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Bhandara (Hinduism)

2026-05-05T01:03:43Z

Prithoknnoman:

{{Short description|Free of cost meal service to the devotees}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2025}}
}}

[[File:Derek Blackadder India 2005 (28120013).jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Indian Bhandara Food Distribution.jpg|thumb]]

'''Bhandara''' service in [[Hinduism]] is a free communal meal, served to the devotees present in the Temple. Food is prepared and served to devotees waiting in short distance to the Temple. Bhandara, a festive occasion as a part of thanksgiving the lord and service to people in Hinduism.<ref>[http://theindianawaaz.com/govt-launches-seva-bhoj-yojnato-give-gst-rebate-on-langar-prasad-bhandara/ Rebates for bhandara] The Indian Awaaz</ref>

== History ==
Bhandara is also the name of a district in [[Maharashtra]] which is also known as the “Rice bowl of the country”. Practicing Bhandara is mostly done by rich people, as welfare service to the God after thanksgiving. It also can be organized by any individual (referred to as the Yajamana) who wishes to thank the Lord. In Hinduism, after performing the holy rituals and community worshipping the almighty, the Yajamana serves food to the poor and the needy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=God's Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place|last=James|first=Lochtefeld|publisher=oxford university press|year=2010|isbn=|location=New york|pages=114}}</ref>

The Indian government has introduced a scheme known as ‘'Seva Bhoj Yojna’' to reimburse the government share of the Central Goods and Services Tax and the Integrated Goods and Service Tax for purchases by religious institutions of certain products for providing free meals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apply for seva bhoj yojana |url=https://services.india.gov.in/service/detail/apply-for-seva-bhoj-yojana}}</ref> The scheme covers the raw ingredients of meals and is expected to cost a total of Rs. 325.00 Crores in the 2018/2019 fiscal year. To qualify, an institution will need to serve food free of charge to over 5000 people in the year.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/economy/110717/food-supplied-by-religious-places-exempted-from-gst-finance-min.html Food supplied by religious places exempted from GST finance] Deccan Chronicle</ref>

==Initiatives==

===Satlok Ashram===
Satlok Ashram, lead by Sant Rampal Ji, is a spiritual leader who organizes large-scale Bhandaras at Satlok Ashrams located across India. These Bhandaras often coincide with major religious programs such as Divya Dharma Yagya Diwas, Kabir Prakat Diwas, and the Avataran Diwas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Events |url=https://www.jagatgururampalji.org/en/events/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Jagat Guru Rampal Ji |language=en}}</ref> In addition to meal distribution, these events frequently include social welfare activities such as blood donation camps, anti-addiction drives, and dowry-free marriages. The emphasis lies on spiritual upliftment alongside community service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Events |url=https://www.jagatgururampalji.org/en/events/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Jagat Guru Rampal Ji |language=en}}</ref>

===Akshaya Patra Foundation===
Akshaya Patra is a leading NGO that operates one of the world's largest [[Mid-Day|mid-day]] meal programs aimed at feeding school children. It also hosts large Bhandaras during religious festivals and pilgrimages such as the Maha Kumbh, serving millions of free meals with a focus on hygiene and nutritional quality.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau, The Hindu |first= |date=2024-04-05 |title=Akshaya Patra’s 4 billion meals milestone commemorated at the UN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/akshaya-patras-4-billion-meals-milestone-commemorated-at-the-un/article68028936.ece |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===ISKCON===
The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) regularly organizes Bhandaras in their temples across India and worldwide. Their Food for Life program extends free meal distribution to communities in need, especially during religious festivals and community events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food for Life – ISKCON Donation |url=https://iskcondonation.com/food-for-life/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Radha Soami Satsang Beas (RSSB)===
RSSB conducts langars and Bhandaras at their satsang centers and during large devotional gatherings. Their community kitchens emphasize unity and egalitarianism, serving vegetarian meals to devotees irrespective of social or religious distinctions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spreading the message of love and service - RSSB Newspaper Articles |url=https://rssb.org/news10.html |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Radha Soami Satsang Beas |language=en}}</ref>

===Other Religious Organizations===
Local charitable trusts and religious akharas also host community kitchens during spiritual fairs and auspicious occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Aaradhna |date=January 3, 2025 |title=Maha Kumbh 2025 |url=https://ndtv.in/food/maha-kumbh-2025-bhandara-for-free-with-unique-name-dal-ram-lanka-ram-and-patal-mewa-7389165}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Prasada|Prasāda]]
*[[Langar (Sikhism)]]
*[[Langar (Sufism)]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu practices]]
[[Category:Hindu culture]]

U. V. Swaminatha Iyer

2026-05-03T23:57:26Z

Prithoknnoman:

{{Short description|Tamil scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{infobox person
| name = Mahamahopadhyaya U. V. Swaminatha Iyer
| image = File:U. V. Swaminatha Iyer.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_place = Sooriyamoolai, [[Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom]], [[Company rule in India|British India]] (now in [[Thanjavur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1855|2|19}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1942|4|28|1855|2|19}}
| death_place = [[Tirukalukundram]], [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput District]], [[Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Chengalpattu District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| occupation = scholar, researcher
}}
'''U.V. Swaminatha Iyer''' (19 February 1855 – 28 April 1942) was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] scholar and researcher who was instrumental in bringing many long-forgotten works of [[classical Tamil literature]] to light. His singular efforts over five decades brought to light major literary works in Tamil and contributed vastly to the enrichment of its literary heritage.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref> Iyer published over 90 books in his lifetime, on a variety of matters connected to classical Tamil literature, and collected over 3,000 paper manuscripts, [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s and notes of various kinds.

He is affectionately called ''Tamil Thatha'' (literally, "Tamil grandfather").<ref>{{cite book |title=Tamil Thatha (U.V. Swaminatha Iyer) |author=Ki. Va. Jagannathan | publisher=Sahitya Academy |year=1983 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Swaminatha Iyer was born in [[Tamil Brahmin|Tamil-speaking Brahmin]] family on 19 February 1855 in the village of Suriyamoolai and grew up in Uthamadhanapuram, near [[Kumbakonam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. In his early years, he studied Tiruvilaiyadal Puranam, Kamba Ramayanam, Tamil Grammar - Nanool. He got married in 1868. Between 1870 and 1875, he trained under the great Tamil scholar [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]], gaining expertise on various Tamil medieval texts.

==Academic career==
In 1880, Swaminatha Iyer became a Tamil professor at the [[Government Arts College, Kumbakonam]]. He also took classes in [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam|Thiruvaduthurai Saiva mutt]]. During his tenure at the college, Swaminatha Iyer met [[Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar]], a civil munsif who had been recently transferred to Kumbakonam. Mudaliar gave Iyer a text named Chintamani and wanted to learn about it. This not only transformed Iyer's life but also marked the beginning of his lifelong mission to rediscover, edit, and publish ancient Tamil literary works, thereby preserving and revitalizing Tamil literature for future generations.

Later in 1903, he became a Tamil teacher in [[Pachaiyappa's College|Pachaiyappa's College]] in Chennai and continued until his retirement in 1919.

==Ancient Tamil Literary recovery==
[[File:U. V. Swaminatha Iyer studying palm-leaf manuscripts.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Iyer studying palm leaf manuscripts]]

When Iyer read the opening verses of the Chintamani, he found the stanzas praised a god, as was customary, but intriguingly did not mention any specific deity. The text also contained [[Nachinarkiniyar]]'s commentary. To interpret the epic accurately, Iyer realized he needed a deeper understanding of [[Jain]] traditions. He sought the guidance of Chandranatha Chettiar and other Tamil Jains and studied the epic with them regularly. He also encountered discrepancies between two existing copies of the text. Determined to resolve these inconsistencies, he searched for palm-leaf manuscripts across Tamil Nadu and meticulously compared them.

During this time, [[C. W. Thamotharampillai|Thamodharam Pillai]] visited Iyer and showed his interest in publishing Chintamani. Pillai had experience publishing few morks in Chennai and had contacts for sponsorship. However, Pillai had not looked into Chinthamani, while Iyer worked extensively on it. Iyer continued his work and after seven years of dedicated effort, in 1887, he published the complete works of '' [[Seevaga Sindhamani|Jeevaka Chintamani]]'' along with his notes.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Dennis |title=The Responses of Tamils to Their Study by Westerners 1608-1908, Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 13 : No. 13, Article 14. |year=1985 |pages=192–193}}</ref>

Swaminatha Iyer then turned his attention to [[Culamani|Soolamani]], another Jain text, with the intention of editing and publishing it. Although he worked on the text, he did not publish as Thamodharampillai was working on it.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref>

He subsequently focused on [[Ten Idylls|Pattupattu]], but initially, he did not have access to the actual poems. Instead, he obtained scattered and disordered notes related to the text. Determined to reconstruct the Pattupattu, Iyer traveled extensively across Tamil Nadu, collecting materials related to the work. In 1888, after thorough research and editing, he successfully published Pattupattu in 1889.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref>

In 1890, while searching for copies of [[Cilappatikaram|Silapathikaaram]], Iyer discovered additional Pattupattu manuscripts, which he used to produce a revised edition of the text. Alongside the Silapathikaram manuscripts, he also acquired Arumbada Urai (commentaries) and notes by Adiyaarku Nallar. He was particularly impressed by the rich content in Silapathikaram related to music and drama. To enhance his understanding of the musical references, he delved into texts such as Kachapuda Venba, Thaala Samudram, and Suddhantha Prasadham. During his travels, Iyer also discovered Purananuru manuscripts at the home of a Kavirayar in Mithilaipatti. Over the course of visiting more than fifty locations, he meticulously gathered materials and insights. Finally, in 1891, he published Silapathikaram.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref>

In 1892, Swaminatha Iyer began his research on [[Purananuru]], an anthology composed by various poets. Some of these poets had also authored other works, prompting Iyer to study those poems to better understand their writing styles and themes. Many Purananuru poems were incomplete, with missing introductions, middle sections, or concluding parts. While researching, Iyer observed that some Purananuru poems were referenced in Tholkappiyam's Porul Athikaaram, which provided additional insights. He also gathered historical and geographical information related to figures like [[Athiyamān|Athiyamaan]] and [[Karikala|Karikal Valavan]] and locations such as Venni. In 1894, after extensive research and reconstruction, Iyer published Purananuru. Along with the text, he included notes on various countries, regions, mountains, rivers, and historical figures mentioned in the poems, offering a broader context to readers.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref>

Swaminatha Iyer next turned his attention to [[Manimekalai]]. He first learned that it was a Buddhist text from Rangachari, a professor at Kumbakonam College. He observed that most Buddhist texts were written in Pali or English, with very few available in Tamil. Unlike the Jains he had previously consulted, Iyer could not find Tamil Buddhists in Tamil Nadu to assist him. Instead, Rangachari, who had studied English translations of Buddhist texts, discussed them extensively with Iyer. In addition, Iyer sought the guidance of notable scholars such as G.U. Pope and Colombo Kumarasamy Mudaliar, from whom he collected information. After meticulously referring to 59 Tamil texts and 29 texts in North Indian languages, Iyer published Manimekalai in 1898, marking another milestone in his efforts to revive ancient Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref>

He continued his research on ancient Tamil literature editing, adding fine and detailed commentaries and publishing:<ref>{{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |year=1973 |isbn=9004035915 }}</ref>
* [[Ainkurunuru]] in 1903 and revised it in 1920
*[[Patiṟṟuppattu]] in 1904
*[[Paripāṭal|Paripaatal]] in 1918
*[[Purananuru]] first in 1923 and revised in 1935 and 1936
*[[Kuṟuntokai]] in 1937

Swaminatha Iyer's research and publications were primarily supported by [[Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar]], [[Pandithurai Thevar]], Zamindhar of [[Palavanatham]], and few others.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref>

==Contributions to Tamil music==
[[File:U. V. Swaminatha Iyer in Saiva garb.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Swaminatha Ayyar]]
Another significant contribution made by Swaminatha Iyer is in the realm of Tamil [[Carnatic music|music]]. Until Swaminatha Iyer published the [[Cilappatikaram]], [[Pattupattu]] and [[Ettuthokai]], music was a grey area in Tamil research. During the previous four centuries, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]] dominated the music scene in [[Tamil Nadu]] in the absence of any valuable information on Tamil music. Swaminatha Iyer's publications threw light on the presence of Tamil music in the earlier centuries and paved the way for serious research on the subject. As the son of a famous musician of his time, Swaminatha Iyer learnt music from [[Gopalakrishna Bharathi]], a musical exponent and the author of ''Nandan Sarithiram''.

==His autobiography==
Swaminatha Iyer published his autobiography, ''En Sarithiram'', serialised in the Tamil weekly [[Ananda Vikatan]], from January 1940 to May 1942. It was later published as a book in 1950.<ref>{{cite book |title=En Sarithiram |author=Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer |isbn=978-81-8476-462-8 }}</ref> Running into 762 pages, the book is an excellent account of the life and times of villages, especially in the Thanjavur district in the late 19th century. The Tamil is simple and peppered with many observations on people as well as descriptions of school life, life in monasteries (Mutts). The book also reveals the enormous perseverance of U V Swaminatha Iyer in his quest to master Tamil and save manuscripts.

== Style of writing ==

Dr. U. V. Swaminatha Iyer showed deep respect for the original texts, preserving the language as it was used in the classical and medieval periods, including Sanskritized terms where they naturally appeared. He reflected the historical and cultural context of the texts he worked on, bridging Tamil and Sanskrit traditions without bias. His focus was on preserving and explaining the literary, historical, and cultural essence of Tamil texts, irrespective of their linguistic influences.

<blockquote>
The discovery of the oldest Tamil literary works will always be connected with the name of a research scholar in literature and a great cultural historian, Dr. U. V. Swaminatha Iyer, who edited, towards the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the 20th centuries, in quick succession a considerable number of classical works of Tamil literature. He thus became one of the foremost representatives of the so-called Tamil Renaissance.<ref>{{cite book |title=Introducing Tamil Literature |author=Kamil Zvelebil |publisher=Hoe & Co |year=1968 |page=1}}</ref>

- [[Kamil Zvelebil]]
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
In the recovery and publishing of ancient Tamil literature, a noted man of Tamil letters has written, [[Arumuka Navalar|Arumuga Navalar]] broke the ground and [[C. W. Thamotharampillai|Damodharam Pillai]] built the walls. But the person who put on the roof and made the work into a temple was U. V. Swaminatha Iyer.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Responses of Tamils to Their Study by Westerners 1608–1908 |author=Dennis Hudson |year=1985 |page=13}}</ref>
</blockquote>

==Legacy and honours==
[[File:U. V. Swaminatha Iyer statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of U. V. Swaminatha Iyer in the campus of [[Presidency College, Chennai]]]]

Besides writing his autobiography, U. V. Swaminatha Iyer also authored a two-volume biography of his tutor, [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]]. Additionally, he wrote the biographies of Vidwan Thiagaraja Chettiar, [[Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer]], and [[Gopalakrishna Bharati]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Tamil Thatha (U.V. Saminatha Iyer) |author=Ki. Va. Jagannathan | publisher=Sahitya Academy |year=1983 }}</ref>

Dr U.V. Swaminatha Iyer along with [[C. W. Thamotharampillai|C.W. Damodharam Pillai]] was responsible for the rediscovery of old classical heritage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |year=1973 |isbn=9004035915 |page=283 }}</ref>

In 1906, U.V. Swaminatha Iyer was honored with the title '''Mahamahopadhyaya'''. (Tamil: மகாமகோபாத்தியாயர், Sanskrit: महामहोपाध्याय)

In 1917, he was honored with the title '''Dravida Vidya Bhoosanam'''. (Tamil: திராவிட வித்தியா பூஷணம்)

In 1925, he was honored with the title '''Dakshinathiya Kalanidhi'''. (Tamil: தாக்‌ஷிணாத்திய கலாநிதி)

In 1932, Madras University honored him with a '''PhD'''.

After Iyer's death, his son, KalyanaSundara Iyer approached Adyar Brahma Gnana Sabha in Chennai and donated thousands of books and palm leaf manuscripts, and several thousands of letters written by eminent scholars and researchers to Iyer. The sabha started the Mahamahobadhyaya Dr.U.Ve.Swaminatha Iyer Library in 1943 and preserve these materials.<ref>Library preserving his original research, https://uvesalibrary.org/</ref>

Tamil poet and nationalist [[Subramania Bharati]], who inspired the freedom movement with his songs, admired Swaminatha Iyer. Paying tribute to Swaminatha Iyer in one of his poems, Bharati equated Iyer with the sage, [[Agastya]] when he called him ''Kumbamuni''. He said, "So long as Tamil lives, poets will venerate you and pay obeisance to you. You will ever shine as an immortal."<ref>S. Viswanathan, https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2205/stories/20050311001909700.htm{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, "The patriarch of Tamil", ''Frontline, Vol. 22, Issue 5'', 26 February – 11 March 2005</ref>

The meeting of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and the grand old man of Tamil literature in 1926 in Chennai was a historic moment. Not only did Tagore call on Swaminatha Iyer, but also penned a poem in praise of his efforts to salvage ancient classical Tamil literary works from palm leaf manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasiah |first=K. R. A. |title=Tagore's ode hailed Tamil savant |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tagores-ode-hailed-tamil-savant/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Ki. Va. Jagannathan]], also known as Ki.Va.Ja, was a student of Swaminatha Iyer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0544_01.html En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 1)]
* [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0544_02.html En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 2)]
* [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0548_01.html En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 3)]
* [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0548_02.html En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 4)]
* [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0556.html En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 5)]
* [https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0725.html Tamil Thatha U.V. Swaminatha Iyer by Ki. Va. Jagannathan in Tamil]
* Viswanathan, S., The patriarch of Tamil, Frontline Volume 22 – Issue 05, 26 Feb – 11 March 2005
* Pradeep Chakravarthy's article on "The Hindu" – Grand Old Man of Tamizh [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/grand-old-man-of-thamizh/article4414682.ece?homepage=true Grand Old Man of Tamizh – Article on "The Hindu"]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, U. V. Swaminatha}}
[[Category:1855 births|Swaminatha Iyer, U.V.]]
[[Category:1942 deaths|Swaminatha Iyer, U.V.]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers|Swaminatha Iyer, U.V.]]
[[Category:Linguists of Tamil]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Annamalai University]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Manmohan (judge)

2026-04-25T04:00:02Z

Prithoknnoman: Adding Some Pg Nd Citations

{{short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}



{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox Judge
| name = Manmohan
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image = Justice Manmohan.jpg
| term_start = 5 December 2024
| term_end =
| nominator = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office1 = 33rd [[Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| term_start1 = 29 September 2024
| term_end1 = 4 December 2024
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| term_start2 = 13 March 2008
| term_end2 = 28 September 2024 {{small|Acting CJ: 9 November 2023 – 28 September 2024}}
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|12|17|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Satish Chandra Sharma]]
| succeeded1 = {{ubl|[[Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya|D. K. Upadhyaya]]|[[Vibhu Bakhru]] (acting)}}
| appointer3 =
| parents = [[Jagmohan]] (Father)
}}
'''Manmohan Malhotra''' (born 17 December 1962) is an Indian judge. He is a [[judge]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He is a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre notifies appointment of Chief Justices for eight high courts |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/centre-notifies-appointment-of-chief-justices-for-eight-high-courts/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> He has also served as a [[judge]] of Delhi High Court from 2008 to 2024.

==Early life and education==
He is the son of [[Jagmohan]], who was a [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] and an [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] and [[Lieutenant Governor (India)|Lieutenant Governor]] in Delhi.<ref name="Naaz September 2024">{{cite web |last1=Naaz |first1=Fareha |title=Justice Manmohan: All you need to know about newly sworn-in Chief Justice of Delhi High Court |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/justice-manmohan-all-you-need-to-know-about-newly-sworn-in-chief-justice-of-delhi-high-court-11727667850376.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=30 September 2024}}</ref> He did undergraduate studies in [[Delhi University]] and got his law degree from Campus Law Centre.<ref name="Naaz September 2024"/>

==Legal matters==
He has overseen high profile legal matters as a judge including those involving the [[Dabhol Power Company]], the [[Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad]], the [[Claridge]]'s hotel, encroachment disputes at [[Fatehpur Sikri]], and legal matters relating to the Modi family.<ref name="KeyFacts">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/justice-manmohan-takes-oath-as-chief-justice-of-delhi-high-court-10-key-facts-about-him-11727612513392.html|title=Justice Manmohan takes oath as Chief Justice of Delhi High Court: 10 Key facts about him|publisher=[[Live Mint]]|date=29 September 2024|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>

Manmohan previously represented [[Ambuja Cements]] in a case involving sales tax disputes as an attorney in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/581180cc2713e179479d0009|title=Larsen & Toubro Ltd. v. D.L.F Industries Ltd.|date=2 August 2002|website=Case Mine|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Manmohan {{!}} East District Court, Delhi {{!}} India |url=https://eastdelhi.dcourts.gov.in/Judges/honble-mr-justice-manmohan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207201636/https://eastdelhi.dcourts.gov.in/Judges/honble-mr-justice-manmohan/ |archive-date=2024-12-07 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=East District Court, Delhi |language=en-US}}</ref>

Manmohan, alongside Justice [[Tushar Rao Gedela]], was part of a bench that dismissed an appeal on 3 July 2024, which sought the debarment of Prime Minister Narendra Modi from the [[Lok Sabha]]. The petitioner, Captain Deepak Kumar, who had been the pilot of the Air India flight in question, alleged that Modi was involved in a plot to cause a fatal air crash and accused him of anti-national activities. The court, however, raised concerns about the petitioner's mental health. Consequently, the court directed local authorities to monitor the petitioner under the provisions of the [[Mental Healthcare Act, 2017|Mental Health Act]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/are-you-well-delhi-hc-asks-man-seeking-to-debar-modi-from-lok-sabha/article68362949.ece/|title='Are you well?' Delhi HC asks man seeking to debar PM Modi from Lok Sabha|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 July 2024|access-date=10 November 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703142900/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/are-you-well-delhi-hc-asks-man-seeking-to-debar-modi-from-lok-sabha/article68362949.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 October 2024, a Delhi High Court bench, comprising Manmohan and Gedela, criticised a Wikipedia page dedicated to the defamation lawsuit filed by [[Asian News International]] (ANI) against the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (WMF). The page, titled ''[[Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation]]'', claimed that the court had threatened to block Wikipedia in India if certain editor identities were not disclosed, which the court found objectionable. The court warned that if the page was not removed, it might not hear Wikipedia's appeal. ANI contends that the page falsely characterised it as a [[Propaganda|state-sponsored propaganda outlet]] for the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) under [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]. However, the contested content was supported by multiple reliable and reputed sources.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-hc-slams-wikipedia-for-its-dedicated-page-on-the-ongoing-lawsuit-against-it-by-ani/article68753356.ece/|title=Delhi HC slams Wikipedia for its dedicated page on the ongoing lawsuit against it by ANI|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2024|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/ani-reports-government-version-truth |title=The Image Makers : How ANI Reports The Government's Version Of Truth |last=Donthi |first=Praveen |date=1 March 2019 |website=[[The Caravan]] |language=en |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 April 2025 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724155425/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/ani-reports-government-version-truth }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Abid |last2=Menon |first2=Shruti |date=10 December 2020 |title=The dead professor and the vast pro-India disinformation campaign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55232432 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112173402/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55232432 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |quote=The network was designed primarily to "discredit Pakistan internationally" and influence decision-making at the [[UN Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) and European Parliament, EU DisinfoLab said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=23 February 2023 |title=Modi Govt's Go-To News Agency ANI 'Quotes Geopolitical Experts, Think Tanks That Don't Exist': Report |url=https://thewire.in/media/ani-eu-disinfolab-bad-sources |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[The Wire (India)]] |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240212202409/https://thewire.in/media/ani-eu-disinfolab-bad-sources |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official site|https://newdelhi.dcourts.gov.in/Judges/honble-acting-chief-justice-sh-manmohan/}}

[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]

Virendra Chaudhary

2026-04-22T02:30:15Z

Prithoknnoman: starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Virendra Chaudhary
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pharenda (Assembly constituency)|Pharenda]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]
| term_end =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| education = B.E. (Civil)
| alma_mater = Sidda Ganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka.
| website =
| footnotes =
| occupation = Agriculture, Politician
| source = https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4055
}}
'''Virendra Chaudhary''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] representing [[Pharenda (Assembly constituency)|Pharenda]] constituency of [[Maharajganj district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharenda Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Virendra Chaudhary of Congress Wins |work= CNN NEWS18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pharenda-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852103.html|date=11 Mar 2022|access-date=19 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aradhana Mishra, Virendra Chaudhary only Congress winners in UP amid rout |work= Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/aradhana-mishra-virendra-chaudhary-only-congress-winners-in-up-amid-rout-7813975/|date=10 Mar 2022|access-date=19 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh 2022 |work= myneta.info |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4055|access-date=19 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral Performances ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
!Ref
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] 
|[[Pharenda Assembly constituency|Pharenda]]
|{{Won}}
|85,181
|40.28%
|1,246
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharenda Assembly Constituency Election Result |work= Result University |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/pharenda-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency|access-date=19 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Virendra}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala

2026-04-21T22:42:57Z

Prithoknnoman: starting a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala
| office3 = Working President [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| parents =
| spouse = Anjali Singh
| website =
| mother = Gurbachan Kaur
| father = S. Sardul Singh Bandala
| children = 2 Daughters
| other_party =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start3 = 2021
| predecessor2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| office2 = Vice President Punjab Youth Congress
| term2 = 2005 - 2014
| constituency = [[Jandiala Assembly constituency|Jandiala]]
| office = Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| predecessor = [[Baljit Singh Jalal Usma]]
| term_end = 2022
| successor = [[Harbhajan Singh ETO]]
| image =
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]]
| profession = Agriculture
}}

