state periodically reduced the effective cash value of jagirs by applying a ''mah-i-muqarrara'' (fixed-month) rating, meaning that a jagir nominally assessed at twelve months' worth of revenue would be paid out at six or eight months' worth in practice.{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=276}} The practice institutionalised a discount between the formal and the realised salary, and, according to Habib, concealed rather than resolved the underlying mismatch.{{sfn|Habib|2013}}

==Crisis phase: the Deccan wars, c. 1680–1707==

The move to the Deccan after 1681, in pursuit of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] and [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapuri]] campaigns, is treated in most accounts as the moment at which underlying strain became acute crisis. The campaigns required sustained troop mobilisation over more than two decades, absorbed a substantial part of the imperial treasury, and drew new noble constituencies into the mansabdari.{{sfn|Richards|1993}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1924|p=362}}

[[File:Coin_of_Aurangzeb,_minted_in_Kabul.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of Aurangzeb minted at Kabul, 1691/2, during the Deccan wars.]]

Two features of the Deccan campaigns sharpened the crisis. First, Aurangzeb incorporated the surrendered Deccani nobility (Bijapuri and [[Golconda Sultanate|Golcondan]] officers) and large numbers of Maratha chiefs into the mansabdari at competitive ranks, often to secure their military cooperation or to buy off their resistance.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=92–94}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=311}} Athar Ali calculated that the share of Deccanis and Marathas in the upper nobility rose from a negligible fraction in 1658 to roughly a quarter by 1707.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=27}} Second, the revenue base of the southern acquisitions was unstable. Much of the putative ''jama'' of Bijapur and Golconda after their conquest could not be realised because the countryside was contested by Marathas, zamindars were militarised, and collection rights were frequently disputed.{{sfn|Richards|1993}}{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=207}}

{{Quote box
| quote = The number of mansabdars became so large that there were complaints that no jagirs were left for being granted to them. The Emperor and his ministers repeatedly contemplated the stoppage of all fresh recruitment, but the force of circumstances prevented them from giving effect to this decision.
| source = M. Athar Ali, summarising the administrative archive of Aurangzeb's late reign{{sfn|Ali|1968|p=11}}
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

The consequence, as recorded in the ''Ma'asir-i-'Alamgiri'' and noted in Athar Ali's reading of the archival record, was that the number of mansabdars became so large that there were complaints that no jagirs were left for being granted to them.{{sfn|Ali|1968|p=78}}{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=171}} The emperor and his ministers repeatedly contemplated the stoppage of all fresh recruitment, but the force of circumstances prevented them from giving effect to this decision.{{sfn|Ali|1968|p=11}}

Officers newly assigned to Deccan jagirs often spent months or years pursuing collection through deputies, frequently extracting only a fraction of the nominal revenue. Many requested transfer back to the imperial core, where claims exceeded the shrinking ''paibaqi''. The ''paibaqi'' itself contracted through the 1690s: Habib documented province-by-province reductions in the reserve, while the ''jama'' of Aurangzeb's official registers continued to record large nominal figures that the ''hasil'' did not reach.{{sfn|Habib|2013}}

==Mechanics and symptoms==

Three linked administrative developments define the crisis in operational terms. First, ''bejagiri'' became a recurrent complaint in the last decades of Aurangzeb's reign. A mansabdar without a jagir drew no income and could not maintain his sanctioned cavalry contingent, which in turn threatened military readiness.{{sfn|Ali|1968|p=11}}{{sfn|Chandra|2002|p=16}} Second, the ''mah-i-muqarrara'' (month-scale) rating of jagirs became more severe. What had been a discount of two to three months' worth of revenue under Shah Jahan became, in some provinces, a discount of four to six months' worth; a jagir of nominal ''jama'' of 400,000 ''dams'' might pay 200,000 or less in realisable revenue.{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=285}} Third, jagir transfers accelerated. Officers were moved from one assignment to another more frequently, reducing the period available to establish effective collection networks and producing the predatory rotation that Habib described as a "permanent transfer economy".{{sfn|Habib|2013}}

These fiscal strains are inseparable in the historiography from the factional politics of the Aurangzeb court. Satish Chandra's reading of the late-Aurangzeb and early-eighteenth-century archive organised the senior nobility into four ethnic and ideological blocs: [[Turan|Turani]] (central Asian Turkic), [[Irani (Mughal nobility)|Irani]] ([[Shia Muslim|Shia]] Persian), [[Deccanis|Deccani]]s, and Hindustanis (Indian-born Muslim and Rajput).{{sfn|Chandra|2002}} Each bloc was bound together by shared origin, shared patronage networks, and increasingly by shared claims on particular provincial revenues. Chandra argued that as available revenue contracted, competition between blocs intensified, and the conflicts that surfaced in the succession struggles of 1707–1720 were rooted in the jagirdari squeeze of the preceding decades.{{sfn|Chandra|2002}}

At the level of revenue mechanics, the crisis was also visible in the enlarged role of administrative intermediaries. Alam, writing of the Awadh and Punjab provinces, observed that the difference between the ''jama'' and the ''hasil'' had a close bearing on the jagirdars' ability or inability to mobilise strength, and that the jagirdars' military power had declined following the reforms in the mansab and jagir systems of the seventeenth century.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=46}} The emperor's orders for assignment of jagirs and mansabs had, in many provinces, become ineffective by the last decades of Aurangzeb's reign.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=24}}

==Table of mansabdar expansion==

The following table collates Athar Ali's canonical counts of mansabdars of 1,000 ''zat'' and above, which are the best-documented quantitative series for the crisis:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Mansabdars of 1,000 ''zat'' and above, 1595–1707{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=18}}{{sfn|Moosvi|1987}}
! Period !! Reign !! Mansabdars (1,000 ''zat''+) !! Notes
|-
| c. 1595 || Akbar || c. 1,823 (total; ~98 at 1,000+) || ''Ain-i-Akbari'' reckoning; Moosvi's reconstruction
|-
| c. 1628 || Jahangir (end of reign) || c. 200 at 1,000+ || Expansion during Mewar and Deccan campaigns
|-
| c. 1646 || Shah Jahan (20th regnal year) || c. 8,000 total; ~300–400 at 1,000+ || Includes expanded lower and middle ranks
|-
| 1658–1678 || Aurangzeb (1st half) || 486 at 1,000+ || Athar Ali count
|-
| 1679–1707 || Aurangzeb (2nd half) || 575 at 1,000+ || 18% increase concentrated in Deccan theatre
|}

==Post-1707 continuities and regional variation==

[[File:Joppen_map-India_in_1751_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg|thumb|left|The reduced Mughal realm in 1751, after four decades of jagirdari and factional crisis.]]

Aurangzeb's death in March 1707 opened a contested succession between his sons [[Bahadur Shah I|Muhammad Azam Shah]], [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam (Bahadur Shah I)]], and [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]], resolved militarily at the [[Battle of Jajau]] in June 1707 and consolidated only after further succession conflict through 1709.{{sfn|Sarkar|1924}}{{sfn|Irvine|1922}} The crisis did not resolve with the transition. Bahadur Shah I, who reigned until 1712, continued to face unfillable demands for jagir assignments and an inherited fiscal shortfall. His short successors, [[Jahandar Shah]] (1712–1713) and [[Farrukhsiyar]] (1713–1719), relied increasingly on the [[Sayyid Brothers]] and other factional patrons for political survival, a dynamic Chandra placed at the centre of post-Aurangzeb political instability.{{sfn|Chandra|2002}}

Muzaffar Alam's 1986 study of Awadh and the Punjab argued that the crisis, viewed from the core, looked different from the regions. In Awadh, the governor was able to mobilise local social groups around his own banner and place [[Nawabs of Awadh|nawabi]] rule on firm ground; in the Punjab, the new ''subadari'' collapsed and there was total chaos.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=12}} Alam's broader thesis was that the economic developments in these provinces resulted in not only a rise in the revenue figures but also in the emergence and affluence of a number of towns.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=164}} What registered at Delhi as fiscal collapse was, in the regions, the preconditions for the [[Mughal successor states|successor polities]] (nawabi Awadh, [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] under [[Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]], the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] of the [[Mysore Sultanate|Wodeyar-Tipu line]]).

In the core, the pattern was different. The ''paibaqi'' of the [[Delhi Subah|Delhi]] and Agra heartland continued to shrink into the 1720s and 1730s, and the factional rivalries intensified.{{sfn|Chandra|2002}}{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=29}} The [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the [[Jats]], the [[Sikhs]], and the [[Rajputs]] contested revenue rights on shrinking imperial territory. The sack of [[Delhi]] by [[Nadir Shah]] in 1739, which removed perhaps 700 million rupees' worth of treasure and destroyed the remaining fiscal reserves of the imperial state, is usually read as the point at which the crisis passed from chronic strain into terminal collapse.{{sfn|Irvine|1922}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=156}}

==Historiography==

The jagirdari crisis has been argued about continuously since Athar Ali's 1966 formulation. The debate has, in practice, been about which mechanism or combination of mechanisms most compactly explains the political and fiscal unravelling of the empire after Aurangzeb, and in particular whether the crisis is an independent category of explanation or a symptom of another cause.{{sfn|Hintze|1997}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=308}}

===Athar Ali (1966) and the nobility-centred thesis===

Athar Ali, writing at Aligarh Muslim University in the first generation of the [[Aligarh school of historians|Aligarh school]], argued in ''The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb'' that the structural pressure was best understood through the expansion of the service elite relative to available ''paibaqi''.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=1–3}} He read the archival record of complaints, jagir transfers, and petitions as evidence of a widening mismatch that the state could neither suspend nor absorb. Under his framework the Deccan wars were both a symptom and an intensifier: they drew new entrants into the mansabdari, imposed new claims on an unstable revenue base, and locked the empire into a self-reproducing squeeze.{{sfn|Ali|1968|pp=92–94}} Later quantitative work (''The Apparatus of Empire'', 1985) systematised the mansab-roll evidence.{{sfn|Ali|1985}}

===Irfan Habib (1963, revised 1999, 2013) and the agrarian framework===

Irfan Habib's ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707'', first published in 1963 and substantially revised in the second (1999) and third (2013) editions, framed the jagirdari squeeze as downstream of a deeper [[Agrarian crisis of the Mughal Empire|agrarian crisis]].{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=347}} Habib located the primary cause in the extraction rate applied to cultivators, which he considered too high to be sustainable over time. High revenue demands produced peasant flight, zamindar militarisation, and cultivated-land contraction. These produced the realised-revenue shortfall that, for the jagirdars, registered as crisis of assignment. On Habib's account, the naming "jagirdari crisis" captured the tip of a deeper structural failure of the extractive relationship between state, ''zamindar'', and peasant.{{sfn|Habib|2013}}

Habib's framework was not presented in direct opposition to Athar Ali; the two Aligarh scholars collaborated closely and treated their analyses as complementary.{{sfn|Alam|1986}} In practice, however, historians reading the two works side by side have drawn different inferences about which cause has priority.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|p=233}}

===Satish Chandra (1959) and factional politics===

Satish Chandra's ''Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740'', first published in 1959 and expanded across several editions, centred the post-Aurangzeb collapse on factional competition among the four major noble blocs.{{sfn|Chandra|2002|p=17}} Chandra read the jagirdari squeeze as the material substrate for faction competition: as available salaries shrank, and as the emperor's ability to redistribute patronage diminished, existing ethnic and ideological cleavages hardened into organised parties that fought for shrinking spoils. In his framing, the non-functionality of the jagirdari system was both cause and consequence of the factional deadlock.{{sfn|Chandra|2002}}

===Karen Leonard (1979) and the Great Firm theory===

Karen Leonard, writing in ''[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]]'' in 1979, proposed an alternative explanation that shifted attention from the nobility to the mercantile and banking sector.{{sfn|Leonard|1979|pp=16}} Leonard argued that the empire had become dependent on the credit networks of the great Indian banking houses (''sahukars'', ''shroffs'', and large firms such as the [[Jagat Seths]]) for short-term liquidity, revenue advances, and currency conversion. When these firms began to transfer their creditor relationships from the Mughal centre to emerging regional powers and to the [[East India Company]], the empire lost the fiscal intermediation on which even its formal revenue was dependent. Leonard's thesis relocated the causal weight from the ''paibaqi'' balance to the credit market, and it framed the jagirdari crisis as a fiscal symptom of credit withdrawal.{{sfn|Leonard|1979|pp=164–167}}

Richards contested Leonard's chronology, arguing that the empire remained fiscally healthy and politically strong well into the 1690s, and that the banking houses reallocated their credit only after the crisis was already visible on the noble side of the ledger.{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=156}}

===Muzaffar Alam (1986) and regional variation===

Muzaffar Alam's ''The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707–48'' contested the view of a uniform imperial collapse. Alam argued that what looked like decline at Delhi looked like reconfiguration in some of the regions. In Awadh, the ''subadari'' consolidated under [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Sa'adat Khan]] and his successors built durable nawabi rule on expanding local fiscal arrangements; in the Punjab, by contrast, the ''subadari'' fragmented under [[Sikh]] and zamindar pressure.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=12–14}} Central to Alam's reading is that the crisis of the jagirdari system was not a simple shortage of land but its non-functionality: the imperial order for assignment had become ineffective, while the realised revenue was increasingly captured by intermediary zamindars, village and qasba-based ''madad-i ma'ash'' holders, and a very large number of lower-level officials.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=28}}

Alam accepted Habib's agrarian framework as a condition but rejected the view that the Mughal system was uniformly collapsing. His regional-variation argument has since been extended by other scholars to [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], to the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], and to the [[Deccan]] of the Hyderabad and Maratha successors.{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=310}}{{sfn|Hintze|1997|p=212}}

===John F. Richards (1993) and the Cambridge synthesis===

J. F. Richards's volume on the Mughal Empire in the [[New Cambridge History of India]] (1993) presented a synthetic account that treated the agrarian crisis, the jagirdari crisis, and the factional-political crisis as interlinked rather than stacked causes of decline.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|pp=38}} Richards accepted the core of Athar Ali's nobility-centred analysis, endorsed Habib's extractive-rate reading as one of its preconditions, drew on Chandra for the factional dynamics, and incorporated Alam's regional variation as the explanation for the uneven transition into successor polities. In Richards's framing, the Mughal case belongs, with qualifications, to the wider "[[General Crisis|seventeenth-century crisis]]" debate in early-modern historiography, though the timing in South Asia runs a half-century later than in Europe and China.{{sfn|Richards|1990}}{{sfn|Richards|1993}}

===Other interventions===

Stephen Blake's urban-administrative study ''Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739'' traced the crisis through the physical city of Delhi, the imperial household's patronage, and the city-state logic of the Mughal capital.{{sfn|Blake|1991}} Andrea Hintze's ''The Mughal Empire and Its Decline'' (1997) attempted an interpretation of the sources of social power during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, integrating the Aligarh-school and Cambridge-school positions under a Michael Mann-style framework.{{sfn|Hintze|1997|p=43}} Shireen Moosvi's ''The Economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595'' (1987) provided the statistical baseline of the late-sixteenth-century empire against which the eighteenth-century shortfall can be measured.{{sfn|Moosvi|1987}}

===Summary table of positions===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Principal historiographical positions on the Jagirdari crisis
! Scholar !! Year !! Core argument
|-
| M. Athar Ali || 1966 || Rank expansion outran the ''paibaqi''; the nobility itself is the locus of the crisis
|-
| Irfan Habib || 1963 (1999, 2013) || Agrarian extraction-rate crisis is primary; jagirdari shortfall is a downstream symptom
|-
| Satish Chandra || 1959 || Factional competition among noble blocs drives the post-1707 collapse; jagirdari non-functionality is both cause and effect
|-
| Karen Leonard || 1979 || Withdrawal of Indian banking credit (the "Great Firm" thesis) is the primary cause
|-
| Muzaffar Alam || 1986 || The crisis is regional and variegated; non-functionality rather than shortage; successor polities rise from the same conditions
|-
| John F. Richards || 1993 || Synthetic: agrarian, jagirdari, and factional crises are interlocking rather than competing
|-
| Stephen Blake || 1991 || Urban / patrimonial-bureaucratic reading of the imperial household
|-
| Andrea Hintze || 1997 || Integrative social-power framework
|-
| Shireen Moosvi || 1987 || Statistical baseline of c. 1595 economy
|}

==Legacy in Mughal decline literature==

The jagirdari crisis continues to occupy a central place in the scholarly literature on Mughal decline. It is the point at which the institutional strengths of the mature empire (a large paid service elite, a codified revenue assessment, a rotating jagir system that discouraged localism) became reciprocal weaknesses once the system of compensation could no longer be met. Accounts of the transition to the [[Mughal successor states]] routinely invoke the category, and it supplies the causal hinge between the military-administrative apparatus of Akbar and Shah Jahan and the regional politics of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], Awadh, [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha peshwas]], and the Punjab after 1748.{{sfn|Alam|1986|p=197}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=314}}{{sfn|Hintze|1997}}

The concept has also influenced comparative early-modern historiography. Richards's 1990 essay in ''[[Modern Asian Studies]]'' situated the Mughal case in the wider "seventeenth-century crisis" debate, while scholars of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[timar]]'' system and of Safavid Iran have used the Mughal jagirdari crisis as a comparative reference.{{sfn|Alam|1986|pp=28}} The term is standard in postgraduate curricula on [[Mughal India]] in Indian, British, and American universities, and appears in [[Union Public Service Commission|Indian civil-service examination]] syllabi as a named concept.

==See also==
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Mughal fiscal system]]
* [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Jagir]]
* [[Mansabdar]]
* [[Zabt]]
* [[Irfan Habib]]
* [[M. Athar Ali]]
* [[General Crisis]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

'''Modern scholarship'''
* {{cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |author-link=Muzaffar Alam |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707–48 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1986 |oclc=14068225 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12757}}
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=M. Athar |author-link=M. Athar Ali |title=The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=Bombay |edition=revised |orig-date=1966 |year=1968 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142894}}
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=M. Athar |title=The Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices and Titles to the Mughal Nobility, 1574–1658 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-19-561500-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Blake |first=Stephen P. |title=Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-521-39045-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/shahjahanabadsov0000blak}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra |title=Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=4th |orig-date=1959 |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-565444-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/partiespoliticsa0000chan}}
* {{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707 |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |orig-date=1963 |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-807742-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-agrarian-system-of-mughal-india-1556-to-1707}}
* {{cite book |last=Hintze |first=Andrea |title=The Mughal Empire and Its Decline: An Interpretation of the Sources of Social Power |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-86078-611-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalempireitsd0000hint}}
* {{cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Karen |author-link=Karen Isaksen Leonard |title=The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=1979 |pages=151–167 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500012792 |jstor=178445 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt0jt639r0/qt0jt639r0.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |author-link=Shireen Moosvi |title=The Economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: A Statistical Study |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-19-561765-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/economyofmughale0000moos}}
* {{cite journal |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards (historian) |title=The Seventeenth-Century Crisis in South Asia |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=1990 |pages=625–638 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00010611 |jstor=312759}}
* {{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |series=The New Cambridge History of India, I.5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalempire0000rich}}

'''Primary sources'''
* {{cite book |last=Abu'l-Fazl 'Allami |author-link=Abu'l-Fazl |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |translator-last1=Blochmann |translator-first1=Henry |translator-last2=Jarrett |translator-first2=Henry Sullivan |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |date=1873–1894 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32526 |ref={{harvid|Ain-i-Akbari}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |author-link=William Irvine (Indian civil service) |title=Later Mughals |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |publisher=M. C. Sarkar |location=Calcutta |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/later-mughals-william-irvine-london-1922-volume-01_202401}}
* {{cite book |last=Khafi Khan |first=Muhammad Hashim |author-link=Khafi Khan |title=Muntakhabu-l Lubab |translator-last1=Elliot |translator-first1=Henry Miers |translator-last2=Dowson |translator-first2=John |year=1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115996}}
* {{cite book |last=Saqi Mustaid Khan |title=Ma'asir-i-'Alamgiri |translator-last=Sarkar |translator-first=Jadunath |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |year=1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=History of Aurangzib |volume=1–5 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar |location=Calcutta |year=1924 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.513882}}

{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Alavi, Seema. ''The Eighteenth Century in India''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002.
* Bayly, C. A. ''Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
* Faruqui, Munis D. ''The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
* Gommans, Jos. ''Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700''. London: Routledge, 2002.
* Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain. ''The Administration of the Mughul Empire''. Karachi: University of Karachi, 1966.
* Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, ed. ''The Mughal State, 1526–1750''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998.

==External links==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Category:Mughal_Empire Wikimedia Commons: Mughal Empire]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142894 The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb at the Internet Archive]
* [https://escholarship.org/content/qt0jt639r0/qt0jt639r0.pdf Karen Leonard, "The Great Firm Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire" (PDF)]

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:17th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th century in the Mughal Empire]]

Ji Sirji!

2026-04-28T16:07:47Z

Priya.Miahram: put up some article from scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
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| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
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| location = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|11|11}}
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'''''Ji Sirji!''''' is an Indian comedy television series, which premiered on 11 November 2015, and is broadcast on [[BIG Magic]] and [[BIG FM 92.7]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/11/big-magic-and-big-fm-launch-new-show-ji-sirji/|title=Big Magic and Big FM launch new show 'Ji Sirji'|work=Best Media Info|date=10 November 2015|accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref>

[[Anup Soni]] is the protagonist in the series. The series is bound together Anup Soni, who himself takes on the position of Boss.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/people-will-see-me-in-different-avatar-in-ji-sirji-annup-sonii/|title=People will see me in different avatar in 'Ji Sirji': Annup Sonii|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 November 2015|accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/344599/people-will-see-me-different-avatar-ji-sirji-annup-sonii|title=People will see me in different avatar in 'Ji Sirji': Annup Sonii|newspaper=PINKVILLA|date=11 November 2015|accessdate=19 November 2015|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235820/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/344599/people-will-see-me-different-avatar-ji-sirji-annup-sonii|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/people-will-see-me-in-different-avatar-in-ji-sirji-annup-sonii-115111001136_1.html|title=People will see me in different avatar in 'Ji Sirji': Annup Sonii|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=11 November 2015|accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Anup Soni]]
* [[Gaurav Sharma (actor)|Gaurav Sharma]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bigmagic.tv/shows.php?id=15 Official website]

{{BIG Magic Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ji Sirji!}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Big Magic original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television sketch shows]]

Sarsawa

2026-04-26T05:43:54Z

Priya.Miahram: added first info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarsawa
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
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| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.016|N|77.400|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| established_title = 
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| area_footnotes =
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| population_total = 18956<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=Census India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
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| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 247232
| area_code = 01331
| registration_plate = UP-11
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Airport
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Sarsawa Airport]]
}}
'''Sarsawa''' is a town at the border of [[Haryana]] and a [[municipal board]] in [[Saharanpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Sarsawa is a [[Nagar Palika]] Parishad town in [[Nakur]] tehsil district of Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The Sarsawa city is divided into 25 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Sarsawa Nagar Palika Parishad has population of 18,956 of which 10,076 are males while 8,880 are females as per report released by [[2011 Census of India|Census India 2011]].

== Nearest cities ==
* [[Saharanpur]]
* [[Yamunanagar]]
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Dehradun]]
* [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
* [[Roorkee]]
* [[New Delhi]]
* [[Ambala district|Ambala]]
* [[Muzzafarnagar]]
* [[Meerut]]

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sarsawa{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|59.98}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|37.04}}
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|2.97}}
}}

At the [[2011 Census of India]], the population of children with age of 0–6 is 2466 which is 13.01% of total population of Sarsawa (NPP). In Sarsawa Nagar Palika Parishad, the female sex ratio is 881 against state average of 912. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Sarsawa is around 820 compared to Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. The literacy rate of Sarsawa city is 79.40% higher than the state average of 67.68%. In Sarsawa, male literacy is around 85.21% while the female literacy rate is 72.88%.

Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 16.41% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.02% of total population in Sarsawa (NPP).

==Tourist attractions==
[[File:Air Force station Sarsawa.png|thumb|296x296px|Air Force Day Celebration]]
* [[Sarsawa Air Force Station|Airforce Station]]
* [[Aviation Research Centre|ARC]]
* [[Yamuna]] (5 km away)
* Shri bhankhandi mahadev temple
* Kot- Opposite of Moh.Mirdhan Sarsawa

== Transport ==
Sarsawa is located in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India, about 94.6mi (152km) north of [[New Delhi]], the country's capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Delhi, Delhi to Sarsawa, Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.indiadistance.com/distance/24021662-24235703/POST |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=www.indiadistance.com}}</ref> [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] Bus Stand provides interstate bus services to several cities of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Delhi]].

[[Jolly Grant Airport]], [[Dehradun]], and [[Chandigarh Airport]], [[Chandigarh]], are the nearest airports to Sarsawa, though [[Sarsawa Air Force Station]] is used for some [[VIP]] transport.

[[Sarsawa railway station]] situated on [[Moradabad–Ambala line]] having railway services to numerous major cities across the country.

==See also==
*[[Sarsawa (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Sarsawa Air Force Station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Saharanpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Saharanpur district]]

{{Saharanpur-geo-stub}}

Kodangal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:00Z

Priya.Miahram: put up a stub initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kodangal
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (72-Kodangal highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kodangal Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Telangana]]}}
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = *[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] (partially)
*[[Narayanpet district|Narayanapet]] (partially)
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 138,300
| incumbent_image =
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 72
}}

'''Kodangal Assembly constituency''' is a constituency partially in [[Vikarabad district]] and [[Mahabubnagar district]] of [[Telangana ]] that elects representatives to the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]] is the current MLA from the constituency and has been serving as the second Chief Minister of Telangana since winning the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]].

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:-

{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Kodangal]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Vikarabad district]]
|-
| [[Bomraspeta]]
|-
|Dudyal
|-
|Doultabad
|-
| [[Doulatabad, Mahbubnagar|Kosgi]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Narayanpet district]]
|-
| [[Maddur, Mahbubnagar|Maddur]]
|-
|Gundumal
|-
|Kothapalli
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
Members of Legislative State Assembly, who represented Kodangal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telangana.com/Mahaboobnagar/mbn_poli.htm |title=Telangana.com - Committed For Development Telangana...... |website=www.telangana.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626183041/http://www.telangana.com/Mahaboobnagar/mbn_poli.htm |archive-date=2004-06-26}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of election
! MLA
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Anant Reddy Veeraswami (Gen)
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Veeraswamy, Banam (Res)
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Achuta Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Rukma Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. Achyutha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Nandharam Venkataiah
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gurunath Reddy]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Nandharam Venkataiah
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Gurunath Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Nandharam Venkataiah
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1996★
| N. Surya Narayana
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" | Gurunath Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugupedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Mahbubnagar_Elections_2009_Results |title=Mahbubnagar Elections 2009 Results - Telugupedia Download Telugu Calendar 2011, Ugadi Telugu Greetings 2011, Telugu Panchangam 2011, Telugu People, Telugu Films News, Districts in Andhra Pradesh, Mandals in Andhra Pradesh, Telugu Years |access-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716205721/http://www.telugupedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Mahbubnagar_Elections_2009_Results |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Patnam Narender Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
★by-election

* ''In 1951 the state name was [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. It was changed to [[Andhra Pradesh]] after the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956 and the 2014 elections were held in [[Telangana]].''

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Kodangal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| votes = 1,07,429
| percentage = 55.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=Patnam Narender Reddy
|votes=74,897
|percentage=38.38
|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bantu Ramesh Kumar|votes=3,988|percentage=2.04|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=M. Madhusudhan Reddy|votes=2,173|percentage=1.11|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kurva Narmada Kistappa|votes=2,133|percentage=1.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,002|percentage=1.03|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=32,532|percentage=16.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,95,163|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodangal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodangal Election Result 2018 Updates: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-up MLA List |url=https://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/kodangal.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Patnam Narender Reddy
| votes = 80,756
| percentage = 48.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]|votes=71,435|percentage=43.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Purra Balakishore|votes=4,171|percentage=2.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nagurao Namaji|votes=2,624|percentage=1.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,472|percentage=0.89|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=9,319|percentage=5.63|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,65,559|percentage=81.98|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodangal<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043847/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=72 Kodangal Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| votes = 54,026
| percentage = 39.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Gurunath Reddy]]
| votes = 39,412
| percentage = 28.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = D. Vittal Rao
| votes = 36,304
| percentage = 26.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 14,614
|percentage = 10.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,38,300
|percentage = 69.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.11|77.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Narayanpet district]]

History of the Mithila region

2026-04-11T06:34:58Z

Priya.Miahram: put up initial article needs work

{{short description|History of a region in the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:Mithila Region of India and Nepal.png|thumb|300x300px|Map of the Mithila region of India & Nepal]]
{{History of Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
[[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] ({{IAST3|mithilā}}, also known as '''Mithilanchal''', '''Tirhut''' and '''Tirabhukti''') is a geographical and cultural region located in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The native language is known as [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and its speakers are referred to as [[Maithil]]s.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=mithila+region&pg=PA30 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | access-date=11 January 2017 | pages=27| isbn=9788175330344 | last1=Jha | first1=Makhan | year=1997 }}</ref>
The majority of the Mithila region falls within modern-day [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Mishra, V. |year=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ&q=area+of+mithila |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila | access-date=28 December 2016 | pages=13}}</ref>
Mithila is bounded in the north by the [[Himalayas]], and in the south, west and east by the [[Ganges]], [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] and [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]] respectively.<ref name=Jha1997>{{cite book |author=Jha, M. |year=1997 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–42 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=9788175330344 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mishra, V. |year=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ&q=area+of+mithila |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila | access-date=28 December 2016 | pages=13}}</ref> It extends into the southeastern [[Terai]] of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ishii, H. |year=1993 |title=Seasons, Rituals and Society: the culture and society of Mithila, the Parbate Hindus and the Newars as seen through a comparison of their annual rites |journal=Senri Ethnological Studies 36 |pages=35–84 |url=https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=3055&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1}}</ref><ref name=Kumar2000>{{cite journal |author=Kumar, D. |year=2000 |title=Mithila after the Janakas |journal=The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=60 |pages=51–59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0f898HDLAYC&q=mithila&pg=PA1 | title=A Survey of Maithili Literature | access-date=22 December 2016 | author=Radhakrishna Choudhary| year=1976 | isbn=9789380538365 }}</ref>
This region was also called [[Tirabhukti]], the ancient name of [[Tirhut]].<ref>Yadav, Yogendra P. date missing. Reading Asia: New Research in Asian Studies; Frans Hüsken, Dick van der Meij; Chapter 12 – The [[Maithili language|Maithili]] Language at page 240</ref>

== Names ==
Historically, the region was called by multiple names. The name Mithila is believed to be derived from the legendary [[King Mithi]] who established Mithilapuri.<ref name="Singh">''Encyclopaedia of Hinduism''. Nagendra Kumar Singh, p. 3239.</ref>

Among the twelve{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} names of Mithila, including ''Tirhut'' and ''Tirabhukti'', [[Brihada Vishnu Purana]] mentions the name Tirabhukti, which later became known as ''Tirhut'' in common use.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Vijayakanta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108245 |title=Cultural Heritage Of Mithila |date=1979 |pages=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Chandreshwar Prasad Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Os8BAAAAMAAJ |title=Mithila Under the Karnatas, C. 1097-1325 A.D |date=1979 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Yogendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IceAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Videha: From the Earliest Times to the Foundation of the Gupta Empire, A.D. 319 |date=1981 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> ''Tirabhukti'' is a Sanskrit [[compound word]], a combination of ''tira'' ("shore") and ''bhukti'' (in the meaning of "limit").{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=376}} The name Tirhut is preserved in [[Tirhuta script]] of the [[Maithili language]] and [[Tirhut division]] in the Mithila region

''Vijayakanta Mishra'', an Indian scholar, in his book "''Cultural Heritage of Mithila''" stated that the word ''Tirabhukti'' which is mentioned in the text of Brihada Vishnu Purana became popular during the period of 4th- th centuries AD in the Indian subcontinent to denote the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. Later, the word Tirhut became common designation of the Mithila region for the administrative purposes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

==In Jainism==
{{Main|Mithilapuri Jain Teerth}}
Mithilā is one of the most significant pilgrimage sites in [[Jainism]]. Apart from its association with ''[[Mahavira]]'', the 24th [[Tirthankara]], it is also known for its association with ''[[Mallinatha]]'', the 19th Tirthankara, and ''[[Naminatha]]'', the 21st Tirthankara. As per the [[Jain literature#The Śvētāmbara Siddhāntha|''Śvetāmbara'' canon]], the first four of the [[Panch Kalyanaka|five significant events]] of the life of ''Mallinātha'' and ''Naminātha'' happened at Mithilā. The fifth one, which is the attainment of [[Nirvana|''nirvana'']], happened at [[Shikharji|''Sammet Shikharji'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Triputi |title=Jain Paramparano Itihaas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001076/65}}</ref>

''[[Mahavira]]'' spent 6 ''varshās'' (monsoon seasons) at Mithilā.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Publication |first=Jain Bhawan |title=Jain Journal 1967 04 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/520006/33}}</ref> ''Akampita Swāmi'', one of his 11 [[Ganadhara|ganadharas]], was born in Mithilā.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M Subba |title=Sachitra Shraman Bhagwan Mahavir |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006789/132}}</ref> Additionally, as per ancient ''[[Śvetāmbara]]'' texts, a branch of ancient Jaina ascetics was known as ''"Maithiliya"'' after Mithilā, signifying its historical importance as a center of Jaina scholarship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porwal |first=Renuka |title=Jaina Stupa At Mathura Art And Icons |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007031/179}}</ref>

''[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]]'', a 14th century CE [[Śvetāmbara]] Jaina text by ''Ācārya'' ''Jinaprabhasūrī'', describes Mithilā as a major Jaina pilgrimage center. The scripture locates Mithilā in the [[Tirhut division|Tirhuta]] region near the confluence of the ''Bāna Gangā'' and ''[[Gandaki River|Gandaki]]'' rivers. It also mentions a village called ''"Jagai"'', where temples dedicated to ''[[Mallinatha|Mallinātha]]'' and ''[[Naminatha|Naminātha]]'' existed. The site is also connected to [[Sita|Sita's]] marriage, ''"Sakulla Kunda"''. Some researchers suggest that ''"Jagai"'' may be an abbreviation of [[Jagadishpur]], near present-day [[Sitamarhi]]. In their pilgrimage parties of 17th century CE and 18th century CE respectively, ''Panyās Saubhāgyavijaya'' and ''Panyās Vijayasāgara'' mention the location of the Jaina pilgrimage of Mithilā near present-day Sitamarhi in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jinaprabhasuri |first=Acharya |title=Vividha Tirtha Kalpa |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/009519/64}}</ref>

The temples fell into disrepair, possibly due to a lack of Jaina population. The only remnant was the footprints of ''[[Mallinatha|Mallinātha]]'' and ''[[Naminatha|Naminātha]]''. These footprints were later preserved in [[Bhagalpur|''Bhāgalpur'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Vijay Kumar |date=2003 |title=The Jaina Antiquities of Mithila: An Analysis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145472 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=64 |pages=295–299 |jstor=44145472 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Based on historical evidence and research, initiatives to restore Mithilā’s lost [[Mithilapuri Jain Teerth|Jaina heritage]] were launched. A two-storey temple along the Sitamarhi-Dumra road was constructed. In 2015, the foundation was laid by ''Ācārya'' ''Mahendrasāgarasūrī'' of [[Kharatara Gaccha]]. In 2020, the ritualistic installation of idols was conducted by ''Ācārya'' ''Piyushsāgarasūrī'' of Kharatara Gaccha and ''Ācārya'' ''Vinayasāgarasūrī'' of [[Tapa Gaccha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=बिहार में यहां है जैन धर्म के 19वें और 21वें तीर्थंकर का जन्मस्थली, 14 साल तक रिसर्च के बाद इस शख्स ने लगाया था पता |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/sitamarhi-the-birthplace-of-the-19th-and-21st-tirthankar-of-jainism-this-person-found-out-after-14-years-of-research-7605823.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==Ancient history==
{{See also|Mithila (region)}}
[[File:Cave 1 painting, Ajanta, Maharashtra, a close up.jpg|thumb|King Janaka of Videha announcing to his wife that he intends to renounce his worldly life. Scene depicted in [[Ajanta Caves|Cave 1, Ajanta]].]]
[[King Mithi]] established Mithilapuri.<ref name="Singh"/> Since he was born out of the body of his father,{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} he was called Janaka.

After this, the later kings of Mithila adopted the title ''Janaka''. The most famous ''Janaka'' was Seeradhwaja Janaka, father of [[Sita]]. There were 52 kings in the dynasty of ''Janaka''.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dr. Kamal Kant Jha, Pt. Sri Ganeshrai Vidyabhushan, Dr Dhanakar Thakur|title=A Brief History of Mithila State {{!}} Bihar Articles|url=http://www.bihar.ws/info/Cultural-regions-of-Bihar/A-Brief-History-of-Mithila-State.html|access-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301094238/http://www.bihar.ws/info/Cultural-regions-of-Bihar/A-Brief-History-of-Mithila-State.html|archive-date=1 March 2012|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

The region was also known as Videha. The kingdom of Videha is mentioned for the first time in ''[[Yajurveda#Samhitas|Yajurveda Samhita]]''. Mithila, is mentioned in [[Buddhist]] ''[[Jatakas]]'', the ''[[Brahamanas]]'', the ''[[Puranas]]'' (described in detail in ''[[Vishnu Purana|Brhadvisnu Purana]]'') and various epics such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.

However, before that, according to the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', a chieftain named ''[[Videgha Mathava]]'' migrated from the [[Saraswati river|Saraswati]] Valley to Mithila during the [[Vedic period]] and established the Videha kingdom and the [[Maithil Brahmin]] community.<ref>{{Citation|last=Verma|first=Harsh|title=Leadership and Dharma: The Indian Epics Ramayana and Mahabharata and Their Significance for Leadership Today|date=2013|work=Fictional Leaders|pages=182–201|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1057/9781137272751_13|isbn=978-1-349-44498-4}}</ref>

A list of kings is mentioned in Mahabharata and Jatakas. All the kings either adopted the title ''Videha'' or ''Janaka''.<ref name="Singh" />

==Vedic period, Videha Kingdom==
{{Main|Videha}}
During the [[Vedic]] period, Mithila was known as the [[Videha]] kingdom.<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, pages 13, 17 116-124, 141-143</ref>

==c. 600 BCE–c. 300 BCE, Vajji Mahajanapada==
{{Main|Vajjika League}}
Following the fall of the [[Videha]]s, Mithila came under the control of the [[Vajjika League]] which was a confederacy of clans the most famous of which was the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYwDAAAQBAJ&q=vaishali+vajji&pg=PA49 | title=Milestones Social Science – 6 (History, Geography, Social and Political Life) | access-date=26 January 2017 | pages=80| isbn=9789325982666 }}</ref> Mithila being one the part of Vajji which was eventually conquered by the king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Ajatashatru]].

==6th century to 11th century: Pala==

Mithila was a tributary state of the [[Pala Empire]] until the empire disintegrated in the 12th century.

==11th century to 14th century: Karnata Dynasty==
{{main|Karnats of Mithila}}
[[File:Map of the Karnats of Mithila.png|thumb|350x350px|Map of the [[Karnats of Mithila]] based on combined total land area ever conquered by the rulers of '''Karnata Dynasty''' (1097–1324-1393 AD).]]
The Karnata dynasty was founded by Nanyadeva with the capital being in [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]] & [[Darbhanga]] in Mithila.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6nXAAAAMAAJ&q=karnataka+dynasty+mithila | title=Complex Societies and Other Anthropological Essays | access-date=27 January 2017 | pages=14| isbn=9788170130703 | last1=Jha | first1=Makhan | year=1991 }}</ref>

Karnats carried out raids into Nepal with the army under the leadership of the prominent general and minister [[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura]] and defeated the [[Tughlaq]] army in the Battle of Makwanpur

[[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura]] as leading a successful military expedition to Nepal where he is said to have distributed gold equal in weight to himself on the banks of the Bagmati River in 1314

In the court of Harisimhadeva, the Royal Minister was Jyotirishwar, the author of ''Varna Ratnakar''. Upon [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlak]]'s invasion of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] ([[Tirhut]]), King [[Harisimhadeva]], along with many [[Maithil]]s, came to Nepal and founded a new dynasty in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/16641/7/07_chapter%203.pdf|title=Mithila, Maithili and Maithil: the Field in Historical Context|website=ShodhGanga|publisher=INFLIBNET|pages=88–89, 101–102}}</ref>

The dynasty had six kings of note:<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|author=Jha, M.|date=1997|publisher=M.D. Publications|isbn=9788175330344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA153|page=153|access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

* [[Nanyadeva]] apart from being a great warrior, also had a keen interest in music. He classified and analyzed the Ragas and opines ''Madhya Laya'' is chosen for ''Hasya'' (humorous) and ''Sringar'' (libido) ''rasa'', ''Bilambit'' is chosen for ''Karun'' (compassion) ''rasa'' and ''Drut'' is chosen for ''Veer'' (brave), ''Rodra'' (anger), ''Adbhut'' (marvellous) and ''Bhayanak'' (fearful) ''rasas''. He wrote a treaty on music 'Saraswati Hridayalankar' which is preserved in the Bhandarkar Research Institute of Pune.<ref>http://www.mithilaonline.com/music.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127035842/http://www.mithilaonline.com/music.html |date=27 November 2006 }} accessed on 25 January 2008</ref> Nanya Dev is also considered to be the "forgotten King of Mithila".
* [[Gangadeva]]
* [[Narsimhadeva|Narasimhadeva]]
* [[Ramasimhadeva]]
* [[Shaktisimhadeva]]
* [[Harisimhadeva]] was instrumental in initiating and implementing [[Panjis|''Panji'']] ''Vyavastha'' or ''Panji Prabandha'' in Mithila. He was also a great patron of Maithili art and literature.

==14th to 16th century: Oiniwar Dynasty==
{{Main|Oiniwar Dynasty}}
[[File:Oiniwar Dynasty Extent & Capitals Map.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Map of the [[Oiniwar dynasty]] based on combined total land area ever conquered by the rulers of '''Oiṇīvāra dynasty''' (1325–1526 AD).]]
In 1325, following the collapse of the Karnat dynasty in 1324,<ref name="jha52-53">{{cite book|title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA55|first=Makhan |last=Jha|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd|pages=52–53|year=1997|isbn = 9788175330344}}</ref> Nath Thakur became the [[Maithil Brahamin]] ruler. The dynasty that followed him was called [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]], a [[Maithil Brahmin]] dynasty which comprised a further 20 rulers.<ref name="jha55-57">{{cite book|title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA55|first=Makhan |last=Jha|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd|pages=55–57|year=1997|isbn = 9788175330344}}</ref>

Unlike the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnats]] who preceded them, who kept the large citadel of [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]] as their capital, the Oiniwars mainly operated out of various villages in Mithila.<ref name="Jha2019">{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Pankaj |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199489558.001.0001/oso-9780199489558 |title=A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199489558 |pages=43–46 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199489558.001.0001}}</ref>

The dynastic capitals were also frequently relocated. At some unknown time, it was moved from [[Oini]] to the village of [[Sugauna]] in modern-day [[Madhubani district]], thus giving rise to the rulers also being known as the Sugauna Dynasty. It was moved again, to Devakuli, during the reign of Devasimha, and then to [[Gajarathapur|Gajarathpura]] (also known as Shiva Singhpura) during the early years of the reign of his son, Shivasimha.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=Bihani |date=2012 |title=The Rite of Durgā in Medieval Bengal: An Introductory Study of Raghunandana's Durgāpūjātattva with Text and Translation of the Principal Rites |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=325–390 |doi=10.1017/S1356186312000181 |jstor=41490102 |s2cid=162186490}}</ref> When the latter died in 1416, his queen, [[Lakhimadevi]], governed for 12 years and then was succeeded by his brother, Padmasimha, who moved the capital once more to [[Padma Village|Padma]], named after its founder, this was near to [[Rajnagar, Bihar|Rajnagar]] and a long way from the previous seat. Padmasimha, who ruled for three years, was succeeded by his wife, [[Vishwasa Devi]], and she, too, founded a new capital which is today the village of [[Bisaul|Vishual]].<ref name="jha55-572">{{cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA55 |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=1997 |isbn=9788175330344 |pages=55–57}}</ref>

==16th century to 20th century : Raj Darbhanga==
{{Main|Raj Darbhanga}}
Another [[Maithil Brahmin]] dynasty. The Khandwala dynasty ruled as the [[Raj Darbhanga]], beginning with [[Mahesha Thakura|Mahesh Thakur]], who died in 1558. The last ruler was [[Kameshwar Singh]], whose reign from 1929 came to an end in 1947 with the [[independence of India]], when all the [[princely state]]s got merged with the Union of India.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Ancient Mithila University]]
* [[Mithila State Movement]]
* [[Industrial ruins in Mithila region]]
* [[Raj Banauli]]
* [[Mithila Vishwavidyalaya Panchang]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=M.|title=A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1872|chapter=tira|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzRDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA376|access-date=2024-12-14}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118130804/http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/mithila/index.htm The Maithil Brahmans - an online ethnography]

{{Historical regions of North India}}
{{Nepal topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Mithila Region}}
[[Category:History of the Mithila region| ]]
[[Category:History of Bihar|Mithila Region, History]]
[[Category:Madhesh Province]]

Niva Bupa

2026-04-09T05:40:13Z

Priya.Miahram: started info...

{{Short description|Indian health insurance company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Niva Bupa Health Insurance Company
| logo = Niva Bupa Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| former_name = Max Bupa Health Insurance Company Limited
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|NIVABUPA}}|{{BSE|544286}}}}
| industry = [[Insurance]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2008}}
| founder = 
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = Krishnan Ramachandran (MD and CEO) [[C. B. Bhave]] (Chairman)<ref>{{cite news |title=Max Bupa appoints Krishnan Ramachandran as MD, CEO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/max-bupa-appoints-krishnan-ramachandran-as-md-ceo/articleshow/75553507.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=5 May 2020}}</ref>
| products =
| brands =
| services = [[Health insurance]]
| parent = [[Bupa]] (55%)<ref name="ipo"/>
| subsid =
| website = nivabupa.com
}}
'''Niva Bupa Health Insurance Company Limited''' ('''Niva Bupa''') is an Indian [[health insurance]] company, founded in 2008 and headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. It is a subsidiary of UK-based health insurance and healthcare company [[Bupa]]. The company is regulated by the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] (IRDAI).<ref name=mint>{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Tinesh |title=Max India sells its stake in Max Bupa but policyholders needn't worry |url=https://www.livemint.com/insurance/news/max-india-sells-its-stake-in-max-bupa-but-policyholders-needn-t-worry-11575366581558.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=3 December 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was founded as Max Bupa Health Insurance in 2008 as a 74:26 joint venture between [[Max Group|Max India]] and [[Bupa]], with operations starting in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Max Bupa health cover enters India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/max-bupa-health-cover-enters-india-73096-2010-04-30 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=30 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Max launches Bupa Health Insurance in India |url=https://www.adgully.com/max-launches-bupa-health-insurance-in-india-42982.html |publisher=Adgully |date=8 May 2010}}</ref> It distributed its policies through its agents and [[bancassurance]] partners.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |last1=Kurian |first1=Boby |last2=Shetty |first2=Mayur |title=True North set to control Max Bupa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/true-north-set-to-control-max-bupa/articleshow/68160391.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivats |first1=KR |title=Max Bupa and Indian Bank ink bancassurance tie-up to offer health insurance solutions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/max-bupa-and-indian-bank-ink-bancassurance-tie-up-to-offer-health-insurance-solutions/article29475517.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=21 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IDBI Bank ties up with Max Bupa |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/personal-finance/news-health-insurance-idbi-max-bupa-suvidha-health-plus-idbi-max-bupa-loan-secure-medical-insurance-101872 |publisher=[[Zee Business]] |date=11 June 2019}}</ref>

In 2015, Bupa increased its stake in the company to 49%, after acquiring a 23% stake from Max India for {{INRConvert|191|c|mode=historical|year=2015}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bupa to acquire additional 23% stake in Max Bupa |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/bupa-to-pay-191-cr-raise-max-bupa-stake-to-49/article64346782.ece |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=BusinessLine |date=23 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2019, Max India's entire 51% stake was acquired by Fettle Tone LLP, an affiliate of Indian private equity firm True North, for {{INRConvert|510|c|mode=historical|year=2019}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Max India exits health insurance biz, divests stake in Max Bupa for Rs 510 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/max-india-exits-health-insurance-biz-divests-stake-in-max-bupa-for-rs-510-cr/articleshow/68173878.cms |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IRDAI nod for Max stake sale in venture with Bupa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/irdai-nod-for-max-stake-sale-in-venture-with-bupa/article30152481.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 December 2019}}</ref>

In 2023, True North announced that it would sell a 20% stake in the company to Bupa for {{INRconvert|2700|c}}, making Bupa the majority shareholder at 63%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Dev |title=True North sells 20% stake in Niva Bupa to Bupa for Rs 2,700 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/true-north-sells-20-stake-in-niva-bupa-to-bupa-for-rs-2-700-crore-123092901261_1.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=Business Standard |date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's True North to sell $325 mln stake in Niva Bupa Insurance |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indias-true-north-sell-325-mln-stake-niva-bupa-insurance-2023-09-29/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=Reuters |date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

In November 2024, Niva Bupa went public with an [[initial public offering]] and listed on the NSE and BSE,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Meghna |title=Niva Bupa IPO: Price band set at ₹70-74 a share for ₹2,200-crore issue |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/niva-bupa-ipo-price-band-set-gmp-rs-2200-crore-issue-19503444.htm |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=CNBC TV18 |date=4 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> with Bupa continuing as the sole [[Corporate promoter|promoter]] after the IPO with an ownership of over 55%.<ref name="ipo">{{cite news |last1=Varier |first1=Aathira |title=UK-based Bupa likely to increase stake in Niva Bupa Health Insurance |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/after-hike-in-fdi-limit-bupa-may-raise-stake-in-niva-bupa-health-insurance-125020900198_1.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=Business Standard |date=10 February 2025}}</ref>

== Violations ==
In 2016, the IRDAI imposed a penalty of {{INR}}20 lakh on the company for four violations, one of which pertained to timelines for settling claims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-02 |title=Rs.20 lakh IRDA penalty on Max Bupa Health Insurance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rs20-lakh-irda-penalty-on-max-bupa-health-insurance/article8549564.ece |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Companies}}
* [[Insurance in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Health care companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Multinational joint-venture companies]]
[[Category:Health insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2024 initial public offerings]]

Beohar Rammanohar Sinha

2026-03-30T20:19:57Z

Priya.Miahram: Added A Info With Sources

{{Short description|Indian painter (1929–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Beohar Rammanohar Sinha
| image = Rammanohar 1991.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|06|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Central Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|10|25|1929|06|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| movement =
| patrons =
| native_name =
| field = [[Painting]] ([[Revivalism (architecture)|Revivalism]], [[Contextual Modernism]], [[Minimalism]])
| training = [[Shantiniketan]]
| works = [[Constitution of India]]
}}

'''Beohar Rammanohar Sinha''' (15 June 1929 – 25 October 2007) was an Indian artist who is very well known for illuminating the original final manuscript of [[Constitution of India]], including the complete [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Preamble]]-page, which was brought to fruition in 1949 as one of the most beautiful Constitutions in the world{{Peacock inline|date=January 2024}}<ref>Mishra, S.C. (2015a), "The Selfless Artist of Jabalpur", Sunday Times of India JabalpurPlus.</ref><ref>Mishra, S.C. (2015b), "Constitution Connection", Sunday Times of India JabalpurPlus.</ref> in addition to being the most comprehensive one. He is also known as a cultural ambassador of India who disseminated Indian art in the [[Far East]], and brought Oriental Art to India.<ref name="auto">Dhimole, S. (2009), "Rango Ki Koochi Se Jeeta Jahaan", NaiDunia Jabalpur.</ref> His works are housed in numerous prestigious public and private collections throughout the world<ref name="auto1">Shukla, P.S. (2012), "Sansruti: A Retrospective on Beohar Rammanohar Sinha", Roopankar, Bharat Bhawan, Bhopal.</ref> and his murals still adorn the walls and gigantic dome of [[Jabalpur]]'s historic Shaheed-Smarak or [[Martyrs' Memorial Patna|Martyrs'-Memorial Auditorium]] even after more than half a century, though now demanding conservation. By way of a registered Will, he bequeathed his entire creative legacy and collection of works of art to his son Dr Anupam Sinha <ref>Document registered on 11-06-2007</ref> who has since relocated from Canada to India.

Rammanohar always signed his artworks in the cursive [[Devanagari]]-script, either in short ''Ram'' or in full ''Rammanohar'', but rarely scribed his surname. Most of his later paintings bear a unique red seal with his surname ''Sinha'', primarily in [[Devanagari]]-script but also sometimes in the [[Pinyin]]-script, in addition to his said signatures in ink.<ref>Tyagi, H.P. (1991), "Beohar Ke Bhudrishya Chitro Mein Mann Ki Chhap", The Sunday Mail Bombay, pp. 16, retrieved 8 December 1991.</ref>

==Childhood==
Rammanohar was born on 15 June 1929 in a [[Kayastha]] family in the then [[Jubbulpore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jabalpurcity.com/art-and-culture/|title=Art and Culture – JABALPUR|website=Jabalpurcity.com|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041338/http://www.jabalpurcity.com/art-and-culture/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the largest and most important city of [[British India]]'s [[Central Provinces]]. He was the youngest of the three sons of renowned Gandhian [[Beohar Rajendra Sinha]] - an acclaimed scholar, historian,<ref>{{cite book|author=Banerjee, T. |date=1987|title=Historiography in Modern Indian Languages: 1800-1947|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyduAAAAMAAJ&q=beohar|publisher=Naya Prakash|location=Calcutta, India|isbn=9788185109688}}</ref> theologian,<ref>{{cite book|author=Potter, K.H.|date=1995|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Bibliographies Vol. 1-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrAyj17GDM4C&q=beohar&pg=PA1008|publisher=Motilal Banarasidas|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788120803084}}</ref> littérateur,<ref>{{cite book|author=Bajpai, K.D.|date=1985|title=Cultural History of India, Vol. 1: Madhya Pradesh|pages=154, 162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQw-AAAAMAAJ&q=beohar|publisher=Pragya Prakashan|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> [[Hindi]]-activist,<ref>{{cite book|title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers (1968)|year=1968|volume=18|pages=122, 574, 652|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIVhAAAAIAAJ&q=beohar|publisher=Government Central Press|location=Bhopal, India}}</ref> [[Ramayana]]-authority and, to a lesser extent, a journalist and a politician<ref>{{cite book|author=Pateriya, R.R.|date=1991|title=Provincial Legislatures and the National Movement|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWEkVfiIo_gC&q=beohar+nagpur&pg=PA15|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=81-85119-58-9}}</ref> - who happily embraced numerous terms as political-prisoner while leading the [[Indian independence movement]] as a part of [[Satyagrah]].

During Rammanohar's childhood, their residence BeoharNiwas-Palace in Jubbulpore's Satya-Kua locality used to be abuzz with nationalistic activities and was frequented by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Kaka Kalelkar]], [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Vinoba Bhave]], some of whom would stay for days.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Archives|date=1973|quotation=21 Papers of Beohar Rajendra Singh|volume=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eQfAQAAIAAJ&q=beohar|publisher=National Archives of India|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> The seeds of nationalism, philanthropy and simplicity consequently got imbibed in him.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chopra, S. |date=2008|title=Beohar Rammanohar Sinha: Voice of India - Independent|journal=Kala Dirgha International Journal of Visual Arts|volume=8|pages=79–81|url=http://kaladirgha.com/pdf_files/KD_April2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224152109/http://kaladirgha.com/pdf_files/KD_April2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-02-24 |accessdate=2017-02-24 }}</ref>

==Foundations==
As a part of his schooling in the then [[Jubbulpore]], Rammanohar initially attended Anglican [[Christ Church Boys Senior Secondary School]] for a short while, but did not find the convent milieu conducive to his temperament and his family's nationalistic ideologies. He, therefore, switched very soon to the nationalist Pt Lajja Shankar Jha Model School Jabalpur<ref name="auto1"/> and also spent some time studying in the [[Hitkarini Sabha]] School.

On various [[Hindu]] festivals, Rammanohar used to assist his mother, RajRani Devi, in drawing a wide variety of folkloristic motifs for her [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]s. To her teenager son, in addition to allowing an extra share in the sumptuous [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]], she also used to recite captivating narratives and melodious [[hymn]]s that often incorporated conventional explanations as well as diverse interpretations of those motifs. This laid his foundations in visual arts.<ref name="auto"/>

Even after the death of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1941, Rammanohar's father Beohar Rajendra Simha continued visiting [[Shantiniketan]] to meet his friends [[Banarsidas Chaturvedi]], [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Kshitimohan Sen]]<ref>"Beohar Dr Sinha, son meet Prof Amartya Sen", The Hitavada Jabalpur.</ref> and others. On one such visit in 1946, Rammanohar accompanied him, but decided to stay back,<ref name="auto"/> sharing [[K. G. Subramanyan]]'s room in the hostel.

Rammanohar carried out his graduation in fine arts in [[Kala Bhavana]] at the nationalist [[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Shantiniketan]], from 1946 to 1950. He was the favorite disciple of one of the pioneers of modern Indian art and a key figure of contextual modernism, [[Nandalal Bose]].<ref>Vegad, A.L. (2007), "Apratim Kalakar, Abhinn Mitr: Rammanohar Sinha", Dainik Bhaskar, Jabalpur.</ref> In unison, he was also trained and mentored by [[Ramkinkar Baij]] and [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]]. As a part of his postgraduation during 1951 to 1953, along with gaining expertise in [[Fresco-secco]] under [[Nandalal Bose]], he chose to specialize in [[Zen]] painting under Yu Wan-shan<ref name="auto1"/> who founded the [[Huafan University]] in [[Taiwan]] – the only institution outside India that uses [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] as its logo. This was Rammanohar's first brush with the [[Oriental art]] with which he stayed despite the opportunity of relocating to [[Slade School of Fine Art]] in London on his senior [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]]'s behest.

==Nationalistic early artwork==
[[File:Constitution_of_India.jpg|Indian Constitution's Preamble, illustrated-calligraphed by Rammanohar|thumb]]
Rammanohar's most famous works include the illustrations on the pages of the original calligraphic manuscript of [[Constitution of India]],<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sahoo, A.|author2=Pattanaik, T.|title=Making of the Constitution of India: A Critical Analysis|editor=L. Mohanty|journal=Odisha Review|date=January 2015|volume=LXXI|pages=7–15|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2015/Jan/engpdf/8-16.pdf|location=Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India|access-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155308/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2015/Jan/engpdf/8-16.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/india/10-important-facts-about-the-indian-constitution|title=10 Important facts about the Indian constitution|website=Newsable.asianetnews.tv|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054933/http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/india/10-important-facts-about-the-indian-constitution|url-status=dead}}</ref> including the complete Preamble-page,<ref name="imgrum.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.net/media/1126850312037478626_19930523|title=Celebrate Constitution Day 26 November 2015 "Prem Behari Narain Raizada did the calligraphy using a - unnikrishna|website=Imgrum.net|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiathenation.com/preamble-of-indian-constitution/|title=Preamble of Indian Constitution - India The Nation|date=13 June 2016|website=Indiathenation.ocm|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032502/http://www.indiathenation.com/preamble-of-indian-constitution/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> which were endorsed in 1949 by [[Nandalal Bose]] without any alteration whatsoever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestcurrentaffairs.com/preamble-of-constitution/|title=Preamble of Constitution - Best Current Affairs|first=BCA|last=Bureau|date=18 January 2016|website=Bestcurrentaffairs.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=Nandalal-designed-original-statute-26012017012052#|title=The Times Group|website=Epaperbeta.timesofindia.com|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041754/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=Nandalal-designed-original-statute-26012017012052|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose INA.jpg|Subhas Chandra Bose leading the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army)|thumb]]
Rammanohar took the Herculean-challenge and made exploratory trips to such places as [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], [[Bagh, Dhar|Bagh]], [[Badami]], [[Sanchi]], [[Sarnath]] and [[Mahabalipuram]]. He used such summary motifs as [[Padma (attribute)|Padm]], [[Sacred bull|Nandi]], [[Airavata]], [[Tiger|Vyaghra]], [[Horse|Ashwa]], [[Swan|Hans]] and [[Indian peafowl|Mayur]] to convey essence of [[Indian Constitution]] pictorially.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/jabalpur/news|title=jabalpur News - Latest News on jabalpur|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>

Rammanohar initially refused to subscribe his signatures on his artworks in [[Indian Constitution]] but his mentor [[Nandalal Bose]], who shouldered the responsibility of the overall project, saw things from historic perspectives and, therefore, strongly insisted that Rammanohar sign at least some of the pages "so that future generations are able to recognize, remember and celebrate the artist who ornamented the Constitution of India."<ref name="imgrum.net"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-citizen-trail.net/shantiniketan-ajanta-and-the-constitution-of-india/|title=Shantiniketan, Ajanta and the Constitution of India - World Citizen Trail|website=World-citizen-trail.net|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> In fact, in addition to all the embellishments, most of the basic sketches, line-drawings (''pictured'') and designs for final illumination of the original manuscript of [[Constitution of India]] were executed by Rammanohar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/27-bits-of-indian-constitution-trivia-we-weren-t-taught-about-at-school-249849.html|title=27 Bits Of Indian Constitution Trivia We Weren't Taught About At School|date=26 January 2016|website=Indiatimes.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> who was the senior-most and favorite<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.bhaskar.com/madhya-pradesh |title=Madhya Pradesh ePaper: Read Madhya Pradesh Local Hindi Newspaper Online |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020082121/http://epaper.bhaskar.com/madhya-pradesh |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> disciple of [[Nandalal Bose]]. On the original manuscript of [[Constitution of India]], Rammanohar's artworks on page 1 (Harappan seal), 102 (Lanka), 104 (Vikramaditya and his coin/seal), 105 (Nalanda seal), 106 (Kalinga archer), 113 (Nataraja and Swastika), 160 (Subhas Chandra Bose), 167 (Landscape), 181 (Maritime Expedition motif), 231-232 (borders) bear testimony to his saintly refusal to sign his artworks as a mark of his altruistic contribution to the Nation.