'''Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as a member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Jandiala Assembly constituency]] from 2017-2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/176 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Jandiala (sc) (Punjab) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jandiala-sc-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810080/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is the son of Former Cabinet Minister, Sardul Singh Bandala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Majha: Young face to take up demands of Dalits in Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/young-face-to-take-up-demands-of-dalits-in-state-286405 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Singh started his political career with [[Indian National Congress]]. He remained Vice President of [[Indian Youth Congress|Punjab Youth Congress]] from 2005 to 2014. He contested the [[Lok Sabha]] Parliamentary seat from [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] in 2009. He is currently serving as the working President of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Dec 14, 2021 |title=punjab: Punjab: Sonia Gandhi's go-ahead to Congress's election committee {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-sonia-gandhis-go-ahead-to-congresss-election-committee/articleshow/88267686.cms |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Vidhan Sabha]] in 2017, from the [[Jandiala Assembly constituency|Jandiala]] constituency. He defeated Dalbir Singh of [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] by more than 18000 votes in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=SAD's move to change candidate in Jandiala may cost party dear |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/sads-move-to-change-candidate-in-jandiala-may-cost-party-dear-366573 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danny, Sukhwinder Singh}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar district]]

{{PunjabIN-INC-politician-stub}}

S. Venugopal

2026-04-21T02:56:54Z

Prithoknnoman: adding a stub initial version

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Venugopal
| native_name = ச. வேணுகோபால்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|1|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|4|7|1938|1|18|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1989
| predecessor1 = V. Rajasekaran
| successor1 = [[S. P. Sarguna Pandian]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Agriculturist
| footnotes =
}}

'''S. Venugopal''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from the Port area of [[Cuddalore district]]. Representing the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he contested and won the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency]] to become a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1985. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். திசம்பர் 1985. p. 694-696.</ref>

==Death==
Venugopal passed away on April 7, 2024.<ref>https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/debates/pdfdocs/112-200624.pdf</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Venugopal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,334 |percentage=50.71% |change=+2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Sarguna Pandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,483 |percentage=47.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,851 |percentage=3.59% |change= -4.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=107,147 |percentage=67.01% |change= 4.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,902 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venugopal, S.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]

Narsing Bhatra

2026-04-20T05:42:06Z

Prithoknnoman: Adding New Post Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narsing Bhatra
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jharigam Assembly constituency|Jharigam]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Prakash Chandra Majhi
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Narsing Bhatra''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jharigam Assembly constituency|Jharigam]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Narsing Bhatra Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=121 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jharigam Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Narsing Bhatra of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jharigam-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916898.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatra, Narsing}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Amandeep Kaur Arora

2026-04-18T21:00:09Z

Prithoknnoman: Created a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amandeep Kaur Arora
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| assembly = Punjab Legislative
| constituency_AM = [[Moga Assembly constituency|Moga]] 
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Harjot Kamal Singh]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
}}
'''Amandeep Kaur Arora''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[Moga Assembly constituency]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjab-elections-result-2022-sonu-sood-s-sister-malvika-sood-trailing-in-moga-congress-amandeep-kaur-arora-aap-2938919 | title=Punjab Elections Result 2022: Sonu Sood's sister Malvika Sood loses from Moga | publisher=DNA India | date=10 March 2022 | accessdate=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/firsttime-highly-qualified-women-candidates-hit-the-ground-running-in-south-malwa-belt-101644695928125.html | title=First-time, highly qualified women candidates hit the ground running in south Malwa belt | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=13 February 2022 | accessdate=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Chosen 12 March 2022">{{cite news|last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=The Chosen 13: 'Padwoman', Moga's doctor among Punjab's women MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-elections-results-aap-victory-congress-sad-candidates-7816401/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
She represents the [[Moga Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]]<ref name="Committee on Local Bodies">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514033512/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions]]<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Moga Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Moga Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Amandeep Kaur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Taj Mohiuddin

2026-04-18T17:23:40Z

Prithoknnoman: starting page

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Taj Mohiuddin
| caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1945}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| office = Treasurer of the [[Democratic Azad Party]]
| children =
| term_start = 2022
| term_end = 2025
| governor =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| 2blankname =
| 2namedata =
| predecessor = ''Post-Established''
| successor =
| constituency =
| office1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2022
| constituency1 = [[Uri Assembly constituency|Uri]]
| governor1 =
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| 2blankname1 =
| 2namedata1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2022, 2025 - present)
| other_party = [[Democratic Azad Party]] (2022 - 2025)
| awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Taj Mohiuddin''' (born 1945, also '''Taj Mohi-ud-din''') is a politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and member of [[Democratic Azad Party]]. On 3 October 2022, Din was appointed as Treasurer for [[Democratic Azad Party]]. Din was the member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[Uri Assembly constituency]] during 2002-2008 and 2008-2014 as [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. He lost from the seat in 2024 as an independent candidate.

==Political career==
Taj Mohiuddin joined [[Indian National Congress]] in 1986. Despite being a resident of [[Jammu region]], Din started his political career from [[Uri Assembly constituency|Uri]].<ref name="taj-express"/>

Prior to [[Mohyeddin|Mohiuddin]]'s victory over in 2002 from the constituency, [[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]], a former [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] leader, held the Assembly seat in [[Uri Assembly constituency]] for more than three decades. In the [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008 Assembly election]], he won once more. Shafi regained the seat in 2014, although [[Mohyeddin|Mohiuddin]] had already established himself as a significant figure in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] by that point.<ref name="taj-express">{{Cite news|last =Masood|first=Bashaarat|title=Newsmaker {{!}} Taj Mohiuddin, the leader whose entry could open Kashmir doors for Ghulam Nabi Azad|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/newsmaker-taj-mohiuddin-leader-entry-open-kashmir-doors-ghulam-nabi-azad-8119013/lite/|date=29 August 2022|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

On 30 August 2022, he resigned from Congress in support of [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=64 Jammu and Kashmir Congress leaders quit party in support of Ghulam Nabi Azad|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/over-50-jammu-and-kashmir-congress-leaders-quit-party-in-support-of-ghulam-nabi-azad/article65829115.ece/|date=30 August 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref>

On 3 October 2022, Din was appointed as Treasurer for [[Democratic Azad Party]].<ref name="office-3oct">{{Cite news|title=Azad appoints two ex-ministers as "office bearers" for DAP|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2022/10/03/azad-appoints-two-ex-ministers-as-office-bearers-for-dap/|date=3 October 2022|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}
</ref>

He lost in 2024 from [[Uri Assembly constituency]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohiuddin, Taj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:People from Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Shashi Ranjan Kumar

2026-04-14T22:07:47Z

Prithoknnoman: starting biography

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shashi Ranjan Kumar
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|12|04}}
| birth_place = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India
| education = [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] ([[Electrical engineering]])
| occupation = Civil servant
| office = Secretary, [[Union Public Service Commission]]
| term_start =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| rank =
| known_for =
}}
'''Shashi Ranjan Kumar''' (born 4 December 1968)<ref>{{cite news |title=Shashi Ranjan Kumar Birthdate |url=https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Tele-Dir-Engl-150525.pdf |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]]}}</ref> is an [[India]]n civil servant and author.<ref>{{cite news |title=At book launch, UPSC secy calls for a balanced reading of past |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/the-decline-of-hindu-civilization-upsc-secy-shashi-ranjan-kumar-history-10473865/lite/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> He is currently serving as the Secretary of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC), [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title= IAS Shashi Ranjan Kumar Becomes Secretary Of UPSC |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/ias-shashi-ranjan-kumar-becomes-secretary-of-upsc-490392 |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[Businessworld]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Recalling a lost inheritance: Tracing India's intellectual amnesia in Shashi Ranjan Kumar's 'The Decline of Hindu Civilisation' |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2026/01/11/recalling-a-lost-inheritance-tracing-the-long-shadow-of-india-s-intellectual-amnesia-in-shashi-ranjan-kumar-s-the-decline-of-hindu-civilisation.amp.html |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Kumar was born on 4 December 1968 in the [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. He received his early education in village schools. He later earned a [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree in [[Electrical engineering]] and joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) in 1992, being allotted to the [[Tripura|Tripura cadre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shashi Ranjan Kumar IAS Biography - IPSDetails.com |url=https://ipsdetails.com/shashi-ranjan-kumar-ias-biography/ |access-date=24 February 2026 |date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

==Career==

He is currently serving as the Secretary of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC), [[Government of India]].

==Published works==

* Samudra Tat Par<ref>{{cite news |title=samudra tat par |url=https://www.bookswagon.com/book/samudra-tat-par-shashi-ranjan/9788176671903 |access-date=24 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
* Mysteries of the Universe<ref>{{cite news |title=Mysteries of the Universe - Indian books and Periodicals |url=https://www.ibpbooks.in/mysteries-of-the-universe/p/38245 |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=www.ibpbooks.com |language=en}}</ref>
* The Decline of the Hindu Civilization: Lessons from the Past<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Hindu Civilisation Declined: Shocking Truths Revealed {{!}} Shashi Ranjan Kumar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/statesman-talk/why-hindu-civilisation-declined-shocking-truths-revealed-shashi-ranjan-kumar-1503540483.html/amp |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An unflinching autopsy of heritage |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/an-unflinching-autopsy-of-heritage |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[Daily Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Shashi Ranjan}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]

Chaitanya Sharma

2026-04-14T13:47:05Z

Prithoknnoman: created a bio

{{Promotional|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chaitanya Sharma
| image = Office of CS Wiki Profile Photo.png
| office = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1994}}
| term_start = 2022
| term_end = 2024
| office1 = Vice-President, BJYM (BJP Yuva Morcha), Himachal Pradesh
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| office2 = BJP Himachal Pradesh State Body Executive Committee (Karyakarini)
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| succeeded =
| predecessor =
| education = [[LLB]], [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Campus Law Centre, Delhi University]], [[George Washington University]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_place = [[Una district]], Himachal Pradesh
| constituency = [[Gagret Assembly constituency|Gagret]]
| other_party =
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = [[Rakesh Sharma (civil servant)|Rakesh Sharma]]
| relatives =
}}

'''Chaitanya Sharma''' (born 1994)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitanya Sharma(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GAGRET(UNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=184 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He was a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gagret Assembly constituency]] in [[Una district]]. He won the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and became one of the youngest MLAs in the [[14th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|Himachal Pradesh Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Neurosurgeon, U’khand ex-CS son among five first-time winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/neurosurgeon-u-khand-ex-cs-son-among-five-first-time-winners-101670530060667-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gagret Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: INC Candidate CHAITANYA SHARMA wins from Gagret , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/gagret-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-news-1568244 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-06-04 |title=Himachal Assembly bypoll results 2024: Congress wins 4 of 6 seats in Himachal Assembly bypolls, MLA strength reaches 38 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly/himachal-assembly-bypoll-results-2024/article68250698.ece |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chaitanya Sharma holding LL.B. from the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|University of Delhi]] (2021) and a double major in International Policy and Religion,<ref>{{cite web |title=Shimla News: चैतन्य के पिता राकेश शर्मा और निर्दलीय MLA आशीष पर दर्ज केस की जांच करेगी SIT, दोनों ने कही मानहानि केस की बात - SIT will investigate case registered against Chaitanya father Rakesh Sharma and independent MLA Ashish |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-sit-will-investigate-case-registered-against-chaitanya-father-rakesh-sharma-and-independent-mla-ashish-23672543.html |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitanya Sharma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GAGRET : BYE ELECTION ON 01-06-2024(UNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=491 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> complemented by academic and policy experience at The [[George Washington University]] and the [[World Bank Group]], Sharma combines global intellectual rigor with practical, grassroots engagement.<ref name="IE">{{cite web |title=Himachal’s youngest MLA Chaitanya Sharma speaks: Avenues for local jobs for youth need to be created |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/himachal-youngest-mla-chaitanya-sharma-speaks-local-jobs-for-youth-8317873/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=पिता पूर्व मुख्य सचिव, राम मंदिर प्राण प्रतिष्ठा में गए, US से पढ़ाई...कौन हैं कांग्रेस के सबसे युवा MLA रहे बागी चैतन्य शर्मा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/himachal-pradesh/shimla-himachal-political-crisis-who-is-youngest-congress-rebel-and-gagret-former-mla-chaitanya-sharma-sukhu-sarkaar-8112090.html |website=News18 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chaitanya Sharma won the Zila Parishad election from the Bhanjal ward of [[Gagret Assembly constituency]] in 2021, as an independent candidate. As a Zila Parishad member, he had started three training centres for uplifting of soft skills and computer skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=Didn’t have any ideology issue with BJP but Cong has vision: Himachal’s youngest MLA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-cong-himachal-pradesh-youngest-mla-congress-8320153/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="IE"/>

===Gagret===
In 2022, Chaitanya Sharma contested the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Gagret Assembly constituency]]. His win positioned him among the youngest legislators in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Chaitanya is the youngest and Shandil oldest candidate who won HP elections |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/himachal-pradesh/chaitanya-is-the-youngest-and-shandil-oldest-candidate-who-won-hp-elections/na20221208223421176176215 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chaitanya is the youngest and Shandil oldest candidate who won HP elections |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/himachal-pradesh/chaitanya-is-the-youngest-and-shandil-oldest-candidate-who-won-hp-elections/na20221208223421176176215 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |date=8 December 2022}}</ref> He polled 40,767 votes and won the election by a margin of 15,685 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gagret Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Chaitanya Sharma Of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/gagret-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562837.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Organisational Leadership with BJP===
Chaitanya Sharma joined [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Politics news {{!}} Voters first, then party: Himachal Congress ex-MLAs contesting assembly bypolls on BJP ticket |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/himachal-pradesh/voters-first-then-party-himachal-congress-ex-mlas-contesting-assembly-bypolls-on-bjp-ticket-3039816 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed on the Bhartiya Janata Party Himachal Pradesh State Body Executive Committee (Karyakarini).<ref>{{cite web |title=चैतन्य शर्मा बने भाजपा युवा मोर्चा के प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2025/10/chaitanya-sharma-became-the-state-vice-president-of-bjp-yuva-morcha/ |website=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref>

In October 2025, he has been appointed as the Vice President for BJYM (BJP Yuva Morcha) Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=चैतन्य शर्मा बने भाजपा युवा मोर्चा के प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2025/10/chaitanya-sharma-became-the-state-vice-president-of-bjp-yuva-morcha/ |website=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Sharma took many initiatives in the field of education, health services, and rural development. In January 2024, Chaitanya Sharma announced one year free bus and train services for Ayodhya Pilgrims.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhandari |first1=Rahul |title=MLA Chaitanya Sharma Announces One-Year Free Bus and Train Services for Ayodhya Pilgrims |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2024/01/mla-chaitanya-sharma-announces-one-year-free-bus-and-train-services-for-ayodhya-pilgrims/ |website=The News Himachal |date=23 January 2024}}</ref>

===Yuva Shakti Parakram (YSP)===
With the vision of reaching the masses, he started Yuva Shakti Parakram (YSP), a youth-led social organization active in [[Una district|Una]] and surrounding districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=“For a better future of the citizens of a region, roads and infrastructure are basic rights and needs,” says politician Chaitanya Sharma - News Live |url=https://newslivetv.com/for-a-better-future-of-the-citizens-of-a-region-roads-and-infrastructure-are-basic-rights-and-needs-says-politician-chaitanya-sharma/ |website=NewsliveTV |date=20 October 2022}}</ref> According to Divya Himachal, Sharma founded the organization to engage young people in regional development and civic activities, and also submitted public representations regarding railway connectivity and infrastructure development in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=दौलतपुर चौक तक चलाएं वंदे भारत ट्रेन, युवा शक्ति पराक्रम संस्था के संस्थापक चैतन्य शर्मा ने पीएम से मांगी राहत |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2022/10/run-vande-bharat-train-till-daulatpur-chowk-chaitanya-sharma-founder-of-yuva-shakti-parakram-sanstha-sought-relief-from-pm/ |website=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chaitanya Sharma: चैतन्य शर्मा ने विधायक पर साधा निशाना, कहा- सिर्फ शगुन देते हैं आर्थिक स्थिति नहीं सुधारते - Chaitanya Sharma said mla only give omens do not improve financial situation |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/una-chaitanya-sharma-said-mla-only-give-omens-do-not-improve-financial-situation-23181992.html |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The activities associated with Yuva Shakti Parakram have included village development efforts (Ujjwala Gram Shakti), skill development and employment-oriented programmes (Unnati Mein Shakti), health awareness initiatives (Swasthya Mein Shakti), women-focused programmes (Mahila Shakti Abhiyan), environmental activities (Prakriti Mein Shakti), social awareness campaigns (Parivartan Mein Shakti), and community service initiatives (Samajik Sewa Shakti).<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaitanya Sharma highlights how working for the youth today is of utmost importance in the country. |url=https://www.mid-day.com/amp/brand-media/article/chaitanya-sharma-highlights-how-working-for-the-youth-today-is-of-utmost-23251281 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Devesh |title=‘What went behind all this....’: HP Congress rebel MLA reveals why he voted for BJP's Harsh Mahajan in Rajya Sabha polls |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/himachal-pradesh-congress-crisis-bjp-lok-sabha-elections-2024-chaitanya-sharma-hp-rajya-sabha-11711186457798.html |website=mint |language=en |date=23 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=युवा शक्ति पराक्रम संस्था ने होनहारों को दी छात्रवृत्ति, चैतन्य शर्मा ने सैन्य जवानों को भी किया सम्मानित - Yuva Shakti Parakram Sanstha gave scholarship to the promising Chaitanya Sharma also honored the military personnel |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-yuva-shakti-parakram-sanstha-gave-scholarship-to-the-promising-chaitanya-sharma-also-honored-the-military-personnel-22984023.html |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

In March 2024, Amar Ujala reported that the Sharma with his team organized a Women’s Day program in Una district, where women were felicitated for their social contributions. He has also been involved in youth mobilization programs and social awareness campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Una News: चैतन्य शर्मा की युवा शक्ति पराक्रम टीम ने किया महिला दिवस पर सम्मानित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/una/chaitanya-sharmas-yuva-shakti-parakram-team-honored-on-womens-day-una-news-c-93-1-una1002-119240-2024-03-08 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Chaitanya}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Una district]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Dhenkanal Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:40Z

Prithoknnoman: created details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Dhenkanal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhenkanal
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 55
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Krushna Chandra Patra 2024.jpg
| mla = [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,71,942{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}
'''Dhenkanal''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303124541/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=55|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Dhenkanal (55) District : Dhenkanal |accessdate= 3 March 2014}}</ref> After 2008 delimitation, [[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]], Gondia block and 20 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Baladiabandha, Baliamba, Beltikiri, Bhaliabolkateni, Bhapur, Chandrasekhar Prasad, Dhirapatana, Gobindpur, Kaimati, Kakudibhag, Kankadahad, Kankadpal, Madhusahupatna, Mangalpur, Manipur, Nadiali, Nagiapasi, Sankarpur, [[Saptasajya]] and Talabarkote) of Dhenkanal block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp118.htm|title= 118 - Dhenkanal Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 3 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|52.57}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.92}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.39}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|35.28}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.17}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|34.59}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.61}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|47.49}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|64.09}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}|59.11}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|80.07}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections have been held till date. It was a 2 member constituency in 1957.

List of members elected from Dhenkanal constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Candidate>{{cite web|title= Dhenkanal Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/dhenkanal.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 2 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dhenkanal Assembly Election Results 2024: Dhenkanal Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/dhenkanal-constituency-result-18055 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Sudhir Kumar Samal]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|Saroj Kumar Samal
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Nabin Nanda]]
|{{full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Sudhir Kumar Samal]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Nabin Chandra Narayan Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Tathagata Satapathy]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Nandini Satpathy]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-04-29 |title=Orissa Assembly Election Results in 1977 |url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html |accessdate=2022-04-14 |publisher=Elections.in}}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Surendra Mohan Patnaik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Ratnaprava Devi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Kalia Dehuri
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|Shankar Pratap Singh Deo Mahendra Bahadur Raja
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Baisnab Charan Patnaik
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting was held on 25 May 2024 in the 3rd phase of the Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of the Indian General Election. The counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Krushna Chandra Patra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sudhir Kumar Samal]] by a margin of 20,439 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], [[Dhenkanal]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
|votes = 1,06,529
|percentage = 52.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sudhir Kumar Samal]]
|votes = 86,090
|percentage = 42.48
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Susmita Singh Deo
|votes = 4,630
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,983
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,439
|percentage = 10.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,02,637
|percentage = 74.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sudhir Kumar Samal]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Krushna Chandra Patra]] by a margin of 20,640 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhenkanal<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sudhir Kumar Samal]]
|votes = 89536
|percentage = 46.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
|votes = 68896
|percentage = 36.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nabin Nanda]]
|votes = 24788
|percentage = 12.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1265
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,640
|percentage = 10.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 190810
|percentage = 74.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Saroj Kumar Samal defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Krushna Chandra Patra]] by a margin of 3,294 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Dhenkanal<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Dhenkanal|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1855.htm?ac=55|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Dhenkanal (55)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=55|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529221832/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=55|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Samal
|votes = 69,083
|percentage = 39.39
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
|votes = 65,789
|percentage = 37.52
|change = {{up}}9.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sidheswari Prasad Mishra
|votes = 30,571
|percentage = 17.43
|change = {{down}}13.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,036
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,294
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,75,360
|percentage = 76.74
|change = 12.16
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,28,498
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate [[Nabin Nanda]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Sudhir Kumar Samal]] by a margin of 6,933 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=6933 |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Dhenkanal<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Nabin Nanda]]
|votes = 51,118
|percentage = 35.28
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sudhir Kumar Samal]]
|votes = 44,185
|percentage = 30.50
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
|votes = 41,032
|percentage = 28.32
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,933
|percentage = 4.79{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,914
|percentage = 64.58
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,24,399
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
| winner = Nationalist Congress Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dhenkanal district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.65|85.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Vivek Joshi

2026-04-13T22:50:43Z

Prithoknnoman: starting data

{{Short description|Election Commissioner of India}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vivek Joshi
| image = Vivek_Joshi_IAS_CEC.jpg
| office1 = [[Election Commissioner of India]]
| predecessor1 = [[Gyanesh Kumar]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 19 February 2025
| term_end1 =
| office2 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Haryana]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| 2blankname =
| 2namedata =
| governor2 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| predecessor2 = [[T. V. S. N. Prasad]]
| successor2 = Anurag Rastogi
| term_start2 = 1 November 2024
| term_end2 = 18 February 2025
| office3 = [[Personnel Secretary (India)|Personnel Secretary of India]]
| term_start3 = 19 August 2024
| term_end3 = 31 October 2024
| preceded3 = S. Radha Chauhan
| succeeded3 = Rachna Shah<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-25 |title=Government reshuffles senior IAS officers; Key changes in finance, textiles, education - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/government-reshuffles-senior-ias-officers-key-changes-in-finance-textiles-education-19529624.htm |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
| appointer3 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office4 = Financial Services Secretary of [[India]]
| term_start4 = 1 December 2022
| term_end4 = 18 August 2024
| preceded4 = [[Sanjay Malhotra]]
| succeeded4 = Nagaraju Maddirala
| office5 = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]
| term_start5 = 20 January 2019
| term_end5 = 31 October 2022
| preceded5 = Sailesh
| succeeded5 = Mritunjay Kumar Naraya
| education =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Roorkee]] [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade|IIFT]] [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|05|21|df=yes}}<ref name="DOB">{{cite news|url=http://web1.hry.nic.in/civillist/iias.aspx|title=HARYANA IAS OFFICERS GRADATION LIST|publisher=hry.nic.in|archive-date=2022-02-24|access-date=2024-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224112243/http://web1.hry.nic.in/civillist/iias.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Civil servant
}}

'''Vivek Joshi''' (born 21 May 1966<ref name="DOB"/>) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of 1989 batch from [[Haryana]] cadre who is serving as [[Election Commissioner of India]] since February 19, 2025.<ref name="x828">{{cite web |date=17 February 2025 |title=Who is Vivek Joshi, India's new election commissioner? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/who-is-vivek-joshi-indias-new-election-commissioner/articleshow/118337550.cms |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="y871">{{cite web |date=17 February 2025 |title=Who is Vivek Joshi? Newly appointed election commissioner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-vivek-joshi-newly-appointed-election-commissioner/articleshow/118337316.cms |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He previously served as the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Haryana|Haryana state]] from 1 November 2024 till 18 February 2025. Previously, he served as [[Personnel Secretary (India)|Personnel Secretary of India]] from 19 August 2024 till 31 October 2024. Before that, he served as Secretary of the Department of Financial Services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/secretary-1|title=Department of Financial Services, Government of India|publisher=financialservices.gov.in|language=english}}</ref><ref name="Info">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-effects-major-secretary-level-reshuffle/article68533725.ece#:~:text=Indian%20Administrative%20Service%20(IAS)%20official,Secretary%2C%20Department%20for%20Promotion%20of|title=
Centre approves senior-level bureaucratic reshuffle, appointments|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=english}}</ref>

==Early life==
Joshi was born on 21 May 1966 in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="DOB"/>

==Education==
Joshi received Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from [[IIT Roorkee]] and He then earned a postgraduate diploma in International Business from the [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade|IIFT]], New Delhi. afterwards He earned Degree of M.A and Ph.D both in Internal Economics from [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=MTUxNDE=&PageId=|title=Information of Vivek Joshi|publisher=supremo.nic.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Vivek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:University of Geneva alumni]]
[[Category:Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Kanna Ravi

2026-04-06T12:15:56Z

Prithoknnoman: Created Entry

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanna Ravi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|05|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma mater = [[Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research]]
| occupation = Producer
| years_active = 2018–present
}}

'''Kanna Ravi''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. After making his film debut in the Tamil film ''[[Veera (2018 film)|Veera]]'' (2018), he has been in films such as ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019), ''[[Rathasaatchi]]'' (2022) and ''[[Lover (2024 film)|Lover]]'' (2024).

==Career==
Kanna Ravi began his acting career in 2012, training under the guidance of [[Balu Mahendra]], and initially worked on a number of short films.<ref name="ce">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/dec/13/a-bloody-good-dawn-kanna-ravi-and-director-rafiq-ismails-interview-forrathasaatchi-37695.html|title=A bloody good dawn: Kanna Ravi and director Rafiq Ismail's interview for Rathasaatchi|website=[[Cinema Express]]|first=Navein|last=Darshan|date=13 December 2022|accessdate=31 March 2025}}</ref> Notably, he played the lead role in Dheeraj Vaidy's original pilot sort film ''Jil Jung Juk'', as well as a pivotal role in the web series ''Livin''. He made his film debut through ''[[Veera (2018 film)|Veera]]'' (2018), working alongside actor [[Kreshna]]. He was later seen in films including [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019) and [[Sri Ganesh]]'s ''[[Kuruthi Aattam]]'' (2022), where he worked alongside [[Atharvaa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-04 |title='Kuruthi Attam' actor Kanna Ravi on his co-star Atharvaa: He is an energetic actor - exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kuruthi-attam-actor-kanna-ravi-on-his-co-star-atharvaa-he-is-an-energetic-actor-exclusive/articleshow/93351967.cms |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He played his first role as the main protagonist in Rafiq Ismail's ''[[Rathasaatchi]]'' (2022), an action drama based on [[Jeyamohan]]'s short story ''Kaithigal''.<ref name="ce"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/this-story-of-jayamohan-sir-is-amazing-actor-kanna-ravi-leschi-854481|title=ஜெயமோகன் சாரின் இந்தக்கதை அட்டகாசமானது.. நடிகர் கண்ணா ரவி நெகிழ்ச்சி|date=9 December 2022|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2018 || ''[[Veera (2018 film)|Veera]]'' || Sura Murugan ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2018-02-16 |title='Veera' review: Sketch in, sketch out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/veera-review-sketch-in-sketch-out/article22775071.ece |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' || Ajas Ahmed (Sampath)||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2021 || ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]'' || Mathi ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022 || ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]'' || Maari ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruthi Aattam]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Rathasaatchi]]'' || Appu||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2024 || ''[[Lover (2024 film)|Lover]]'' || Madhan ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025 || ''[[Coolie]]'' || Arjun ||
|}

===Streaming television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''Livin'' || || rowspan="2"|[[YouTube]] || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2023-08-07 |title='Livin' the big league dream |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Aug/07/livin-the-big-league-dream-2602626.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021 || ''I Hate You I Love You: Chapter-1 : Alarm'' || Rahul ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Fingertip (season 2)|Fingertip]]'' || || [[Zee5]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Fingertip Season 2 review: How dangers lurk on the Internet and use of technology |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fingertip-season-2-review-how-dangers-lurk-on-the-internet-and-use-of-technology-10804851.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Inspector Rishi]]'' || Ayyanar || [[Amazon Prime Video]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2024-03-26 |title=Team 'Inspector Rishi' on telling an investigative horror story for a fearless new-gen audience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/team-inspector-rishi-on-telling-an-investigative-horror-story-for-a-fearless-new-gen-audience/article67993307.ece |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''Madurai Paiyanum Chennai Ponnum'' || Subash || [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-28 |title=Kanna Ravi's Madurai Paiyanum Chennai Ponum gets premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/28/kanna-ravis-madurai-paiyanum-chennai-ponum-gets-premiere-date |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Veduvan]]''
|Sooraj
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=2025-09-17 |title=Veduvan on OTT: When and where to watch Kanna Ravi’s upcoming Tamil thriller series |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/veduvan-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-kanna-ravi-s-upcoming-tamil-thriller-series-11758055614250.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|7645843}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Kanna}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Farrel Furtado

2026-04-04T20:53:18Z

Prithoknnoman: created article

{{Short description|Indian politician and teacher (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Farrel Furtado
| birth_name = Farrel Benito Furtado
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|11|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[East Africa]]
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Velim Assembly constituency|Velim]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1994
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| successor = [[Manu Fernandes]]
| majority = 8,962 (78.54%)
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2021–present)
| other_party = {{ubl|
* [[Indian National Congress]] (1989–1994)
* [[Goa Forward Party]] (2017–2021)}}
| spouse = Elvis Gracias
| children = 1
| profession = Teacher
| occupation = Politician
| awards = International Youth Award (1980)
}}

'''Farrel Benito Furtado E Gracias''' ([[née]] '''Furtado'''; 1 November 1961) is an Indian politician and teacher who is a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Velim Assembly constituency]] from 1989 to 1994. Furtado holds the distinction of being the first and only woman legislator to be elected from the Velim Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women struggle to find political space in Goa – The Navhind Times |date=23 January 2022 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/01/23/goanews/women-struggle-to-find-political-space-in-goa/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanishing Velim |url=https://www.thegoan.net/vanishing-velim/2352.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Rajan |date=2021-11-19 |title=WILL A WOMAN CHIEF MINISTER BRING 'ACHE DIN' FOR GOA? |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2021/11/19/will-a-woman-chief-minister-bring-ache-din-for-goa/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Goan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Farrel Benito Furtado was born in [[East Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=17 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> she completed her studies in [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Bachelor of Education]], [[Master of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]]. She is married to Elvis Gracias<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Goa officials change clubs just like players switch sides every year |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFsouth-goa-officials-change-clubs-just-like-players-switch-sides-every-year/116832.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> and has a son.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xaxti bab @ the tinto |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/South-Goa/Xaxti-bab-the-tinto/125214 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> She resides at [[Cuncolim]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 1989 |title=Official Gazette |url=http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/8990/8990-37-SII-EOG-2.pdf |website=goaprintingpress.gov.in}}</ref>

==Career==
===Politics===
Furtado was elected for the term 1989 to 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velim assembly election results in Goa |url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Velim-in-Goa |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=elections.traceall.in |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825131828/https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Velim-in-Goa |url-status=dead }}</ref> She had contested the [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] on the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket and won against [[Janata Dal]] candidate, Minguel Gabriel Rodrigues by a margin of 6706 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velim (Goa) Election Results 2017, Winner, Runner-up and MLA Candidates |url=https://www.elections.in/goa/assembly-constituencies/velim.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

In November 2017, Furtado along with Victor Gonsalves joined [[Goa Forward Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GOA365 VIDEO: Two ex-MLAs of '90s join Goa Forward |url=https://www.goa365.tv/politics/N/two-exmlas-of-90s-join-goa-forward/www.goa365.tv/politics/N/two-exmlas-of-90s-join-goa-forward/01805.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Goa365 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two ex- MLAs join GFP |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Two-ex-MLAs-join-GFP/122005 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-02 |title=Ex MLAs Farrel Furtado (Vellim) & Victor Gonsalves (St Cruz) join Goa Forward |url=https://digitalgoa.com/ex-mlas-farrel-furtado-vellim-victor-gonsalves-st-cruz-join-goa-forward/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Digital Goa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825193911/https://digitalgoa.com/ex-mlas-farrel-furtado-vellim-victor-gonsalves-st-cruz-join-goa-forward/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2021, she joined [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TMC will not go for alliance, but welcome merger of regional parties with it: Faleiro – The Navhind Times |date=24 October 2021 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2021/10/24/goanews/tmc-will-not-go-for-alliance-but-welcome-merger-of-regional-parties-with-it-faleiro/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Sports===
Furtado is a former national level [[field hockey]] player and captained the Goa hockey team at the nationals. She played an integral role in resuscitating the state women's hockey association and currently serves as the senior vice president at the Goans Hockey Association. She is also a former chairman of the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]]. Furtado was also awarded the International Youth award at [[Tokyo]] in the year 1980.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

===Teaching===
Furtado currently is a senior teacher at Maria Bambina Convent High School, [[Cuncolim]].

==Accolades==
On 9 January 2014 at the [[golden jubilee]] of the Goa State Assembly, Furtado was felicitated along with eight other [[Goan]] women [[legislators]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2014 |title=Goa assembly's golden jubilee celebrations on January 9 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-assemblys-golden-jubilee-celebrations-on-january-9/articleshow/28253730.cms |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|https://goanshockey.com/Executive_board.aspx|Goans Hockey Executive Board members}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Furtado, Farrel}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa Forward Party politicians]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]

South 24 Parganas

2026-03-29T18:35:29Z

Prithoknnoman: reworked structure as per guidelines

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = South 24 Parganas district
| native_name = {{native_name|bn|Dokkhin Chobbish Pôrgônā Jelā}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Kapil Muni Temple.jpg
| photo2a = Jatar Deul - WB.jpg
| photo2b = Bawali Rajbari.jpg
| photo3a = BAPS Shree Swaminarayan Mandir- Pailan- West Bengal-DSC 0001 01.jpg
| photo3b = Nimpith Ramkrishna Ashram.jpg
| photo4a = Sundarban Tiger.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top: [[Gangasagar]] Kapilmuni Temple, [[Bawali]] Rajbari, [[Nimpith]] Ramkrishna Mission Ashram, Royal Bengal Tiger in the [[Sundarbans National Park|Sundarbans]], BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Temple in [[Pailan]], [[Jatar Deul]]
}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q2308319 |stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining South 24 Parganas District}}
| image_map1 = South 24 Parganas in West Bengal (India).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption1 = Location of South 24 Parganas district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1815262|N|88.53780484|E|display=inline,title|region:IN-WB}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Alipore]]
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = [[Alipore Sadar subdivision|Alipore Sadar]], [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]], [[Canning subdivision|Canning]], [[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]], [[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge I]], [[Budge Budge II]], [[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]], [[Bhangar I]], [[Bhangar II]], [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], [[Jaynagar I]], [[Jaynagar II]], [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]], [[Falta (community development block)|Falta]], [[Magrahat I]], [[Magrahat II]], [[Diamond Harbour I]], [[Diamond Harbour II]], [[Mandirbazar (community development block)|Mandirbazar]], [[Mathurapur I]], [[Mathurapur II]], [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]], [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]], [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]], [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]], [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]], [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]], [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]], [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]], [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]], [[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti]], [[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali]], [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]], [[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]], [[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]], [[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]], [[Raidighi Assembly constituency|Raidighi]], [[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar]], [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]], [[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba]], [[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim]], [[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]], [[Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency|Baruipur Paschim]], [[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba]], [[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]], [[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]], [[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]], [[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachia]], [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]], [[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]], [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]], [[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]], [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]], [[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]], [[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]], [[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]], [[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]], [[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]], [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 9960
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 8161961
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 2,087,773
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 77.51 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 956 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
}}

'''South 24 Parganas''' (abbr. '''24 PGS (S)'''), or sometimes '''South Twenty Four Parganas''' and '''Dakshin 24 Parganas''', is a district in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]], headquartered in [[Alipore]], with its Zilla Parishad in [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]. It is the largest district of West Bengal by area and second largest by population. It is the sixth most populous district in India (out of 640). On one side of the district there is the [[urban fringe]] of [[Kolkata]], and on the other the remote riverine villages in the [[Sundarbans]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1362/download/4462/DH_2011_1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH_TWENTY_FOUR_PARGANAS.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
Originally, the capital of Raja Bikramaditya and [[Maharaja Pratapaditya]] was at Dhumghat. Later it was transferred to [[Ishwaripur]] (Originated from the name Jeshoreshwaripur). [[Maharaja Pratapaditya]] declared the independence of [[South Bengal]] from the [[Mughal Empire]].

Pratapaditya's father Shrihari (Shridhar), a [[Kayastha]], was an influential officer in the service of [[Daud Khan Karrani]]. Upon the fall of Daud, he fled with the government treasure in his custody. He then, in 1574, set up a kingdom for himself in the marshy land to the extreme south of [[Khulna District|Khulna district]] and took the title of [[Maharaja]]. Pratapaditya inherited the kingship in 1574. The [[Baharestan (book)|Baharistan]] and travel diary of Abdul Latif, and the contemporary European writers, testify to Pratapaditya's personal ability, political pre-eminence, material resources and martial strength, particularly in war-boats. His territories covered the greater part of what is now included in the greater [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Barisal District|Barisal]] districts. He established his capital at Dhumghat, a strategic position at the confluence of the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] and [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]] rivers.

Among the Bengal [[zamindar]]s, Pratapaditya was the first to send his envoy to [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan Chisti]] with a large gift to win the favour of the Mughals, and then, in 1609, tendered personal submission to the [[Subahdar]]. He promised military assistance and personal service in the Mughal campaign against [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], a pledge he did not keep. To punish Pratapaditya for his disloyalty and to subjugate his territory, a large expedition was launched under the command of Ghiyas Khan, which soon reached Salka, near the confluence of the Jamuna and Ichhamati, in 1611. Pratapaditya equipped a strong army and fleet and placed them under expert officers. His eldest son [[Udayaditya]] constructed an almost impregnable fort at Salka with natural barriers on three sides. In battle, the Jessore fleet gained an initial advantage but the imperial army cut off the Jessore fleet, made a breach in its ranks and broke its unity and discipline. In the melee that followed, the admiral, Khwaja Kamal, was killed. Udayaditya lost heart and hastily fled to his father, narrowly escaping capture.

Pratapaditya prepared himself to fight a second time from a new base near the confluence of the Kagarghat canal and the Jamuna river. He constructed a fort and gathered all his available forces there. The imperialists began the battle on January, 1612 with an attack on the Jessore fleet, compelling it to seek shelter beneath the fort. But their advance was checked by the heavy cannonade of the Jessore artillery. However, a sudden attack by the imperialists completely defeated the Jessore fleet and they fell upon the fort with elephants in front, compelling Pratapaditya to evacuate the fort and retreat.

This second defeat sealed the fate of Pratapaditya. At Kagarghat he tendered submission to Ghiyas Khan, who personally escorted Pratapaditya to Islam Khan at [[Dhaka]]. The Jessore king was put in chains and his kingdom was annexed. Pratapaditya was kept confined at Dhaka. No authentic information is available regarding his last days, however, he probably died as a prisoner at [[Varanasi|Benares]], on his way to [[Delhi]].<ref>Muazzam Hussain Khan (Banglapedia)</ref>

==Administration==
{{further|List of subdivisions of West Bengal}}
[[File:South 24 Parganas Subdivision Map (en).svg]]
The district comprises five subdivisions: [[Alipore Sadar subdivision|Alipore Sadar]], [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]], [[Canning subdivision|Canning]], [[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]] and [[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]].<ref name="blocdir">{{cite web| title = Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal| publisher = National Informatics Centre, India| date = 19 March 2008| url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs| access-date = 3 December 2008}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Alipore]] is the district headquarters. There are 33 police stations, 29 community development blocks, 7 municipalities and 312 [[gram panchayat]]s in the district.<ref name="blocdir" /><ref name="adminsetup">{{cite web
|url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/main_Dist_Profile.htm
|title = District Profile
|publisher = Official website of South 24 Parganas district
|access-date = 3 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207074231/http://s24pgs.gov.in/main_Dist_Profile.htm
|archive-date = 7 February 2009}}</ref>

Other than the municipality areas, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and [[census town]]s. In total there are 118 urban units: 7 municipalities and 111 census towns.<ref name="adminsetup" /><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm
|title=Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001
|access-date=3 December 2008
|work=West Bengal
|publisher=Directorate of census operations
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm
|archive-date=19 July 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |access-date=26 April 2016 |work=Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher=Census of India 2011}}</ref>

===Alipore Sadar Subdivision===
{{Main|Alipore Sadar subdivision}}
The Alipore Sadar subdivision consists of:<ref name="blocdir"/>
* Three municipalities: [[Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge]] and [[Pujali]].
* [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with six gram panchayats and nine census towns: [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]], [[Chata Kalikapur]], [[Ganye Gangadharpur]], [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala|Rameswarpur]], [[Asuti]], [[Hanspukuria]], [[Kalua, Maheshtala|Kalua]], [[Ramchandrapur, Maheshtala|Ramchandrapur]] and [[Samali]].
* [[Budge Budge I]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with six gram panchayats and seven census towns: [[Uttar Raypur]], [[Balarampur, Budge Budge|Balarampur]], [[Buita]], [[Benjanhari Acharial|Benjanhari Acharial (P)]], [[Abhirampur]], [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge|Nischintapur]] and [[Birlapur]].
* [[Budge Budge II]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with eleven gram panchayats and five census towns: [[Chak Kashipur]], [[Chak Alampur]], [[Bowali]], [[Dakshin Raypur]] and [[Poali]].
* [[Bishnupur I]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with eleven gram panchayats and four census towns: [[Daulatpur, Bishnupur|Daulatpur]], [[Bhasa, Bishnupur|Bhasa]], [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas|Bishnupur]] and [[Kanyanagar]].
* [[Bishnupur II]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with eleven gram panchayats and eleven census towns: [[Nahazari]], [[Nadabhanga]], [[Kanganbaria]], [[Bora Gagangohalia]], [[Chanddandaha]], [[Barkalikapur]], [[Patharberia]], [[Ramkrishnapur, Bishnupur|Ramkrishnapur]], [[Amtala]], [[Kriparampur]] and [[Chak Enayetnagar]].

===Baruipur Subdivision===
{{Main|Baruipur subdivision}}
The Baruipur subdivision consists of:<ref name="blocdir" />
* Three municipalities: [[Rajpur Sonarpur]], [[Baruipur]] and [[Jaynagar Majilpur]].
* [[Bhangar I]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with nine gram panchayats and three census towns: [[Maricha, Bhangar|Maricha]], [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] and [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]].
* [[Bhangar II]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with only ten gram panchayats.
* [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with eleven gram panchayats and seven census towns: [[Radhanagar, Sonarpur|Radhanagar]], [[Danga, Sonarpur|Danga]], [[Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur|Ramchandrapur]], [[Bidyadharpur]], [[Kalikapur, Sonarpur|Kalikapur]], [[Chak Baria]] and [[Sahebpur]].
* [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with nineteen gram panchayats and twelve census towns: [[Petua]], [[Garia, Baruipur|Garia]], [[Panchghara, Baruipur|Panchghara]], [[Mallikpur]], [[Hariharpur, Baruipur|Hariharpur]], [[Champahati]], [[Solgohalia]], [[Naridana]], [[Baruipur (P)]], [[Salipur, Baruipur|Salipur (P)]], [[Khodar Bazar]] and [[Komarhat]].
* [[Jaynagar I]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with twelve gram panchayats and six census towns: [[Raynagar]], [[Kalikapur Barasat]], [[Baharu]], [[Uttarparanij]], [[Alipur, Jaynagar|Alipur]] and [[Uttar Durgapur]].
* [[Jaynagar II]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with ten gram panchayats and two census towns: [[Nimpith]] and [[Tulshighata]].
* [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with only nine gram panchayats.

===Canning Subdivision===
{{Main|Canning subdivision}}
The Canning subdivision consists of:<ref name="blocdir" />
* [[Canning I]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with ten gram panchayats and eight census towns: [[Kalaria]], [[Gaur Daha]], [[Banshra, Canning|Banshra]], [[Rajapur, Canning|Rajapur]], [[Taldi]], [[Bayarsing]], [[Matla, Canning|Matla]] and [[Dighirpar]].
* [[Canning II]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with nine gram panchayats and one census town: [[Makhal Tala]].
* [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with thirteen gram panchayats and one census town: [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas|Basanti]].
* [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with only fourteen gram panchayats.

===Diamond Harbour Subdivision===
{{Main|Diamond Harbour subdivision}}
The Diamond Harbour subdivision consists of:<ref name="blocdir" />
* One municipality: [[Diamond Harbour, India|Diamond Harbour]]
* [[Falta (community development block)|Falta]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with thirteen gram panchayats and four census towns: [[Hasimnagar]], [[Baneshwarpur]], [[Chandpala Anantapathpur]] and [[Fatepur, Falta|Fatepur]].
* [[Magrahat I]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with eleven gram panchayats and nine census towns: [[Ajodhyanagar]], [[Sirakol]], [[Uttar Bishnupur]], [[Ghola Noapara]], [[Usthi]], [[Barijpur]], [[Uttar Kusum]], [[Kalikapota]] and [[Bamna, Magrahat|Bamna]].
* [[Magrahat II]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with fourteen gram panchayats and eight census towns: [[Dhamua]], [[Shyampur, Magrahat|Shyampur]], [[Nainan]], [[Uttar Kalas]], [[Dihi Kalas]], [[Swangrampur]], [[Bilandapur]] and [[Magrahat]].
* [[Diamond Harbour I]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with eight gram panchayats and four census towns: [[Masat, Diamond Harbour|Masat]], [[Sangrampur, Diamond Harbour|Sangrampur]], [[Mohanpur, Diamond Harbour|Mohanpur]] and [[Durganagar, Diamond Harbour|Durganagar]].
* [[Diamond Harbour II]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with eight gram panchayats and one census town: [[Patdaha]].
* [[Mandirbazar (community development block)|Mandirbazar]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with ten gram panchayats and three census towns: [[Chandpur, Mandirbazar|Chandpur]], [[Bangsidharpur]] and [[Purba Bishnupur]].
* [[Mathurapur I]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with ten gram panchayats and four census towns: [[Purba Ranaghat]], [[Lalpur, Mathurapur|Lalpur]], [[Krishna Chandrapur]] and [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]].
* [[Mathurapur II]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with only eleven gram panchayats.
* [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with fourteen gram panchayats and two census towns: [[Berandari Bagaria]] and [[Dhola, Kulpi|Dhola]].

===Kakdwip Subdivision===
{{Main|Kakdwip subdivision}}
The Kakdwip subdivision consists of:<ref name="blocdir" />
* [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with only eleven gram panchayats.
* [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with only seven gram panchayats.
* [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with only fifteen gram panchayats.
* [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]], a community development block consisting of rural areas with only nine gram panchayats.

==Representation==
===Parliamentary Constituencies===
The district has five parliamentary constituencies:
#[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar (SC)]] (parliamentary constituency no. 19)
#[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur (SC)]] (parliamentary constituency no. 20)
#[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]] (parliamentary constituency no. 21)
#[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]] (parliamentary constituency no. 22)
#[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]] (parliamentary constituency no. 23)

===Assembly Constituencies===
====1997 to 2008====
Based on the 1991 census, the district was divided into thirty-two [[Assembly constituency|legislative assembly constituencies]]
#[[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 100)
#[[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 101)
#[[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 102)
#[[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]] (assembly constituency no. 103)
#[[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur]] (assembly constituency no. 104)
#[[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 105)
#[[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]] (assembly constituency no. 106)
#[[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]] (assembly constituency no. 107)
#[[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 109)
#[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur Purba (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 110)
#[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur Paschim]] (assembly constituency no. 111)
#[[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]] (assembly constituency no. 112)
#[[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]] (assembly constituency no. 113)
#[[Garden Reach Assembly constituency|Garden Reach]] (assembly constituency no. 114)
#[[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]] (assembly constituency no. 115)
#[[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]] (assembly constituency no. 116)
#[[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]] (assembly constituency no. 117)
#[[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]] (assembly constituency no. 118)
#[[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]] (assembly constituency no. 119)
#[[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]] (assembly constituency no. 120)
#[[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 121)
#[[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 122)
#[[Mathurapur Assembly constituency|Mathurapur]] (assembly constituency no. 123)
#[[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 124)
#[[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]] (assembly constituency no. 125)
#[[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]] (assembly constituency no. 126)
#[[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]] (assembly constituency no. 127)
#[[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]] (assembly constituency no. 108)
#[[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]] (assembly constituency no. 150)
#[[Alipore Assembly constituency|Alipore]] (assembly constituency no. 148)
#[[Dhakuria Assembly constituency|Dhakuria]] (assembly constituency no. 151)
#[[Kabitirtha Assembly constituency|Kabitirtha]] (assembly constituency no. 147)
Gosaba, Basanti, Kultali, Canning Paschim, Sonarpur, Bishnupur Purba, Magrahat Purba, Mandirbazar and Kulpi constituencies are reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates. Along with one assembly constituency from [[North 24 Parganas district]], Gosaba, Basanti, Kultali, Jaynagar, Canning Paschim and Canning Purba assembly constituencies form the [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]]. Baruipur, Bishnupur Purba, Kabitirtha, Jadavpur, Behala Paschim, Behala Purba and Magrahat Paschim constituencies form the [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Bishnupur Paschim, Garden Reach, Maheshtala, Budge Budge, Satgachhia, Falta and Diamond Harbour constituencies form the [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency]]. Magrahat Purba, Mandirbazar, Mathurapur, Kulpi, Patharpratima, Kakdwip and Sagar constituencies form the [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]]. Along with six assembly segments from [[North 24 Parganas district]], Bhangar assembly constituency forms the [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency]]. Along with three assembly constituencies from [[Kolkata district]], Alipore, Dhakuria, Tollyganj, Sonarpur form the [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency]].