In the nationalistic style typical of the revivalist [[Bengal School of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/s000456ws/p000864/m009011/et/1459247845et29.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042736/http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/s000456ws/p000864/m009011/et/1459247845et29.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rammanohar executed a myriad of fresco-secco in 1952–53 on the walls and the dome of [[Martyrs' Memorial Patna|Shaheed-Smarak]] or Martyrs'-Memorial Concert Hall in [[Jabalpur]], depicting various episodes and landmarks in India's struggle for independence<ref>{{cite book|author=Virmani, A.|date=2016|title=Aesthetics of Sacrifice in Indian Political Culture, Twentieth to Twenty-first Centuries|editor=Virmani, A.|quotation=Political Aesthetics: Culture, Critique and the Everyday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3USDCgAAQBAJ&q=beohar+sinha&pg=PA59|pages=49–68|publisher=Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-72884-3}}</ref> starting from 1654 CE and ending with the unfurling of [[Indian tricolour]] on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] in 1947 CE. These were the leftover-drawings that were to be included in the Constitution, but could not be. Of particular significance are the one depicting the [[Quit India Movement]] (''pictured'') which has also been published in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Quit-India-movement|title=Quit India movement - Indian history|website=Britannica.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> and the one on [[Rani Durgavati]], which has been credited with the very first ''unambiguous'' painting of the valiant warrior queen of the Gondwana-fiefdom of Garha-Mandla who dared to challenge [[Akbar]]'s mighty army in order to safeguard her country's independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shaheed-smarak.org/|title=Shaheed Smarak - Jabalpur|website=Shaheed-smarak.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110206/spectrum/main4.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=Tribuneindia.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>

Likewise, Rammanohar also executed [[Fresco-secco]] [[mural]]<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=http://thehitavada.com/Jabalpur.aspx|title=Hitavada News|website=Thehitavada.com|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127045632/http://thehitavada.com/Jabalpur.aspx|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> depicting the birth of [[Gautama Buddha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saimg-a.akamaihd.net/saatchi/57540/art/584426/320935-7.jpg|format=JPG|title=Image|website=Saimg-a.akamaihd.net|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032213/http://saimg-a.akamaihd.net/saatchi/57540/art/584426/320935-7.jpg|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> on the walls of [[Kala Bhavana]] hostel building in [[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Shantiniketan]].<ref name="auto3"/>

In preparation for the 59th annual congregation of national leaders in [[Kalyani, West Bengal]] in 1954, Rammanohar and his team illuminated the entire venue,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com|title=English News Paper - Breaking News |website=The Pioneer|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> especially the gateway and the stage, with panels and posters on nationalistic themes using locally procured biodegradable material, natural earth colours<ref name="auto3"/> and [[Khadi]]. Rammanohar received widespread acclaim for these artworks.

<gallery>
File:Quit India Movement.JPG|Quit India Movement: A fresco in Martyrs'-Memorial Concert Hall in [[Jabalpur]]
File:Maharani Durgavati.jpg|Rani Durgavati gearing up to challenge Akbar's army: A fresco in Martyrs'-Memorial Concert Hall in [[Jabalpur]]
</gallery>

==Cultural diplomacy==
As a scholar and cultural emissary, the Indian government sent Rammanohar to the [[Far East]] between 1957 and 1959 to "establish a direct cross-cultural and inter-civilization bridge". While in China, Rammanohar worked with great maestros [[Qi Baishi]], [[Li Keran]], Chen Banding, [[Pan Tianshou]], Wu Jingding, [[Wu Zuoren]], Li Kuchan, [[Fu Baoshi]], Yu Fei'an, executed numerous artworks jointly that include the famous painting ''Meishan Bridge''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artvalue.com/auctionresult--li-keran-1907-1989-china-meishan-bridge-3044234.htm|title=MEISHAN BRIDGE sold by Sotheby's, Hong Kong, on Tuesday, October 04, 2011|website=Artvalue.com|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116162254/http://www.artvalue.com/auctionresult--li-keran-1907-1989-china-meishan-bridge-3044234.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> pictured drying in the background, and interacted with a few political top brass after Phase-I of the Chinese [[Hundred Flowers Campaign]]. In unison with [[Rahul Sankrityayan]], Rammanohar's creative initiative in cultural diplomacy has been credited with easing tensions substantially over the disputed Sino-Indian border for a few years.<ref>{{cite book|author=Natarajan, N.K.|date=2014|title=GeoPolitics: Indo-China Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wenJAwAAQBAJ&q=ssb+interview|pages=235–236|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|location=Mumbai, India|isbn=978-81-8495-569-9}}</ref>

Rammanohar also spread Indian art overseas while personally mastering all three far-eastern schools of painting [[Gongbi|Kung-pi]], [[Shui-mo]] and Xie-yi, as well as the lacquer-work.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tyagi, H.P.|date=1991|title=Beohar Ke Bhudrishya Chitro Mein Mann Ki Chhap|publisher=The Sunday Mail |location=Mumbai|page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Chaitanya, K.|date=1994|title=A History of Indian Painting: The Modern Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&q=rammanohar+sinha&pg=PA330|page=165|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-7017-310-6}}</ref> As such, classic Indian influences are clearly evident in some of the artworks of [[Ye Qianyu]], [[Shi Lu]] and many other renowned far-eastern painters. Rammanohar has, thus, occasionally been referred-to as the [[Huen Tsang]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naiduniaepaper.jagran.com/homepage.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725214307/http://naiduniaepaper.jagran.com/homepage.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 July 2013|title=Naidunia ePaper : Daily Newspaper|website=Naiduniaepaper.jagran.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Li Keran with Rammanohar.jpg|Chinese maestro Li Keran visiting Rammanohar's studio in Peking c.1957
</gallery>

==Interaction with contemporaries==
Of his Indian contemporaries, he was particularly close to [[S. H. Raza]], [[B. C. Sanyal]], [[K. G. Subramanyan]] and [[Narayan Shridhar Bendre]]. Raza visited Rammanohar's studio in India and he also visited Raza's studio in 1997 during his sojourn in Europe.<ref name="auto3"/> Likewise, [[Jagdish Swaminathan]] in 1987 and [[M. F. Husain]] in 1986 visited Rammanohar's studio, in addition to visiting his exhibitions in India and Europe. Modern painter [[Akbar Padamsee]] was so inspired by his art-genre that he not only acknowledged it but also expressed his keen desire to learn it from Rammanohar.<ref name="auto2"/> With Rammanohar, some of these artists even exchanged paintings as gifts. As such, in addition to artworks of the above, his diverse collection also included paintings of [[Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar]], Abdulrahim Apabhai Almelkar, [[Gopal Ghose]], [[Manjit Bawa]], Jeram Patel, [[Jyoti Bhatt]], [[Jogen Chowdhury]], Manohar Akre, [[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]] in addition to those of the [[Santiniketan]] art maestros, that he gave away.
Other artists, sculptors and printmakers who visited Rammanohar's studio from time to time included [[Surendranath Kar]], Avtar Singh Panwar, [[Kripal Singh Shekhawat]], Balbir Singh Katt, [[Ghulam Mohammed Sheikh]], Chinmay Mehta, [[Somnath Hore]], Sukhen Ganguly, Sovon Som, [[Jadunath Supakar]], Biswarup Bose. Even litterateurs like [[Nirmal Verma]] and [[Ashok Vajpeyi]] visited his studio-cum-residence.

<gallery>
File:Raza with Rammanohar.jpg|Padma-Vibhushan S.H. Raza visiting Rammanohar
File:Husain with Rammanohar.jpg|Padma-Vibhushan M.F. Husain with Rammanohar
File:Padamsee with Rammanohar.jpg|Padma-Bhushan Akbar Padamsee with Rammanohar
</gallery>

==International collections==
* The [[British Museum]], [[London]], UK.<ref>http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/search_object_details.aspx?orig=/research/online_research_catalogues/russian_icons/catalogue_of_russian_icons/advanced_search.aspx&output=Terms/!!/OR/!!/16986/!//!/boat/ship/!//!!//!!!/&numpages=10&currentpage=10&partid=1&objectid=183817 {{dead link|date=November 2018}}</ref>
* The [[British Empire and Commonwealth Museum]], [[Bristol]], UK.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.empiremuseum.co.uk/pdfs/collectionsprospectus.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029044404/http://www.empiremuseum.co.uk/pdfs/collectionsprospectus.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], [[London]], UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/collections|title=V&A · From the Collections|website=Victoria and Albert Museum|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* The Organization for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International, [[Tokyo]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oisca-international.org/|title=OISCA|website=Oisca-international.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[Tate Britain]] at Millbank, [[London]], UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/about/our-work/collection/about-the-collection|title=Collection - Tate|last=Tate|website=Tate|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* The Imperial [[Commonwealth Institute]], [[London]], UK.
* The [[University of Saskatchewan]], Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usask.ca/activities/museums.php |title=Museums and Galleries - University of Saskatchewan |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120031255/http://www.usask.ca/activities/museums.php |archive-date=20 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[University of Birmingham]] [[Barber Institute of Fine Arts]], [[Birmingham]], UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://barber.org.uk/university-collections/|title=University Collections Archives - The Barber Institute of Fine Arts|website=The Barber Institute of Fine Arts|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[University of Reading]], UK.
* AAFC, Federal [[Government of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/science-and-innovation/research-centres/saskatchewan/saskatoon-research-and-development-centre/?id=1180626618960|title=Saskatoon Research and Development Centre - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)|website=Agr.gc.ca|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[Air India]] Art Collection, [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Maharajas-art-treasures-now-open-to-public/articleshow/47534894.cms|title=Maharaja's art treasures now open to public|website=Mumvaimirror.indiatimes.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[The Observer]], [[Mumbai]], India.
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lalitkala.gov.in/gallery.php?id=345|title=Lalit Kala Akademi|website=Lalitkala.gov.in|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[India Tourism Development Corporation]], [[New Delhi]], India.
* The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (Presidential Palace), [[New Delhi]], India.
* [[China Central Academy of Fine Arts]], [[Beijing]], People's Republic of China.
* The [[Kala Bhavana]] Collections at [[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Santiniketan]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/files/515041016_Twin_Museum_-_RFP_RB_&_KB_(04.10.2016-Revised).pdf|title=REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (R.F.P.) FROM INDIAN ARCHITECTS/ ARCHITECTURAL FIRMS SEEKING EXPRESSION OF INTEREST FOR PARTICIPATION IN PREPARATION OF DESIGN, ESTIMATING TASKS AND WRITING DPR FOR THE PROPOSED TWIN MUSEUMS AT VISVA-BHARATI, SANTINIKETAN FOR RABINDRA-BHAVANA AND KALA-BHAVANA|website=Visvabharati.ac.in|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* The Roopankar Museum [[Bharat Bhavan]], [[Bhopal]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bharatbhawan.org/html/modern_art_gallery.html|title=BHARAT BHAVAN|website=Bharatbhawan.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* The [[Indira Kala Sangeet University]], [[Khairagarh]], India.
* The Rani Durgavati Museum, [[Jabalpur]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com/heritage/museums/rani-durgavati-museum-jabalpur.html|title=Rani Durgavati Museum, Rani Durgawati Museum Jabalpur, Jabalpur Museum, Rani Durgavati Museum Location, Visitor Timing, Museum Collections, Art Gallery & Museums, How to reach, Jabalpur Tourist Attractions|website=Madhya-pradesh-tourism.com|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118090445/http://www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com/heritage/museums/rani-durgavati-museum-jabalpur.html|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Martyr's Memorial Permanent Art Collection, [[Jabalpur]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shaheed-smarak.org/?page_id=8|title=Facilities & Infrastructure - Shaheed Smarak|website=Shaheed-smarak.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
* Government Kalaniketan Institute of Fine Arts, [[Jabalpur]], India.

==Worldwide auctions==
Rammanohar's paintings have been auctioned alongside those of [[Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar|Hebbar]], [[M. F. Husain|Husain]], [[S. H. Raza|Raza]], [[Francis Newton Souza|Souza]], [[V. S. Gaitonde|Gaitonde]], [[K. G. Subramanyan|Subramanyan]], [[Ganesh Pyne|Pyne]] and others in New York and London by Sotheby's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osianama.com/international-public-auction-prices/modern-contemporary-indian-fine-arts-1997-2000/econ-agp5-1178162|title=The world's leading knowledge-base on the Indian arts, cinema & cultural heritage|website=Osianama.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>

==Selected honors and awards==
* ''KalaShri'' title award for exemplary contributions in the field of fine arts, New Delhi, India, 2001.
* ''Award of Honor'' for demonstrating the highest order of active concern for humanitarian services and social welfare, Lions International, 1997.
* Veteran Artist Award, [[AIFACS]], New Delhi, India, 1993.
* ''Shikhar Samman'' for excellence, outstanding creativity and long time dedication to arts, Bhopal, India, 1991.
* ''Special Award'', [[AIFACS]], New Delhi, India, 1953.
* ''Special Award'', Bombay Province, British India, 1944.

There were media reports about his name having been recommended for the highest civilian honor [[Padma Vibhushan]] for 2007–08,<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swatantramat.com|title=Swatantra mat|website=Swatantramat.com|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119165536/http://www.swatantramat.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> but he passed-away before the final list could be drawn-up in New Delhi.

A campaign for bestowal of India's highest civilian award upon him was initiated by Parliamentarian (later Chief Minister) [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] (04–01–1999), Parliamentarian Jayashree Banerjee (12–12–2001) and Vice Chancellor Justice Gulab Gupta (04–11–2003). For conferment posthumously, it has since been supported by Assembly Speaker [[Ishwardas Rohani]] (10–11–2009), Parliamentarian [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]] (11–11–2009), Legislator [[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]] (15–11–2009), Bar Council Chairman [[Rameshwar Neekhra]] (19–11–2009), Union Minister of Science and Technology (13–12–2016), MP Artists' Forum (20–12–2016), Governor of West Bengal (27–12–2016), Legislator Ajay Vishnoi (25–10–2017),<ref>https://www.facebook.com/AjayVishnoiBJP/videos/1270680363030110/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> ex Cabinet Minister and ex Parliamentarian [[Jayashree Banerjee]] (15–04–2025), and many others.

==Selected exhibitions==
Rammanohar's artworks have been exhibited in several countries. Though the list is not exhaustive, some of his exhibitions are listed below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bharatbhawan.org/html/roopankar.html|title=BHARAT BHAVAN|website=Bharatbhawan.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>

* Samanvai Art Gallery, Jaipur, India, 2013.
* ''Sansruti'' Retrospective Show, [[Bharat Bhavan]], Bhopal, India, 2012.
* ''Image of India'', Art Pilgrim,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artpilgrim.com/|title=Welcome to Art Pilgrim|website=Artpilgrim.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> London, UK, 2005.
* ''Hiroshima Never Again'', Arpana Art Gallery, New Delhi, India, 2005.
* '' Remembering Bhopal'', Varalakshami Art Gallery, New Delhi, India, 2004.
* ''Indian Old and Contemporary Paintings'', Aryan Art Gallery, New Delhi, India, 2003.
* Visual Art Gallery at [[India Habitat Centre]], New Delhi, India, 2002, 1999.
* Art Alive Gallery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artalivegallery.com/|title=Art Alive Gallery - Contemporary Indian Art - india art gallery delhi - online indian art gallery delhi - contemporary art india - online gallery art india - art gallery new delhi|website=Artalivegallery.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> New Delhi, India, 2001.
* Gallerie Ganesha,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallerieganesha.com/|title=Gallerie Ganesha: Fine and Modern Art Sketches Gallery|website=Gallerieganesha.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> New Delhi, India, 1999, 1997, 1994.
* ''Art in Cinema'', Arushi Arts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eindiaart.com/|title=Arushi Arts|website=Eindiaart.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> New Delhi, India, 1999.
* Beatrice Royal Contemporary Art Gallery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cityseeker.com/southampton/168137-beatrice-royal-contemporary-art-craft|title=Beatrice Royal Contemporary Art & Craft, Eastleigh - CitySeeker|website=Cityseeker.com|accessdate=26 November 2018|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052329/http://cityseeker.com/southampton/168137-beatrice-royal-contemporary-art-craft|url-status=dead}}</ref> Southampton, UK, 1999, 1998.
* The Williamson Art Gallery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://williamsonartgallery.org/|title=Home - Williamson Art Gallery - Oxton, Wirral|website=Williamson Art Gallery, Oxton, Birkenhead, Wirral|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> Bidston, UK, 1997.
* TheBhavan UK Centre,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhavan.net/|title=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan - Home|website=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> London, UK, 1997.
* The [[Westminster Academy (London)|Westminster Academy]], London, UK, 1997.
* The [[Nehru Centre]] International Art Gallery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/|title=Nehru Centre London, cultural wing of the High Commission of India in UK|website=Nehru Centre London|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> London, UK, 1997.
* Jellys LegdChick Art Gallery,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iberkshire.co.uk/profile/21473/Reading/Jelly-Legd-Chicken-Arts-Gallery/ |title=Jelly Leg'd Chicken Arts Gallery, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 - Contact Details | iBerkshire |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210092430/http://www.iberkshire.co.uk/profile/21473/Reading/Jelly-Legd-Chicken-Arts-Gallery/ |archive-date=10 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reading-Berkshire, UK, 1996, 1995.
* Indian National Exhibition of Art, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], Chennai (Madras), India, 1993.
* The [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], Mumbai (Bombay), India, 1993.
* The [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] (AIFACS), New Delhi, India, 1993, 1991, 1990, 1953.
* The Birla Academy of Arts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birlaart.com/|title=India's #1 - Art Gallery in Kolkata - Birla Academy Of Art & Culture|website=Birlaart.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> Kolkata (Calcutta), India, 1992.
* The [[India International Centre]], New Delhi, India, 1992.
* The [[Bharat Bhavan]], Bhopal, India, 1992, 1991.
* The Taj Art Gallery,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://taj.tajhotels.com/en-in/taj-mahal-palace-mumbai/signature-experiences/taj-art-gallery/|title=Taj Art Gallery|website=Taj.tajhotels.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> Mumbai (Bombay), 1992.
* Madhya Pradesh Kala Parishad,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mp.gov.in/en/web/guest/promotional-institutions |title=Promotional Institutions - govt-of-mp-india |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119011405/http://www.mp.gov.in/en/web/guest/promotional-institutions |archive-date=19 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jabalpur: 1991, 1990, 1986, 1968, 1966, 1965; Bhopal: 1978, 1973; Raipur: 1967, 1964, 1963; Gwalior: 1964.
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi, India, 1987, 1978, 1974, 1969.
* The [[Visva-Bharati University]], Shantiniketan, India, 1987, 1972, 1960, 1959, 1951.
* The [[China Academy of Art]], Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 1958.
* The [[Sichuan Fine Arts Institute]] (SFAI), Chongqing (Chungking), People's Republic of China, 1958.
* The [[China Central Academy of Fine Arts]], Beijing (Peking), People's Republic of China, 1957.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Beohar Rammanohar}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Painters from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

List of Grade I heritage structures in Pune

2026-03-28T15:32:00Z

Priya.Miahram: starting pg

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}

There are 79 heritage structures designated as Grade I in the [[List of Pune Municipal Corporation heritage structures|Pune Municipal Corporation heritage list]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Municipal Corporation Heritage List |url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/HeritageList%20Final.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=pmc.gov.in}}</ref>

== List of Grade I heritage structures ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:180px;| Name
! class="unsortable"| Image
! style="width:250px;| Location
!style="width:400px;"class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| [[Aga Khan Palace|Agakhan Palace Complex]] (Kasturba Gandhi Samadhi and Grounds)
| [[File:Pune Palace.jpg|100px]]
| Nagar Road, Yerawada Pune {{Coord|18.55240|73.90152}}
|
|-
| Ahilyabai Holkar Ghat, Sangmeshwar Temple & other temple
| [[File:Holkar Ghat from Sangam Bridge, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Near Sangam Bridge, approach from RTO end, RB Motilal Road - 1 {{Coord|18.53017|73.86105}}
|
|-
| Amruteshwar- Siddheshwar Temple Complex
| [[File:Front view of Amruteshwar Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Plot R.No. A /804, OPP. Tilak bridge, Shaniwar peth - 30 {{Coord|18.52087|73.85351}}
|
|-
| Baloba Munja Mandir
| [[File:Munjaba Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Kasba Peth - 11 {{Coord|18.52173|73.85667}}
|
|-
| Belbaug Temple Complex and Garden
| [[File:Belbaug Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 177/178 Budhwar Peth, Belbaug Chowk near City post, Laxmi road - 2 {{Coord|18.51565|73.85583}}
|18th century Vishnu temple{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=66}}
|-
| [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Complex]]
| [[File:Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 812, Shivaji Nagar, Law College Road - 4 {{Coord|18.51917|73.82997}}
|Founded on 6 July 1917, the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute was formed to commemorate the work of [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] who was a pioneer of [[Oriental studies|Orientology]] in India. The collection of the institute contains over 140,000 rare books and 28,000 manuscripts, mainly in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BORI - Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |url=https://southasiacommons.net/orgs/bhandarkar-oriental-research-institute/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=South Asia Commons}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal|Bharat Itihaas Sanshodhak Mandal]]
| [[File:Bharat Itihas sanshodhak Mandal pune outer wive.jpg|100px]]
| 1321, Sadashiv peth, next to the Bharatnatya Mandir - 30 {{Coord|18.51098|73.84998}}
|
|-
| Bhavani Mata Mandir
| [[File:Gate of Bhavani Mata Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Bhavani Peth {{Coord|18.50993|73.87040}}
|
|-
| Bhide Wada
| [[File:Bhide Vada.jpg|100px]]
| Budhwar Peth, 257 C/1, C/2 - 2 {{Coord|18.51629|73.85635}}
|
|-
| Botanical Survey of India
| [[File:Entrance of heritage building at BSI, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 7, Koregaon Park - 1 {{Coord|18.53613|73.88507}}
|
|-
| Central Building Complex
| [[File:Central Building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Finance Road (BJ Medical College Road), Near Sassoon Hospital - 1 {{Coord|18.52496|73.87336}}
|
|-
| Central Post and Telegraph Office (General Post Office)
| [[File:Pune Zero Point 2.jpg|100px]]
| 3, Connaught road - 1 {{Coord|18.52296|73.87570}}
|The current building of the post office is a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] stone structure constructed in 1900s. It replaced the original building which was built in 1873.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=184}}
|-
| [[Chaturshringi Temple]] and [[Chaturshringi Hill|Hill]]
| [[File:Chaturshrungi (5).JPG|100px]]
| Senapati Bapat Road, Near Pune University - 16 {{Coord|18.53898|73.82822}}
|
|-
| City Post
| [[File:Pune City Post Office.jpg|100px]]
| 852 Budhwar peth, Laxmi Road - 2 {{Coord|18.51561|73.85666}}
|
|-
| [[College of Agriculture, Pune|College of Agriculture Complex]]
| [[File:Agri college.jpg|100px]]
| Shivajinagar, Ganeshkhind Road - 5 {{Coord|18.53652|73.84403}}
|
|-
| [[College of Engineering, Pune|College of Engineering Pune Complex]]
| [[File:COEP Main building.JPG|100px]]
| RB Motilal Kennedy Road, Shivaji Nagar - 5 {{Coord|18.53056|73.85678}}
|
|-
| Council Hall
| [[File:Vidhan Bhavan (Camp).JPG|100px]]
| Bund Garden Road, Cantonment Area - 1 {{Coord|18.52550|73.87949}}
|
|-
| [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College complex]]
| [[File:NEO-GOTHIC LOOK.jpg|100px]]
| Deccan college road, Yerawada - 6 {{Coord|18.54945|73.87327}}
|This complex was built in 1868 for the Poona Sanskrit College with donation from Sir [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]]. It was designed in neo-Gothic style by General H. St. Clair Wilkins and used grey stone for its construction.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=182}}
|-
| Dhakta Sheikh Salla Dargah
| [[File:Entrance to Dhakta Sheikh Salla Dargah, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Sheikh Salla Dargah road, 1278 Kasaba peth - 1 {{Coord|18.52314|73.85773}}
|
|-
| District and Sessions Court
| [[File:Right wing of Pune District and Sessions Court.jpg|100px]]
| Shivajinagar, beyond the Mutha river between the Sangam railway bridge and the Shivaji Bridge - 5 {{Coord|18.52741|73.85513}}
|
|-
| Don Bosco Youth Centre
| [[File:Building of Don Bosco Youth Centre.jpg|100px]]
| 4, Koregaon Park Road - 1 {{Coord|18.53412|73.88588}}
|
|-
| [[Fergusson College|Fergusson College Complex]]
| [[File:Fergusson college campus buildings1-Pune-Maharashtra.jpg|100px]]
| On the main F.C. Road, Shivajinagar - 4 {{Coord|18.52396|73.83921}}
|
|-
| Gokhale Hall
| [[File:Gokhale Hall, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 570 Sadashiv Peth, Laxmi Road - 2 {{Coord|18.51385|73.84910}}
|
|-
| [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|Gokhale Institute, Residence and Campus]]
| [[File:Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics in Pune , Front View - panoramio.jpg|100px]]
| B.M.C.C. road, Deccan Gymkhana - 4 {{Coord|18.52027|73.83700}}
|
|-
| Hari Mandir (Prarthana Samaj)
| [[File:Hari Mandir, Pune Prarthana Samaj, Budhwar Peth.jpg|100px]]
| 441 Budhwar peth, Located near Pasodya- Vithoba Mandir - 2 {{Coord|18.51732|73.85844}}
|
|-
| Harihareshwar Mandir
| [[File:Harihareshwar_Temple.jpg|100px]]
| Shaniwar Peth, Near Shivaji Bridge - 30 {{Coord|18.51890|73.85368}}
|
|-
| Hirabaug Town Hall
| [[File:Hirabaug Town Hall old building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 989/1 Shukrawar Peth, Tilak Road {{Coord|18.50321|73.85450}}
|
|-
| Jangli Maharaj Samadhi Complex
| [[File:Shree Sadguru Jangli Maharaj Mandir.JPG|100px]]
| On Jangli Maharaj Road, Shivaji Nagar - 5 {{Coord|18.52659|73.85043}}
|
|-
| Jaykar Bungalow
| [[File:NFAI Bunglow Pune.jpg|100px]]
| National Film Archive Of India, P.O.Box No.810, Law College Rd - 4 {{Coord|18.51564|73.82937}}
|
|-
| Jehangir Bungalow (Garden Reach)+Water Tower
| [[File:KITLV 100089 - Unknown - Garden Reach, the country of the Sassoon family at Poona in India, seen from the east - Around 1875.tif|100px]]
| Old Bombay- Pune Road, Wakadewadi {{Coord|18.53503|73.85261}}
|
|-
| Kala Ram Mandir Complex
| [[File:Exterior of Kalaram Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 59 Somwarpeth, Next to Nageshwar Mandir - 11 {{Coord|18.52086|73.86303}}
|
|-
| a) Maharshi Karve Kutir b) Karve hostel c) Anandibai Karve Prathmic Shala
| [[File:Maharshi Karve Jhopadi.jpg|100px]]
| M.K.S.S, Hingne - 52 {{Coord|18.48754|73.81693}}
|
|-
| [[Kasba Ganapati|Kasba Ganpati Mandir]]
| [[File:Kasba Ganpati Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Shri Sadashiv Nerugavkar Chowk House No.1, Kasaba Peth - 11 {{Coord|18.51888|73.85694}}
|
|-
| Katraj Dams and lakes (upper and lower)+Uchhwas+Aquaduct
| [[File:Upper Katraj Lake in Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Near Rajiv Gandhi Zoo, Katraj {{Coord|18.44445|73.86299}}
|
|-
| [[Gayakwadwada|Kesari Wada]]
| [[File:Kesari Wada, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 568 Narayan Peth, N C Kelkar Rd-30 {{Coord|18.51599|73.84902}}
|
|-
| Khunya Murlidhar Temple Complex
| [[File:Entrance of Khunya Murlidhar Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 1236, Sadashiv Peth - 30 {{Coord|18.51156|73.85052}}
|
|-
| Kumbharves Dharan (Dam)
| [[File:Kumbharves Dam, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Kasba Peth - 11 {{Coord|18.52478|73.85752}}
|
|-
| [[Lal Mahal]]
| [[File:Lal Mahaal.jpg|100px]]
| Kasba Path, next to Shaniwar Wada - 11 {{Coord|18.51879|73.85654}}
|
|-
| Laxmaneshwar Mandir
| [[File:Front view of Laxmishwar Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Inside Lane Opp. Apollo theater, Rastapeth - 4 {{Coord|18.51898|73.86583}}
|
|-
| [[Mahatma Phule Mandai|Mahatma Phule Mandai Complex]]
| [[File:Lord Reay's Market - 1882.jpg|100px]]
| 92, Shukrawar Peth - 2 {{Coord|18.51294|73.85629}}
|
|-
| Mahatma Phule Wada
| [[File:Mahatma Phule Wada, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Ganj Peth - 42 {{Coord|18.50669|73.86389}}
|
|-
| Modi Ganpati Mandir
| [[File:Modi Ganpati Mandir.jpg|100px]]
| 527, Narayan peth - 30 {{Coord|18.51530|73.84775}}
|
|-
| Nagarkar Wada (Raghunath Daji Niwas)
| [[File:Nagarkar Wada, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Tapkir galli, Budhwar peth - 30 {{Coord|18.52006|73.85148}}
|
|-
| Nageshwar Temple Complex
| [[File:Nageshwar Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 260, Somwar Peth - 11 {{Coord|18.52118|73.86332}}
| The main shrine of the temple has a [[Hemadpanthi]] structure with a stone roof. There's a large hall with cypress columns and cusped arches along with an onion-shaped ''[[shikhara]]''.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=26}}
|-
| Nana Wada
| [[File:Nana Wada in Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 597, Budhwar peth, Near Vasant Theater, Shivaji Road-2 {{Coord|18.51835|73.85599}}
|The original structure of the wada was destroyed in a fire and was rebuilt during the British time with Noe-Gothic arches. Previously, New English School was run in the premises of the wada. It now houses the corporation records and offices.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=|pp=82}}
|-
| [[Ohel David Synagogue|Ohel David Synagogue and Memorial (Lal Dewal)]]
| [[File:Ohel David Synagogue, Pune 02.jpg|100px]]
| 1/10, Moledina Rd., Camp - 1 {{Coord|18.51937|73.87453}}
|
|-
| Omkareshwar Temple Complex and Ghats
| [[File:Omkareshwar Temple Complex.jpg|100px]]
| C.t.s. no. 233 shaniwar peth - 30 {{Coord|18.51989|73.84893}}
|This east facing temple was built between 1740 and 1761 by the Chitrav family with the support of [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] and [[Balaji Baji Rao]]. The western end consists of a square block with nine domes and the main shrine is at the center. Other three sides have pillared aisles.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=|pp=71, 106}}
|-
| Panch Haud Mission Church (Pavitra Naam Devalay)
| [[File:The Church Of The Holy Name, Guruwar Peth, Poona.jpg|100px]]
| 4, 5 and 265/1 Guruwar peth - 42 {{Coord|18.50555|73.86071}}
|
|-
| Parsi Agyari
| [[File:Sorabji Ratanji Patel Agiary, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 613B Nana Peth - 2 {{Coord|18.51669|73.86586}}
|
|-
| [[Parvati Hill|Parvati Hill, steps, Landscape and Temple complex]]
| [[File:Parvati.JPG|100px]]
| Parvati Hill, near Parvati Gaonthan {{Coord|18.49722|73.84667}}
|
|-
| [[Pataleshwar Caves, Pune|Pataleshwar Caves]]
| [[File:Pataleshwar Temple 2.jpg|100px]]
| Jangli Maharaj Road, opp. Pashankar auto., Shivaji Nagar - 5 {{Coord|18.52695|73.84972}}
|
|-
| Poonawala Bungalow (Hoshang Dalal)
|
| 87, Koregaon Park -1 {{Coord|18.53463|73.89322}}
|
|-
| Prasannyeshwar Temple
| [[File:Prashneshwar Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Opp Shahu udyan, opp. K.E.M hospital, Somwar peth - 1 {{Coord|18.52057|73.86790}}
|
|-
| Pune Archives (Peshwe Daftar)
| [[File:Architectural building near Inox.JPG|100px]]
| 12, Bund Garden Road, Opposite Council Hall - 1 {{Coord|18.52605|73.87881}}
|
|-
| Pune Nagar Wachan Mandir
| [[File:Pune Nagar Vachan Mandir.jpg|100px]]
| 181, Budhwar peth - 2 {{Coord|18.51555|73.85604}}
|
|-
| [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Railway Station]]
| [[File:Pune Junction railway station 01.jpg|100px]]
| Prince Aga Khan road - 1 {{Coord|18.52937|73.87308}}
|
|-
| a) Main Building [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]] b) Millenium Gate Police Chowky c) Main Gate Police Chowky
| [[File:Pune University 2a.jpg|100px]]
| Ganeshkhind road, Pune University-7 {{Coord|18.55322|73.82462}}
|
|-
| Pushtimarg Mandir
| [[File:Building of Pushtimarg Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Near Daruwala pul,61 Raviwar peth - 2 {{Coord|18.51925|73.86103}}
|
|-
| [[Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering|Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering]]
| [[File:Heritage building of IRICEN, Pune Station.jpg|100px]]
| Prince Aga Khan road, Opp Metro Hotel, near Railway Station-1 {{Coord|18.52858|73.87552}}
|
|-
| [[Raj Bhavan, Pune|Raj Bhavan Complex]]
| [[File:Entrance of Raj Bhavan, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Aundh / Baner Road, near Pune University - 7 {{Coord|18.54475|73.82558}}
|
|-
| Rameshwar Mandir Complex
| [[File:Rameshwar Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 10, 11 Shukrawar Peth, near Mahatma Phule Mandai - 2 {{Coord|18.51338|73.85700}}
|
|-
| Raste Wada Complex
| [[File:Anandrao Bhikaji Raste Wada.jpg|100px]]
| 501- A3, Rasta Peth, Near Apollo Theatre opp. Rupee co-op. Bank - 11 {{Coord|18.52015|73.86508}}
|The wada built by Anandrao Laxman Raste in the 18th century is home to two large courtyards, numerous halls and a ceremonial durbar hall. Cypress-shaped wooden columns support the curved brackets and ceilings. The curvilinear window ''chajjas'' take inspiration from [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajasthani architecture]].{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|pp=76–77}}
|-
| [[Sarasbaug Ganpati|Sarasbaug Temple]], Dharan & Bridge
| [[File:Sarasbag (9).JPG|100px]]
| Swargate, Mitramandal Chowk {{Coord|18.50091|73.85304}}
|
|-
| [[Sassoon Hospital|Sasoon Hospital]]
| [[File:Heritage building of Sassoon Hospital, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Sassoon road - 1 {{Coord|18.52532|73.87054}}
|
|-
| Savarkar Smarak
| [[File:Savarkar Smarak Karve Road.JPG|100px]]
| Karve Road, Near S.M. Joshi Bridge {{Coord|18.51291|73.84082}}
|
|-
| [[Shaniwar Wada|Shaniwarwada]]
| [[File:The entrance of Shaniwar Wada..JPG|100px]]
| Near Kasaba Peth, Opp. To Nana Wada - 11 {{Coord|18.51916|73.85527}}
|
|-
| [[Shinde Chhatri|Shinde Chatri and Complex]]
| [[File:Shinde Chhatri 2a.jpg|100px]]
| Jagtap Nagar, wanowarie, on the way to Hadapsar - 40 {{Coord|18.49154|73.89731}}
|
|-
| Simla Office (India Meteorological Dept.)
| [[File:Simla Office in Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Shivaji Nagar, in front of Akashwani - 5 {{Coord|18.52961|73.84903}}
|
|-
| S.N.D.T College Complex + Zopdi
| [[File:SNDT Womens College.jpg|100px]]
| S.N.D.T. College Law college road - 4 {{Coord|18.50877|73.82774}}
|
|-
| Someshwar Mandir
| [[File:Someshwar Temple, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Raviwar Peth - 2 {{Coord|18.51377|73.86053}}
|
|-
| St. Crispin's Church
| [[File:St. Crispin's Church building, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 10/12, Karve Road, Erandwana, Nal Stop - 38 {{Coord|18.50877|73.83188}}
|The church was built in the early 1900s and had a [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-Gothic architecture]]. Over the years, the structure has changed but the pointed arches and flying buttresses are still there.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=146}}
|-
| St. Mathew's Church
| [[File:St. Matthew's Church in Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 19, Ambedkar Road, camp - 1 {{Coord|18.52058|73.87292}}
|
|-
| St. Paul's Church
| [[File:St. Paul's Church (Side View).jpg|100px]]
| 2, Church road near G.P.O. behind Old market, camp - 1 {{Coord|18.52221|73.87499}}
|The church was built in 1866. Its heavy-buttress design was inspired by [[Sainte-Chapelle]] in [[Paris]]. The entrance has pointed-arched windows with a bell tower adjacent to it.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=146}}
|-
| Tambdi Jogeshwari Temple and complex
| [[File:Tambdi Jogeshwari Temple.jpg|100px]]
| Shri Tambdi Jogeshwari / Yogeshwari Trust, 33 (A) Budhwar Peth - 2 {{Coord|18.51660|73.85487}}
|
|-
| Thorla Sheikh Salla Dargah and Campus
| [[File:Badi Dargah, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| Shaniwar Peth, Near Shivaji Bridge - 11 {{Coord|18.52127|73.85435}}
|
|-
| Trishund Ganpati Mandir
| [[File:Trishund Ganpati Temple.jpg|100px]]
| On the banks of Nagzari, somwar peth - 11 {{Coord|18.52170|73.86183}}
| This 18th-century stone temple was built by the nomadic Gosavi community which houses an idol of [[Ganesha]] with three trunks. British officers are depicted on the lower right corner with a rhino, that was probably seen by Gosavis during their travel to eastern India.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|p=47}}
|-
| Tulshibaug Mandir Complex
| [[File:Tulshibaug Ram Mandir, Pune.jpg|100px]]
| 177/178, Budhwar Peth-2 {{Coord|18.51381|73.85536}}
|Built in mid-18 century, the temple complex is located on one acre of land. Initially, it housed a small group of temples dedicated to [[Rama]], [[Ganesha]] and [[Shiva]]. Over the years, it has added shrines, halls, rest rooms, music galleries as well as a shopping area. A 140 feet high [[shikhara]] in Maratha style was added in the 19th century.{{sfn|Diddee|Gupta|2000|pp=69, 72–73}}
|-
| [[Vishrambaug Wada|Vishrambaugwada]]
| [[File:Punwadi to punyanagri on tulsi bagh,Pune,India.JPG|100px]]
| Thorale Bajirao road Opp. Tulshibaug, Sadashiv peth - 2 {{Coord|18.51407|73.85374}}
|
|-
| Vitthalwadi Temple Complex and Ghat
| [[File:Exterior of Vitthalwadi Temple.jpg|100px]]
| Near Vitthalwadi bus stop, Sinhagad road - 51 {{Coord|18.48254|73.825676}}
|
|}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Diddee |first1=Jaymala |last2=Gupta |first2=Samita |title=Pune Queen of the Deccan |publisher=Elephant Design |year=2000}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons category-inline|PMC Heritage Grade I}}

[[Category:Pune-related lists|Heritage structures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune|Heritage structures]]

Lohagaon

2026-03-27T23:55:01Z

Priya.Miahram: enhanced information per sources and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lohgaon/Lohagaon
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb of Pune
| image_skyline = Lohgaon.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Lohgaon Skyline as seen from Khandoba Mal near DY Patil University
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Haveli Taluka|Haveli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Pune Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="2011 Census">[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf 2011 Census] censusindia.gov.in {{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.48
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/in/lohgaon/history/26797.html|title = Lohgaon Elevation (591.46 M)}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 591.46
| population_total = 32,857
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Lohagaonkar
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 Census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 411047
| registration_plate = MH-12
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|33|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|24|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Lohgaon
}}
'''Lohgaon''' (''Lohagāva'') is a neighbourhood in northeast [[Pune]], India. There is a grand temple of Shri Sant Tukaram Maharaj in Lohgaon. A big kirtan festival is celebrated every year and a big fair is held. Shiva Jayanti is also celebrated on a large scale every year.

Lohgaon is primarily known for the [[Pune Airport]], a customs airport. It comes under Pune Municipal Corporation. It also has an Indian Air Force Base, which houses the 2 Wing, IAF. Established in 1939, it is one of the oldest air bases in India, after the [[Ambala Air Base]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2 Wing, Indian Air Force - Database|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/2%20Wing|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Bharat Rakshak|language=en-gb}}</ref> Many ex-servicemen from different regions of India reside in parts of Lohagaon. The area has grown hugely in this decade as a residential area due to the development of IT Parks in adjoining Viman Nagar. Lohegaon has relatively less buildings and tall structures compared to nearby areas due to its proximity to the airport.
[[File:Departure Lounge Pune Airport India.jpg|thumb|Pune Airport, which is situated in Lohagaon]]

== History ==
The oldest known available surviving map which shows Lohagaon as a prominent village near [[Pune]] in the [[Maratha Empire]] was drawn in the year 1793 by [[William Faden]].<ref name="File:1793 Faden Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India-faden-1793.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{Cite web |title=File:1793 Faden Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India-faden-1793.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1793_Faden_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1793.jpg |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=en}}</ref> Hence the original village of Lohegaon is believed to have existed from much before.

The Airforce Base goes back to the Second World War when the defence of Bombay city and protection of other areas adjoining the city became very vital. The Air Force base was established at Lohegaon to meet these objectives in 1939 as an RIAF base and since then it has been one of the premier air bases in the country. An RIAF Squadron with Mosquito, Willington and Spitfire aircraft moved to this air base in 1939. Gp Capt R Hamildon, DFC was the last British Station Commander of this base. The first Indian Commanding Officer, Wg Cdr HS Ratnagar took over the base on 21 May 47. This base is one of the few bases from where the most variety of aircraft took to the skies and were inducted into the Indian Air Force. Several newly inducted aircraft have taken to the skies from this base. All the aircraft on the inventory of Indian Air Force since Independence have taken to the skies from the Lohegaon Air Base. During 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani Wars this base was utilised as a staging base for fighter and bomber operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Wing, Indian Air Force - Database |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/2%20Wing |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Name ==
It was referred to as many different spellings and names in various sources. European Maps from 1793 and 1800 referred to the village as 'Logom'<ref name="File:1793 Faden Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India-faden-1793.jpg - Wikimedia Commons" /> (which is a mistake in Anglicisation of Lohagaon), whereas later British and Indian sources referred to as 'Lohogaon', 'Lohegaon', and 'Lohagaon'.

It is difficult even today to determine which English name is correct and accepted by everyone as various transliterations to English can sound exactly the same as its Marathi counterpart.

Some official sources today refer to it as 'Lohegaon', including the Indian Air Force; whereas some write it 'Lohagaon' and others write it as 'Lohgaon'.

==Demographics==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}

===Language and ethnicity===
The official language of Lohegaon is Marathi, and it is also the majority language of the area. Due to the presence of ex-servicemen and professionals originating from different regions of India and their families living in some parts of Lohegaon, the area is diverse and has sizable communities of people who speak different languages like Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, Telugu, etc., as their first language. This has also led to increase in ethnic diversity in the area and people belonging to these communities are able to celebrate their regional festivals.

===Religion===
The majority population of the area follows Hinduism with the presence of Sikhs, Muslims, and Christians, which is clearly evident from the presence of Temples, Gurudwara and a few Churches in the area.

There are many temples in Lohagaon with the most notable ones being the Shree Sant Tukaram Temple (in the heart of Lohagaon) and the Khandoba Temple (on top of the Khandoba Mal) and many others. Lohagaon also has dozens of local smaller temples which are lesser known about.

===Literacy===
The literacy rate of Lohagaon was 91.34% according to the Indian Census of 2011, which is much higher than both the state and the national average. The male literacy stood at 94.73% while female literacy rate stood at a little less, at 87.34%.

===Sex ratio===
The sex ratio stood at 856, which is much lower than the State Average of 929. Whereas, the child sex ratio was higher than the state average of 894, and stood at 912.

Children under the age of 7 years comprised over 12.27% of the population of Lohagaon in 2011.

==Location and connectivity==
Lohagaon lies between [[Vishrantwadi]], [[Vimannagar|Viman Nagar]], [[Wagholi, Pune|Wagholi]] and Vadgaon Shinde.

There is a road which connects Lohagaon and Wagholi, which in turn connects to the Ahmednagar Highway. Roads from Vishrantwadi, Dhanori, Vadgaon Sheri and Wagholi all converge at Lohagaon. Lohagaon also has good road connectivity to Alandi road, and hence to areas such as Chakan, Moshi and Nashik Road. This area has a mix of cityside and countryside.

Lohagaon has many bus stops, from which commuters can avail Public Transport Buses. Currently there is no other form of public transport connecting the area. Auto Rickshaws and Cabs are available as a means of transport.

[[File:Pride world city.jpg|thumb|Pride World City in Lohagaon is an integrated township built next to DY Patil College]]

==Schools==
Due to the presence of an [[Indian Air Force]] Base, there is a Kendriya Vidyalaya, namely Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1 AFS, Pune in the area. Most of the students in these schools are children of serving and retired defense personnel staying in parts of Lohagaon.

Other prominent schools include the Government School and many other smaller private schools affiliated to different boards and curricula.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Entertainment ==
=== Diamond Water Park ===
The Diamond Park, Spread over 25 acres, it was known as the first and largest water park in Pune when founded. In 2006, it was renamed as Diamond Water Park. The park was remodelled by Arjun Indulkar. The rides are designed to suit the varied needs of people of varied age groups. It offers rock climbing and a zipline. The Diamond Waterpark consists of wet bubble, cyclone, play station, Tortuga falls, seven swimming pools, and 32 international rides. There is a pure vegetarian restaurant inside the water park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=diamondparks.com |title=Rang Barse - Biggest and Best Holi In Pune |url=https://www.diamondparks.com/./assets/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.diamondparks.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Temples ==
There is a famous Sant Tukaram Temple situated at epicenter of lohegoan.

== University ==
Lohagaon is home to [[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajeenkya D Y Patil University, Pune {{!}} Private University in Pune |url=https://adypu.edu.in/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Adypu |language=en-US}}</ref> and Marathwada Mitramandal's Institute of Technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MMIT - Home |url=https://www.mmit.edu.in/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.mmit.edu.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pune topics}}

{{coord|20|36|N|77|41|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Pune]]
[[Category:Temples]]

Sugandha

2026-03-22T20:53:04Z

Priya.Miahram: minor refine intro after review and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|Queen of Kashmir}}
{{About||the village with the same name|Sugandha, Hooghly|Sugandha River in Bangladesh|Bishkhali River|other uses|Sugandha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Sri Sugandha Deva
| name = Sugandha
| image = Queen Sugandha Coin.jpg
| caption = Coinage of Queen Sugandha. 'Sri Sugandha Deva' is written in [[Sharada script]].
| succession = Queen Regnant of Kashmir
| reign = 904 – 906
| predecessor = Sankata
| successor = Partha
| reign-type2 = Regency
| reign2 = 902 – 904
| succession2 = Queen Regent of Kashmir
| pre-type2 = Monarch
| predecessor2 = Gopalavarman
| succession3 = Queen Consort of Kashmir
| reign3 = 883 – 902
| pre-type3 = Monarch
| predecessor3 = [[Sankaravarman]]
| reign-type3 = Tenure
| house = [[Utpala dynasty]]
| birth_date =
| father = Svamiraja
| mother =
| issue = Gopalavarman
| spouse = [[Sankaravarman]]
| death_date = 914 CE
| death_place = Nispalaka Vihara
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Shaivism]]
| regnal name =
}}

'''Sugandha''' ({{abbr|fl.|floruit}} 883 – 914) was the fifth ruler of [[Kashmir]] in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] during the 10th century.

She was the Queen Consort of Kashmir from 885 to 902 by marriage to Sankaravarman, the King of Kashmir. She served as Queen Regent of Kashmir during the minority of her son king Gopalavarman between 902 and 904. She was declared monarch in her own right in 904 as Sri Sugandha Deva, Queen of Kashmir, when all successors to the throne has died. She was dethroned by the Tantrins in 906 and they installed Partha as monarch. Sugandha continued to claim the throne of Kashmir and retreated to live in Haskapura (present-day Ushkur, Baramulla). In 914 she went to war against Partha and the Tantrins, but was imprisoned and later killed in a Buddhist monastery called ''Nispalaka Vihara''.

== Queen consort ==

Sugandha was the daughter of Svamiraja, the king of a kingdom near Kashmir. Sugandha was married to Sankaravarman, who reigned as King of Kashmir from 885 CE until 902 CE. He had at-least three other wives, including one Surendravati, but Sugangha acted as his queen consort.<ref name="raja" />

Sankaravarman died in 902 of a stray-arrow at Urusha (present-day [[Hazara region|Hazara, Pakistan]]), whilst returning from a not-so-successful conquest, where Sugandha had also accompanied him.<ref name="sen"/><ref name="Klife">{{Cite web|date=19 January 2016 |title=Kashmir's Fairer Lords|url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmirs-fairer-lords-issue-44-vol-07-94412/ |work=Kashmir Life |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Following his death, he was succeeded by his son, Gopalavarman. While some of Sankaravarman's queens and servants died by [[Sati (practice)|Sati]], the Dowager Queen Sugandha refused it in order to act as Queen Mother and regent for Gopalavarman.<ref name="raja" /> After Sankaravarman's last rites had finished, Gopalavarman was crowned the King of Kashmir.<ref name="Klife"/>

==Reign as regent==

Although Sugandha was good at managing the affairs of the kingdom, she took pleasure in bodily indulgences. Various historians accuse her of being intimate to her treasury minister Prabhakaradeva, who they describe as her paramour.<ref name="bamzai"/> Prabhakaradeva used to exercise the real powers of the King.<ref name="sen"/><ref name="Klife"/> He engaged in prolonged theft of state-treasures and was finally probed by Gopalavarman. In due course, Prabhakaradeva employed a relative Ramadeva to assassinate the king by practice of witchcraft. Gopalavarman died of a fever and Ramadeva died by suicide, after his conspiracy became public knowledge.<ref name="bamzai"/><ref name="raja" /><ref name="Klife"/>

After Gopalavarman's death, his brother Sankata became King, but he died mysteriously after ten days.<ref name="raja">{{citation |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |author-link=Mark Aurel Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989a |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC}}</ref><ref name="bamzai"/> After Sankaravarman's lineage died out, Kashmir fell into a political turmoil. Courtiers started plotting a coup and public figures called a Maha-Panchayat to choose the kingdom's ruler. As Sugandha was quite popular among the people, she was proclaimed the sovereign of Kashmir.<ref name="Klife"/>

== Reign as monarch ==

In 904 CE, Sugandha assumed royal power and ruled Kashmir in her own right. Some historians believe that she did it apparently with an intention of securing it for her grandson — the yet-unborn child of Jayalakshmi.<ref name="raja" /> She ruled Kashmir for two years ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 904 – 906).

She hoped that she would be succeeded by her unborn grandson, the son of Gopalavarman, but her daughter-in-law Jayalakshmi's pregnancy resulted in a stillbirth. Sugandha, now in despair, wished that she be succeeded by one of her blood-relatives, Nirjitavarman, a grandson of Suravarman and a half-brother of [[Avantivarman of Kashmir|Avantivarman]], nicknamed "Pangu" (lame).<ref name="bamzai">{{cite book|last1=Bamzai|first1=P.N.K.|year=1994|ref=hav|title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC |publisher=M.D. Publications |pages=139–140}}</ref><ref name="raja" /><ref name="sen"/>

She nominated Pangu as the successor to the throne and in doing this, she had to seek the advice and permission of her ministers.<ref name="bamzai"/> Sugandha's choice was met with considerable resistance from the ministers as well as the Tantrins, on grounds of Nirjitavarman's lameness. Sugandha was dethroned by the Tantrins and they installed Nirjitavarman's ten-year-old son Partha as monarch instead.<ref name="raja" /><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42720623|year=1843|journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society|jstor=42720623|title=The Ancient Coinage of Kashmir. With Chronological and Historical Notes, from the Commencement of the Christian Era to the Conquest of the Country by the Moguls|last1=Cunningham|first1=Lieutenant A.|last2=Engineers|first2=Bengal|volume=6|pages=1–38}}</ref>

== Later life ==
Following her dethronement in 906 CE, Sugandha retreated to live in Haskapura (present-day Ushkur, Baramulla), and continued to claim the throne of Kashmir.<ref name="Klife"/>

In 914, after eight years of exile in Haskapura, Sugandha was persuaded by the Ekangas, Royal bodyguards and other factions loyal to her, to wage a war against Partha and the Tantrins.<ref name="thapar">Thapar, Romila. ''A History of India'', vol. 1. London: [[Penguin Books]], 1987. pp. 225–226.</ref> The fierce battle occurred in the suburbs of Srinagar in April 914 CE.<ref name="Klife"/>

She was defeated and captured by the Tantrins.<ref name="bamzai"/> Sugandha was imprisoned and later killed in a Buddhist monastery called ''Nispalaka Vihara''.<ref name="raja" /> Kalhana observes: "Strange are the ways of fate, ever falling and rising".<ref name="sen">{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra Nath|year=1999|ref=hav|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122411980|pages=296}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
In early medieval Kashmir, the rule of the Utpala dynasty in the Vale of Kashmir was dominated by the rivalry of two military factions, the Tantrins and the Ekangas.<ref name="bamzai"/> Their vying led to the installment of new monarchs and dethronement of others.<ref name="saga">{{Cite web|title=History of India:Kashmir |url=http://indiansaga.com/history/kashmir.html |work=IndianSaga |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Tantrins were a strong military class organisation. Tantrin foot-soldiers had formed a confederacy and were strong enough to punish or to favour the rulers of the kingdom.<ref name="pooja">{{citation |first=Dr Pooja |last=Prasher |title=VOL. 2, ISSUE 5 (2017) Military castes of ancient Kashir with special reference to Rajatarangini of Kalhana |publisher=educationjournal.org |year=2017 |url=http://www.educationjournal.org/archives/2017/vol2/issue5/2-5-58}}</ref> Ekangas are said to have been Royal bodyguards, who influenced the affairs of the court and the state.<ref name="pooja"/> After Sugandha was defeated in 914 CE, and none of the succeeding rulers was able to assert their supremacy over the Tantrins.<ref name="thapar"/>

Finally, feudal landowners, known as ''damaras'', were called put an end to the power struggle. They successfully destroyed the power of the Tantrins, after which the rulers of Kashmir were faced with the new problems of curbing the power of the landowners, as is evident from political events during the rule of [[Didda|Queen Didda]].<ref name="saga"/>

== Legacy ==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 280
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| title =
| image1 = Shankaragaurishvara temple.jpg
| image2 = Sugandhesa Temple.jpg
| footer = {{font|size=100%|font=Sans-serif|text=Remains of [[Shankaragaurishvara Temple|Sankara Gauresa]] (left) and Sugandesha Temple (right), at present-day Pattan, Kashmir}}
}}
Some historians call her reign as the "golden age" of Kashmir. Historian [[Prem Nath Bazaz]] states that "She was loved by the people, trusted by the courtiers, and admired by the army".<ref name="Klife"/>

Sugandha's reign constitutes the first concrete and historically verifiable reign of a female sovereign in Kashmir's history and ruled at the behest of her subjects.<ref>{{cite book|year=2006|ref=hav|title=Coins in India: Power and Communication|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=9788185026732}}</ref><ref name="scroll"/>

During her reign, Sugandha built the towns of Sugandhapura and Gopalapura, the Vishnu temple Gopalakesava, and the monastery of Gopalamatha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stein|first=Marc Aurel|title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir|publisher=[[Archibald Constable]]|year=1900|location=Westminster|pages=97–103, 137, 143 (Introduction), 186–232 (The Rajatarangini of Kalahana: Fifth Book)}}</ref><ref name="bamzai"/> She also built the Sugandesha Temple, located at Pattan, which has a square sanctum with a portico in front and a peristyle around.<ref>{{Cite web|title= The Sugandesha Temple |url=https://travelthehimalayas.com/sugandesha-temple |work=Travel the Himalayas |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref>

Sankaravarman, along with Sugandha, dedicated two temples to Mahadeva, namely [[Shankaragaurishvara Temple|Sankara Gauresa]] and Sugandhesvara at the new capital of Sankarapura. These two stately temples are still standing today at modern-day Pattan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrence|first1=Sir Walter Roper|year=2005|ref=hav|title=The Valley of Kashmir|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120616301|pages=175}}</ref>

Sugandha's coinage is an important corroborative evidence of her power and refers to her by the masculine epithet, ''Sri Sugandha Deva''.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web|date=19 April 2015|title=Five extraordinary Indian queens who have been reduced to mere footnotes in history|url=https://scroll.in/article/700539/five-extraordinary-indian-queens-who-have-been-reduced-to-mere-footnotes-in-history|access-date=5 May 2021|work=Scroll.in}}</ref> [[Ardoksho|Ardochsho]] (Goddess Lakshmi) is seen seated in [[Lalitasana]] in most of the coins and Sharda script is distinctly visible.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=Affirmation of women empowerment: Women on Indian coins-I |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/blog/women-indian-coins/ |work=Mintage World |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
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==See also==
* [[Queen Didda]]
* [[Kota Rani]]
* [[Rajatarangini]]

== Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:10th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:Indian women warriors]]
[[Category:Queens regnant of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Women in medieval Asian warfare]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:10th-century women regents]]
[[Category:10th-century regents]]
[[Category:Utpala dynasty]]
[[Category:Women in 10th-century warfare]]

Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)

2026-03-22T16:01:26Z

Priya.Miahram:

{{Short description|Indian actor (died 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandra Mohan
| image = Chandra-mohan-stills-tollywoodtv (5).jpg
| caption = Mohan in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|05|23|df=yes}}{{Disputed inline|Date of Birth|date=February 2024}}
| birth_place = [[Pamidimukkala]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|11|11|1945|05|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1966–2023
| birthname = Mallampalli Chandrasekhara Rao
}}

'''Chandra Mohan''' (born '''Mallampalli Chandrasekhara Rao''';<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chandra Mohan – Tollywood stars who changed their names |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/tollywood-stars-who-changed-their-names/chandra-mohan/photostory/48954675.cms|access-date=30 April 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> 23 May 1945{{Disputed inline|Date of Birth|date=February 2024}} – 11 November 2023) was an Indian actor known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He won a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] and two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Early life==
Mohan was born as Mallampalli Chandrasekhara Rao on 23 May 1946,{{Disputed inline|Date of Birth|date=February 2024}} in [[Pamidimukkala]] village in [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="break">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2375869.ece |title=My First Break: Chandra Mohan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828115449/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2375869.ece |archive-date= 28 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=19 February 2015 |title=Telugu Actor Chandra Mohan Rushed to Hospital following Heart Attack |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/telugu-actor-chandra-mohan-rushed-hospital-following-heart-attack-video-623982|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021 |website=[[IB Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220150822/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/telugu-actor-chandra-mohan-rushed-hospital-following-heart-attack-video-623982 |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> He was educated at Y.V.R.M.Z.P. High School at [[Meduru]]. He graduated from the agriculture college of Bapatla.<ref name=":0" /> He was the cousin of veteran filmmaker [[K. Viswanath]] and legendary singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/fact-check-telugu-actor-chandramohan-clarifies-about-health-rumours-136026 |title=Fact Check: Telugu Actor Chandramohan Clarifies About Health Rumours |date=26 May 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Mohan was introduced to the Telugu film industry through the film ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' in 1966. In 1968, he starred in ''[[Sukha Dukhalu|Sukha Duhkalu]]'', as the caring brother of [[Vanisri]]'s character, for which he received awards.<ref name="IT1">{{cite news |title=Chandramohan really worth Rs 300 Cr? |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chandramohan-really-worth-Rs-300-Cr/articleshow/12455613.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015204844/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chandramohan-really-worth-Rs-300-Cr/articleshow/12455613.cms |archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="AP1">{{cite web |title=Old Heroine's Lucky Hero – AP Chit-Chat |url=http://www.apchitchat.com/old-heroines-lucky-hero/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022183736/http://www.apchitchat.com/old-heroines-lucky-hero/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |work=AP Chit-Chat}}</ref>

Mohan received critical reception for his performance in box office hits such as ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' (1966) for which he received the state [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]],<ref name="break"/> ''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' (1978) for which he won the [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu)]], and ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' (1978). His first Tamil film was ''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' (1975). Some of the films in which he starred as the lead actor are ''[[Seetamalakshmi]]'' (1978), ''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]'' (1980), ''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]'' (1981), ''[[Rendu Rellu Aaru]]'' (1986), and ''Chandamama Raave'' (1987).<ref name="IT1" /><ref name="AP1" />

==Death==
After suffering cardiac-related issues, Mohan was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Hospital]] in [[Hyderabad]]. He died on 11 November 2023, at the age of 78.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-12 |title=Actor Chandra Mohan, veteran of 900 films, passes away at 80 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/actor-chandra-mohan-veteran-of-900-films-passes-away-at-80/articleshow/105158694.cms |access-date=2023-11-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/popular-actor-chandramohan-no-more/article67524119.ece |title=Popular Telugu actor Chandramohan no more |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=11 November 2023 |last1=Reddy |first1=Ravi}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] – ''Chandamama Raave'' (1987)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]] – ''[[Athanokkade]]'' (2005)

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*[[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu)|Best Actor Award – Telugu]] – ''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' (1978)