====2008 to Date====
In the 2008 order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the district was divided into thirty-one assembly constituencies. Baruipur Purba, Basanti, Bishnupur, Canning Paschim, Gosaba, Kultali, Jaynagar, Magrahat Purba and Mandirbazar constituencies are reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wb.gov.in/BanglarMukh/Download?AlfrescoPath=WebContent/Departments/Home/Other_Documents&FileName=DELIMITATION.pdf| title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 21 November 2008| work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130529163454/http://wb.gov.in/BanglarMukh/Download?AlfrescoPath=WebContent%2FDepartments%2FHome%2FOther_Documents&FileName=DELIMITATION.pdf| archive-date = 29 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Electors Details as on 30-10-2010: South 24 Parganas|publisher=South 24 Parganas District|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!S No.
!Name
!Lok Sabha constituency
!MLA
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
! colspan="2' |2024 Lead
|-
| 127
| [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba (SC)]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
| Subrata Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=21}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=31}}
|-
| 128
| [[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti (SC)]]
|[[Shyamal Mondal]]
|-
| 129
| [[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali (SC)]]
|[[Ganesh Chandra Mondal]]
|-
| 130
| [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
|[[Samir Kumar Jana]]
|-
| 131
| [[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]
|[[Manturam Pakhira]]
|-
| 132
| [[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]
|[[Bankim Chandra Hazra]]
|-
| 133
| [[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]]
|[[Jogaranjan Halder]]
|-
| 134
| [[Raidighi Assembly constituency|Raidighi]]
|[[Aloke Jaldata]]
|-
| 135
| [[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar (SC)]]
|[[Joydeb Halder]]
|-
| 136
| [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
|[[Biswanath Das]]
|-
| 137
| [[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba (SC)]]
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|[[Bivas Sardar]]
|-
| 138
| [[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim (SC)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
|[[Paresh Ram Das]]
|-
| 139
| [[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]]
|[[Saokat Molla]]
|-
| 140
| [[Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency|Baruipur Paschim]]
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|[[Biman Banerjee]]
|-
| 141
| [[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba (SC)]]
|[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
|[[Namita Saha]]
|-
| 142
| [[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]]
|[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
|[[Giasuddin Molla]]
|-
| 143
| [[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[Pannalal Halder]]
|-
| 144
| [[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]]
|[[Sankar Kumar Naskar]]
|-
| 145
| [[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachia]]
|[[Mohan Chandra Naskar]]
|-
| 146
| [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur (SC)]]
|[[Dilip Mondal]]
|-
| 147
| [[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|[[Arundhuti Maitra]]
|-
| 148
| [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]]
|[[Naushad Siddiqui]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|-
| 149
| [[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 150
| [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|[[Debabrata Majumdar]]
|-
| 151
| [[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]]
|[[Firdousi Begum]]
|-
| 152
| [[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]]
|[[Aroop Biswas]]
|-
| 153
| [[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|[[Ratna Chatterjee]]
|-
| 154
| [[Behala Paschim]]
|[[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]{{efn|Partha Chatterjee was suspended from AITC after his arrest in numerous scams.}}
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| 155
| [[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[Dulal Chandra Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 156
| [[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
|-
| 157
| [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
|[[Abdul Khaleque Molla]]
|}

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of districts of West Bengal#Demographics| List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}

===Population===
{{Historical populations
| 1901 | 1051060
| 1911 | 1192223
| 1921 | 1270191
| 1931 | 1382264
| 1941 | 1714176
| 1951 | 2087414
| 1961 | 2729269
| 1971 | 3663788
| 1981 | 4388102
| 1991 | 5715030
| 2001 | 6906689
| 2011 | 8161961
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= A-02: Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, West Bengal, India, 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43352/download/47040/19%20A-2%20West%20Bengal.pdf|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India]], South 24 Parganas district had a total population of 8,161,961,<ref name="districtcensus" /> roughly equal to the nation of [[Honduras]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Honduras 8,143,564 }}</ref> or the US state of [[Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011
|quote=Virginia 8,001,024
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This made in the 6th most populous district in India out of a total of 640.<ref name=districtcensus /> The district had a population density of {{convert|819|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus /> Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 18.05%.<ref name=districtcensus /> South 24 Parganas had a [[sex ratio]] of 956 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 77.51%. 25.58% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 24,64,032 (30.19%) and 96,976 (1.19%) of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus />

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of South 24 Parganas district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 97.82 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.68 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.38 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.12 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 97.82% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.68% [[Hindi]] and 0.38% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in South 24 Parganas district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|63.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|35.57}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|Black|0.37}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in present-day South 24 Parganas district{{Efn|Sadar and Diamond Harbour subdivisions of 24 Parganas district excluding Tollygunge, Sonarpore, Behala and Metiabruz thanas}}
!Religion
!Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|75}}
!Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
|[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|1,198,847
|70.14%
|5,155,545
|63.17%
|-
|[[Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|485,791
|28.43%
|2,903,075
|35.57%
|-
|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]] [[File:Christian_cross.svg|21x21px]]
|13,448
|0.79%
|66,498
|0.81%
|-
|Tribal religion{{Efn|All tribals were counted under 'Tribal' in the 1941 census irrespective of actual religion practiced.}}
|10,078
|0.59%
|6,065
|0.07%
|-
|Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|1,132
|0.05%
|39,052
|0.38%
|-
|'''Total Population'''
|'''1,709,296'''
|'''100%'''
|'''8,161,961'''
|'''100%'''
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religion in CD blocks
!CD Block
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Other
|-
|[[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]]
|style="background:darkorange" |67.32%
|26.64%
|6.04%
|-
|[[Budge Budge I]]
|style="background:darkorange" |54.41%
|45.39%
|0.20%
|-
|[[Budge Budge II]]
|style="background:darkorange" |67.55%
|32.23%
|0.22%
|-
|[[Bishnupur I]]
|style="background:darkorange" |63.54%
|31.08%
|5.38%
|-
|[[Bishnupur II]]
|style="background:darkorange" |62.92%
|36.59%
|0.48%
|-
|[[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]]
|style="background:darkorange" |82.49%
|14.91%
|2.59%
|-
|[[Bhangar I]]
|32.38%
|style="background:green;color:white" |67.38%
|0.24%
|-
|[[Bhangar II]]
|29.26%
|style="background:green;color:white" |70.49%
|0.25%
|-
|[[Canning I]]
|style="background:darkorange" |63.97%
|35.49%
|0.53%
|-
|[[Canning II]]
|31.08%
|style="background:green;color:white" |67.08%
|1.84%
|-
|[[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]]
|style="background:darkorange" |62.87%
|34.96%
|2.17%
|-
|[[Magrahat II]]
|49.60%
|style="background:green;color:white" |50.01%
|0.39%
|-
|[[Magrahat I]]
|40.44%
|style="background:green;color:white" |57.78%
|1.78%
|-
|[[Falta (community development block)|Falta]]
|style="background:darkorange" |64.86%
|35.00%
|0.13%
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour I]]
|47.72%
|style="background:green;color:white" |52.16%
|0.12%
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour II]]
|style="background:darkorange" |59.77%
|39.68%
|0.55%
|-
|[[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]]
|style="background:darkorange" |61.25%
|38.50%
|0.53%
|-
|[[Mandirbazar (community development block)|Mandirbazar]]
|style="background:darkorange" |62.03%
|37.65%
|0.32%
|-
|[[Mathurapur I]]
|style="background:darkorange" |59.44%
|40.41%
|0.15%
|-
|[[Jaynagar I]]
|style="background:darkorange" |53.65%
|45.86%
|0.49%
|-
|[[Jaynagar II]]
|48.03%
|style="background:green;color:white" |51.23%
|0.74%
|-
|[[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]]
|style="background:darkorange" |69.81%
|29.86%
|0.34%
|-
|[[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]]
|style="background:darkorange" |53.48%
|43.87%
|2.64%
|-
|[[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]]
|style="background:darkorange" |88.06%
|8.63%
|3.31%
|-
|[[Mathurapur II]]
|style="background:darkorange" |82.08%
|15.37%
|2.55%
|-
|[[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]]
|style="background:darkorange" |82.37%
|17.09%
|0.54%
|-
|[[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]]
|style="background:darkorange" |87.88%
|11.73%
|0.38%
|-
|[[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]]
|style="background:darkorange" |85.97%
|13.88%
|0.15%
|-
|[[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]]
|style="background:darkorange" |88.91%
|10.72%
|0.37%
|-
|Area not under any Sub-district
|style="background:darkorange" |73.91%
|24.97%
|1.12%
|}
Hindus are the majority community in most of the district. Scheduled Castes make up nearly half the Hindu population and the majority of rural Hindus. The most populous Scheduled Castes are [[Poundra (caste)|Poundras]] and [[Namasudra|Namashudras]]. The proportion of Hindus is maximum in the coastal south of the district, especially in the Sunderbans bordering Bangladesh.<ref name="religion"/>

Muslims have a greater concentration in the north and west of the district, especially in the rural areas surrounding Kolkata. Christians are also present in small numbers, and have their highest concentration in Thakurpukur Maheshtala where they are 8.84% of the rural population.<ref name="religion"/>

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Flora and Fauna of the Sunderban.jpg|thumb|250px|Flora and Fauna of the Sundarbans]]
[[File:Bakkhali Sea Beach.jpg|thumb|250px|Bakkhali Sea Beach]]
In 1984, South 24 Parganas district became home to [[Sundarbans National Park]], which has an area of {{convert|1330|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name="parks">{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: West Bengal|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_west_bengal.htm}}{{Dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref> It shares the park with [[North 24 Parganas]] district and is also home to four [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|wildlife sanctuaries]]: [[Haliday Island Wildlife Sanctuary|Haliday Island]], [[Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary|Lothian Island]], [[Narendrapur Wildlife Sanctuary|Narendrapur]], and [[Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary|Sajnekhali]].<ref name="parks" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Area Network in India|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|url=http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/protected-area-network.pdf}}</ref>

[[Sundarbans]], formerly [[Sunderbunds]], is a vast tract of forest and saltwater swamp forming the lower part of the [[Ganges Delta]] and extending about {{Convert|260|km|mi|-1}} along the [[Bay of Bengal]] from the [[Hooghly River]] Estuary in the north to the [[Meghna River]] Estuary in [[Bangladesh]] in the east. The whole tract reaches inland for 100 to 130 kilometres (60– to 80 miles).

A network of estuaries, tidal rivers, and creeks intersected by numerous channels, it encloses flat, marshy islands covered with dense forests. The name [[Sundarban]]s is perhaps derived from the word meaning "forest of sundari," a reference to the large mangrove tree that provides valuable fuel. Along the coast the forest passes into a [[mangrove swamp]]; the southern region, with numerous wild animals and crocodile-infested estuaries, is virtually uninhabited. It is one of the last preserves of the [[Royal Bengal tiger]] and the site of a tiger preservation project. The cultivated northern area yields rice, sugarcane, timber, and betel nuts.

The region is also famous for some commonly domesticated livestock breeds which includes the Garole breed of sheep and China hens or [[Muscovy duck]]s, the Garole sheep is considered as the progenitor of the [[Booroola Merino|Booroola merino]] sheep and is noted for its prolific character. However, the wool of the sheep which can be a valuable natural asset does not find any use among the natives. [[Bakkhali]] beach resort, located on one of the islands jutting out into the [[Bay of Bengal]], is gaining in popularity, with improvements in transport links with [[Kolkata]]. The area has been declared as world heritage site by the UNESCO. Boat tours are provided at many places in the region.

==Economy==
Agriculture, Industry and [[Fish farming|Pisciculture]] are all at their peak in the district. On the west side of the district is the [[List of Special Economic Zones in India#SEZs set up by the Central Government|Falta Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ), which houses various types of industry.

In 2006, the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named South 24 Parganas one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of 640).

==Education==
South 24 Parganas district had a literacy rate of 77.51% as per the provisional figures of the census of India 2011. Alipore Sadar subdivision had a literacy rate of 81.14%, Baruipur subdivision 77.45%, Canning subdivision 70.98%, Diamond Harbour subdivision 76.26% and Kakdwip subdivision 82.04%<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twenty-four Parganas |work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 October 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in South 24 Parganas district, with data for the year 2013–14:<ref name=2handbook2014/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
! style="width:110px;" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|Alipore Sadar
| style="text-align:center;"|531
| style="text-align:center;"|53,719
| style="text-align:center;"|34
| style="text-align:center;"|4,455
| style="text-align:center;"|50
| style="text-align:center;"|16,471
| style="text-align:center;"|91
| style="text-align:center;"|66,813
| style="text-align:center;"|5
| style="text-align:center;"|8,122
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| style="text-align:center;"|3,094
| style="text-align:center;"|1,379
| style="text-align:center;"|53,429
|-
|align=left|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|883
| style="text-align:center;"|132,649
| style="text-align:center;"|65
| style="text-align:center;"|8,954
| style="text-align:center;"|50
| style="text-align:center;"|26,443
| style="text-align:center;"|128
| style="text-align:center;"|129,195
| style="text-align:center;"|8
| style="text-align:center;"|27,657
| style="text-align:center;"|7
| style="text-align:center;"|6,735
| style="text-align:center;"|3,116
| style="text-align:center;"|138,507
|-
|align=left|[[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
| style="text-align:center;"|532
| style="text-align:center;"|81,697
| style="text-align:center;"|59
| style="text-align:center;"|9,181
| style="text-align:center;"|29
| style="text-align:center;"|10,515
| style="text-align:center;"|55
| style="text-align:center;"|57,921
| style="text-align:center;"|4
| style="text-align:center;"|5,490
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|n/a
| style="text-align:center;"|2,105
| style="text-align:center;"|96,622
|-
|align=left|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1,212
| style="text-align:center;"|116,407
| style="text-align:center;"|61
| style="text-align:center;"|6,680
| style="text-align:center;"|98
| style="text-align:center;"|38,470
| style="text-align:center;"|145
| style="text-align:center;"|113,147
| style="text-align:center;"|7
| style="text-align:center;"|20,061
| style="text-align:center;"|5
| style="text-align:center;"|1,774
| style="text-align:center;"|3,140
| style="text-align:center;"|137,378
|-
|align=left|[[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
| style="text-align:center;"|598
| style="text-align:center;"|53,058
| style="text-align:center;"|45
| style="text-align:center;"|5,654
| style="text-align:center;"|48
| style="text-align:center;"|20,383
| style="text-align:center;"|82
| style="text-align:center;"|56,192
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|5,420
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|100
| style="text-align:center;"|1,844
| style="text-align:center;"|78,897
|-

|align=left|[[South 24 Parganas district]]*
| style="text-align:center;"|3,756
| style="text-align:center;"|437,530
| style="text-align:center;"|264
| style="text-align:center;"|34,924
| style="text-align:center;"|275
| style="text-align:center;"|118,282
| style="text-align:center;"|501
| style="text-align:center;"|423,268
| style="text-align:center;"|27
| style="text-align:center;"|66,750
| style="text-align:center;"|20
| style="text-align:center;"|11,703
| style="text-align:center;"|11,584
| style="text-align:center;"|504,833
|}
.* Does not include data for portions of South 24 Parganas district functioning under Kolkata Municipal Corporation

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in South 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twenty-four Parganas | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
! style="width:110px;" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
! style="width:160px;" colspan="4"| Health & Family Welfare Dept., WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|Alipore Sadar
| style="text-align:center;"| -
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|7
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|48
| style="text-align:center;"|65
| style="text-align:center;"|1,159
| style="text-align:center;"|199
| style="text-align:center;"|33,498
| style="text-align:center;"|633,233
|-
|align=left|[[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|18
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|66
| style="text-align:center;"|94
| style="text-align:center;"|1,045
| style="text-align:center;"|201
| style="text-align:center;"|48,114
| style="text-align:center;"|1,266,244
|-
|align=left|[[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15
| style="text-align:center;"|26
| style="text-align:center;"|351
| style="text-align:center;"|49
| style="text-align:center;"|22,467
| style="text-align:center;"|666,377
|-
|align=left|[[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|17
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|68
| style="text-align:center;"|95
| style="text-align:center;"|1077
| style="text-align:center;"|169
| style="text-align:center;"|65,051
| style="text-align:center;"|1,325,535
|-
|align=left|[[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|11
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|-
| style="text-align:center;"|20
| style="text-align:center;"|36
| style="text-align:center;"|458
| style="text-align:center;"|73
| style="text-align:center;"|28,707
| style="text-align:center;"|405,501
|-
|align=left|'''South 24 Parganas district'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''21'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''9'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''59'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''-'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''217'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''316'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''4,090'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''691'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''197,837'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''4,397,890'''
|}
Note: The district data does not include data for portions of South 24 Parganas district functioning under Kolkata Municipal Corporation. The number of doctors exclude private bodies.

==Notable people==
===Music===
* [[Pritam]], Indian music director
* [[Rashid Khan (musician)]]
* [[Nirmala Mishra]], Playback Singer
* [[Hemant Kumar]], Indian music director, songwriter, lyricist, writer and poet.
* [[Salil Chowdhury]], Indian music director, songwriter, lyricist, writer and poet.
* [[Kabir Suman]], Indian singer-songwriter, musician, music director, music composer, writer, actor, politician, and former journalist.
===Freedom Fighters===
* [[Kanailal Bhattacharjee]], Bengali revolutionary nationalist.
* [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], nationalist.
* [[Sarat Chandra Bose]], nationalist.

===Social Reformer===
* [[Sivanath Shastri]], Bengali social reformer, writer, translator, scholar, editor philoshoper and historian.

===Sports===
* [[Sourav Ganguly]], Indian Cricketer and cricket commentator.

===Advocates===
* [[Janakinath Bose]], Indian Advocate.

===Writer===
* [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]], Indian Poet and Writer.
* [[Ashapurna Devi]], Indian Poet and Writer.
* [[Srijato]], Indian Poet and Writer.

===Film Personality===
* [[Anurag Basu]], Filmmaker
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]], Filmmaker
* [[Utpal Dutt]], Indian Actor.
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] , Indian Actor.
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], Filmmaker, Indian Actor
* [[Madhumita Sarcar]], Indian Actress.
* [[Soham Chakraborty]], Indian Actor.
* [[Ena Saha]] , Indian Actor.
* [[Kaushik Sen]], Indian Actor.
* [[Riddhi Sen]], Indian Actor.
* [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]], Indian Actor.
* [[Srijit Mukherji]], Indian Actor.

===Filmmaker===
* [[Premendra Mitra]], Indian Filmmaker and Writer.
* [[Satyajit Ray]], Indian director, scriptwriter
* [[Subhankar Chattopadhyay]], Indian director, scriptwriter, content creator.
* [[Sujit Mondal]], Indian Filmmaker and Writer.
* [[Goutam Ghose]] , Indian Filmmaker and Writer.
* [[Srijit Mukherji]], Indian Filmmaker and Writer.

===Dance===
* [[Dona Ganguly]], Indian Dancer

===Physicians===
* [[Nilratan Sircar]], Indian medical doctor, educationist, philanthropist and swadeshi entrepreneur.
* [[Tarun Mandal]], Indian medical doctor, Writer, Member of Parliament.

===Religious Scholars===
* [[Shyamal Bose (bishop)]]
* [[Linus Nirmal Gomes]], Indian Roman Catholic prelate.

===Others===
* [[Pratima Mondal]], Member of Parliament.
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)]], Member of Parliament.
* [[Firdousi Begum]], Indian politician.
* [[Abdur Razzak Molla]], Minister for Land and Land Reforms.

==Auditorium==
* [[Dhanadhanya Auditorium]]
* [[Madhusudan Mancha]]
* [[Nazrul Mancha]]
* [[Rabindra Sadan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline|Category:South 24 Parganas district}}

==See also==
* [[List of districts of West Bengal]]
* [[List of districts in India]]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = South 24 Parganas district
|North = [[Kolkata district]]
|Northeast = [[North 24 Parganas district]]
|East = [[Bangladesh]]
|Southeast = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|South = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|Southwest = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|West = [[Purba Medinipur district]]
|Northwest = [[Howrah district]]
}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South 24 Parganas District}}
[[Category:South 24 Parganas district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kimi Katkar

2026-03-25T01:28:36Z

Prithoknnoman: improve section based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1965)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kimi Katkar
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1984-1994
| height =
| occupation = Actress and Model
| spouse = Shantanu Sheorey
| othername =
| website =
}}

'''Kimi Katkar''' is a former actress and model, who worked in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]]. She was active throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s, and starred in over 50 films, including ''[[Adventures of Tarzan]]'' (1985) and ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'' (1991).

==Career==
Kimi Katkar made her acting debut in the 1985 film ''Patthar Dil'' as a supporting actress. Later that year, she starred in ''[[Adventures of Tarzan]]'', where she played the lead opposite [[Hemant Birje]]. After the film, she continued to work through the late 1980s in many popular and hit films such as ''[[Mera Lahoo]]'' (1987), ''[[Dariya Dil]]'' (1988), ''[[Sone Pe Suhaaga]]'' (1988), ''[[Gair Kanooni]]'' (1989), ''[[Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharnii]]'' (1989) and ''[[Khoon Ka Karz]]'' (1991). She acted in 35 movies during the three years 1988-90 and in 1989 alone had 15 releases. While she was mostly paired with Anil Kapoor, Govinda and Aditya Pancholi she has also played the lead opposite more senior stars of the era like Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan, Vinod Khanna, Jeetendra, Shatrughan Sinha and Rishi Kapoor.

In ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'' (1991), she played the lead opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. The popular song "Jumma Chumma De" from this movie was picturized on her and was sung by playback singers [[Sudesh Bhonsle]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lehren.tv/Stars.aspx?ID=217 |title=Kimi Katkar |access-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331151527/http://lehren.tv/Stars.aspx?ID=217 |archive-date=31 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her last film was ''[[Humlaa]]'' (1992). During the same time, she refused film offers for [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]] (''later [[Ramya Krishna]] did the role). Katkar quit the Hindi film industry after her marriage to photographer and ad-filmmaker Shantanu Sheorey in 1992 and is settled in [[Melbourne]], Australia.

She is associated with the book ''[[Shantaram (novel)|Shantaram]]'' which was written by [[Gregory David Roberts]]. Roberts was an Australian fugitive who escaped to India where he worked as an extra in films including ''Paanch Paapi'' (1989) which starred Katkar.

==Personal life==
Kimi is daughter of actress Meena Fernandez who starred in films like Sujatha, Bank Manager, Anari, Aar Paar, Amber and Milaap. Katkar married a commercial photographer and advertising film producer Shantanu Sheorey. She has one son, Siddhanth. She stays in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] and has also been living in [[Aundh (Pune)|Aundh]], a suburb in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Kimi-Katkar-her-son-in-Australia/Article1-1017745.aspx |title=Kimi Katkar, her son in Australia - Hindustan Times |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=27 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227101141/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Kimi-Katkar-her-son-in-Australia/Article1-1017745.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Cast opposite
|-
|rowspan="2"|1985
| ''[[Patthar Dil]] ''
| Rekha Singh
|Jainendra
|-
| ''[[Adventures of Tarzan]]''
| Ruby Shetty
|Hemant Bije
|-
|1986
| ''[[Dosti Dushmani]]''
| Shanti
|Rishi Kapoor
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987
| ''[[Mard Ki Zabaan]]''
| Rosie
|Jackie Shroff
|-
| ''[[Mera Lahoo]]''
| Pavitra D. Singh / Geeta
|Govinda
|-
| rowspan="10" |1988
| ''[[Zalzala (1988 film)|Zalzala]]''
| Reshma
|Rajeev Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Tohfa Mohabbat Ka]]''
|
|Govinda
|-
| ''[[Sone Pe Suhaaga]]''
| Usha
|Anil Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Shiv Shakti]]''
|
|Govinda
|-
| ''[[Mulzim (1988 film)|Mulzim]]''
| Dr. Rekha
|Jeetendra
|-
| ''[[Inteqam]]''
| Chhaya / Chandni
|Anil Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Dharamyudh (film)|Dharamyudh]]''
| Suman
|Adita Pancholi
|-
| ''[[Dariya Dil]]''
| Radha
|Govinda
|-
| ''[[Tamacha]]''
| Dolly Saxena
|Sumeet Saigal
|-
| ''[[Rama O Rama]]''
| Hema D'Souza
|Aasif Sheikh
|-
| rowspan="15" |1989
| ''Ustaad''
|
|Chunky Pandey
|-
| ''[[Meri Zabaan]]''
| Kimi / Rita
|Mithun
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ke Shahenshah]]''
|
|Jeetendra
|-
| ''[[Kala Bazaar]]''
| Bar Owner
|Anil Kapoor
|-
| ''Ab Meri Baari''
|
|Sumeet Saigal
|-
| ''Vardi''
| Dr. Sonu Kaul
|Sunny Deol
|-
| ''[[Kahan Hai Kanoon]]''
|
|Adita Pancholi
|-
| ''[[Gair Kanooni]]''
| Rita
|Govinda
|-
| ''[[Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharnii]]''
| Radha
|Govinda
|-
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1989 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
| Geeta
|Anil Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Khoj (1989 film)|Khoj]]''
| Mrs. Anita Kapoor
|Rishi Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Gola Barood]]''
| Reema
|Shatrughan Sinha
|-
| ''[[Aag Se Khelenge]]''
| Barkha 'Bijli'
|Anil Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Shehzaade]]''
| Bijli
|Shatrughan Sinha
|-
|''Paanch Paapi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paanch Paapi Story and Cast |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/paanch-paapi |website=Cinemaazi}}</ref>
|Arti
|Hemant Bije
|-
| rowspan="9" |1990
| ''[[Tejaa]]''
| Sonu
|Sunjay Dutt
|-
| ''Awaragardi''
|
|Aditya Pancholi
|-
| ''[[Zimmedaaar]]''
| Tina
|Rajiv Kapoor
|-
| ''Andher Gardi''
|
|Raj Babbar
|-
| ''[[Hum Se Na Takrana]]''
|
|Shatrughan Sinha
|-
| ''Kaaranama''
|
|Vinod Khanna
|-
| ''[[Roti Ki Keemat]]''
| Bijli
|Mithun
|-
| ''[[Sher Dil (Indian film)|Sher Dil]]''
|
|Rishi Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]''
|
|Aditya Pancholi
|-
| rowspan="5" |1991
| ''Jeevan Daata''
| Kiran Sharma
|Chunkey Pandey
|-
|''[[Lahu Luhaan]] ''
|Sonu/Alisha
| Aasif Sheikh
|-
| ''[[Khoon Ka Karz]]''
|
|Rajnikanth
|-
| ''[[Numbri Aadmi]]''
| Bijli
|Mithun
|-
| ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]''
| Jumma Gonzalves
|Amitabh Bachchan
|-
| rowspan="4" |1992
| ''[[Humlaa]]''
| Anita
|Dharmendra
|-
| ''[[Sarphira]]''
| Neetu
|Sunjay Dutt
|-
| ''[[Siyaasat]]''
|
|Kumar Gaurav
|-
| ''[[Zulm Ki Hukumat]]''
| Pratap's Girlfriend
|Govinda
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-22 |title=Dimple Kapadia's UNSEEN picture with Amitabh Bachchan, Meenakshi Seshadri and Kimi Katkar goes viral; Big B REACTS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dimple-kapadias-unseen-picture-with-amitabh-bachchan-meenakshi-seshadri-and-kimi-katkar-goes-viral-big-b-reacts/articleshow/111932270.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0441322}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katkar, Kimi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mohammad Dilawar Mir

2026-03-18T09:31:10Z

Prithoknnoman: Adding First Entry V1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
'''Mohammad Dilawar Mir''' is a well known [[India]]n politician and member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]]. Mir was a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Rafiabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rafiabad constituency]] 5 times in [[Baramulla district]]. His son Yawar Mir took over the same in 2014 becoming MLA in J&K. Dilawar Mir left [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] in February 2020 to form Apni party.<ref name="dnaindia">[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pdp-leader-mohd-dilawar-mir-sentenced-to-3-years-2032951 PDP leader Mohd Dilawar Mir sentenced to 3 years]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=7851 My Neta]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/rafiabad.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Rafiabad Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2014, Mir was convicted by a special CBI court in [[Delhi]] for wrongfully releasing of [[Indian rupee|₹]]30 [[lakh]] and the awarding of a contract for the sale of [[urea]] [[fertilizer]] to his firm by [[National Fertilizers|National Fertilizers Limited]] (NFL) between 1993 and 1996. NFL suffered a financial loss due to the irregularities, and imposed a fine of [[Indian rupee|₹]]3.21 [[crore]] on Mir, with ₹3.19 crore to be paid as compensation to NFL.<ref name="dnaindia"/> Although Mir was granted bail and his sentence was suspended until January 2015, the conviction disqualified him from contesting the upcoming elections.<ref name="v202">{{cite web | last=Pioneer | first=The | last2=Wani | first2=Khursheed | title=Dilawar Mir convicted for fraud, PDP in spot | website=The Pioneer | date=8 Nov 2014 | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/india/dilawar-mir-convicted-for-fraud-pdp-in-spot.html | access-date=18 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Mohammad Dilawar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1977–1983]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1983–1986]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Apni Party politicians]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Radhika Madan

2026-03-17T02:59:38Z

Prithoknnoman:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radhika Madan
| image = File:Radhika Madan snapped at the Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest (Day 1) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Madan in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|05|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| alma mater = [[Jesus and Mary College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2014–present
}}
'''Radhika Madan''' (born 1 May 1995) is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi]] films and television. Madan is a recipient of a [[Screen Awards|Screen Award]] and a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]], and was featured by ''[[Forbes|Forbes India]]'' in their [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/30-under-30-2024/ |title=Forbes India 30 Under 30 2024 |work=Forbes India |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215180517/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/30-under-30-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After graduating from [[Jesus and Mary College]], she began her acting career with her breakthrough role in the television soap opera ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]'' (2014–2016).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/radhika-madan-i-wasnt-keen-on-doing-the-same-thing-again-on-tv/articleshow/63666865.cms |title=Radhika Madan: I wasn't keen on doing the same thing again on TV |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/radhika-madan-i-wasnt-keen-on-doing-the-same-thing-again-on-tv/articleshow/63666865.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Madan made her film debut with [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s drama ''[[Pataakha]]'' (2018), winning the [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut]]. She then featured in ''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]'' (2018), ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'' (2020), and ''[[Shiddat]]'' (2021). She won a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for the anthology film ''[[Ray (TV series)|Ray]]'' (2021) and has since received praise for starring in the crime drama series ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]'' (2023).

==Early life==
Radhika Madan was born on 1 May 1995 in a [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]] [[Hindu]] family<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/happy-birthday-radhika-madan-6-pictures-of-the-gorgeous-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-actress-you-cannot-miss-1223906-2018-05-01 |title=Happy Birthday Radhika Madan: 6 pictures of the gorgeous Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi actress you cannot miss |website=India Today |date=May 2018 |language=en |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808124506/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/happy-birthday-radhika-madan-6-pictures-of-the-gorgeous-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-actress-you-cannot-miss-1223906-2018-05-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/radhika-madan-makes-sure-to-not-miss-her-family-wali-diwali-334316 |title=Radhika celebrates Diwali with her family in Delhi |work=The Tribune India |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002050127/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/radhika-madan-makes-sure-to-not-miss-her-family-wali-diwali-334316 |url-status=live }}</ref> Madan completed her schooling from [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]], [[New Delhi]], and did her graduation in Bachelor’s of Commerce from [[Jesus and Mary College]], [[University of Delhi]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From family to education, unknown facts about Radhika Madan |url=https://www.desimartini.com/photos/bollywood/gallery-gallery-did-you-know-these-facts-about-meri-aashiquis-ishaani-aka-radhika-madan/she-made-her-bollywood-debut-with-vishal-bharadwajs-patakha-198003.htm |work=Desi Martini |date=May 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Career ==
===Television career (2014–2017)===
Hailing from [[Delhi]], Madan started her career by making her acting debut in the daily [[soap opera]] TV series ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]'' on [[Colors TV]]. She played the female lead Ishaani Vaghela opposite [[Shakti Arora]], that earned her massive popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2021 |title=Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi to Shiddat: Radhika Madan is making her place in Bollywood one project at a time |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-shiddat-radhika-madan-making-her-place-bollywood-one-project-time-892483 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324184142/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-shiddat-radhika-madan-making-her-place-bollywood-one-project-time-892483 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The series became one of the most famous shows of Colors TV, airing for over 400 episodes from June 2014 to February 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Why-Meri-Aashiqui-Tumse-Hi-had-to-wrap-up/articleshow/51039644.cms |title=Why 'Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi' had to wrap up |work=The Times of India |date=19 February 2016 |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106152244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Why-Meri-Aashiqui-Tumse-Hi-had-to-wrap-up/articleshow/51039644.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

While busy in shooting for ''Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi'', Madan also simultaneously participated in Colors TV's dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 8|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]'' in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded: Radhika Madan aka Ishani of Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi eliminated |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/radhika-madan-aka-ishani-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-288066-2015-08-13 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=India Today |date=13 August 2015 |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015738/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/radhika-madan-aka-ishani-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-288066-2015-08-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/radhika-madan-aka-ishani-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-288066-2015-08-13 |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded: Radhika Madan aka Ishani of Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi eliminated |date=13 August 2015 |work=India Today |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015738/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/radhika-madan-aka-ishani-eliminated-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-288066-2015-08-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Madan appeared alongside Shakti Arora in the Indonesian television series ''[[Cinta di Pangkuan Himalaya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=5 July 2017 |title=Indonesian show with Indian actors goes off air within 2 weeks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indonesian-show-with-indian-actors-goes-off-air-within-2-weeks/articleshow/59461489.cms |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604140531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indonesian-show-with-indian-actors-goes-off-air-within-2-weeks/articleshow/59461489.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Diananto |first=Wayan |date=18 June 2017 |title=Analisa Jerry Kemit Mengapa Cinta di Pangkuan Himalaya Berumur Pendek |url=https://www.tabloidbintang.com/film-tv-musik/kabar/read/70164/analisa-jerry-kemit-mengapa-cinta-di-pangkuan-himalaya-berumur-pendek |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=Tabloid Bintang |language=id |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930100535/https://www.tabloidbintang.com/film-tv-musik/kabar/read/70164/analisa-jerry-kemit-mengapa-cinta-di-pangkuan-himalaya-berumur-pendek |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Expansion to films (2018–2022)===
Madan quit television to make her feature film debut in [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s drama ''[[Pataakha]]'' (2018) alongside [[Sanya Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Radhika Madan: Earlier some things would shock me about the film industry, now nothing surprises me |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-earlier-some-things-would-shock-me-about-the-film-industry-now-nothing-surprises-me-101636723664195.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124040733/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-earlier-some-things-would-shock-me-about-the-film-industry-now-nothing-surprises-me-101636723664195.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mint3">{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/WiqHP8bkqork75xn7DUFFK/Blood-is-thicker.html |title=Blood is thicker |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=14 September 2018 |work=Mint |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214205846/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/WiqHP8bkqork75xn7DUFFK/Blood-is-thicker.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the short story ''Do Behnen'' by Charan Singh Pathik, which revolved around two sisters in [[Rajasthan]] who are always on conflict. The story was based on the wives of Pathik's brothers, and for preparation, both Madan and Malhotra met the real women for the dialect and the character's nuances. For the preparation, both Malhotra and Madan stayed in Ronsi village near [[Jaipur]] and learned the [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] dialect; they also got accustomed with milking buffaloes, thatching roofs, plastering the walls with dung and walking for long distances while balancing ''[[Matki (earthen pot)|matkas]]'' full of water on their head and one around their waist.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-radhika-madan-in-vishal-bhardwajs-next/articleshow/63651588.cms |title=Sanya Malhotra, Radhika Madan in Vishal Bhardwaj's next |last=Iyer |first=Sanyukta |date=7 April 2018 |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327163512/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-radhika-madan-in-vishal-bhardwajs-next/articleshow/63651588.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> They also had to put on {{cvt|10|kg}} of weight.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vishal-bhardwajs-pataakha-opens-on-september-28/radhika-madan-and-sanya-malhotra-right-in-pataakha/articleshow/64703084.cms |title=Vishal Bhardwaj's Pataakha opens on September 28 |last=Countinho |first=Natasha |date=23 June 2018 |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200739/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vishal-bhardwajs-pataakha-opens-on-september-28/radhika-madan-and-sanya-malhotra-right-in-pataakha/articleshow/64703084.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-why-sanya-malhotra-is-gaining-weight-for-vishal-bhardwaj-s-film/story-jhudJkcTkh5o1mpjuJb4fJ.html |title=This is why Sanya Malhotra is gaining weight for Vishal Bhardwaj's film |date=11 May 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327163514/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-why-sanya-malhotra-is-gaining-weight-for-vishal-bhardwaj-s-film/story-jhudJkcTkh5o1mpjuJb4fJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] wrote in his review, "Radhika Madan positively shines in this bossy role, unwavering in dialect and determination."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pataakha-movie-review-vishal-bhardwaj-gives-us-a-delightful-explosion/story-pZymKKZwBilP5P7fk3EjHK.html |title=Pataakha review: The new Vishal Bhardwaj film is colourful, noisy and dazzling |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=28 September 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104080321/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pataakha-movie-review-vishal-bhardwaj-gives-us-a-delightful-explosion/story-pZymKKZwBilP5P7fk3EjHK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Radhika Madan graces the Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Madan promoting ''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]'']]

In 2019, Madan was cast in Vasan Bala's action comedy ''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]'' with newcomer [[Abhimanyu Dassani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I don't compete with anyone, says 'Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota' actress Radhika Madan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/aug/24/i-dont-compete-with-anyone-says-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-actress-radhika-madan-2023767.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002050126/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/aug/24/i-dont-compete-with-anyone-says-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-actress-radhika-madan-2023767.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered in the Midnight Madness section of the [[2018 Toronto International Film Festival]], where it won the [[Toronto International Film Festival People's Choice Award: Midnight Madness|People's Choice Award: Midnight Madness]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vasan-bala-s-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-to-premiere-at-tiff-118081000339_1.html |title=Vasan Bala's 'Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota' to premiere at TIFF |date=10 August 2018 |work=Business Standard |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124822/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vasan-bala-s-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-to-premiere-at-tiff-118081000339_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-wins-audience-award-at-tiff-1341857-2018-09-17 |title=Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota wins audience award at TIFF |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=17 September 2018 |work=India Today |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917202141/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-wins-audience-award-at-tiff-1341857-2018-09-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was also screened at the 2018 [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#Film Festival|MAMI Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/a-full-house-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-gets-standing-ovation-at-mami-mumbai-film-festival/articleshow/66387494.cms |title=A full house: 'Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota' gets standing ovation at MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |date=27 October 2018 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225946/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/a-full-house-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-gets-standing-ovation-at-mami-mumbai-film-festival/articleshow/66387494.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> Madan mentioned that she was auditioning for ''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' (2018) when got to know about ''Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota'' and chose the latter film because of its "uniqueness".<ref name="now3">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/radhika-madan-reveals-why-she-chose-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-over-laila-majnu/305488 |title=Radhika Madan reveals why she chose Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota over Laila Majnu |date=27 October 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=Times Now |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015450/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/radhika-madan-reveals-why-she-chose-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-over-laila-majnu/305488 |url-status=live }}</ref> She performed all the stunts herself and watched several classic action films for days to famliarise herself with the genre. She was also injured while undergoing physical training.<ref name="now3" /> Pradeep Menon of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called her a "delight as Supri" and noted that Madan "manages to make it work by sheer will and talent" despite the character having an "inconsistent treatment". He further said that she "sparkles in the action sequences."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-movie-review-a-cocktail-of-gorgeous-action-sequences-absurd-laugh-out-loud-moments-5456261.html |title=Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota movie review: A cocktail of gorgeous action sequences, absurd laugh-out-loud moments |last=Menon |first=Pradeep |date=17 October 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=Firstpost |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101020951/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-movie-review-a-cocktail-of-gorgeous-action-sequences-absurd-laugh-out-loud-moments-5456261.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, Madan appeared in [[Homi Adajania]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'' with [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]], which was Khan's last film before his death in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2021 |title=Radhika Madan: Angrezi Medium will remain special, it reminds me of Irrfan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-says-every-angrezi-medium-mention-reminds-her-of-irrfan-khan-101610873880974.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821075835/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-says-every-angrezi-medium-mention-reminds-her-of-irrfan-khan-101610873880974.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] called her an "absolute natural" in the role. Writing that she "captures the unforced innocence of a 17-year-old, desperate to get out of her small town and see the world."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/angrezi-medium-movie-review-even-when-the-writing-gets-sloppy-and-tedious-the-emotions-feel-authentic/ |title=Angrezi Medium Movie Review: Even When The Writing Gets Sloppy And Tedious, The Emotions Feel Authentic |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |website=Film Companion |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313073022/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/angrezi-medium-movie-review-even-when-the-writing-gets-sloppy-and-tedious-the-emotions-feel-authentic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Madan did a variety of four projects. She made her entry into [[web series]] with her performances as Divya Didi in ''[[Ray (series)|Ray]]'' and Avani Rajvansh in ''[[Feels Like Ishq]]'', both of which earned critical praise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Madan thanks fans for loving Ray and Didi with still from Netflix anthology |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/radhika-madan-thanks-fans-for-loving-ray-and-didi-with-still-from-netflix-anthology-1820194-2021-06-28 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=India Today |date=28 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629015252/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/radhika-madan-thanks-fans-for-loving-ray-and-didi-with-still-from-netflix-anthology-1820194-2021-06-28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='I act because I get bored living one life': Radhika Madan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/aug/12/i-act-becausei-get-bored-living-one-life-radhika-madan-2343416.html |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002050125/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/aug/12/i-act-becausei-get-bored-living-one-life-radhika-madan-2343416.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She also worked in the music video ''Ni Jaana'', a single by [[Jasleen Royal]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Ni Jana (feat. Radhika Madan) - Single by Jasleen Royal & Tm bax |date=30 November 2021 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ni-jana-feat-radhika-madan-single/1597571092 |language=en-GB |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213163317/https://music.apple.com/in/album/ni-jana-feat-radhika-madan-single/1597571092 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her only film in 2021 was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It was [[Kunal Deshmukh]]'s romance film ''[[Shiddat]]'' with [[Sunny Kaushal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title=Radhika Madan: Trivia and unknown facts about 'Shiddat' actress |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/meet-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-actress-radhika-madan-42203 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=mid-day.com |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502091646/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/meet-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-actress-radhika-madan-42203/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiddat Review: Radhika Madan And Sunny Kaushal's Film's Heart Isn't Always In The Right Place |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shiddat-review-radhika-madan-and-sunny-kaushals-films-heart-isnt-always-in-the-right-place-1-5-star-2559834 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002100509/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shiddat-review-radhika-madan-and-sunny-kaushals-films-heart-isnt-always-in-the-right-place-1-5-star-2559834 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, she was seen in a guest appearance in [[List of Netflix originals|Netflix]] [[neo-noir]] [[crime comedy film|crime comedy]] [[thriller film]] ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''.

===2023–present===
In 2023, her first release came with Vishal Bhardwaj's production and his son Aasmaan's directorial debut [[Crime film|crime thriller film]] ''[[Kuttey]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Radhika Madan begins shoot for 'Kuttey' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-begins-shoot-for-kuttey20211107212511/ |date=7 November 2021 |work=ANI News |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108143925/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-begins-shoot-for-kuttey20211107212511/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which was released threatically with mixed to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kuttey-movie-review-an-entertaining-raw-and-wild-tale-of-bloodthirsty-people-101673584922967-amp.html |title=Kuttey movie review: An entertaining, raw and wild tale of bloodthirsty people |website=Hindustantimes |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114002808/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kuttey-movie-review-an-entertaining-raw-and-wild-tale-of-bloodthirsty-people-101673584922967-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote, "Radhika's candour stays true to Kuttey's unhinged ways". Madan next appeared as a gully cricketer in ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]'' with [[Rajat Barmecha]] and [[Ayush Mehra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kacchey Limbu starring Radhika Madan, Rajat Barmecha and Ayush Mehra to premiere at Toronto International Film Festival 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 September 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kacchey-limbu-starring-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-premiere-toronto-international-film-festival-2022/ |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903083921/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/kacchey-limbu-starring-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-premiere-toronto-international-film-festival-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Madan has outdone herself, yet again. She’s successfully proved why filmmakers and audience are looking at her as a bankable actor."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kacchey Limbu Movie Review: Radhika Madan, Rajat Barmecha, Ayush Mehra's film on gully cricket thoda kaccha reh gaya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/kacchey-limbu-movie-review-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-ayush-mehras-film-on-gully-cricket-kaccha-hi-reh-gaya-2381184-2023-05-19 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=India Today |date=19 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519041816/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/kacchey-limbu-movie-review-radhika-madan-rajat-barmecha-ayush-mehras-film-on-gully-cricket-kaccha-hi-reh-gaya-2381184-2023-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> She then appeared in Adajania's web series ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Madan wraps shooting for Homi Adajania's next, SBC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/radhika-madan-wraps-shooting-for-homi-adajanias-next/articleshow/90156642.cms |date=11 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110000728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/radhika-madan-wraps-shooting-for-homi-adajanias-next/articleshow/90156642.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title='Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo' series review: Dimple Kapadia anchors this quirky, uneven series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-series-review-dimple-kapadia-anchors-this-quirky-uneven-series/article66815091.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 May 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2023 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505073037/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-series-review-dimple-kapadia-anchors-this-quirky-uneven-series/article66815091.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Madan will next play the titular character in [[Sudhanshu Saria]]'s ''Sanaa''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaa: Radhika Madan starts shooting for Sudhanshu Saria's directorial |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sanaa-radhika-madan-starts-shooting-sudhanshu-sarias-directorial-1051821?amp |work=Pinkvilla |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325120521/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sanaa-radhika-madan-starts-shooting-sudhanshu-sarias-directorial-1051821?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika to star in Sudhanshu Sariya's next Sanaa |url=https://telanganatoday.com/radhika-madan-bags-new-film-sanaa/amp |work=Telangana Today |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310141142/https://telanganatoday.com/radhika-madan-bags-new-film-sanaa/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> The film will have its world premiere at the [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]] in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjith Kumar |first=Gabbeta |date=October 21, 2024 |title=Radhika Madan’s Sanaa set for world premiere at Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-sanaa-set-for-world-premiere-at-tallinn-black-nights-film-festival-8222461/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She completed shooting for the remake of [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'', titled ''[[Sarfira]],'' alongside [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Paresh Rawal]], which released on July 12, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2024 |title=Watch: Akshay Kumar, Radhika Madan's rooftop dance from 'Sarfira' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-radhika-madan-rooftop-dance-sarfira-viral-video-2544723-2024-05-28 |access-date=November 21, 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2024 |title='Sarfira': Akshay Kumar, Radhika Madan's soulful track unveiled |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/sarfira-akshay-kumar-radhika-madans-soulful-track-unveiled20240627142920/ |access-date=November 21, 2025 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref> Madan also started filming for [[Dinesh Vijan]]'s [[social film|social]] [[thriller film]] with [[Nimrat Kaur]] in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Madan, Nimrat Kaur team up for Happy Teacher's Day. Shoot begins today |work=India Today |date=5 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/radhika-madan-nimrat-kaur-team-up-for-happy-teacher-s-day-shoot-begins-today-1996479-2022-09-05 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905051718/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/radhika-madan-nimrat-kaur-team-up-for-happy-teacher-s-day-shoot-begins-today-1996479-2022-09-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film, titled [[Sajini Shinde Ka Viral Video|''Sajini Shinde Ka Viral Video'']], released on 27 October 2023.

== Personal life and media image ==
[[File:Radhika Madan graces the premiere of Kacchey Limbu (9) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Madan in 2023]]