==Filmography==
===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Chandra Mohan Telugu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1968 || ''[[Bangaru Pichika]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bandhavyalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sukha Dukhalu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1969
|''[[Sri Rama Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Katha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NQE |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|[[Kamadeva|Manmadha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aatmiyulu]]'' || Chandram ||
|-
|''[[Karpura Harathi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karpura Harathi (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NKP |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Vasu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1970 || ''[[Talli Tandrulu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Jagath Jetteelu]]''
|Mohan
|
|-
|''[[Sambarala Rambabu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1971 || ''[[Bomma Borusa]]'' || Sekhar ||
|-
|''[[Atthalu Kodallu]]''
|Chandram
|
|-
|''[[Anuradha telugu film|Anuradha]]''
|Mohan
|
|-
|''[[Revolver Rani 1971 film|Revolver Rani]]''
|Chinna
|
|-
| ''[[Chelleli Kapuram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manasu Mangalyam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ramalayam]]'' || Son of Kantham ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972 || ''[[Kalam Marindi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kalavari Kutumbam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalavari Kutumbam {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kalavari_kutumbam |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Madhu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1973 || ''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]'' || Ananth ||
|-
| ''[[Meena (Telugu Film)|Meena]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meena (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUB |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>|| Burrakatha Performer||
|-
|''Stree''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ganga Manga]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mayadari Malligadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayadari Malligadu (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUA |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Dancer in the temple festival
|Special Appearance
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1974 || ''[[Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974 film)|Alluri Seetharama Raju]]'' || Govindu||
|-
| ''[[O Seeta Katha]]'' || Chandram ||
|-
|''Devadasu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ammayi Pelli]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
|''[[Mangalya Bhagyam]]''
|Raja
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1975
|''[[Devudu Chesina Pelli]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devudu Chesina Pelli (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QFA |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Ravi
|
|-
|''Ammayila Sapatham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhagasthulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagasthulu (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QSQ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Chandram
|
|-
| ''[[Yashoda Krishna]]'' ||[[Narada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1976
| ''[[Padi Pantalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padi Pantalu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RAZ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> || Suresh||
|-
| ''[[Secretary (1976 film)|Secretary]]''|| Siva Ram ||
|-
| ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' || Sambayya ||
|-
|''Vintha Illu Santhagola''
|Mohan
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1977 || ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' || [[Abhimanyu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Khaidi Kalidasu]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
|''[[Jeevithamlo Vasantham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeevithamlo Vasantham (1977) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SHT |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Dr. Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Devathalara Deevinchandi]]'' || Muralikrishna ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1978 || ''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' || Gopala Krishna ||
|-
|''[[Love Marriage (1978 film)|Love Marriage]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U2P-KhFXs4 |title=Love Marriage Telugu Full Length Movie {{!}}{{!}} Ranganath, JayaChitra |language=en |access-date=2024-04-25 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Pranam Khareedu]]'' || Devudu ||
|-
| ''[[Seetamalakshmi]]'' || Kondayya ||
|-
| ''[[Karunamayudu]]'' || [[Healing the blind near Jericho|Bartimaeus]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1979 || ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' || Kameswara Rao ||
|-
|''[[Oka Challani Rathri]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oka Challani Rathri (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UDD |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Murthy
|
|-
| ''[[Pancha Bhoothalu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tayaramma Bangarayya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Intinti Ramayanam'' || ||
|-
| ''Korikale Gurralaite'' || ||
|-
| ''Mangala Toranalu'' || ||
|-
| ''Sangham Chekkina Silpalu'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mande Gundelu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Nagamalli'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1980 || ''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]'' || Rahim ||
|-
| ''Gayyali Gangamma''|| ||
|-
| ''Bommala Koluvu''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/UPC |title=Bommala Koluvu (1980) |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>|| ||
|-
|''[[Konte Mogudu Penki Pellam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konte Mogudu Penki Pellam (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UWL |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Gopi
|
|-
| ''[[Subhodhayam]]'' || Chandram ||
|-
|''[[Badai Basavayya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badai Basavayya |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/badai-basavayya/cast/2030247088/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Kishtayya
|
|-
|''Mama Allulla Saval''
|Gopi
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1981 || ''Priya'' || ||
|-
|''[[Swargam 1981 film|Swargam]]''
|Srinath
|
|-
| ''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]'' || Palghat Madhavan ||
|-
| ''[[Pakkinti Ammayi (1981 film)|Pakkinti Ammayi]] ''|| Bujji ||
|-
| ''Pranaya Geetham'' || ||
|-
| ''Satyabhama'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1982 || ''[[Kalahala Kapuram]]'' || Radha Krishna||
|-
|''Ilantha Sandadi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kayyala Ammayi Kalavari Abbayi]]''
|Kiran
|
|-
| ''Kotha Neeru'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1983 || ''Santoshimata Vratam'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kanthayya Kanakayya]]''
|Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Raju Rani Jackie]]''
|Raju
|
|-
| ''[[Moodu Mullu]]'' || Masteru ||
|-
| ''[[Pelli Choopulu (1983 film)|Pelli Choopulu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1984 || ''Adigo Alladigo'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Intiguttu (1984 film)|Inti Guttu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]'' || Prabhakar ||
|-
|''Rama Rao Gopal Rao ''
|
|
|-
|''Sri Santhoshi Matha Vrata Mahatyam''
|
|
|-
|''Padmavyooham''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' || Mahati ||
|-
|''[[Ee Charitra Inkennallu]]''
|Mohan Kumar
|Guest Role
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1985 || ''[[Muchataga Mugguru]]'' || Ram Babu ||
|-
|''[[Bhale Thammudu (1985 film)|Bhale Thammudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pratighatana]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sri Katna Leelalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Katna Leelalu Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/sri-katna-leelalu-1985}}</ref>
|Sambasiva Rao
|
|-
|''Mangalya Bandham ''
|
|
|-
|''Mugguru Mitrulu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Siksha (film)|Siksha]]'' || Priest ||
|-
|''Srivaru''
|Chandramohan
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1986 || ''[[Rendu Rellu Aaru]]'' || Sadguna Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Konte Kapuram]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam]]''
|Bhanuprasad
|
|-
|''Ashtalakshmi Vaibhavam''
|
|
|-
|[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|''Vikram'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chantabbai]]'' || Kalyan ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]''|| Nanavali ||
|-
|''Aakrandana''
|Dhananjaya Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1987 ||''[[Gandhinagar Rendava Veedhi]]''|| Prasad ||
|-
|''[[Manmadha Leela Kamaraju Gola]]''|| Manmadha ||
|-
|''[[Srimathi Oka Bahumathi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Dayamayudu''
|
|
|-
|''[[America Abbayi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]''|| Ganapathi ||
|-
|''[[Kaboye Alludu]]'' || Ram Babu ||
|-
|''[[Alludu Kosam]]''
|Krishna Rao
|
|-
|''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Damit Katha Adam Thirigindi]]''||Chandram, Parvateesam, Ganapathi || Triple role
|-
|''[[Naku Pellam Kavali]]''||Ramudu ||
|-
|''Swathantraniki Oopiri Poyandi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]''||Lakshmikanth ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1988 || ''[[Trinetrudu]]'' || Saleem ||
|-
| ''Prema Kireetam''|| Abhirama ||
|-
| ''[[Asthulu Anthasthulu]]'' || Sivaiah ||
|-
|''[[Thodallullu]]''||Mohan||
|-
|''Sagatu Manishi''
|
|
|-
|''Aadadhe Aadharam''
|
|
|-
|''Chilipi Dampatulu''
|
|
|-
|''Bharya Bhartala Bhagotham''||Ganapathi ||
|-
|''[[O Bharya Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Telugu News, Movies, Celebrities, Images & Videos {{!}} V CINEMA |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/o-bharya-katha-1988 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Sivaram
|
|-
|''[[Aakhari Poratam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chinnodu Peddodu]]''||Peddodu ||
|-
| ''[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988 film)|Vivaha Bhojanambu]]'' || Vasu Rao||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1989||''Sakshi''|| Shekar ||
|-
|''Zoo Laka Taka''|| Madhava Chary||
|-
|''Oorantha Golanta''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aarthanadham]]''
|Chandra Mohan
|
|-
|''[[Two Town Rowdy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chennapatnam Chinnollu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennapatnam Chinnollu movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/chennapatnam-chinnollu-1989}}</ref>
|Dasu
|
|-
|''[[Preminchi Choodu (1989 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]''|| Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (1989 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]''||Suribabu||
|-
| ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Chinnari Sneham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1990 ||''[[Ramba Rambabu]]'' || Narada Maharshi ||
|-
|''Intinta Deepavali''
|
|
|-
|''[[Balachandrudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Alludugaru]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1991
| ''[[Aditya 369]]''
|Tenali Rama Krishna
|Guest Appearance
|-
|''Viyyala Vari Vindhu''
|
|
|-
|''Intlo Pilli Veedhilo Puli''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalikalam]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Jaitra Yatra]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1992 || ''[[Peddarikam]]'' ||Rama Krishna ||
|-
|''[[Sahasam (1992 film)|Sahasam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Repati Koduku''
|
|
|-
|''[[President Gari Pellam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chillara Mogudu Allari Koduku]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993
|''[[Chitikela Pandiri]]''
|
|
|-
|''Vintha Kodallu''
|
|
|-
|''Kalachakram ''
|
|
|-
|''Pelli Gola''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1994 || ''[[Aame]]'' || Subrahmanyam ||
|-
|''Kourava Samrajyam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ammayi Kapuram]]''
|
|
|-
|''Kalikalam Aadadhi''
|
|
|-
|''Alludu Poru Ammayi Joru''
|
|
|-
|''Thodi Kodallu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kurradhi Kurradu]]''
|Chandra Mohan
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1995
|''[[Sankalpam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Telugu Veera Levara<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teluguveera Levaraa (1995) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AJWT |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|Govindu
|
|-
|''Mayabazaar''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]'' || Chandu's father||
|-
|''Real Hero''
|
|
|-
|''Ammaleni Puttillu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1996
| ''[[Ramudochadu]]'' ||Chandraiah ||
|-
|''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Kuturu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]'' || Murthy ||
|-
|''Pellala Rajyam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1997 || ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]'' || Chakrapani ||
|-
|''[[Priya O Priya]]''
|
|
|-
|''Encounter''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kurralla Rajyam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1998 || ''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Pandu ||
|-
|''[[Rajahamsa]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pape Naa Pranam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Suprabhatam (1998 film)|Suprabhatam]]'' || Kutumba Rao ||
|-
|''Yuvaratna Rana''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aahaa..! (1998 film)|Aahaa...!]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Premante Idera]]'' || Subba Rao ||
|-
| ''Andaru Herole'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Subhavartha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1999 || ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1999 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]'' || Vijay's father ||
|-
|[[Swapna Lokam|''Swapnalokam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Raja (1999 film)|Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Anaganaga Oka Ammai|''Anaganaga O Ammai'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ravoyi Chandamama]]'' || Meghana's father ||
|-
| ''[[Thammudu]]'' || Kutumba Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Seetharama Raju]]'' || Raghava Raju||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2000 || ''[[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]]'' || Usha's father||
|-
| ''[[Maa Pelliki Randi]]'' || Anjali's father ||
|-
| ''[[Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chiru Navvutho]]'' || Venu's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Annayya]]'' || Sumathi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Tirumala Tirupati Venkatesa]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2001 || ''[[Manasanta Nuvve]]'' || Mohan Rao ||
|-
|[[Darling Darling (2001 film)|''Darling Darling'']]
|Pedarayudu
|
|-
| ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' || Subbu ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' || Sekharam ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2002 || ''[[Priya Nestama]]'' || Pooja's father ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' || Rishi's father||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]'' || Siva Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Pilisthe Palukutha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/ASWW |title=Pilisthe Palukutha (Kodi Ramakrishna) 2002 |website=Indiacine.ma |accessdate=22 January 2024}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]'' || Chandram||
|-
|''[[Manmadhudu]]'' || Maheswari's father ||
|-
| ''[[Ninu Choodaka Nenundalenu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2003 || ''[[Okkadu]]'' || Swapna's father||
|-
| ''Sambhu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vasantham]]'' || Peter||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2004 || ''[[Aaptudu]]'' || Chandram ||
|-
|''[[7G Rainbow Colony|7G Brindavan Colony]]'' || Ravi's father||
|-
| ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || Venkat's uncle||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2005 || ''Andagadu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Andarivadu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Athanokkade]]'' || Ram's foster father||
|-
| ''[[Jagapati]]'' ||Murari's father||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' || Jailor||
|-
| ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]'' || Rama Chandraiah ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2006 || ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]'' || Chinna's father ||
|-
| ''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Allare Allari]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Valliddari Vayasu Padahare]]'' || Puja's father ||
|-
| ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]]'' || Girls Orphanage warden ||
|-
| ''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]'' || Subhramanyam ||
|-
| ''[[Chinnodu]]'' || Jailor ||
|-
| ''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]]'' ||Surya's father ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2007 || ''[[Desamuduru]]'' || Chandra Mohan||
|-
| ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' || Narayana Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Premistara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]'' || ||
|-
| ''State Rowdy'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]'' || Chandranna ||
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2008 || ''[[Baladoor]]'' || Purushotham ||
|-
| ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' || Chintakayala Govinda Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Donga Sachinollu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hare Ram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' || Narayana ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' || Chandra Shekar ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Ayana Chanti Pilladu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' || Janaki's father ||
|-
| ''[[Siddu From Sikakulam]]'' || Siddhu's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'' || Narayana Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Mestri (film)|Mestri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sankham]]'' || Krishna Rao / Kittu ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2010 || ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]'' || Narayana ||
|-
| ''[[Sambho Siva Sambho]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Panchakshari]]'' || Udayshankar Verma ||
|-
| ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' ||Bhadram ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011 || ''[[Mirapakaay]]'' || Vishwanath Shastri ||
|-
| ''[[Wanted (2011 film)|Wanted]]'' || Ram Babu ||
|-
|''[[Money Money, More Money|Money, Money More Money]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kandireega]]'' || Vishwanatham ||
|-
| ''[[Dookudu]]'' || Tulasi Ram ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[Tuneega Tuneega]]'' || Priest ||
|-
|''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (2012 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' || Naresh's Father ||
|-
|''[[Genius (2012 film)|Genius]]'' || Narayana ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013 || ''[[Sarocharu]]'' ||Sandhya's father ||
|-
| ''[[Okkadine]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Baadshah's maternal uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Ramachari]]'' || Kotachari ||
|-
| ''[[Potugadu]]'' || Neelakanta Shastri ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham]]'' || Chandra Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Loukyam]]'' ||Meka Papa Rao "Puppy" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (2015 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]'' || Masterji ||
|-
|''[[James Bond (2015 film)|James Bond]]''
|Nani's father
|
|-
| ''[[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]'' || Bhoopathi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Manamantha]]'' || Sairam's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2017 || ''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' || DJ's Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' || Nanda Kishore's father ||
|-
| ''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]'' || Senior Pichchaiah Naidu's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]'' || Sanjeev's father ||
|}

===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Chandra Mohan Tamil film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|1971||''[[Sudarum Sooravaliyum]]'' || ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' || Radhan ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Andaman Kadhali]]'' || Madhan ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Neeya?]]'' || Naga Raja ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Deiva Thirumanangal'' || [[Lord Siva]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Time (1999 film)|Time]]'' || Car driver ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Saguni]]'' || Satyamurthy || Guest appearance
|}

===Television===
* ''Gangato Rambabu'' – [[Zee Telugu]] as Kameshwara Shastri

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0151526|name=Chandramohan}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Actor}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Character Actor}}
{{Nandi Award Best Male Comedian}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Chandra}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Actors from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

The Buddha

2026-03-20T21:35:15Z

Priya.Miahram: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Founder of Buddhism}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|reason=restore protection setting that were lost due to recent full-protection; persistent target of disruptive editing|small=yes}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Buddha|Gautama}}
{{distinguish|Budai}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| other_names = ''Gautama Buddha'' ''Śhākyamuni'' ({{literal_translation|Sage of the [[Shakya]]s}})
| image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg
| caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Sculpture of the Buddha preaching his first sermon]] from [[Sarnath]], 5th century CE{{efn|name="Buddha-statue"}}
| module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33
| san = Siddhārtha Gautama
| pli = Siddhattha Gotama }}
| birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama
| birth_date = {{circa|563 or 480 BCE}}
| death_date = {{circa|483 or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}}{{efn|name="dating"}}
| birth_place = [[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{efn|name="birthplace"}}
| death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{efn|name="deathplace"}}
| resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]]
| known_for = Establishing [[Buddhism]]
| predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha|Kāśyapa Buddha]]
| successor = [[Maitreya]]
| father = [[Śuddhodana]]
| mother = [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]]
| spouse = [[Yaśodharā]]
| children = [[Rāhula]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
}}
{{Buddhism}}

'''Siddhartha Gautama''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə|_|ˈ|g|ɔː|t|ə|m|ə|,_|ˈ|g|aʊ|-|_|ˈ|b|uː|d|ə|,_|ˈ|b|ʊ|d|ə}}, {{IPA|sa|siddʱaːrtʰɐ gautɐmɐ|lang}}}} most commonly referred to as '''the Buddha''' ({{Literal translation|the awakened one}}),<ref name="the-awakened-one">*{{cite book|last=Laumakis|first=Stephen J.| title=An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 2023| page = xii|isbn=978-1-009-33708-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4PHSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR12|quote=As far as we know, the man who became "the Buddha" or "the Awakened One" was neither a skeptic nor a fideist (i.e. a blind-faith believer) in religious and philosophical matters.}}
*{{cite book|last=Seager|first=Richard Hughes|title=Buddhism in America |date=2012 |page=19|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ex4pG4KuW1MC&pg=PA19|isbn=978-0-231-15973-9 |quote=As a result of his discoveries, Siddhartha became known as the ''Buddha'', the "awakened one" or "enlightened one."}}
*{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Richard H.|editor-last=Lopez|editor-first=Donald S. | chapter=Religions of India in Practice| title=Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction|publisher=Princeton University Press|page = 22|year=2020|isbn=978-0-691-21478-8 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w9LgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|quote=Buddhists are those who follow the way of the buddhas, beings who have fully "awakened" (from the root ''budh'', to wake up) to the true nature of things. In our historical era, the Awakened One was a kṣatriya Siddhartha Gautama, born in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains in about 566 B.C.E.}}
</ref>{{efn|name="Bodhi"}}{{efn|name="name_the_buddha"}} was a [[śramaṇa|wandering ascetic]] and religious teacher who lived in the eastern [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic Plains]] during the 6th or 5th century [[Common Era|BCE]]{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=5, 9, 10, 14}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=1}}{{sfnp|Warder|2000|p=45}}{{efn|name="dating"}} and founded [[Buddhism]]. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in [[Lumbini]], in what is now [[Nepal]],{{efn|name="birthplace"}} to royal parents of the [[Shakya]] clan, but [[Great Renunciation|renounced]] his [[Householder (Buddhism)|home life]] to live as a wandering ascetic.{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}}{{efn|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"}} After leading a life of [[mendicancy]], [[asceticism]], and meditation, he attained [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvana]] at [[Bodh Gaya]] in what is now [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The Buddha then wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order (''[[sangha]]''). Buddhist tradition holds he died in [[Kushinagar]] (in modern day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India) and reached ''[[parinirvana]]'' ("final release from conditioned existence").{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005a|p=51}}{{efn|name="parinibbana"}}

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a [[Middle Way]] between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism,{{sfnp|Laumakis|2008|p=4}} leading to [[Vimutti|freedom]] from [[Avidyā (Buddhism)|ignorance]], [[Upādāna|craving]], [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|rebirth, and suffering]]. His core teachings are summarised in the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], a [[Bhavana|training of the mind]] that includes [[Buddhist ethics|ethical training]] and [[Brahmavihara|kindness toward others]], and [[Buddhist meditation|meditative practices]] such as [[right effort|sense restraint]], [[Sati (Buddhism)|mindfulness]], [[Dhyana in Buddhism|dhyana]] (meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the [[Skandha|five skandhas]] and [[dependent origination]], describing how all ''dharmas'' (both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other ''dharmas'', lacking an existence on their own (''[[svabhava]]'').

While in the [[Nikayas]], he frequently refers to himself as the [[Tathāgata]]; the earliest attestation of the title [[Buddha (title)|Buddha]] is from the 3rd century BCE,{{sfnp|Bary|2011|p=8}}{{sfnp|Fogelin|2015}} meaning 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=8}} His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community into the [[Vinaya]] Piṭaka, containing codes for monastic discipline, and the [[Sutta Piṭaka|Sūtra Piṭaka]], a collection of discourses attributed to him. These were passed down in [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]] dialects through an [[oral tradition]].{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=40–41}}{{sfnp|Warder|2000|pp=4–7, 44}} Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as ''[[Abhidharma]]'', biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as ''[[Jataka tales]]'', and additional discourses, i.e., the [[Mahāyāna sūtras]].{{sfnp|Warder|2000|p=4}}{{sfnp|Cox|2003|p=1–7}}

Buddhism evolved into a variety of traditions and practices, represented by [[Theravāda]], [[Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayāna]], and spread beyond the Indian subcontinent. While Buddhism declined in India, and mostly disappeared after the 8th century CE due to a lack of popular and economic support, Buddhism has grown more prominent in [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] and [[East Asia]].

== Etymology, names and titles ==
===Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni===
[[File:Tapa Shotor seated Buddha (Niche V1).jpg|thumb|The Buddha, [[Tapa Shotor]] monastery in [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], Afghanistan, 2nd century CE]]
According to Donald Lopez Jr. "he tended to be known as either Buddha or Sakyamuni in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet, and as either Gotama Buddha or Samana Gotama ('the ascetic Gotama') in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia."<ref>Donald Lopez Jr., ''The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life'', Yale University Press, p.24</ref>

''Buddha'', "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One",{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=8}}{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=398}}{{efn|name="Bodhi"}} is the masculine form of ''[[Buddhi|budh]]'' (बुध् ), "to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again",<ref name="Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733">{{cite book|author1=Sir Monier Monier-Williams|author2=Ernst Leumann|author3=Carl Cappeller|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC|year=2002|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|page=733|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC|url-status=live}}</ref> "to awaken"{{sfnp|Keown|2003|p=42}}{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=398, entry "Buddha"}} {{"'}}to open up' (as does a flower)",{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=398, entry "Buddha"}} "one who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance and opened his consciousness to encompass all objects of knowledge".{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=398, entry "Buddha"}} It is not a personal name, but a title for those who have attained [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|bodhi]] (awakening, enlightenment).{{sfnp|Keown|2003|p=42}} ''Buddhi'', the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand",<ref name="Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733"/> is the faculty which discerns truth (''[[satya]]'') from falsehood.

The name of his clan was Gautama (Pali: Gotama). His given name, "Siddhārtha" (the Sanskrit form); the Pali rendering is "Siddhattha"; in Tibetan it is "Dhondup"; in Chinese "Xidaduo"; in Japanese "Shiddatta/Shittatta"; in Korean "Siltalta" means "He Who Achieves His Goal" ([[Siddhi]]).{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=817}} The clan name of [[Gautama (name)|Gautama]] means "descendant of Gotama", "Gotama" meaning "one who has the most light",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA |journal=Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity |date=1 January 2021 |page=946 |url=https://www.academia.edu/50839613 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913004936/https://www.academia.edu/50839613 |url-status=live }}</ref> or "one who has most cows" and comes from the fact that [[Kshatriya]] clans adopted the names of their house priests.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2012|title=Ṛṣis|encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online|publisher=Brill|last=Witzel|first=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|last2=Keith|first2=Arthur Berriedale|publisher=John Murray|year=1912|volume=1|page=240}}</ref>

While the term ''Buddha'' is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term ''Buddha'' is from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (reigned {{circa|269}}–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism.{{sfnp|Bary|2011|p=8}}{{sfnp|Fogelin|2015}} [[Ashoka]]'s [[Lumbini pillar inscription]] commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the ''Buddha Shakyamuni''{{px2}}{{efn|{{IPA|sa|ɕɑːkjəmuni}}}} ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 [[wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻|𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻]] ''Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī'', "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").{{sfnp|Hultzsch|1925|p=164}}

Śākyamuni, Sakyamuni, or Shakyamuni ({{langx|sa|{{linktext|शाक्यमुनि}}}}, {{IPA|sa|ɕaːkjɐmʊnɪ|}}) means "Sage of the [[Shakya]]s".{{sfnp|Baroni|2002|p=230}}

===Tathāgata===
''Tathāgata'' ([[Pali]]; {{IPA|pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}) is a term the Buddha commonly used when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the [[Pāli Canon]].{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=Entry "Tathāgata"}} The exact meaning of the term is unknown, but it is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" (''tathā-gata''), "one who has thus come" (''tathā-āgata''), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" (''tathā-agata''). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going—beyond all [[impermanence|transitory phenomena]].<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103–115] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813054158/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm |date=13 August 2012 }}</ref> A ''tathāgata'' is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended".<ref name="Harvey1995">Peter Harvey, ''The Selfless Mind.'' Curzon Press 1995, p.227</ref>

===Other epithets===
A list of other [[epithet]]s is commonly seen together in canonical texts and depicts some of his perfected qualities:<ref>{{Citation|last=Dhammananda|first=Ven. Dr. K. Sri|title=Great Virtues of the Buddha|url=http://www.dhammatalks.net/Books6/Bhante_Dhammananda_Great_Virtues_of_the_Buddha.pdf|publisher=Dhamma talks|access-date=28 July 2013|archive-date=26 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826165459/http://dhammatalks.net/Books6/Bhante_Dhammananda_Great_Virtues_of_the_Buddha.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Bhagavato ([[Bhagavan]])'' – The Blessed one, one of the most used epithets, together with ''tathāgata''{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=Entry "Tathāgata"}}
* ''Sammasambuddho'' – [[Buddhahood#Samyaksambuddha|Perfectly self-awakened]]
* ''Vijja-carana-sampano'' – Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct.
* ''[[Sugata]]'' – Well-gone or well-spoken.
* ''Lokavidu'' – Knower of the [[Buddhist cosmology|many worlds]].
* ''Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi'' – Unexcelled trainer of untrained people.
* ''Satthadeva-Manussanam'' – Teacher of [[Deva (Buddhism)|gods]] and humans.
* ''Araham'' – Worthy of homage. An [[Arahant]] is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final knowledge".
* ''[[Jina (Jainism)|Jina]]'' – Conqueror. Although the term is more commonly used to name an individual who has attained [[moksha|liberation]] in the religion [[Jainism]], it is also an alternative title for the Buddha.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Roshen Dalal]] |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=9788184753967 |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} Entry: "Jina"</ref>

The [[Pali Canon]] also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma (''Dharmaraja''), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World (''Lokanatha''), Lion (''Siha''), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom (''Varapañña''), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power.<ref>Snyder, David N. (2006) "The Complete Book of Buddha's Lists—explained". Vipassana Foundation, list 605 p. 429.</ref> Another epithet, used at inscriptions throughout South and Southeast Asia, is ''Maha sramana'', "great ''sramana''" (ascetic, renunciate).

==Sources==

=== Historical sources ===

====Pali suttas====
{{Main|Early Buddhist texts}}

On the basis of [[philology|philological]] evidence, Indologist and Pāli expert [[Oskar von Hinüber]] says that some of the Pāli suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the ''[[Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta]]'' which contains a detailed account of the Buddha's final days. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350–320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as [[hagiography]] than as an exact historical record of events).{{sfnp|von Hinüber|2008|pp=198–206}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |date=2009 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940 |title=Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=52 |issue=2–3 |pages=287–310|doi=10.1163/001972409X12562030836859 |s2cid=154283219 |issn = 0019-7246 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[John S. Strong]] sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pāli, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material. These include texts such as the "Discourse on the Noble Quest" (''Ariyapariyesanā-sutta'') and its parallels in other languages.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=5}}

====Pillar and rock inscriptions====
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 200
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Lumbini_inscription_(complete).jpg
| image2 = Buddha Sakyamuni on the Rummindei pillar of Ashoka.jpg
| footer = [[Ashoka]]'s [[Lumbini pillar inscription]] ({{circa|250 BCE}}), with the words "Bu-dhe" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the Buddha) and "[[Shakyas|Sa-kya]]-[[Muni (Saint)|mu-nī]] " ([[wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻|𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻]], "Sage of the [[Shakyas]]") in the [[Brahmi script]]{{sfnp|Weise|2013|pp=46–47}}<ref name="Brill">{{cite book |last1=Bronkhorst |first1=Johannes |title=How the Brahmins Won |chapter=Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander? |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |pages=483–489, page 6 of the appendix |doi=10.1163/9789004315518_016 |isbn=978-90-04-31551-8 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/25308643 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424162155/https://www.academia.edu/25308643 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17632-1 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Greek_Buddha/53GYDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA168&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

No written records about Gautama were found from his lifetime or from the one or two centuries thereafter.{{sfnp|Bary|2011|p=8}}{{sfnp|Fogelin|2015}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prebish |first1=Charles S. |title=Buddhism: A Modern Perspective |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0-271-03803-2 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cILDj-pXQVYC&pg=PA29}}</ref> But from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (reigned c. 268 to 232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism.{{sfnp|Bary|2011|p=8}}{{sfnp|Fogelin|2015}} Particularly, [[Ashoka]]'s [[Lumbini pillar inscription]] commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the ''Buddha Shakyamuni'' ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 [[wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻|𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻]] ''Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī'', "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").{{efn|In [[Ashoka]]'s [[Lumbini|Rummindei Edict]] {{circa|260 BCE}}, in {{harvtxt|Hultzsch|1925|p=164}}}}{{sfnp|Weise|2013|pp=46–47}}<ref name="Brill"/> Another one of his edicts ([[Minor Rock Edict|Minor Rock Edict No. 3]]) mentions the titles of several ''[[Dharma|Dhamma]]'' texts (in Buddhism, "dhamma" is another word for "dharma"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of dhamma |website=Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dhamma |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125120313/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dhamma |url-status=live }}</ref> establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya era]]. These texts may be the precursor of the [[Pāli Canon]].{{sfnp|Dhammika|1993}}<ref>{{cite web |translator-last=Bhikkhu |translator-first=Thanissaro |date=1993 |title=That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka |website=[[Access to Insight]] |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028112019/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the Poem on the Silent Sage, the Discourse on the Pure Life, Upatisa's Questions, and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts, reverend sirs, I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember. Likewise the laymen and laywomen."{{sfnp|Dhammika|1993}} Dhammika: "There is disagreement amongst scholars concerning which Pali suttas correspond to some of the text. Vinaya samukose: probably the Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98–100. Aliya vasani: either the Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, or the Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II: 27–28. Anagata bhayani: probably the Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. Muni gatha: Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207–21. Upatisa pasine: Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955–75. Laghulavade: Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421."{{sfnp|Dhammika|1993}} See [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html ''Readings Selected by King Asoka''] for a translation of these texts.}}

"Sakamuni" is also mentioned [[:File:Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho inscription in Bharhut.jpg|in a relief]] of [[Bharhut]], dated to {{circa|100 BCE}}, in relation with his illumination and the [[Bodhi tree]], with the inscription ''Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho'' ("The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni").<ref name="KTSS80">{{cite book |last1=Sarao |first1=K. T. S. |title=The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya |date=16 September 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-8067-3 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053951/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=JL>{{cite book |last1=Leoshko |first1=Janice |title=Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-55030-7 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Oldest surviving manuscripts====
The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]], found in [[Gandhara]] (corresponding to modern northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) and written in [[Gāndhārī language|Gāndhārī]], they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html|publisher = UW Press |title = Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara |access-date = 4 September 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170527215100/https://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html |archive-date = 27 May 2017 }}</ref>

=== Biographical sources ===
Early canonical sources include the ''Ariyapariyesana Sutta'' ([[Majjhima Nikāya|MN]] 26), the ''Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta'' ([[Dīgha Nikāya|DN]] 16), the ''Mahāsaccaka-sutta'' (MN 36), the ''Mahapadana Sutta'' (DN 14), and the ''Achariyabhuta Sutta'' (MN 123), which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The [[Jataka tales|Jātaka tales]] retell previous lives of Gautama as a [[bodhisattva]], and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts.{{sfnp|Schober|2002|p=20}} The ''Mahāpadāna Sutta'' and ''Achariyabhuta Sutta'' both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the [[Tushita|Tuṣita Heaven]] into his mother's womb.

The sources which present a complete picture of the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies from a later date. These include the ''[[Buddhacarita]]'', ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'', ''[[Mahāvastu]]'', and the ''Nidānakathā''.{{sfnp|Fowler|2005|p=32}} Of these, the ''Buddhacarita''{{sfnp|Beal|1883}}{{sfnp|Cowell|1894}}{{sfnp|Willemen|2009}} is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet [[Aśvaghoṣa]] in the first century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olivelle|first1=Patrick|title=Life of the Buddha by Ashva-ghosha|date=2008|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-6216-5|page=xix|edition=1st}}</ref> The ''Lalitavistara Sūtra'' is the next oldest biography, a [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]]/[[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] biography dating to the 3rd century CE.{{sfnp|Karetzky|2000|p=xxi}}

The ''Mahāvastu'' from the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] [[Lokottaravāda]] tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE.{{sfnp|Karetzky|2000|p=xxi}} The [[Dharmaguptaka]] biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the ''Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra'',{{sfnp|Beal|1875}} and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The ''Nidānakathā'' is from the [[Theravada]] tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by [[Buddhaghosa|Buddhaghoṣa]].{{sfnp|Swearer|2004|p=177}}

== Historical person ==

===Understanding the historical person===
[[File:Isapur Buddha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The "Isapur Buddha", probably the earliest known representation of the Buddha (possibly together with the [[:File:Butkara I stupa in-situ seated Buddha.jpg|Butkara seated Buddha]] statue at the [[Butkara Stupa]], [[Swat District|Swat]]), on a railing post, dated to circa 15 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199–206, 204 for the exact date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA199 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Scholars are hesitant to make claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most of them accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the [[Mahajanapada]] period, specifically during the reign of [[Bimbisara]], ruler of [[Magadha]], and died during the reign of Bimbisara's successor [[Ajatashatru]], thus also making him a contemporary of [[Mahavira]], the Jain [[tirthankara]].{{sfnp|Smith|1924|pp=34, 48}}{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|pp=1–5}}

There is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies,{{sfnp|Buswell|2003|p=352}}{{sfnp|Lopez|1995|p=16}} as "Buddhist scholars [...] have mostly given up trying to understand the historical person."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Was the Buddha an awakened prince or a humble itinerant? |last=Wynne |first=Alexander |website=Aeon |url=https://aeon.co/essays/was-the-buddha-an-awakened-prince-or-a-humble-itinerant |access-date=9 May 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515175755/https://aeon.co/essays/was-the-buddha-an-awakened-prince-or-a-humble-itinerant |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest versions of Buddhist biographical texts that we have already contain many supernatural, mythical, or legendary elements. In the 19th century, some scholars simply omitted these from their accounts of the life, so that "the image projected was of a Buddha who was a rational, socratic teacher—a great person perhaps, but a more or less ordinary human being". More recent scholars tend to see such demythologisers as remythologisers, "creating a Buddha that appealed to them, by eliding one that did not".<ref>[[John S. Strong|Strong, John]], ix–x in "Forward" to ''The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha'', by [[Bernard Faure]], 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t-GSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 google books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102071254/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Thousand_and_One_Lives_of_the_Buddha/t-GSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150 |date=2 November 2022 }}</ref>

Rupert Gethin contends that "as the Buddhist tradition tells it, the story of the life of the Buddha is not history nor meant to be,"{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=30}} and instead his life story has a paradigmatic value communicating transhistorical truths, not just historical events.

===Dating===
The dates of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for Buddha's death was 949 BCE,{{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}} but according to the Ka-tan system of the [[Kalachakra]] tradition, Buddha's death was about 833 BCE.<ref>Das, Sarat Chandra (1882). ''Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet''. First published in: ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'', Vol. LI. Reprint: Manjushri Publishing House, Delhi. 1970, pp. 81–82 footnote 6.</ref>

Buddhist texts present two chronologies which have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha.{{sfnp|Reynolds|Hallisey|2005|p=1061}} The "long chronology", from Sri Lankan chronicles, states the Buddha had a lifespan of 80 years and died 218 years before [[Asoka]]'s coronation, thus from which it is inferred that he was born about 298 years before the coronation. According to these chronicles, Asoka was crowned in 326 BCE, which gives Buddha's lifespan as 624–544 BCE, and are the accepted dates in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia.{{sfnp|Reynolds|Hallisey|2005|p=1061}} Alternatively, most scholars who also accept the long chronology but date Asoka's coronation around 268 BCE (based on Greek evidence) put the Buddha's lifespan later at 566–486 BCE.{{sfnp|Reynolds|Hallisey|2005|p=1061}}

However, the "short chronology", from Indian sources and their Chinese and Tibetan translations, while also giving a lifespan of 80 years, place the Buddha's death 100 years before Asoka's coronation, from which his birth is inferred at about 180 years before the coronation. Following the Greek sources of Asoka's coronation as 268 BCE, this dates the Buddha's lifespan even later as 448–368 BCE.{{sfnp|Reynolds|Hallisey|2005|p=1061}}

Most historians in the early 20th century use the earlier dates of 563–483 BCE, differing from the long chronology based on Greek evidence by just three years.{{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|pp=10–13}} More recently, there are attempts to put his death midway between the long chronology's 480s BCE and the short chronology's 360s BCE, so circa 410 BCE. At a symposium on this question held in 1988,{{sfnp|Bechert 1991–1997|loc={{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}}}{{sfnp|Ruegg|1999|pp=82–87}}{{sfnp|Narain|1993|pp=187–201}} the majority of those who presented gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death.{{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008|p=2}}{{efn|name="dating"|
* 411–400: {{harvp|Dundas|2002|p=24}}: "...as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, [...], necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE..."
* 405: Richard Gombrich{{sfnp|Gombrich|1992}}{{sfnp|Narain|1993|pp=187–201}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|2000}}
* Around 400: See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in {{harvp|Narain|2003}}.
* According to Pali scholar [[K. R. Norman]], a life span for the Buddha of {{circa|480}} to 400 BCE (and his teaching period roughly from {{circa|445}} to 400 BCE) "fits the archaeological evidence better".{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=39}} See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20150903184503/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic138396.files/Buddha-Dates.pdf Notes on the Dates of the Buddha Íåkyamuni].
* Indologist [[Michael Witzel]] provides a "revised" dating of 460–380 BCE for the lifetime of the Buddha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=2019|title=Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India |journal=Journal of Biosciences|volume=44|issue=3|article-number=58|doi=10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7|pmid=31389347|s2cid=195804491|issn=0973-7138}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray |date=2020 |others=Interview with Richard Gombrich |title=What the Buddha Thought |url=https://www.academia.edu/89897129 |journal=Antiqvvs |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=42 |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226231659/https://www.academia.edu/89897129/What_the_Buddha_Thought_Antiqvvs_3_1_41_45_2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=xv}}{{sfnp|Wayman|1997|pp=37–58}}{{efn|In 2013, archaeologist Robert Coningham found the remains of a ''Bodhigara'', a tree shrine, dated to 550 BCE at the [[Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini]], speculating that it may be a Buddhist shrine. If so, this may push back the Buddha's birth date.<ref name="natgeo" /> Archaeologists caution that the shrine may represent pre-Buddhist tree worship, and that further research is needed.<ref name="natgeo">{{cite web |url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131125-buddha-birth-nepal-archaeology-science-lumbini-religion-history/ |title = Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date |last = Vergano |first = Dan |date = 25 November 2013 |publisher = [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |access-date = 26 November 2013 |archive-date = 26 November 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131126002035/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131125-buddha-birth-nepal-archaeology-science-lumbini-religion-history/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Richard Gombrich has dismissed Coningham's speculations as "a fantasy", noting that Coningham lacks the necessary expertise on the history of early Buddhism.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2013}} [[Geoffrey Samuel]] notes that several locations of both early Buddhism and Jainism are closely related to [[Yaksha]]-worship, that several Yakshas were "converted" to Buddhism, a well-known example being [[Vajrapani]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Tan |first=Piya |url = http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/21.3-Ambattha-S-d3-piya.pdf |title = Ambaṭṭha Sutta. Theme: Religious arrogance versus spiritual openness |publisher = Dharma farer |date = 21 December 2009 |access-date = 22 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160109050828/http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/21.3-Ambattha-S-d3-piya.pdf |archive-date = 9 January 2016 }}</ref> and that several Yaksha-shrines, where trees were worshipped, were converted into Buddhist holy places.{{sfnp|Samuel|2010|pp=140–152}}}}

The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronology. In the long chrononology, Bimbisara reigned {{circa|558|492 BCE}}, and died 492 BCE,{{sfnp|Rawlinson|1950|p=46}}{{sfnp|Muller|2001|p=xlvii}} while Ajatashatru reigned {{circa|492|460 BCE}}.{{sfnp|Sharma|2006}} In the short chronology Bimbisara reigned {{circa|400 BCE}},{{sfnp|Keay|2011}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Keay|2011}}: "The date [of Buddha's meeting with Bimbisara] (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BCE[...] He was now in the middle of his reign."}} while Ajatashatru died between {{circa|380 BCE}} and 330 BCE.{{sfnp|Keay|2011}} According to historian [[K. T. S. Sarao]], a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was {{circa|477–397 BCE}}, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning {{circa|457–405 BCE}}, and Ajatashatru was reigning {{circa|405–373 BCE}}.<ref>{{citation |last=Sarao |first=K. T. S. |title= The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha. |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |year=2003 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1177/037698360303000201 |s2cid=141897826 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698360303000201|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Archaeological evidence===
[[File:Relicstupa-vaishali.jpg|thumb|The [[Relic Stupa of Vaishali]], 5th century BCE which held either the Buddha's ashes or part of his relics]]
Two archaeological sites have been linked to the time of the Buddha around the 5th century BCE.{{sfnp|Fogelin|2015|pp=82–85}} The first of these is the [[Relic Stupa of Vaishali]] situated in the Indian state of [[Bihar]] which is considered to be the earliest archaeologically known [[stupa]]. The stupa itself is made of brick and has a [[clay]] core that has been enlarged several times. The excavators noted that the final brick addition was contemporary with a nearby 3rd century BCE [[Mauryan Empire]] column which would therefore mean that the clay core predated the Mauryans. They also found that the relics within the stupa had been removed at a later date. This would match up with the history of [[Ashoka]] who is said to have redistributed the relics of the Buddha in the 3rd century BCE.{{sfnp|Fogelin|2015|pp=82–85}}

The second site is a small wooden structure that was excavated in [[Lumbini]] around 2015 which also contained traces of tree roots. Carbon dating has been used to date the structure and the roots to possibly the sixth century BCE.{{sfnp|Fogelin|2015|pp=82–85}}

=== Historical context ===

====Shakyas====
[[File:The eastern Gangetic plain before Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg|thumb|The location of the Shakyas during the time of the Buddha]]

According to the Buddhist tradition, Shakyamuni Buddha was a [[Shakya]], a sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent.{{efn|name="birthplace"}}{{efn|Shakya:
* {{harvnb|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier.
* {{harvnb|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south".}} The Shakya community was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=49}} The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an [[oligarchy]], with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=49}} The Shakyas were widely considered to be non-[[Vedas|Vedic]] (and, hence impure) in [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahminic]] texts; their origins remain speculative and debated.<ref name="Levman2013">{{cite journal |last=Levman |first=Bryan Geoffrey |date=2013 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/17899/pdf |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |issn=1747-9681 |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101132416/https://journals.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/17899/pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bronkhorst terms this culture, which grew alongside [[Āryāvarta|Aryavarta]] without being affected by the flourish of Brahminism, as [[Greater Magadha]].<ref>Bronkhorst, J. (2007). "Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India", p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill. {{doi|10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416}}</ref>

The Buddha's tribe of origin, the Shakyas, seems to have had non-Vedic religious practices which persist in Buddhism, such as the veneration of trees and sacred groves, and the worship of tree spirits ([[yaksha]]s) and serpent beings ([[nāga]]s). They also seem to have built burial mounds called stupas.<ref name=Levman2013 /> Tree veneration remains important in Buddhism today, particularly in the practice of venerating Bodhi trees. Likewise, yakshas and nāgas have remained important figures in Buddhist religious practices and mythology.<ref name=Levman2013 />

====Shramanas====
The Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of influential [[śramaṇa]] schools of thought like [[Ājīvika]], [[Charvaka|Cārvāka]], [[Jainism]], and [[Ajñana]].{{sfnp|Jayatilleke|1963|loc=chpt. 1–3}} The ''[[Brahmajala Sutta]]'' records sixty-two such schools of thought. In this context, a śramaṇa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). It was also the age of influential thinkers like [[Mahavira]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clasquin-Johnson|first=Michel|title=Will the real Nigantha Nātaputta please stand up? Reflections on the Buddha and his contemporaries|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1011-76012015000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Journal for the Study of Religion|volume=28|issue=1|pages=100–114|issn=1011-7601|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825200441/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1011-76012015000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Purana Kassapa|Pūraṇa Kassapa]], [[Makkhali Gosala|Makkhali Gosāla]], [[Ajita Kesakambali|Ajita Kesakambalī]], [[Pakudha Kaccayana|Pakudha Kaccāyana]], and [[Sanjaya Belatthaputta|Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta]], as recorded in [[Samaññaphala Sutta]], with whose viewpoints the Buddha must have been acquainted.{{sfnp|Walshe|1995|p=268}}{{sfnp|Collins|2009|pp=199–200}}{{efn|According to Alexander Berzin, "Buddhism developed as a shramana school that accepted rebirth under the force of karma, while rejecting the existence of the type of soul that other schools asserted. In addition, the Buddha accepted as parts of the path to liberation the use of logic and reasoning, as well as ethical behaviour, but not to the degree of Jain asceticism. In this way, Buddhism avoided the extremes of the previous four shramana schools."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-india/indian-society-and-thought-at-the-time-of-buddha |title = Indian Society and Thought before and at the Time of Buddha |first = Alexander |last = Berzin |publisher = Study Buddhism |date = April 2007 |access-date = 20 June 2016 |archive-date = 28 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160628154103/http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-india/indian-society-and-thought-at-the-time-of-buddha |url-status = live }}</ref>}}

[[Śāriputra]] and [[Maudgalyayana|Moggallāna]], two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the sceptic.{{sfnp|Nakamura|1980|p=20}} The Pāli canon frequently depicts Buddha engaging in debate with the adherents of rival schools of thought. There is philological evidence to suggest that the two masters, [[Alara Kalama]] and [[Uddaka Rāmaputta]], were historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques.{{sfnp|Wynne|2007|pp=8–23|loc=ch. 2}} Thus, Buddha was just one of the many śramaṇa philosophers of that time.{{sfnp|Warder|1998|p=45}} In an era where holiness of person was judged by their level of asceticism,{{sfnp|Roy|1984|p=1}} Buddha was a reformist within the śramaṇa movement, rather than a reactionary against Vedic Brahminism.{{sfnp|Roy|1984|p=7}}

Coningham and Young note that both Jains and Buddhists used stupas, while tree shrines can be found in both Buddhism and Hinduism.{{sfnp|Coningham|Young|2015|p=65}}

====Urban environment and egalitarianism====
{{See also|Greater Magadha}}

The rise of Buddhism coincided with the [[Second Urbanisation]], in which the Ganges Basin was settled and cities grew, in which [[egalitarianism]] prevailed. According to Thapar, the Buddha's teachings were "also a response to the historical changes of the time, among which were the emergence of the state and the growth of urban centres".{{sfnp|Thapar|2004|p=169}} While the Buddhist mendicants renounced society, they lived close to the villages and cities, depending for alms-givings on lay supporters.{{sfnp|Thapar|2004|p=169}}

According to Dyson, the Ganges basin was settled from the north-west and the south-east, as well as from within, "[coming] together in what is now [[Bihar]] (the location of [[Pataliputra]])".{{sfnp|Dyson|2019}} The Ganges basin was densely forested, and the population grew when new areas were deforestated and cultivated.{{sfnp|Dyson|2019}} The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on "the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence",{{sfnp|Ludden|1985}} and differed significantly from the [[Aryavarta|Aryan society]] of the western Ganges basin.{{sfnp|Stein|Arnold|2012|p=62}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2011|p=1}} According to Stein and Burton, "[t]he gods of the brahmanical sacrificial cult were not rejected so much as ignored by Buddhists and their contemporaries."{{sfnp|Stein|Arnold|2012|p=62}} Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarism prevailed in the cities of the middle Ganges basin.{{sfnp|Ludden|1985}} This "allowed Jains and Buddhists to engage in trade more easily than Brahmans, who were forced to follow strict caste prohibitions."{{sfnp|Fogelin|2015|p=74}}

==Semi-legendary biography==

=== Nature of traditional depictions ===
[[File:BimaranCasket2.JPG|thumb|One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by [[Brahma (Buddhism)|Brahma]] (left) and [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]] (right). [[Bimaran Casket]], mid-1st century CE, [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yaldiz |first1=Marianne |title=Investigating Indian Art |date=1987 |publisher=Staatl. Museen Preuss. Kulturbesitz |page=188 |quote=The earliest anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha that we know so far, the Bimaran reliquary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Archana |title=Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India |date=2007 |publisher=Archana Verma |isbn=978-1-4073-0151-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_os7mOK9v38C&pg=PP4 |page=1 |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053955/https://books.google.com/books?id=_os7mOK9v38C&pg=PP4 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
{{Main|Miracles of Gautama Buddha}}
[[File:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Queen Maya Birth.jpeg|thumb|[[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Māyā]] miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha. [[Sanskrit]], [[palm-leaf manuscript]]. [[Nalanda|Nālandā]], Bihar, India. [[Pala Empire|Pāla period]]]]
In the earliest Buddhist texts, the [[nikāya]]s and [[Āgama (Buddhism)|āgamas]], the Buddha is not depicted as possessing [[omniscience]] (''sabbaññu''){{sfnp|Anālayo|2006}} nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent (''lokottara'') being. According to [[Bhikkhu Analayo]], ideas of the Buddha's omniscience (along with an increasing tendency to deify him and his biography) are found only later, in the [[Mahayana sutras]] and later [[Pali]] commentaries or texts such as the ''Mahāvastu''.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2006}} In the ''Sandaka Sutta'', the Buddha's disciple [[Ananda]] outlines an argument against the claims of teachers who say they are all knowing<ref>{{cite web |author1=Tan, Piya (trans) |author-link1=Piya Tan |date=2010 |title=The Discourse to Sandaka (trans. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya 2, Majjhima Paṇṇāsaka 3, Paribbājaka Vagga 6) |website=The Dharmafarers |publisher=The Minding Centre |url=http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/35.7-Sandaka-S-m76-piya.pdf |access-date=24 September 2015 |pages=17–18 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109050837/http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/35.7-Sandaka-S-m76-piya.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> while in the ''Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta'' the Buddha himself states that he has never made a claim to being omniscient, instead he claimed to have the "higher knowledges" ([[abhijñā]]).<ref>MN 71 Tevijjavacchagotta [Tevijjavaccha]</ref> The earliest biographical material from the Pali Nikayas focuses on the Buddha's life as a śramaṇa, his search for enlightenment under various teachers such as [[Alara Kalama]] and his forty-five-year career as a teacher.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005 |title=A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon |website=Access to Insight |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222123834/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Traditional biographies of Gautama often include [[Miracles of Gautama Buddha|numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events]]. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt. ''lokottara'') and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the ''Mahāvastu'', over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in [[conformity]] with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma".{{sfnp|Jones|1956|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}} As noted by Andrew Skilton, the Buddha was often described as being superhuman, including descriptions of him having the 32 major and 80 minor marks of a "great man", and the idea that the Buddha could live for as long as an aeon if he wished (see DN 16).{{sfnp|Skilton|2004|pp=64–65}}

The ancient Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the [[Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)|Jain scriptures]], and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in [[History of India|Indian history]] for which significant accounts exist.{{sfnp|Carrithers|2001|p=15}} British author [[Karen Armstrong]] writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.{{sfnp|Armstrong|2000|p=xii}} [[Michael Carrithers]] goes further, stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.{{sfnp|Carrithers|2001|p={{page needed|date=May 2022}}}}

=== Previous lives ===
Legendary biographies like the Pali ''[[Buddhavaṃsa]]'' and the Sanskrit ''Jātakamālā'' depict the Buddha's (referred to as "[[bodhisattva]]" before his awakening) career as spanning hundreds of lifetimes before his last birth as Gautama. Many of these previous lives are narrated in the [[Jataka tales|Jatakas]], which consists of 547 stories.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=19}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta |work=British Library |date=13 March 2015 |access-date=28 June 2023 |url= https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2015/03/the-jatakas-birth-stories-of-the-bodhisatta.html}}</ref> The format of a Jataka typically begins by telling a story in the present which is then explained by a story of someone's previous life.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=21}}

Besides imbuing the pre-Buddhist past with a deep karmic history, the Jatakas also serve to explain the bodhisattva's (the Buddha-to-be) path to Buddhahood.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=24}} In biographies like the ''Buddhavaṃsa'', this path is described as long and arduous, taking "four incalculable ages" (''[[Asaṃkhyeya|asamkheyyas]]'').{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=30}}

In these legendary biographies, the bodhisattva goes through many different births (animal and human), is inspired by his meeting of [[List of the named Buddhas|past Buddhas]], and then makes a series of resolves or vows (''[[Bodhisattva vow|pranidhana]]'') to become a Buddha himself. Then he begins to receive predictions by past Buddhas.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=31}} One of the most popular of these stories is [[Sumedha|his meeting with Dipankara Buddha]], who gives the bodhisattva a prediction of future Buddhahood.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=25}}

Another theme found in the Pali Jataka Commentary (''Jātakaṭṭhakathā'') and the Sanskrit ''Jātakamālā'' is how the Buddha-to-be had to practice several "perfections" (''[[pāramitā]]'') to reach Buddhahood.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=37}} The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=43}}

=== Birth and early life ===
[[File:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|A map showing [[Lumbini]] and other major Buddhist sites in India. [[Lumbini]] (present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha,<ref name=WHC />{{efn|name="birthplace"}} and is also a holy place for many non-Buddhists.<ref name="google260">{{Cite book |year=1997 |chapter=Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism |volume=7 |last=Nagendra |first=Kumar Singh |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7488-168-7 |pages=260–275 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UG9-HZ5icQ4C&pg=PA260 |access-date=16 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727142740/https://books.google.com/books?id=UG9-HZ5icQ4C&pg=PA260|archive-date=2020-07-27}}</ref>]]
[[File:BRP Lumbini Mayadevi temple.jpg|thumb|[[Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini|Mayadevi Temple]] marking the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s birthplace in [[Lumbini]]]]
[[File:Lumbini pillar with inscription and its location.jpg|thumb|The [[Lumbini pillar inscription|Lumbini pillar contains an inscription]] stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace.]]

According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]],<ref name="WHC">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-date=31 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731003917/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> now in modern-day Nepal,{{efn|Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}{{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}{{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}}) {{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."}} and raised in [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]].{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{efn|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now the Indian–Nepalese border."{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{sfnp|Trainor|2010|pp=436–437}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]], Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India,{{sfnp|Nakamura|1980|p=18}} or [[Tilaurakot]], in present-day Nepal.{{sfnp|Huntington|1986}} Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip}} apart.{{sfnp|Huntington|1986}}{{efn|name="birthplace"}}

In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=19}}

According to later biographies such as the ''[[Mahāvastu|Mahavastu]]'' and the ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra|Lalitavistara]]'', his mother, [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]], Suddhodana's wife, was a princess from [[Devdaha]], the ancient capital of the [[Koliya]] Kingdom (what is now the [[Rupandehi District]] of Nepal). Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a [[white elephant (animal)|white elephant]] with six white tusks entered her right side,{{sfnp|Beal|1875|p=37}}{{sfnp|Jones|1952|p=11}} and ten [[lunar month|months]] later{{sfnp|Beal|1875|p=41}} Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother became pregnant, she left Kapilavastu for her father's kingdom to give birth.

Her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a [[Shorea robusta|sal tree]]. The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic [[Kshatriya]] (Pali: ''khattiya'') family called Gautama (Pali: Gotama), who were part of the [[Shakya]]s, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal.{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1990|p=21}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=14}}{{sfnp|Samuel|2010}}{{efn|According to [[Geoffrey Samuel]], the Buddha was born into a Kshatriya clan,{{sfnp|Samuel|2010}} in a moderate Vedic culture at the central Ganges Plain area, where the shramana-traditions developed. This area had a moderate Vedic culture, where the Kshatriyas were the highest [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], in contrast to the Brahmanic ideology of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]–[[Panchala]], where the Brahmins had become the highest varna.{{sfnp|Samuel|2010}} Both the Vedic culture and the shramana tradition contributed to the emergence of the so-called [[Hinduism#Roots of Hinduism|"Hindu-synthesis"]] around the start of the Common Era.{{sfnp|Hiltebeitel|2013}}{{sfnp|Samuel|2010}}}} His father [[Śuddhodana]] was "an elected chief of the [[Shakya|Shakya clan]]",{{sfnp|Warder|2000|p=45}} whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of [[Kosala]] during the Buddha's lifetime.

The early Buddhist texts contain very little information about the birth and youth of Gotama Buddha.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=8}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=51}} Later biographies developed a dramatic narrative about the life of the young Gotama as a prince and his existential troubles.{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1990|p=24}} They depict his father Śuddhodana as a [[hereditary monarchy|hereditary monarch]] of the [[Suryavansha]] (Solar dynasty) of {{IAST|Ikṣvāku}} (Pāli: Okkāka). This is unlikely, as many scholars think that Śuddhodana was merely a Shakya aristocrat (''khattiya''), and that the Shakya republic was not a hereditary monarchy.{{sfnp|Dhammika|n.d.|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=14–15}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=49–50}} The more egalitarian [[gaṇasaṅgha|{{transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] form of government, as a political alternative to Indian monarchies, may have influenced the development of the śramanic [[Jain monasticism|Jain]] and Buddhist [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sanghas]],{{efn|name="Upaddha"}} where monarchies tended toward [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic Brahmanism]].{{sfnp|Thapar|2002|p=146}}

The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is widely celebrated in [[Theravada]] countries as [[Vesak]] and the day he was conceived as [[Poson]].{{sfnp|Turpie|2001|p=3}} [[Buddha's Birthday]] is called ''Buddha [[Purnima]]'' in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Christian |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |date=29 June 2005 |pages=481 |isbn=978-1-85109-689-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA481 |language=en}}</ref>

According to later biographical legends, during the birth celebrations, the hermit seer [[Asita]] journeyed from his mountain abode, analysed the child for the [[Physical characteristics of the Buddha|"32 marks of a great man"]] and then announced that he would either become a great king (''[[chakravartin]]'') or a great religious leader.{{sfnp|Narada|1992|pp=9–12}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=55}} Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day and invited eight [[Brahmin]] scholars to read the future. All gave similar predictions.{{sfnp|Narada|1992|pp=9–12}} [[Kaundinya]], the youngest, and later to be the first [[arhat]] other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]].{{sfnp|Narada|1992|pp=11–12}}

Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition.{{sfnp|Hamilton|2000|p=47}} According to the [[early Buddhist Texts]] of several schools, and numerous [[post-canonical Buddhist texts|post-canonical accounts]], Gotama had a wife, [[Yaśodharā|Yasodhara]], and a son, named [[Rāhula]].{{sfnp|Meeks|2016|p=139}} Besides this, the Buddha in the early texts reports that "I lived a spoilt, a very spoilt life, monks (in my parents' home)."{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=23}}

The legendary biographies like the ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra|Lalitavistara]]'' also tell stories of young Gotama's great martial skill, which was put to the test in various contests against other Shakyan youths.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=60}}

=== Renunciation ===
{{See also|Great Renunciation}}
[[File:Great Departure.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]], he is accompanied by numerous guards and [[devata]] who have come to pay homage; [[Gandhara]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushan period]].]]

While the earliest sources merely depict Gotama seeking a higher spiritual goal and becoming an ascetic or ''śramaṇa'' after being disillusioned with lay life, the later legendary biographies tell a more elaborate dramatic story about how he became a mendicant.{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1990|p=24}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=15}}

The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest is found in texts such as the Pali ''Ariyapariyesanā-sutta'' ("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at [[Madhyama Agama|MĀ]] 204.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=170}} These texts report that what led to Gautama's renunciation was the thought that his life was subject to old age, disease and death and that there might be something better.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Wynne |first=Alexander |date=2019 |title=Did the Buddha exist? |journal=JOCBS |volume=16 |pages=98–148}}</ref> The early texts also depict the Buddha's explanation for becoming a sramana as follows: "The household life, this place of impurity, is narrow—the ''samana'' life is the free open air. It is not easy for a householder to lead the perfected, utterly pure and perfect holy life."{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=45}} MN 26, MĀ 204, the [[Dharmaguptaka]] Vinaya and the [[Mahāvastu]] all agree that his mother and father opposed his decision and "wept with tearful faces" when he decided to leave.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|pp=45–46}}{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=173}}
[[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a [[śramaṇa]]. [[Borobudur]], 8th century]]
Legendary biographies also tell the story of how Gautama left his palace to see the outside world for the first time and how he was shocked by his encounter with human suffering.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=21}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=63}} These depict Gautama's father as shielding him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human [[dukkha|suffering]], so that he would become a great king instead of a great religious leader.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=20}} In the ''[[Nidanakatha]]'' (5th century CE), Gautama is said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer [[Channa (Buddhist)|Chandaka]] explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an [[shramana|ascetic]] that inspired him.{{sfnp|Conze|1959|pp=39–40}}{{sfnp|Warder|2000|p=322}}{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=44}} This story of the "[[four sights]]" seems to be adapted from an earlier account in the ''Digha Nikaya'' (DN 14.2) which instead depicts the young life of a previous Buddha, [[Vipassī Buddha|Vipassi]].{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=44}}

The legendary biographies depict Gautama's departure from his palace as follows. Shortly after seeing the four sights, Gautama woke up at night and saw his female servants lying in unattractive, corpse-like poses, which shocked him.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|loc=Incitements to Leave Home}} Therefore, he discovered what he would later understand more deeply during his [[enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]]: ''[[dukkha]]'' ("standing unstable", "dissatisfaction"{{sfnp|Monier-Williams|1899|p=483, entry note: }}{{sfnp|Analayo|2013c}}{{sfnp|Beckwith|2015|p=30}}{{sfnp|Alexander|2019|p=36}}) and the end of ''dukkha''.{{sfnp|Strong|2015|loc=The Beginnings of Discontent}} Moved by all the things he had experienced, he decided to leave the palace in the middle of the night against the will of his father, to live the life of a wandering ascetic.{{sfnp|Conze|1959|pp=39–40}}

Accompanied by Chandaka and riding his horse [[Kanthaka]], Gautama leaves the palace, leaving behind his son [[Rahula]] and [[Yashodhara|Yaśodhara]].{{sfnp|Narada|1992|pp=15–16}} He travelled to the river [[Anoma River|Anomiya]], and cut off his hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into [[Kasaya (clothing)|monk's robes]] there,{{sfnp|Strong|2015|loc=The Great Departure}} though in some other versions of the story, he received the robes from a [[Brahma (Buddhism)|''Brahma'']] deity at Anomiya.{{sfnp|Penner|2009|p=28}}

According to the legendary biographies, when the ascetic Gautama first went to Rajagaha (present-day [[Rajgir]]) to beg for [[alms#Buddhism|alms]] in the streets, King [[Bimbisara]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] learned of his quest, and offered him a share of his kingdom. Gautama rejected the offer but promised to visit his kingdom first, upon attaining enlightenment.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|loc=The Great Departure}}{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1990|p=25}}

=== Ascetic life and awakening ===
{{See also|Enlightenment in Buddhism|Nirvana (Buddhism)}}
[[File:Wat Suthat วัดสุทัศน์ - emaciated fasting Buddha.jpg|thumb|The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in [[Wat Suthat]] in [[Bangkok]] representing the stage of his [[asceticism]]]]
[[File:Bodhgaya 3639641913 f4c5f73689 t.jpg|thumb|The Mahabodhi Tree at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]]]]
[[File:Vajrasana, early 20th century.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|Enlightenment Throne]]'' of the Buddha at [[Bodh Gaya]], as recreated by Emperor [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE]]
[[File:Miracle of the Buddha walking on a River - East Face - South Pillar - East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi.jpg|thumb|Miracle of the [[Buddha]] walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible ([[aniconism]]), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right.{{sfnp|Marshall|1918|p=65}} [[Sanchi]].]]