Madan turned [[vegan]] in 2023 and has been part of [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA India]]'s "try vegan" campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/radhika-madan-turns-into-green-goddess-for-peta-india-601192 |title=After turning vegan, Radhika Madan turns into green goddess for PETA India's campaign |work=Wion News |date=6 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621141101/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/radhika-madan-turns-into-green-goddess-for-peta-india-601192 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mayukh Majumdar of ''[[Filmfare]]'' termed her as "a breath of fresh air".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/radhika-madan-chats-about-love-soulmates-chaat-papdi-and-the-magic-of-self-love-51925.amp |title=Radhika Madan chats about love, soulmates, chaat-papdi and the magic of self-love |work=Filmfare |author=Mayukh Majumdar |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229105428/https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/radhika-madan-chats-about-love-soulmates-chaat-papdi-and-the-magic-of-self-love-51925.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> On her character prep, Madan said, "‘I give my 100 per cent in my prep because that allows me to give 100 per cent to the character on screen. I don’t like to be in-between in anything."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/a-chat-with-radhika-madan/cid/1833047 |title=Interview - A chat with Actress Radhika Madan |work=The Telegraph |author=Priyanka Roy |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621141842/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/a-chat-with-radhika-madan/cid/1833047 |url-status=live }}</ref> She ranked 24th in ''[[Eastern Eye]]'''s "Sexiest Asian Women" list of 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-sexiest-asian-women/20151210.htm |title=Meet the Sexiest Asian Women! |work=Rediff.com |date=10 December 2015 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510223605/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/meet-the-sexiest-asian-women/20151210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Madan is a celebrity endorser for several brands and products, including [[Glow & Lovely]] and [[Lay's]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/radhika-madan-ecstatic-on-finally-getting-to-work-with-ranbir-kapoor-52831.html |title=Radhika Madan is ecstatic on finally getting to work with Ranbir Kapoor |work=Filmfare |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621143409/https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/radhika-madan-ecstatic-on-finally-getting-to-work-with-ranbir-kapoor-52831.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, she received several backlash for her comment on the work culture of the television industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/after-sayantani-ghosh-ekta-kapoor-slams-radhika-madans-comment-on-tv-industry-calls-it-sad-and-shameful-2324146-2023-01-20 |title=After Sayantani Ghosh, Ekta Kapoor slams Radhika Madan's comment on TV industry, calls it 'sad and shameful' |work=India Today |date=20 January 2023 |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120164126/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/celebrity/story/after-sayantani-ghosh-ekta-kapoor-slams-radhika-madans-comment-on-tv-industry-calls-it-sad-and-shameful-2324146-2023-01-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Madan was featured by ''[[Forbes India]]'' in their [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-radhika-madan-dot-aditi-saigal-2024-forbes-india-list-30-under-30-101707997586372-amp.html |title=Rashmika Mandanna, Radhika Madan, Dot make it to Forbes India list of 30 under 30 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215141101/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-radhika-madan-dot-aditi-saigal-2024-forbes-india-list-30-under-30-101707997586372-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Pataakha]]''
| Champa Kumari
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/2-years-of-pataakha-vishal-bhardwaj-reveals-he-was-impressed-by-radhika-madan-during-her-audition/ |title=2 Years Of Pataakha: Vishal Bhardwaj reveals he was impressed by Radhika Madan during her audition |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 September 2020 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113073302/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/2-years-of-pataakha-vishal-bhardwaj-reveals-he-was-impressed-by-radhika-madan-during-her-audition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]''
| Supriya/Supri
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhagyashrees-son-abhimanyu-dassani-starts-shooting-debut-film-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-tv-actress-radhika-madan/ |title=Bhagyashree's son Abhimanyu Dassani starts shooting for his debut film Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota with TV actress Radhika Madan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 November 2017 |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906234034/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/bhagyashrees-son-abhimanyu-dassani-starts-shooting-debut-film-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-tv-actress-radhika-madan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
| Tarika Bansal
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/radhika-madan-goes-to-london-to-shoot-angrezi-medium/articleshow/69875688.cms |title=Radhika Madan goes to London to shoot 'Angrezi Medium' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Shiddat]]''
| Kartika Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/radhika-madan-begins-shooting-shiddat-opposite-sunny-kaushal/ |title=Radhika Madan begins shooting for Shiddat opposite Sunny Kaushal |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 November 2019 |access-date=23 November 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128061559/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/radhika-madan-begins-shooting-shiddat-opposite-sunny-kaushal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan='2'|2022
| ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
| Supriya
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''Sanaa''
| Sanaa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-filming-sudhanshu-saria-sanaa-7832515/lite/ |title=Radhika Madan begins filming for Sudhanshu Saria's social drama Sanaa |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906234032/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-filming-sudhanshu-saria-sanaa-7832515/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan='3'|2023
|''[[Kuttey]]''
| Lovely Khobre
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/radhika-madan-starts-shooting-next-film-titled-kuttey/ |title=Radhika Madan starts shooting for her next film titled Kuttey |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108100025/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/radhika-madan-starts-shooting-next-film-titled-kuttey/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-starrer-kuttey-gets-new-release-date-release-january-2023/ |title=Exclusive - Arjun Kapoor starrer Kuttey gets a new release date; to release in January 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107094808/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/arjun-kapoor-starrer-kuttey-gets-new-release-date-release-january-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''
| Aditi Nath
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kacchey Limbu' teaser: Radhika Madan unleashes her fierce and determined avatar in the TIFF's next! |work=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/kacchey-limbu-teaser-radhika-madan-unleashes-her-fierce-and-determined-avatar-in-the-tiffs-next-2504989.html/ |date=2 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903064758/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/kacchey-limbu-teaser-radhika-madan-unleashes-her-fierce-and-determined-avatar-in-the-tiffs-next-2504989.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sajini Shinde Ka Viral Video]]''
| Sajini Shinde
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sajini Shinde Ka...' trailer out: Nimrat, Radhika promise edge-of-seat suspense |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sajini-shinde-ka-viral-video-trailer-out-nimrat-kaur-radhika-madan-promise-edge-of-seat-suspense-2448072-2023-10-12 |work=India Today |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018115557/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sajini-shinde-ka-viral-video-trailer-out-nimrat-kaur-radhika-madan-promise-edge-of-seat-suspense-2448072-2023-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan='2'|2024
| ''[[Sarfira]]''
| Rani
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/akshay-kumar-and-radhika-madan-come-together-suriyas-soorarai-pottru-hindi-remake-filming-begins-1075787|title=Akshay Kumar and Radhika Madan come together for Suriya's Soorarai Pottru Hindi remake; Filming begins |work=Pinkvilla |date=25 April 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509223517/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/akshay-kumar-and-radhika-madan-come-together-suriyas-soorarai-pottru-hindi-remake-filming-begins-1075787?amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jigra]]''
|Herself
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan='2'|2026
| ''[[Subedaar]]''
| Shyama Maurya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/subedaar-anil-kapoor-reports-to-lucknow-will-begin-shoot-on-diwali-101730208472242.html |title=Subedaar Anil Kapoor reports to Lucknow, begins shoot on Diwali |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 October 2024 |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Rumi Ki Sharafat}}
| Rumi
| Completed
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/maddock-films-backed-pooja-meri-jaan-rumi-ki-sharafat-sarvagunn-sampanna-face-delays-due-ott-valuation-issues-report/ |title=Maddock Films-backed Pooja Meri Jaan, Rumi Ki Sharafat, and Sarvagunn Sampanna face delays due to OTT valuation issues|date=12 May 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2014–2016
| ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]''
| Ishaani Joshi Vaghela
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 8|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''
| Contestant
| 14th place
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colors.in.com/in/videos/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-full-episode-446-february-19th-2016-10123924.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160327115937/http://colors.in.com/in/videos/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-full-episode-446-february-19th-2016-10123924.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2016 |title=Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi episodes |publisher=Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi |date=14 November 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Cinta di Pangkuan Himalaya]]''
| Sarah
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karibo |first=Anto |date=7 May 2017 |title=Pemain Ranveer dan Ishani Bintangi Cinta di Pangkuan Himalaya |url=https://www.fimela.com/entertainment/read/2943194/pemain-ranveer-dan-ishani-bintangi-cinta-di-pangkuan-himalaya |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=Fimela |language=id |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604140528/https://www.fimela.com/entertainment/read/2943194/pemain-ranveer-dan-ishani-bintangi-cinta-di-pangkuan-himalaya |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2021
| ''[[Ray (series)|Ray]]''
| Divya Didi
| Segment: "Spotlight"
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2021 |title='Ray' trailer: Netflix anthology is a tribute to the master filmmaker |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ray-trailer-netflix-anthology-is-a-tribute-to-the-master-filmmaker/article34767440.ece |access-date=16 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613151715/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ray-trailer-netflix-anthology-is-a-tribute-to-the-master-filmmaker/article34767440.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Feels Like Ishq]]''
| Avani Rajvansh
| Episode: "Save The Da(y)te"
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/radhika-madan-amol-parashar-rohit-saraf-among-others-star-netflix-anthology-love-story-feels-like-ishq/ |title=Radhika Madan, Amol Parashar, Rohit Saraf among others to star in Netflix anthology love story Feels Like Ishq |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 June 2021 |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711082015/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/radhika-madan-amol-parashar-rohit-saraf-among-others-star-netflix-anthology-love-story-feels-like-ishq/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
| Shanta
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/radhika-madan-wraps-shooting-for-homi-adajanias-next/articleshow/90156642.cms |title=Radhika Madan wraps shooting for Homi Adajania's next |work=The Times of India |date=11 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of music video appearances
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2021
| "Sahiba"
| [[Jasleen Royal]], Alibi Rafeon
|{{cn|date=January 2024}}
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of awards and nominations received by Radhika Madan
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Female)|Debut in a Lead Role - Female]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/gold-awards/2015/114 |title=Gold Awards 2015 Winners: Complete list of winners |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513051832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/gold-awards/2015/114 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Newcomer - Female
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2015/113 |title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2015 Winners: Complete list of winners |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725222243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2015/113 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Female|Fresh New Face - Female]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-telly-awards/2015/115 |title=Indian Telly Awards 2015 Winners: Complete list of winners |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627105034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-telly-awards/2015/115 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple|Best Onscreen Couple]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/nominations-for-indian-telly-awards-2015-out-see-who-all-have-made-the-cut-273701-2015-11-20 |title=Nominations for Indian Telly Awards 2015 out; see who all have made the cut |date=20 November 2015 |website=India Today |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512115100/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/nominations-for-indian-telly-awards-2015-out-see-who-all-have-made-the-cut-273701-2015-11-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Star Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Pataakha]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-alia-bhatt-wins-best-actress-rajkummar-rao-and-ranveer-singh-are-best-actors/story-C9PF5a5ZeHzC77Dfp4UwAO.html |title=Star Screen Awards 2018 complete winners list: Alia Bhatt wins Best Actress, Rajkummar Rao and Ranveer Singh are Best Actors |date=17 December 2018 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328143656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-alia-bhatt-wins-best-actress-rajkummar-rao-and-ranveer-singh-are-best-actors/story-C9PF5a5ZeHzC77Dfp4UwAO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html |date=23 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |work=Filmfare |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323165124/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[64th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=64th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2019: Official list of nominations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019-official-list-of-nominations/articleshow/68382881.cms |website=The Times of India |date=23 March 2019 |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725212233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019-official-list-of-nominations/articleshow/68382881.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[65th Filmfare Awards]]
| ''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nominations for the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020 are out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-are-out/articleshow/73881320.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 February 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206024026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-are-out/articleshow/73881320.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress in a Web Original Film
|''[[Ray (series)|Ray]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/myglamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021/myglamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-red-carpet/articleshow/88185522.cms |title=MyGlamm Filmfare OTT Awards 2021: Red Carpet |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209175154/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/myglamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021/myglamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-red-carpet/articleshow/88185522.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|[[22nd IIFA Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1 April 2022 |title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |access-date=6 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401133243/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
|Super Stylish Maverick Star
|{{N/A}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Winners List: Find Out Who Won What At The Starry Night |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Pinkvilla |date=17 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004094031/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2023
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Breakthrough Talent (Female)
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |work=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[UK Asian Film Festival]]
| Best Actor - Female
| ''Sanaa''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Radhika Madan bags actor award for Sanaa|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 June 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812000751/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-bags-actor-award-for-sanaa-international-recognition-makes-people-take-a-film-more-seriously-101687180274300-amp.html|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-madan-bags-actor-award-for-sanaa-international-recognition-makes-people-take-a-film-more-seriously-101687180274300-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress (Drama Series)
|''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/|website=Filmfare|date=26 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110000751/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actress in an Original Film
| ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ITA Awards 2023: Tejasswi Prakash, Harshad Chopda win big; Hrithik Roshan dances to 'Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-2023-tejasswi-prakash-harshad-chopda-win-big-hrithik-roshan-dances-to-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-9062956/ |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024
| [[Iconic Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress of the Year - Web Series
| ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=From Kartik Aaryan to Manoj Bajpayee: The winners of Iconic Gold Awards 2024|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/iconic-gold-awards-2024-kartik-aaryan-bags-best-actor-satyaprem-ki-katha-wins-best-film-check-full-winners-list-article-107335570/amp|work=Times Now News|language=en|access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Versatile Talent of the Year
| {{n/a}}
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Complete list of winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards 2024|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Most Stylish Style Innovator
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{ScreenAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madan, Radhika}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]

Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar

2026-03-16T20:43:47Z

Prithoknnoman: starting new details

{{about|a neighbourhood in [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]]|an assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.1199|N|80.2342|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|link=|alt=|Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Perambur taluk|Perambur]]
| subdivision_type4 = Metro
| subdivision_name4 = Chennai
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 31.29
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600011
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 044-2671****, 044-2558****
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = City
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chennai]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Chennai]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kolathur (Chennai) (State Assembly Constituency)|Kolathur]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar''' or '''TVK Nagar''' or '''Thiru. V. Kalyaanasundaram Nagar''', named after the Tamil scholar [[Thiru. V. Kalyanasundaram]], is a developed residential area in North [[Chennai]], a metropolitan city in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Location==
Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|13.1199|N|80.2342|E}}) in Chennai.

{{Location map many | India Chennai
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar
| pos1 = left
| bg1 = yellow
| label1_width = 18
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|13.1199|N|80.2342|E}}
}}

The neighbouring places of Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar are as follows:
[[Peravallur]] (0.5 km), [[Agaram]] (0.8 km), [[Sembium]] (1 km), [[Periyar Nagar]] (2 km), [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]] (2 km), [[Moolakadai]] (2 km), [[Kodungaiyur]] (3 km), [[Ponniammanmedu]] (3 km), [[Vyasarpadi]] (4 km), [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]] (5 km), [[Madhavaram Milk Colony]] (5 km), [[Vinayagapuram]] (5 km), [[Doveton, Chennai|Doveton]] (5 km), [[Purasaiwalkam]] (5 km), [[Vepery]] (5.5 km), [[Mathur MMDA]] (6 km), [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]] (7 km), [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station]] (8 km), [[Sengundram|Red Hills]] (11 km), [[Chennai Egmore railway station]] (9 km) and [[Broadway, Chennai|Broadway Bus Terminus]] (10 km).

==Constituency==
Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar is located within the new [[Kolathur (Chennai) (State Assembly Constituency)|Kolathur Constituency]] created after the delimitation of constituencies in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> Another constituency named after Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar is [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Constituency]] which is also created after the delimitation of constituencies in 2008. Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar is not represented in [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Constituency]] which represents the areas of [[Perambur]](part), [[Ayanavaram]], [[Otteri]], [[Pattalam, Chennai|Pattalam]], [[Pulianthope]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Thiru.Vi. Ka Nagar residents complain of unkept promises|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/thiruvi-ka-nagar-residents-complain-of-unkept-promises/article8518898.ece|access-date=30 April 2016|work=The Hindu|date=25 April 2016}}</ref>

==Greater Chennai Corporation Zone==
Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar is also a zone in the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]].<ref name=oneindia>{{Cite web |title=சென்னை மாநகராட்சி எல்லைகள் விஸ்தரிப்பு- 200 வார்டுகளுடன் மெகா மாநகராட்சியானது |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2011/09/09/chennai-corporation-will-have-200-wards-15-zones-aid0091.html |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> It is one of the 15 zones of the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] in which, it contains wards 64 to 78. It is named as the 6th Zone of the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] in Central Chennai Region.

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''''Directions From Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar'''''
|Northwest = [[Kumaran Nagar]]
|North = [[Ponniammanmedu]]
|Northeast = [[Moolakadai]]
|West = [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]
|Centre = Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar
|East = [[Periyar Nagar]]
|Southwest = [[Jawahar Nagar]]
|South = [[Peravallur]]
|Southeast = [[Perambur]]/[[Sembium]]
}}

==Entertainment==
Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar has a wide range of entertainment venues such as cinemas and parks nearby. [[Perambur]] has the first shopping mall of the north Chennai [[Spectrum Mall (Chennai)|Spectrum Mall]]. It also consists of a 5 screen Multiplex named S2 Cinemas which is controlled by theater franchise [[SPI Cinemas]]. Other nearby theatres are Sri Brinda Theatre ([[Perambur]]), Ganga Cinemas ([[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]), Sri Shanmuga Cinemas ([[Moolakadai]]), Pandian Theatre ([[Kodungaiyur]]), Iyyapa Theatre ([[Erukkancherry]]). Perambur has also got Chennai's first Disco Water park named Murasoli Maran Flyover Park which is always crowded in the weekends.

==Transportation==

===Railways===
[[File:Perambur Railway Station.jpg|thumbnail|Perambur Railway Station with view of Perambur Fly over]]
{{main|Perambur (Railway station)}}

Perambur is served by three railway stations. They are [[Perambur (Railway station)|Perambur]], [[Perambur Carriage Works]] and [[Perambur Loco Works]]. Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar can be easily accessed from any of the three stations.

===MTC Buses===
[[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]] has a bus terminus in Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar. The bus terminus is located on Sundararaja Perumal Koil street (North) amidst Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar. [[Ayanavaram]], [[Perambur]], [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]], [[Alandur]] depots of MTC operate buses to Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar.

==Sub-neighbourhoods==
Gandhi Nagar, Anbazhagan Nagar, Ramamurthy Colony, Vetri Nagar, Kennedy Square, Gopalapuram and Krishna Nagar are some of the important sub-neighbourhoods of Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar.

==Roads and Streets==
Pallavan salai, SRP koil street (North) and Bashyam street are some of the important roads and streets of Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar.

== Adjacent communities ==
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar
| North = [[Ponniammanmedu]]
| Northeast = [[Moolakadai]]
| East = [[Perambur]]
| Southeast = [[Sembium]]
| South = [[Agaram]]
| Southwest = [[Periyar Nagar]]
| West = [[Peravallur]]
| Northwest = [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]
}}

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}
{{Areas of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Chennai district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

List of Hindi poets

2026-03-16T19:37:37Z

Prithoknnoman: Adding The Stub First Draft - done

{{Short description|None}}
This is a '''List of notable [[Hindi language]]''' '''poets:'''
{{Dynamic list}}


==A==
* [[Aalok Shrivastav]] (born 1971), poet, lyricist, and journalist
* [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]] (1556–1627), composer, poet, and produced books on [[astrology]]
* [[Acharya Shivpujan Sahay]] (1893-1963), novelist, writer, and [[prose]] [[writer]]
* [[Adam Gondvi]] (1947-2011), poet who wrote about the plight of [[Dalit]]
* [[Agnishekhar]] (born 1956) real name Kuldeep Sumbly
* [[Agyeya]] (1911-1987), poet and editor of [[Tar Saptak]]
* [[A. M. Turaz]] (born 1974), poet and lyricist
* [[Amir Khusrau]] (1253–1325), musician, scholar and poet
* [[Arun Gemini]] (born 1959), writer, poet, and satirist
* [[Arun Kamal]] (born 1954)
* [[Asad Zaidi]] (born 1954), poet, editor, publisher, translator
* [[Ashok Chakradhar]] (born 1951), author and poet
* [[Ashok Vajpeyi]] (born 1941), bureaucrat-poet
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Atal Bihari Vajpai]] (1924–2018), author, poet and orator
* [[Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay]] (1865–1947)

==B==
* [[Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen]] (1897-1960), known by the pen name Naveen
* [[Balli Singh Cheema]] (born 1952), [[Aam Aadmi Party]] politician and poet
* [[Balswaroop Raahi]] (born 1936), poet and lyricist
* [[Banarasidas|Banarsidas]] (1586–1643), poet, businessman
* [[Bhagwan Datt Sharma]] (born 1935), poet and scholar of post-WWII Hindi and English Poetry
* [[Bhai (writer)]] (1935-2018), [[Suriname|Surinamese]] poet
* [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] (1850–1885), novelist, poet, playwright
* [[Bhawani Prasad Mishra]] (1913–1985), poet and author
* [[Bhikhari Das]] (1721-1799)
* [[Bhupendra Nath Kaushik]] (1924-2007), Hindi and [[Urdu]] poet, writer and satirist
* [[Birbal]] (1528-1586), also known as Raja Birbal, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] advisor and poet
* [[Bihari Lal]] (1595–1663), poet, author

== C ==
* [[Chand Bardai]] (1149-1200), court poet known for ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''
* [[Chandrakant Devtale]] (1936-2017)
* [[Chirag Jain]] (1985-) Poet of epic "Purushottam"
* [[Choudhari Mulkiram]] (1910–1954) poet, philosopher and writer

==D==
* [[Dharamvir Bharati|Dharmveer Bharti]] (1926–1997), poet, author, playwright and a social thinker
* [[Dhirendra Verma]] (1897–1973), poet and writer
* [[Dinesh Bhramar]] (born 1939), Hindi and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] poet
* [[Dnyaneshwar Mulay]] (born 1958), diplomat and poet
* [[Durbalnath]], Indian saint
* [[Dushyant Kumar]] (1933–1975), poet of modern [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]

==G==
* [[Gafil Swami]] (born 1953), poet and journalist
* [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] (1917-1964)
* [[Ganga Prasad Vimal]] (1939–2019), writer, poet, novelist, and translator
* [[Geet Chaturvedi]] (born 1977), poet, short story author and journalist
* [[Ghananand]] (1673 - 1760), poet of the [[Hindi literature#Ritikavya kal (c. 1700 to 1900)|Reeti Era]]
* [[Girish Tiwari]] (1945-2010), scriptwriter, lyricist, and poet
* [[Gopal Singh Nepali]] (1911–1963), poet of Hindi literature and lyricist of [[Bollywood]]
* [[Gopal Prasad Vyas]] (1915–2005), poet, known for his humorous poems
* [[Gopaldas Neeraj]] (born 1924), poet and author
* [[Gulab Khandelwal]] (born 1924), poetry including some in [[Urdu]] and English
* [[Guru Bhakt Singh 'Bhakt']] (1893-1983), poet and dramatist

==H==
* [[Hari Shankar Sharma]] (1891–1968), Hindi and [[Urdu]] poet
* [[Harikrishna Prasad Gupta Agrahari]], Hindi and [[Nepali language]] poet
* [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] (1907–2003), poet of [[Chhayavaad]] literary movement (romantic upsurge)
* [[Hasrat Jaipuri]] (1922 - 1999), Hindi and Urdu poet
* [[Hemant Joshi]] (born 1954), professor, writer, and poet
* [[Hemant Shesh]] (born 1952), writer, poet and civil servant
* [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] (1502–1552), Braj Bhasha poet-sant and bhakti religious leader
* [[Hullad Moradabadi]] (1942-2014), poet, humorist and satirist

==I==
* [[Ibrahim Ashk]] (1951-2022), poet and lyricist
* [[Imran Pratapgarhi]] (born 1987), Hindi and Urdu poet, politician
* [[Indira Indu]]
* [[Indra Bahadur Khare]] (1922–1953), [[Chhayavaad]] writer and poet
* [[Irshad Kamil]] (born 1971), poet and lyricist

==J==
* [[Jacinta Kerketta]] (born 1983), poet and journalist
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]] (1889–1937), novelist, playwright, poet
* [[Jagdish Chaturvedi (writer)]] (1932-2015)
* [[Jagdish Gupt]] (1924–2001), [[Chhayavaad]] literary movement poet
* [[Javed Akhtar]] (born 1945), poet, lyricist and scriptwriter
* [[Joba Murmu]], poet and writer of [[Santali language|Santali]] literature
* [[Jwalamukhi (poet)|Jwalamukhi]] (1938–2008), poet, novelist, writer and political activist
* [[Jyotsna Milan]] (1941–2014), poet, novelist, short story writer and editor

==K==
* [[Kabir]] (1440–1518), [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[poet]] and [[saint]] of [[India]]
* [[Kailash Vajpeyi]] (1936–2015), poet, writer, and lyricist
* [[Kaka Hathrasi]] (1906–1995), [[Satire|satirist]] and [[List of humorists|humorist]] poet
* [[Kamlesh Shukla (Socialist)]] (1937 – 2015), anti-[[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] poet
* [[Kanhaiya Lal Nandan]] (1933–2010), poet and lyricist
* [[Kavi Bhushan]] (1613–1712), poet and scholar
* [[Kavi Pradeep]] (1915–1998), poet and songwriter
* [[Kedarnath Agarwal]] (1911–2000), Hindi language poet and [[Intellectual|littérateur]]
* [[Kedarnath Singh]] (1934–2018), poet, critic and essayist
* [[Keshavdas]] (1555–1617), Sanskrit scholar and Hindi poet
* [[Kishorilal Goswami]] (1865–1932), writer and poet
* [[Koduram Dalit]] (1910-1967), [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] and Hindi poet
* [[Kripa Shankar Sharma]]
* [[Kripalu Maharaj]] (1922–2013), spiritual master ([[Jagadguru]]) and a poet-saint
* [[Krishan Kumar Sharma "Rasik"]] (born 1983), [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]] poet and writer
* [[Krishna Kumar Sharma|Krishna Kumar Sharma "Betaab"]] (1922-2001), [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist and poet
* [[Kumar Vikal]] (1935–1997)
* [[Kumar Vishwas]] (born 1970), poet and professor
* [[Kunwar Bechain]] (1942–2021), professor and poet
* [[Kunwar Narayan]] (1927–2017)

==L==
* [[Lari Azad]] (born 1959), historian and poet
* [[Laxmi Shankar Bajpai]] (born 1955)
* [[Laxminarayan Payodhi]] (born 1957), poet and researcher
* [[Leeladhar Jagudi]] (born 1940), journalist and poet

==M==
* [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist, educational reformer, and poet
* [[Mahadevi Varma]] (1906–1987), poet, freedom fighter, woman's activist and educationist
* [[Mahendra Bhatnagar]] (1926-2020), post-[[Indian independence movement|Independence]] Hindi and English poet
* [[Mahendra Pratap Singh]] (1930-2022), author, historian, and researcher
* [[Mahesh Garg Bedhadak]] (born 1966), Hindi poet and writer
* [[Mamta Kalia]] (born 1940), author, teacher, and poet
* [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] (1886–1964), poet, politician, dramatist, and translator
* [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]] (1477– 1542), [[Sufi literature|Sufi poet]] and [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]]
* [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]] (1889–1968), Indian poet, writer, essayist, playwright and a journalist
* [[Meera]] (1498–1547), [[Mysticism|mystic]] singer and composer of [[Bhajan]]s
* [[Mirabai]], 16th-century [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Mysticism|mystic]] poet, [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] saint, and devotee of [[Krishna]]
* [[Mohan Rana]] (born 1964), poet, columnist, and lyricist
* [[Motilal Jotwani]] (1936-2008), writer and educationist
* [[Mrityunjay Kumar Singh]] (born 1961)
* [[Munishree Nagraj]], writer and poet
* [[Murari Lal Sharma (Neeras)|Murari Lal Sharma ("Neeras")]] (born 1936), author, poet and educator

==N==
* [[N. Chandrasekharan Nair]], poet, novelist, and dramatist
* [[Nagarjun]] (1911–1998), poet, writer, essayist, novelist
* [[Nalin Vilochan Sharma]] (1916-1961), professor and poet
* [[Nand Chaturvedi]] (1923-2014), poet and [[Intellectual|littérateur]]
* [[Narendra Mohan (poet)]] (born 1935), poet, author, and playwright
* [[Naresh Mehta]] (1922-2000), poet and playwright
* [[Narottam Das]] (1550–1605), the writer of 'Sudama Charitra' and contemporary of Tulsidas
* [[Nathuram Sharma]] (1859–1932), Hindi poet, known by his pen-name "Mahakavi Shankar"
* [[Nawal Kishore Dhawal]] (1911–1964), writer, poet, proof reader, editor, critic, journalist and author
* [[Neelabh Ashk]] (1945-2016), poet, journalist, and translator
* [[Nemi Chandra Jain]] (1919-2005), poet and critic
* [[Nirjhar Pratapgarhi]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and Hindi language poet
* [[Nirmal Verma]] (1929-2005), writer, novelist, and translator
* [[Nivedita Jha]], Hindi poet, journalist and women's rights activist

==O==
* [[Om Prakash Aditya]] (1936–2009)

==P==

* [[Pandit Narendra Sharma]] (1913-1989), poet, writer, and lyricist
* [[Pankaj Rag]] (born 1964), poet and [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
* [[Pawan Karan]] (born 1964), poet, writer, editor, journalist, columnist, social and political analyst
* [[Phoolchand Gupta]] (born 1958), poet, writer and translator
* [[Prasoon Joshi]] (born 1971), advertiser, lyricist, and poet
* [[Prabhakiran Jain]] (born 1963), poet and writer
* [[Prabha Thakur]] (born 1951), poet, writer, composer and Indian politician
* [[Prem Kishore Patakha]] (born 1943)

==R==
* [[Raghuvir Sahay]] (1929-1990), [[short story]] writer, poet, and essayist
* [[Raghuvir Sharan Mitra]] (1919-1966), writer and poet
* [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] (1927-1992), [[Urdu]] and Hindi poet and writer, [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] lyricist
* [[Rajesh Joshi (poet)|Rajesh Joshi]] (born 1946), writer, poet, journalist, and playwright
* [[Ram Ratan Bhatnagar]] (born 1914), scholar, professor, writer and critic of poetry and literature
* [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] (1897-1927), poet, writer, and revolutionary
* [[Ram Vilas Sharma]] (1921-2000), academic and writer
* [[Ramavtar Tyagi]] (1925-1985), poet
* [[Rambhadracharya]] (born 1950), religious leader and educationist.
* [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]] (1908–1974), poet, essayist and academic
* [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]] (1928-1994), poet and writer of [[Ghazal|ghazals]]
* [[Ramkumar Verma]] (1905-1990), poet and publisher of one-act plays
* [[Raskhan]] (1548-1628), [[Sufi literature|Sufi poet]] and later devotee of [[Krishna]]
* [[Ravindra Prabhat]] (born 1969), writer, poet, editor, critic, journalist and author
* [[Rustam Singh (poet)|Rustam Singh]] (born 1955), poet, philosopher, translator and editor
==S==
* [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]] (1911–1987), poet, writer, novelist, journalist, traveler
* [[Samartha Vashishtha]] (born 1983)
* [[Sandeep Nath]], poet and [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] lyricist
* [[Saroj Kumari Gaurihar]] (1929–2022), politician and poet
* [[Sarvesh Asthana]] (born 1965), poet, writer, and satirist
* [[Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena]] (1972-1982), poet who helped start the ‘Prayogvaad’ (Experimentalism) era
* [[Satyapal Anand]] (born 1931), [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] poet, critic, and writer
* [[Shabab Aalam]] (born 1984), poet
* [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)]], Bollywood lyricist and music composer
* [[Shail Chaturvedi]] (1936–2007), poet, humorist, lyricist, actor
* [[Shailesh Matiyani]] (1931-2001), poet, writer, and essayist
* [[Shambhunath Singh]] (1916-1991), writer, poet
* [[Shambhu Shikhar]] (born 1984)
* [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shankardas Kesarilal Shailendra]] (1923–1966), poet, lyricist; known for his poetry used in Hindi cinema
* [[Sharad Joshi]]
* [[Dnyaneshwar Mulay]] (born 1958), diplomat and poet
* [[Sheetal Agashe]] (born 1977), business woman and former actress
* [[Shrikant Verma]] (1931-1986)
* [[Shrinivási]] (1926-2019), [[Surinamese people|Surinamese]] poet
* [[Sheila Gujral]] (1924-2011), Hindi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and English poet and writer
* [[Shiv Prasad Dabral]] (1912-1999), historian, geographer, academic, and writer, known by his pen name "Charan"
* [[Shivmangal Singh Suman]] (1915–2002), poet and [[Academic staff|academic]]
* [[Shyam Narayan Pandey]] (1907-1991)
* [[Shyamlal Gupta]] (1896-1977), poet and lyricist, popularly known by his pen name "Parshad"
* [[Sitaram Agrahari]] (born 1957), journalist and editor
* [[Sohan Lal Dwivedi]] (1906-1988), [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist and poet
* [[Sonroopa Vishal]] (born 1977), writer, poet, and author
* [[Soumitra Mohan]] (born 1938), poet and exponent of the Akavita (अकविता - anti-poetry) movement
* [[S.R. Harnot]] (born 1955)
* [[Sri Lal Sukla]] (1925-2011), author and writer
* [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]] (1904–1948), poet known for her emotionally charged songs
* [[Sudama Panday 'Dhoomil']] (1936–1975), poet known for his revolutionary writings and protest-poetry
* [[Sūdan]] (1700–1753)
* [[Suman Pokhrel]] (born 1967), poet, lyricist, translator, and artist
* [[Sumitranandan Pant]] (1900–1975), [[Chhayavaad]] poetry, verse plays and essays
* [[Sunderdas]] (1596-1689), saint, poet, philosopher, and social reformer
* [[Sunil Jogi]], author and poet of comic verses
* [[Surender Sharma]] (born 1945), poet, writer, and humorist
* [[Surdas]] (1467–1583), composer and devotional poet
* [[Suryadev Singh Bareth]], advocate and poet
* [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']] (1899–1961), poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer
* [[Suryakumar Pandey]] (born 1954), poet, writer
* [[Susmita Basu Majumdar]], Hindi and [[Urdu]] poet