Majjhima Nikaya 4 mentions that Gautama lived in "remote jungle thickets" during his years of spiritual striving and had to overcome the fear that he felt while living in the forests.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=15}} The Nikaya-texts narrate that the ascetic Gautama practised under two teachers of Vedic-Brahmanic meditation.{{sfnp|Wynne|2004|pp=23, 37}}{{sfnp|Upadhyaya|1971|p=95}}{{sfnp|Laumakis|2008|p=8}} According to the ''Ariyapariyesanā-sutta'' (MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at MĀ 204, after having mastered the teaching of [[Alara Kalama|Ārāḍa Kālāma]] ({{langx|pi|Alara Kalama}}), who taught a meditation attainment called "the sphere of nothingness", he was asked by Ārāḍa to become an equal leader of their spiritual community.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=47}}{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=175}}

Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practice because it "does not lead to revulsion, to dispassion, to cessation, to calm, to knowledge, to awakening, to Nibbana", and moved on to become a student of [[Udaka Ramaputta|Udraka Rāmaputra]] ({{langx|pi|Udaka Ramaputta}}).{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=48}}{{sfnp|Armstrong|2000|p=77}} With him, he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness (called "The Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception") and was again asked to join his teacher. But, once more, he was not satisfied for the same reasons as before, and moved on.{{sfnp|Narada|1992|pp=19–20}}

According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, Gotama then practiced ascetic techniques.{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1990|p=26}}{{efn|An account of these practices can be seen in the ''Mahāsaccaka-sutta'' (MN 36) and its various parallels (which according to [[Bhikkhu Analayo|Anālayo]] include some Sanskrit fragments, an individual Chinese translation, a sutra of the ''Ekottarika-āgama'' as well as sections of the ''Lalitavistara'' and the ''Mahāvastu'').{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|pp=234–235}}}} The ascetic techniques described in the early texts include very minimal food intake, different forms of [[Pranayama|breath control]], and forceful mind control. The texts report that he became so emaciated that his bones became visible through his skin.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=236}} The ''Mahāsaccaka-sutta'' and most of its parallels agree that after taking asceticism to its extremes, Gautama realised that this had not helped him attain nirvana, and that he needed to regain strength to pursue his goal.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=240}} One popular story tells of how he accepted milk and [[rice pudding]] from a village girl named [[Sujata (milkmaid)|Sujata]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Golden Bowl |work=Life of the Buddha |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/15lbud.htm |access-date=25 December 2012 |via=BuddhaNet |archive-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303222852/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/lifebuddha/15lbud.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the 身毛喜豎經,{{efn|a Chinese translation of ''Mahāsīhanāda-sutta''.}} his break with asceticism led his five companions to abandon him, since they believed that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined. At this point, Gautama remembered a previous experience of ''[[Dhyana in Buddhism|dhyana]]'' ("meditation") he had as a child sitting under a tree while his father worked.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=240}} This memory leads him to understand that ''dhyana'' is the path to [[moksha|liberation]], and the texts then depict the Buddha achieving all four dhyanas, followed by the "three higher knowledges" (''[[tevijja]]''),{{efn|According to various early texts like the ''Mahāsaccaka-sutta,'' and the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]],'' a Buddha has achieved three higher knowledges: Remembering one's former abodes (i.e. past lives), the "Divine eye" (''dibba-cakkhu''), which allows the knowing of others' [[Karma in Buddhism|karmic]] destinations and the "extinction of mental intoxicants" (''[[āsava]]kkhaya'').{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=236}}<ref>{{cite web |translator-first=Thanissaro |translator-last=Bhikkhu |date=2008 |title=Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka |id=([[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]] 36) |website=Access to Insight |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.036.than.html |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229223634/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.036.than.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} culminating in complete insight into the [[Four Noble Truths]], thereby attaining liberation from ''[[samsara]]'', the endless cycle of rebirth.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=243}}{{sfnp|Anderson|1999}}{{sfnp|Williams|2002|pp=74–75}}<ref name="EB-DL Four Truths">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Donald |last=Lopez |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Four-Noble-Truths |title=Four Noble Truths |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518100726/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Four-Noble-Truths |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|name="awakening_inconsistencies"|Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter. See: * {{harvp|Bareau|1963}} * {{harvp|Schmithausen|1981}} * {{harvp|Norman|2003}} * {{harvp|Vetter|1988}} * {{harvp|Gombrich|2006a|loc=Chapter 4}} * {{harvp|Bronkhorst|1993 |loc=Chapter 7}} * {{harvp|Anderson|1999}}}}

According to the ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]'' (SN 56),<ref name="sn56">{{cite web |translator-last=Bhikkhu |translator-first=Thanissaro |date=1993 |title=Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion |website=Access to Insight |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330205320/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Tathagata]], the term Gautama uses most often to refer to himself, realised "the [[Middle Way]]"—a path of moderation away from the extremes of [[hedonism|self-indulgence]] and self-mortification, or the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].<ref name="sn56" /> In later centuries, Gautama became known as the ''Buddha'' or "Awakened One". The title indicates that unlike most people who are "asleep", a Buddha is understood as having "woken up" to the true nature of reality and sees the world 'as it is' (''yatha-bhutam'').{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=8}} A Buddha has achieved liberation (''vimutti''), also called Nirvana, which is seen as the extinguishing of the "fires" of desire, hatred, and ignorance, that keep the cycle of suffering and rebirth going.<ref>{{cite web |title=nirvana |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055914/nirvana |access-date=22 October 2014 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516235521/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055914/nirvana |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following his decision to leave his meditation teachers, MĀ 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down with the determination not to get up until full awakening (''sammā-sambodhi'') had been reached; the ''Ariyapariyesanā-sutta'' does not mention "full awakening", but only that he attained nirvana.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=178}} In Buddhist tradition, this event was said to have occurred under a [[Sacred fig|pipal]] tree—known as "the [[Bodhi tree]]"—in [[Bodh Gaya]], Bihar.{{sfnp|Gyatso|2007|pp=8–9}}

As reported by various texts from the Pali Canon, the Buddha sat for seven days under the Bodhi tree "feeling the bliss of deliverance".{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=30}} The Pali texts also report that he continued to meditate and contemplated various aspects of the Dharma while living by the [[Lilajan River|River Nairañjanā]], such as [[Pratītyasamutpāda|Dependent Origination]], the [[Indriya|Five Spiritual Faculties]] and suffering (''dukkha'').{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|pp=30–35}}

The legendary biographies like the ''[[Mahāvastu|Mahavastu]], [[Nidanakatha]]'' and the ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra|Lalitavistara]]'' depict an attempt by [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], the ruler of the desire realm, to prevent the Buddha's nirvana. He does so by sending his daughters to seduce the Buddha, by asserting his superiority and by assaulting him with armies of monsters.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=93}} However the Buddha is unfazed and calls on the earth (or in some versions of the legend, the [[Prithvi|earth goddess]]) as witness to his superiority by [[Maravijaya attitude|touching the ground]] before entering meditation.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=94}} Other miracles and magical events are also depicted.

=== First sermon and formation of the saṅgha ===
[[File:Sarnath1.jpg|thumb|[[Dhamek Stupa]] in [[Sarnath]], India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the [[Four Noble Truths]] to his first five disciples]]
According to MN 26, immediately after his awakening, the Buddha hesitated on whether or not he should teach the ''[[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]]'' to others. He was concerned that humans were overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is "subtle, deep and hard to grasp". However, the god [[Brahma (Buddhism)#Brahmā Sahampati|Brahmā Sahampati]] convinced him, arguing that at least some "with little dust in their eyes" will understand it. The Buddha relented and agreed to teach. According to Anālayo, the Chinese parallel to MN 26, MĀ 204, does not contain this story, but this event does appear in other parallel texts, such as in an ''[[Ekottara Agama|Ekottarika-āgama]]'' discourse, in the ''Catusparisat-sūtra'', and in the ''Lalitavistara''.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=178}}

According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers, [[Alara Kalama]] and [[Udaka Ramaputta]], to teach them his insights, but they had already died, so he decided to visit his five former companions.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=182}} MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to [[Varanasi|Vārānasī]] (Benares), he met another wanderer, an [[Ājīvika]] ascetic named Upaka in MN 26. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=183}}

MN 26 and MĀ 204 continue with the Buddha reaching the [[Sarnath|Deer Park (Sarnath)]] (''Mrigadāva'', also called ''Rishipatana'', "site where the ashes of the ascetics fell")<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Boisselier|first=Jean |title=The wisdom of the Buddha|date=1994|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|isbn=0-8109-2807-8|location=New York|oclc=31489012}}</ref> near Vārānasī, where he met the group of five ascetics and was able to convince them that he had indeed reached full awakening.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=185}} According to MĀ 204 (but not MN 26), as well as the Theravāda Vinaya, an [[Ekottara Agama|''Ekottarika-āgama'']] text, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, the [[Mahīśāsaka]] Vinaya, and the ''Mahāvastu'', the Buddha then taught them the "first sermon", also known as the "Benares sermon",<ref name=":8" /> i.e., the teaching of "the noble eightfold path as the middle path aloof from the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification".{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=185}} The Pali text reports that after the first sermon, the ascetic [[Kaundinya]] became the first [[arhat]] (liberated being) and the first Buddhist [[bhikkhu]] or monastic.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|pp=44–45}} The Buddha then continued to teach the other ascetics and they formed the first [[Sangha (Buddhism)|{{IAST|saṅgha}}]], the company of Buddhist monks.{{efn|name="Upaddha"}}

Various sources such as the ''Mahāvastu,'' the ''Mahākhandhaka'' of the Theravāda Vinaya and the ''Catusparisat-sūtra'' also mention that the Buddha taught them his second discourse, about the characteristic of [[Anatta|"not-self"]] (''[[Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta|Anātmalakṣaṇa Sūtra]]''), at this time{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=110}} or five days later.<ref name=":8" /> After hearing this second sermon the four remaining ascetics also reached the status of ''arahant.''<ref name=":8" />

The Theravāda Vinaya and the ''Catusparisat-sūtra'' also speak of the conversion of [[Yasa]], a local guild master, and his friends and family, who were some of the first laypersons to be converted and to enter the Buddhist community.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=113}}<ref name=":8" /> The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, who brought with them five hundred converts who had previously been "matted hair ascetics", and whose spiritual practice was related to fire sacrifices.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|pp=48, 54–59}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|pp=116–117}} According to the Theravāda Vinaya, the Buddha then stopped at the Gayasisa hill near [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and delivered his third discourse, the ''[[Ādittapariyāya Sutta]]'' (The Discourse on Fire),{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=64}} in which he taught that everything in the world is inflamed by passions and only those who follow the Eightfold path can be liberated.<ref name=":8" />

At the end of the rainy season, when the Buddha's community had grown to around sixty awakened monks, he instructed them to wander on their own, teach and ordain people into the community, for the "welfare and benefit" of the world.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=115}}<ref name=":8" />

=== Travels and growth of the saṅgha ===
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|right|Kosala and Magadha in the post-Vedic period]]
[[File:Buddha mit Mogallana und Sariputta.JPG|thumb|The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom)]]

For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have travelled in the [[Gangetic Plain]], in what is now [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as [[Angulimala]], and cannibals such as Alavaka.{{sfnp|Malalasekera|1960|pp=291–292}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=15}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=131}} According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from "[[Kosambi]] on the [[Yamuna]] (25 km south-west of [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] )", to Campa (40 km east of [[Bhagalpur]])" and from "Kapilavatthu (95 km north-west of [[Gorakhpur]]) to Uruvela (south of Gaya)". This covers an area of 600 by 300 km.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=231}} His sangha{{efn|name="Upaddha"}} enjoyed the patronage of the kings of [[Kosala]] and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and he thus spent a lot of time in their respective capitals, [[Shravasti|Savatthi]] and [[Rajgir|Rajagaha]].{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=231}}

According to the [[Theravada]] view, the Buddha spoke the language of [[Magadha]] or the speech that was current in the Magadha region.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=von Hinüber |first=Oskar |date= |title=Languages: Indic |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ENBO/COM-0082.xml?rskey=44Vy5a&result=1 |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online |location= |publisher=BRILL |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deegalle |first1=Mahinda |title=Popularizing Buddhism: Preaching as Performance in Sri Lanka |date=2007 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791481028 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8268Es0tesC&q=Buddha+language+magadha}}</ref>

The sangha wandered throughout the year, except during the four months of the [[Vassa]] rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely travelled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to flora and animal life.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=132}} The health of the ascetics might have been a concern as well.<ref>Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995). ''"[https://accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102071244/https://accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html |date=2 November 2022 }}"''</ref> At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or forests, where people would come to them.

The first vassana was spent at [[Varanasi]] when the sangha was formed. According to the Pali texts, shortly after the formation of the sangha, the Buddha travelled to [[Rajgir|Rajagaha]], capital of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], and met with King [[Bimbisara]], who gifted a bamboo grove park to the sangha.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=68}}

The Buddha's sangha continued to grow during his initial travels in north India. The early texts tell the story of how the Buddha's [[Śrāvaka#Foremost disciples|chief disciples]], [[Śāriputra|Sāriputta]] and [[Maudgalyayana|Mahāmoggallāna]], who were both students of the skeptic sramana [[Sanjaya Belatthiputta|Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta]], were converted by [[Assaji]].{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=70}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=119}} They also tell of how the Buddha's son, [[Rāhula|Rahula]], joined his father as a bhikkhu when the Buddha visited his old home, Kapilavastu.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=78}} Over time, other Shakyans joined the order as bhikkhus, such as Buddha's cousin [[Ānanda]], [[Aniruddha (Buddhist)|Anuruddha]], [[Upāli]] the barber, the Buddha's half-brother [[Nanda (Buddhism)|Nanda]] and [[Devadatta]].{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|pp=79–83}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=122}} Meanwhile, the Buddha's father Suddhodana heard his son's teaching, converted to Buddhism and became a [[sotapanna|stream-enterer]].

The early texts also mention an important lay disciple, the merchant [[Anathapindika|Anāthapiṇḍika]], who became a strong lay supporter of the Buddha early on. He is said to have gifted [[Jetavana|Jeta's grove]] (''Jetavana'') to the sangha at great expense (the Theravada Vinaya speaks of thousands of gold coins).{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=91}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=136}}

=== Formation of the bhikkhunī order ===
[[File:Mahapajapati.jpg|thumb|Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains]]
The formation of a parallel order of female monastics ([[bhikkhunī]]) was another important part of the growth of the Buddha's community. As noted by Anālayo's comparative study of this topic, there are various versions of this event depicted in the different early Buddhist texts.{{efn |Anālayo draws from seven early sources:{{sfnp|Anālayo|2016|pp=40–41}}
# the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese
# a *Vinayamātṛkā preserved in Chinese translation, which some scholars suggest represents the Haimavata tradition
# the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda Vinaya, preserved in Sanskrit
# the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya in Five Parts, preserved in Chinese
# the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, where the episode is extant in Chinese and Tibetan translation, with considerable parts also preserved in Sanskrit fragments
# a discourse in the Madhyama-āgama, preserved in Chinese, probably representing the Sarvāstivāda tradition
# a Pāli discourse found among the Eights of the Aṅguttara-nikāya; the same account is also found in the Theravāda Vinaya preserved in Pāli}}

According to all the major versions surveyed by Anālayo, [[Mahapajapati Gotami|Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī]], Buddha's step-mother, is initially turned down by the Buddha after requesting ordination for her and some other women. Mahāprajāpatī and her followers then shave their hair, don robes and begin following the Buddha on his travels. The Buddha is eventually convinced by Ānanda to grant ordination to Mahāprajāpatī on her acceptance of [[Eight Garudhammas|eight conditions called gurudharmas]] which focus on the relationship between the new order of nuns and the monks.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2016|p=43}}

According to Anālayo, the only argument common to all the versions that Ananda uses to convince the Buddha is that women have the same ability to reach all stages of awakening.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2016|p=79}} Anālayo also notes that some modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of the eight gurudharmas in their present form due to various inconsistencies. He holds that the historicity of the current lists of eight is doubtful, but that they may have been based on earlier injunctions by the Buddha.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2013b}}{{sfnp|Anālayo|2016|pp=111–112}}

Anālayo notes that various passages indicate that the reason for the Buddha's hesitation to ordain women was the danger that the life of a wandering sramana posed for women that were not under the protection of their male family members, such as dangers of sexual assault and abduction. Due to this, the gurudharma injunctions may have been a way to place "the newly founded order of nuns in a relationship to its male counterparts that resembles as much as possible the protection a laywoman could expect from her male relatives".{{sfnp|Anālayo|2016|p=127}}

=== Later years ===
[[File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Ajatasattu worships the Buddha %289217704485%29.jpg|thumb|Ajatashatru worships the Buddha, relief from the [[Bharhut]] Stupa at the Indian Museum, [[Kolkata]]]]

According to J.S. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=136}}

As the sangha{{efn|name="Upaddha"}} grew in size, the need for a standardised set of monastic rules arose and the Buddha seems to have developed a set of regulations for the sangha. These are preserved in various texts called "[[Pratimokṣa|Pratimoksa]]" which were recited by the community every fortnight. The Pratimoksa includes general ethical precepts, as well as rules regarding the essentials of monastic life, such as bowls and robes.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=134}}

In his later years, the Buddha's fame grew and he was invited to important royal events, such as the inauguration of the new council hall of the Shakyans (as seen in MN 53) and the inauguration of a new palace by Prince Bodhi (as depicted in MN 85).{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|pp=232–233}} The early texts also speak of how during the Buddha's old age, the kingdom of Magadha was usurped by a new king, [[Ajatashatru]], who overthrew his father [[Bimbisara]]. According to the ''Samaññaphala Sutta,'' the new king spoke with different ascetic teachers and eventually took refuge in the Buddha.{{sfnp|Jain|1991|p=79}} However, Jain sources also claim his allegiance, and it is likely he supported various religious groups, not just the Buddha's sangha exclusively.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V.D. |year=2016 |title=Ancient India |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |page=190}}</ref>

As the Buddha continued to travel and teach, he also came into contact with [[Śramaṇa#Pre-Buddhist śrāmana schools in Buddhist texts|members of other śrāmana sects.]] There is evidence from the early texts that the Buddha encountered some of these figures and critiqued their doctrines. The ''Samaññaphala Sutta'' identifies six such sects.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=215}}

The early texts also depict the elderly Buddha as suffering from back pain. Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=232}} However, the Buddha continued teaching well into his old age.

One of the most troubling events during the Buddha's old age was [[Devadatta]]'s schism. Early sources speak of how the Buddha's cousin, Devadatta, attempted to take over leadership of the order and then left the sangha with several Buddhist monks and formed a rival sect. This sect is said to have been supported by King Ajatashatru.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=198}}{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=257}} The Pali texts depict Devadatta as plotting to kill the Buddha, but these plans all fail.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=236}} They depict the Buddha as sending his two chief disciples (Sariputta and Moggallana) to this schismatic community in order to convince the monks who left with Devadatta to return.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=237}}

All the major early Buddhist Vinaya texts depict Devadatta as a divisive figure who attempted to split the Buddhist community, but they disagree on what issues he disagreed with the Buddha on. The [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthavira]] texts generally focus on "five points" which are seen as excessive ascetic practices, while the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahāsaṅghika]] Vinaya speaks of a more comprehensive disagreement, which has Devadatta alter the discourses as well as monastic discipline.<ref>Bhikkhu Sujato (2012), [http://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/WhyDevadattaWasNoSaint.pdf "Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130154318/http://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/WhyDevadattaWasNoSaint.pdf |date=30 January 2020 }}</ref>

At around the same time of Devadatta's schism, there was also war between Ajatashatru's Kingdom of Magadha, and Kosala, led by an elderly king Pasenadi.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=280}} Ajatashatru seems to have been victorious, a turn of events the Buddha is reported to have regretted.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=239}}

=== Last days and ''parinirvana'' ===
[[File:040 Ananda worships Buddha (25595318747).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and [[Ānanda]], his chief attendant. |alt=Metal relief]]

The main narrative of the Buddha's last days, death and the events following his death is contained in the ''[[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]]'' (DN 16) and its various parallels in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=165}} According to Anālayo, these include the Chinese Dirgha Agama 2, "Sanskrit fragments of the ''Mahaparinirvanasutra"'', and "three discourses preserved as individual translations in Chinese".{{sfnp|Anālayo|2014}}

The ''Mahaparinibbana sutta'' depicts the Buddha's last year as a time of war. It begins with Ajatashatru's decision to make war on the [[Vajjika League]], leading him to send a minister to ask the Buddha for advice.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|pp=286–288}} The Buddha responds by saying that the Vajjikas can be expected to prosper as long as they do seven things, and he then applies these seven principles to the Buddhist Sangha,{{efn|name="Upaddha"}} showing that he is concerned about its future welfare.

The Buddha says that the Sangha will prosper as long as they "hold regular and frequent assemblies, meet in harmony, do not change the rules of training, honour their superiors who were ordained before them, do not fall prey to worldly desires, remain devoted to forest hermitages, and preserve their personal mindfulness". He then gives further lists of important virtues to be upheld by the Sangha.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|pp=165–166}}

The early texts depict how the Buddha's two chief disciples, Sariputta and Moggallana, died just before the Buddha's death.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=244}} The ''Mahaparinibbana'' depicts the Buddha as experiencing illness during the last months of his life but initially recovering. It depicts him as stating that he cannot promote anyone to be his successor. When Ānanda requested this, the ''Mahaparinibbana'' records his response as follows:{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=246}}

{{blockquote|Ananda, why does the Order of monks expect this of me? I have taught the Dhamma, making no distinction of "inner" and " outer": the Tathagata has no "teacher's fist" (in which certain truths are held back). If there is anyone who thinks: "I shall take charge of the Order", or "the Order is under my leadership", such a person would have to make arrangements about the Order. The Tathagata does not think in such terms. Why should the Tathagata make arrangements for the Order? I am now old, worn out...I have reached the term of life, I am turning eighty years of age. Just as an old cart is made to go by being held together with straps, so the Tathagata's body is kept going by being bandaged up...Therefore, Ananda, you should live as islands unto yourselves, being your own refuge, seeking no other refuge; with the Dhamma as an island, with the Dhamma as your refuge, seeking no other refuge... Those monks who in my time or afterwards live thus, seeking an island and a refuge in themselves and in the Dhamma and nowhere else, these zealous ones are truly my monks and will overcome the darkness (of rebirth).}}
[[File:Dying Buddha (Mahaparinirvana), Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century AD, gray schist - John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art - Sarasota, FL - DSC00665.jpg|thumb|[[Parinirvana|Mahaparinirvana]], Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist]]
[[File:19th century sketch and 21st century photo collage, Cave 26 Ajanta, Buddha Parinirvana.jpg|thumb|Mahaparinibbana scene, from the [[Ajanta Caves]]]]

After travelling and teaching some more, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named [[Cunda (Buddhism)|Cunda]]. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant Ānanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his death and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Access insight | chapter-url = http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html | chapter = Maha-parinibbana Sutta | title = Digha Nikaya | number = 16 | at = verse 56 | title-link = Digha Nikaya | access-date = 5 March 2009 | archive-date = 6 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606001458/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Bhikkhu Mettanando and [[Oskar von Hinüber]] argue that the Buddha died of [[Superior mesenteric artery syndrome|mesenteric]] [[infarction]], a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning.{{sfnp|Bhikkhu|von Hinüber|2000}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhikkhu |first=Mettanando |date=15 May 2001 |title=How the Buddha died |work=Bangkok Post |url= http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/ebdha192.htm |access-date=25 December 2012 |via=BuddhaNet |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114032016/http://www.buddhanet.net/budsas/ebud/ebdha192.htm |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref>

The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms. The [[Theravada]] tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the [[Mahayana]] tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on [[Buddhist vegetarianism]] and the precepts for monks and nuns.{{sfnp|Waley|1932|pp=343–354}} Modern scholars also disagree on this topic, arguing both for pig's flesh or some kind of plant or mushroom that pigs like to eat.{{efn|name="Wayley1932"|Waley notes: ''suukara-kanda'', "pig-bulb"; ''suukara-paadika'', "pig's foot" and ''sukaresh.ta'' "sought-out by pigs". He cites Neumann's suggestion that if a plant called "sought-out by pigs" exists then ''suukaramaddava'' can mean "pig's delight".}} Whatever the case, none of the sources which mention the last meal attribute the Buddha's sickness to the meal itself.{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=176}}

As per the ''Mahaparinibbana sutta,'' after the meal with Cunda, the Buddha and his companions continued travelling until he was too weak to continue and had to stop at [[Kushinagar]], where Ānanda had a resting place prepared in a grove of Sala trees.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=249}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=178}} After announcing to the sangha at large that he would soon be passing away to final Nirvana, the Buddha ordained one last novice into the order personally. His name was Subhadda.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=249}} He then repeated his final instructions to the sangha, which was that the Dhamma and Vinaya was to be their teacher after his death. Then he asked if anyone had any doubts about the teaching, but nobody did.{{sfnp|Schumann|2003|p=250}} The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All [[Saṅkhāra|''saṅkhāras'']] decay. Strive for the goal with diligence (''[[appamāda]]'')" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā').{{sfnp|Wynne|2007|p=112}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=183}}

He then entered his final meditation and died, reaching what is known as ''parinirvana'' (final nirvana; instead of a person being reborn, "the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur"{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=76}}). The ''Mahaparinibbana'' reports that in his final meditation he entered the four dhyanas consecutively, then the four [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|immaterial attainments]] and finally the meditative dwelling known as ''nirodha-samāpatti,'' before returning to the fourth dhyana right at the moment of death.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=324}}{{sfnp|Strong|2001|p=178}}
[[File:Buddha's cremation stupa, Kushinagar.jpg|thumb|Buddha's cremation stupa, [[Kushinagar]] (Kushinara)]]
[[File:Piprawa vase with relics of the Buddha.jpg|thumb|[[Piprahwa]] vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads: ''...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate...'' ([[Brahmi script]]: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord".]]

=== Posthumous events ===
{{See also|Śarīra|Relics associated with Buddha}}
According to the ''Mahaparinibbana sutta,'' the Mallians of Kushinagar spent the days following the Buddha's death honouring his body with flowers, music and scents.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=327}} The sangha{{efn|name="Upaddha"}} waited until the eminent elder [[Mahākāśyapa|Mahākassapa]] arrived to pay his respects before cremating the body.{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=330}}

The Buddha's body was then cremated and the remains, including his bones, were kept as [[relic]]s and they were distributed among various north Indian kingdoms like Magadha, Shakya and [[Koliya]].{{sfnp|Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|1992|p=331}} These relics were placed in monuments or mounds called [[stupa]]s, a common funerary practice at the time. Centuries later they would be exhumed and enshrined by [[King Ashoka|Ashoka]] into many new stupas around the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan realm]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83105/Buddha/230773/The-Buddhas-relics |first=Donald |last=Lopez |title=The Buddha's relics |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507022035/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83105/Buddha/230773/The-Buddhas-relics |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Strong|2007|pp=136–137}} Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers.

According to various Buddhist sources, the [[First Buddhist Council]] was held shortly after the Buddha's death to collect, recite and memorise the teachings. Mahākassapa was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the council. However, the historicity of the traditional accounts of the first council is disputed by modern scholars.<ref>Harvey, Peter (2013), ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices'' (PDF) (2nd ed.), New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], p. 88, {{ISBN|978-0-521-85942-4}}</ref>

== Teachings and views==
{{See also|Buddhist philosophy#The Buddha and early Buddhism|l1=The Buddha and early Buddhism}}
Intuiting the original doctrines of the Buddha, and to what extent the precepts of contemporary Buddhism reflect these teachings, is a difficult task. Many of the core principles of Buddhism, including the [[Eightfold Path]], [[Four Noble Truths]], and the concept of ''[[moksha]]'', appear to have come after the Buddha himself,{{sfnp|Vetter|1988}}{{sfnp|Bucknell|1984}} and the extent to which the Buddha engaged in philosophical inquiry is uncertain.<ref>Smith, Douglass, and Justin Whitaker. "Reading the Buddha as a Philosopher." Philosophy East and West 66, no. 2 (2016): pp. 515–538.</ref> The [[Early Buddhist Texts|earliest surviving Buddhist texts]] are already sectarian in nature, and reconstructing the beliefs of pre-sectarian Buddhism is rife with difficulties and disagreements among scholars, not all of whom believe a meaningful reconstruction is possible.

=== Historicity ===
==== Scholarly views on the earliest teachings ====
{{Main|Presectarian Buddhism}}

[[File:Kanishka Buddha detail.jpg|thumb|upright|The Buddha on a coin of [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ruler [[Kanishka I]], {{circa|130}} CE]]

One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest versions of the [[Pali Canon]] and other texts, such as the surviving portions of [[Sarvastivada]], [[Mulasarvastivada]], [[Mahisasaka]], [[Dharmaguptaka]],{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|p=ix}}{{sfnp|Warder|2000|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}} and the Chinese [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Agamas]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Tse-Fu Kuan |title=Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness |editor1=Edo Shonin |page=267 |chapter=Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature |editor2=William Van Gordon |editor3=[[Nirbhay N. Singh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mun-Keat Choong |title=The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1999 |page=3}}</ref> The reliability of these sources, and the possibility of drawing out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfnp|Vetter|1988}}{{sfnp|Schmithausen|1990}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|1997}} According to [[Lambert Schmithausen]], there are three positions held by modern scholars of Buddhism with regard to the authenticity of the teachings contained in the Nikayas:{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=vii}}
# "Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials".{{efn|Two well-known proponent of this position are [[A.K. Warder]] and [[Richard Gombrich]].
* According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication ''Indian Buddhism'', "from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out".{{sfnp|Warder|2000|loc=inside flap}} According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BCE. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the ''parinirvana'' of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers".{{sfnp|Warder|2000|loc=inside flap}}
* Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic rules."{{sfnp|Gombrich|1997}}}}
# "Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism".{{efn|A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson.
* Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed){{sic}} that a relatively early community (disputed){{sic}} maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha."{{sfnp|Davidson|2003|p=147}}}}
# "Cautious optimism in this respect".{{efn|Well-known proponents of the third position are:
* J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism [...] the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas."{{sfnp|Jong|1993|p=25}}
* Johannes Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=vii}}
* Donald Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."{{sfnp|Lopez|1995|p=4}}}}

Scholars such as [[Richard Gombrich]], Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne and [[A.K. Warder]] hold that these Early Buddhist Texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the Buddha.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1997}}{{sfnp|Warder|2004|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}<ref name=":1" /> [[Richard Gombrich]] argues that since the content of the earliest texts "presents such originality, intelligence, grandeur and—most relevantly—coherence...it is hard to see it as a composite work." Thus he concludes they are "the work of one genius".{{sfnp|Gombrich|2006b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KCh-AgAAQBAJ&q=the%20work%20of%20one%20genius 21]}} [[Peter Harvey (academic)|Peter Harvey]] also agrees that "much" of the Pali Canon "must derive from his [the Buddha's] teachings".<ref>Harvey, Peter (1990). ''"An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices"'', p. 3. Introduction to Religion. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Likewise, [[A. K. Warder]] has written that "there is no evidence to suggest that it [the shared teaching of the early schools] was formulated by anyone other than the Buddha and his immediate followers."{{sfnp|Warder|2000|loc=inside flap}} According to Alexander Wynne, "the internal evidence of the early Buddhist literature proves its historical authenticity."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wynne |first1=Alexander |year=2005 |title=The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature |journal=Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=XLIX |pages=35–70}}</ref>

Other scholars of Buddhist studies have disagreed with the mostly positive view that the early Buddhist texts reflect the teachings of the historical Buddha, arguing that some teachings contained in the early texts are the authentic teachings of the Buddha, but not others. Ainslie Embree writes that many sermons credited to the Buddha are the works of later teachers, so there is considerable doubt about his original message.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Embree |first=Ainslie |title=Sources of Indian tradition |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-231-06650-1 |editor-last= |editor-first= |edition=2nd |series=Introduction to Oriental civilizations |location=New York |pages=93}}</ref> According to Tilmann Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|p=ix}}{{efn|Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen,{{sfnp|Schmithausen|1981}} the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter,{{sfnp|Vetter|1988}} the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman,{{sfnp|Norman|2003}} the textual studies by Richard Gombrich,{{sfnp|Gombrich|1997}} and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes Bronkhorst.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993}}}} According to Tilmann Vetter, the earliest core of the Buddhist teachings is the meditative practice of ''dhyāna'',{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=xxx, xxxv–xxxvi, 4–5}}{{efn|Vetter: "However, if we look at the last, and in my opinion the most important, component of this list [the noble eightfold path], we are still dealing with what according to me is the real content of the middle way, dhyana-meditation, at least the stages two to four, which are said to be free of contemplation and reflection. Everything preceding the eighth part, i.e. right samadhi, apparently has the function of preparing for the right samadhi."{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|p=xxx}}}} but "liberating insight" became an essential feature of the Buddhist tradition only at a later date.

He posits that the Fourth Noble Truths, the Eightfold path and Dependent Origination, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations which form part of the explanatory framework of this "liberating insight".{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=xxxiv–xxxvii}} [[Lambert Schmithausen]] similarly argues that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the four ''dhyānas'', is a later addition.{{sfnp|Schmithausen|1981}} [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] also argues that the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=107}}

[[Edward Conze]] argued that the attempts of European scholars to reconstruct the original teachings of the Buddha were "all mere guesswork".<ref>Conze, Edward (2000). "Buddhism: A Short History". From Buddhism to Sufism Series. Oneworld.</ref>

=== Core teachings ===
[[File:Fragmentary Buddhist text - Gandhara birchbark scrolls (1st C), part 31 - BL Or. 14915.jpg|thumb|[[Gandharan Buddhism|Gandharan Buddhist]] birchbark scroll fragments]]
{{Main|Early Buddhist Texts}}

A number of teachings and practices are deemed essential to Buddhism, including: the [[samyojana]] (fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the [[Saṅkhāra|sankharas]] ("formations"), the [[Kleshas (Buddhism)|kleshas]] (unwholesome mental states), including the [[three poisons]], and the [[āsava]]s ("influx, canker"), that perpetuate [[Samsara (Buddhism)|sa{{IAST|ṃ}}sāra]], the repeated cycle of becoming; the [[six sense bases]] and the [[Skandha|five aggregates]], which describe the process from sense contact to consciousness which lead to this bondage to sa{{IAST|ṃ}}sāra; [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent origination]], which describes this process, and its reversal, in detail; and the [[Middle Way]], summarised by the later tradition in the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], which prescribes how this bondage can be reversed.

According to N. Ross Reat, the Theravada Pali texts and the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasamghika]] school's [[Salistamba Sutra|''Śālistamba Sūtra'']] share
these basic teachings and practices.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reat |first=Noble Ross |chapter= The Historical Buddha and his Teachings|editor-last=Potter |editor-first=Karl H. |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy, Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1996 |pages=28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48}}</ref> [[Bhikkhu Analayo]] concludes that the Theravada ''[[Majjhima Nikāya|Majjhima Nikaya]]'' and [[Sarvastivada]] ''[[Madhyama Agama]]'' contain mostly the same major doctrines.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=891}} Likewise, [[Richard Salomon (South Asian Studies)|Richard Salomon]] has written that the doctrines found in the [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts|Gandharan Manuscripts]] are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/how-the-gandharan-manuscripts-change-buddhist-history/|title=How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=20 January 2020|website=Lion's Roar|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229000500/https://www.lionsroar.com/how-the-gandharan-manuscripts-change-buddhist-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Samsara ====
All beings have deeply entrenched [[samyojana]] (fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the [[Saṅkhāra|sankharas]] ("formations"), [[Kleshas (Buddhism)|kleshas]] (unwholesome mental states), including the [[three poisons]], and [[āsava]]s ("influx, canker"), that perpetuate [[Samsara (Buddhism)|sa{{IAST|ṃ}}sāra]], the repeated cycle of becoming and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]]. According to the Pali suttas, the Buddha stated that "this saṃsāra is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving."{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|p=39}} In the ''Dutiyalokadhammasutta sutta'' (AN 8:6) the Buddha explains how "eight worldly winds" "keep the world turning around [...] Gain and loss, fame and disrepute, praise and blame, pleasure and pain". He then explains how the difference between a noble (''arya'') person and an uninstructed worldling is that a noble person reflects on and understands the impermanence of these conditions.{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|pp=32–33}}

This cycle of becoming is characterised by ''[[dukkha]]'',{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=59}} commonly referred to as "suffering", ''dukkha'' is more aptly rendered as "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease". It is the unsatisfactoriness and unease that comes with a life dictated by automatic responses and habituated selfishness,{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=61}} and the unsatifacories of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus unreliable.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=62}} The ultimate noble goal should be liberation from this cycle.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=12}}

''Samsara'' is dictated by [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]], which is an impersonal natural law, similar to how certain seeds produce certain plants and fruits.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=19}} ''Karma'' is not the only cause for one's conditions, as the Buddha listed various physical and environmental causes alongside karma.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=20}} The Buddha's teaching of karma differed to that of the Jains and Brahmins, in that on his view, karma is primarily mental intention (as opposed to mainly physical action or ritual acts).{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}} The Buddha is reported to have said "By karma I mean intention."{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=49}} Richard Gombrich summarises the Buddha's view of karma as follows: "all thoughts, words, and deeds derive their moral value, positive or negative, from the intention behind them".{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=13}}

==== The six sense bases and the five aggregates ====
The [[six sense bases|āyatana]] (six sense bases) and the [[Skandha|five skandhas]] (aggregates) describe how sensory contact leads to attachment and ''dukkha''. The six sense bases are eye and sight, ear and sound, nose and odour, tongue and taste, body and touch, and mind and thoughts. Together they create the input from which we create our world or reality, "the all". This process takes place through the five skandhas, "aggregates", "groups", "heaps", five groups of physical and mental processes,{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=135}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=114}} namely form (or material image, impression) ({{transliteration|pi|[[Rūpa#Buddhism|rupa]]}}), sensations (or feelings, received from form) ({{transliteration|pi|[[Vedanā|vedana]]}}), perceptions ({{transliteration|pi|[[Samjna (concept)|samjna]]}}), mental activity or formations ({{transliteration|pi|[[Saṅkhāra|sankhara]]}}), consciousness ({{transliteration|pi|[[Vijñāna|vijnana]]}}).<ref name="stevenemmanuel587">{{cite book|author=Steven M. Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|pages=587–588|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053956/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/topic/skandha Skandha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103012318/http://www.britannica.com/topic/skandha |date=3 January 2018 }} Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)</ref><ref name="Aggregates">{{cite journal |author= Karunamuni ND |title= The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind |journal= SAGE Open |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages= 215824401558386 |date=May 2015 |article-number= 2158244015583860 | doi=10.1177/2158244015583860|doi-access=free }}</ref> They form part of other Buddhist teachings and lists, such as dependent origination, and explain how sensory input ultimately leads to bondage to samsara by the mental defilements.

==== Dependent Origination ====
[[File:Buddha teaching Dharma, on lion throne.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Schist]] Buddha statue with the famed [[Ye Dharma Hetu]] [[dhāraṇī]] around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa teaches."]]

In the early texts, the process of the arising of dukkha is explicated through the teaching of [[Dependent Origination|dependent origination]],{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}} which says that everything that exists or occurs is dependent on conditioning factors.{{sfnp|Hamilton|2000|p=22}} The most basic formulation of dependent origination is given in the early texts as: 'It being thus, this comes about' (Pali: ''evam sati idam hoti'').{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=131}} This can be taken to mean that certain phenomena only arise when there are other phenomena present, thus their arising is "dependent" on other phenomena.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=131}}

The philosopher Mark Siderits has outlined the basic idea of the Buddha's teaching of Dependent Origination of dukkha as follows:
{{blockquote|given the existence of a fully functioning assemblage of psycho-physical elements (the parts that make up a sentient being), ignorance concerning the three characteristics of sentient existence—suffering, impermanence and non-self—will lead, in the course of normal interactions with the environment, to appropriation (the identification of certain elements as 'I' and 'mine'). This leads in turn to the formation of attachments, in the form of desire and aversion, and the strengthening of ignorance concerning the true nature of sentient existence. These ensure future rebirth, and thus future instances of old age, disease and death, in a potentially unending cycle.{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}}}}

In numerous early texts, this basic principle is expanded with a list of phenomena that are said to be conditionally dependent,{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=141–142}}{{efn|One common basic list of twelve elements in the Early Buddhist Texts goes as follows: "Conditioned by (1) ignorance are (2) formations, conditioned by formations is (3) consciousness, conditioned by consciousness is (4) mind-and-body, conditioned by mind-and-body are (5) the six senses, conditioned by the six senses is (6) sense-contact, conditioned by sense-contact is (7) feeling, conditioned by feeling is (8) craving, conditioned by craving is (9) grasping, conditioned by grasping is (10) becoming, conditioned by becoming is (11) birth, conditioned by birth is (12) old-age and death-grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair come into being. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering."{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=141–142}}}} as a result of later elaborations,{{sfnp|Frauwallner|1973|pp=167–168}}<ref>Hajime Nakamura. ''The Theory of 'Dependent Origination' in its Incipient Stage'' in Somaratana Balasooriya, Andre Bareau, Richard Gombrich, Siri Gunasingha, Udaya Mallawarachchi, Edmund Perry (Editors) (1980) "Buddhist Studies in Honor of Walpola Rahula". London.</ref>{{sfnp|Shulman|2008|p=305, note 19}}{{efn|Shulman refers to Schmitthausen (2000), ''Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit'', in ''Horin: Vergleichende Studien zur Japanischen Kultur, 7''}} including Vedic cosmogenies as the basis for the first four links.{{sfnp|Wayman|1984a|p=173 with note 16}}{{sfnp|Wayman|1984b|p=256}}{{sfnp|Wayman|1971}}<ref name="Kalupahana1975p6">{{cite book|author=David J. Kalupahana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYGAAAAYAAJ|title=Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1|pages=6–7}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|pp=135–136}}{{sfnp|Jurewicz|2000}} According to Boisvert, nidana 3-10 correlate with the five skandhas.{{sfnp|Boisvert|1995|pp=147–150}} According to Richard Gombrich, the twelve-fold list is a combination of two previous lists, the second list beginning with ''tanha'', "thirst", the cause of suffering as described in the second noble truth".{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=138}} According to Gombrich, the two lists were combined, resulting in contradictions in its reverse version.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=138}}{{efn|Gombrich: "The six senses, and thence, via 'contact' and 'feeling', to thirst". It is quite plausible, however, that someone failed to notice that once the first four links became part of the chain, its negative version meant that in order to abolish ignorance one first had to abolish consciousness!"{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=138}}}}

===== Anatta =====
The Buddha saw his analysis of dependent origination as a "Middle Way" between "eternalism" (''sassatavada'', the idea that some essence exists eternally) and "annihilationism" (''ucchedavada'', the idea that we go completely out of existence at death).{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=131}} in this view, persons are just a causal series of impermanent psycho-physical elements,{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}} which are ''[[anatta]]'', without an independent or permanent self.{{sfnp|Hamilton|2000|p=22}} The Buddha instead held that all things in the world of our experience are transient and that there is no unchanging part to a person.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|pp=9, 67}} According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's position is simply that "everything is process".{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=10}}

The [[Buddhist philosophy#Anatta|Buddha's arguments against an unchanging self]] rely on the scheme of the five skandhas, as can be seen in the Pali ''[[Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta]]'' (and its parallels in Gandhari and Chinese)''.''{{sfnp|Hamilton|2000|pp=19–20}}<ref>Andrew Glass, Mark Allon (2007). ''"Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras"'', pp. 5, 15.</ref><ref>Mun-keat Choong (2000), ''"The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama",'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 59.</ref> In the early texts the Buddha teaches that all five aggregates, including consciousness (''[[Vijñāna|viññana]]'', which was held by Brahmins to be eternal), arise due to dependent origination.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|pp=119–120}} Since they are all impermanent, one cannot regard any of the psycho-physical processes as an unchanging self.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=136–137}}{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}} Even mental processes such as [[Vijñāna|consciousness]] and will (''[[cetana]]'') are seen as being dependently originated and impermanent and thus do not qualify as a self (''atman'').{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}}

The Buddha saw the belief in a self as arising from our grasping at and identifying with the various changing phenomena, as well as from ignorance about how things really are.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=146–147}} Furthermore, the Buddha held that we experience suffering because we hold on to erroneous self views.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=148}}{{sfnp|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} As [[Rupert Gethin]] explains, for the Buddha, a person is
{{blockquote|... a complex flow of physical and mental phenomena, but peel away these phenomena and look behind them and one just does not find a constant self that one can call one's own. My sense of self is both logically and emotionally just a label that I impose on these physical and mental phenomena in consequence of their connectedness.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=139}}}}

Due to this view (termed ), the Buddha's teaching was opposed to all soul theories of his time, including the Jain theory of a ''"[[jiva]]"'' ("life monad") and the Brahmanical theories of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]] (Pali: ''atta'') and [[purusha]]. All of these theories held that there was an eternal unchanging [[essence]] to a person, which was separate from all changing experiences,{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=134–135}} and which transmigrated from life to life.{{sfnp|Hamilton|2000|p=20}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|pp=62–64}}{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}} The Buddha's [[Anti-essentialism|anti-essentialist]] view still includes an understanding of continuity through rebirth, it is just the rebirth of a process (karma), not an essence like the atman.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|pp=73–74}}

==== The path to liberation ====
[[File:20160124 Sri Lanka 3769 Polonnaruwa sRGB (25144212713).jpg|thumb|Buddha Statues from [[Gal Vihara]]. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down.]]
{{Main|Buddhist paths to liberation|Buddhist meditation}}

The Buddha taught a path (''marga'') of training to undo the [[samyojana]], [[Kleshas (Buddhism)|kleshas]] and [[āsava]]s and attain ''vimutti'' (liberation).{{sfnp|Siderits|2019}}{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|p=229}} This path taught by the Buddha is depicted in the early texts (most famously in the Pali ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta'' and its numerous parallel texts) as a "[[Middle Way]]" between sensual indulgence on one hand and mortification of the body on the other.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2013a}}

A common presentation of the core structure of Buddha's teaching found in the early texts is that of the [[Four Noble Truths]],{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=63–64}} which refers to the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=81}}{{efn|right view; right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=164}}}} According to Gethin, another common summary of the path to awakening wisely used in the early texts is "abandoning the [[Five hindrances|hindrances]], practice of the four establishments of mindfulness and development of [[Bojjhangas|the awakening factors]]".{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=217–218}}

According to Rupert Gethin, in the Nikayas and Agamas, the Buddha's path is mainly presented in a cumulative and gradual "step by step" process, such as that outlined in the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]''.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=83, 165}}{{efn|Early texts that outline the graduated path include the ''Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta'' (MN 27, with Chinese parallel at MĀ 146) and the ''Tevijja Sutta'' (DN 13, with Chinese parallel at DĀ 26 and a fragmentary Sanskrit parallel entitled the ''Vāsiṣṭha-sūtra'').{{sfnp|Bucknell|1984}}{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=189}}{{sfnp|Anālayo|2015}} Gethin adds: "This schema is assumed and, in one way or another, adapted by the later manuals such as the [[Visuddhimagga]], the [[Abhidharmakosa]], Kamalasila's [[Bhavanakrama]] ('Stages of Meditation', eighth century) and also Chinese and later Tibetan works such as Chih-i's [[Mohe Zhiguan|Mo-ho chih-kuan]] ('Great Calm and Insight') and Hsiu-hsi chih-kuan tso-ch'an fa-yao ('The Essentials for Sitting in Meditation and Cultivating Calm and Insight', sixth century), [[Gampopa|sGam-po-pa]]'s Thar-pa rin-po che'i rgyan ('Jewel Ornament of Liberation', twelfth century) and [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsong-kha-pa]]'s Lam rim chen mo ('Great Graduated Path', fourteenth century).{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=165}}}} Other early texts like the ''Upanisa sutta'' (SN 12.23), present the path as reversions of the process of Dependent Origination.<ref>Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995). [http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/upanisa_sutta.pdf ''Transcendental Dependent Arising. A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206214116/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/upanisa_sutta.pdf |date=6 December 2019 }}.</ref>{{efn|As Gethin notes: "A significant ancient variation on the formula of dependent arising, having detailed the standard sequence of conditions leading to the arising of this whole mass of suffering, thus goes on to state that: Conditioned by (1) suffering, there is (2) faith, conditioned by faith, there is (3) gladness, conditioned by gladness, there is (4) joy, conditioned by joy, there is (5) tranquillity, conditioned by tranquillity, there is (6) happiness, conditioned by happiness, there is (7) concentration, conditioned by concentration, there is (8) knowledge and vision of what truly is, conditioned by knowledge and vision of what truly is, there is (9) disenchantment, conditioned by disenchantment, there is (10) dispassion, conditioned by dispassion, there is (11) freedom, conditioned by freedom, there is (12) knowledge that the defilements are destroyed."{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=157}}}}

''[[Bhavana|Bhāvanā]]'', cultivation of wholesome states, is central to the Buddha's path. Common practices to this goal, which are shared by most of these early presentations of the path, include ''[[Buddhist ethics|sila]]'' (ethical training), restraint of the senses (''indriyasamvara''), ''[[Sati (Buddhism)|sati]]'' (mindfulness) and ''[[sampajañña]]'' (clear awareness), and the practice of ''[[Dhyana in Buddhism|dhyana]]'', the cumulative development of wholesome states{{sfnp|Bucknell|1984}} leading to a "state of perfect [[Upekkha|equanimity]] and awareness (''upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi'')".{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|p=5}} Dhyana is preceded and supported by various aspects of the path such as sense restraint{{sfnp|Anālayo|2017a|pp=80, 128, 135}} and [[mindfulness]], which is elaborated in the ''[[satipatthana]]''-scheme, as taught in the Pali ''[[Satipatthana Sutta]]'' and the sixteen elements of ''[[Anapanasati]]'', as taught in the ''[[Anapanasati Sutta]]''.{{efn|For a comparative survey of Satipatthana in the Pali, Tibetan and Chinese sources, see: {{cite book|ref=none |last=Anālayo |year=2014 |title=Perspectives on Satipatthana}}{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}. For a comparative survey of Anapanasati, see: {{cite journal|ref=none |last=Dhammajoti |first=K.L. |date=2008 |title=Sixteen-mode Mindfulness of Breathing |journal=JCBSSL |volume=VI}}{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}. }}

==== Jain and Brahmanical influences ====
[[File:Borobudur - Lalitavistara - 071 W, The Bodhisattva meets with Arada Kalama (11249495494).jpg|thumb|The Bodhisattva meets with [[Alara Kalama]], [[Borobudur]] relief.]]

In various texts, the Buddha is depicted as having studied under two named teachers, [[Alara Kalama|Āḷāra Kālāma]] and [[Uddaka Ramaputta|Uddaka Rāmaputta]]. According to Alexander Wynne, these were Brahmanical yogis who taught doctrines and practices similar to those in the [[Upanishads]].{{sfnp|Wynne|2004|pp=23, 37}} According to [[Johannes Bronkhorst]], the "meditation without breath and reduced intake of food" which the Buddha practiced before his awakening are forms of asceticism which are similar to Jain practices.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=10}}

According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's teachings on [[Karma]] and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|Rebirth]] are a development of pre-Buddhist themes that can be found in [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Brahminism|Brahmanical]] sources, like the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]''.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|pp=9, 36}} Likewise, ''[[Saṃsāra|samsara]]'', the idea that we are trapped in cycles of rebirth and that we should seek liberation from them through non-harming (''[[Ahiṃsā|ahimsa]]'') and spiritual practices, pre-dates the Buddha and was likely taught in early Jainism.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2009|p=48}} According to [[K.R. Norman]], the Buddhist teaching of the ''[[three marks of existence]]''{{efn|Understanding of these marks helps in the development of detachment:
* ''[[Anicca]]'' (Sanskrit: ''anitya''): That all things that come to have an end;
* ''[[Dukkha]]'' (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|duḥkha}}''): That nothing which comes to be is ultimately satisfying;
* ''[[Anatta|Anattā]]'' (Sanskrit: ''anātman''): That nothing in the realm of experience can really be said to be "I" or "mine".}} may also reflect Upanishadic or other influences .{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=26}} The Buddhist practice called [[Brahmavihara|''Brahma-vihara'']] may have also originated from a Brahmanic term;{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=28}} but its usage may have been common in the sramana traditions.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993}}

=== Homeless life ===
The early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as promoting the life of a homeless and celibate "''sramana''", or mendicant, as the ideal way of life for the practice of the path.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=85, 88}} He taught that mendicants or "beggars" ([[Bhikkhu|''bhikkhus'']]) were supposed to give up all possessions and to own just a begging bowl and three robes.{{sfnp|Kalupahana|1992|p=28}} As part of the Buddha's monastic discipline, they were also supposed to rely on the wider lay community for the basic necessities (mainly food, clothing, and lodging).{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=85}}

The Buddha's teachings on monastic discipline were preserved in the various [[Vinaya]] collections of the different early schools.{{sfnp|Kalupahana|1992|p=28}}

Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after noon and they were not allowed to use gold, silver or any valuables.<ref>Heirman, Ann (2019). "Vinaya rules for monks and nuns".</ref>{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=87}}

===Society===

==== Critique of Brahmanism ====
[[File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Buddha meets a Brahmin (9218121775).jpg|thumb|upright|Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum, [[Kolkata]].]]

According to Bronkhorst, "the bearers of [the Brahmanical] tradition, the Brahmins, did not occupy a dominant position in the area in which the Buddha preached his message."{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2011|p=1}} Nevertheless, the Buddha was acquainted with Brahmanism, and in the early Buddhist Texts, the Buddha references Brahmanical devices. For example, in [[Samyutta Nikaya]] 111, [[Majjhima Nikaya]] 92 and Vinaya i 246 of the [[Pali Canon]], the Buddha praises the [[Agnihotra]] as the foremost sacrifice and the [[Sāvitrī meter]] as the foremost meter.{{efn|''aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham.'' Sacrifices have the Agnihotra as foremost; of meter, the foremost is the Sāvitrī.{{sfnp|Shults|2014|p=119}}}} In general, the Buddha critiques the animal sacrifices and social system on certain key points.

The [[Brahmin]] caste held that the [[Vedas]] were eternal revealed (''[[Śruti|sruti]]'') texts. The Buddha, on the other hand, did not accept that these texts had any divine authority or value.<ref name=Tola&Dragonetti>Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009). ''"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India"''. p. 26: "This also implied the denial of the Shruti provided with characteristics which grant it the status of a substance. All this carried with itself also the negation of the authority of all the sacred texts of Brahmanism. Buddhism does not acknowledge to them any value as ultimate criterion of truth, as depository of the norms which regulate man's conduct as a member of society and in his relations with the Gods. Buddhism ignores the Shruti, the very foundation of Brahmanism."</ref>

The Buddha also did not see the Brahmanical rites and practices as useful for spiritual advancement. For example, in the [[Udāna]], the Buddha points out that [[Ritual purification|ritual bathing]] does not lead to purity: only "truth and morality" lead to purity.{{efn|"Not by water man becomes pure; people here bathe too much; in whom there is truth and morality, he is pure, he is (really) a brahman"<ref name=Tola&Dragonetti />}} He especially critiqued [[animal sacrifice]] as taught in Vedas.<ref name=Tola&Dragonetti /> The Buddha contrasted his teachings, which were taught openly to all people, with that of the Brahmins', who kept their [[mantra]]s secret.{{efn|"These three things, monks, are conducted in secret, not openly. What three? Affairs with women, the mantras of the brahmins, and wrong view.
But these three things, monks, shine openly, not in secret. What three? The moon, the sun, and the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata." AN 3.129{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|pp=33–34}}}}

The Buddha also critiqued the Brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble.<ref name=Tola&Dragonetti />

In the ''Vasettha sutta ''the Buddha argues that the main difference among humans is not birth but their actions and occupations.{{sfnp|Omvedt|2003|p=76}} According to the Buddha, one is a "Brahmin" (i.e., divine, like [[Brahma]]) only to the extent that one has cultivated virtue.{{efn|"In a favourite stanza quoted several times in the Pali Canon: "The Kshatriya is the best among those people who believe in lineage; but he, who is endowed with knowledge and good conduct, is the best among Gods and men".<ref name=Tola&Dragonetti />}} Because of this the early texts report that he proclaimed: "Not by birth one is a Brahman, not by birth one is a non-Brahman; – by moral action one is a Brahman"<ref name=Tola&Dragonetti />

The ''[[Aggañña Sutta]]'' explains all classes or [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]] can be good or bad and gives a sociological explanation for how they arose, against the Brahmanical idea that they are divinely ordained.{{sfnp|Omvedt|2003|p=72}} According to [[Kancha Ilaiah]], the Buddha posed the first [[contract theory]] of society.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |title=Review: The Buddha as a Political Philosopher |magazine= Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=21 |date=1 June 2001 |pages=1801–1804 |jstor=4410659}}</ref> The Buddha's teaching then is a single universal moral law, one [[Dharma]] valid for everybody, which is opposed to the Brahmanic ethic founded on "one's own duty" (''svadharma'') which depends on caste.<ref name=Tola&Dragonetti /> Because of this, all castes including untouchables were welcome in the Buddhist order and when someone joined, they renounced all caste affiliation.<ref>Mrozik, Susanne. "Upali" in MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, pg. 870.</ref><ref>Kancha Ilaiah, ''"God as Political Philosopher: Buddha's Challenge to Brahminism"'' p. 169</ref>

==== Socio-political teachings ====
The early texts depict the Buddha as giving a deflationary account of the importance of politics to human life. Politics is inevitable and is probably even necessary and helpful, but it is also a tremendous waste of time and effort, as well as being a prime temptation to allow ego to run rampant. Buddhist political theory denies that people have a moral duty to engage in politics except to a very minimal degree (pay the taxes, obey the laws, maybe vote in the elections), and it actively portrays engagement in politics and the pursuit of enlightenment as being conflicting paths in life.<ref>{{cite book |first=Matthew J. |last=Moore |title=Buddhism and Political Theory |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-046551-3 |page=2}}</ref>

In the ''[[Aggañña Sutta]]'', the Buddha teaches a history of how monarchy arose which according to Matthew J. Moore is "closely analogous to a social contract". The ''Aggañña Sutta'' also provides a social explanation of how different classes arose, in contrast to the Vedic views on social caste.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last=Moore |first=Matthew J. |date=2015 |title=Political theory in Canonical Buddhism |journal=Philosophy East & West |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=36–64 |doi=10.1353/pew.2015.0002 |s2cid=143618675 |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1026&context=poli_fac |access-date=9 February 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727062753/https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1026&context=poli_fac |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Other early texts like the ''Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta'' and the ''Mahāsudassana Sutta'' focus on the figure of the righteous wheel turning leader ([[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|''Cakkavatti'']]). This ideal leader is one who promotes Dharma through his governance. He can only achieve his status through moral purity and must promote morality and Dharma to maintain his position. According to the ''Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta'', the key duties of a Cakkavatti are: "establish guard, ward, and protection according to Dhamma for your own household, your troops, your nobles, and vassals, for Brahmins and householders, town and country folk, ascetics and Brahmins, for beasts and birds. let no crime prevail in your kingdom, and to those who are in need, give property."<ref name=":7" /> The sutta explains the injunction to give to the needy by telling how a line of wheel-turning monarchs falls because they fail to give to the needy, and thus the kingdom falls into infighting as poverty increases, which then leads to stealing and violence.{{efn|"thus, from the not giving of property to the needy, poverty became rife, from the growth of poverty, the taking of what was not given increased, from the increase of theft, the use of weapons increased, from the increased use of weapons, the taking of life increased — and from the increase in the taking of life, people's life-span decreased, their beauty decreased, and [as] a result of this decrease of life-span and beauty, the children of those whose life-span had been eighty-thousand years lived for only forty thousand."<ref name=":7" />}}

In the ''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta,'' the Buddha outlines several principles that he promoted among the Vajjika tribal federation, which had a quasi-republican form of government. He taught them to "hold regular and frequent assemblies", live in harmony and maintain their traditions. The Buddha then goes on to promote a similar kind of republican style of government among the Buddhist Sangha, where all monks had equal rights to attend open meetings and there would be no single leader, since The Buddha also chose not to appoint one.<ref name=":7" /> Some scholars have argued that this fact signals that the Buddha preferred a [[Republicanism|republican]] form of government, while others disagree with this position.<ref name=":7" />

==== Worldly happiness ====
As noted by [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]], the Buddha as depicted in the Pali suttas does not exclusively teach a world-transcending goal, but also teaches laypersons how to achieve worldly happiness (''sukha'').{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|pp=107–109}}

According to Bodhi, the "most comprehensive" of the suttas that focus on how to live as a layperson is the ''[[Sigālovāda Sutta]]'' (DN 31). This sutta outlines how a layperson behaves towards six basic social relationships: "parents and children, teacher and pupils, husband and wife, friend and friend, employer and workers, lay follower and religious guides".{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|p=109}} This Pali text also has parallels in Chinese and in Sanskrit fragments.<ref>Pannasiri, Bhadanta (1950). "Sigālovāda-Sutta", Visva-Bharati Annals, 3: 150–228.</ref><ref>Martini, Giuliana (2013). "Bodhisattva Texts, Ideologies and Rituals in Khotan in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries", in Buddhism among the Iranian Peoples
of Central Asia, M. De Chiara et al. (ed.), 11–67, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.</ref>

In another sutta (''[[Dīghajāṇu Sutta]]'', [[Aṅguttara Nikāya|AN]] 8.54) the Buddha teaches two types of happiness. First, there is the happiness visible in this very life. The Buddha states that four things lead to this happiness: "The accomplishment of persistent effort, the accomplishment of protection, good friendship, and balanced living."{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|p=124}} Similarly, in several other suttas, the Buddha teaches on how to improve family relationships, particularly on the importance of filial love and gratitude as well as marital well-being.{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|p=110}}

Regarding the happiness of the next life, the Buddha (in the ''[[Dīghajāṇu Sutta]]'') states that the virtues which lead to a good rebirth are: [[Faith in Buddhism|faith]] (in the Buddha and the teachings), moral discipline, especially keeping the [[five precepts]], generosity, and wisdom (knowledge of the arising and passing of things).{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|pp=111, 125}}

According to the Buddha of the suttas then, achieving a good rebirth is based on cultivating wholesome or skillful (''kusala'') karma, which leads to a good result, and avoiding unwholesome (''akusala'') karma. A common list of good karmas taught by the Buddha is the list of ten courses of action (''[[kammapatha]]'') as outlined in MN 41 ''Saleyyaka Sutta'' (and its Chinese parallel in SĀ 1042).{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|pp=146–148, 156}}{{sfnp|Anālayo|2011|p=263}}

Good karma is also termed [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit (''puñña'')]], and the Buddha outlines three bases of meritorious actions: giving, moral discipline and meditation (as seen in AN 8:36).{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|pp=151, 167}}

== Physical characteristics ==
{{Main|Physical characteristics of the Buddha}}

[[File:Mahapragya exiled 1926 wk.jpg|thumb|Buddhist monks from Nepal.]]

Early sources depict the Buddha's appearance as similar to other Buddhist monks. Various discourses describe how he "cut off his hair and beard" when renouncing the world. Likewise, Digha Nikaya 3 has a Brahmin describe the Buddha as a shaved or bald (''mundaka'') man.<ref>Olivelle, Patrick (1974), ''"The Origin and the Early Development of Buddhist Monachism"'', p. 19.</ref> Digha Nikaya 2 also describes how king Ajatashatru is unable to tell which of the monks is the Buddha when approaching the sangha and must ask his minister to point him out. Likewise, in MN 140, a mendicant who sees himself as a follower of the Buddha meets the Buddha in person but is unable to recognise him.<ref>Mazard, Eisel (2010). [https://www.newmandala.org/the-buddha-was-bald/ "The Buddha was bald"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203203819/https://www.newmandala.org/the-buddha-was-bald/ |date=3 February 2020 }} New Mandala.</ref>

The Buddha is also described as being handsome and with a clear complexion (Digha I:115; Anguttara I:181), at least in his youth. In old age, however, he is described as having a stooped body, with slack and wrinkled limbs.{{sfnp|Dhammika|n.d.|pp=23–24}}

Various Buddhist texts attribute to the Buddha a series of extraordinary physical characteristics, known as "the [[Physical characteristics of the Buddha#The 32 Signs of a Great Man|32 Signs of the Great Man]]" (Skt. ''mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa'').

According to Anālayo, when they first appear in the Buddhist texts, these physical marks were initially held to be imperceptible to the ordinary person, and required special training to detect. Later though, they are depicted as being visible by regular people and as inspiring faith in the Buddha.{{sfnp|Anālayo|2017b|pp=137–138}}

These characteristics are described in the [[Digha Nikaya]]'s ''{{IAST |Lakkhaṇa Sutta}}'' (D, I:142).{{sfnp|Walshe|1995|pp=441–460}}

== Śākyamuni Buddha in Mahāyāna ==
[[File:Embroidery_Sakyamuni.jpg|thumb|Japanese silk embroidery of Śākyamuni Preaching, [[Nara National Museum]], [[Nara (city)|Nara]], Japan. This embroidery is a [[National Treasure (Japan)|National Treasure of Japan]].]]
In [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna Buddhism]], the figure of Śākyamuni Buddha ({{langx|zh|釋迦牟尼佛|translit=Shìjiāmóunífó}}) retains his central role as the historical Buddha who lived and taught in ancient India. However, Mahāyāna developments introduce significant reinterpretations of his nature, activities, and metaphysical status, presenting a cosmic, timeless identity. Unlike the more human-centered portrayals, Mahāyāna works present Śākyamuni as a transcendent being of inconceivable qualities, who operates within a vast cosmological framework.<ref name=":02">[[Teiser, Stephen F.]]; [[Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse]] (2009), ''Interpreting the Lotus Sutra''; in: Teiser, Stephen F.; Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse; eds. ''Readings of the Lotus Sutra'', New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 1–61, {{ISBN|978-0-231-14288-5}}</ref><ref>Guang Xing (2005). ''The Three Bodies of the Buddha: The Origin and Development of the Trikaya Theory''. Oxford: Routledge Curzon: pp. 1, 85</ref> Moreover, [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sutras]] often depict Śākyamuni preaching in vast assemblies composed of bodhisattvas, gods, other Buddhas, and beings from other realms. These assemblies vastly exceed the human scale of early canonical suttas.

In many Mahāyāna scriptures, Śākyamuni is presented as the preacher of profound [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] teachings intended for advanced [[bodhisattva]]s. In contrast to the mainstream Nikāya/Āgama presentations of Śākyamuni as a renunciant teacher, Mahāyāna texts emphasise his [[Prajnaparamita|boundless wisdom]], [[Other power|vast power]], and infinite [[Karuṇā|compassion]]. Furthermore, according to Mahāyāna sutras, Śākyamuni teaches myriad teachings according to the capacities of beings. Thus, what appears to be the classic teaching of the sravakayana path taught in the [[Nikāya]]s/[[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]] is considered a provisional teaching, which is preparatory to the ultimate Mahāyāna Dharma. The ''[[Lotus Sutra|Lotus Sūtra]]'' develops this idea most explicitly, portraying Śākyamuni as a master teacher who uses various [[Upaya|skillful means]] (upaya) to guide beings to the One Vehicle ([[ekayāna]]) which leads to Buddhahood for all.<ref name=":02" />

While Śākyamuni is the central Buddha of our world (often called Sahā), Mahāyāna cosmology includes countless Buddhas presiding over various [[Pure Land|buddhafields]]. Śākyamuni is often depicted as one among an infinite assembly of Buddhas, yet his salvific function remains paramount in many texts.<ref name="Williams-2008f">Williams, Paul, ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,'' Routledge, 2008, p. 21.</ref> The ''[[Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra|Avataṃsaka Sūtra]]'' also presents Śākyamuni as inseparable from the cosmic Buddha [[Vairocana]]. The ''[[Gandavyuha|Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra]]'' (a part of the ''Avataṃsaka'') describes Śākyamuni's activities as pervading all worlds and times, manifesting various forms for the sake of sentient beings. He is sometimes seen as a Buddha who simultaneously appears in countless forms (bodhisattvas, teachers, even ordinary beings), subverting any fixed notion of a singular historical presence.<ref name="Williams, Paul page 122">{{cite book |author=Paul Williams |title=Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations |page=122}}</ref>
[[File:Syaka-Kinkan.jpg|thumb|Śākyamuni's transcendent body arising from his golden tomb, 11th century [[Heian period]] Hanging scroll, [[Kyoto National Museum]].]]
In contrast with early Buddhist views that emphasise the Buddha's struggle on the spiritual path, Mahāyāna scriptures, such as the ''Avataṃsaka Sūtra'' and ''Lotus Sūtra'', portray Śākyamuni as already fully enlightened countless eons ago. Thus, his attainment under the Bodhi tree is also a didactic device ([[upaya]]), a demonstration for the sake of others rather than an actual personal breakthrough from delusion to awakening. This Śākyamuni who appeared to be born as a prince in the Śākya clan in India is understood to be a [[nirmāṇakāya]], a [[Docetism|docetic]] emanation. His apparent human birth, life, attainment of enlightenment, and death were skillful manifestations designed to teach and guide sentient beings, rather than literal events in the life of a finite being.<ref name="Williams-2008g">Williams, Paul, ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,'' Routledge, 2008, p. 27.</ref> The ''[[Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra|Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]]'' reinforces this doctrine by denying that the Buddha truly enters [[Parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]]. His apparent death is merely another teaching device. In fact, he remains eternally active, and his dharma-body ([[dharmakāya]]) continues to benefit beings.<ref>Radich, Michael (2015), ''The Mahāparinivāṇa-mahasūtra and the Emergence of Tathagatagarba Doctrine'' (Hamburg Buddhist Studies Vol. 5), pp. 130-131. amburg University Press</ref> These texts collectively assert that the true Śākyamuni is eternal, unconditioned, and ever-present, even though he assumes various forms adapted to the spiritual capacities of those he teaches.

A central doctrinal framework for understanding Śākyamuni in Mahāyāna thought is the [[Trikaya|trikāya]] ("triple body") doctrine, which holds that Buddhas have a triune body: (1) [[Nirmāṇakāya]] ("emanation body"), the body which appears in the world, (2) [[Saṃbhogakāya]] ("enjoyment body"), a resplendent supranatural form, and (3) [[Dharmakāya]], the formless body of ultimate reality.<ref>Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 172-175.</ref> Through this framework, the "historical" Śākyamuni is not merely a historical teacher, but a cosmic being whose appearance on earth is but one of countless manifestations. His true identity is that of the saṃbhoga- and dharmakāyas, which extend beyond the limits of space and time. Not limited to a single location or lifespan, his bodies permeate the entire cosmos, appearing in innumerable worlds. In this view, the universe itself is Śākyamuni's [[Pure Land|pure land]], gradually being purified and transformed through his spiritual presence and teaching. This aligns with Mahāyāna cosmology in which Buddhas are not absent from the world and never abandon it due to their great compassion.<ref name=":72">Williams, Paul, ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,'' Routledge, 2008, pp. 21-27.</ref>

== In other religions ==
{{Main|Gautama Buddha in world religions}}

=== Hinduism ===
[[File:Buddha incarnation of Vishnu, from Sunari, Medieval period.jpg|thumb|Buddha incarnation of [[Vishnu]], from [[Sunari]], Medieval period. [[Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum]]]]{{POV|date=October 2024}}{{Main|Gautama Buddha in Hinduism}}

After the lifetime of the Buddha the [[Hindu synthesis]] emerged, between 500{{sfnp|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=12}}–200{{sfnp|Larson|1995}} BCE and {{Circa|300 CE|lk=no}},{{sfnp|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=12}} under the pressure of the success of Buddhism and Jainism.{{sfnp|Vijay Nath|2001|p=21}} In response to the success of Buddhism, Gautama was incorporated into Vaishnavism as the 9th [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].<ref name="google260" />{{sfnp|Gopal|1990|p=73}}{{sfnp|Doniger|1993|p=243}}{{efn|name="balarama"|This belief is not universally held as Krishna is held to be the ninth avatar in some traditions and his half-brother Balarama the eight.<ref name=britannica-balarama>{{citation|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Balaram|date=19 February 2015|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balarama|access-date=17 April 2022|quote=Balarama, in Hindu mythology, the elder half brother of Krishna, with whom he shared many adventures. Sometimes Balarama is considered one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the god Vishnu, particularly among those members of Vaishnava sects who elevate Krishna to the rank of a principal god.|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526204320/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balarama|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The adoption of the Buddha as an incarnation began at approximately the same time as Hinduism began to predominate and Buddhism to decline in India, and the inclusion is ambiguous, as the co-option into a list of avatars may be seen as an aspect of Hindu efforts to decisively weaken Buddhist power and appeal in India. While his inclusion has been [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism#Rejection|rejected by some traditionalists]], many [[Neo-Vedanta|modern Hindus]] include the Buddha in their conception of Hinduism.<ref name=varieties-religious>{{citation|title=Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and Their Functions in History|editor-last=Gray|editor-first=Patrick|last=Muesse|first=Mark W.|chapter=Crossing Boundaries:When Founders of Faith Appear in Other Traditions|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-935971-4|year=2016|page=184|quote=Although orthodox Hinduism regards Buddhism as a ''nastika darshana'', a heterodox (sometimes translated as "atheistic") philosophy, many modern Hindus nevertheless wish to include Gotama as part of the Hindu traditions. Gandhi, for example, insisted that the Buddha was a Hindu, a claim that many Hindus today affirm. The traditional belief that the Buddha was the ninth avatar of the god Vishnu, one of the cosmic deities of Hinduism, is often cied in support of this view. Many Hindus who claim the Buddha as one of their own, however, fail to recognize the ambivalence of this tradition. ... The adoption of Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu seems to have commenced at roughly the same time Hinduism gained in ascendancy in India and Buddhism began to decline. Thus, the Hindu inclusion of the Buddha in this traditional list of Vishnu's ten avatars may in fact represent a part of Hindu efforts to eviscerate Buddhist power and appeal.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Doniger |first1=Wendy |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |date=30 September 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-959334-7 |pages=481–484 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&pg=PA484 |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>

Buddha's teachings deny the authority of the [[Vedas]] and the concepts of [[Brahman]]-[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]].<ref name="sep">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Buddha|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=13 July 2015|archive-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903184503/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Sushil Mittal & Gene Thursby (2004), ''The Hindu World'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-77227-3}}, pp. 729–730</ref><ref>C. Sharma (2013), ''A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0365-7}}, p. 66</ref> Consequently, Buddhism is generally classified as a ''[[Nastika|nāstika]]'' school (heterodox, literally "It is not so"{{efn|"in Sanskrit philosophical literature, 'āstika' means 'one who believes in the authority of the Vedas', 'soul', 'Brahman'. ('nāstika' means the opposite of these).<ref>Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), [[Unifying Hinduism|Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History]], Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-14987-7}}, Chapter 9</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link=G. S. Ghurye |last=Ghurye |first=G. S. |title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary |editor-first=S. Devadas |editor-last=Pillai |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-7154-807-1 |page=354 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |oclc=38215769}}</ref>}}) in contrast to the six orthodox schools of Hinduism.<ref>{{cite web |work=The Buddha and his Dharma |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/01_5.html |title=Book One, Part V – The Buddha and His Predecessors |access-date=18 May 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502231847/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/01_5.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Williams |first2=Anthony |last2=Tribe |title=Buddhist thought a complete introduction to the Indian tradition |date=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |isbn=0-203-18593-5 |pages=1–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVvFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT18 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053957/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVvFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT18 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Flood|1996|pp=231–232}}

=== Christianity ===
{{main|Buddhism and Christianity|Buddhist influences on Christianity|Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity}}

[[File:Christ_et_Buddha_by_Paul_Ranson_1880.JPG|right|thumb|''Christ and Buddha'' by [[Paul Ranson]], 1880]]
The Christian saint [[Barlaam and Josaphat|Josaphat]] is based on the Buddha. The name comes from the Sanskrit ''[[Bodhisattva]]'' via Arabic ''Būdhasaf'' and Georgian ''Iodasaph''.{{sfnp|Macdonnel|1900}} The only story in which St. Josaphat appears, ''Barlaam and Josaphat'', is based on the life of the Buddha.{{sfnp|Mershman|1907}} Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast-day 27 November)—though not in the Roman Missal—and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August).

=== Islam ===
Buddhist ideas in Muslim culture can be traced to the presence of Buddhism in [[Transoxiana]] and [[Greater Khorasan|K̲h̲urāsān]].<ref name="doi.org">Monnot, G. (2012). Sumaniyya. In P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7186</ref> Buddhism lasted from the 2nd century B.C. to the 8th century, there, until it dwindled in the face of [[Zoroastrianism]], the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid state religion]].<ref name="doi.org"/> Remnants of Buddhism remains until the 9th century<ref name="Brack, J. Z. 2023 p. 27">Brack, J. Z. (2023). An afterlife for the Khan: Muslims, Buddhists, and sacred kingship in Mongol Iran and Eurasia. Univ of California Press. p. 27</ref> and the lasting impact of Buddhist influence is reflected in Muslim arts and poetry of [[Islam in Iran|Islamic Persia]].<ref name="doi.org"/> However, in the 9th century, the intellectual distance between Buddhism and Islam increased drastically.<ref name="Brack, J. Z. 2023 p. 27"/> Only centuries later, during [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turco-Mongol]] governance, the attention of Muslim scholars shifted towards Buddhism again.<ref name="doi.org"/>

In Islamic sources, Buddha is called ''Budd'' (Persian: ''but'')<ref name="Vaux, B. 2012">Carra de Vaux, B. (2012). Budd. In P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1489</ref> or Shakyamuni. The former term is used in the writings of [[al-Jahiz]], [[al-Mas'udi]], [[al-Biruni]], and [[al-Shahrastani]].<ref name="Vaux, B. 2012"/> The term further denotes a temple or an idol,<ref name="Vaux, B. 2012"/> as many authors believed that Buddhists were idolaters.<ref>Scott, D. (1995). Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons. Numen, 42(2), 144. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3270172
</ref><ref name="doi.org"/> They are described further as believing in the eternity of the world, the retributation of actions after life, and the appearance of Buddha in various forms.<ref name="Vaux, B. 2012"/> Buddhists were referred to as ''sumaniyya''.<ref name="doi.org"/>

Although Muslims had only rudimentary knowledge about Buddhism, they attempted to integrate the Buddha into their own religious history.<ref name="Vaux, B. 2012"/> [[Ibn Hazm]] defines the Buddha as a person who is not born, does not eat or drink, and does not die.<ref name="Vaux, B. 2012"/> The Buddha is compared to various Islamic figures by Muslim heresiologists. In his ''Fihrist'', [[ibn al-Nadim]] reiterates three opinions from among the scholars, that the Buddha is either an [[Angels in Islam|angel]], an [[Ifrit|''ʿifrīt'']] (demon), or a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]].<ref name="Brack, J. Z. 2023 p. 31">Brack, J. Z. (2023). An afterlife for the Khan: Muslims, Buddhists, and sacred kingship in Mongol Iran and Eurasia. Univ of California Press. p. 31</ref><ref name="Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddh">{{cite conference |author1=Ahmad Faizuddin Ramli|author2=Jaffary Awang|author3=Zaizul Ab Rahman|date=2018|title=Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddhism: a literature on Buddha's position|conference=International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSS 2018)|volume=53|issue=4001|pages=6–7|doi=10.1051/shsconf/20185304001|doi-access=free |journal=SHS Web of Conferences}}</ref> Al-Shahrastani identified Buddha with the legendary [[Khidr|al-Khizr]].<ref name="Brack, J. Z. 2023 p. 31"/><ref name="Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddh"/><ref name="Vaux, B. 2012"/>

[[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]]'s (1247–1318) ''[[Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh]]'' dedicates an entire chapter on describing Buddhist beliefs to the [[Ilkhanate]] from a Muslim viewpoint. He identifies Buddha (Shakyamuni) as a monotheistic prophet.<ref>Millward, J. A. (2013). The Silk Road: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 154-156</ref><ref>Brack, J. Z. (2023). An afterlife for the Khan: Muslims, Buddhists, and sacred kingship in Mongol Iran and Eurasia. Univ of California Press. p. 30</ref> He integrates the cyclical reappearance of the Buddha into the lineage of Islamic prophets, who likewise raise whenever a community yielded into decay and violence.<ref>Brack, J. Z. (2023). An afterlife for the Khan: Muslims, Buddhists, and sacred kingship in Mongol Iran and Eurasia. Univ of California Press. p. 32</ref> In line with Islamic prophetology, Rashid al-Din emphasises the finality of [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]].<ref name="Brack, J. Z. 2023 p. 33">Brack, J. Z. (2023). An afterlife for the Khan: Muslims, Buddhists, and sacred kingship in Mongol Iran and Eurasia. Univ of California Press. p. 33</ref> In order to establish Buddha's monotheism, the author retells a story from the ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'' within an Islamic framework: Accordingly, the Indian deities, [[Vishnu]], [[Brahma]], [[Shiva]], and [[Indra]] are prophets or angels who claim divinity for themselves and thus identified with the "people of [[Iblis]]" (''ahl-i iblīs'').<ref>Millward, J. A. (2013). The Silk Road: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 156</ref><ref>Brack, J. Z. (2023). An afterlife for the Khan: Muslims, Buddhists, and sacred kingship in Mongol Iran and Eurasia. Univ of California Press. p. 34</ref> When Buddha is brought to the idols and ordered to worship them, the idols bow down before Buddha instead, an idea linked to the Quranic story of angels prostrating before Adam, and the superiority of prophets over angels in Islamic theology (''[[Kalām]]'').<ref name="Brack, J. Z. 2023 p. 33"/>

[[Muhammad Hamidullah]] (1908 – December 2002) identifies Buddha as a prophet based on the [[Quran]] [[Surah]] 95:1. The verse takes an oath by a fig-tree, followed by Mount Sinai. Since [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] received his revelation on [[Mount Sinai]], the fig-tree features as the location of revelation for another prophet, identified with Buddha, since Buddha reached enlightenment under a fig-tree.{{sfnp|Yusuf|2009|pp=376}} He is further identified with the prophet [[Dhu al-Kifl]], supposedly related to his birthplace in Kapila-Vastu.{{sfnp|Yusuf|2009|pp=376}}<ref>Ramli, A. F., Awang, J., & Ab Rahman, Z. (2018). Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddhism: a literature on Buddha's position. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 53, p. 04001). EDP Sciences.</ref> He furthermore compares Buddha's teachings with that of Muhammad: The teaching of the omnipresence of [[dukkha]], as formulated in the [[Four Noble Truths]], is compared to 90:04, stating that "humans are created in "pain toil and trial"".{{sfnp|Yusuf|2009|pp=377}} Similarly, by receiving his revelation, Muhammad would have entered into a state of peace (salam) and, as per [[hadith]], his [[Qareen|devilish nature]] surrendered to islam (''aslama shayṭānī'').{{sfnp|Yusuf|2009|pp=376}}

=== Other religions ===
In the [[Baháʼí Faith]], the Buddha is regarded as one of the [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]].<ref name="q800">{{cite book | last=Smith | first=P. | title=An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Introduction to Religion | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-521-86251-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C&pg=PA130 | access-date=29 October 2024 | page=130}}</ref>

Some early Chinese [[Taoist]]-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of [[Laozi]].{{sfnp|Twitchett|1986}}

In the ancient [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] sect of [[Manichaeism]], the Buddha is listed among the prophets who preached the word of God before [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]].<ref>Barnstone W & Meyer M (2009). ''The Gnostic Bible: Gnostic texts of mystical wisdom from the ancient and medieval worlds''. Shambhala Publications: Boston & London.</ref>

In [[Sikhism]], Buddha is mentioned as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu in the [[Chaubis Avtar]], a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info-sikh.com/VVPage1.html |title=Chaubis Avtar |website=www.info-sikh.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030601112350/http://www.info-sikh.com/VVPage1.html |archive-date=1 June 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Artistic depictions ==
{{Main|Aniconism in Buddhism|Buddha in art|Life of Buddha in art}}

The earliest artistic depictions of the Buddha found at [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]] are aniconic and symbolic. During this early aniconic period, the Buddha is depicted by other objects or symbols, such as an empty throne, a riderless horse, footprints, a [[Dharmachakra|Dharma wheel]] or a [[Bodhi Tree|Bodhi tree]].{{sfnp|Leidy|2008|p=15}} Since aniconism precludes single devotional figures, most representations are of [[Life of Buddha in art|narrative scenes from his life]]. These continued to be very important after the Buddha's person could be shown, alongside larger statues. The art at Sanchi also depicts [[Jataka tales]], narratives of the Buddha in his past lives.{{sfnp|Leidy|2008|p=19}}

Other styles of Indian Buddhist art depict the Buddha in human form, either standing, sitting crossed legged (often in the [[Lotus position|Lotus Pose]]) or lying down on one side. Iconic representations of the Buddha became particularly popular and widespread after the first century CE.{{sfnp|Leidy|2008|p=31}} Some of these depictions, particularly those of [[Gandharan Buddhism]] and [[Buddhism in Central Asia|Central Asian Buddhism]], were influenced by [[Hellenistic art]], a style known as [[Greco-Buddhist art]].{{sfnp|Marshall|1960|pp=1–40}} The subsequently influenced the art of [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asian Buddhist]] images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism.

=== Gallery showing different Buddha styles ===
<gallery>
File:A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC, Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, India, sandstone - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05134.JPG|A Royal Couple Visiting the Buddha, railing relief from the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BCE.
File:Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree Bharhut relief.jpg|Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.
File:Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.
File:Miracle at Kapilavastu Suddhodana praying as his son the Buddha rises in the air with only path visible Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.
File:Bamboo garden (Venuvana) at Rajagriha, the visit of Bimbisara.jpg|Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha
File:Andhra pradesh, la grande dipartita, da regione di amaravati, II sec.JPG|The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.
File:MaraAssault.jpg|The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.
File:Isapur Buddha.jpg|Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, {{circa|15 CE}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=199–206, 204 for the exact date |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA204}}</ref> [[Art of Mathura]]
File:The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg|The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50–100 CE.
File:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. Amaravati, Satavahana period, 2d century AD. Indian Museum, Calcutta.jpg|Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. [[Amaravati]], [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana period]], 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata.
File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|Standing Buddha from Gandhara.
File:Berenike Buddha (drawing).jpg|The ''[[Berenike Buddha]]'', discovered in [[Berenice Troglodytica|Berenice]], Egypt, 2nd century CE.
File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG|Gandharan Buddha with [[Vajrapani]]-[[Heracles|Herakles]].
File:BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG|[[Kushan art|Kushan]] period Buddha Triad.
File:Buddha Statue, Sanchi 01.jpg|Buddha statue from Sanchi.
File:Four Scenes from the Life of the Buddha - Birth of the Buddha - Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century AD, Gandhara, schist - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05128.JPG|Birth of the Buddha, [[Kushan dynasty]], late 2nd to early 3rd century CE.
File:InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg|The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.
File:Buddha with radiate halo and mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg|6th century Gandharan Buddha.
File:Upper Floor, Cave No. 6, Ajanta Caves - 1.jpg|Buddha at Cave No. 6, [[Ajanta Caves]].
File:Standing Buddha Installed by Buddist Monk Yasadinna - Circa 5th Century CE - Jamalpur Mound - ACCN 00-A-5 - Government Museum Mathura Golden background.jpg|Standing Buddha, {{Circa|5th century CE}}.
File:Sarnath standing Buddha 5th century CE.jpg|Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE.
File:British Museum - Seated Buddha (Gupta period).JPG|Seated Buddha, [[Gupta art|Gupta period]].
File:Gal Viharaya 02.jpg|Seated Buddha at [[Gal Vihara]], Sri Lanka.
File:Clevelandart 1914.567.jpg|Chinese [[Stele]] with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.
File:Asuka dera daibutsu.jpg|The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, {{Circa|609}}, [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Japan.
File:Buddha Seguntang Palembang.jpg|Amaravati style Buddha of [[Srivijaya]] period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century.
File:Seokguram Buddha.JPG|Korean [[Seokguram]] Cave Buddha, {{circa|774 CE}}.
File:Buddha Mendut.jpg|Seated Buddha [[Vairocana]] flanked by [[Avalokiteshvara]] and [[Vajrapani]] of [[Mendut]] temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.
File:Stupa Borobudur.jpg|Buddha in the exposed [[stupa]] of [[Borobudur]] mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, {{Circa|825}}.
File:023 Vairocana Buddha, 9c, Srivijaya (35212721926).jpg|Vairocana Buddha of [[Srivijaya]] style, Southern Thailand, 9th century.
File:Seated Shaka Nyorai (Sakyamuni, Gautama Buddha).jpg|Seated Buddha, Japan, [[Heian period]], 9th－10th century.
File:FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg|Attack of Mara, 10th century, [[Dunhuang]].
File:Naga-enthroned Buddha - Beyond Angkor - Cleveland Museum of Art (40887945882).jpg|Cambodian Buddha with [[Mucalinda]] [[Nāga]], {{circa|1100 CE}}, Banteay Chhmar, [[Cambodia]]
File:Thai - Buddha at the Moment of Victory - Walters 542775.jpg|15th century [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]] Buddha.
File:Thai - Walking Buddha - Walters 542765.jpg|15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha.
File:Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius - Google Art Project.jpg|Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.
File:Shakyamuni detail, Clevelandart 1991.9 (cropped).jpg|Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600.
File:Sakyamuni Buddha on Snowy Mount, Tay Phuong pagoda, Ha Tay province, 1794 AD, lacquered wood - Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts - Hanoi, Vietnam - DSC05083.JPG|Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century
File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century
File:Bodh Gaya - Wat Thai - Main Buddha Statue (9228460504).jpg|Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya.
File:Gautama Buddha-1.jpg|Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.
File:P1040704.JPG|Burmese style Buddha, [[Shwedagon Pagoda|Shwedagon pagoda]], Yangon.
File:Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim.jpg|Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.
File:MET DP264118 (cropped).jpg|Head of Buddha, from [[Hadda, Afghanistan]], {{circa|5th}}–6th century. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38228 |title=Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–6th century |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] website }}</ref>
File:Afghanistan, Gandhara, Hadda, late Kushan Period - Seated Buddha - 1967.39 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|Seated Buddha, [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], Afghanistan, {{circa|300s CE}}
</gallery>

=== In other media ===
==== Films ====
{{Main|Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film}}

* ''Buddha Dev'' (''Life of Lord Buddha''), a 1923 Indian silent film by [[Dadasaheb Phalke|Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]], first depiction of the Buddha on film with [[Bhaurao Datar]] in the title role.<ref name="Bakker">{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Freek L. |title=The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |page=135 |publisher=BRILL |date=30 September 2009 |isbn=9789004194045 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053958/https://books.google.com/books?id=YuF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Prem Sanyas]]'' (''The Light of Asia''), a 1925 silent film, directed by [[Franz Osten]] and [[Himansu Rai]] based on Arnold's epic poem with Rai also portraying the Buddha.<ref name="Bakker" />
* {{nihongo|''[[Dedication of the Great Buddha]]''|大仏開眼|Daibutsu Kaigen}}, a 1952 Japanese feature film representing the life of Buddha.
* ''[[Gotoma the Buddha]]'', a 1957 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna and produced by [[Bimal Roy]].<ref name="Bakker" />
* ''[[Siddhartha (1972 film)|Siddhartha]]'', a 1972 drama film by [[Conrad Rooks]], an adaptation Hesse's novel. It stars [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Siddhartha, a contemporary of the Buddha.
* ''[[Little Buddha]]'', a 1994 film by [[Bernardo Bertolucci]], the film stars [[Keanu Reeves]] as Prince Siddhartha.<ref name="Bakker" />
* ''[[The Legend of Buddha]]'', a 2004 Indian animated film by Shamboo Falke.
* [[Buddha's life]], 2011 This animation movie is about the life of Buddha based on Pali Canon (Theravada Buddhism) and other commentaries. It was produced by members of the Buddhist community in cooperation with the Department of Religious Affairs and the National Office of Buddhism, Thailand. It is considered one of the most accurate story of the Buddha. It is almost 5 hours long and very detailed. The production took 8 years to complete (from 2003-2011).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wA4KfVKtXc "The Life of Buddha"], full animated film.</ref>
* ''[[The Life of Buddha]]'', or Prawat Phra Phuttajao, a 2007 Thai animated feature film about the life of Gautama Buddha, based on the [[Tipitaka]].
* ''[[Gautama Buddha (film)|Tathagatha Buddha]]'', a 2008 Indian film by [[Allani Sridhar]]. Based on Sadguru Sivananda Murthy's book ''Gautama Buddha'', it stars Sunil Sharma as the Buddha.<ref name="Bakker" />
* ''[[Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film)|Sri Siddhartha Gautama]]'', a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film based on the life of Lord Buddha.
* ''[[A Journey of Samyak Buddha]]'', a 2013 Indian film by Praveen Damle, based on [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s 1957 [[Navayana]] book ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'' with Abhishek Urade in the title role.

==== Television ====
* ''Buddha'', a 1996 Indian series which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. It stars [[Arun Govil]] as the Buddha.<ref name="Bakker" />
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/thebuddha/ The Buddha]'' 2010 PBS documentary by filmmaker [[David Grubin]] and narrated by [[Richard Gere]].
* ''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]'', a 2013 Indian drama series on [[Zee TV]] starring [[Himanshu Soni]] in the title role.

==== Literature ====
* ''[[The Light of Asia]]'', an 1879 epic poem by [[Edwin Arnold]]
* ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'', a treatise on Buddha's life and philosophy, by [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
* ''Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha'', by [[Hammalawa Saddhatissa]]
* ''[[Buddha (manga)|Buddha]]'', a [[manga]] series that ran from 1972 to 1983 by [[Osamu Tezuka]]
* ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]'' novel by [[Hermann Hesse]], written in German in 1922
* ''[[Lord of Light]]'', a novel by [[Roger Zelazny]] depicts a man in a far future Earth Colony who takes on the name and teachings of the Buddha
* ''[[Creation (novel)|Creation]]'', a 1981 novel by [[Gore Vidal]], includes the Buddha as one of the religious figures that the main character encounters

==== Music ====
* ''[[The Light of Asia (oratorio)|The Light of Asia]]'', an 1886 oratorio by [[Dudley Buck]] based on Arnold's poem
* ''[[Karuna Nadee]]'', a 2010 [[oratorio]] by [[Dinesh Subasinghe]]

== See also ==
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites]]
* [[Family of Gautama Buddha]]
* [[List of Indian philosophers]]
* [[List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|40em|refs=


{{efn|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{harv|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name="WHC"/><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum"/> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born." {{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}} Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini. ({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}}) Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" ({{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}}) He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal." ({{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}}) Gethin does not give references for this statement. Various sources say Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up: ({{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}})
* {{harvtxt|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier.
* {{harvtxt|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south".
* The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{harv|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in Uttar Pradesh, northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{harv|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{harv|Huntington|1986}}.
See also {{Section link|Birth and early life}} and {{Section link|Sources}}}}

{{efn|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{harv|Cohen|2006|p=9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}:
* {{harvtxt|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as 'awakening', and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as 'enlightenment', despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word."
* {{harvtxt|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation 'enlightenment' for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning 'light' in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means 'to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened', and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean 'awakened to something'. The desire to get the idea of 'awakened' in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation 'the wake' which we sometimes find."
* Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of 'knowing (or understanding)', 'blossoming', and 'waking up', in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of 'awakening'. Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean 'to know, to understand, to recognize'. My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as 'awakens' would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, 'knows', 'understands', 'recognizes', or 'realizes' would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean 'awaken' are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha's attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}})
* {{harvtxt|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand 'Buddha' in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}

{{efn|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]].
* {{harvtxt|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5′ 3″ up to the top of the halo; width at base 2′ 7″) of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs."
* {{harvtxt|Eck|1982|p=63}}: "In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus."
* {{harvtxt|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}}

*{{efn|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha's life are absent in some of the early accounts." The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}


{{efn|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Access to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}}


{{efn|name="name_the_buddha"|A number of names are being used to refer to the Buddha;
* Siddhartha Gautama, Gotama Buddha:
:* {{harvtxt|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."
:* {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA|sa|sɪddʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{harvtxt|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal", the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."
* [Buddha] Shakyamuni:
:* {{harvtxt|Buswell|Lopez|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."
:* Buddha Shakyamuni: from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several [[Edicts of Ashoka]] (reigned {{circa|269}}–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism ({{harvtxt|Bary|2011|p=8}}, {{harvtxt|Fogelin|2015}}). Particularly, [[Ashoka]]'s [[Lumbini pillar inscription]] commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the ''Buddha Shakyamuni'' ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 [[wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻|𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻]] ''Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī'', "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas") (In [[Ashoka]]'s [[Lumbini|Rummindei Edict]] {{circa|260 BCE}}, in {{harvtxt|Hultzsch|1925|p=164}})
* The Buddha:
:* {{harvtxt|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature."
:* {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}


{{efn|name="parinibbana"|The final dissolution of the [[Skandha|aggregates]] that constitute a living person, the end of rebirth, the coming together again of those skandhas.{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=76}}}}





{{efn|name="Upaddha"|See the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn45/sn45.002.than.html ''Upaddha Sutta''] ("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, admirable companionship, admirable camaraderie is actually the whole of the holy life. When a monk has admirable people as friends, companions, & comrades, he can be expected to develop & pursue the noble eightfold path."}}
}}

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* {{Citation |last=Wayman |first=Alex |editor=George R. Elder |year=1984 |title=Buddhist Insight: Essays by Alex Wayman |publisher=Motilall Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0675-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNIdOsp3KIgC }}
* {{Citation |last = Wayman |first= Alex |year= 1997 |title = Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays |publisher = Motilal Banarsidass |isbn = 978-81-208-1321-2}}
* {{Citation |last = Weise |first = Kai |title = The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace |date = 2013 |publisher = UNESCO |location = Paris |isbn = 978-92-3-001208-3 |archive-date = 30 August 2014 |url = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002239/223986E.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830011700/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002239/223986E.pdf }}
* {{Citation |last=Willemen |first=Charles, transl. |year=2009 |title=Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research |isbn=978-1-886439-42-9 |url=http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dbet_t0192_buddhacarita_2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827205858/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dbet_t0192_buddhacarita_2009.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2014 }}
* {{cite book|last=Williams |first=Paul |year=2002 |title=Buddhist Thought |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-20701-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Wynne|first=Alexander |year=2004 |title=The Origin of Buddhist Meditation |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{Citation |last=Wynne |first=Alexander |year=2007 |title=The Origin of Buddhist Meditation |url=http://www.e-reading.link/bookreader.php/134839/The_Origin_of_Buddhist_Meditation.pdf |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-96300-5 |author-mask=3 |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020171410/http://www.e-reading.link/bookreader.php/134839/The_Origin_of_Buddhist_Meditation.pdf |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite journal|last=Yusuf|first=Imitiyaz|date=2009|title=Dialogue Between Islam and Buddhism through the Concepts Ummatan Wasaṭan (The Middle Nation) and Majjhima-Patipada (The Middle Way)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839172|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=48|issue=3|pages=367–394|doi=10.52541/isiri.v48i3.4144 |jstor=20839172|issn=0578-8072|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716215345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839172|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Citation |last=Bareau |first=André |language=fr |year=1975 |title=Les récits canoniques des funérailles du Buddha et leurs anomalies: nouvel essai d'interprétation |trans-title=The canonical accounts of the Buddha's funerals and their anomalies: new interpretative essay |journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=LXII |issue=1 |pages=151–189 |publisher=Persée |doi=10.3406/befeo.1975.3845 |doi-access=}}
* {{Citation |last=Bareau |first=André |language=fr |year=1979 |title=La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahaparinirvanasutra ancien |trans-title=The composition and the etapes of the progressive formation of the ancient Mahaparinirvanasutra |journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=LXVI |issue=1 |pages=45–103 |publisher=Persée |doi=10.3406/befeo.1979.4010 |doi-access= |author-mask=3}}
* {{Citation |last=Eade |first=J.C. |title=The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia |publisher=Brill |year=1995 |isbn=978-90-04-10437-2 |edition=illustrated}}
* {{Citation |last=Epstein |first=Ronald |title=Buddhist Text Translation Society's Buddhism A to Z |location=Burlingame, CA |publisher=Buddhist Text Translation Society |year=2003 |edition=illustrated}}
* {{Citation |last=Jones |first=J.J. |year=1949 |title=The Mahāvastu |volume=1 |series=Sacred Books of the Buddhists |location=London |publisher=Luzac & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/sacredbooksofbud16londuoft}}
* {{Citation |last=Kala |first=U. |title=Maha Yazawin Gyi |publisher=Ya-Pyei |location=Yangon |orig-year=1724 |year=2006 |edition=4th |language=my |volume=1 |page=39 |title-link=Maha Yazawin }}
* {{Citation |last=Katz |first=Nathan |year=1982 |title=Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kinnard |first1=Jacob N. |title=The Emergence of Buddhism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-9748-8 |page=ix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIzyZ7Nvs7cC&pg=PR11}}
* {{Citation |last1=Lamotte |first1=Etienne |year=1988 |title=History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era |publisher=Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste}}
* {{Citation |translator-last=Rockhill |translator-first=William Woodville |translator-link=William Woodville Rockhill |year=1884 |title=The life of the Buddha and the early history of his order, derived from Tibetan works in the Bkah-Hgyur and Bstan-Hgyur, followed by notices on the early history of Tibet and Khoten |location=London |publisher=Trübner |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofbuddhaearl00rock}}
* {{Citation |last=Shimoda |first=Masahiro |contribution=How has the Lotus Sutra Created Social Movements: The Relationship of the Lotus Sutra to the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra |editor-first=Gene |editor-last=Reeves |title=A Buddhist Kaleidoscope |publisher=Kosei |year=2002}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Donald Eugene |year=2015 |title=South Asian Politics and Religion |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7908-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dknWCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Citation |last=Smith |first=Peter |title=A concise encyclopaedia of the Bahá'í Faith |chapter=Manifestations of God |year=2000 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-85168-184-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit}}
* {{cite journal |last1=von Hinüber|first1=Oskar|title=Cremated like a King: The funeral of the Buddha within the ancient Indian context|journal=Journal of the International College of Postgraduate Buddhist Studies|url= https://icabs.repo.nii.ac.jp/search?page=1&size=20&sort=controlnumber&search_type=2&q=18|volume=13 |pages=33–66}}

'''The Buddha'''
* {{cite book|ref=none |editor-last=Bechert |editor-first=Heinz |editor-link=Heinz Bechert |year=1996 |title=When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha |location=Delhi |publisher=Sri Satguru}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |author=Ñāṇamoli Bhikku |author-link=Nanamoli Bhikkhu |title=The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon |edition=3rd |year=1992 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |location = Kandy, Sri Lanka}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |last=Wagle |first=Narendra K |title=Society at the Time of the Buddha |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1995 |edition=2nd |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=glFCjTkhNlYC |isbn=978-81-7154-553-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |last= Weise |first=Kai |title=The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naohAgAAQBAJ |year=2013| publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001208-3}}

'''Early Buddhism'''
* {{cite book|ref=none |last = Rahula |first = Walpola |author-link = Walpola Rahula |title = What the Buddha Taught |edition = 2nd |year = 1974 |publisher = Grove Press |location=New York|title-link = What the Buddha Taught }}
* {{Citation|ref=none |last = Vetter |first = Tilmann |year = 1988 |title=The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism |publisher = Brill}}

'''Buddhism general'''
* {{Citation|ref=none |last = Kalupahana |first = David J. |year = 1994 |title= A history of Buddhist philosophy |location = Delhi |publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|author-link=David Kalupahana}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |last1 = Robinson |first1 = Richard H. |author-link1=Richard Robinson (Buddhism scholar) |first2 = Willard L |last2 = Johnson |first3 = Sandra A |last3 = Wawrytko |first4= Geoffrey |last4 = DeGraff |title = The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction |url = https://archive.org/details/buddhistreligion0000robi |url-access = registration |year = 1996 |publisher = Wadsworth |location = Belmont, CA|isbn = 978-0-534-20718-2 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}

; Digital texts and archives
* {{Gutenberg author |id=25923 |name=Buddha}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Buddha}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Siddhārtha Gautama}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Shakyamuni}}
; Encyclopedias and academic resources
* {{SEP|buddha|Buddha}} – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Buddhism |url=https://iep.utm.edu/buddhism/ |access-date=29 December 2025 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Britannica|topic=Buddha-founder-of-Buddhism|title=Buddha}} – Encyclopædia Britannica
* [https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095552332 Buddha] – Oxford Reference

; Audio and media
* {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} – BBC Radio 4

; Museums and cultural institutions
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/budd/hd_budd.htm – Metropolitan Museum of Art: Buddhism]
* [https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/buddhism/ – Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art: Buddhism]

; Canonical and historical sources
* [https://suttacentral.net/ – SuttaCentral (early Buddhist texts)]
* [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/ – Access to Insight (Theravāda texts)]

{{Gautama Buddha}}
{{Buddhism topics}}{{28 Buddhas}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buddha, The}}
[[Category:Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian people]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:5th century BC in religion]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian people]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:6th century BC in religion]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Ancient religious leaders]]
[[Category:Buddhist ascetics]]
[[Category:Buddhas]]
[[Category:Buddhist mystics]]
[[Category:Scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist saints]]
[[Category:Deified Indian men]]
[[Category:Deified men]]
[[Category:Founders of religions]]
[[Category:Indian ethicists]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian princes]]
[[Category:Journey to the West characters]]
[[Category:National heroes of Nepal]]
[[Category:Philosophers of mind]]
[[Category:Philosophers of religion]]
[[Category:Seven Buddhas of the Past]]
[[Category:Shakyas]]
[[Category:Social philosophers]]
[[Category:Spiritual teachers]]

T. V. Kumuthini

2026-03-15T05:11:04Z

Priya.Miahram: added some post w/ infobox.

{{Short description|South Indian Tamil actress (1916 – 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. V. Kumudini
| image = TV Kumuthini.jpg
| caption = T. V. Kumudini in the 1940s
| birth_name = Kalyani Gandhimathi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|10|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Aathankal, [[Travancore]], [[British India|India]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2000|1916}}
| death_place = [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_cause =
| residence =
| known_for = Actress, Singer
| education =
| occupation =
| title =
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}
'''T. V. Kumudini''' (13 October 1916 – 2000) was an Indian actress. She made her debut in the Tamil historical film ''[[Mathru Bhoomi (1939 film)|Mathru Bhoomi]]'' in 1939, playing the lead role. She acted in over 100 films in various roles.<ref name=NM/>

== Early life ==
Kumudini's birth name was Kalyani Gandhimathi. She became well-known after playing the character "Kumudini" in the film ''[[Mathru Bhoomi (1939 film)|Mathru Bhoomi]]'', and adopted that name as her stage name, changing it to T. V. Kumudini.<ref name="Kungumam"/><ref name=NM/> She was born on 13 October 1916 in Aathankal, near [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=NM>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=P. R. S. |date=November 1949 |title= Natchathira Maalai Part 2 |url= |location= Royapettah, Chennai |publisher= Pesum Padam |page= 40-46 }}</ref> Her father, Veeramani Iyer, died when she was four. She had one younger brother, Harikar Iyer. Kumudini began learning Carnatic music at a young age from Anantha Bhagavathar and Ayyachi Bhagavathar in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name=NM/> Her debut performance was at the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, where the King of Travancore honored her with a gold medal.<ref name="Kungumam">{{cite news | url=http://kungumam.co.in/ThArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5692&id1=85&issue=20190601 | title=T.V. Kumudini: A Remarkable Journey | work=Kungumam Thozhi | date=1 June 2009 | accessdate=24 December 2020}}</ref> Later, her family moved to [[Madurai]], where she married S. V. Venkateshwar Iyer at the age of 13 as his second wife.<ref name=NM/>

In her later years, she resided in "Kumudini Illam," a house in [[Royapettah]], Chennai.<ref name="Kungumam"/>

== Film career ==
While in Madurai, she recorded Carnatic beginner lessons with Nagaswami Bhagavathar for His Master's Voice. Following this, some of her solo songs were also released.<ref name=NM/> One of her admirers, singer-actor [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], played a key role in introducing her to the film industry.<ref name="Kungumam"/> Director H. M. Reddy and ALRM Productions cast her as the lead actress in their film ''[[Mathru Bhoomi (1939 film)|Mathru Bhoomi]]'' after obtaining her husband's consent. Narayanan Nair trained her in sword fighting and horse riding for the role. The film was a major success, earning her recognition as T. V. Kumudini.<ref name="Kungumam"/> She also sang two songs in the film: "Namadu Janma Bhoomi" and "Annaiyin Kaalil Vilankukalo."<ref name=NM/>

Her second film was ''[[Ashok Kumar (1941 film)|Ashok Kumar]]'', released in 1941, where she starred alongside Thyagaraja Bhagavathar. The film further solidified her popularity. She performed duets with Bhagavathar, including "Ullankavarum En Paavai" and "Kidaitha Vaalvidhile."<ref name="Kungumam"/>

Later, she was cast opposite [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in ''Saaya'' in 1941, but MGR was replaced by [[P. U. Chinnappa]], and the film was completed but never released.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/82552-mgrs-first-marriage-held-at-palakkad---life-history-of-mgr--episode--18 | title=MGR's Life History - Episode 18 | work=Vikatan | date=3 March 2017 | accessdate=24 December 2020}}</ref>

Kumudini acted in many other films, including ''Bhakta Kalathi'' (1945), ''Bhakta Jana'', and later in supporting roles such as in ''Auvaiyar (film)'' and ''[[Vietnam Veedu]]''.<ref name="Kungumam"/>

Kumudini further honed her Carnatic skills with Subbu of Alandur and performed several concerts on All India Radio, earning accolades.<ref name=NM/>

She also acted in numerous stage dramas with prominent actors like [[T. S. Baliah]], [[V. S. Raghavan]], and [[Sachu]]. One notable play was ''Neerottam.'' She was also active in radio dramas during the 1940s.<ref name="Kungumam"/>

== Awards ==
The Tamil Nadu government honored her with the [[Kalaimamani Award]]. She also received titles such as Kalaiselvam, Sangeetha Jyothi, and Veera Vanithai. Kumudini was a committee member of the South Indian Actors' Association.<ref name="Kungumam"/>

== Death ==
T. V. Kumudini died in 2000 at the age of 84.<ref name="Thendral">{{cite news | url=http://tamilonline.com/thendral/article.aspx?aid=3863 | title=2000 in Cinema Overview | work=Thendral | date=February 2001 | accessdate=24 December 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Mathru Bhoomi (1939 film)|Mathru Bhoomi]]'' (1939)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-13 |title=Mathru Bhoomi (1939) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mathru-Bhoomi-1939/article16300528.ece |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* ''[[Ashok Kumar (1941 film)|Ashok Kumar]]'' (1941)
* ''Bhakta Kalathi'' (1945)
* ''[[Sri Murugan]]'' (1946)
* ''Sulochana'' (1947)
* ''[[Sivandha Mann]]'' (1969)
*''[[Deivamsam]]'' (1973)

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nmXXXXXX/ T. V. Kumuthini on IMDb]

[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

List of Indian general elections

2026-03-14T13:00:54Z

Priya.Miahram:

''{{Short description|Indian Lok Sabha elections}}''
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members]] of the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) or the lower house of [[Parliament of India]] are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is removed

[[1951–52 Indian general election|The first elections to the Lok Sabha]] took place during 1951–52.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>

==List of Lok Sabha general elections in India==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Election year
! scope="col" | Lok Sabha
! scope="col" | Total Seats
! scope="col" | Turnout
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party in government
! scope="col" | Seats won by the ruling party
! scope="col" | Margin of majority
! scope="col" | Vote Percentage of majority
! scope="col" | Seats controlled by coalition
! scope="col" | Prime Minister
|-
! scope="row" | [[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]]
| [[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
| 489
| 40%
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
| 364
| 120
| 74.48%
|
|rowspan=3| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
| rowspan="3" | 494
| 45.44%
| 371
| 123
| 75.10%
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="2"| [[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
| rowspan="2"| 55.42%
| rowspan="2"| 361
| rowspan="2"| 113
| rowspan="2"| 73.08%
|
|-
|
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] (1964-1966)
|-
! scope="row" | [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
| 520
| 61.04%
| 283
| 22
| 54.42%
|
|rowspan=2| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
| 518
| 55.27%
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| 352
| 92
| 67.95%
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" | [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
| rowspan="2" | 542
| rowspan="2" | 60.49%
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" | 295
| rowspan="2" | 23
| rowspan="2" | 54.98%
|
| [[Morarji Desai]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|
|[[Charan Singh]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
| 529
| 56.92%
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 353
| 88
| 64.76%
|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
| 541
| 64.01%
| 414
| 143
| 76.52%
|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi ]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
| rowspan="2"| 529
| rowspan="2"| 61.95%
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| 143
| –112
| 27.03%
|
| [[ V.P. Singh ]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
|
|
|
|
|[[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
| 534
| 56.73%
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 244
| –24
| 46.83%
|
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3"| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
| rowspan="10" | 543
| rowspan="3"| 57.94%
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 161
| –111
| 29.65%
|
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (16 May 1996 - 1 June 1996)
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|
|
|
|
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]] (1 June 1996-21 April 1997)
|-
|
|
|
|
|[[I. K. Gujral]] (21 April 1997-19 March 1998)
|-
! scope="row" | [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
| 61.97%
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| 182
| –90
| 33.39%
| 276
|rowspan=2| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
| 59.99%
| 182
| –90
| 33.39%
| 304
|-
! scope="row" | [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
| 58.07%
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 145
| –127
| 26.70%
| 218
|rowspan=2| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
| 58.21%
| 206
| –66
| 37.80%
| 262
|-
! scope="row" | [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
| 66.44%
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| 282
| 10
| 51.74%
| 336
|rowspan=3| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
| 67.40%
| 303
| 31
| 55.80%
| 353
|-
! scope="row" | [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]
| 66.33%
| 240
| –32
| 44.19%
| 293
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[List of Indian presidential elections]]
* [[List of Indian vice presidential elections]]
* [[List of Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[List of Indian state legislative assembly elections]]
* [[Government of India]]
* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
----

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}
{{Lok Sabha}}

[[Category:Lists of elections in India|General]]
[[Category:General elections in India| ]]

Pauran

2026-03-12T03:47:58Z

Priya.Miahram: general improved article based on references and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pauran
| image = Pauran.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Sundar Das]]
| producer = Sunil Baby
| writer = Sajeevan
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Geethu Mohandas]]
| music = Raghukumar
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = K. Bhoominathan
| distributor = Dolphin Creations, Sreemovies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|06|03}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pauran''''' (English: ''Citizen'') is a 2005 [[Malayalam]] [[political thriller film]] directed by Sundardas featuring [[Jayaram]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]] and [[Geethu Mohandas]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pouran Malayalam Movie |date=18 January 2005 |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1996/malayalam/pouran/index.htm |publisher=nowrunning.com}}</ref> The movie was produced by Sunil Baby under the banner of ''Dolphin Creations'' and was distributed by ''Dolphin Creations'' and ''Sreemovies''. The film was a box-office disaster.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pauran-review-malayalam-pclvKqagcajfb.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512002443/https://www.sify.com/movies/pauran-review-malayalam-pclvKqagcajfb.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 May 2022 | title=Pauran | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Divakaran (Jayaram), son of martyr Karunakaran, is well accepted in his village. He takes part in an election and becomes an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] under the panel of the Communist party. MLA Divakaran was sorrowful about some of his party tactics. He expressed his disdain and firmly opposed a move to stage strikes involving students. He started objecting against the party misdeeds which provoked the party leaders and soon he became an outcast. However, in the end he is brutally killed by his political enemies who burn him alive.

== Cast ==
* [[Jayaram]] as Divakaran
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Komalan
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Gopalji
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Thomachan
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Bhargavan
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Chacko
* Jishnu as Shivadasan nair
* [[Venu Nagavalli]] as chief minister
* [[Augustine (Malayalam actor)|Augustine]] as Koshy
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Narayanan
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as minister
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Local Gunda
* [[Geethu Mohandas]] as Aani
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] as Janaki
* [[Urmila Unni]]
* [[Suja Karthika]]
* [[Sukumari]] as minister
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Dr. Ponnamma

== Songs ==
The songs of the movie were composed by Raghukumar, with lyrics by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]. The [[background music]] was done by [[Rajamani]].

# "Mauna Nombara": [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Ranjini Jose
# "Oru Nullu Bhasmamay": [[P. Jayachandran]]
# "Thamarappoove": [[K. S. Chithra]]
# "Lal Salam": Afsal, Devanand, Vidya Suresh

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0468831|title=Pauran}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar Das]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raghu Kumar]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

CNN International

2026-03-11T02:59:00Z

Priya.Miahram:

{{Short description|International news television channel}}
{{redirect|CNNI|CNNi|CNN Interactive}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = CNN International
| logo = CNN.svg
| logo_size = 175px
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1985|9|1}}
| picture_format = [[1080p]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NSS 7 (20.0°W) Transponder 24 – KingOfSat|url=http://en.kingofsat.net/tp.php?tp=5281|publisher=kingodsat.net|access-date=June 3, 2013|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512183207/https://en.kingofsat.net/tp.php?tp=5281|url-status=live}}</ref> (downscaled to [[480i]]/[[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| owner = [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]
| parent = CNN Worldwide
| country = United States
| language = English
| area = Worldwide (also available in hotels and onboard cruise ships)
| headquarters = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] [[New York City]] [[London]] [[Hong Kong]] [[Mumbai]] [[Abu Dhabi]]
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mark Thompson (media executive)|Mark Thompson]], Chairman and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], CNN Worldwide
* Mike McCarthy (EVP/[[General manager|GM]], CNN International)
}}
| former_names = CNN Europe
| sister_channels = {{ubl|[[CNN]]|[[HLN (TV network)|HLN]]|[[CNN-News18]]|[[CNN en Español]]|[[CNN Chile]]|[[News18 India]]|[[News18]]|[[CNNj]]|[[CNN Indonesia]]|[[CNN Prima News]]|[[CNN Brazil]]||[[CNN Portugal]]|[[CNN Arabic]]|[[CNN Türk]]|[[A2 CNN]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a2news.com/2018/12/06/a2-news-partner-ekskluziv-i-cnn-ne-shqiperi-nis-transmetimin/|title=A2 News, partner ekskluziv i CNN në Shqipëri, nis transmetimin|website=a2news.com|access-date=December 6, 2018|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512183141/https://a2news.com/2018/12/06/a2-news-partner-ekskluziv-i-cnn-ne-shqiperi-nis-transmetimin/|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Antena 3 CNN]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://edition.cnn.com/}} [https://edition.cnn.com/tv/schedule/cnn TV schedule (Asia)] [https://edition.cnn.com/tv/schedule/cnn TV schedule (Europe)] [https://edition.cnn.com/tv/schedule/cnn TV schedule (Americas)]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20150404235334/http://cnnphilippines.com/aboutus/contactus/ (Philippines) ]
| terr_serv_1 = [[Digital terrestrial television in Andorra|DTT]] ([[Andorra]])
| terr_chan_1 = Channel 36
| terr_serv_2 = [[Boxer TV Access]] ([[Sweden]])
| terr_chan_2 = Channel 26
| terr_serv_3 = [[Oqaab]] ([[Afghanistan]])
| terr_chan_3 = Channel 66
| terr_serv_4 = [[Digitenne]] ([[Netherlands]])
| terr_chan_4 = Channel 30 (HD) / Channel 61 (KPN)
| terr_serv_5 = [[GOtv]] ([[Sub-Saharan Africa]])
| terr_chan_5 = Channel 72
| terr_serv_6 = [[DStv]] ([[Sub-Saharan Africa]])
| terr_chan_6 = Channel 401
| terr_serv_7 = [[Azam TV]] ([[East Africa]])
| terr_chan_7 = Channel 239
| online_serv_1 = CNN.com/live ([[United Kingdom|U.K.]])
| online_chan_1 = [https://edition.cnn.com/cnn-live-restricted Watch live] (UK-only, free preview and then subscription required)
| online_serv_2 = CNN.com/live ([[United States|U.S.]])
| online_chan_2 = [http://go.cnn.com/?stream=CNN&sr=watchLiveHPbutton Watch live] (U.S. pay-TV subscribers only; requires login from participating television providers to access stream)
| online_serv_3 = [[Hulu + Live TV]] ([[United States|U.S.]])
| online_chan_3 = [[Internet Protocol television]]
| online_serv_4 = [[Joyn (streaming platform)|Joyn]] ([[Germany]], [[720p50]])
| online_chan_4 = [//www.joyn.de/play/live-tv?channel_id=1147 free live stream] login required
| online_serv_5 = [[Pluto TV]] (Germany, 720p50)
| online_chan_5 = [//pluto.tv/gsa/live-tv/66c45b1803e3b20008d8c200?lang=en free live stream]
}}

'''Cable News Network International''' or '''CNN International''' ('''CNNi''', simply branded on-air as '''CNN''') is an international [[television]] channel and [[website]], owned by CNN Worldwide. CNN International carries news-related programming worldwide; it cooperates with sister network [[CNN]]'s national and international news bureaus. Unlike its sister channel, CNN, a North American-only subscription service, CNN International is carried on a variety of TV platforms across the world, and broadcast from studios inside and outside the United States, in Atlanta, New York City,<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/profiles/julia-chatterley-profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515051149/https://www.cnn.com/profiles/julia-chatterley-profile|date=May 15, 2021}} Accessed May 15, 2021.</ref> London, Mumbai, Hong Kong, and [[Abu Dhabi]]. In some countries, it is available as a [[free-to-air]] network. The service is aimed at the overseas market, similar to [[BBC News (international TV channel)|BBC News]], [[France 24]], [[CGTN (TV channel)|CGTN]], [[Deutsche Welle|DW]], [[RT (TV network)|RT]], [[DD India]], [[NHK World-Japan|NHK World]], [[TRT World]] or [[Al Jazeera English]].

==History==

===Early years===
[[File:CNN-International-Logo.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|CNN International logo from 1985 to 1995]]

CNN International began broadcasting on September 1, 1985, at first primarily broadcasting to American business travelers in hotels. The first studio for CNNI was at CNN's original studio building known as Techwood, home at that time to all of Turner Broadcasting System's channels. Today, it is home to the Techwood Studios complex that houses the entertainment channels. Other early studios in Atlanta were tucked away in various corners of the [[CNN Center]], and the newsroom lacked even a [[digital clock]]. The vast majority of the network's programming originally consisted of simulcasts of the two domestic CNN channels ([[CNN|CNN/US]] and [[HLN (TV network)|Headline News]]). In the United Kingdom, the channel began broadcasting on September 17, 1987, the office was located at 25/28 Old Burlington Street, London.<ref>[https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/217870/Cable-Authority-annual-report-and-accounts-1987-88.pdf Cable Authority annual report and accounts 1987-88 - Ofcom (page 25)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110164741/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/217870/Cable-Authority-annual-report-and-accounts-1987-88.pdf |date=January 10, 2022 }} // 1988</ref> In 1990, however, the amount of news programming produced by CNNI especially for international viewers increased significantly.

Paul Vessey, an executive of CNN International, said in 1992 that CNN will go international style and get "less and less American".<ref>{{cite news |title=Better than the CIA? |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19920112-1.2.36.1 |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=The Straits Times |date=12 January 1992 |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212090734/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19920112-1.2.36.1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A new newsroom and studio complex was built in 1994, as CNN decided to compete against [[BBC World Service Television]]'s news programming. CNNI emerged as an internationally oriented news channel, with staff members of various national backgrounds, even though some accusations of a pro-U.S. editorial bias persist. CNN International was awarded the [[Liberty Medal]] on July 4, 1997. Ted Turner, in accepting the medal on behalf of the network, said: "My idea was, we're just going to give people the facts... We didn't have to show liberty and democracy as good and show socialism or totalitarianism as bad. If we just showed them both the way they were ... everybody's going to choose liberty and democracy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_1997.html|title=CNN International – National Constitution Center|website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org|access-date=December 6, 2013|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074737/http://constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_1997.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===New international era (1995–2005)===
In 1995, creative director Morgan Almeida defined a progressive rebranding strategy, to target CNNI's diverse global market, making the on-air look less overtly American and with a cleaner, simpler "international" aesthetic going forward. The word "International" in the channel's logo was replaced with a globe, and the new branding featured numerous international locations filmed in time-lapse, channel idents created in CGI with Velvet Design in Munich, and a news brand designed with [[The ATTIK|The Attik]] in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/news/cnni/idents.html|title=CNN International | Idents|publisher=TVARK|access-date=August 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054454/http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/news/cnni/idents.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The regionalization of CNN International was through the efforts of [[Chris Cramer]], joining CNN in 1996. CNN International was split into three feeds {{endash}} Asia, Europe/Africa/Middle East and Latin America. By 1998, CNN International produced 90% of its content, up from 50% in 1996. The rest of the percentage is for domestic CNN broadcasts from the United States.<ref name="lighter">{{cite news |title=Lighter and closer to home |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19981130-1.2.106.2 |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=The Straits Times |date=30 November 1998 |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102105625/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19981130-1.2.106.2 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an annual PAX survey, in 1998 and 1999 CNN International was the leading cable and satellite network in Asia in terms of viewership among affluent households and among business decision-makers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Viewing Over the Month |url=https://archive.org/details/fact-pack-2000-multichannel-news-international/page/n13/mode/2up |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=Multichannel News International |issue=Fact Pack 2000 |date=December 1999}}</ref> CNN International planned to air shows in 1999 including World Beat, its popular weekly international music segment, and the global arts round-up Art Club.<ref name="lighter" /> The channel was banned in China in June 1999, on the tenth anniversary of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|Tianamnen Square massacre]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Clery |first=Conor |date=2000-02-04 |title=China's cultural commissars see Bugs Bunny as undesirable alien |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/china-s-cultural-commissars-see-bugs-bunny-as-undesirable-alien-1.241244 |access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>

===2006–2009 revamp===
[[File:CNN-globe-logo.png|thumb|left|upright=0.5|CNN International logo from January 1, 2006, to September 21, 2009]]

The network undertook another major rebranding effort in 2006 overseen by Mark Wright and London agency Kemistry. The ticker was replaced by a flipper, on-screen graphics were more unified and from October 2007 until August 2008, new studios were progressively rolled out. However, on January 1, 2009, CNN International adopted the "lower-thirds" that CNN/US had introduced a month earlier which was inspired by the clean modern design of the CNNI rebrand efforts.