==T==
* [[Tara Singh (author)|Tara Singh]] (born 1952), writer and poet
* [[Teji Grover]] (born 1955), poet, fiction writer, translator and painter
* [[Tulsidas]] (1497/1532–1623), poet-saint, reformer and philosopher

==U==
* [[Uday Prakash]] (born 1952), scholar, poet, journalist, translator and short story writer
* [[Uday Pratap Singh]] (born 1932), politician
* [[Urmilesh Shankhdhar]] (1951-2005), poet, writer, and lyricist

==V==
* [[Verma Malik]] (1925-2009), poet and [[Bollywood]] lyricist
* [[Viren Dangwal]] (1947-2015), poet, academic, and journalist
* [[Virendra Kumar Baranwal]] (1941-2020), poet and writer
* [[Vishnu Khare]] (1940–2018), Hindi journalist, translator and poet
* [[Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari]] (born 1940), poet, editor, and critic
* [[Vrind]] (1643–1723), [[Braj Bhasha]] poet
* [[Vitthalbhai Patel]], (1936-2013) poet and [[Bollywood]] lyricist
* [[Vinay Kumar (psychiatrist)|Vinay Kumar]] – psychiatrist and poet

==See also==
*[[List of Hindi-language authors]]
*[[List of Indian poets]]
*[[List of Indian writers]]
{{Lists of poets}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi language poets}}
[[Category:Lists of poets by language]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian poets|Hindi poets]]
[[Category:Hindi language-related lists|Poets]]

N. Mahalingam

2026-03-16T15:50:16Z

Prithoknnoman:

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Mahalingam Nachimuthu
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|03|21|df=yes}}
| profession = {{hlist|Industrialist|educationist|politician|philanthropist}}
| birth_place = [[Pollachi]], [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|10|02|1923|3|21}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu, India]]
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
[[College of Engineering, Guindy]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term1 = 1952 – 1957
| constituency1 = [[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
| alongside1 = P. K. Thirumurthy
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = ''Himself'' & K. Ponniah
| term2 = 1957 – 1962
| constituency2 = Pollachi
| alongside2 = K. Ponniah
| predecessor2 = ''Himself'' & P. K. Thirumurthy
| successor2 = ''Himself''
| term3 = 1962 – 1967
| constituency3 = Pollachi
| predecessor3 = ''Himself'' & K. Ponniah
| successor3 = [[A. P. Shanmugasundara Goundar]]
}}

'''Nachimuthu Mahalingam''' (21 March 1923 – 2 October 2014) known by many as '''Pollachi N. Mahalingam''' was an Indian educationist, industrialist, philanthropist and prominent person from Tamil Nadu. He was the chairman of the [[Sakthi Group]], and [[Ethiraj College for Women]] between 1972 and 1980.

==Early life and education==

He was born to a agricultural family, completed his B.Sc. in Physics from [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. Mahalingam was married to Mariyammal. The couple had three sons, Manickam, Balasubramaniam, and Srinivaasan; and a daughter, Karunambal Vanavarayar.<ref name=":0" />

== Politics ==
Since his father Thiru P. Nachimuthu, was a municipal chairman, Mahalingam showed interest into politics at an early age. He was elected as the member of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] in 1952 as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the first time at the age of 29. He was elected as a member for the same constituency in the consecutive elections 1956 and 1962. During his tenure, he provided Parambikulam-Aliyar project and various schemes for the welfare of Pollachi Constituency.

He served on the board of directors for several public sector undertakings and the State Planning Commission in two terms.

In [[1967 Indian general election]] he was defeated by [[K. Ramani]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] in [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]] [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="results">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2009 |title=1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
Mahalingam joined the Sakthi Group business in 1943. After the [[Nationalisation of banks in India|banks were nationalised]] by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], Mahalingam began businesses and expanded, as more and more banks were ready to lend money easily. Today, the [[Sakthi Group]] has forayed into sugar, distilling, automobiles, and finance.

Mahalingam is the founder of many educational institutions, including [[Kumaraguru College of Technology]], Nachimuthu Polytechnic College, Sakthi Polytechnic College and [[Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology]]. He was involved in the establishment of Institute of Asian Studies in [[Madras]] in 1981.

==Honours and titles==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Issued by
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2007
| [[Padma Bhushan]]
| Government of India
| <ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-date=October 15, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1989-92
| Honorary Consul
| Government of [[Mauritius]]
| rowspan="6" | {{Cn|date=February 2025}}
|-
| 1989
| [[Indira Gandhi National Integration Award]]
| All India National Unity Conference, New Delhi
|-
|1983
|Aram Valarkkum Annal
|Sri Sankaracharya of Kanchi Kamakodi Peedam
|-
|1984
|Doctor of Laws
|[[Bharathiar University]], [[Coimbatore ]]
|-
|1988
|Doctor of Science
| [[Anna University]], [[Madras ]]
|-
|2000
| Doctor of Science
| [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], Coimbatore
|}

==Spiritual life==

Mahalingam had an important association with [[Swami Satchidananda|Sri Swami Satchidananda]], the Indian swamiji who emigrated to the United Statesand founded the [[Integral Yoga]] Institutes.and who has faced multiple sexual misconduct allegations Mahalingham was a devoted follower of the Swamiji and contributed to the moral and financial causes of the Swamiji's works in the US, especially to the Light of Truth Universal Shrine (LOTUS) ecumenical temple in [[Virginia]].

Mahalingam was also greatly associated with [[Vethathiri Maharishi]] and his teachings. He donated land for Temple of consciousness - [[Aliyar]].

==Death ==
Mahalingam died of a heart attack in 2014 while speaking at a celebration in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/industrialist-pollachi-n-mahalingam-dies-cardiac-arrest-212222.html|title = தொழிலதிபர் பொள்ளாச்சி என். மகாலிங்கம் மரணம் - சொற்பொழிவின்போது மேடையில் உயிர் பிரிந்தது|date = 2 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Pollachi-N-Mahalingam-dead/articleshow/44297247.cms|title = Pollachi N Mahalingam dead &#124; Coimbatore News - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=4 October 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.omsakthionline.com/Arutchelvar/parentage.html Short biography on Om Sakthi Publications]

{{Authority control}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahalingam, N.}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]

N. Mahalingam

2026-03-16T15:50:16Z

Prithoknnoman:

Inder Kumar Gujral

2026-03-12T12:24:38Z

Prithoknnoman:

{{Short description|Prime Minister of India from 1997 to 1998}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Inder Kumar Gujral
| image = Inder Kumar Gujral (cropped).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, {{circa|1997}}
| office = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| president = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| vicepresident = K. R. Narayanan [[Krishan Kant]]
| term_start = 21 April 1997
| term_end = 19 March 1998
| predecessor = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| successor = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]
| term_start2 = 21 April 1997
| term_end2 = 1 May 1997
| primeminister2 = ''Himself''
| predecessor2 = [[P. Chidambaram]]
| successor2 = P. Chidambaram
| office3 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of External Affairs]]
| primeminister3 = H. D. Deve Gowda ''Himself''
| primeminister5 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indira Gandhi]]
* [[Morarji Desai]]
* [[Charan Singh]]}}
| term_start3 = 1 June 1996
| term_end3 = 19 March 1998
| predecessor3 = [[Sikander Bakht]]
| successor3 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| primeminister4 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| term_start4 = 5 December 1989
| term_end4 = 10 November 1990
| predecessor4 = V. P. Singh
| successor4 = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| office6 = [[Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start7 = June 1996
| term_end7 = November 1996
| predecessor7 = Sikander Bakht
| successor7 = H. D. Deve Gowda
| term_start6 = April 1997
| term_end6 = March 1998
| predecessor6 = H. D. Deve Gowda
| successor6 = Sikander Bakh
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency10 = [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar, Punjab]]
| termstart10 = 10 March 1998
| termend10 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor10 = [[Darbara Singh (speaker)|Darbara Singh]]
| successor10 = Balbir Singh
| constituency11 = [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar, Punjab]]
| termstart11 = 28 November 1989
| termend11 = 21 June 1991
| predecessor11 = [[Rajinder Singh Sparrow]]
| successor11 = Yash
| office8 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency8 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| termstart8 = 8 July 1992
| termend8 = {{End date|1998|03|2|df=y}}
| constituency9 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]
| termstart9 = 3 April 1964
| termend9 = {{End date|1976|04|2|df=y}}
| office5 = [[Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]]
| termstart5 = 1976
| termend5 = 1980
| predecessor5 = [[Durga Prasad Dhar]]
| successor5 = V. K. Ahuja
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1919|12|04}}<ref>''Matters of Discretion'' – An autobiography by I. K. Gujral</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2012|11|30|1919|12|04}}
| birth_place = [[Sohawa Tehsil|Pari Darveza]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], India
|module={{Infobox person|embed=yes|monuments=[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Smriti Sthal]]}}
| party = {{bulleted list|[[Indian National Congress]] (1964–1988)|[[Janata Dal]] (1988–1998)}}
| otherparty =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sheila Gujral]]|1945|2011|end=died}}
| children = 2, including [[Naresh Gujral]]
| parents = [[Avtar Narain Gujral]] (father) Pushpa Gujral (mother)
| relatives = [[Satish Gujral]] (brother) [[Raseel Gujral Ansal]] (niece)
| alma_mater = [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|D.A.V. College]] [[Hailey College of Commerce]] [[Forman Christian College]]
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
}}

'''Inder Kumar Gujral''' (4 December 1919 – 30 November 2012) was an Indian diplomat, politician, and [[Indian independence movement|anti-colonial independence activist]], who served as  [[prime minister of India]] from April 1997 to March 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-inder-kumar-gujral/ |title=Shri Inder Kumar Gujral}}</ref>

Born in [[Punjab]], he was influenced by nationalistic ideas as a student, and joined the [[All India Students Federation]] and the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was imprisoned for taking part in the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India movement]]. After independence, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] party in 1964, and became a [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]].

He was the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]]. In 1976, he was appointed as the [[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]]. In 1996, he became the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] in the [[Deve Gowda ministry]], and developed the Gujral doctrine during this period. He was appointed the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] in 1997. His tenure lasted for less than a year.

He retired from all political positions in 1998. He died in 2012 at the age of 92, following hospitalization due to a [[Lower respiratory tract infection|lung infection]].

==Early and personal life==
Inder Kumar was born on 4 December 1919 in a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghai|first=Rajat|date=7 May 2014|title=The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> to [[Avtar Narain Gujral|Avtar Narain]] and Pushpa Gujral in the village of Pari Darveza in the [[Sohawa Tehsil]] of the [[Jhelum District]] in [[Punjab Province (British India)|undivided Punjab]] in [[British Raj|British India]], which is in present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. He studied at [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|D.A.V. College]], [[Hailey College of Commerce]] and [[Forman Christian College University|Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]], all affiliated with the [[University of the Punjab]]. He was a member of [[All India Students Federation]]. He also participated in the [[Indian independence movement]],<ref name="pioneer">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121201/main1.htm |title=Ex-Prime Minister IK Gujral dies at 92 |publisher=Tribune India |date=1 December 2012 |access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> and was jailed in 1942 during the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="indep">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/indian-intrigue-on-hold-as-pm-is-sworn-in-1268624.html|title= Indian intrigue on hold as PM is sworn in|last=McGirk|first=Jan|date=22 April 1997|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=25 January 2010|location=India}}</ref> As a student, he became a member of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="dna"/> He also has two sisters, Uma Nanda and Sunita Judge. On 26 May 1945, Inder Kumar Gujral married [[Sheila Gujral]] (24 January 1924 – 11 July 2011)<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-inder-kumar-gujral/| title = Shri Inder Kumar Gujral {{!}} Prime Minister of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhXmEYWHDHYC&q=Shiela+Gujral+1924&pg=PA133 |title = International Who's Who in Poetry 2004|isbn = 9781857431780|last1 = Publications|first1 = Europa|year = 2003| publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=12 July 2011|title=Sheila Gujral passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sheila-gujral-passes-away/article2219383.ece|access-date=31 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and had two sons, [[Naresh Gujral]] (born 19 May 1948), who is a former Rajya Sabha MP, and Vishal Gujral. IK Gujral's younger brother [[Satish Gujral]] was a world-renowned painter and sculptor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Satish Gujral, renowned artist and architect, dies at 94|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/27/satish-gujral-renowned-artist-and-architect-dies-at-94.html|access-date=13 June 2020|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>

Gujral's hobbies included poetry;<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/former-prime-minister-ik-gujral-passes-away/article4150486.ece |title=Business Line: News: Architect of 'Gujral Doctrine' is no more |work=Business Line |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> he spoke [[Urdu]] and was, after his death, eulogised as a lover of the language by [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], an institution where he held the position of chancellor.<ref name="UrduUni">{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/urdu-university-pays-tributes-its-first-chancellor-gujral |title=Urdu university pays tributes to its first chancellor Gujral |work=The Siasat Daily |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> His wife [[Sheila Gujral]], an acclaimed poet, died on 11 July 2011 after an illness. The couple had two sons, Naresh, who is a [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] MP in the [[Rajya Sabha]],<ref name=ie-nomore>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sheila-gujral-no-more/816038/ |title=Sheila Gujral no more |work=The Indian Express |date=11 July 2011|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref> and Vishal. The couple also have two granddaughters and a grandson.

==Early politics==
Gujral became vice-president of the [[New Delhi Municipal Committee]] in 1958,<ref>{{cite web |title=NMDC History |url=http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNdmc/History.aspx |publisher=NMDC |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215025220/http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNdmc/History.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2012 }}</ref> and joined the Congress party ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) in 1964.<ref name="et"/> He was close to [[Indira Gandhi]], and became a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] in April 1964. During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] of June 1975, Gujral was [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]], where he was in charge of the media during a time of [[censorship in India]] and was in charge of [[Doordarshan]]. He again was elected to the Rajya Sabha to serve until 1976. He also served as Water Resources Minister. Later, Gujral was appointed [[Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]]<ref name="pioneer"/> by Indira Gandhi and stayed on during the tenures of [[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]].<ref name="dna"/> He was rumoured to have been shunted out of the ministry due to conflicts with the prime minister's son, [[Sanjay Gandhi]],<ref name="hindu"/><ref name=zeenews>{{cite news|title=Former PM IK Gujral cremated with full state honours|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/former-pm-ik-gujral-to-be-given-state-funeral-today_813934.html|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=Zee News|date=2 December 2012}}</ref> over media censorship,<ref name="et"/> and was replaced by [[Vidya Charan Shukla]], who had no qualms following party lines on the matter; he was then moved to the Planning Ministry.<ref name="dna"/>

==Janata Dal==
Gujral resigned from the [[Indian National Congress]] party in the 1980s. Then he joined the [[Janata Dal]].<ref name="hindu"/><ref name=punjabnews>{{cite news|title=Remembering IK Gujral|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/12319-Remembering-IK-Gujral--.aspx|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=Punjab News Express|date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203062843/http://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/12319-Remembering-IK-Gujral--.aspx|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> In the [[1989 Indian general election]], Gujral was elected from [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. He served as Minister of External Affairs in Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]]'s [[11th cabinet of India 1989|eleventh cabinet of India]]. In 1989, Singh sent him to [[Srinagar]] to negotiate with the perpetrators of the [[1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed]].<ref name="pioneer"/> He also brought about controversy during the [[Gulf War]] when he hugged [[Saddam Hussein]] as a show-of-good-faith to ensure Indian [[expatriate]]s would be safe.<ref name="et"/> In the [[1991 Indian general election]], Gujral contested from [[Patna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna]] in [[Bihar]]. However, the election was countermanded<ref name="pioneer"/> following complaints of 'irregularities'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/lalu-introduced-gujral-as-gujjar-to-the-people-of-patna |title=Lalu introduced Gujral as 'Gujjar' to the people of Patna |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203062813/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/lalu-introduced-gujral-as-gujjar-to-the-people-of-patna |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1992, Gujral was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] with the help of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].<ref name="pioneer"/>

Subsequent to the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 election]], when the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] government was formed under the premiership of [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], Gujral was again named Minister of External Affairs.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name=punjabnews/> During this tenure, he developed the 'Gujral doctrine' which emphasised better relations with India's neighbours and was refined when he became prime minister.<ref name="dna"/> He also served as Union Minister or Minister of State of several other portfolios—Communications and Parliamentary Affairs, Information and Broadcasting, Works and Housing and Planning.<ref name=dailybhaskar>{{cite news|title=RIP IK Gujral: A look at the man who gave India 'Gujral doctrine'|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-rip-ik-gujral-a-look-at-the-man-who-gave-india-gujral-doctrine-4094844-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203071513/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-rip-ik-gujral-a-look-at-the-man-who-gave-india-gujral-doctrine-4094844-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2012|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=Daily Bhaskar|date=30 November 2012}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] party had been supporting the United Front government from outside, but citing its wish to have the incumbent prime minister replaced, decided to withdraw support;<ref name="et">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/inder-kumar-gujral-dead-but-his-doctrine-still-relevant/articleshow/17433487.cms |title=Inder Kumar Gujral dead, but his doctrine still relevant – The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> this led to the government's collapse in April 1997. To avoid mid-term elections, a compromise was reached: the INC agreed to support another United Front government under a new leader, provided its concerns—such as not being consulted before taking important decisions and being marginalised—were addressed. The United Front elected Gujral as its new leader, and he was sworn in as Prime Minister on 21 April 1997.

== Prime Minister of India (1997–1998) ==
Gujral became prime minister as the consensus candidate between others that included [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]];<ref name="dp">{{cite web |author=Former PM IK Gujral passes away |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/112347-former-pm-ik-gujral-passes-away.html |title=Former PM IK Gujral passes away|work=Daily Pioneer|date=28 August 2011|access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> his government was supported by the INC from outside. In the early weeks of his tenure, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] asked for permission from the [[Governor of Bihar]], [[A. R. Kidwai]], to prosecute the state Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav in a corruption case related to the [[Fodder Scam]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/the-legacy-of-inder-kumar-gujral-299303|title=The legacy of Inder Kumar Gujral|publisher= NDTV| access-date= 2 December 2012}}</ref> a move that Kidwai sanctioned. Even legal scholars said that Yadav could not escape prosecution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.in/news/may/01fodder.htm|title=Laloo's fate sealed, legal experts assure Gujral|publisher=Rediff|access-date=2 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217223614/http://www.rediff.in/news/may/01fodder.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, the demand for the resignation of Yadav was raised both from within and outside the United Front. United Front and [[Telugu Desam Party]] leader [[Chandrababu Naidu]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] General Secretary [[Harkishen Singh Surjeet]] called for action against Yadav and for the resignation of other RJD members;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.in/news/jun/18bihar.htm |title=Get tough on Laloo Yadav, Gujral told |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218001032/http://www.rediff.in/news/jun/18bihar.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> while the same was said by JD members [[Sharad Yadav]], H. D. Deve Gowda and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] who called for the dismissal of accused RJD members [[Kanti Singh]], [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]] and Captain Jai Narain Nishad. Though INC chairperson [[Sitaram Kesri]] offered minor calls for Yadav's resignation, Yadav then offered Gujral support to run from any Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar to get his support. Gujral, however, was silent on the matter,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/dec/19guj.htm |title=Gujral caught in JD-RJD crossfire |publisher=Rediff |date=19 December 1997 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> but later controversially transferred the CBI director Joginder Singh, who was investigating the case against Yadav, and replaced him with R. C. Sharma, who said Gujral would directly control the CBI and that the pace of investigating many sensational cases "will definitely slacken now."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/01cbi2.htm |title=Go easy on politicians, sensitive investigations, govt tells new CBI chief |publisher=Rediff|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> However, Yadav was still expelled from the party by JD leader Sharad Yadav, before forming his own [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bihar-elections-2010/parties/story/rashtriya-janata-dal-rjd-84167-2010-10-18|title=Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) : Parties, News – India Today|work=India Today|date=19 October 2010|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>
[[File:President of India Shankar Dayal Sharma administering the oath of office of Prime Minister of India to Shri I. K. Gujral at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|left|thumb|President of India [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] administering the oath of office of Prime Minister of India to Shri I. K. Gujral at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]]]
Another controversial decision of his government was its recommendation of [[President's rule]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1997. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) Uttar Pradesh government, headed by [[Kalyan Singh]], sought a vote of confidence after violence and unruly scenes took place in the assembly. However, President [[K.R. Narayanan]] refused to sign the recommendation and sent it back to the government for reconsideration.<ref name="pioneer"/> The [[Allahabad High Court]] also gave a decision against President's rule in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.in/news/1996/1912up.htm |title=Allahabad high court declares President's rule in UP 'unconstitutional' |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218004307/http://www.rediff.in/news/1996/1912up.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> He also resisted signing the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty]].<ref name="et"/>

On 28 August 1997, the [[Jain Commission]] report was submitted to the government<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/08jain.htm |title=Panel to study Jain commission report on Rajiv killing |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> and was leaked on 16 November.<ref name="Jai1999">{{cite book |author=Rajiv Jai |title=Political Trends: Revival of Two Party System in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNVfuDxIO0EC&pg=PA21 |access-date=2 December 2012 |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=Regency Publ |isbn=978-81-86030-16-5 |pages=21}}</ref> The commission had inquired into the conspiracy aspects of the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] assassination and reportedly criticised the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/(docid)/CAB2A53CCB05F9A065256942002E3D21 |title=Jain Commission Revelations: Damning The Dmk The Inquiry Into Rajiv Gandhi's Killing Indicts The Dmk For Colluding With The Ltte |publisher=CSCS Archive |access-date=2 December 2012}}{{dead link |date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> amongst others such as the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] government, for tacitly supporting Tamil militants accused in Gandhi's assassination. The DMK was part of the ruling coalition at the center and had ministers in the Union Cabinet. The Congress first demanded the tabling of the report on the floor of the parliament, which was refused by Gujral, who feared a battle between the DMK and the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] would lead to the DMK's withdrawal from the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/aug/30jain.htm |title=Jain Commission report may upset UF applecart |publisher=Rediff |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Gujral later formed a Joint Parliamentary Committee to study the report after informing Sitaram Keshri of the decision, to which Keshri acceded. INC parliamentary party leader [[Sharad Pawar]] said they would call for the resignation of anyone implicated in the report. Gujral convened the government to inform them of the updates and said it supported the DMK. The DMK's Industry Minister [[Murasoli Maran]] said: "We are part of the United Front. We will stand and fall together. I am hundred per cent confident of that. If it were so easy to break the United Front, then it will be called the disunited front. No one is going to ditch their colleagues for a few loaves of power. We have no reason to quit at all. The report is full of recycled news. There is nothing startling about it, everybody already knows what the report is saying. A Madras court is expected to give its verdict on a criminal case on the assassination on January 28. Let us wait till then to know who was involved in the dastardly act. Until then, all this is disinformation." However, the Tamil Maanila Congress called for the DMK, which was in a coalition government in [[Tamil Nadu]], to share all actions it would undertake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.in/news/nov/18cong.htm|title=Joint Parliamentary Committee on Jain panel report to bail out Gujral|publisher=Rediff|date=17 November 1997|access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218061715/http://www.rediff.in/news/nov/18cong.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> The report was tabled on 20 November 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1424/14240140.htm |title=Karunanidhi hits back |publisher=Front Line |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> On the same day there were angry scenes in parliament, as the INC then called for the DMK's removal from the cabinet and refused to partake in any parliamentary debate until that happened. Speaker [[P.A. Sangma]] then adjourned the house.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.in/news/nov/20cong.htm|title=Only a miracle will save Gujral |publisher=Rediff |date=20 November 1997 |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218072551/http://www.rediff.in/news/nov/20cong.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> The INC finally withdrew support from his government on 28 November<ref name="nytquit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/29/world/premier-of-india-quits-deepening-political-bedlam.html |title=Premier of India quits, deepening political bedlam |last=Burns |first=John F |date=29 November 1997 |work=The New York Times |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> after Gujral sent Kesri a letter saying he would not dismiss any DMK leaders. Gujral resigned following the withdrawal, and sent a letter to President [[K. R. Narayanan]] that read: "My government has lost its majority and does not want to continue in office on moral grounds", but did not call for the dissolution of parliament. The president accepted the resignation, but asked for Gujral to stay on in an interim capacity. INC General Secretary [[Oscar Fernandes]] then said: "All the secular parties are welcome to support a government which will be attempted by the Congress." The United Front's leader Chandrababu Naidu got the support of all the constituents saying they would neither support the INC nor the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], as did the TMC, saying they would not allow a "U.P.-like situation to happen in the centre." In similar measure, BJP leader [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]] said the party would "throttle" INC attempts to form a new government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/28uf.htm |title=Congress withdraws support to UF govt; PM resigns |publisher=Rediff |date=29 November 1997 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> The president then dissolved parliament on 4 December,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNVfuDxIO0EC&q=jain+commission+congress+resign&pg=PA21|title=Political Trends: Revival of Two Party System in India – Rajiv Jai|access-date=2 December 2012|isbn=9788186030165|last1=Jai|first1=Rajiv|year=1999|publisher=Regency Publications }}</ref> triggering a [[snap election]].