In the U.S., CNNI North America was distributed overnight and on weekends over the [[CNNfn]] financial channel, until that channel's demise in December 2004. It is now available as a standalone, full-time channel, usually as part of high-tier packages of subscription providers including [[Time Warner Cable]], [[AT&T U-Verse]], [[Verizon FiOS]] and [[Cox Communications]].

Former CNN Beijing and Tokyo bureau chief [[Rebecca MacKinnon]] described how the news-gathering priorities of CNN International were skewed to "produce stories and reports that would be of interest to CNN USA." Nevertheless, [[Jane Arraf]], a former correspondent who was with the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and later served as a Middle East-based correspondent for [[Al Jazeera English]], noted that when she spoke on international affairs, CNN International would usually give her more airtime than CNN/US. For its part, former CNN executive [[Eason Jordan]] has defended CNN International's "international" perspective, saying "No matter what CNN International does, as long as CNN's headquarters is in the United States people are going to say, well, it's an American service. But the reality is that it's an international service based in the United States, and we don't make any apologies about that."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring02/jordan.html |title=TBS Interview: Eason Jordan, CNN Chief News Executive |access-date=January 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230185016/http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring02/jordan.html |archive-date=December 30, 2006 }}</ref>

===Going beyond borders (2009–2013)===
From January until September 2009, CNN International adopted more programs that became geared towards a primetime European audience with a few titled after CNN International personalities, most notably the interview program ''[[Amanpour]]''. On September 21, 2009, the channel launched a new tagline "Go Beyond Borders", along with a new logo, and consolidated its general newscasts (''World News'', ''CNN Today'', ''World News Asia'', ''World News Europe'' and ''[[Your World Today]]'') into a single newscast entitled ''World Report''.

The slogan "Go Beyond Borders" emphasizes the international perspective that gives the information in this string and the plurality of the audiences. With this tagline, CNN also refers to the various platforms to disseminate their content. The new image was created by the creativity and marketing department, and agency CNN Tooth & Nail. An important element of the rebrand was a new evening program that added the broadcast of programs ''Amanpour'' and ''World One''. The makeover of CNN International has been subject to a lot of criticism on both the new prime-time lineup and the redesigned graphics.

On January 11, 2009, in a bid to compete directly with [[Al Jazeera English]], the network launched a new production center: CNN [[Abu Dhabi]], based in the United Arab Emirates. Then, CNN International adapted half-hour shows in its schedule with a new evening prime program for the [[Middle East]] viewers, ''Prism''.

[[File:CNN International 2009.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|CNN International logo from 2009 to 2014]]

In 2010, CNN International launched new programs for its evening lineup to improve its schedule. In 2011, programs from CNN U.S. were added to the CNN International schedule, including the talk program ''[[Piers Morgan Live]]'' which was later canceled and replaced with [[CNN Tonight]] hosted by Don Lemon.

===This is CNN (2013–present)===
"This is CNN" represents CNN International's rebrand with new sets and output in full 16:9 high definition. The "This is CNN" slogan is also used on its sister network [[CNN]] in the United States. The managing director of CNN International from 2003 to May 2019 was Tony Maddox.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/04/cnn-international-documentary-bahrain-arab-spring-repression Why didn't CNN's international arm air its documentary on Bahrain's Arab Spring repression?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143730/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/04/cnn-international-documentary-bahrain-arab-spring-repression |date=June 12, 2018 }} CNNi's president, Tony Maddox</ref>

In 2019, CNN International announced it was reducing its programming and staff based in London to reduce costs, with CNNI losing $10 million per year.<ref name="Waterson">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/may/28/cnn-preparing-cuts-london-based-news-operation|title=CNN preparing to make cuts at London-based news operation|first=Jim|last=Waterson|work=The Guardian|date=29 May 2019|access-date=May 28, 2019|archive-date=July 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706200723/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/may/28/cnn-preparing-cuts-london-based-news-operation|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, CNNI cancelled its Asia-Pacific Primetime Show, ''[[News Stream]]'', anchored by [[Kristie Lu Stout]], effectively ending production output from its Hong Kong Studios<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cnncommentary.com/2019/06/03/cnn-cancels-news-stream-in-a-pivot-away-from-asia/|title=CNN Commentary – Lifestyle and News Guide|website=CNN Commentary|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-date=September 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930231150/https://cnncommentary.com/2019/06/03/cnn-cancels-news-stream-in-a-pivot-away-from-asia/|url-status=live}}</ref> and since 2020, with the exception of American overnight hours, live CNN International programming now only airs on weekdays, and for around 10 hours a day with the remaining hours filled with simulcasts of CNN US and, at the weekend, by pre-recorded magazine programmes.

In 2022, WarnerMedia closed CNN International in Russia due to [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/09/media/warnermedia-discovery-russia/index.html|title = WarnerMedia and Discovery join the stampede of businesses leaving Russia | CNN Business|publisher = CNN|date = March 9, 2022|access-date = March 10, 2022|archive-date = March 9, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220309191451/https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/09/media/warnermedia-discovery-russia/index.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Regional and online versions==
There are five variants of CNN International:
* [[CNN International Asia Pacific]], based in Hong Kong, China; [[Taipei]], Taiwan and Manila, Philippines
* [[CNN International Europe/Middle East/Africa]], based in London, United Kingdom
* [[CNN International in Latin America]], based in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
* CNN International North America{{refn|Canadian markets only}}, based in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
* [[CNN International South Asia]], based in New Delhi, India

The schedules of the different regional versions no longer differ significantly from each other, but there are still minor variations such as content during the commercial breaks (e.g. weather forecasts and local airtimes shown).

CNN has reported that its broadcast agreement in mainland China includes an arrangement that its signal must pass through a Chinese-controlled satellite. With this method of transmission, Chinese authorities have been able to black out CNNI segments at will. CNN has also said that its broadcasts are not widely available in mainland China, but rather only in certain diplomatic compounds, hotels, and apartment blocks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vause|first=John|title=San Francisco Torch Relay Broadcast|publisher=CNN|date=April 9, 2008}}</ref>

In June 2015, CNN International was made available online in the United States for [[TV Everywhere|CNN/U.S subscribers on participating television providers]] through the CNNgo service.<ref name="tvnewser-cnngo">{{cite web|title=CNN International Now Available on CNNgo|url=http://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnn-international-now-available-on-cnngo/266213|website=TVNewser|date=June 29, 2015 |access-date=July 2, 2015|archive-date=July 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702034555/http://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/cnn-international-now-available-on-cnngo/266213|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, much of CNN International's original programming was made available through CNN Max, its streaming channel in the United States through the HBO Max streaming service. This allowed viewers to tune in to the channel without a linear pay-TV subscription. On 28 October 2025, CNN International became available part-time on CNN.com and the CNN App to those in the United States who subscribe directly to its CNN All Access tier (weekdays from 09.00 to 17.00 Eastern time).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN's All Access Subscription Tier Launches Today with Robust Lineup of Live Channels, Video On Demand, and Library of CNN Original Series and CNN Films |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2025/10/28/cnns-all-access-subscription-tier-launches-today-with-robust-lineup-of-live-channels-video-on-demand-and-library-of-cnn-original-series-and-cnn-films/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===CNNj===
[[File:CNNj_channel_logo.svg|thumb|175px|CNNj channel logo]]
'''CNNj''' is a Japanese version of CNN International distributed by [[Japan Cable Television]] that first launched on March 1, 2003. CNNj is tailored specifically for a Japanese audience, with all programming broadcast from 7:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. ([[Japan Standard Time]]) being translated into Japanese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnasiapacific.com/factsheets/partnersandjv/?catID=19|title=CNN Partners|publisher=cnnasiapacific.com|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154345/http://www.cnnasiapacific.com/factsheets/partnersandjv/?catID=19|archive-date=2012-07-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> The channel used to broadcast a mixture of CNN International and [[CNN|CNN/US]], but since 2008, CNNj has been a direct relay of [[CNN International Asia Pacific]].

Starting late 2010, the high-definition feed of CNN US was launched in Japan for American viewers under the name "CNN/US HD", the first such feed available outside of the United States.<ref name="jctv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jctv.co.jp/images/press101108.pdf|trans-title= Program supply business of new channel "CNN HD" – about the start |website=JCTV |title=新チャンネル『CNN HD』の番組供給事業開始について |date=2010 |access-date=April 16, 2020|archive-date=February 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222141451/http://www.jctv.co.jp/images/press101108.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Programming==

===News programs===
Some of the programs produced by CNN/US are not broadcast on CNNI in full.

* ''[[Amanpour]]''
* ''[[Anderson Cooper 360°]] with [[Anderson Cooper]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[CNN NewsNight]] with [[Abby Phillip]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[CNN Newsroom]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[CNN Newsroom (international TV program)|CNN Newsroom]]''
* ''[[CNN News Central]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[CNN This Morning with Audie Cornish]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[CNN This Morning Weekend]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''Connect the World with [[Becky Anderson]]''; produced from CNN Abu Dhabi
* ''[[Early Start with Rahel Solomon]]'' (2012–2024; 2025–present); produced by CNN/US
* ''[[Erin Burnett OutFront]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[Inside Politics]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[Isa Soares (journalist)|Isa Soares Tonight]]''; produced from CNN London
* ''[[Laura Coates Live]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''One World with [[Zain Asher]] and [[Bianna Golodryga]]''; produced from CNN/US (New York)
* ''[[Quest Means Business]] with [[Richard Quest]]''; produced from CNN/US (New York)/London
* ''[[Smerconish]] with [[Michael Smerconish]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[State of the Union (American TV program)|State of the Union]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''Table for Five with [[Abby Phillip]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[Amanpour|The Amanpour Hour]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''The Brief with [[Jim Sciutto]]''; produced by CNN/US (Washington)
* ''[[The Lead with Jake Tapper]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[The Source with Kaitlan Collins]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[The Story Is with Elex Michaelson]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[CNN World Sport|World Sport]]''

===Magazine programs===
* ''African Voices''
* ''Living Golf'' – Presented by Shane O'Donoghue
* ''Inside Africa''
* ''Marketplace Africa'' – Presented by [[Zain Asher]]
* ''Marketplace Asia'' – Presented by [[Kristie Lu Stout]] and Hanako Montgomery
* ''Marketplace Europe'' – Presented by Anna Stewart and Claire Sebastian
* ''Marketplace Middle East'' – Presented by Eleni Giokos
* ''[[Richard Quest|Quest's World of Wonder]]''
* ''Tech for Good'' – Presented by [[Kristie Lu Stout]]

===Former programming===
* ''Alpine Edge with Christina MacFarlane''<ref>{{Cite web |title=International TV Shows |url=https://www.cnn.com/tv/shows |access-date=2023-06-29 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
* ''American Edition hosted by [[Jonathan Mann (journalist)|Jonathan Mann]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Promo for American Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/promo-for-american-edition |access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-08-16 |title=American Edition |url=http://www.cnn.com/CNNI/Programs/american.edition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816225034/http://www.cnn.com/CNNI/Programs/american.edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2000-08-16 |access-date=2025-02-23 }}</ref>
* ''The Art of Movement''
* ''BackStory''
* ''Best of Quest''
* ''The Brief with [[Bianca Nobilo]]''
* ''The Circuit with Amanda Davies''<ref>{{Cite web |title=International TV Shows – CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/tv/shows |access-date=2023-06-29 |publisher=CNN|archive-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519143511/https://edition.cnn.com/tv/shows |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''CNNGo''
* ''[[CNN Business Traveller]]'' – presented by [[Richard Quest]]
* ''CNN Style''
* ''[[CNN Today]]'' (2004–2009; 2014–2019)
* ''[[CNN Tonight]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''CNN Talk''
* ''[[Cuomo Prime Time]]'' (2017–2021); produced by CNN/US
* [[The Daily Show|''The Daily Show Global Edition'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-07-15 |title='Daily Show' goes global on CNNI |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a8557/daily-show-goes-global-on-cnni/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ''[[Diplomatic License]]'' (1994–2006); debates feature for the United Nations
* ''Early Start'' (2012–2024); produced by CNN/US
* ''Eco Solutions''
* ''[[First Move with Julia Chatterley]]''
* ''[[Hala Gorani]] Tonight''
* ''[[In 24 Hours]]''
* ''iReport for CNN''
* ''Insight''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-01-15 |title=Quest, Mann to lead CNN's '04 election coverage |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a13037/quest-mann-to-lead-cnns-04-election-coverage/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ''[[International Desk]]'' (2009–2019)
* ''Inventing Tomorrow: Tech in the Time of the Pandemic'' – Presented by [[Kristie Lu Stout]]
* ''[[King Charles (news program)|King Charles]]''; produced by CNN/US
* ''CNN Money'' – Presented by Maggie Lake
* ''Make Create Innovate'' – Presented by Nick Glass
* ''[[MainSail]]'' (2004–2018); presented by [[Shirley Robertson]]
* ''[[NewsNight with Aaron Brown]]'' (2001–2005); talk show; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[News Stream]]'' (2010–2019); presented by Kristie Lu Stout
* ''[[Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer|Late Edition]]'' (1993–2009); talk show; produced by CNN/US
* ''[[Larry King Live]]'' (1985–2010); talk show; produced by CNN/US
* ''On China'' – Presented by [[Kristie Lu Stout]]
* ''[[Piers Morgan Live]]'' (2011–2014); talk show; produced by CNN/US
* ''Political Mann''<ref>{{Cite web |title=PREVIEW: CNN International Programming Information Weeks 34 & 35 |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/09/preview-cnn-international-programming-information-weeks-34-35/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN International expands U.S. election coverage with 'State of the Race with Kate Bolduan' |url=https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2016/05/09/cnn-international-expands-u-s-election-coverage-with-state-of-the-race-with-kate-bolduan/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''The Screening Room''
* ''[[Kate Bolduan#State of America with Kate Bolduan|State of America with Kate Bolduan]]''
* ''State of the Race''
* ''Winning Post'' – Presented by Aly Vance
* ''World Business Today''
* ''World News'' (until 2009)
* ''World Report''
* ''[[Your World Today]]''

==High definition==
[[File:CNN International HD.png|thumb|left|260px]]

'''CNN International HD''' is the [[high-definition television|high-definition]] simulcast feed of the channel broadcasting at 1920x[[1080p]], which was launched in September 2012. Before June 3, 2013, only programming from CNN/US was available natively in HD, while shows made for CNN International were produced in [[4:3]] [[576i]]. In February 2013, the European SD feed of CNN International began broadcasting in widescreen by downscaling the HD feed, which resulted in all 4:3-native programming being broadcast in [[pillarbox]] until the June 3 switchover, and finalized on June 17 of the same year, when the switchover was completed.

Following the March 2003 launch of [[CNNj]], a live relay of CNN/US and CNN International, with simultaneous audio translation into Japanese,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnasiapacific.com/factsheets/partnersandjv/?catID=19|title=CNN Partners|publisher=cnnasiapacific.com|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154345/http://www.cnnasiapacific.com/factsheets/partnersandjv/?catID=19|archive-date=2012-07-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> starting in late 2010, the high definition feed of CNN/US was launched in Japan under the name '''CNN HD'''.<ref name="jctv"/> CNN/US (both SD and HD) is also available on Greater China-based satellite service [[DishHD]], a subsidiary of [[Dish Network]] in the United States.

On June 28, 2016, CNN International HD was launched for Sky customers in the UK (including on Freesat from Sky), on channel 506 or 579, making the [[Arirang (TV network)|next news channel]] launch in the 600s. The HD version is available free-to-air within the British Isles, and is provided on satellite and IPTV services, and also live-streamed for U.K. users (and geo-blocked outside the U.K.), through CNN International's official U.K. video site. However, viewers with non-proprietary Freesat boxes will need to add the channel manually as Freesat does not market CNN International HD publicly as part of its offerings.

==Online==
CNN debuted its news website CNN.com (initially an experiment known as ''CNN Interactive'') on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of [[blogs]], [[social media]] and [[user-generated content]] have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of [[CNN Pipeline]] in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S. according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an increase of 11% over the previous year.

CNN Pipeline was the name of a paid subscription service, its corresponding website, and a content delivery client that provided streams of live video from up to four sources (or "pipes"), on-demand access to CNN stories and reports, and optional pop-up "news alerts" to computer users. The installable client was available to users of PCs running [[Microsoft Windows]]. There was also a browser-based "web client" that did not require installation. In July 2007, the service was discontinued and replaced with a free streaming service.

The now-defunct topical news program ''[[Judy Woodruff's Inside Politics]]'' was the first CNN program to feature a round-up of blogs in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/columnist/mediamix/2005-03-20-media-mix_x.htm|title=It's prime time for blogs on CNN's 'Inside Politics'|date=March 20, 2005|work=USA Today|last=Johnson|first=Peter|access-date=January 24, 2009|archive-date=October 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021192505/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/columnist/mediamix/2005-03-20-media-mix_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Blog coverage was expanded when ''[[Inside Politics]]'' was folded into ''[[The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer|The Situation Room]]''. In 2006, CNN launched CNN Exchange and [[CNN iReport]], initiatives designed to further introduce and centralize the impact of everything from [[blogging]] to [[citizen journalism]] within the CNN brand. CNN iReport which features user-submitted photos and video, has achieved considerable traction, with increasingly professional-looking reports filed by amateur journalists, many still in high school or college. The iReport gained more prominence when observers of the [[Virginia Tech shootings]] sent in first-hand photos of what was going on during the shootings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/story.html?id=250570b8-2555-4ac0-8fb7-a0431a321e0d&k=80562|title='Citizen journalist' often there first to snap photos|date=April 12, 2008|publisher=Regina Leader-Post|last=Cobb|first=Chris|access-date=January 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621203445/http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/story.html?id=250570b8-2555-4ac0-8fb7-a0431a321e0d&k=80562|archive-date=June 21, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In early 2008, CNN began maintaining a live-streaming broadcast available to those who receive CNN at home.<ref name="CNNlivestreaming">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/about/live-tv |title=CNN.com Live |publisher=CNN|access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804003045/http://edition.cnn.com/video/flashLive/live.html |url-status=live }}</ref> CNN International is broadcast live, as part of the [[RealNetworks]] SuperPass subscription outside the U.S. CNN also offers several [[RSS|RSS feeds]] and [[podcast]]s.

On April 18, 2008, CNN.com was targeted by Chinese hackers in retaliation for the channel's coverage of the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]]. CNN reported that they took preventive measures after news broke of the impending attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/04/18/cnn.websites/ |title=CNN Web site targeted |publisher=CNN|date=April 18, 2008 |access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320082517/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/04/18/cnn.websites/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Claburn, Thomas: "[http://www.informationweek.com/government/cybersecurity/cnn-faces-cyberattack-over-tibet-coverage/d/d-id/1066964? CNN Faces Cyberattack Over Tibet Coverage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211055311/http://www.informationweek.com/government/cybersecurity/cnn-faces-cyberattack-over-tibet-coverage/d/d-id/1066964 |date=December 11, 2013 }}" [[InformationWeek]], 2008</ref> The company was honored at the 2008 [[Technology & Engineering Emmy Award]]s for development and implementation of an integrated and portable IP-based live, edit and store-and-forward digital newsgathering system.

On October 24, 2009, CNN launched a new version of the CNN.com website, revamping it by adding a new "sign up" option where users may create their user name, a new "CNN Pulse" (beta) feature along a new red color theme.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/relaunch/|title=Welcome to the New CNN.com – Interactive tour|publisher=CNN|access-date=February 20, 2010|archive-date=February 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210075931/http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/relaunch/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, most of the news archived on the website has been deleted. CNN also has a channel on the popular video-sharing site [[YouTube]], which as of October 2025 has 18.7 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCupvZG-5ko_eiXAupbDfxWw |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2010, CNN announced via [[Twitter]] its upcoming food [[blog]] called "Eatocracy", which will "cover all news related to food – from recalls to health issues to culture."<ref>{{cite web|last=Brion|first=Raphael|title=Eatocracy: CNN Gets in the Food Blog Business|url=http://eater.com/archives/2010/04/13/eatocracy-cnn-gets-in-the-food-blog-business.php|work=Eater.com|date=April 13, 2010|access-date=February 26, 2011|archive-date=September 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923061342/http://eater.com/archives/2010/04/13/eatocracy-cnn-gets-in-the-food-blog-business.php|url-status=live}}</ref> CNN had an [[internet relay chat]] (IRC) network at chat.cnn.com. CNN placed a live chat with [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] on the network in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/community/netanyahu/Net1getready.html |title=CNN Community |publisher=CNN|access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100553/http://edition.cnn.com/community/netanyahu/Net1getready.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

CNN also maintains a [[wire service]] known as CNN Wire, a CNN Newsource division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnnewsource.com/newsource/|title=Our resources are your resources|website=CNN Newsource|access-date=October 9, 2021|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021214617/https://www.cnnnewsource.com/newsource/|url-status=live|quote=At CNN Newsource, we understand what you need to build a differentiated news presence across ALL platforms, whether digital, broadcast or print. That's why CNN Wire provides you with critical stories, images, photos and graphics across a wide range of breaking and topical news.}}</ref>

==Bureaus==
[[Image:CNN News bureaus world.png|thumb|CNN bureau locations]]
[[Image:Cnncenter.jpg|right|thumb|The [[CNN Center]] in Atlanta.]]
[[Image:CNN Center studios.jpg|thumb|CNN Center studios.]]
: ''''' Note:''' Boldface indicates that they are CNN's original bureaus, meaning they have been in operation since CNN's founding.''

===United States===
* '''[[Atlanta]]''' ('''[[CNN Center|World Headquarters]]''')
* [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]
* '''[[Boston]]'''
* '''[[Chicago]]'''
* [[Cleveland]]
* [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
* '''[[Dallas]]'''
* '''[[Denver]]'''
* [[Houston]]
* [[Detroit]]
* [[Indianapolis]]
* [[Kansas City metropolitan area|Kansas City]]
* [[Las Vegas]]
* '''[[Los Angeles]]'''
* '''[[Miami]]'''
* [[Minneapolis]]
* [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]
* [[New Orleans]]
* '''[[New York City]]'''
* [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]
* [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]]
* [[Oklahoma City]]
* [[Philadelphia]]
* [[Portland, Oregon]]
* [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]
* [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]]-[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]]
* [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]
* '''[[San Francisco]]'''
* [[Seattle]]
* [[Salt Lake City]]
* [[St. Louis]]
* '''[[Washington, D.C.]]'''

===Worldwide===
* '''[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates''' ([[CNN International Europe/Middle East/Africa|Middle East]] regional headquarters)
* [[Amman]], Jordan
* [[Auckland]], New Zealand
* [[Baghdad]], Iraq
* [[Bangkok]], Thailand
* [[Beijing]], China
* [[Beirut]], Lebanon
* [[Belgrade]], Serbia; [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina; [[Zagreb]], Croatia ('''[[N1 (television)|N1]]''' Ex-Yugoslav regional headquarters)
* [[Berlin]], Germany
* '''[[Bucharest]], Romania''' ('''[[Antena 3 CNN]]''')
* [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
* [[Cairo]], Egypt
* [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
* [[Frankfurt]], Germany
* [[Havana]], Cuba
* '''[[Hong Kong]], China''' ([[CNN International Asia Pacific|Asia Pacific]] regional headquarters)
* [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
* '''[[Istanbul]], Turkey''' ('''[[CNN Türk]]''')
* '''[[Jakarta]], Indonesia''' ('''[[CNN Indonesia]]''')
* [[Jerusalem]]
* '''[[Johannesburg]], South Africa''' ([[CNN International Europe/Middle East/Africa|African]] regional headquarters)
* [[Kabul]], Afghanistan
* [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
* [[Lagos]], Nigeria
* '''[[Lisbon]], Portugal''' ('''[[CNN Portugal]]''')
* '''[[London]], United Kingdom''' ([[CNN International Europe/Middle East/Africa|European]] regional headquarters)
* [[Madrid]], Spain
* [[Manila]], Philippines
* '''[[Mexico City]], Mexico''' ([[CNN International in Latin America|Latin American]] regional headquarters)
* [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada
* [[Moscow]], Russia
* [[Mumbai]], India
* [[Nairobi]], Kenya
* '''[[New Delhi]], India''' ([[CNN International South Asia|South Asia]], regional headquarters)
* [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada
* [[Oslo]], Norway
* [[Paris]], France
* '''[[Prague]], Czech Republic''' ('''[[CNN Prima News]]''')
* [[Porto]], Portugal ('''[[CNN Portugal]]''')
* [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
* [[Rome]], Italy
* '''[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], Chile''' ('''[[CNN Chile]]''')
* '''[[São Paulo]], Brazil ''' ('''[[CNN Brazil]]''')
* [[Seoul]], South Korea
* [[Shanghai]], China
* [[Singapore]]
* [[Stockholm]], Sweden
* [[Sydney]], Australia
* [[Taipei]], Taiwan
* '''[[Tirana]], Albania''' ('''[[A2 CNN]]''')
* '''Tokyo, Japan''' ('''[[CNNj]]''')
* [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada
* [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada

In parts of the world without a CNN bureau, reports from a local affiliate station are used to file a story.

==Present personalities==
{| style="width:100%;"
|- valign ="top"
|width=20%|

; CNN U.S. Weekdays Anchors and hosts
* [[Audie Cornish]] – weekdays anchor of ''CNN This Morning'', CNN U.S. anchor
* [[John Berman]] – weekdays anchor of ''CNN News Central'', CNN U.S. anchor
* [[Kate Bolduan]] – weekdays anchor of ''CNN News Central'', CNN U.S. anchor
* [[Sara Sidner]] – weekdays anchor of ''CNN News Central'', CNN U.S. anchor
* [[Jake Tapper]] – weekdays anchor of ''The Lead'', CNN U.S. anchor, chief Washington correspondent

; CNN U.S. Weeknights Anchors and hosts
* [[Erin Burnett]] – weeknights anchor of ''Erin Burnett OutFront'', CNN U.S. anchor
* [[Anderson Cooper]] – weeknights anchor of ''Anderson Cooper 360°'', CNN U.S. anchor, correspondent
* [[Kaitlan Collins]] – weeknights anchor of ''The Sources with Kaitlan Collins'', CNN U.S. anchor, White House correspondent
* [[Abby Phillip]] – weeknights anchor of ''CNN NewsNight'', CNN U.S. anchor, senior political correspondent
* [[Laura Coates]] – weeknights anchor of ''Laura Coates Live'', CNN U.S. anchor, chief legal analyst correspondent

; CNN U.S. Weekend Anchors and hosts
* [[Victor Blackwell]] – weekend anchor of ''CNN This Morning Weekend'' and ''First Of All'', CNN U.S. anchor
* [[Michael Smerconish]] – weekend anchor of ''Smerconish'', CNN U.S. anchor, political commentator
* [[Abby Phillip]] – weekend anchor of ''CNN Saturday Morning Table For Five'', CNN U.S. anchor, senior political correspondent
* [[Christiane Amanpour]] – weekend anchor of ''The Amanpour Hour'', chief international anchor
* [[Manu Raju]] – weekend anchor of ''Inside Politics'', CNN U.S. anchor, chief congressional correspondent
* [[Jake Tapper]] – weekend anchor of ''State of the Union'', CNN U.S. anchor, chief Washington correspondent
* [[Dana Bash]] – weekend anchor of ''State of the Union'', CNN U.S. anchor, chief political correspondent
* [[Fareed Zakaria]] – weekend anchor of ''Fareed Zakaria GPS'', CNN U.S. anchor, correspondent
| style="width:20%;"|

; CNN International Anchors and hosts
* [[Christiane Amanpour]] – anchor of ''Amanpour'', chief international anchor
* [[Becky Anderson]] – anchor of ''Connect the World with Becky Anderson''
* [[Zain Asher]] – co-anchor of ''One World with Zain and Bianna'' and presenter of ''Market Place Africa''
* [[Kim Brunhuber]] – anchor of ''CNN Newsroom''
* [[Rosemary Church]] – anchor of ''CNN Newsroom''
* [[Amanda Davies]] – anchor of ''World Sport'', presenter of ''The Circuit''
* [[Max Foster]] – anchor of CNN Newsroom, London correspondent
* [[Bianna Golodryga]] – fill-in anchor of ''Amanpour'', co-anchor of ''One World with Zain and Bianna'', senior global affairs analyst
* [[Lynda Kinkade]] – anchor of ''CNN Newsroom''
* [[Christina Macfarlane]] – anchor of ''World Sport'', ''CNN Newsroom'' and presenter of ''Alpine Edge''
* [[Richard Quest]] – anchor of ''Quest Means Business'', ''Marketplace Europe'' and ''Business Traveller''
* [[Don Riddell]] – anchor of ''World Sport''
* [[Andy Scholes]] – contributor to ''World Sport''
* [[Patrick Snell]] – anchor of ''World Sport''
* [[Kristie Lu Stout]] – anchor of ''Tech for Good'' and ''Marketplace Asia''
* [[Isa Soares (journalist)|Isa Soares]] – anchor of ''Isa Soares Tonight'', correspondent
* [[John Vause]] – anchor of ''CNN Newsroom'', correspondent
* [[Hines Ward]] – contributor to ''World Sport''
* [[Coy Wire]] – contributor to ''World Sport''

; Meteorologists and correspondents
* [[Jim Bittermann]] – Paris-based senior international correspondent
* [[Matthew Chance]] – Moscow-based senior international correspondent
* [[Nima Elbagir]] – senior international correspondent
* [[Nada Bashir]] – London correspondent
* [[Paula Hancocks]] – Abu Dhabi correspondent
* [[Paula Newton]] – Canada-special correspondent and fill-in anchor
* [[Frederik Pleitgen]] – Berlin correspondent
* [[Nic Robertson]] – international diplomatic editor
* [[Richard Roth (journalist)|Richard Roth]] – senior United Nations correspondent
* [[Sara Sidner]] – senior international correspondent
* [[Nick Paton Walsh]] – senior international correspondent
* [[Clarissa Ward]] – chief international correspondent
|}

==Past personalities==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Jim Acosta]]
* [[Natalie Allen]] (now with [[Scripps News]], formerly Newsy)
* [[Guillermo Arduino]] (now with CNN en Español and CNN Latino)
* [[Julio Aliaga]] (now with [[CCTV America]])
* [[Terry Baddoo]]
* [[Errol Barnett]] (now with [[CBS News]])
* [[Ralph Begleiter]]
* [[Satinder Bindra]]
* [[Anthony Bourdain]] (died in 2018)
* [[Aaron Brown (journalist)|Aaron Brown]]
* [[Andrew Brown (CNN journalist)|Andrew Brown]]
* [[Samuel Burke]] – anchor of ''iReport'', technology correspondent
* [[Julia Chatterley]] – Anchor of [[First Move with Julia Chatterley]]
* [[Joie Chen]] (joined [[Al Jazeera America]])
* [[Patricia Chew]]
* [[Jim Clancy (journalist)|Jim Clancy]]
* [[Stephen Cole (broadcaster)|Stephen Cole]] (joined [[Al Jazeera English]])
* [[Anna Coren]] (now with CBS News)
* [[Chris Cuomo]] (dismissed in 2021)
* [[Robyn Curnow]]
* [[Arwa Damon]]
* Jason Dasey
* [[John Defterios]] – anchor of ''Marketplace Middle East''
* Eboni Deon (now with [[WISH-TV]])
* [[Daljit Dhaliwal]]
* [[Jill Dougherty]] (now a CNN analyst)
* Anna Edwards
* [[Adrian Finighan]] (left [[CNN]] in 2009 to set up own company; joined Al Jazeera English)
* [[Sara Ganim]] – Atlanta correspondent
* [[Kate Abdo|Kate Giles]] (now with [[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]])
* [[Hala Gorani]]
* [[Stan Grant (journalist)|Stan Grant]]
* [[Poppy Harlow]] – anchor of ''CNN This Morning'', CNN U.S. anchor
* [[Leon Hawthorne]]
* [[Michael Holmes (broadcaster)|Michael Holmes]] – anchor of ''CNN Newsroom'' (retired in 2024)
* [[George Howell (journalist)|George Howell]]
* [[Pedram Javaheri]] – meteorologist
* [[Rhiannon Jones]] – presenter of ''Judo World'', fill-in anchor of ''World Sport''
* [[Jerrold Kessel]], Jerusalem correspondent, 1990 to 2003<ref name=variety>{{cite news|title=Jerrold Kessel, former CNN correspondent, dies at 66|url=https://variety.com/2011/scene/news/jerrold-kessel-former-cnn-correspondent-dies-at-66-1118032835/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=February 24, 2011|access-date=February 26, 2011|archive-date=December 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218131536/http://variety.com/2011/scene/news/jerrold-kessel-former-cnn-correspondent-dies-at-66-1118032835/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Riz Khan]] (left CNN in 2005 to join [[Al Jazeera English]])<ref>[https://id.wsj.com/access/pages/wsj/us/login_standalone.html?mg=wsj-users2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB111862259989457599.html%3Femailf%3Dyes&mg=com-wsj Wall Street Journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216052857/https://id.wsj.com/access/pages/wsj/us/login_standalone.html?mg=wsj-users2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB111862259989457599.html%3Femailf%3Dyes&mg=com-wsj |date=December 16, 2013 }}, requires subscription</ref>
* [[Larry King]] (†; retired in 2010)
* [[Jeff Koinange]] (left [[CNN]] in 2007 following personal accusations made against him by an alleged former love interest)<ref>{{cite web |author=Brian |url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/jeff-koinange-no-longer-employed-by-cnn/ |title=Jeff Koinange No Longer Employed By CNN | TVNewser |website=Mediabistro.com |date=May 29, 2007 |access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093426/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/jeff-koinange-no-longer-employed-by-cnn_b14738 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Alison Kosik]] – New York Stock Exchange correspondent (now with [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]])
* [[May Lee]] (now host of [[STAR World]]'s ''The May Lee Show'')
* [[Don Lemon]] – (dismissed in 2023) anchor of ''CNN This Morning'', CNN U.S. anchor, correspondent
* [[Amber Lyon]]
* [[Sheila MacVicar]] (joined [[Al Jazeera America]])
* [[Rima Maktabi]]
* [[Jonathan Mann (journalist)|Jonathan Mann]]
* [[Lola Martinez (broadcaster)|Lola Martinez]]
* [[Colleen McEdwards]]
* [[Saima Mohsin]] – Bangkok-based international correspondent
* [[Piers Morgan]]
* [[Anand Naidoo]] (now with [[CCTV America]])
* Asieh Namdar (now with [[CCTV America]])
* [[Bianca Nobilo]] – London correspondent
* [[Robin Oakley]]
* [[Femi Oke]] (joined Al Jazeera English)
* [[Veronica Pedrosa]] (joined Al Jazeera English)
* [[Juanita Phillips]]
* [[Pedro Pinto (journalist)|Pedro Pinto]]
* [[Ash-har Quraishi]]
* [[Monita Rajpal]]
* [[Aneesh Raman]]
* [[Mari Ramos]]
* [[Anjali Rao (journalist)|Anjali Rao]]
* [[Afshin Rattansi]] (now with [[RT (TV network)|RT]], formerly Russia Today)
* [[Candy Reid]]
* [[Maria Ressa]] (left CNN to become head of [[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]] division; currently [[Rappler]] CEO)
* [[Kate Riley]] – anchor of ''World Sport''
* [[Hugh Riminton]] (now with [[Ten News]])
* [[Dan Rivers]] (returned to [[ITV News]])
* [[Shirley Robertson]] – presenter of ''MainSail''
* [[Sonia Ruseler]]
* [[Brent Sadler]]
* [[Bill Schneider (journalist)|Bill Schneider]]
* [[Bernard Shaw (journalist)|Bernard Shaw]] (†; retired in 2001)
* [[Nicki Shields]] – presenter of ''Supercharged''
* [[Isha Sesay]]
* [[Linden Soles]]
* [[Martin Soong]] (returned to [[CNBC]] in 2005)
* [[Barbara Starr]]
* Andrew Stevens
* [[Stephanie Sy]] (joined ''[[PBS NewsHour]] Weekend'')
* Alex Thomas (joined Al Jazeera English)
* [[Fionnuala Sweeney]]
* [[Aly Vance]] – presenter of ''Winning Post''
* [[Cyril Vanier]] (joined [[Al Jazeera English]])
* [[Ralitsa Vassileva]]
* [[Ali Velshi]]
* [[Zain Verjee]]
* [[Alessio Vinci]]
* [[Amara Walker]] – weekend anchor of ''CNN This Morning Weekend''
* [[Selina Wang]] (joined ABC News)
* [[Harris Whitbeck]]
* [[John Zarrella]]

{{div col end}}

==Criticism==
[[File:CNN International.jpg|thumb|The CNN International logo on a table viewed inside the CNN Center in Atlanta. These tables have since been removed.]]

=== Middle-eastern reporting ===
In October 2011, [[Amber Lyon]] gave her claims to the Syrian government news agency SANA that she had been directed by CNN to report selectively, repetitively, and falsely to sway public opinion in favor of direct American aggression against Iran and Syria,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sana.sy/eng/22/2013/03/30/475112.htm |title=Ex-CNN Reporter: I Received Orders to Manipulate News to Demonize Syria and Iran |access-date=March 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402001657/http://sana.sy/eng/22/2013/03/30/475112.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2013 }}</ref> and that this was common practice under CNN. She subsequently repeated this claim, addressing the degraded state of [[journalistic ethics]] in an interview<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/11/alex-jones-americas-top-conspiracy-theorist.html |title=An Interview With Alex Jones, America's Leading (and Proudest) Conspiracy Theorist |website=Nymag.com |date=November 17, 2013 |access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908181340/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/11/alex-jones-americas-top-conspiracy-theorist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=YouTube is NOT a reliable source|date=December 2015}} during which she also discussed the Bahraini episode, suggesting paid-for content was also taken from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Kazakhstan, and other states, that the [[war on terrorism]] had also been employed as a pretext to pre-empt substantive [[investigative journalism]] within the U.S., and that following the Bahrain reporting, her investigative department had been terminated and "reorganized", and her severance and [[employee benefits]] used as a threat to intimidate and attempt to purchase her subsequent silence.

Lyon claimed to have met with [[Tony Maddox]], president of CNN International, twice about this issue in 2011 and had claimed that during the second meeting, she was threatened and intimated to stop speaking on the matter.<ref>{{cite news |author=Glenn Greenwald |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/04/cnn-international-documentary-bahrain-arab-spring-repression |title=Why didn't CNN's international arm air its documentary on Bahrain's Arab Spring repression? |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143730/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/04/cnn-international-documentary-bahrain-arab-spring-repression |url-status=live }}</ref> CNN issued a detailed response to Lyon's claims about its coverage of Bahrain.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/05/cnn-internationals-response-to-the-guardian/ | publisher=CNN| title=CNN International's Response to the Guardian – Update | date=September 5, 2012 | access-date=December 4, 2013 | archive-date=November 4, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104152401/http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/05/cnn-internationals-response-to-the-guardian/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

On July 7, 2010, [[Octavia Nasr]], senior Middle East editor and a CNN journalist for 20 years, was fired after she expressed admiration on her [[Twitter]] account for a militant Muslim cleric and former Hezbollah leader who had recently died.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gold|first=Matea|date=July 7, 2010|title=CNN Mideast Affairs editor loses post after tweeting her respect for militant cleric|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2010/07/cnn-mideast-affairs-editor-loses-post-after-tweeting-her-respect-for-militant-cleric.html|access-date=February 20, 2011|archive-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129145532/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2010/07/cnn-mideast-affairs-editor-loses-post-after-tweeting-her-respect-for-militant-cleric.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Television}}
* [[International broadcasting]]
* [[List of news channels]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.cnn.co.jp/ CNNj official website]

{{Navboxes
|titlestyle = background: #CC0000; color: white; border: 2px solid #000000
|list1=
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{{TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in News and Information}}
{{White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room Seating Chart}}
{{Warner Bros. Discovery}}
{{World news channels}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1985 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1985]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in Germany]]
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[[Category:Japanese-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television channels in Belgium]]
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[[Category:CNN]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery networks]]

Nishabdha

2026-03-03T22:06:21Z

Priya.Miahram: started pg

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2020}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nishabdha.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Dinesh Babu]]
| producer = Jayashree Devi
| writer = Dinesh Babu
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]|Sumanth|[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]|[[Revathi]]}}
| music = Stephen-Dharma
| cinematography = Dinesh Babu
| editing = B. S. Kemparaj
| studio = Chinni films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1998|03|10|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Nishabdha''''' ({{translation|''Silence''}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada]] [[thriller film]] directed and written by [[Dinesh Babu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/dinesh-babu-movies.htm|title=Dinesh Babu movies list|website=www.Bharat movies.com|access-date=19 April 2014|archive-date=23 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223041239/http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/dinesh-babu-movies.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], Sumanth, [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] and [[Revathy]] in the lead roles. The film was produced by Jayashri Devi for the "Chinni Films" banner and the music is composed by Stephen-Dharma. This was Revathy's second and final Kannada film to date.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Major Vishwanath
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Varsha
*[[Revathi]] as Dr. Vineetha
*[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Vasu
*Sumanth as Vijay
*[[J. K. Bharavi]] as Veerendra Gowda
*[[Sanketh Kashi|Kashi]]
*[[Sihi Kahi Geetha]]
*Sunil Puranik as Vinod Gowda
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Vikram Gowda (Voice dubbed by [[Sanketh Kashi]])
*[[G. K. Govinda Rao]] as Govinda Rao, College Principal
*20 Trained dogs
All characters in this movie are named with the letter '''[[V]]'''.
{{div col end}}

==Legacy==
Devraj Kumar titled his film as ''[[Nishabda 2]]'' released in 2017 which had no relation with this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/nov/04/nishabda-2-faithful-to-hollywood-original-1691486.html|title=Nishabda 2: Faithful to Hollywood original|date=4 November 2017 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/this-is-not-a-sequel-makers-of-samyukta-2-say-the-film-is-not-connected-to-the-original/articleshow/61522261.cms?|title=This is not a sequel: Makers of Samyukta 2 say the film is not connected to the original|publisher=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.moovyshoovy.com/kannada_movie_list.php?era=1998 Kannada movies 1998 - Kannada movies released in year 1998]
{{Dinesh Baboo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nishyabda}}
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:1998 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1990s-thriller-film-stub}}

Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)

2026-03-03T20:21:58Z

Priya.Miahram: cleaned up content per standard format and added references

{{Short description|1977 Indian film by K. Raghavendra Rao}}
{{for|2004 Telugu film|Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adavi Ramudu
| image = Adavi Ramudu 1977.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = '''Story''': Satya Chitra Unit '''Screenplay''': K. Raghavendra Rao '''Dialogues''': [[Jandhyala]]
| producer = Satyanarayana Suryanarayana
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jayaprada]] [[Jayasudha]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] Kotagiri Gopala Rao
| studio = Satya Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1977|4|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Adavi Ramudu''''' ({{translation|Forest Ramu}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], who also wrote the screenplay. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]] and [[Jayasudha]], with supporting roles played by [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] and [[Jaggayya]].<ref name="adaviramudu">{{cite web |title=Retrospect: Adavi Ramudu (1977) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_adaviramudu.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102153803/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_adaviramudu.php |archive-date=2 January 2012 |access-date=15 December 2011 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=1}}</ref> The film was edited by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and cinematography by [[A. Vincent]].<ref name="adaviramudu" />

Released on 28 April 1977, ''Adavi Ramudu'' received positive reviews and became an ''Industry'' ''Hit'', running for 366 days in theatres. It won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu]] and re-established N. T. Rama Rao as a leading star in Telugu cinema.<ref name="Kartavya">{{cite news |date=15 December 2016 |title=Kartavya (1979) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Kartavya-1979/article16833496.ece |access-date=13 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was a major breakthrough for director K. Raghavendra Rao, helping him gain prominence in the industry. It was the highest-grossing Telugu film of the 1970s until the record was surpassed by ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhisekham]]'' in 1981.<ref name="cinegoer.com">{{cite web |date=17 January 2007 |title='Adavi Ramudu' Shares At Various Centres |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/adaviramudushares.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213032052/http://www.cinegoer.com/adaviramudushares.htm |archive-date=13 February 2007 |access-date=13 February 2007 |website=Cinegoer}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dharma Raju and his son Nagaraju run a smuggling and illegal transport racket of forest produce. Ramu opposes Raju and raises awareness among the villagers to fight against him. Padma, the daughter of the local forest officer, loves Ramu. One tribal lady Chilakamma also loves Ramu as a brother. Dharma Raju takes the help of one Jaggu to send Ramu away from the forest. The second half of the film reveals that Ramu is, in fact, a forest officer in a secret mission to investigate the case of forest affairs. The story finally leads to the arrest of all criminals.

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ramu
*[[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]] as Padma
*[[Jayasudha]] as Chilakamma
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Dharmaraju
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Nagaraju
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Raja Shekaram
*[[Jaggayya]]
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Bheemanna
*[[Sreedhar Surapaneni|Sridhar]] as Jaggu
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]]
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Rama Prabha]]
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
*Baby Rohini as Gowri
*Shivanandakumar as Venkata Reddy

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
|name = Adavi Ramudu
|type = Soundtrack
|artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|released = 1977
|genre = [[Filmi]]
|length = 27:24
|producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
}}

The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Adavi Ramudu (1977)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CJU/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> The song "Aaresukoboyi" was recreated for the 2004 Telugu film also titled ''[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news246.html|title=Adavi Ramudu on 29 April|website=Idlebrain|access-date=27 September 2025|date=29 March 2004}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Krushi Vunte Manushulu Rushulautaru"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|6:07
|-
|2
|"Ammathodu Abbathodu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]]
|4:20
|-
|3
|"Aaresukoboyi Paaresukunnanu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:17
|-
|4
|"Ennallakennaallaku Ennellu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, S. Janaki
|4:36
|-
|5
|"Kuku Kuku Kokilamma"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:38
|-
|6
|"Choodara Choodara"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, S. Janaki
|3:29
|}

==Production==

=== Development ===
The success of [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' (1972), which had a forest backdrop, inspired [[N. T. Rama Rao]] to pursue a similar theme for his next project.<ref name="adaviramudu" /><ref name="Kartavya" /> After the failure of [[:te:ప్రేమ_బంధం|''Prema Bandham'']] (1976), producers Nekkanti Veera Venkata Satyanarayana and Arumilli Suryanarayana of Satya Chitra banner approached Rama Rao to collaborate on ''Adavi Ramudu''. They chose [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], who had just started his directorial career and was familiar to Rama Rao from assisting [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] on ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' (1965). Rama Rao agreed to the project, and [[Jandhyala]] was brought in to write the script and dialogues.<ref name="adaviramudu" />

=== Casting ===
[[Jayasudha]], who had worked with Raghavendra Rao on ''Raja'' (1976), was cast in a significant role, while [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]], a rising star following the success of ''[[Siri Siri Muvva]]'' (1976), was chosen as the heroine. Sridhar was selected for another important role opposite Jayasudha. Jayasudha was unaware of playing a secondary role until the last minute, but since she had already agreed to do the film, she just went ahead keeping faith in Raghavendra Rao. Despite receiving positive feedback for her performance, she received letters from fans advising her to avoid second-lead roles in future films.<ref name="adaviramudu" />

Although Rama Rao had committed to ''Adavi Ramudu'', he was also filming ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' (1977) simultaneously and assured the producers that he would provide bulk dates after completing the latter project. The team proceeded with filming, confident in their cast and crew.<ref name="adaviramudu" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:Jungle_trek,_Wild_planet_resort,_Mudumalai_10.jpg|thumb|Majority of the film was shot in [[Mudumalai National Park|Madumalai forest]].]]The majority of the film was shot in the dense [[Mudumalai National Park|Madumalai forest]], except for the opening scene, which was filmed in a [[Chennai|Madras]] studio on 9 January 1977. ''Adavi Ramudu'' was the first film for which Rama Rao had given dates for more than a month (35 days) outside Madras. It also marked Rama Rao's first colour film shot in [[CinemaScope|Cinemascope]], using a special lens imported from [[Japan]]. Cinematographer [[A. Vincent]], who had previously worked with Rama Rao on [[Sonta Ooru|''Sontha Vooru'']] (1956), returned to collaborate on this film after a long break.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Retrospect: Adavi Ramudu (1977) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_adaviramudu_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130042038/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_adaviramudu_2.php |archive-date=30 November 2012 |access-date=25 June 2012 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref>

Due to the remote location, the production team faced logistical challenges. With only three government guesthouses available, they built new accommodations for the 300-member cast and crew, working for 50 days to set up temporary facilities. Supplies had to be transported daily from [[Mysore]], 250 km away.<ref name=":0" />

Jayasudha recalled two accidents during filming. In one instance, both she and Jayaprada were thrown from elephants during a scene when the animals were startled by noise from junior artists. They escaped with minor injuries. In another incident, during a chase sequence, a horse cart axle broke, resulting in injuries for both actresses, requiring them to rest for a few days.<ref name=":0" />

==Release==
The film was released on 28 April 1977 to positive reviews.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=28 April 2005 |title=Adavi Ramudu: 29 years passed but the magic still remains |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/dejavu/adaviramudu.html |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Adavi Ramudu'' was a significant box office success, setting multiple records upon its release. It became the first film to collect more than ₹80 [[lakh]] in its first 50 days and the first to reach ₹1 [[crore]] within 67 days (10 weeks).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=27 November 2008 |title=Retrospect: Adavi Ramudu (1977) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_adaviramudu_3.php |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=3 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003004119/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_adaviramudu_3.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

The film completed a 100-day run in 32 centers, a 175-day run in 16 centers, and a 200-day run in 8 centers. It ran for 302 days at Apsara Theatre in Vijayawada and achieved a full-year (365-day) run in four centers, including Hyderabad, Vizag, Tirupati, and Vijayawada.<ref name="cinegoer.com" /> ''Adavi Ramudu'' was the first Indian film to run for a full year in four centres within a single state, breaking the previous record held by ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), which ran for a year in three centers in Maharashtra.<ref name=":2" />

As of 2008, it still held the record for the longest run in [[Secunderabad]], with 161 days of continuous screenings.<ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
The film re-brought N. T. Rama Rao into the league of top heroes of the Telugu Film Industry. The success of the film made K. Raghavendra Rao an established director in Telugu Cinema. The title of the film was used for a [[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|2004 film]].

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu]] - N. V. V. Satyanarayana (1977)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer]] - [[A. Vincent]] (1977)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0257362}}

{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}
{{Jandhyala}}
{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:1977 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]

Seethakaathi

2026-03-03T03:12:44Z

Priya.Miahram: adjusted article per standard format

{{Short description|2018 Indian film by Balaji Tharaneetharan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seethakaathi
| image = Seethakaathi poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
| writer = Balaji Tharaneetharan
| producer = Sudhan Sundaram Umesh G. Jayaram [[Arun Vaidyanathan]]
| starring = [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]] [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
| cinematography = Saraskanth T. K.
| editing = R. Govindaraj
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| studio = Passion Studios
| distributor = Trident Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|12|20}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Seethakaathi''''' is a 2018 Tamil-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]], starring [[Vijay Sethupathi]] in his 25th lead role in a film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seethakaathi first look: Vijay Sethupathi undergoes a stunning makeover for his 25th film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/seethakaathi-first-look-vijay-sethupathi-undergoes-a-stunning-makeover-for-his-25th-film-4304781.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030134211/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/seethakaathi-first-look-vijay-sethupathi-undergoes-a-stunning-makeover-for-his-25th-film-4304781.html |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |website=Firstpost |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Govind Vasantha]] with cinematography by Saraskanth T. K. and editing by R. Govindaraj. The film began production in April 2017 and released on 20 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2017 |title=Press release of Seethakathi directed by Balaji Tharaneetharan |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/press-release-of-seethakathi-directed-by-balaji-tharaneetharan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083213/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/press-release-of-seethakathi-directed-by-balaji-tharaneetharan/ |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=kollywoodtoday.net |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics, but they criticized the runtime of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2018 |title=Seethakathi movie review: Vijay Sethupathi’s quirky meta film celebrates art in the most entertaining way |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/seethakathi-movie-review-vijay-sethupathis-quirky-meta-film-celebrates-art-in-the-most-entertaining-way-5756791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230415/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/seethakathi-movie-review-vijay-sethupathis-quirky-meta-film-celebrates-art-in-the-most-entertaining-way-5756791.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=firstpost.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Best Film (Special Prize)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|url-status=live|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|archive-date=2026-01-30|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ayya Aadhimoolam is a veteran theater actor who refuses to act in films because he only wants to act in front of a live audience. In recent years, due to films and various other means, Ayya's plays have attracted a meager audience which bothers him. During an act of Sujatha's Oonjal, Ayya dies. After his death, Ayya's assistant Parasuraman and his troupe decide to stage plays frequently. During Panjali Sabadham's rehearsals, Parasuraman observed that two actors performed significantly better than usual. During the play, he observes that Saravanan, a budding actor performs beyond expectations and also bows to the audience even when the curtains are closed. Parasuraman affirms that Ayya's spirit is still acting.

Saravanan's performance is also observed by Thyagu, a film director on the lookout for the male lead for his next film. He is convinced by Parasuraman that it was Ayya who acted through Saravanan. Thyagu signs Saravanan on in the hope that Ayya will act. Ayya acts through Saravanan and the film becomes a success making Saravanan a sought-after actor. It is revealed that Ayya acted in the film because he liked the story of the film.

Saravanan signs a film without Parasuraman's knowledge who selects the script for him. During director Sundar's shoot, Ayya's spirit suddenly stops acting after which it is revealed to the public that Ayya acted in the films which featured Saravanan as the lead.

Various producers approach Ayya for their films and Parasumaran selects the scripts of the films based on content. This makes Ayya a huge superstar in Tamil Cinema. A producer Dhanapal wants Ayya to act in his film but doesn't reveal that he inserts action and song sequences.

When Parasumaran discovers Dhanapal's involvement in this, he is aghast. Afterward, due to Dhanapal's deception, Ayya stops acting permanently but Dhanapal who wants to complete his film at any cost pressurizes Parasumaran and Ayya's family. After complaining, the Producers' Council alleges that Ayya didn't act in the first place and that they are fraudsters. The case goes to court where Ayya's family gets footage of Dhanapal's film. Dhanapal alleges that they stole his film but the film is presented as an exhibit for the Judge who observes Dhanapal's acting and tells him to act in the film but Dhanapal refuses to act which implies that Ayya acted in the film. The Judge concludes that a man cannot be separated from his art and Ayya though not here somewhere is there for his art. After the case ends, a statue commemorating Ayya is consecrated in front of his theater. Elsewhere, a school play is shown where the lead actor bows down for a long time implying that Ayya's spirit is still alive.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as "Ayya" Aadhimoolam
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Lakshmi
* [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]] as Parasuraman
* [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] as a judge
* [[Sunil Reddy]] as Dhanapal
* [[Ramya Nambeesan]] as herself
* [[Gayathrie]] as herself
* [[Parvatii Nair]] as herself
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as an advocate
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as Sundar
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Saravanan
* Suhashini Sanjeev as Mohana
* Sutharshi as Punitha
* [[G. M. Sundar]] as Dhanapal's lawyer
* Vetrimani
* Deekay
* Socrates
* K. V. N. Manimekalai
* Subhashree
* [[Govind Vasantha]]
* Winner Ramachandran
* [[Ram (director)|Ram]] as himself
* [[Baradwaj Rangan]] as himself
* [[Bava Chelladurai]] as himself
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]] in a cameo in award function
*[[Bharathiraja]] as himself (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Following the success of ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012), director [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]] began working on his next project titled ''Seethakaathi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-11 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's next film titled Seethakathi |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathis-next-film-titled-seethakathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012200433/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathis-next-film-titled-seethakathi.html |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=2017-04-18 |work=Behindwoods |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In an interview during January 2014, Balaji revealed that the film would be based on artists and would not be related to the tale of the philanthropist of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All you want to know about Oru Pakka Kathai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/19/all-you-want-to-know-about-oru-pakka-kathai-1529339.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/19/all-you-want-to-know-about-oru-pakka-kathai-1529339.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom fame Balaji Tharaneetharan's next titled Seethakathi |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-fame-balaji-tharaneetharans-next-titled-seethakathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082624/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-fame-balaji-tharaneetharans-next-titled-seethakathi.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=behindwoods.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> After postponing work on the film to complete the romantic comedy ''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]'' (2017), Balaji revived ''Seethakaathi'' in April 2017 and announced that [[Vijay Sethupathi]] would portray the leading role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=Balaji Tharaneetharan Revives 'Seethakathi' With Vijay Sethupathi In The Lead – Silverscreen.in |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/balaji-tharaneetharan-revives-seethakathi-vijay-sethupathi-lead/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730022305/https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/news/balaji-tharaneetharan-revives-seethakathi-vijay-sethupathi-lead/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=silverscreen.in}}</ref> Produced by Sudhan Sundaram, Umesh, Jayaram and [[Arun Vaidyanathan]] of Passion Studios who earlier produced [[Nibunan]], the film would mark the actor's 25th film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reunion with Vijay Sethupathi beyond emotional connect: Balaji |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/reunion-with-vijay-sethupathi-beyond-emotional-connect-balaji/articleshow/58192171.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418183848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/reunion-with-vijay-sethupathi-beyond-emotional-connect-balaji/articleshow/58192171.cms |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=indiatimes.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi is an actor in Seethakathi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160417/vijay-sethupathi-is-an-actor-in-seethakathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419060522/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160417/vijay-sethupathi-is-an-actor-in-seethakathi.html |archive-date=19 April 2017 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> After roping in [[Remya Nambeesan]] and [[Gayathrie]], the team signed veteran director [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-19 |title=Vijay Sethupathi’s 25th film gets one more big attraction |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42248/vijay-sethupathis-25th-film-gets-one-more-big-attraction |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002511/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42248/vijay-sethupathis-25th-film-gets-one-more-big-attraction |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=2017-04-19 |work=Top 10 Cinema |language=en-US |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Newcomer [[Sunil Reddy]] was signed to play the antagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaibhav’s brother, Sunil plays the antagonist in Seethakaathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhavs-brother-sunil-plays-the-antagonist-in-seethakathi/articleshow/66693891.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730022259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhavs-brother-sunil-plays-the-antagonist-in-seethakathi/articleshow/66693891.cms |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=22 November 2018 |title=Vaibhav’s brother turns baddie in Vijay Sethupthi film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/221118/vaibhavs-brother-turns-baddie-in-vijay-sethupthi-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216045100/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/221118/vaibhavs-brother-turns-baddie-in-vijay-sethupthi-film.html |archive-date=16 December 2018 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album is composed by [[Govind Vasantha]] of ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' fame, with lyrics written by [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja|Thiyagarajan Kumararaja]], [[Madhan Karky]], [[Karthik Netha]] and [[Yugabharathi]]. This is his fourth film as composer. [[Junglee Music]] secured the audio rights. The first single track "Ayya" sung by [[Vijay Prakash]] was released on 15 October 2018. The second single "Avan" sung by [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]] was released on 30 November 2018. The third single, an [[instrumental]] track "The Journey of Ayya" was released on 6 December 2018. The fourth single "Kozhi Onnu" sung by [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy|Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy]] was released on 14 December 2018. The complete soundtrack album, with seven tracks, and instrumentals were released on 17 December 2018.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Seethakaathi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Govind Menon|Govind Vasantha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 December 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio = 20db Studios, Chennai Seed Studios, Chennai Rajiv Menon Studio, Chennai
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| prev_title = [['96 (film)|96]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Uriyadi 2]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{Singles
| single1 = Ayya
| single1date = 15 October 2018
| single2 = Avan
| single2date = 30 November 2018
| single3 = The Journey of Ayya
| single3date = 6 December 2018
| single4 = Kozhi Onnu
| single4date = 14 December 2018
}}
}}
{{track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ayya
| length1 = 3:13
| lyrics1 = [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title2 = Avan
| length2 = 5:03
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra2 = [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]]
| title3 = Uyir
| length3 = 3:15
| lyrics3 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| extra3 = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| title4 = Kozhi Onnu
| length4 = 2:21
| lyrics4 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra4 = [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
| title5 = Isai
| length5 = 4:47
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Vishnu Vijay
| title6 = The Journey Of Ayya
| length6 = 4:06
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Vijay Prakash
| title7 = Theme Of Seethakaathi
| length7 = 2:49
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Vijay Prakash
| length10 =
| note6 = Instrumental
| note5 = Instrumental
| total_length =
| title8 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| note7 = Instrumental
| headline = Track listing
}}

== Release ==
The film, scheduled to release on 16 November 2018, was postponed to a later date following [[Tamil Film Producers Council|TFPC]] committee and actor [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]]'s request.<ref name="Behindwoods">{{Cite web |title=Seethakathi and Adangamaru release postponed |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/seethakathi-and-adangamaru-release-postponed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211200/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/seethakathi-and-adangamaru-release-postponed.html |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2018-11-04 |website=Behindwoods |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Twitter">{{Cite web |title=@ACTOR_UDHAYAA thanking the entire team of #Seethakaathi & #Adangamaru for moving release date to later. #UtharavuMaharajafromNOV16 |url=https://twitter.com/PROThiyagu/status/1058691164298047488 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730022307/https://twitter.com/PROThiyagu/status/1058691164298047488 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=2018-11-04 |website=Twitter}}</ref> The makers finally confirmed that the film will be released on 20 December 2018 through the release of third look poster. Earlier, the [[Tamil Nadu]] wing of the [[Indian National League]], a political party, had objected to the title and asked the film team to "immediately change the name of the movie," saying [[Umaru Pulavar|Seethakaathi]] was the name of a renowned [[Muslims|Muslim]] poet.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Seethakathi in trouble: Indian National League asks makers to change title |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/seethakathi-in-trouble-indian-national-league-asks-makers-to-change-title-1412651-2018-12-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421191142/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/seethakathi-in-trouble-indian-national-league-asks-makers-to-change-title-1412651-2018-12-19 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian National League Asks Seethakaathi Team To Change Title |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/indian-national-league-asks-seethakaathi-team-to-change-title/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421191142/https://silverscreen.in/news/indian-national-league-asks-seethakaathi-team-to-change-title/ |archive-date=21 April 2019 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A wax statue of Vijay Sethupathi's character was unveiled at Express Avenue Mall in [[Chennai]] and the occasion was marked by a grand event promoted by the producers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=5|average=7.3|ref=yes}}

Priyanka Sundar of Hindustan Times gave 4/5 stars and wrote, "Seethakathi explores the struggle one faces when anything they love draws to an end. The film explores many facets of death - physical, emotional, professional - and at each instance also shows that this is not the end."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=December 20, 2018 |title=Seethakaathi movie review: This film is a win for Vijay Sethupathi, the actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/seethakaathi-movie-review-this-film-is-a-win-for-vijay-sethupathi-the-actor/story-zMid3I7jrAb4ABzuYFZogM.html/?utm_source=Bharatpedia&utm_medium=December20&utm_campaign=SeethakaathiReview |access-date=June 24, 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Srinivasa Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, "Seethakathi has refreshing work from most departments but the pacing and melodrama are big dampeners."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=December 20, 2018 |title=‘Seethakathi’ review: Intriguing experiment with middling results |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/seethakathi-review-intriguing-experiment-with-middling-results/article25787139.ece?utm_source=Bharatpedia&utm_medium=December20&utm_campaign=SeethakaathiReview |access-date=June 24, 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ranjani Krishnakumar of Huffington Post wrote, "Moving deftly between being a philosophical drama and an absurdist comedy, Seethakaathi is an unusual yet entertaining film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=December 21, 2018 |title='Seethakaathi' Review: Vijay Sethupathi's Comedy-Drama Is Unlike Any Tamil Film You've Seen In 2018 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/seethakaathi-review-vijay-sethupathys-comedy-drama-is-unlike-any-tamil-film-youve-seen-in-2018_in_5c1c6fd0e4b08aaf7a86dc4b?utm_source=Bharatpedia&utm_medium=December21&utm_campaign=SeethakaathiReview |access-date=June 24, 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Sowmya Rajendran of The News Minute wrote, "For a satire, Seethakaathi stops well short of drawing blood and is content to merely open its jaws in the threat that it will - and that makes it a good comedy which is several notches below greatness."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sowmya |first=Rajendran |date=December 20, 2018 |title='Seethakaathi' review: Vijay Sethupathi's satire on cinema is a good attempt |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/seethakaathi-review-vijay-sethupathis-satire-cinema-good-attempt-93686?utm_source=Bharatpedia&utm_medium=December21&utm_campaign=SeethakaathiReview |access-date=September 23, 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about artists]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Govind Menon]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Gajendra Moksha

2026-02-18T04:42:36Z

Priya.Miahram: cleanup

{{short description|Hindu legend of the god Vishnu rescuing an elephant from a crocodile}}
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Vishnu Saving the Elephant (Gajendra Moksha).jpg|thumb|Vishnu rescues Gajendra.]]

'''Gajendra Mokṣaḥ''' ({{langx|sa|गजेन्द्रमोक्षः}}) or '''The Liberation of Gajendra''' is a [[Puranas|Puranic]] legend from the 8th [[Skandha]] of the ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]'', a sacred text in [[Hinduism]]. It is one of the famous exploits of the preserver deity, [[Vishnu]]. In this episode, Vishnu came down to earth to protect Gajendra, the elephant, from the clutches of a crocodile, alternatively known as Makara or Huhu, and with Vishnu's help, Gajendra achieved [[mokṣa]], or liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Gajendra then attained a form like that of the deity (Sarupya Mukti) and went to [[Vaikuntha]] with Vishnu. This story was narrated by [[Shuka]] to King [[Parikshit]] at Parikshit's request.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHAPTER TWO|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/8/2/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=vedabase.io|language=en}}</ref>

{{Vaishnavism}}

==Legend ==

There was once an elephant named Gajendra who lived in a garden called Ṛtumat, which was created by [[Varuna]]. This garden was located on Mount [[Lanka|Trikuta]], the "Three-Peaked Mountain". Gajendra ruled over all the other elephants in the herd. One day, as usual, he went to the lake near by to pick lotus flowers to offer prayer to Vishnu. Suddenly, a crocodile living in the lake attacked Gajendra, and caught him by the leg. Gajendra tried for a long time to escape from the crocodile's clutches. All of his herd, relatives, and friends gathered around to help him, but in vain. The crocodile simply would not let go. When they realised that 'death' had come close to Gajendra, they left him alone. He trumpeted in pain and helplessness until he was hoarse. As the struggle was seemingly endless, when he had spent his last drop of energy, Gajendra called to his deity [[Vishnu]] to save him, holding a [[Padma (Vishnu)|lotus]] up in the air as an offering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Story of Gajendra Moksha|url=http://www.dnaofhinduism.com/10/post/2019/10/story-of-gajendra-moksha.html|access-date=2021-11-11|website=DNA Of Hinduism|language=en}}</ref>

Hearing his devotee's call and prayer, Vishnu rushed to the scene. As Gajendra sighted the god coming, he lifted the lotus with his trunk. Seeing this, Vishnu was pleased, and with his [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudharshana Chakra]], he decapitated the crocodile. Gajendra prostrated himself before the deity. Vishnu informed Gajendra that he, in one of his previous births, had been the celebrated King [[Indradyumna]], a [[Pandya kingdom (Mahabharata)|Pandyan]] King (modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]]) a devotee of Vishnu, but due to his disrespect to the great sage [[Agastya]], he had been cursed to be reborn as an elephant. Because Indradyumna had been devoted to Vishnu, the deity had him born as Gajendra and made him understand the concept of [[Kaivalya]], which was beyond [[Svarga]] and Urdhva [[Loka]], the realm of the gods. Indradyumna was to attain [[moksha]] when he (as Gajendra) left all his pride and doubt, and totally surrendered himself to Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-15|title=Gajendra Moksha : The Day When Lord Vishnu Helped Gajraj|url=https://indianastrology.co.in/4822-gajendra-moksha-story-hindi-gajendra-moksha-mantra-in-hindi/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Indian Astrology|language=en-US}}</ref>

The prayer made by Gajendra on this occasion became a famous hymn in praise of Vishnu called the Gajendra Stuti. This hymn was later inducted as the first and foremost hymn of the [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] (The work that is composed of the 1,000 names of Vishnu).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gajendra Moksha : The Story of Elephant's King|url=https://www.hindupath.com/2014/08/gajendra-moksha-story-of-elephants-king.html|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Hindupath|language=English}}</ref>

==Previous births==

[[File:Liberation of Ganjendra from Life or Gajendra Moksha.png|thumb|Liberation of Ganjendra from death – Gajendra Moksha]]
Gajendra, in his previous life, was Indradyumna, a great king who was devoted to [[Vishnu]]. One day, [[Agastya]], a great [[rishi]] (sage) came to visit the king, Indradyumna Maharaj who was performing rituals to the lord and therefore was in complete ecstasy could not receive the sage properly. So, Sage Agastya cursed the king that in his next birth, he would be born as an elephant, and would forget his devotional activities and previous life.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vedantam|first=Padmaja|title=Gajendra Moksham|publisher=Padmaja Vedantam|date=10 October 2014|location=Holy Cross Women For Women BHEL, Hyderabad|language=English}}</ref>

The crocodile, in its previous birth, had been a [[Gandharva]] king called Huhu. The sage [[Devala]] came to visit the king, and when the two of them were bathing and Devala was offering prayers to [[Surya]] (the Sun god), the king pulled the sage's leg for fun. The sage was furious and cursed the king to become a crocodile in his next life. The repentant king begged the sage's pardon. Devala explained that he could not reverse the curse; however, he informed Huhu that Vishnu would slay him as the crocodile and liberate him from the cycle of birth and death.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-31|title=Gajendra the Elephant — Breaking Open the Jaws of Death|url=https://back2godhead.com/breaking-open-jaws-death/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Back to Godhead}}</ref>

==Symbolism==
[[File:Gajendra Moksha.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:Gajendra-Moksha Abu Dhabi.jpg|thumb|Carving of the Gajendra-Moksha exploit at the BAPS Hindu Mandir, Abu Dhabi]]
The tale of Gajendra is an integral theme in [[Vaishnavism]] and has great symbolic value: Gajendra is the man, the crocodile is sin, and the muddy water of the lake is [[Saṃsāra]]. The symbolic meaning of Gajendra moksha is that materialistic desires, ignorance, and sins create an endless chain of karma in this world and are similar to a crocodile preying upon a helpless elephant stuck in a muddy pond. Humans are thus stuck in a continuous cycle of death and rebirth until the day when they can look beyond everything in this creation and ultimately submit themselves to the supreme being, Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gajendra Moksha – Story Of Vishnu Saving Elephant From Crocodile - Symbolic Meaning|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2007/11/gajendra-moksha-story-of-elephant-and.html|access-date=2021-11-11}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Markandeya]]
* [[Ajamila]]
* [[Gajendra Varadha Temple]]
* [[Paṭṭattu Vāsudeva Bhaṭṭatiri|Gajendra Moksham Kavyam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GAJENDRA_MOKSHAM.pdf&page=0 Gajendra Moksha (pdf)] English translation
* The Gajendra Moksha Stotram <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Gajendra Moksha Stotram Download Song, Lyrics and PDF (2025) |url=https://devotionalsongs.org/gajendra-moksha-stotram-lyrics/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> (pdf in English & Telugu) is a sacred hymn that is found in the Bhagavata Purana, one of the major scriptures of Hinduism.

[[Category:Puranas]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Mythological elephants]]
[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]
[[Category:Elephants in Hinduism]]

Pradeep Kumar Dubey

2026-02-09T06:12:30Z

Priya.Miahram: started a bio...

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pradeep Kumar Dubey प्रदीप कुमार दुबे
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
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| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|04|15}}<ref name="Profile">{{cite news|title=Profile|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|accessdate=23 September 2015|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/principalsecretary/present_principal_secretary_en_.aspx#/present_principal_secretary}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
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| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]] & [[Master of Arts]]<ref name="Profile"/>
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Judicial Officer - (HJS)]]
| years_active = 2007-present
| era =
| employer = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| agent = 
| known_for = [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal secretary]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="Profile"/>
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'''Pradeep Kumar Dubey''' ({{langx|hi|प्रदीप कुमार दुबे}}) is a [[Judicial officer]] and the Principal Secretary (HJS) of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Dubey joined [[Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service]]s - PCS(J) in Aug 1987.<ref name="Profile"/> Before taking charge as the principal secretary, he served as the legal adviser to the [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Pradeep Kumar Dubey appointed">{{cite news|title=Pradeep Kumar Dubey appointed|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=23 September 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-issues-notice-to-UP-on-appointment-of-ex-judge-as-legislative-secretary/articleshow/10395134.cms}}</ref><ref name="Pradeep Kumar Dubey appointment">{{cite news|title=Pradeep Kumar Dubey appointment|publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=23 September 2015|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-pradeep-kumar-dubey-principal-secretary-of-assembly-questioned-over-appointment-5043140-PHO.html}}</ref><ref name="Pradeep Kumar Dubey taken over">{{cite news|title=Pradeep Kumar Dubey taken over|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=23 September 2015|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14727656&cid=14358322|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101054916/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14727656&cid=14358322|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-11-01}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Pradeep Kumar Dubey was born in [[Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1957. He attained [[Bachelor of Laws]] -LL.B(Delhi University), and [[Master of Arts]] degree -M.A.(Allahabad University).<ref name="Profile"/>

==Career==
In Aug 1987, Pradeep Kumar Dubey joined the Uttar Pradesh Judicial Services and served as a [[Magistrate|judicial magistrate]] from 1987 to 1994. He subsequently was appointed as the legal adviser to the legal adviser to the Governor of Uttar Pradesh. In Jun 2011, Dubey was appointed as the principal secretary of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Profile"/><ref name="Pradeep Kumar Dubey appointed"/>

POSITIONS HELD<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Legislative Assembly Secretary |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/secretary.htm |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>

Joined U.P. Judicial Service in the month of August 1987.

Worked as Judicial Magistrate and Munsif Magistrate/Civil Judge from 1987 to 1991 at Lucknow, Civil Courts.

Posted as Judicial Magistrate from 1991 to 1994 at Allahabad.

Legal Advisor/ Additional Legal Advisor to His Excellency the Governor of Uttar Pradesh from September 1994 to November 2006.

Additional District Judge at Basti and Barabanki from February 2007 to July 2007 in the Cadre of Higher Judicial Service.

Posted as Secretary, Parliamentary Affairs in the Govt. of U.P. in July 2007 on deputation.

Appointed as Principal Secretary, Parliamentary Affairs in the Govt. of U.P. in January 2009.

Additional charge of Legal Advisor to the Governor along with Secretary, Parliamentary Affairs since July, 2007 to 12 January 2009.

PRESENT POSITION

Principal Secretary, Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly), Uttar Pradesh since June, 2011.

==See also==
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Pradeep Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:People from Etawah]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]

Ranchi–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Weekly Express

2026-02-05T04:44:15Z

Priya.Miahram: started a article

{{Short description|Superfast express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Ranchi–Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2002|10|22}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ranchi}}
| stops = 24
| end = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
| distance = {{convert|2020|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours
| frequency = Bi-Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, sleeper class, general unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18609 / 18610
| speed = {{convert|51.5|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18609 / 10 '''Ranchi–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] express train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ranchi}} and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] in India.

It operates as train number 18609 from Ranchi to Lokmanya Tilak Terminus and as train number 18610 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Maharashtra]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ECR-extends-31-trains-cancellation-till-July-16/articleshow/48035679.cms], ''indiatimes.com'', 11 July 2015</ref>

==Coaches==
The 18609 / 10 Ranchi–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express has one AC 2-tier, three AC 3-tier, 13 sleeper class, four general unreserved and two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-12587763.html Trains Didnt run due to non interlocking construction at Itarsi], ''jagran.com'', 12 July 2015</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 22869 Ranchi–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express covers the distance of {{convert|2020|km|0|abbr=on}} in 39 hours 00 mins (52 km/h) and in 39 hours 35 mins as the 18610 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Ranchi Express (51 km/h).<ref>[http://www.patrika.com/news/jabalpur/18-temporary-halt-at-maihar-railway-station-1260577/ Temporary halt at maihar railway station], ''patrika.com'', 6 April 2016</ref>

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 18609 / 10 Ranchi–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express runs from Ranchi via {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gomoh Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Koderma Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Allahabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} to Lokmanya Tilak Terminus.<ref>[http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2013/nov/151113-mangala-express-derails-near-igatpuri-nashik-4-feared-dead-several-injured.htm], ''midday.com'', 15 November 2013</ref>

==Traction==
It is now hauled by [[WAP-7]] of [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar]] from Ranchi Junction to Lokmanya Tilak Terminus towards entire journey.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-ranchi-mumbai-ltt-express-18609/1010/384/466 18609 Ranchi - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-ranchi-weekly-express-18610/1011/466/384 18610 Ranchi - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express] at India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchi-Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]

The Indians

2026-02-01T19:59:22Z

Priya.Miahram:

{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Other uses|Indian (disambiguation){{!}}Indian}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = The Indians
| image_name = The Indians, BVI.JPG
| image_caption = The Indians, with [[Tortola]] in the background
| island_type =
| location = [[Caribbean Sea]]
| map = British Virgin Islands#Caribbean
| map_caption = The location of The Indians within the British Virgin Islands
| area_sqmi =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.3318|-64.6288|region:VG_type:isle|display=title,inline}}
| archipelago = [[Virgin Islands]]
| country = United Kingdom
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[British Overseas Territory]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[British Virgin Islands]]
| population =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset1 = -4
| iso_code = VG
}}

'''The Indians''' are an uninhabited small [[archipelago]] of [[islet]]s in the [[British Virgin Islands]] in the [[Caribbean]]. They are west of the small British [[Pelican Island (British Virgin Islands)|Pelican Island]] and east of the small U.S. [[Flanagan Island]].

They are located south of larger British [[Tortola|Tortola Island]] and east of the large US [[Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint John Island]].

They were so named because from a distance they were thought to resemble a [[Bustle (regalia)|Native American's head dress]].

The waters around the Indians contain much marine life,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/british-virgin-islands-landmarks-and-points-of-interest-19266371/|title=British Virgin Islands - Landmarks and Points of Interest|work=Smithsonian.com|date=6 November 2007|accessdate=8 January 2019}}</ref> and are also the second most popular [[scuba diving|dive site]] in the British Virgin Islands after the wreck of the ''[[RMS Rhone]]''. The shallower areas of the Indians are also a popular [[snorkelling]] site and the area has several mooring balls for day use.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{British Virgin Islands}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indians}}
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of the British Virgin Islands]]

{{BVI-geo-stub}}

Tikola Kalan

2026-01-31T07:11:12Z

Priya.Miahram: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Haridwar district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Ananta

2026-01-27T08:43:36Z

Priya.Miahram: Added New Stub Needs Work

{{wiktionary|ananta|अनन्त}}
'''Anant''', '''Ananta''' or '''Anantha''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}
==Hinduism==
*[[Ananta (infinite)]] ({{Lang-Deva|अनन्त|link=no}}), an epithet of Vishnu, with meanings in other Indic religions
*[[Ananta Shesha]], the serpent that circles the world

==Places==
*[[Ananta (Arequipa)]], a mountain in the Arequipa Region, Peru
*[[Ananta (Cusco)]], a mountain in the Cusco Region, Peru
*[[Ananta (Puno)]], a mountain in the Puno Region, Peru
*[[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]], a district of Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]] (thirteenth century) at Bhubaneswar, in Orissa state of India
*[[Thiruvananthapuram]] (holy city of Anantha), capital city of Kerala

==People==

===People in government===
*[[Ananta (king)]] (died 1068 AD), a king of the Lohara dynasty of Kashmir
*[[Ananta Narcina Naik]], Indian politician
*[[Ananta Nayak]] (born 1969), Indian politician
*[[Ananta Prasad Paudel]] (born 1962), Nepalese politician
*[[Ananta Singh]] (1903–1979), Indian revolutionary
*[[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]] (born 1956), Indian politician

===People in film===
*[[Anant Balani]] (1962–2003), Bollywood film director and screenwriter
*[[Ananta Jalil]] (born 1978), Bangladeshi film actor and producer
*[[Ananth Babu]], Indian Telugu film actor
*[[Anantha Sriram]] (born 1984), Indian lyricist working primarily in Telugu film

===People in literature===
*[[Ananta Charan Sukla]] (1942–2020), Indian philosopher and writer
*[[Ananta Kandali]] (1540–1580), Brahmin poet

===Other people===
*[[Ananta Charan Sai Babu]] (1915–1989), Indian dancer
*[[Ananta Kumar Ghosh]] (born 1954), Indian football coach
*[[Ananta Mandal]] (born 1983), Indian artist
*[[Fahd Ananta]] (born 1988), Bangladeshi entrepreneur
*[[Ananth Dodabalapur]], Indian-American engineer
*[[Anant Kumar Agarwal]], American electrical engineer
*[[Ananta Saha]], (born 1996) Indian cricketer

==Other uses==
* ''[[Ananta Bhalobasha]]'', a 1999 Bangladeshi film featuring Shakib Khan
*[[Ananta (video game)|''Ananta'' (video game)]], a gacha game developed by Naked Rain and NetEase Montreal and published by NetEase
* {{interlanguage link| Ananta (film)|id}}, a 2018 Indonesian film series
* ''[[Anantha Rathriya]]'', 1996 Sri Lankan drama film

==See also==
*[[Ananda (disambiguation)]]
*[[Anand (disambiguation)]]
*[[Anta (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|geo|given name}}

Bokani Dam

2026-01-23T12:38:18Z

Priya.Miahram: minor improve content as per guidelines and updated info

{{Infobox dam
| name = Bokani Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Bokani Dam
| dam_crosses = local river
| location = Udgir
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1440|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|17.03|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|0|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1994
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|0.08590|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|3.170|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Bokani Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on local river near Udgir in state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|17.03|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1440|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|0|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|0.013460|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Hemnalini Memorial College of Engineering

2026-01-02T21:23:48Z

Priya.Miahram: quick update intro for accuracy additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Engineering college in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Hemnalini Memorial College of Engineering
|image_name = Hemnalini Memorial College of Engineering.jpg
| established = {{start date and age|2014}}
|type= [[Private school|Private]]
| administrative_staff =
| faculty =
|principal =
| director =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
|city = [[Haringhata]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = India
|coordinates = {{coord|22|58|05.51|N|88|32|07.90|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| free_label = Approvals
| free = [[AICTE]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[West Bengal University of Technology]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.hmcekalyani.org/}}
}}

'''Hemnalini Memorial College of Engineering''' ('''HMCE'''), is a private [[engineering]] college in [[Haringhata]], [[West Bengal]], India. Its offers [[Bachelor of Technology]] courses which are affiliated to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (formerly- [[West Bengal University of Technology]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Colleges & Its Courses Affiliated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (formerly West Bengal University of Technology) for the Academic Year 2020-2021 (As on 27.07.2020) |url=https://makautwb.ac.in/big_files/College%20list-2020-21-27-07-2020.pdf |website=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref>

==Academics==
This college offers [[Bachelor of Technology]] in Computer Science & Engineering, Civil Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Food Technology and Mechanical Engineering with 30 intake capacity of each stream.<ref>{{cite web |title=INSTITUTE PROFILE AT A GLANCE|url=https://wbjeeb.in/assets/ALPG/PVTENGG/HEM.pdf |website=wbjeeb.in |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.hmcekalyani.org/}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091259/http://www.wbut.net/

{{West Bengal University of Technology}}
{{Commons}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Gautam Bhadra

2025-12-08T07:36:13Z

Priya.Miahram: quick update section as per guidelines per standard format

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

'''Gautam Bhadra''' ({{langx|bn|গৌতম ভদ্র}}) (Born: 1948) is a [[historian]] of [[South Asia]] and was a member of the erstwhile [[Subaltern Studies]] collective.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautam Bhadra Books - গৌতম ভদ্র এর বই {{!}} Rokomari.com |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/author/12182/gautam-bhadra |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.rokomari.com |language=en}}</ref>He favoured bringing to light the lower sections of the Indian people till recently neglected by writing of history.

== Career ==
Bhadra was born in [[Kolkata]] in 1948. His original home is Uthali village in Satkhira district of Bangladesh. obtained education at Chetla Boys School, [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] ({{langx|bn|প্রেসিডেন্সি কলেজ, কলকাতা}}), thereafter from [[Jadavpur University]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ({{langx|bn|জওহরলাল নেহরু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়}}).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://chhatimbooks.com/gautam-bhadra.html | title = Gautam Bhadra, Author Profile | author = Chhatim Books | access-date = 24 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130718105031/http://www.chhatimbooks.com/gautam-bhadra.html | archive-date = 18 July 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref> He started teaching at the Department of History, [[University of Calcutta]] ({{langx|bn|কলিকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়}}) and continued there for more than 15 years. After that, he became the professor of history at Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta ({{langx|bn|সেন্টার ফর স্টাডিজ ইন সোশাল সায়েন্সেস}}) (1996-2010). He was the second Tagore National Fellow at the [[National Library of India|National Library]] in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/FromDirector.htm | title = Message from the Director General | author = National Library}}</ref> Currently he is Honorary Professor at the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences (Jadunath Bhavan Museum and Resource Centre).

==Awards and honours==

In 2011, Bhadra was conferred with the Bengali literary award, [[Ananda Puraskar]] ({{langx|bn|আনন্দ পুরস্কার}}), for his book 'Nyara Bot-tolaye Jai Ko-bar?' ({{langx|bn|ন্যাড়া বটতলায় যায় কবার?}}).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://twocircles.net/2011apr30/historian_gautam_bhadra_awarded_bengali_literary_prize.html#.VTn-oSGqqko | title = Historian Gautam Bhadra awarded Bengali literary prize | author = TwoCircles.net| date = 30 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - পুস্তক পরিচয |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1111231/31pustak1.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=archives.anandabazar.com}}</ref>

== Books ==

* ''Bangalar Bhakti Andolone Paribartaner Dhara''
* ''Jaal Rajar Kotha: Bardhamaner Pratapchand''
* ''Nimnabarger Itihas'' (edited)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xe7HTOLCAXEC&q=%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0 |title=নিম্নবর্গের ইতিহাস |date=1998 |publisher=Ānanda Pābaliśārsa |isbn=978-81-7215-849-1 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Charlie Chaplin O Tatkalin Markin Samaj''
* ''Iman O Nishan''
* ''Munshi Abdul Karim Sahityabisharad O Attosattar Rajniti''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=গৌতম ভদ্র Archives |url=https://grontho.net/tag/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=গ্রন্থ নেটওয়ার্ক |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Parbantar''
* ''Nyara Battalay Jay Kobar''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Mughal Juge Krishi Arthoniti O Krishak Bidroho''<ref>{{Cite web |title=মুঘলযুগে কৃষি-অর্থনীতি ও কৃষক বিদ্রোহ - গৌতম ভদ্র |url=https://www.amarboi.com/2018/03/mughals-yuge-krishi-orthoniti-o-krishok-bidroho-goutom-bhodro.html |access-date=2024-02-15}}</ref>
* ''On Modern Indian Sensibilities''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deep impact |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/deep-impact/cid/1692832 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadra, Gautam}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta people]]

Shabash Feluda

2025-11-28T19:20:48Z

Priya.Miahram: added initial data nd citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shabash Feluda.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Crime thriller]]
| creator =
| writer = Padmanabha Dasgupta
| screenplay =
| director = [[Arindam Sil]]
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]|[[Biplab Chatterjee]]|Topher Collins|[[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]]|[[Arindam Sil]]|[[Sauraseni Maitra]]|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]}}
| music = [[Bickram Ghosh]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]
* Ashok Kumar Dhanuka
}}
| cinematography = Anirban Chatterjee
| editor = Sanglap Bhowmik
| runtime =
| company = [[Eskay Movies]]
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Shabash Feluda''''' is a 2023 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] detective thriller series starring [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] as the titular character, [[Feluda]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=Parambrata Chatterjee As Feluda: ‘আর যে চেপে রাখা যাচ্ছে না রে তোপসে’, ট্রোলের মুখে নয়া ‘ফেলুদা’ পরমব্রত... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/parambrata-chatterjee-is-brutally-trolled-for-playing-satyajit-ray-iconic-character-feluda-in-arindam-sil-shabash-feluda_468808.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhury |first=Ahana |title=Bengali actor Parambrata Chatterjee on Twitter's BlueTick: I don’t need Elon Musk’s verification |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-parambrata-chatterjee-on-twitter-s-blue-tick-i-don-t-need-elon-musk-s-verification-adc-rtibit |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=en}}</ref> The series also features [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudranil Ghosh to work in Arindam Sil’s Feluda with Parambrata as the sleuth |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rudranil-ghosh-to-work-in-arindam-sils-feluda-with-parambrata-chatterjee-as-the-sleuth/cdd91c8285995 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> and [[Sauraseni Maitra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saurasemi Maitra on Feluda: Watch the series before you judge |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/saurasemi-maitra-on-her-character-in-feluda-please-pass-your-judgement-after-watching-the-series/f824ce99be230 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> in significant roles.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Arindam Sil on Sauraseni: I am not changing Feluda and the woman character is part of contemporising the story |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-arindam-sil-on-sauraseni-i-am-not-changing-feluda-and-the-woman-character-is-part-of-contemporising-the-story/ade26e2c6a341 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prosenjit with Shayan Roy, Parambrata with Rwitobroto and Ritwick in Shabash Feluda BTS, Sohini’s selfies: Tolly update |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/prosenjit-with-shayan-roy-parambrata-with-rwitobroto-and-ritwick-in-shabash-feluda-bts-sohinis-selfies-tolly-update/cid/1927422 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay gears up for his Feluda act |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-chattopadhyay-gears-up-for-his-feluda-act/articleshow/99558058.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Directed by [[Arindam Sil]] and produced by Roadshow,<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |date=27 April 2023 |title=ZEE5 announces Shabash Feluda |work=[[The Tribune India]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/zee5-announces-shabash-feluda-501381 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref> the series is based on [[Satyajit Ray]]’s Feluda novel ‘[[Gangtokey Gondogol]]’ published in 1971<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |title=Have you seen Parambrata’s charming modern-day Feluda look from Gangtok? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambratas-charming-modern-day-feluda-look-from-gangtok-see-pics/articleshow/97243967.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Feluda is back: Parambrata brings to life Satyajit Ray's master sleuth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/feluda-parambrata-chatterjee-satyajit-ray-detective-webseries-1029906-2017-08-16 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> and premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 5 May 2023.<ref name=":13"/>

== Plot ==
The story is centered on [[Feluda]] ([[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]) and [[Feluda|Topshe]] ([[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]]) who are on a family vacation in [[Gangtok]]. During their trip, they meet Sasadhar Bose who asks Feluda to investigate the sudden and brutal death of his business partner, Selvankar. As Feluda delves deeper into the case, he suspects foul play and discovers that the key to solving the mystery lies in an ancient artifact called Yamantak, which contains a hidden message.The narrative follows Feluda as he navigates through the complexities of the case, which involves a grieving father, a distant son, and a ruthless killer who will stop at nothing to get their hands on the treasure. The series showcases Feluda in a new light, as he races against time to uncover the true culprit behind the murder and bring justice to the victim.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":32"/>

== Cast ==

* [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] as Pradosh Chandra Mitter ([[Feluda]])
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Sashadhar Bose
* [[Biplab Chatterjee]] as Sidhu Jyatha
* [[Topher Collins]] as Helmut Unger
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Nishikanto Sarkar
* [[Sauraseni Maitra]] as Rinchen Gompo
* Debopriyo Mukherjee as Ganesh Gaitonde
* [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee|Kamaleswar Mukherjee]] as Mohandas Mehta
* [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]] as Topesh Ranjan Mitter (Topshe)
* [[Arindam Sil]] as Shivkumar Selvankar

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Parambrata Chatterjee]] has been cast to portray the famous Bengali detective [[Feluda]], with [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]] taking on the role of Topshe. [[Sauraseni Maitra]] also has a significant part to play, while [[Rudranil Ghosh]] and [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] have been cast in pivotal roles. Parambrata will be portraying a modern Feluda, with the story being adapted to take place in 2017. Feluda has now embraced modern technology, using a smartphone and a smartwatch to aid him in his investigations.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Arindam Sil on Sauraseni: I am not changing Feluda and the woman character is part of contemporising the story |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-arindam-sil-on-sauraseni-i-am-not-changing-feluda-and-the-woman-character-is-part-of-contemporising-the-story/ade26e2c6a341 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay: Playing Feluda felt like stepping into the shoes of Sherlock |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-chattopadhyay-playing-feluda-felt-like-stepping-into-the-shoes-of-sherlock/articleshow/96194168.cms |access-date=2023-04-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming for 'Shabash Feluda' commenced in [[Gangtok]] in January 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Sil starts shooting Shabash Feluda in Gangtok with Parambrata Chattopadhyay as Feluda |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/arindam-sil-starts-shooting-shabash-feluda-in-gangtok-with-parambrata-chattopadhyay-as-feluda-photogallery/cid/1910842 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-01-18 |title=পাহাড়ের কোলে রোদ মেখে নস্ট্যালজিয়াকে ফেরানো, চলছে 'শাবাশ ফেলুদা'-র শ্যুটিং, |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/shabash-feluda-arindam-sil-new-feluda-movie-shooting-is-going-on-at-gangtok-know-in-details-949994 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref> and concluded on 20 March of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooting of Shabash Feluda আসছে সাবাশ ফেলুদা তার আগে শেষ কদিনের শ্য়ুটিংয়ের স্মৃতিতে ডুব অরিন্দমের |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/gallery/celebrities/arindam-shares-glimpses-of-last-leg-shooting-of-shabash-feluda/wb20230318141949303303971 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[ETV Network]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shabash Feluda shooting: হাড়কাঁপানো ঠান্ডায় পাহাড়ি এলাকায় চলছে 'সাবাশ ফেলুদা'-র শ্যুটিং, দেখুন ছবি |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/shabash-feluda-shooting-in-gangtok-sikkim-see-picture-in-social-media-sum-505285-2023-01-30 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prosenjit with Ferdous, Shabash Feluda team wraps shoot in Sikkim, Mimi’s shimmery fashion: Tollywood update |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/prosenjit-with-ferdous-shabash-feluda-team-wraps-shoot-in-sikkim-mimis-shimmery-fashion-tollywood-update/cid/1915148 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The official announcement of the release date for the series was made on 27 April 2023 by ZEE5.<ref name=":23"/> The makers shared a poster on [[social media]] and disclosed that the series would be streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 5 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=শেষ ‘সাবাশ ফেলুদা’র শুটিং, পরমব্রত-ঋতব্রতদের ছবি শেয়ার করলেন পরিচালক অরিন্দম |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/photo/director-arindam-sil-shares-pictures-of-shabash-feluda/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Lead actor [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata]] revealed a sneak peek of the teaser on social media.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Satyanavishi Byomkesh: Parambrata Chatterjee Gives Sneak Peek Of His Look In The Film, Shares On Instagram |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/satyanavishi-byomkesh-parambrata-chatterjee-gives-sneak-peek-of-his-look-in-the-film-shares-on-instagram/5d5d298b5203ad37414535f7 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-20 |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay, Ritwick Chakraborty, Rudranil Ghosh wrap up the shoot of the upcoming Feluda series |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/parambrata-chattopadhyay-ritwick-chakraborty-rudranil-ghosh-wrap-up-the-shoot-of-the-upcoming-feluda-series/articleshow/98799523.cms |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Parambrata and Rudranil are shown in the teaser.<ref name=":13"/>

The trailer of the series was launched on 25 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goosebumps! Have you watched the trailer of ‘Shabash Feluda’ yet? |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/watch-shabash-feluda-trailer-starring-parambrata-rwitobroto-rudranil-ritwick-arindam-and-sauraseni/cid/1932020 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Originally, the series was supposed to release on 15 April 2023, on the occasion of [[Pohela Boishakh|Poila Baisakh]]. However, it was later postponed to 5 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arindam Sil starts shooting Shabash Feluda in Gangtok with Parambrata Chattopadhyay as Feluda |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/arindam-sil-starts-shooting-shabash-feluda-in-gangtok-with-parambrata-chattopadhyay-as-feluda-photogallery/cid/1910842 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table|background=#016640|overall=|title=|director=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Catch-22
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Feluda and Topshe embark on a journey to Sikkim, where they uncover the demise of a businessman in a mishap. With a suspicion of foul play, they set off on their Gangtok escapade.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = One in a Million Chance
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Following businessman Selvankar's untimely demise, a priceless Yamantaka idol goes missing. The authorities in Mumbai uncover a connection between Selvankar's perfume company, S.S. Chemicals, and drug trafficking.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Secret Intestine
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Feluda and Topshe's investigation into the missing Yamantaka intensifies, police officer Rinchen Gonpo becomes suspicious of them. Meanwhile, a foreign national photographer named Helmut Ungar shows Feluda a picture of the missing item.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Nishikanto's Nightmare
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Feluda is tasked with investigating the murder of Selvankar's employer by his employee Sashadhar Bose. Meanwhile, the Mumbai police have identified a new suspect by the name of Ashwini Kaviraj.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Sick Monster
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The individual who possessed the authentic Yamantaka, Nishikanto Sarkar, was assaulted after receiving a warning of impending death. Simultaneously, Feluda was abducted by several individuals wearing masks.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Planchette
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Feluda pays a visit to Dr. Vaidya, an astrologer, who uses his abilities to communicate with Selvankar's spirit and uncover the identity of his killer. Can he reveal who committed the murder?
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Altered Truth
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rinchen is currently in a predicament as she searches for the elusive Yamantaka. In the midst of her search, she detains Helmut on grounds of suspicion. Meanwhile, Feluda and Topshe conduct an experiment in an attempt to unravel the mystery surrounding Selvankar's murder.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Chase Begins
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = During Helmut's questioning, there was an unexpected twist while Feluda apprehended a suspect in Nishikanto's chamber.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Trap
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Feluda, Topshe, Nishikanto, Helmut, and Sashadhar arrive at Lakpa Lodge, only to discover that Dr. Vaidya is nowhere to be found. However, they are taken aback to find his walking stick left behind.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Uproar in Gangtok
|DirectedBy = Arindam Sil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = During Feluda's interrogation, the intricate web of lies was unraveled and the base of the petal-shaped idol was successfully retrieved and turned over to the Sikkim police.
|LineColor = #016640
}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/shabash-feluda/0-6-4z5344199 ''Shabash Feluda''] on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=27587947}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Crime thriller web series]]

Raj Deepak Shetty

2025-11-27T05:18:46Z

Priya.Miahram: started new pg...

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raj Dipak Shetty
| image = Raj Deepak S.jpg
| caption = Raj Dipak Shetty
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2014 – present
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sonia Rodrigues|2020}}
}}

'''Raj Dipak Shetty''' (born 18 October 1978) is an Indian actor, predominantly working in [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Deepak-Shetty|title=Deepak Shetty|publisher=Times of India|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627231019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Deepak-Shetty|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Director [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]] cast Shetty as an antagonist opposite actor [[Dhruva Sarja]] in the film ''[[Bharjari]]'', which was released in the year 2017. After which Shetty played the antagonist in the movies ''[[Tiger (2017 film)|Tiger]]'' and ''[[Srikanta (film)|Srikanta]]'', directed by [[Nanda Kishore]] and [[Manju Swaraj]] respectively. Srikanta was his first film release followed by Tiger and Bharjari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Dipak Shetty talks about his five favorite villains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raj-deepak-shetty-talks-about-his-five-favourite-villains/articleshow/76131556.cms |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

His [[role]] as Devendra Viswanath, in the movie ''[[iSmart Shankar]],'' directed by Puri Jagannath, introduced him to the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film industry. Playing the lead as Pratap Reddy in his debut web series, ''[[Gods of Dharmapuri]],'' directed by [[Anish Kuruvilla]] is fetching him many roles in [[Telugu Film Industry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: "I became Pratap Reddy," Raj Deepak Shetty Talks About The ZEE5 Original G.O.D |url=https://zeetelugu.zee5.com/exclusive-i-became-pratap-reddy-raj-deepak-shetty-talks-about-the-zee5-original-g-o-d/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022162954/https://zeetelugu.zee5.com/exclusive-i-became-pratap-reddy-raj-deepak-shetty-talks-about-the-zee5-original-g-o-d/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=3 August 2020 |publisher=Zee Teulugu}}</ref>

In the 2023, Shetty acted as the antagonist in the Kannada movie ''[[Toby (film)|Toby]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=‘Toby’ holds all ingredients for blockbuster, says Raj Deepak Shetty |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/toby-holds-all-ingredients-for-blockbuster-says-raj-deepak-shetty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818200746/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/toby-holds-all-ingredients-for-blockbuster-says-raj-deepak-shetty |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=‘Toby will help me in changing the trajectory of my career’: Raj Deepak Shetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/toby-will-help-me-in-changing-the-trajectory-of-my-career-raj-deepak-shetty/articleshow/102647877.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830062826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/toby-will-help-me-in-changing-the-trajectory-of-my-career-raj-deepak-shetty/articleshow/102647877.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Personal life==

On 18 October 2020, Shetty married Sonia Rodrigues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada actor Raj Deepak Shetty postpones his wedding due to coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-actor-raj-deepak-shetty-postpones-his-wedding-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak-1669800-2020-04-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524101739/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-actor-raj-deepak-shetty-postpones-his-wedding-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak-1669800-2020-04-22 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
|-
|rowspan='5'|2017
|''[[Srikanta (film)|Srikanta]]''
|Politician Satyamurthi
| rowspan="7" |[[Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Tiger (2017 film)|Tiger]]''
|MLA
|-
|''[[Bharjari]]''
|
|-
|''[[Gowdru Hotel]]''
|CEO
|-
|''Asathoma Sadgamya''
|Businessman
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Prayanikara Gamanakke''
|Inspector
|-
|''[[Life Jothe Ondh Selfie]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
|''[[iSmart Shankar]]''
|Devendra
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|''[[Rugged]]''
|
| rowspan="7" |Kannada
|-
|''[[Panchatantra (film)|Panchatantra]]''
|Appaiah Bond
|-
|''[[Bharaate]]''
|
|-
|''[[Bazaar (2019 film)|Bazaar]]''
|Shikra
|-
|''Operation Nakshatra''
|Srikanta
|-
|''Gadinaadu''
|
|-
|''[[Aadi Lakshmi Puraana]]''
|Smuggler
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Naarappa]]''
|Doraswamy
|Telugu
|-
|''[[Pogaru]]''
|Local Don
|Kannada
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Virata Parvam]]''
|Landlord
|Telugu
|-
| ''[[Battery (film)|Battery]]''
|Victor
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Dr. 56]]''
| Ashwath
| Kannada Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]
|Ananda
|rowspan=2|Kannada
|-
|[[Fighter (2023 film)|''Fighter'']]
|Venkoba
|-
| rowspan="1" |2024
|''[[Hanu Man]]''
|Singarayakonda Gaja
|Telugu
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2025
|''[[Jai (2025 film)|Jai]]''
|MLA Vishwanath
|Kannada [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
|-
|{{Pending film|Trishoolam}}
|Abdullah
|Kannada
|-
|{{Pending film|Eureka}}
|Varadaraju
|Telugu
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Network !! Language
|-
|2005 || ''Kadambari''|| [[Udaya TV]] || rowspan="7" | Kannada
|-
|2005–2006 || ''Preethi Illada Mele''|| [[ETV Kannada]]
|-
|2006 || ''Nigooda''|| [[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|2006–2007 || ''Bandhe Baruthava Kaala''|| [[ETV Kannada]]
|-
|2006 || ''Muttina Thene''|| Udaya TV
|-
|2014–2015 || ''Luv Luvike''|| [[Zee Kannada]]
|-
|2015–2016 || ''Niharika''|| [[Star Suvarna]]
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
|2019
|''[[Gods of Dharmapuri]]''
|Prathap Reddy
|Telugu
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=8698445}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Raj Deepak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Shivaani Kummar

2025-11-24T05:29:39Z

Priya.Miahram: added some entry basic info.

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Shivaani Kummar
| fields = Medical oncology
| workplaces = [[Yale University]] [[Stanford University]] [[Oregon Health & Science University]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| spouse = [[Sanjay Malhotra (biologist)|Sanjay Malhotra]]
| children = 2
}}

'''Shivaani Kummar''' is an Indian oncologist and [[physician-scientist]] specializing in early-phase cancer [[drug development]]. Since 2025, she has served as the interim chief executive of the [[Knight Cancer Institute]] at [[Oregon Health & Science University]] (OHSU), where Kummar has been a faculty member since 2020.

== Education ==
Kummar earned a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] in 1992 from [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile: Shivaani Kummar |url=https://www.ohsu.edu/people/shivaani-kummar-md-facp |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Oregon Health & Science University Hospital |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322222758/https://www.ohsu.edu/people/shivaani-kummar-md-facp |url-status=live }}</ref> She completed her residency in [[internal medicine]] at [[Emory University]] in 1995.<ref name=":0" /> Following this, she pursued a fellowship in medical [[oncology]] and [[hematology]] at the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI).<ref name=":0" />

She is board-certified in internal medicine, medical oncology, and hematology. She was first certified in internal medicine by the [[American Board of Internal Medicine]] in 1995, with recertifications in 2005 and 2015. She obtained board certification in medical oncology in 1998, recertifying in 2008 and 2018, with her current certification extending until 2028. She was also board-certified in hematology from 2002 to 2012.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kummar was a faculty member at [[Yale University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gibbs |first=Amanda |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Husband-wife team from Stanford University tapped to lead two cancer programs at OHSU |url=https://news.ohsu.edu/2020/07/09/husband-wife-team-from-stanford-university-tapped-to-lead-two-cancer-programs-at-ohsu |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=OHSU News |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323171841/https://news.ohsu.edu/2020/07/09/husband-wife-team-from-stanford-university-tapped-to-lead-two-cancer-programs-at-ohsu |url-status=live }}</ref> While at [[Stanford University]], she held multiple positions, including professor of medicine and radiology, associate division chief for academic affairs, director of the [[Phase 1 clinical testing|phase I]] clinical research program, and co-director of the translational oncology program.<ref name=":1" /> Kummar is a fellow of the [[American College of Physicians]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2020, Kummar joined the [[Oregon Health & Science University]]'s (OHSU) [[Knight Cancer Institute]], where she was appointed as the head of the division of hematology and medical oncology, overseeing over 90 faculty members.<ref name=":1" /> She also became the co-director of the newly established Center for Experimental Therapeutics, which she leads alongside her husband, [[Sanjay Malhotra (biologist)|Sanjay Malhotra]].<ref name=":1" /> Kummar is the Margaret and Lester DeArmond University Chair of Molecular Oncology.<ref name=":0" />

In 2022, Kummar was named co-deputy director of the Knight Cancer Institute alongside [[Lisa Coussens]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Shivaani Kummar, Lisa Coussens named deputy directors of OHSU Knight |url=https://cancerletter.com/in-brief/20230217_5b/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Cancer Letter |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621164842/https://cancerletter.com/in-brief/20230217_5b/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her clinical research has been centered on early-phase clinical trials and the development of novel [[cancer treatment]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Elizabeth |date=March 21, 2025 |title=OHSU names Brian Druker's interim successor for Knight Cancer Institute CEO |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2025/03/21/druker-kummar-knight-cancer-institute-ohsu.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Portland Business Journal |archive-date=2025-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321205853/https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2025/03/21/druker-kummar-knight-cancer-institute-ohsu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her research includes a variety of studies on cancer therapeutics, including investigations into [[immune checkpoint]] inhibitors, targeted therapies, and experimental oncology drugs.<ref name=":0" />

In 2025, Kummar was appointed as the interim chief executive of the Knight Cancer Institute following the departure of [[Brian Druker]].<ref name=":2" /> She also assumed the position of chief of the cancer business unit, a role aimed at integrating OHSU's clinical oncology services with [[Legacy Health]] amid OHSU's efforts to acquire the healthcare system.<ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
Kummar met biologist Sanjay Malhotra while she was working at Yale University.<ref name=":1" /> They married and have two children.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kummar, Shivaani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Oregon Health & Science University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Physician-scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Physicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

1506 in India

2025-11-22T20:02:31Z

Priya.Miahram: fix content additionally and updated info per standard format

{{short description|none}} 
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
Events from the year '''1506 in India'''.
{{year in India|1506}}

==Events==
* March – [[Battle of Cannanore (1506)]]
* [[Siege of Anjadiva (1506)]]
* The new city of [[Agra]] was founded

==Births==
* 7 April, [[Francis Xavier]], Roman Catholic missionary active in India is born (dies [[1555 in India|1555]])
==See also==
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1506}}

[[Category:1506 in India| ]]
[[Category:1506 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1500s in India]]
[[Category:1506 in Asia|India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Zayn Ibad Khan

2025-10-31T03:39:03Z

Priya.Miahram: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Jaadu Teri Nazar – Daayan Ka Mausam]]

Sanju (soundtrack)

2025-10-30T11:18:15Z

Priya.Miahram: added the pg added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Sanju
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Rohan-Rohan]] and [[Vikram Montrose]]
| cover = Sanju (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2018|6|29}}
| recorded = 2017–2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:25
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|blXpa3yh2lw|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Beyond_the_Clouds_(2017_film)#Soundtrack|Beyond the Clouds]]
| prev_year = 2018
| title = Sanju
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (soundtrack)|Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Bucket List (2018 film)]]
| prev_year = 2018
| title = Sanju
| year = 2018
| next_title = Jaga Vegli Antayatra
| next_year = 2018
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Vikram Montrose]]
| type = soundtrack
| title = Sanju
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Prassthanam]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
}}
'''''Sanju''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the [[Sanju|2018 film of the same name]] directed by [[Rajkumar Hirani]], who co-wrote the screenplay with [[Abhijat Joshi]] and jointly produced with [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] under the banners Rajkumar Hirani Films and [[Vinod Chopra Films]]. Based on the life of actor [[Sanjay Dutt]], the film stars Ranbir Kapoor as the titular character leading an ensemble supporting cast.

Sanju's soundtrack featured six songs composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Rohan-Rohan]] and [[Vikram Montrose]], the former served as the guest composer. [[Irshad Kamil]], Shekhar Astitwa, Puneet Sharma, Rohan Gokhale and Joshi penned the lyrics of the songs. The soundtrack was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 29 June 2018.

== Development ==
''Sanju'' is Hirani's first film soundtrack not to be composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], who had previously worked on ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006), ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009) and ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014). Instead, Mumbai-based [[Rohan-Rohan]] (a duo consisting of Rohan Gokhale and Rohan Pradhan) composed two songs for the film: "Main Badhiya Tu Bhi Badhiya" and "Bhopu Baj Raha Hain". [[Vikram Montrose]] further composed two tracks: "Kar Har Maidaan Fateh" and "Baba Bolta Hain Bas Ho Gaya".

Hirani watched the screening of [[Ventilator (2016 film)|''Ventilator'']] (2016) at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]] and contacted Mapuskar, regarding the duo's recruitment as the film composers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=21 June 2018 |title='Does it get any bigger than a Raju Hirani film?': Composers Rohan-Rohan about working on 'Sanju' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/883145/does-it-get-any-bigger-than-a-raju-hirani-film-composers-rohan-rohan-about-working-on-sanju |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214165441/https://scroll.in/reel/883145/does-it-get-any-bigger-than-a-raju-hirani-film-composers-rohan-rohan-about-working-on-sanju |archive-date=14 February 2019 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> "Main Badhiya Tu Bhi Badhiya" was sung by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]. It was a [[retro style]] experimental number as per Hirani's suggestion who ensured the song to be light and not caricature-ish. Pradhan wanted Chauhan to sing in a nasal manner so that she could manipulate her voice to produce an exaggerated twang similar to [[Shamshad Begum]].<ref name=":0" />

In June 2018, Hirani announced that [[A. R. Rahman]] would contribute two more songs for the film as a guest composer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2018 |title=Sanju: A R Rahman collaborates with Rajkumar Hirani for the film's soundtrack |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanju-a-r-rahman-collaborates-with-rajkumar-hirani-for-the-films-soundtrack-4495115.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625141957/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanju-a-r-rahman-collaborates-with-rajkumar-hirani-for-the-films-soundtrack-4495115.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahman's inclusion was mostly due to Chopra's dissatisfaction with one of the songs that did not fit well with the visuals. Since it was already shot, the team needed a new song to match the visuals instead of reshooting it in its entirety, and hence Chopra suggested Rahman's name. Rahman was "pleasantly surprised" on his contribution to the soundtrack as a guest composer, thereby making his maiden association with both Hirani and Chopra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=4 June 2018 |title=Here are all the deets on A R Rahman's association with Rajkumar Hirani for Sanju |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/deets-r-rahmans-association-rajkumar-hirani-sanju/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607092727/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/deets-r-rahmans-association-rajkumar-hirani-sanju/ |archive-date=7 June 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> He composed two songs: "[[Ruby Ruby]]" and "Mujhe Chaand Pe Le Chalo" which had been written by [[Irshad Kamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=4 June 2018 |title='Sanju' Marks the First Collab of Rajkumar Hirani and AR Rahman |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-marks-the-first-collab-of-rajkumar-hirani-and-ar-rahman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922081745/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-marks-the-first-collab-of-rajkumar-hirani-and-ar-rahman |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first song "Main Badhiya Tu Bhi Badhiya" was picturised on Ranbir and [[Sonam Kapoor]], which is a fun-song that revolves around Dutt's attempts to prove himself to [[lip sync]] to a song on screen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=3 June 2018 |title=The New Song From 'Sanju' Lives Up to Its Title - 'Badhiya' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-sanju-new-song-main-badhiya-tu-bhi-badhiya-sonam-kapoor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127194216/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-sanju-new-song-main-badhiya-tu-bhi-badhiya-sonam-kapoor |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> The music video of the song was released on 3 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=3 June 2018 |title=Watch: Ranbir Kapoor wins the lip sync battle in 'Main Badhiya Tu Bhi Badhiya' from 'Sanju' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/881258/watch-ranbir-kapoor-wins-the-lip-sync-battle-in-main-badhiya-tu-bhi-badhiya-from-sanju |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121021/https://scroll.in/reel/881258/watch-ranbir-kapoor-wins-the-lip-sync-battle-in-main-badhiya-tu-bhi-badhiya-from-sanju |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=Ranbir Kapoor accepts the challenge to lip-sync in Sanju song Main Badhiya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-accepts-the-challenge-to-lip-sync-in-sanju-song-main-badhiya-watch-video/story-ZAmnmMdyYCI5WRzzQ4m6sJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605034359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-accepts-the-challenge-to-lip-sync-in-sanju-song-main-badhiya-watch-video/story-ZAmnmMdyYCI5WRzzQ4m6sJ.html |archive-date=5 June 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The second song "Kar Har Maidaan Fateh" is a motivational number, picturised on Dutt's struggle to cope up with drug additction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2018 |title=Sanju song Kar Har Maidaan Fateh out, shows Sanjay's fight against drugs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sanju-new-song-kar-har-maidaan-fateh-out-narrates-sanjay-dutt-s-fight-with-drugs-see-video/story-RsXeGNT3M4JH9O7ZvFEMQI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611081007/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sanju-new-song-kar-har-maidaan-fateh-out-narrates-sanjay-dutt-s-fight-with-drugs-see-video/story-RsXeGNT3M4JH9O7ZvFEMQI.html |archive-date=11 June 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2018 |title=Kar Har Maidaan Fateh song: Ranbir's portrayal of Dutt's drug struggles is heartbreaking |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kar-har-maidaan-fateh-ranbir-s-portrayal-of-dutt-s-drug-struggles-is-heartbreaking-1256501-2018-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610162138/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kar-har-maidaan-fateh-ranbir-s-portrayal-of-dutt-s-drug-struggles-is-heartbreaking-1256501-2018-06-10 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 10 June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2018 |title=Sanju song Kar Har Maidaan Fateh: Ranbir Kapoor portrays Sanjay Dutt's battle with drug addiction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-song-kar-har-maidaan-fateh-ranbir-kapoor-video-5211385/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721135734/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-song-kar-har-maidaan-fateh-ranbir-kapoor-video-5211385/ |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2018 |title=Sanju song 'Kar Har Maidaan Fateh' is a celebration of hope while also depicting Dutt's battle with addiction |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanju-song-kar-har-maidaan-fateh-is-a-celebration-of-hope-while-also-depicting-dutts-battle-with-addiction-4504157.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925040002/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanju-song-kar-har-maidaan-fateh-is-a-celebration-of-hope-while-also-depicting-dutts-battle-with-addiction-4504157.html |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The third song "Ruby Ruby" was released as a single on 20 June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2018 |title=Sanju song Ruby Ruby: The AR Rahman track stands out in this album |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-song-ruby-ruby-ar-rahman-ranbir-kapoor-5225786/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528070127/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-song-ruby-ruby-ar-rahman-ranbir-kapoor-5225786/ |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=20 June 2018 |title=AR Rahman's 'Ruby Ruby' from 'Sanju' celebrates relaxed intoxication |url=https://scroll.in/reel/883353/ar-rahmans-ruby-ruby-from-sanju-celebrates-relaxed-intoxication |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212134447/https://scroll.in/reel/883353/ar-rahmans-ruby-ruby-from-sanju-celebrates-relaxed-intoxication |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The song "Baba Bolta Hain Bas Ho Gaya" was released as a promotional video featuring Ranbir and Dutt on 27 June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2018 |title=Sanju Song Baba Bolta Hain Bas Ho Gaya: A Treat To Ranbir Kapoor And Sanjay Dutt Fans |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-song-baba-bolta-hain-bas-ho-gaya-a-treat-to-ranbir-kapoor-and-sanjay-dutt-fans-1876053 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427155732/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-song-baba-bolta-hain-bas-ho-gaya-a-treat-to-ranbir-kapoor-and-sanjay-dutt-fans-1876053 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanju song Baba Bolta Hai Bas Ho Gaya: Ranbir Kapoor-Sanjay Dutt hit back at the media in this seemingly quirky number |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sanju-song-baba-bolta-hai-bas-ho-gaya-ranbir-kapoor-sanjay-dutt-hit-back-at-the-media-in-this-seemingly-quirky-number-2631904 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818090020/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sanju-song-baba-bolta-hai-bas-ho-gaya-ranbir-kapoor-sanjay-dutt-hit-back-at-the-media-in-this-seemingly-quirky-number-2631904 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en}}</ref> Post-release, the video songs for "Mujhe Chaand Pe Le Chalo" featuring Ranbir and [[Karishma Tanna]] was released on 14 July,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mujhe Chaand Pe Le Chalo featuring Ranbir Kapoor and Karishma Tanna out now |url=https://www.filmfare.com/videos/songs/mujhe-chaand-pe-le-chalo-featuring-ranbir-kapoor-and-karishma-tanna-out-now-29310.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204143512/https://www.filmfare.com/videos/songs/mujhe-chaand-pe-le-chalo-featuring-ranbir-kapoor-and-karishma-tanna-out-now-29310.html |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2018 |title=Sanju song Mujhe Chaand Pe Le Chalo: Witness Ranbir Kapoor and Karishma Tanna's chemistry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-song-ranbir-kapoor-karishma-tanna-5259139/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513014140/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-song-ranbir-kapoor-karishma-tanna-5259139/ |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and "Bhopu Baj Raha Hain", picturised on Ranbir and [[Vicky Kaushal]], was released on 19 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2018 |title=Sanju song Bhopu Baj Raha Hain: Vicky Kaushal and Ranbir Kapoor will make you hit the dance floor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-song-bhopu-baj-raha-hain-ranbir-kapoor-vicky-kaushal-5265913/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720113459/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-song-bhopu-baj-raha-hain-ranbir-kapoor-vicky-kaushal-5265913/ |archive-date=20 July 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title=Sanju new song 'Bhopu Baj Raha Hai' features Ranbir Kapoor, Vicky Kaushal perform Tamma Tamma step |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanju-new-song-bhopu-baj-raha-hai-features-ranbir-kapoor-vicky-kaushal-perform-tamma-tamma-step-4783161.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727165825/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanju-new-song-bhopu-baj-raha-hai-features-ranbir-kapoor-vicky-kaushal-perform-tamma-tamma-step-4783161.html |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The song was not featured in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2018 |title=Sanju Song Bhopu Baj Raha Hain Did Not Make It To The Film But Will Be Out This Weekend |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-song-bhopu-baj-raha-hain-did-not-make-it-to-the-film-but-will-be-out-this-weekend-1877623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814125648/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanju-song-bhopu-baj-raha-hain-did-not-make-it-to-the-film-but-will-be-out-this-weekend-1877623 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was released by T-Series on the same date as the film, 29 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2018 |title=Sanju (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sanju-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1405546157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706104838/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sanju-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1405546157 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:25
| title1 = Main Badhiya Tu Bhi Badhiya
| length1 = 4:34
| lyrics1 = Puneet Sharma
| music1 = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title2 = Kar Har Maidaan Fateh
| length2 = 5:11
| lyrics2 = Shekhar Astiwa
| music2 = [[Vikram Montrose]]
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| title3 = [[Ruby Ruby]]
| length3 = 4:45
| lyrics3 = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| music3 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| extra3 = [[Shashwat Singh]], [[Poorvi Koutish]]
| title4 = Baba Bola Hain Bas Ho Gaya
| length4 = 4:45
| lyrics4 = Puneet Sharma, [[Abhijat Joshi]], Rohan Gokhale
| music4 = Vikram Montrose
| extra4 = [[Papon (singer)|Papon]], Ranbir Kapoor, Supriya Pathak
| title5 = Bhopu Baj Raha Hain
| length5 = 4:03
| lyrics5 = Shekhar Astitwa, Rohan Gokhale
| music5 = Rohan-Rohan
| extra5 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| title6 = Mujhe Chaand Pe Le Chalo
| length6 = 3:07
| lyrics6 = Irshad Kamil
| music6 = A. R. Rahman
| extra6 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
}}

== Reception ==
Umesh Punwani of ''Koimoi'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 wrote "Sanju is not like any other Hirani album – it has songs which not only are situational but also will be with you way after you watch the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Punwani |first=Umesh |date=2 July 2018 |title=Sanju Music Review: An Album You'll Surely Overdose On! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/sanju-music-review-an-album-youll-surely-overdose-on/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120101131/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/sanju-music-review-an-album-youll-surely-overdose-on/ |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Koimoi}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' described the soundtrack as "decent to good".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=29 June 2018 |title=Sanju Music Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanju/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006042159/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanju/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=6 October 2018 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Reza Noorani of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Hirani has moved away from working with only established musicians and has depended on a mix of new and old, which is why there is a freshness to the tracks".<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2018 |title=Music Review: 'Sanju' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-sanju/articleshow/64697487.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In a mixed review, Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' rated 3 out of 5, complimenting Hirani's decision to collaborate with a new set of composers which avoided the repetitiveness of the soundtracks of his previous ventures, but "barring a couple of songs, the music still fails to make a major impact".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2018 |title=Sanju – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2018/07/02/sanju-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927141524/https://www.musicaloud.com/2018/07/02/sanju-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Anish Mohanty of ''Planet Bollywood'' wrote "Rajkumar Hirani's films continue to disappoint with their music [...] It is high time Hirani starts introspecting and try to up the quality of music in his films."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Anish |date=1 August 2018 |title=Sanju {{ndash}} Music Review |url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/reviews/music/sanju/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204144157/https://planetbollywood.com/wp/reviews/music/sanju/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Planet Bollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2018 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]

Igatpuri

2025-10-22T19:24:10Z

Priya.Miahram: Content refreshed with new edits

{{more citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Igatpuri
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name =
| nicknames = Vipassana city, Hill station in Sahyadri
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Igatpuri waterfall.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Waterfall in Igatpuri
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7|N|73.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Igatpuri Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 600
| population_total = 31572
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 422403
| registration_plate = MH-15
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Igatpoora
}}
'''Igatpuri''' ([[Help:IPA/Marathi|[iɡət̪puɾiː]]]; formerly known as '''Egutpoora''') is a town and a [[Hill Station]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Igatpuri had a population of 31,572. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Igatpuri has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 67%. In Igatpuri, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. People of Agri community can be found in the city, they are also called Patharvat.
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Igatpuri
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|77}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|14}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhists]]|Blue|8.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|Red|1.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|2.7}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.3}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Nashik district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nashik district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

State Disaster Response Force (Himachal Pradesh)

2025-10-21T16:11:16Z

Priya.Miahram: added the stub more to come.

{{Short description|Specialized force in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = State Disaster Response Force Himachal Pradesh
| native_name = SDRF Himachal Pradesh
| native_name_a =
| type =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020}}
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
| headquarters =
| coordinates =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| employees = 183 (As of 2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2023/05/sdrf-is-instrumental-in-saving-lives-property-himachal-cm/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2023/05/sdrf-is-instrumental-in-saving-lives-property-himachal-cm/|title=SDRF is instrumental in saving lives, property: Himachal CM|date=May 4, 2023}}</ref>
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| minister1_pfo = , [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Sanjay Kundu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-himachal-pradesh-government-ips-officer-dgp-9093219/|title=Sanjay Kundu to stay Himachal DGP as SC stays HC order to shift him|date=January 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1_position = Director General of Police
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Himachal Pradesh Police ]], Home Department, Govt of Himachal Pradesh
| keydocument1 =
| website =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| child3_agency =
| child4_agency =
}}
The '''State Disaster Response Force Himachal Pradesh''', or SDRF Himachal Pradesh, is a Specialised Force of [[Himachal Pradesh Police]] formed in 2020 to respond to disasters and emergencies in the state.

== Background ==

The Himachal Pradesh State Disaster Response Force (HPSDRF) was raised from the Police Department Indian Reserve Battalions (IRBs)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/after-decade-himachal-pradesh-gets-its-own-disaster-response-force-101657348408764.html|title=After decade, Himachal Pradesh gets its own disaster response force|date=July 9, 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The State Government of Himachal Pradesh raised 3 companies of HP SDRF located in Shimla, Mandi, and Kangra<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://himachalpr.gov.in/OnePressRelease.aspx?Language=1&ID=13825|title=Himachal Pradesh Government|website=himachalpr.gov.in}}</ref> and the personals are deputed from Himachal Pradesh Reserve Armed Police Force for 6–7 years and thereafter they will go back to their respective parent department/organization and replaced with another set of personnel.

Recently The SDRF Himachal Pradesh gets its new look<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himtimes.com/cm-sukhu-inaugurated-sdrfs-new-flag-logo-and-uniform/|title=CM Sukhu Inaugurated SDRF's new Flag, Logo and Uniform, Flagged off 10 Vehicles|date=May 4, 2023|website=Himtimes}}</ref> as the Chief Minister, Thakur Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu launched new Flag, Logo, and Uniform of the Himachal Pradesh State Disaster Response Force (HP SDRF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://himachalpr.gov.in/OneNews.aspx?Language=1&ID=27160|title=Himachal Pradesh Government|website=himachalpr.gov.in}}</ref> and also flagged off 10 Vehicles of SDRF.

== Selection and training ==

The Himachal Pradesh State Disaster Response Force (HPSDRF) plays a crucial role in mitigating and responding to disasters in the state. The force comprises personnel selected from the Himachal Pradesh Police on deputation basis for a period of 7–8 years. After successful completion of their services the personal returned to their parent units and a new set of personals are absorbed in the HPSDRF.

'''Training Process''':

The selected personnel undergo extensive training before they are deployed to the HPSDRF. The training is designed to equip them with the skills and knowledge required to respond to different types of disasters effectively.

As the Personal of SDRF are already trained soldiers they only require to get the technical training for disaster response. The Training of HPSDRF is Conducted by the specialists from [[National Disaster Response Force]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/himachal-pradesh-plans-specialised-training-programme-for-sdrf-8748833/|title=Himachal Pradesh plans specialised training programme for SDRF|date=July 4, 2023}}</ref>

== Deployment ==

The HPSDRF has 3<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2019/05/30/himachal-state-disaster-response-force-to-be-formed-on-analogy-of-ndrf-govt/|title=Himachal State Disaster Response Force To Be Formed on Analogy of NDRF: Govt | Himachal Watcher|date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> companies in different parts of the states to respond to disasters. The operational control of HPSDRF is with HPSDMA, Department of revenue and administration<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachal-pradesh-to-have-sdrf-on-lines-of-ndrf/articleshow/69567625.cms|title=Himachal Pradesh to have SDRF on lines of NDRF|date=May 29, 2019|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> and administration control with Himachal Pradesh Police, Home department Himachal Pradesh.

Apart from [[search and rescue]], the HPSDRF personal involved in Law and Order duties, election duties,<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/himachal-polls-sdma-deploys-teams-of-ndrf-sdrf-in-lahaul-and-spiti-chamba-for-quick-response-in-natural-calamities20221111001110/</ref> water patrolling duties, VIP duties, Precautionary Deployment Duty, duty in various events like Manimahesh Yatra,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/shimla/himachal-constitute-state-disaster-response-force-1502838537.html|title=Himachal to constitute State Disaster Response Force|date=December 28, 2019}}</ref> Shrikhand Yatra, Kinnar Kailash Yatra, Festivals etc..

== See also ==

*[[Himachal Pradesh Police]]
*[[National Disaster Response Force]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disaster Response Forces in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2020]]

Housefull 4 (soundtrack)

2025-10-05T18:21:27Z

Priya.Miahram: put up some data and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Housefull 4
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sohail Sen]], [[Farhad Samji]] and [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| cover = Housefull 4 album cover.jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| alt =
| released = 23 October 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/housefull-4/k8T-q0rcwyI_|title=Housefull 4 - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=23 October 2019|publisher=Jio Saavn|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223012518/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/housefull-4/k8T-q0rcwyI_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018–19
| venue =
| studio = {{ubl|[[YRF Studios]], [[Mumbai]]|[[Eric Pillai|Future Sound of Bombay]], Mumbai|Saba Studios, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]|Songbird Studios, Mumbai}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:35
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Sohail Sen]] Aditya Dev
| prev_title = [[Romeo Akbar Walter]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Guns of Banaras]]
| next_year = 2020
| chronology = [[Sohail Sen]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Housefull 4
| year = 2016
| next_title = [[Satellite Shankar]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{{Singles
| name = Housefull 4
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Ek Chumma]]
| single1date = 30 September 2019
| single2 = [[Shaitan Ka Saala]]
| single2date = 7 October 2019
| single3 = The Bhoot Song
| single3date = 16 October 2019
| single4 = Chammo
| single4date = 21 October 2019
}}
}}

'''''Housefull 4''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[fantasy]] [[action comedy film]] [[Housefull 4|of the same name]], directed by [[Farhad Samji]], starring [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Pooja Hegde]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]] in the lead roles. The film was produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] under [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[Sohail Sen]], [[Farhad Samji]] and [[Sandeep Shirodkar]].

The film featured five tracks with lyrics written by [[Sameer Anjaan]], Vayu, and Samji himself. The album was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 23 October 2019, two days before the film's release.

The music received positive reception from critics and audience. The tracks "[[Ek Chumma]]" and "[[Shaitan Ka Saala]]" topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.

== Production ==
[[Sohail Sen]] who composed songs in ''[[Housefull 3]]'' was signed as the lead music director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/multi-starrer-housefull-4-releases-on-october-25/|title=Multi-Starrer Housefull 4 Releases On October 25|work=Silverscreen India |date=30 September 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206182659/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/multi-starrer-housefull-4-releases-on-october-25/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Farhad Samji]], [[Sandeep Shirodkar]] and [[Panjabi Hit Squad]] was roped in as guest composers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/housefull-hit-songs-starring-akshay-kumar-and-riteish-deshmukh/105723386|title=Ultimate Housefull songs: Franchises greatest hits|website=mirchi.in|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2024-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425162012/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/housefull-hit-songs-starring-akshay-kumar-and-riteish-deshmukh/105723386|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sameer Anjaan]], Vayu, and Samji wrote lyrics for the songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/cast/|title=Housefull 4 Cast List | Housefull 4 Movie Star Cast | Release Date | Movie Trailer | Review- Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621125057/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/cast/|url-status=live}}</ref> The music rights of the film were bagged by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== Composition ==
The first single "[[Ek Chumma]]" was composed by Sohail Sen, who also produced the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-housefull-4-song-ek-chumma-akshay-riteish-bobby-kriti-and-pooja-groove-in-new-party-number-2793459|title='Housefull 4' song 'Ek Chumma': Akshay, Riteish, Bobby, Kriti and Pooja groove in new party number|website=DNA India|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2024-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406070451/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-housefull-4-song-ek-chumma-akshay-riteish-bobby-kriti-and-pooja-groove-in-new-party-number-2793459|url-status=live}}</ref> The song had the lyrics penned by [[Sameer Anjaan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/housefull-4-first-song-ek-chumma-sees-akshay-bobby-riteish-dance-around-london-in-colourful-kilts-7427041.html|title=Housefull 4 first song 'Ek Chumma' sees Akshay, Bobby, Riteish dance around London in colourful kilts|date=30 September 2019|website=Firstpost|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202101550/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/housefull-4-first-song-ek-chumma-sees-akshay-bobby-riteish-dance-around-london-in-colourful-kilts-7427041.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was recorded by Altamash Faridi, [[Jyotica Tangri]] and Sohail Sen himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-4-song-ek-chumma-is-all-akshay-kumar-riteish-deshmukh-bobby-deol-ask-for-2109533|title=Housefull 4 Song: Ek Chumma Is All Akshay Kumar, Riteish Deshmukh, Bobby Deol Ask For|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328150606/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-4-song-ek-chumma-is-all-akshay-kumar-riteish-deshmukh-bobby-deol-ask-for-2109533|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second single "[[Shaitan Ka Saala]]" was the recreated version of "Bala Bala" by Tony Montana Music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/housefull-4-song-shaitaan-ka-saala-akshay-kumar-video-6057782/|title=Housefull 4 song Shaitan Ka Saala: A repetitive rework|date=7 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819062128/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/housefull-4-song-shaitaan-ka-saala-akshay-kumar-video-6057782/|url-status=live}}</ref> After six months, the makers officially got the rights to remake the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/housefull-4-akshay-kumars-bala-song-took-6-months-to-get-remake-rights|title=Housefull 4: Akshay Kumar's 'Bala' song took 6 months to get remake rights|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2023-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021092602/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/housefull-4-akshay-kumars-bala-song-took-6-months-to-get-remake-rights|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] revealed that approval of lyrics also took two months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-talks-in-detail-about-shaitan-ka-saala-song-from-housefull-4/articleshow/71615975.cms|title=Akshay Kumar talks in detail about 'Shaitan Ka Saala' song from 'Housefull 4'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318013046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-talks-in-detail-about-shaitan-ka-saala-song-from-housefull-4/articleshow/71615975.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was penned by Farhad Samji in 20 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/housefull-4-bala-song-written-just-20-minutes-took-6-months-get-remake-rights/|title=Housefull 4: The Bala song was written in just 20 minutes; took 6 months to get remake rights : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129061020/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/housefull-4-bala-song-written-just-20-minutes-took-6-months-get-remake-rights/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was composed by Sohail Sen, who also sung the song along with [[Vishal Dadlani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/videogallery/housefull-4-shaitan-ka-saala-video-akshay-kumar-sohail-sen-feat-vishal-dadlani-1502807794.html|title=Housefull 4: Shaitan Ka Saala Video | Akshay Kumar | Sohail Sen Feat. Vishal Dadlani|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=8 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206030831/https://www.thestatesman.com/videogallery/housefull-4-shaitan-ka-saala-video-akshay-kumar-sohail-sen-feat-vishal-dadlani-1502807794.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

"Bhoot Raja Bahar Aaja" composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and sung by Asha Bhosle for 1977 film ''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'' was recreated as "The Bhoot Song".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bollywood/news/the-bhoot-song-from-housefull-4-is-recreation-of-bhoot-raja-bahar-aaja-from-chacha-bhatija-01665595.html|title=हेमा मालिनी पर शूट हुए \'भूत राजा बाहर आ जा\' का रीमिक्स है द भूत सॉन्ग|date=15 October 2019|website=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021094007/https://www.bhaskar.com/bollywood/news/the-bhoot-song-from-housefull-4-is-recreation-of-bhoot-raja-bahar-aaja-from-chacha-bhatija-01665595.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was recreated by Farhad Samji and [[Sandeep Shirodkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-housefull-4-the-bhoot-song-nawazuddin-pays-tribute-to-alia-bhatt-while-getting-rid-of-akshay-s-demonic-possession-2797247|title=Housefull 4 'The Bhoot Song': Nawazuddin pays tribute to 'Alia Bhatt' while getting rid of Akshay's demonic possession|website=DNA India|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2019-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209053345/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-housefull-4-the-bhoot-song-nawazuddin-pays-tribute-to-alia-bhatt-while-getting-rid-of-akshay-s-demonic-possession-2797247|url-status=live}}</ref> Signature music of the song was remixed from the song "Ammadu let's do Kummudu" composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] for the film ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/india-is-listening-to-housefull-4-the-bhoot-song-6073455/|title=India is listening to Housefull 4's The Bhoot Song|date=17 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214205511/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/india-is-listening-to-housefull-4-the-bhoot-song-6073455/|url-status=live}}</ref> The lyrics of the song was written by Farhad Samji and Vayu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinditracks.in/the-bhoot-song-lyrics|title=भूत सोंग The Bhoot Song Lyrics in Hindi - Housefull 4|date=18 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323204905/https://www.hinditracks.in/the-bhoot-song-lyrics|url-status=live}}</ref> The track was sung by [[Mika Singh]] and Samji himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/housefull-4-bhoot-song-featuring-nawazuddin-siddiqui-as-ghost-hunter-out-alia-bhatts-name-leaving-fans-in-splits-1091600|title=Housefull 4: 'Bhoot Song' Featuring Nawazuddin Siddiqui Out, Alia Bhatt's Name Mention Leaving Fans In Splits!|date=16 October 2019|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

The fourth single "Chammo" was composed and produced by Sohail Sen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/housefull-4-song-chammo-akshay-kumar-plays-with-fire-watch-video/story-yMMQoxcD6uFBSHGbcgC0wJ.html|title=Housefull 4 song Chammo: Akshay Kumar plays with fire, watch video|date=21 October 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213054020/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/housefull-4-song-chammo-akshay-kumar-plays-with-fire-watch-video/story-yMMQoxcD6uFBSHGbcgC0wJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The track was recorded by [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shadaab Faridi]], and Sen himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/housefull-4-shake-your-leg-to-new-peppy-track-chammo-257433|title='Housefull 4': Shake your leg to new peppy track 'Chammo'|date=22 October 2019|website=WION|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522111102/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/housefull-4-shake-your-leg-to-new-peppy-track-chammo-257433|url-status=live}}</ref> The lyrics were penned by Sameer Anjaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-4-song-chammo-akshay-kumar-kriti-sanon-and-others-celebrate-love-in-sitamgarh-2120428|title=Housefull 4 Song Chammo: Akshay Kumar, Kriti Sanon And Others Celebrate Love In Sitamgarh|date=21 October 2019|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205075257/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/housefull-4-song-chammo-akshay-kumar-kriti-sanon-and-others-celebrate-love-in-sitamgarh-2120428|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fifth track "Badla" was composed and written by Farhad Samji. The song's vocals were provided by Danish Sabri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/badla-full-video-housefull-4-akshay-kumar-riteish-deshmukh-bobby-deol-kriti-sanon-pooja-hegde-2/|title=Badla Full Video | Housefull 4 | Akshay Kumar, Riteish Deshmukh, Bobby Deol, Kriti Sanon, Pooja Hegde - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217093322/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/badla-full-video-housefull-4-akshay-kumar-riteish-deshmukh-bobby-deol-kriti-sanon-pooja-hegde-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
[[File:Pooja Hegde at Housefull 4 press meet in Hyderabad (1).jpg|[[Pooja Hegde]] at "[[Shaitan Ka Saala]]" song launch|thumb]]
The teaser of the first single "[[Ek Chumma]]" was released on 28 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/housefull-4-new-song-ek-chumma-akshay-kumar-kriti-sanon-riteish-deshmukh-and-others-will-get-you-grooving-with-this-foot-tapping-number/articleshow/71371483.cms|title='Housefull 4' new song 'Ek Chumma': Akshay Kumar, Kriti Sanon, Riteish Deshmukh and others will get you grooving with this foot-tapping number|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 September 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406073434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/housefull-4-new-song-ek-chumma-akshay-kumar-kriti-sanon-riteish-deshmukh-and-others-will-get-you-grooving-with-this-foot-tapping-number/articleshow/71371483.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was released on 30 September 2020 on [[YouTube]] under T-Series record label.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/housefull-4-first-song-ek-chumma-out-akshay-kumar-and-co-groove-to-new-track-1604726-2019-09-30|title=Housefull 4 first song Ek Chumma out: Akshay Kumar and Co groove to new track|date=30 September 2019|website=India Today|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2024-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406070452/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/housefull-4-first-song-ek-chumma-out-akshay-kumar-and-co-groove-to-new-track-1604726-2019-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "[[Shaitan Ka Saala]]"'s teaser was unveiled on 6 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/housefull-4-check-out-the-teaser-of-shaitan-ka-saala-featuring-akshay-kumar-out-36591.html|title=Housefull 4: Check out the teaser of Shaitan Ka Saala featuring Akshay Kumar out | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922074508/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/housefull-4-check-out-the-teaser-of-shaitan-ka-saala-featuring-akshay-kumar-out-36591.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 October 2019, the song was released on all streaming platforms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-featuring-akshay-kumar-is-out-netizens-react/articleshow/71485818.cms|title='Housefull 4' song 'Shaitan Ka Saala' featuring Akshay Kumar is out; netizens react!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 October 2019}}</ref> The song launch event was held at Hyderabad, with [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kriti Sanon]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] launching the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-launched-hyderabad-1652894/|title=Housefull 4 Song Shaitan ka Saala launched in Hyderabad|date=8 October 2019|website=The Siasat Daily – Archive|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426101720/https://archive.siasat.com/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-launched-hyderabad-1652894/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/housefull-4-akshay-kumar-shows-up-as-a-bald-man-for-bala-song-launch-twins-in-black-with-his-ladies/|title=Housefull 4: Akshay Kumar shows up as a bald man for Bala song launch, twins in black with his ladies 4 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021103428/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/housefull-4-akshay-kumar-shows-up-as-a-bald-man-for-bala-song-launch-twins-in-black-with-his-ladies/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 October 2019, makers announced that the third song would release on 16 October.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/housefull-4-the-bhoot-song-featuring-nawazuddin-siddiqui-to-be-out-tomorrow-1502810504.html|title=Housefull 4: 'The Bhoot Song' featuring Nawazuddin Siddiqui to be out tomorrow!|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=15 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621234052/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/housefull-4-the-bhoot-song-featuring-nawazuddin-siddiqui-to-be-out-tomorrow-1502810504.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The third single "The Bhoot Song" was unveiled on 16 October 2019 by T-Series on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/housefull-4-bhoot-song-nawazuddin-siddiqui-uses-alia-bhatt-s-name-to-beat-the-ghost-out-of-akshay-kumar-556844|title=Housefull 4 Bhoot Song: Nawazuddin Siddiqui uses Alia Bhatt's name to beat the ghost out of Akshay Kumar|first1=Tripti|last1=Karki|date=16 October 2019|website=India TV News|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426101714/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/housefull-4-bhoot-song-nawazuddin-siddiqui-uses-alia-bhatt-s-name-to-beat-the-ghost-out-of-akshay-kumar-556844|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single "Chammo" was released on 21 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/housefull-4-akshay-kumar-bobby-deol-riteish-deshmukh-song-chammo-out|title=Akshay, Riteish, Bobby & Others Travel Back in Time in 'Chammo'|first=Quint|last=Entertainment|date=21 October 2019|website=TheQuint|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022135006/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/housefull-4-akshay-kumar-bobby-deol-riteish-deshmukh-song-chammo-out|url-status=live}}</ref> The fifth track "Badla" was released on 23 October 2019, along with the soundtrack album.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/songs/|title=Housefull 4 Movie Music | Housefull 4 Movie Songs | Download Latest Bollywood Songs Music - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621030725/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/songs/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| total_length = 17:35
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Ek Chumma]]
| extra1 = Sohail Sen, Altamash Faridi, [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| music1 = [[Sohail Sen]]
| lyrics1 = [[Sameer Anjaan]]
| length1 = 4:04
| title2 = [[Shaitan Ka Saala]]
| extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], Sohail Sen
| music2 = Sohail Sen
| lyrics2 = [[Farhad Samji]]
| length2 = 2:27
| title3 = The Bhoot Song
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]], Farhad Samji
| music3 = Farhad Samji, [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| lyrics3 = Farhad Samji, Vayu
| length3 = 3:58
| title4 = Chammo
| extra4 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shadaab Faridi]], Sohail Sen
| music4 = Sohail Sen
| lyrics4 = Sameer Anjaan
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Badla
| extra5 = Danish Sabri
| music5 = [[Farhad Samji]]
| lyrics5 = Farhad Samji
| length5 = 2:32
}}

== Reception ==
The music received positive reception from critics and audience. Reviewing the soundtrack album, Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated album with 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "The music of Housefull 4 is just the kind that one expects from Housefull franchise. By and large it's the kind that goes with the pace of the narrative and stays along as the accompanying partner."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/songs/music-critic-review/|title=Housefull 4 Music Review - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810223319/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/songs/music-critic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Komal Nahta]] of ''Film Information'' wrote "Music (by Sohail Sen; guest composers Farhad Samji, Sandeep Shirodkar and Panjabi Hit Squad (U.K.)) is hit. The ‘Bala’, ‘Chhammo’ and ‘Ek chumma’ songs are very appealing. Lyrics (by Sameer Anjaan and Farhad Samji) are in synch with the mood of the film. Choreography (by Farah Khan, Ganesh Acharya and Chinni Prakash) is very eye-filling. Julius Packiam’s background music is impactful."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/housefull-4-25-october-2019/|title=HOUSEFULL 4 | 25 October, 2019 – Film Information|first=Film|last=Information|date=25 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021093438/https://filminformation.com/featured/housefull-4-25-october-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said "While Housefull 4 music is ordinary, the Ek Chumma song has been beautifully choreographed. Bala – Shaitaan Ka Saala is clearly the highlight with its lame yet catchy lyrics."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/housefull-4-movie-review-akshay-kumar-raises-the-bar-others-struggle/story-fNOnSVNtEwGzniUIceyMrL.html|title=Housefull 4 review: This Akshay Kumar, Kriti Sanon film is uneven but funny|date=25 October 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=21 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321090050/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/housefull-4-movie-review-akshay-kumar-raises-the-bar-others-struggle/story-fNOnSVNtEwGzniUIceyMrL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics at the board of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote "Julius Packiam's background score is theatrical and the recurring theme is catchy."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/critic-review/housefull-4-movie-review/|title=Housefull 4 Movie Review: The Akshay Kumar starrer HOUSEFULL 4 is a major disappointment and suffers on the account of poor writing and vacuous screenplay.|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 October 2019|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105022938/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/housefull-4/critic-review/housefull-4-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Reviewing the soundtrack album, DJ Munks of ''BizAsia'' rated album with 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "The soundtrack of ‘Housefull 4’ is funny & cheesy no doubt! Limited by the appeal of the film there is only so much one can do to make the music fit with the film while also delivering on the listen ability parameters that define the success of the music album. Nonetheless the soundtrack is unique in the current times as it does not run after the typical remakes and dance and romantic numbers. It truly is a soundtrack for this film and fits well there keeping a different identity for itself."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/music-review-housefull-4/|title=Music Review: 'Housefull 4'|date=16 October 2019|website=www.bizasialive.com|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731062039/https://www.bizasialive.com/music-review-housefull-4/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Suparno Sarkar of ''[[International Business Times]]'' commented "Songs are entertaining."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/housefull-4-movie-review-dear-akshay-kumar-team-making-weird-faces-doesnt-make-humour-anymore-807751|title=Housefull 4 movie review: Dear Akshay Kumar and team, making weird faces doesn't make humour anymore|first=Suparno|last=Sarkar|date=25 October 2019|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812210852/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/housefull-4-movie-review-dear-akshay-kumar-team-making-weird-faces-doesnt-make-humour-anymore-807751|url-status=live}}</ref> ''MovieCrow'' stated "The songs (composed by Sohail Sen and Farhad Samji-Sandeep Shirodkar) have already become popular and they suit the madness quotient evident in the film."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24909/housefull-4-hindi-movie-review|title=Housefull 4 Review: The Franchise Gets Bigger but That Doesn't Make It Better|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2022-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206132631/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24909/housefull-4-hindi-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref> Namrata Thakker of ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote "The best thing about Housefull 4 is the Bala song, which plays in the background throughout."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-housefull-4-review/20191025.htm|title=The Housefull 4 Review|first=NAMRATA|last=THAKKER|website=Rediff|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2024-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417080415/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-housefull-4-review/20191025.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The tracks "[[Ek Chumma]]" and "[[Shaitan Ka Saala]]" topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms. "Ek Chumma" inspired the song "Loota Re" from the Pakistani film ''[[Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/959790/is-loota-re-a-copy-of-ek-chumma/|title=Is 'Loota re' a copy of 'Ek Chumma?'|date=29 June 2022|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614032853/https://dailytimes.com.pk/959790/is-loota-re-a-copy-of-ek-chumma/|url-status=live}}</ref> "Shaitan Ka Saala" was the 2019's fastest 100 million views gainer on [[YouTube]], and emerged as the most popular song of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shaitan-ka-saala-song-crosses-100-million-views-on-youtube-akshay-kumar-celebrates-with-fans-1617145-2019-11-08|title=Shaitan Ka Saala song crosses 100 million views on YouTube, Akshay Kumar celebrates with fans|date=7 October 2019|website=India Today|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2022-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126163546/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shaitan-ka-saala-song-crosses-100-million-views-on-youtube-akshay-kumar-celebrates-with-fans-1617145-2019-11-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Housefull}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2019 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Fantasy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

Sujatha Gidla

2025-10-04T04:33:33Z

Priya.Miahram: added the post more to come

{{Short description|Indian-American author}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sujatha Gidla
| image = 2018-us-nationalbookfestival-sujatha-gidla.jpg
| caption = Sujatha Gidla at the 2018 National Book Festival
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Author, [[train conductor]]
| nationality = American
| education = [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal]] [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]], [[Memoir]]
| notableworks = ''Ants Among Elephants: An Untouchable Family and the Making of Modern India''
| awards = [[Shakti Bhatt Prize|Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize]] (2018)
| alt = Sujatha Gidla at the 2018 National Book Festival
}}

'''Sujatha Gidla''' (born {{Circa|1963}}) is an Indian-born American author and train conductor. She is the author of the critically acclaimed 2017 book, ''[[Ants Among Elephants: An Untouchable Family and the Making of Modern India]]''. She works as a conductor for the [[New York City Subway]].

== Early life and education ==
Sujatha Gidla was born in [[Kakinada]], Andhra Pradesh, into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Dalit]] family that belonged to the [[Mala (caste)|Mala]] caste.<ref name="ThePrint2017">{{cite web |last=Gidla |first=Sujatha |date=2017-12-26 |title=Caste is still a daily struggle for US-based acclaimed author Sujatha Gidla |url=https://theprint.in/report/caste-is-still-a-daily-struggle-for-us-based-acclaimed-author-sujatha-gidla/24792/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627213346/https://theprint.in/report/caste-is-still-a-daily-struggle-for-us-based-acclaimed-author-sujatha-gidla/24792/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her family was educated by Canadian missionaries in the 1930s, which was unusual for Dalits at the time.<ref name="pandey">{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=2017-07-25 |title=The defiance of an 'untouchable' New York subway worker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40673362 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Both of her parents were college lecturers.<ref name="vice">{{cite web |date=2021-05-06 |title='We Gave So Much': Subway Conductor Who Caught COVID-19 Urges Workers to Fight |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/we-gave-so-much-subway-conductor-who-caught-covid-19-urges-workers-to-fight/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Vice}}</ref> Her maternal uncle, K.G. Satyamurthy, was a prominent communist leader and a co-founder of the Naxalite group [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|People's War Group]].<ref name="TNIExpress2018">{{cite web |last=S |first=Sridevi |date=2018-02-11 |title=Sujatha Gidla, author of Ants Among Elephants: My book wouldn't stand a chance in India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Feb/11/sujatha-gidla-author-of-ants-among-elephants-my-book-wouldnt-stand-a-chance-in-india-1771747.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Gidla studied physics at the [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal|Regional Engineering College, Warangal]].<ref name="BostonReview">{{cite web |title=Sujatha Gidla |url=https://www.bostonreview.net/authors/sujatha-gidla/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Boston Review |archive-date=2023-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922043015/https://www.bostonreview.net/authors/sujatha-gidla/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She was also a researcher in applied physics at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]].<ref name="HarperCollins">{{cite web |title=Sujatha Gidla : Author Details |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/sujatha-gidla/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India |archive-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627213346/https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/sujatha-gidla/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1990, at the age of 26, Gidla moved to the United States. She initially worked in software development and later for the Bank of New York.<ref name="NYSWritersInst">{{cite web |title=Sujatha Gidla: Memoirist and NYC subway conductor |url=https://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/archives/18FallSujathaGidla.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=New York State Writers Institute |archive-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627213346/https://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/archives/18FallSujathaGidla.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career and writing ==
After being laid off from her bank job during the 2008 financial crisis, Gidla sought a change in career. Drawn to what she described as "romantic feelings about being a working class person" stemming from her Marxist beliefs, she applied to work for the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|MTA]].<ref name="NYSWritersInst" /> In 2009, she became the first Indian woman to be hired as a conductor on the New York City Subway, a job she continues to hold.<ref name="pandey" /><ref name="Slate2017">{{cite web |last=Chotiner |first=Isaac |date=2017-08-30 |title=Sujatha Gidla on India's Caste System and Writing a Book That's a "Family Story" |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/08/sujatha-gidla-on-indias-caste-system-and-ants-among-elephants.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

Gidla began writing what would become ''Ants Among Elephants'' after years of conversations with her mother and relatives about their family's history. Although the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] was officially abolished in 1950, Dalits, formerly known as "untouchables," continue to face widespread [[Caste discrimination in India|discrimination]]. The project began as an effort to understand the relationship between caste and religion, but evolved into a sprawling family saga.<ref name="TNIExpress2018" />

=== ''Ants Among Elephants'' ===
{{main|Ants Among Elephants}}
Gidla's debut book, ''Ants Among Elephants: An Untouchable Family and the Making of Modern India'', was published by [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] in 2017. The book is a work of literary non-fiction that chronicles the lives of her mother, Manjula, and her uncle, [[K. G. Satyamurthy]], against the backdrop of modern Indian history. It details their struggles with poverty, caste discrimination, and their involvement in India's communist and revolutionary movements. The title refers to the social hierarchy of the caste system, where Dalits are the "ants" living in the shadow of the powerful "elephants."

The book received widespread critical acclaim. In ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Michiko Kakutani]] praised it for giving readers an "unsettling and visceral understanding of how discrimination, segregation and stereotypes have endured."<ref name="kakutani_2017">{{cite web |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |date=2017-07-17 |title='Ants Among Elephants,' a Memoir About the Persistence of Caste |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/books/review-ants-among-elephants-sujatha-gidla-caste-india.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' called it "quite possibly the most striking work of non-fiction set in India since ''[[Behind the Beautiful Forevers]]'' by [[Katherine Boo]]."<ref name="NYSWritersInst" /> [[Pankaj Mishra]] in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' wrote that it "significantly enriches the new Dalit literature in English."<ref name="NYRB">{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |date=2017-12-21 |title=God's Oppressed Children |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/12/21/sujatha-gidla-gods-oppressed-children/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The New York Review of Books |language=en}}</ref>

''Ants Among Elephants'' was named a top ten non-fiction book of 2017 by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and a best book of the year and featured author on the front cover by ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''.<ref name="B&N">{{cite web |title=Ants Among Elephants: An Untouchable Family and the Making of Modern India by Sujatha Gidla, Paperback |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/ants-among-elephants-sujatha-gidla/1124362625 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Barnes & Noble |archive-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627213346/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/ants-among-elephants-sujatha-gidla/1124362625 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the book won the [[Shakti Bhatt Prize|Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize]].<ref name="ShaktiBhattPrize2018">{{cite web |last=Scroll Staff |first= |date=2018-11-21 |title=Sujatha Gidla's 'Ants Among Elephants' wins the Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/article/902804/sujatha-gidlas-ants-among-elephants-wins-the-shakti-bhatt-first-book-prize-2018 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627213346/https://scroll.in/article/902804/sujatha-gidlas-ants-among-elephants-wins-the-shakti-bhatt-first-book-prize-2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gidla, Sujatha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:People from New York City]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Warangal alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shakti Bhatt Prize]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Mahadevapura, Bengaluru

2025-09-19T22:33:04Z

Priya.Miahram: starting new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahadevapura
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Phoenix Market city.jpg
| photo1b = EMCsquare Doddanekkondi from ORR.JPG
| photo2a = AdityaBirla More MegaStore.JPG
| photo2b = Brigade Metropolis apartments 4-14-2014 1-01-56 PM.JPG
| size = 280
| color = white
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = (Clockwise from top left) [[Phoenix Marketcity (Bangalore)|Phoenix Marketcity]], [[Dell EMC]] campus on Outer Ring Road, Brigade Metropolis, Candeur Carlisle A supermarket seen from Mahadevapura Bridge
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bangalore, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.99|N|77.70|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Bangalore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 135597
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560048
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mahadevapura''' is a suburb and one of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike#Zones|zones]] of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]] in [[Bangalore Urban district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It was a city municipal council. It is well connected with Outer Ring Road, [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]] Road and [[Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapura]] Railway Station is the nearest station to board trains.
It is a developing area, which has a high growth potential in terms of residential development. Leading schools, shopping malls, showrooms have come up in the area.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mahadevapura had a population of 135,597. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Mahadevapura has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 66%. In Mahadevapura, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Electoral Aspects==
Mahadevapura is a constituency in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. Its presently represented by [[Manjula Aravind Limbavali]]. She was elected in the 2023 election from here with 181,731 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-2018-constituency-wise-results/|title=Karnataka Assembly Election 2018 Results |Karnataka Assembly Election constituency-wise Results|date=22 May 2018}}</ref> defeating H Nagesh <ref name="Empowering India. Retrieved 8 November 2014">{{cite web|title=Affidavit Details of Sri Aravind Limbavali|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=552881&p=&cid=174|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185411/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=552881&p=&cid=174|archive-date=July 11, 2018|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=www.empoweringindia.org}}</ref>

==Information technology hub==
Mahadevapura has become a major information technology hub in recent years. It houses several IT companies such as [[Accenture]], [[Dell EMC]], [[Ericsson]], [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]], [[Mphasis]], [[Samsung]], [[Sapient Corporation]], [[eClinicalWorks]] and [[Wells Fargo]]. It also has a few of the major Big 4 [[Deloitte]], [[Ernst & Young|EY]] offices, Hewlett Packard IWF Campus. It is also in close proximity to [[International Tech Park, Bangalore|ITPL]] and other IT hubs such as [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]], [[Marathahalli]] and [[Bellandur]].

==References==
{{commons category|Mahadevapura}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''
|Northwest = [[Krishnarajapura]]
|North = Devasandra
|Northeast = Sadaramangala
|West = Doorvaninagar
|Centre = ''Mahadevapura''
|East = [[Hoodi]]
|Southwest = A. Narayanapura / B. Narayanapura
|South = Dodda Nekkundi
|Southeast = [[Brookefield]]
}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in East Bengaluru]]

Mangaon taluka

2025-09-08T18:11:52Z

Priya.Miahram: starting details

{{Short description|Taluka in Maharashtra India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangaon
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| map_caption = Location of Panvel
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.24|N|73.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mangaon]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| governing_body = Panchayat Samiti Mangaon Raigad
| leader_title = [[Chairperson]]
| leader_name = '''NA'''
| leader_title1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name1 = '''NA'''
| leader_title2 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sunil Tatkare]] {{small|([[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad Constituency]])}}
| leader_title3 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Aditi Sunil Tatkare]] {{small|([[Shrivardhan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shrivardhan constituency]])}}
| population_demonym = Mangaonkar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 402104
| area_code = 02140
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-06
| population_total = 159613
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1503.61
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mangaon taluka''' is a [[subdistrict]]/[[upazila]]/[[tehsil]] in [[Raigad district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके – महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |language=mr |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |access-date=2015-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archive-date=2015-07-22}}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district|publisher=Raigad District Collectorate|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Raigad district==
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1,970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], Mangaon, [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]], [[Murud taluka|Murud]], [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], [[Pen taluka|Pen]], [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]], [[Roha taluka|Roha]], [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad-Pali taluka|Sudhagad-Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and [[Uran taluka|Uran]].<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mangaon taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|15.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|6.47}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.58}}
}}

Mangaon taluka has a population of 159,613 according to the 2011 census. Mangaon had a literacy rate of 79.87% and a sex ratio of 1021 females per 1000 males. 17,637 (11.05%) are under 7 years of age. 18,535 (11.61%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.63% and 8.97% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Mangaon taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 79.74 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 13.96 |color2 = green
|label3 = 'Other' Marathi |value3 = 1.81 |color3 = tomato
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 1.49 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 3.00 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 79.74% of the population in the taluka spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 13.96% [[Urdu]] and 1.49% [[Hindi]] as their first language. 1.81% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Marathi.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Tripublisher==
A news story dated November 28, 2020 reports the appointment of [[Lalita Babar]], international athlete and [[Arjun Award]] winner as [[tahasildar]] of Mangaon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-28|title=धावपटू ललिता बाबर यांची माणगाव तहसीलदार पदी नेमणूक|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/maharashtra/indian-long-distance-runner-lalita-babar-appointed-post-of-mangaon-tahsildar/542839|access-date=2020-11-28|website=24taas.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

{{Raigad-geo-stub}}

Kalaroos Caves

2025-07-26T13:35:51Z

Priya.Miahram: put up the post from scratch

{{Short description|Ancient network of caves in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Infobox cave
| name = Kalaroos Caves
| other_name = Qil-e-Roos
| photo = Satbaran Caves.jpg
| photo_caption = Satbaran (seven doors) Rock in the vicinity of the Kalaroos Caves
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_caption = Location in Lolab valley
Jammu and Kashmir, India
| map_alt = Location in Lolab valley Jammu and Kashmir, India
| relief = yes
| location = [[Kalarooch]] Lolab valley, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|34|34|29.01|N|74|20|33.22|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|1900|m|ft}}
| discovery = Ancient
| entrance_count = 7
| access =
| features = Rock carvings, legends of underground passages to the neighbouring countries
| hazards = Narrow passages, loose rocks
| survey =
}}

The '''Kalaroos Caves''', also known as '''Qil-e-Roos''' ({{lit|Russian Fort}}), are an ancient network of [[cave]]s located in the [[Lolab Valley]], [[Kupwara district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. The site has been the subject of various [[narrative|unverified claim]]s, largely due to the belief that the caves connect the [[Kashmir Valley]] with Russia (or Rous). Local legends suggest that the caves may contain [[secret tunnel]]s leading to the neighbouring countries; however, these assertions remain unverified, and no [[archaeological record|archaeological research]] has been conducted to substantiate them. The site is situated at an elevation of {{approx|{{convert|1900|m|ft}}}} above sea level.

== Background ==
The caves are centered around a prominent rock structure known as "satbaran", which features seven carved openings referred to as sath barr ({{lit|seven doors}}).<ref name="h235">{{cite web | last=Pal | first=Suchismita | title=These Caves In Kashmir Could Possibly Be Secret Tunnels To Russia | website=Curly Tales | date=2020-04-29 | url=https://curlytales.com/kalaroos-caves-in-kashmir-could-possibly-be-secret-tunnels-to-russia/ | access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref><ref name="d214">{{cite web | last=Hussain | first=Masood | title=American Explorers Get Into Kalaroos Caves, Explode Generational Myths | website=Kashmir Life | date=2018-11-17 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/american-explorers-get-into-kalaroos-caves-explode-generational-myths-192317/ | access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref> Local legends, citing ancestral accounts, associate these openings with seven different routes, including a supposed underground passage which was used by Russians, as well as six other routes leading to different countries.<ref name="h235"/>

Located a few meters from the Satbaran rock are additional caves, including Tramkhan, a cave with [[crimson|crimson-colored]] walls, believed to have once served as a [[copper mine]]. It contains a weathered inscription in an unidentified foreign script. Local folklore also suggests that the caves conceal hidden water bodies, though these claims remain unverified.<ref name="h235"/>

During the early years of the [[Kashmir insurgency]], the Indian Army used explosives and caused damage to the site, citing the presence of militant hideouts. In [[Kalarooch]] village, where the caves are located, a graveyard is said to contain the remains of around 300 people, including dozens of militants.<ref name="v657">{{cite web | title=At LoC tourism site in Kashmir, two ancient sites bore signs of violence | website=Hindustan Times | date=2012-10-01 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/at-loc-tourism-site-in-kashmir-two-ancient-sites-bore-signs-of-violence/story-eC17xBaA6TOv218xBGL82N.html | access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>

== Caves ==
'''Cave 1''' – It is located beyond the Satbaran rock at an approximate elevation of {{convert|1980|m|ft}}. The cave begins with a narrow, upward-sloping passage extending for about 50 meters, which narrows further in certain sections. This passage leads to a 15-meter vertical shaft, opening into a small chamber. From this chamber, a 10-meter shaft descends into another room. Beyond this point, a 5-meter upward passage connects to a narrow, horizontal [[hallway|corridor]] that terminates within 15 meters. Explorations of all side passages and openings near the entrance suggested no further extensions, as each quickly reached a dead end.<ref name="d214"/>

'''Cave 2''' – It is situated at a higher elevation of approximately {{convert|2020|m|ft}} on the mountainside. It features the largest entrance among the three caves in the area. The primary passage slopes downward and extends for about 50 meters before ending abruptly. The cave appears to have been partially filled over time, possibly due to a [[landslide]] or [[erosion|natural erosion]].<ref name="d214"/>

'''Cave 3''' – It is located at the highest elevation of {{convert|2260|m|ft}} on the mountain. Cave 3 features a 40-meter downward-sloping passage that leads into a narrow, horizontal corridor, which ends after 20 meters. All side passages off the main corridor were partially [[exploration|explored]], but each terminated shortly after. Local accounts suggest that the Indian Army attempted to seal the cave using explosives. This was reportedly done due to the presence of either [[bear]]s or [[militant]]s.<ref name="d214"/>

== Beliefs ==
Local legend suggests that the caves were constructed several hundred years ago by Russian traders. Over time, the caves have been the subject of various [[myth]]s, particularly regarding their alleged connection to the [[Kashmir Valley]] and Russia. These legends, passed down through generations by village elders, have become a part of the local [[folklore]].<ref name="k844">{{cite web | last=Qayoom | first=Aatif | title=The Legend of Kalaroos Caves;A JOURNEY THROUGH NATURE, MYTH, HISTORY | website=Rising Kashmir | date=2023-06-25 | url=https://risingkashmir.com/the-legend-of-kalaroos-cavesa-journey-through-nature-myth-history/ | access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>

Although the caves have been the subject of numerous unverified claims and speculation, experts, whose identities remain unknown, suggest that Kashmir has [[history of Kashmir|a history]] of trade relations with Russia and the former [[Soviet Union]]. They also suggest that the valley and Russia share [[Kashmiri culture|cultural]] and [[Kashmiri language|linguistic]] similarities, which have contributed to the continued speculation and legends surrounding the caves. The caves are also claimed to have served as sanctuaries where people sought refuge and prayed for [[salvation]].<ref name="k844"/>

Local legends hold that during the era of the [[Silk Route]], these caves were used as a passageway when the Kashmir Valley was [[climate of Kashmir|heavily snowbound]].<ref name="n174">{{cite web | title=The Mysterious Caves of Kalaroos | website=Kashmir Reader | date=2020-10-26 | url=https://kashmirreader.com/2020/10/26/the-mysterious-caves-of-kalaroos/ | access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>

== Exploration ==
{{quote|
|text=No one knows the history behind the structure, who built it, or its age.<ref name="d214"/>
| author= Amber and Eric Fies referring to Satbaran Rock}}
In 2018, American explorers Amber and Eric Fies with North Star Adventure Consulting, LLC visited the Kalaroos caves to investigate claims of [[secret passage|secret underground passage]]s. They surveyed three caves and documented their findings. They speculated that two of the caves might have been interconnected at some point in the past, with one inclined upwards and the other sloping downwards, sharing similar elevations and orientations.<ref name="d214"/>

The third cave, however, could not be fully examined as it had been sealed by the [[Indian Army]]. Amber and Eric Fies also suggested that its origin, construction, and age remain unknown. While no evidence of recent human activity was found inside the sealed cave, traces of [[Himalayan porcupine]]s were observed.<ref name="d214"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Caves of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Basanti Hembram

2025-07-15T02:32:14Z

Priya.Miahram: slightly improve references and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Basanti Hembram
| residence = Jhadghosada
| caption =
| office = Karanjia
| governor = Ganeshi Lal
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 =
| succeeding =
| predecessor1 = Bijay Naik
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image = Basanti Hembram.jpg
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 2019
| constituency2 = Karanjia
| spouse = Bir Birsing Hembram<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5442|title = Basanti Hembram(BJD):Constituency- KARANJIA(MAYURBHANJ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>
| children =
| alma_mater = Bachelor of Arts
| party = BJD
| office1 =
| office 2 =
| appointer =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| website =
| constituency = [[Karanjia]]
}}
'''Basanti Hembram''' is an Indian politician representing the [[Biju Janata Dal|Biju Janta Dal]] party. She was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in 2019 from [[Karanjia]], [[Odisha]] and won by 8763 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Forced Walkabout {{!}} Outlook India Magazine|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/the-forced-walkabout/304190|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karanjia Election Results 2019 LIVE: Karanjia Assembly Election Results, Winner, Runner-Up & Vote Share – Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/karanjia-assembly-elections-od-30/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref> In January 2021, villagers from Kadamodaka village stopped her convoy and made her walk 7 km to inspect the damage done by elephants in the area. However, she later said that she herself stopped to inquire and know more about the problems.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-22|title=Odisha villagers take MLA on forced march to assess jumbo damage|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-villagers-take-mla-on-forced-march-to-assess-jumbo-damage/article33637519.ece|access-date=2021-03-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hembram, Basanti}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Ali Sarwar Khan

2025-07-01T10:36:00Z

Priya.Miahram:

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Nawab]]
| name = Ali Sarwar Khan
| image =
| width = 140
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1924|05|15}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1995|6|21|1924|5|15}}
| death_place = [[Bangladesh]]
| citizenship =
| party = [[Awami League]]
| parents = [[Ali Haider Khan]] (father)
| relatives = [[Nawab Ali Abbas Khan|Ali Abbas Khan]] (nephew) [[Ali Amjad Khan]] (grandfather)
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| nickname = Chunnu Nawab
}}
'''Nawab Ali Sarwar Khan''' (15 May 1924 – 25 July 1995), also known by his [[daak naam]] '''Chunnu Nawab''', was a [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] politician. He was a former [[Member of parliament|MP]] based in [[Moulvibazar District]].<ref name="ds21Jul2004">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Lest we forget |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/07/21/d407211503125.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153835/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/07/21/d407211503125.htm |archive-date=3 December 2017 |access-date=2017-12-02 |work=The Daily Star |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:'পারিবারিক ঐতিহ্যে আমি নৌকার দাবিদার' {{!}} Purboposhchimbd |url=https://www.ppbd.news/whole-country/48088/পারিবারিক-ঐতিহ্যে-আমি-নৌকার-দাবিদার/print |access-date=2019-08-09 |website=Purboposchim |language=bn}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ali Sarwar Khan was born 15 May 1924 in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. He belonged to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Shi'ite]] noble family known as the [[Nawabs of Longla]] (or Prithimpasssa family) in [[Kulaura]], [[Moulvibazar District|South Sylhet]]. His father, [[Ali Haider Khan|Nawab Ali Haider Khan]], was a notable politician and minister of [[Assam Province|Assam]]. His mother, Husna Ara Begum, was the eldest daughter of Nawab [[Wasif Ali Mirza]] of [[Nawabs of Murshidabad|Murshidabad]]. Khan studied in [[Shillong]], before proceeding his education at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="ds21Jul2004" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nawab Ali Haider Khan News and Updates from The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Nawab-Ali-Haider-Khan/news |access-date=2019-07-18 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Career ==
As a member of the [[Awami League]], Khan won a seat during the [[1970 Pakistani general election]] in [[Kulaura Upazila|Kulaura]] although this term was disrupted by the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. He and his brother Ali Safdar Khan participated in the war as commanders of a regiment from the Tripura borders. He was one of the formulators of the 1972 [[Constitution of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:৬ ডিসেম্বর শ্রীমঙ্গল ও কুলাউড়া মুক্ত দিবস |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/346616.details |access-date=2019-08-09 |work=banglanews24.com |date=6 December 2014 |language=bn}}</ref>
He again won the seat in the [[1973 Bangladeshi general election]] in Kulaura.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ali Sarwar}}
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Prithimpassa family]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Shia Muslims]]

Adl-e-Jehangir

2025-06-06T06:10:27Z

Priya.Miahram: minor corrected information per sources additionally per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Adl-E-Jehangir]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Simdega block

2025-05-24T02:09:23Z

Priya.Miahram: added basic details added tags

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simdega
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Bara Barpani, Jharkhand 835223, India - panoramio (2).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = At Bara Barpani in Simdega block
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6185|N|84.4957|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 425.07
| population_total = 72131
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835223
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0625
| registration_plate = JH 20
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 67.86%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Simdega (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simdega]]
| website = {{URL|simdega.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Simdega block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Simdega subdivision]] of [[Simdega district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
Gumla district was carved out of Ranchi district in 1983. Until 30 April 2001, Simdega was a subdivision of Gumla district and was made a separate district from that date.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://gumla.nic.in/about-district/ |title = Gumla |work = About district | publisher= Gumla district authorities| access-date = 18 October 2021}}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
According to a [[Press Information Bureau|PIB]] release in 2018, Simdega is one of the thirty districts most affected by [[Left wing extremism]] in the country (along with twelve other districts of Jharkhand). "The terrain of the district is very tough and geography is favourable for naxal activities." All police stations in the district are well fortified and equipped to handle the situation. Community policing activities are being prioritised to involve the simple village folk.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181336 | title = Maoist and Naxal activities in the country| work = 1 August 2018| publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India| access-date = 19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/simdega | title = District Police Profile Simdega| work = Security Scenario | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 19 October 2021}}</ref>

[[Hemant Soren]], Chief Minister of Jharkhand, has claimed, in September 2021, that as a result of the effective action against [[Far-left politics|left wing extremism]], the "presence of hardcore Maoists has been limited to mainly four regions, namely Parasnath Pahar, Budha Pahar, Tri-junction of Seraikela-Khunti-Chaibasa district in Kolhan division and some of the areas along the Bihar border".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/sep/26/presence-of-maoists-limited-to-only-four-regions-in-jharkhand-claims-cm-hemant-soren-2364060.html | title= Presence of Maoists limited to only four regions in Jharkhand, claims CM Hemant Soren | publisher = The New Indian Express, 26 September 2021 | accessdate = 19 October 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
Simdega district lies in the south-western part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. It has been described as "a dissected upland of ancient crystalline rocks" The general elevation of the district is {{convert|300 to 700|m}} above mean sea level. The landscape is formed of hills and undulating plateau. The Major rivers of this area are [[Sankh River|Sankh]], [[Deo River|Deo]], Girwa, and Palamara.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 8: Physical aspects |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 17 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Jharkhand/Simdega.pdfd/Simdega.pdf |title = Ground Water Information Booklet Simdega District, Jharkhand State | work= 4. Hydrology |publisher= Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India | access-date = 17 October 2021}}</ref>

Simdega CD block has an area of 425.07 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2022_PART_B_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 17 October 2021}}</ref>[[Simdega#Police station|Simdega]] police station serves Simdega CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/simdega| title= District Police Profile - Simdega |publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date = 17 October 2021}}</ref> The headquarters of Simdega CD block is located at [[Simdega]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Simdega district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 17 October 2021}}</ref>

Simdega CD block is bounded by [[Pakartanr block|Pakartanr]] CD block and [[Raidih block|Raidih]] and [[Palkot block|Palkot]] CD blocks in Gumla district on the north, [[Kolebira block|Kolebira]] CD block on the east, [[Thethaitangar block|Thethaitangar]] CD block on the south, and Duldula CD block in Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/simdega.html | title = Simdega CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 17 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/gumla.html | title = Gumla CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 17 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/chhattisgarh/tehsil/jashpur.html | title = Jashpur CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 17 October 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Simdega CD block had a total population of 72,131, all of which were rural. There were 36,093 (50%) males and 36,038 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 11,428. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 8,326 (11.54%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 49,242 (68.27%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Simdega CD block was 41,314 (67.86% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 22,931 (75.40% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 18,383 (60.33% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 15.07%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Simdega district was 67.59%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 14 October 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 14 October 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Simdega district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Simdega block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value1 = 59.12 |color1 = burlywood
|label2 = [[Kharia language|Kharia]] |value2 = 16.02 |color2 = cornflowerblue
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 11.50 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 5.39 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value5 = 4.31 |color5 = teal
|label6 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value6 = 1.40 |color6 = mediumseagreen
|label7 = Others |value7 = 2.26 |color7 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Simdega subdistrict, [[Hindi]] was the mother-tongue of 82,912 persons forming 71.87% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Kharia language|Kharia]] 18,435/15.98%, [[Urdu]] (6,200/ 5.37%), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (4,964/ 4.30%), [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (1,613/ 1.40%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (1,247/ 1.08%). 'Other languages' included 284 persons having [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 267 persons having [[Odia language|Odia]] and 232 persons having [[Maithili language|Maithili]] as mother-tongue. Persons having Hindi as mother-tongue included 65,043 persons having [[Sadri language|Sadri]]/ [[Sadan people|Sadan]], 2,995 persons having [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], 618 persons having [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 605 persons having [[Magahi language|Magahi/Magadhi]], 279 persons having [[Marwari language|Marwari]], as mother-tongue.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 300 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 300 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the "other languages" category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.

[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=18 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Simdega CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|48.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|40.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|6.57}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|4.26}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Simdega subdistrict, [[Christians]] numbered 55,349 and formed 48.10% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Hindus]] (46,934/ 40.79%), [[Muslims]] (7556/ 6.57%), persons who did not state their religion (146/ 0.13%), and 'Other religious communities' (5,090/ 4.42%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 424,407 and formed 70.78% of the total population of Simdega district. Within the scheduled tribes the more populous tribes were (percentage of ST population in 2011 in brackets): [[Munda people|Munda, Patars]] (33.61%), [[Kharia people|Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Hill Kharia]] (25.42%), [[Oraon people|Oraon, Dhangar Oraons]] (20.13%), [[Gondi people|Gonds]] (5.77%) and Lohras (5.32%).<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Simdega, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 31: Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 October 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Overview===
The ''District Census Handbook, Simdega,'' mentions, "Simdega is one of the least developed districts in the country... As per the survey conducted for the year 1997 –2002 five-year plan more than 60% of population is below poverty line."<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Simdega, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 9 : District Development Scenario, Agriculture| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 October 2021}}</ref> Another report says that 80% and over of the population of Simdega district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 18 October 2021}}</ref> In 2011-12, the proportion of BPL population in Simdega district came down to 38.26%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html | title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Mint | access-date = 18 October 2021}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data | publisher = MPRA | access-date = 18 October 2021}}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Simdega CD block'''
|value1 = 44.90
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 26.20
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.72
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 26.18
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Simdega CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 21,299 and formed 44.90%, agricultural labourers numbered 12,431 and formed 26.20%, household industry workers numbered 1,292 and formed 2.72% and other workers numbered 12,418 and formed 26.18%. Total workers numbered 47,440 and formed 41.23% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 67,635 and formed 58.77% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 53 and 56 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 19 October 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 61 inhabited villages in Simdega CD block. In 2011, 22 villages had power supply. 2 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 61 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 59 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 4 villages had post offices, 9 villages had sub post offices, 5 villages had telephones (land lines), 41 villages had mobile phone coverage. 36 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 20 villages had bus service (public/ private), 1 village had [[Auto rickshaw|auto]]/ modified auto,11 villages had taxi/ vans, 30 villages had tractors. 1 village had a bank branch, 2 villages had agricultural credit societies, 4 villages had public library and reading rooms, 32 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 37 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_Simdega.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 222-226 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 19 October 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Simdega,'' the rural population depends mainly on agriculture for a living. Agriculture in Simdega is in a very primitive state. The district has about 32% of forested area. Out of 1,34,024 hectares of cultivable land only 4,669.83 hectares of land is irrigated. Agriculture is mainly dependent on seasonal rain. The average rainfall of the district is 1100–1200 mm but much of it remains unutilised.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Simdega, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 9 : Forest, Agriculture| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 October 2021}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Simdega district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 19 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012|publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 19 October 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Simdega CD block had 18 villages with pre-primary schools, 54 villages with primary schools, 26 villages with middle schools, 9 villages with secondary schools, 7 villages had no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Simdega 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 222-224 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 20 October 2021}}</ref> *Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Simdega CD block had 2 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 15 villages with primary health subcentres, 3 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 4 villages with dispensary/ health centres, 2 villages with family welfare centres, 10 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/> *Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Simdega district}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Simdega district]]

Vasant Kanetkar

2025-05-06T17:59:26Z

Priya.Miahram: added a post basic info.

{{Short description|Indian writer (1922-2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2008}}
{{Infobox writer
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'''Vasant Shankar Kanetkar''' (20 March 1922 – 31 January 2000) was an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] playwright and novelist from [[Maharashtra]].

He was born in the town of [[Rahimatpur]] in [[Satara District]], Maharashtra. His father, Shankar Keshav Kanetkar, was a poet who wrote poetry under the pen name ''Kavi Girish'' and was a founding member of a circle of poets named ''Ravikiran Mandal''. Vasant Kanetkar was educated in [[Pune]] and [[Sangli]]. After passing M.A. exam in 1948 from [[Sangli]], he joined as a lecturer in [[Nashik]] in 1950. He received wide admiration from the audience after his play 'Raigadala Jevha Jag Yete' (रायगडाला जेव्हा जाग येते).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nashik.com/vasant-kanetkar/|title=Vasant Kanetkar | Nashik.com|date=18 September 2017|accessdate=23 February 2025}}</ref> He kept the Marathi commercial theatre vibrant and live for more than two decades. Five of his plays received best play award of the year given by [[Maharashtra]] State Government. In 1966, Kanetkar received a Filmfare Award for Best Story for the Hindi movie Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool, which was an adaptation of [[Ashroonchi Zhali Phule]]. Kanetkar received a [[Padma Shri]] award in 1992 for his literary accomplishments.

==List of plays==
The following is a partial list of Kanetkar's plays:
* ''Devanche Manorajya'' (देवांचे मनोराज्य)
* ''Mala kahi Sangaychay!'' (मला काही सांगायचंय)
* ''Beiman'' (बेइमान)
* ''Vedyache Ghar Unhat'' (वेड्याचे घर ऊन्हात)
* ''Prema, Tujha Ranga Kasa?'' (प्रेमा, तुझा रंग कसा?)
* ''[[Ashroonchi Zhali Phule]]'' (अश्रूंची झाली फुले)
* ''Raigadala Jewha Jag Yete'' (रायगडाला जेंव्हा जाग येते)
* ''Himalayachi Sawali'' (हिमालयाची सावली)
* ''Wishawrukshachi Chhaya'' (विषवृक्षाची छाया)
* ''[[Lekure Udanda Jahali]]'' (लेकुरे उदंड जाहली)
* ''Premachya Gawa Jawe'' (प्रेमाच्या गावा जावे)
* ''Jithe Gawatas Bhale Phutatat''(जिथे गवतास भाले फुटतात)
* ''Suryachi Pille''(सूर्याची पिल्ले)
* ''Ithe Oshalala Mrutyu'' (इथे ओशाळला मृत्यु)
* ''Matsyagandha'' (मत्स्यगंधा)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eventshigh.com/detail/pune/de23f9b6efef6596cfaff8154ec98c36-sangeet-matsyagandha-marathi-sangeet-natak | title=Matsyagandha | access-date=10 May 2018 | archive-date=30 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630105610/https://www.eventshigh.com/detail/pune/de23f9b6efef6596cfaff8154ec98c36-sangeet-matsyagandha-marathi-sangeet-natak | url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* ''Akhercha sawal'' (अखेरचा सवाल)
* ''Rang Umalatya Manache'' (रंग उमलत्या मनाचे )
* ''Kasturimrug'' (कस्तुरीमृग )
* ''Choo Mantar'' (छू मंतर!)
* ''Fakta Ekach Karan'' (फक्त एकच कारण )
* ''Garudzep'' (गरुडझेप) (कादंबरीकार रणजीत देसाई यांच्याबरोबर)
* ''Mira Madhura'' (मीरा मधुरा)
* ''Nal Damayanti'' (नल दमयंती)
* ''Mansala Dankha Maticha'' (माणसाला डंख मातीचा)
* ''Ek Roop-Anek Rang'' (एक रूप -अनेक रंग)
* ''Wadal Mansalataya'' (वादळ माणसाळतंय)
* ''Madanbadha'' (मदनबाधा)
* ''Sonchapha'' (सोनचाफा)
* ''Aakasmithi'' (आकाशमिठी)
* ''Sukha Pahata'' (सुख पाहता)
* ''Tuza Tu Wadhavi Raja'' (तुझा तू वाढवी राजा )
* ''Mala Kahi Sangayachaya '' (मला काही सांगायचय)
* ''Ithe Oshalala Mrityu'' (इथे ओशाळला मृत्यू)
* ''Gharat Phulala Parijat'' (घरात फुलला पारिजात)
* ''Goshta Janmantarichi'' (गोष्ट जन्मांतरीची)
* ''Gaath Aahe Mazyashi'' (गाठ आहे माझ्याशी)
* ''Kadhitari Kothetari'' (कधीतरी कोठेतरी)
* ''Pankhana Odh Pawalanchi'' (पंखांना ओढ पावलांची)
* ''Gaganbhedi'' (गगनभेदी)

One Act Plays

* '' Vyasancha Kayakalpa'' (व्यासांचा कायाकल्प)
* '' Gad Gela Pan Sinha Jaga Zala'' (गड गेला पण सिंह जागा झाला)
* '' Anandibai Anibani Puka Ratat'' (आनंंदीबाई आणीबाणी पुकारतात)
* '' Madrashine Kela Marathi'' (मद्राशीने केला मराठी भ्रतार)
* '' Zende-Patil Maqhavidyalayat'' (झेंडे पाटील महाविद्यालयात)
* '' Divyasamor Andher'' (दिव्यासमोर अंधार)

Kanetkar's plays covered a wide range of subject matters. His favorite subject matters were the life of warrior-king [[Shivaji]] from Maharashtra, the cultural reformation in late nineteenth-century Maharashtra, human relationships, and the decline of morality in post-independence India.

==List of Novels==
Kanetkar wrote four novels.

* ''Ghar'' (घर)
* ''Pankha'' (पंख)
* ''Porka'' (पोरका)
* ''Tethe Chal Raani'' (तेथे चल राणी) (Translation of Jean-Paul Sartre's "Les Jeux Sont Faites")

==Recognition==
In 1970, Kanetkar received a Filmfare Award for Best Story for the [[Hindi]] movie ''[[Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool]]'', the story having been an adaptation of his Marathi play ''Ashrunchi Jhali Phule''.

He presided over [[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]] in 1988.

Kanetkar received a [[Padma Shri]] award in 1992 for his literary accomplishments.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Marathi Theatre}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanetkar, Vasant Shankar}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]