As a Prime minister, Gujral had a practice of reserving Friday mornings for meeting the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Gujral shakes a weary head: Distressing, most distressing... |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/18gujral.htm |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Gujral doctrine==
The Gujral doctrine is a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreign relations with India's [[SAARC|immediate neighbours]], notably [[Pakistan]], as spelt out by Gujral.<ref name="pioneer"/> The doctrine was later termed as such by journalist Bhabani Sen Gupta in his article, ''India in the Twenty First Century'' in [[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]. These principles are, as he set out at [[Chatham House]] in September 1996 (which he later reiterated at the [[Bandaranaike Centre for International Studies]]):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idsa.in/askanexpert/GujralDoctrine%3F |title=Anil Kumar Reddy asked: What is Gujral doctrine |publisher=IDSA |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129040834/https://idsa.in/askanexpert/GujralDoctrine |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = The United Front Government's neighbourhood policy now stands on five basic principles: First, with the neighbours like Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka, India does not ask for reciprocity but gives all that it can in good faith and trust. Secondly, no South Asian country will allow its territory to be used against the interest of another country of the region. Thirdly, none will interfere in the internal affairs of another. Fourthly, all South Asian countries must respect each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty. And finally, they will settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. These five principles, scrupulously observed, will, I am sure, recast South Asia's regional relationship, including the tormented relationship between India and Pakistan, in a friendly, cooperative mould.
| align = right
| width = 400px
}}

He wrote in his autobiography of the doctrine: "The logic behind the Gujral doctrine was that since we had to face two hostile neighbours in the north and the west, we had to be at 'total peace' with all other immediate neighbours in order to contain Pakistan's and China's influence in the region."<ref name="dna">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujral-the-man-behind-the-raw-doctrine-that-set-india-behind_1771985 |title=Gujral, the man behind the raw doctrine that set India behind – India – DNA |date=December 2012 |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>

Following a series of attacks throughout the 2000s, said by the Indian media and government to have originated from and been planned in Pakistan, culminating with the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the Gujral doctrine was criticised by the Indian media. Following the attack, ''[[India Today]]'' said that targeted, covert strikes against Pakistani organisations such as [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] were a "capability that I.K. Gujral dismantled as prime minister over a decade ago will take over a year to rebuild."<ref name=indiatoday08>{{cite news |title=India"s Al Qaeda |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20081222-india-s-al-qaeda-738522-2008-12-11 |access-date=1 December 2012 |newspaper=India Today |date=22 December 2008 |author=Sandeep Unnithan |author2=Ramesh Vinayak}}</ref> The major setback of the Gujral doctrine is said to be the debilitating impact it had on the R&AW's ([[Research and Analysis Wing]]) ability to conduct operations in [[Pakistan]]. On his orders Pakistan's special operations desk of R&AW was shut down leading to major gaps in India's intelligence capabilities. Analysts have time and again blamed this as the foremost factor for India's "intelligence failure" before the [[Kargil War]] commenced. It is said that this was because of Gujral's negligence towards such repercussions and his urge to leave an imprint on Indo-Pak relations that he did this.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujral, the man behind the raw doctrine that set India behind |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gujral-the-man-behind-the-raw-doctrine-that-set-india-behind-1771985 |agency=DNA India |date=14 May 2020}}</ref> However, it was also praised in the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/oct/30diplo1.htm |title=B G Verghese says the Gujral doctrine is the only thing that will work in India's relations with its neighbours |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=Vidya Subrahmaniam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ik-gujral-author-of-key-foreign-policy-doctrine-dies-at-92/article4152559.ece |title=Today's Paper News : I.K. Gujral, author of key foreign policy doctrine, dies at 92 |work=The Hindu |date=December 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24online.com/gujral-doctrine-a-milestone-in-indias-foreign-policy_LatestNews24_6518.aspx |title=Gujral doctrine a milestone in India's foreign policy |publisher=News24online.com |date=4 December 1919 |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410073539/http://news24online.com/gujral-doctrine-a-milestone-in-indias-foreign-policy_latestnews24_6518.aspx/ |archive-date=10 April 2016 }}</ref>

The snap [[1998 Indian general election|election was held in February–March 1998]]. Gujral contested again from Jalandhar as Janata Dal candidate with the support of the Shiromani Akali Dal. The Akali Dal, though a part of BJP-led coalition, opted to support Gujral because during his Prime Ministerial tenure, Gujral declared that the central government will share the expenses against the [[insurgency in Punjab]] during the 1980s and early 1990s, along with the state government of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="pioneer"/>

Gujral was a member of the [[Club de Madrid]] after his tenure as the Prime Minister ended.

== Global policy ==
Along with his brother [[Satish Gujral]], he was one of the signatories of the Agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.10 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=www.afb.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=www.afb.org}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt the [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA) |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Illness and death==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying floral tributes at the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Inder Kumar Gujral, in New Delhi on December 01, 2012.jpg|thumb|Former [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Manmohan Singh]] paying floral tribute to Gujral.]]
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari paying floral tributes at the Samadhi of former Prime Minister, Shri Inder Kumar Gujral, on his death anniversary, in Delhi on November 30, 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Vice President of India]] [[Hamid Ansari]] giving tribute to Gujral on his first death Anniversary (2013).]]
Gujral was admitted at [[Medanta]] Hospital in Gurgaon, Haryana (part of the [[National Capital Region]]), on 19 November 2012, after being diagnosed with a [[lung infection]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/former-pm-ik-gujral-admitted-to-gurgaon-hospital-for-lung-infection-534644.html|title=Former PM, IK Gujral admitted to Gurgaon hospital for lung infection|date=25 November 2012|access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> He had had a serious chest infection a few days before being admitted to the hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/294296/i-k-gujral-stable-critical.html|title=I. K. Gujral stable but critical|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> following more than a year of [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]].<ref name="dp" /> His health deteriorated in the hospital and was reported to be "very critical". On 27 November, he fell unconscious and his urine output system stopped working. Gujral died on 30 November 2012, four days before his 93rd birthday.<ref name="deathfirstpost">{{cite news|title=Firstpost Politics India's diplomatic politician and former PM IK Gujral passes away|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/indias-diplomatic-politician-and-former-pm-ik-gujral-passes-away-540767.html|newspaper=[[First Post (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/india/former-pm-i-k-gujral-passes-away-48871.html|title=Former Prime Minister I.K.Gujral Passes Away|work=The Times of India|date=30 November 2012|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/former-pm-ik-gujral-passes-away/20121130.htm|title=Former PM I K Gujral passes away|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> His body [[Lying in state|lay in state]] at his official residence, 5 Janpath, until noon the next day. The [[Government of India]] declared a seven-day period of state mourning and cancelled official functions until 6 December. He was given a state funeral at 15:00 on 1 December<ref name="pioneer" /> near [[Samta sthal|Samata Sthal]]. His death was announced to parliament by Home Minister [[Sushil Kumar Shinde]], following which both houses adjourned. On 3 December, condolence references were held for him.<ref name="dp" />

Reactions came from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]],<ref name="pioneer" /> Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/former-prime-minister-i-k-gujral-was-a-scholar-statesman-pm-299573|title=Former Prime Minister I K Gujral was a "scholar-statesman": PM|newspaper=NDTV.com |publisher=NDTV|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] and RJD chairman [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/bihar-government-declares-three-day-mourning-on-i-k-gujral-s-death-299597|title= Bihar government declares three-day mourning on I K Gujral's death|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> Other immediate reactions came from MPs: Law Minister [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]], [[Veerappa Moily]], [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]. Minister for New and Renewable Energy [[Farooq Abdullah]] offered his condolences and said Gujral was "a politician, a diplomat and a humanist who would be remembered for his many accomplishments in the diplomatic and political arena;" while Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilisers [[Srikant Kumar Jena]] said Gujral had an "exceptional personality, courage and intellect" and that: "Today we feel extremely saddened on the demise of former Prime Minister Shri Inder Kumar Gujral, who was a man of exceptional courage and intellect."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/farooq-abdullah-srikant-jena-give-tributes-to-gujral-recall-gujral-doctrine |title=Farooq Abdullah, Srikant Jena give tributes to Gujral, recall ''Gujral doctrine'' |publisher=MSN |date=31 December 1999 |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203200113/http://news.in.msn.com/national/farooq-abdullah-srikant-jena-give-tributes-to-gujral-recall-gujral-doctrine |archive-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Union Cabinet issued a statement that read: "In his death, India has lost a great patriot, a visionary leader and a freedom fighter." INC chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] wrote to Gujral's son, MP [[Naresh Gujral]]: "...the late leader had the ability to win goodwill and friendship across the political spectrum. It is these qualities and the genuine warmth of his personality that made him such a widely admired and respected Prime Minister of India, MP and ambassador."<ref name="thehindu1" /> Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] sent a message to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in which he wrote: "Shri Gujral was ahead of his times in a rapidly globalising world. Sri Lanka will always remember with gratitude, Shri I K Gujral's contribution towards strengthening India-Sri Lanka relations and regional cooperation." Pakistani Prime Minister [[Raja Parvez Ashraf]] mentioned Gujral's "admirable role" in boosting [[India-Pakistan relations]], while he also said South Asia had lost a noble and distinguished politician. Bangladesh Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] sent an unnamed senior leader of her [[Awami League]] party for the funeral.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24online.com/gujral-was-ahead-of-his-times-rajapaksa_LatestNews24_6572.aspx |title=Gujral was ahead of his times: Rajapaksa |publisher=News24online.com |access-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129090008/http://news24online.com/gujral-was-ahead-of-his-times-rajapaksa_LatestNews24_6572.aspx |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> [[Salman Khurshid]] and [[Lal Krishna Advani]] were amongst the dignitaries at his funeral.

== Awards and honours ==
[[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 2020 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Gujral on a 2020 stamp of India]]

=== Foreign honours ===
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}:
**[[File:Noribbon.svg|50px]] [[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh Liberation War Honour]] (21 October 2012)<ref>[http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=254652 Grateful to you all: PM tells 61 friends of Liberation War from abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302033435/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=254652 |date=2 March 2016 }} ''The Daily Star''.</ref>

==Autobiography==
[[File:Prime Minister I. K. Gujral presenting a book to President K. R. Narayanan, 1998.jpg|thumb]]
* ''[[Matters of Discretion]]'', I. K. Gujral, Hay House, India, 519 pages, Feb. 2011. {{ISBN|978-93-8048-080-0}}. Distributors: [http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/category/Autobiography_Biography_Memoir/Matters_of_Discretion_9789380480800.aspx Penguin books, India].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=Inder Kumar Gujral|wikt=no|c=Inder Kumar Gujral|commonscat=yes|n=no|q=I. K. Gujral|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q248484|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}}

* {{Citation|title=Inder Kumar Gujral|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-inder-kumar-gujral/|publisher=[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|PMO]]}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{IMDb name|nm1588368}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujral, Inder Kumar}}
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[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum District]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Ministers for information and broadcasting of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for external affairs of India]]
[[Category:Ministers of power of India]]
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[[Category:Ministers for corporate affairs]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories]]

Krodham 2

2026-03-03T04:32:49Z

Prithoknnoman: minor cleanup

{{short description|2000 film by Prem Menon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krodham 2
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem Menon]]
| writer = Prem Menon [[Piraisoodan]] (dialogues)
| producer = Indira Prem
| starring = Prem Menon [[Radhika Chaudhari]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| cinematography = Abdul Rahman
| editing = V. Udhayasankaran
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Lotus Film Company
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2000|9|1|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Krodham 2''''' ({{translation|Fury 2}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[thriller film]], produced, written and directed by [[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem Menon]]. The film stars Prem Menon himself, alongside [[Radhika Chaudhari]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], while [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] portray supporting roles. A sequel to [[A. Jagannathan]]'s 1982 film, ''[[Krodham]]'', the music for the film was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and was released on 1 September 2000.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=February 2022}}

== Cast ==
* [[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem Menon]] as Dheeran
* [[Radhika Chaudhari]]
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Latha
* [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Rajasekharan
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Rathnavel
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Selvakumar
* [[Anandaraj]] as Yogaraj
* [[Senthil]]

== Production ==
A sequel to his earlier film ''Krodham'' (1982), Prem Menon began work on the project during 1999 after returning from an alternate career in business in [[London]]. The film was shot in Salem, [[Chennai]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2000 |title=Hollywood style action film |url=http://www.tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=7-00 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030225/http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=7-00 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=tamilmovies.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=20 July 2004 |title=Understanding sequels |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/understanding-sequels/article28670355.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225065234/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/understanding-sequels/article28670355.ece |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Location News on 'Krodham – 2' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/krodam.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305013522/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/krodam.asp |archive-date=5 March 2001 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Prem was inspired to make a rare sequel in Tamil cinema after being inspired by Hollywood actions films. [[Radhika Chaudhari]] was cast in the film after Prem failed to bring a Dubai-based actress into the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2000 |title=Radhika Chowdry sizzles in "Krodham 2" |url=http://minnoviyam.com/star/july00/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001030182123/http://minnoviyam.com/star/july00/index.html |archive-date=30 October 2000 |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=Minnoviyam}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Deva and lyrics written by [[Piraisoodan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2000 |title=Krodham -2 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/krodham--2/lsUv1MUNCpI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225065248/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/krodham--2/lsUv1MUNCpI_ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| Vethala Potta || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 05:26
|-
| En Thalaiva || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 04:57
|-
| Ninaithal Un || [[T. L. Maharajan]], Prem || 05:21
|-
| Tokyo Pappa || [[Swarnalatha]] || 05:33
|-
| Baba Baba || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Vijay Yesudas]] || 06:07
|}

== Reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote the film "begins with engrossing and sophisticated action from the word `go' which continues till the end of the first half, but action tapers into melodrama and tedium, especially in the last few scenes".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 September 2000 |title=Film Review: Krodham-2 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-krodham-2/article28042329.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032431/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-krodham-2/article28042329.ece |archive-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> Malini Mannath wrote in ''Chennai Online'', "The first half of the film keeps one engaged with its racy narration and clever use of gadgetry and computer graphics. But the second half is a long drawn out affair".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=13 September 2000 |title=Krodham-2 |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov66.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001019032657/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov66.asp |archive-date=19 October 2000 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2000 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prem Menon (actor)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dantidurga

2026-02-27T14:07:48Z

Prithoknnoman: cleanup

{{Short description|Founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title =
| image = Rashtrakutas Coins 25-07-23 15-44-48-445.png
| caption = A Coin Attributed to Dantidurga, founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty
| succession = [[Emperor]] of [[Rashtrakuta Empire]]
| reign = {{circa|753|756 CE}}
| predecessor = Indra II
| successor = [[Krishna I]]
| death_date = {{Circa|756 CE}}
| father = Indra II
| mother = Bhavanaga
| religion = [[Jainism]]<ref>Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency. pp. 48–55.</ref><ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha. pp. 20–25.</ref><ref>Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955). ''A History of South India''. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–221.</ref>
 
}}
{{Rashtrakuta Manyakheta Kings Infobox}}
'''Dantidurga''' (reigned 753–756 CE), also known as '''Dantivarman II''' was the founder of the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]] of [[Manyakheta]].<ref name="dan">[[Bisheshwar Nath Reu|Reu]] (1933), p54</ref> His capital was based in [[Kalburgi]] region of [[Karnataka]]. His successor was his uncle [[Krishna I]] who extended his kingdom to all of [[Karnataka]].

The Ellora record of Dantidurga narrates that he defeated the [[Chalukyas]] in 753 and took the titles ''Rajadhiraja'' and ''Parameshvara''. The [[Indian inscriptions|inscription]] calls him son of Indra II. The [[Samangad]] inscription (modern Kolhapur district, Maharashtra) states his mother was a Chalukyan princess from [[Gujarat]] called Bhavanaga. The same inscription states he defeated the infinite and invincible ''Karnataka-Bala'' (Karnataka army) of the Badami Chalukyas.<ref name="defeat">Kamath (2001), p74</ref><ref name="defeat1">He defeated the great Karnatik army of the Chalukyas, (Reu, 1933 p54)</ref> Further he defeated the [[Gurjaras of Lata|kings of Lata]] (Gujarat), [[Malwa]], Tanka, [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and Sheshas (Nagas) in central India and performed many sacrifices.<ref name="bala">Reu (1933), p55</ref> Though he conquered the Chalukyan Empire, it is clear from the Vakkaleri inscription of 757 that the Chalukyan Emperor [[Kirtivarman II]] retained control over his southern provinces up to the year 757. His daughter was married to a [[Pallava]] King [[Nandivarman II]] of [[Kanchi]]. Dantidurga helped Nandivarman recover Kanchi by warring against the Chalukyas.<ref name="Kanchi">Thapar (2003), p333</ref>

The Navasari grant (c.739) throws light on his achievements in the era prior to Rashtrakuta independence. The Arab intention might have been to make inroads into [[South India]]. However, to the south of the [[Mahi River]] lay the powerful [[Chalukya]]n empire. The Chalukya victory at Navsari, [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshi]], decisively defeated the invading Arab forces as documented in the grant. The ''Tājika'' (Arab) army defeated was one that had attacked "Kacchella, Saindhava, Saurashtra, Cavotaka, Maurya and Gurjara" kings. Viceroy Pulakesi subsequently received the titles "Solid Pillar of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]" (''Dakshināpatha-sādhāra'') and the "Repeller of the Unrepellable" (''Anivartaka-nivartayitr''). The [[Rashtrakuta]] prince Dantidurga, who was subsidiary to Chalukyas at this time, also played an important role in the battle.<ref>{{harvnb|Blankinship|1994|p=186}}; {{harvnb|Bhandarkar|1929|pp=29–30}}; {{harvnb|Majumdar|1977|pp=266–267}}; {{harvnb|Puri|1986|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Wink|2002|p=208}}; {{harvnb|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=348}}; {{harvnb|Chattopadhyaya|1998|pp=33–34}}</ref>
Dantidurga was a clever diplomat but at the same time used military power to expand his empire's boundaries.<ref>{{cite book|title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization
|first= Sailendra |last= Nath sen |publisher= Routledge |year=1999 |page=367 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=indus|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}</ref> By 750 AD Dantidurga had brought Madhya Pradesh and Southern Gujarat under his control.<ref>{{cite book|title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization|first= Sailendra |last= Nath sen |publisher= Routledge |year=1999 |page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=maurya+dynasty+sen|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}</ref>

==Religion==
Inscriptions of '''Dantidurga''', the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, refer to him using imperial titles such as "Paramabhattaraka",<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVIII (1925–26), Archaeological Survey of India.</ref> "Prithivivallabha",<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVIII (1925–26), Archaeological Survey of India.</ref> "Maharajadhiraja", and "Parameshvara".<ref>Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency. pp. 51–55.</ref><ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha. pp. 40–42.</ref><ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVIII (1925–26), Archaeological Survey of India.</ref><ref>Dixit, S.K. (1984). ''Jaina Inscriptions of India'', Vol. 1. Bharatiya Jnanpith. pp. 100–110.</ref> While these titles were common royal epithets across medieval India regardless of religious affiliation, they are frequently found in [[Jain]] inscriptions across the Deccan,<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVIII (1925–26), Archaeological Survey of India.</ref> reflecting the inclusive religious environment of the Rashtrakuta court.

The Rashtrakutas, despite their strong Jain leanings, were noted for their patronage of multiple faiths, including Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Many of their inscriptions begin by specifying the temple or religious institution to which the grant or donation is being made, rather than invoking a single deity. During Rashtrakuta reign, Jain scholors, Kannada poets, monks, temples, and Jain religious institutions flourished. Inscriptions from their period record land grants and temple endowments made to Jain [[monks]] and communities.<ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref><ref>Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref> The Many historians opinion that Rashtrakutas Deeply influenced by Jainism but also worshiped Hindu gods and goddesses; although some of them are regarded as celestial demi-Gods by Jains as well.<ref>Kamath (2001), p.91</ref><ref>Chopra et al. (1993), p.91</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bhandarkar |first=D. R. |author-link=D. R. Bhandarkar |title=Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=10 |number=1/2 |year=1929 |pages=25–44 |jstor=41682407 }}
* {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=Khalid Yahya |author-link=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |title=The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads |location=Albany, New York |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1827-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjP0i6FSfLwC}}
* {{citation |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=B. D. |year=1998 |title=Representing the Other? Sanskrit Sources and the Muslims |location=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-8173042522}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
* {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1977 |title=Ancient India |edition=Eighth |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |year=1986 |title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=Delhi }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA343 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last=Thapar|first= Romila |title=The Penguin History of Early India, From Origins to 1300 AD |year=2003|publisher= Penguin|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
* {{citation |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |edition=Third |orig-year=first published 1996 |isbn=978-0391041738 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before= Indra II |
title= [[Rashtrakuta|Rashtrakuta Emperor]] |
years= 735–756 |
after= [[Krishna I]]
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:756 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta emperors]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]

Bengali Hindus

2026-02-23T16:41:04Z

Prithoknnoman: minor update

{{Short description|Ethno-linguistic and religious population from India and Bangladesh}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bengali Hindus
| native_name = বাঙালি হিন্দু
| native_name_lang = bn
| flag = [[File:Bengali Swastika Symbol half.svg|75px]]
| image = বাগবাজার সার্বজনীন দুর্গোৎসব ২০১৮.jpg
| image_caption = [[Durga Puja]], the most notable Hindu festival for Bengali Hindus.
| pop = '''{{Circa|78-80 million}}'''
| populace =
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 66,700,000–68,200,000{{efn|including 55,000,000 in West Bengal <ref>{{cite web|first=Romita|last=Datta|date=13 November 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|title=The great Hindu vote trick|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=4 October 2022|quote=Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis.|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|url-status=live}}</ref> 6,500,000-7,500,000 in [[Bengali Hindus in Assam|Assam]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Zamser|last=Ali|date=5 December 2019|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land|title=EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam|website=[[Sabrang Communications]]|access-date=4 October 2022|quote=Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly.|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/ | title=Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll | work=The News Web | date=April 2021 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=3 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194154/https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/ | url-status=live }}</ref> 3,000,000 in [[Jharkhand]] {{See below|[[#Jharkhand|below]]}} and 2,200,000 in [[Tripura]] {{See below|[[#Tripura|below]]}}}} ([[2011 census of India|2011 census]])
| ref1 =
| region2 = {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop2 = 13,130,109 ([[2022 Census of Bangladesh|2022 census]])
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |title=Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region3 = [[Bengali Hindu diaspora]]
| langs = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]] {{nowrap|([[Shaktism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]])}}
| related =
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Bengalis}}
'''Bengali Hindus''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙালি হিন্দু|translit=Bāṅgālī Hindu/Banghāli Hindu}}) are adherents of [[Hinduism]] who ethnically, linguistically and genealogically identify as [[Bengalis]]. They make up the majority in the [[Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], and Assam's [[Barak Valley]] region and make up the largest minority in [[Bangladesh]]. Comprising about one-third of the global Bengali population, they are the largest ethnic group among Hindus.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Bengali Hindus speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]], which belongs to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family and adhere to the [[Shaktism]] school of thought of Hinduism (majority, the [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula tradition]]) or [[Vaishnavism]] (minority, [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] and [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]]) of their native religion Hinduism with some regional deities.{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley|first=David|title=What Is Hinduism?: A Guide for the Global Mind|date=18 October 2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-93-88038-65-2|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ 26]|author-link=David Frawley}}</ref> There are significant numbers of [[States of India by Bengali speakers|Bengali-speaking Hindus in different Indian states]].<ref name="BPSR_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/bengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth/93152.html |title=Bengal's topsy-turvy population growth |author=B.P. Syam Roy |newspaper=The Statesman |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910125228/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/bengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth/93152.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Population by religious community: West Bengal|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|volume=36|publication-date=2012|author=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910024649/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}.</ref>

Around the 8th century, the Bengali language branched off from [[Magadhi Prakrit]], a derivative of [[Sanskrit]] that was prevalent in the eastern region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] period (11th – 12th century) the Bengali culture developed into a distinct culture, within the civilisation. Bengali Hindus and Muslims were at the forefront of the [[Bengal Renaissance]] in the 19th century; the Bengal region was noted for its participation in the struggle for independence from the [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim freedom martyrs of India |date=2 October 2009 |url=http://twocircles.net/2009oct01/muslim_freedom_martyrs_india.html |work=Two Circles |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329195037/http://twocircles.net/2009oct01/muslim_freedom_martyrs_india.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Role of Muslims in the Freedom Movement-II |url=http://www.radianceweekly.com/268/7501/the-arab-autumn/2011-08-21/independence-day/story-detail/role-of-muslims-in-thefreedom-movement-ii.html |work=Radiance Weekly |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225185127/http://www.radianceweekly.com/268/7501/the-arab-autumn/2011-08-21/independence-day/story-detail/role-of-muslims-in-thefreedom-movement-ii.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the time of the independence of India in 1947, the province of Bengal was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] between India and [[East Pakistan]], part of the Muslim-majority state of Pakistan. Millions of Bengali Hindus numbering around 2,519,557 (1941–1951) have [[Mass migration|migrated]] from East Bengal (later Bangladesh) and settled in West Bengal and other states of India.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} The migration continued in waves through the fifties and sixties, especially as a results of the [[1950 East Pakistan riots]], which led to the migration of 4.5 million Hindus to India, according to one estimate.<ref name="aroy94">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=A. |title=Genocide of Hindus & Buddhists in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) |year=1980 |place=Delhi |publisher=Kranti Prakashan |page=94 |oclc=13641966}}</ref> The massacre of East Pakistanis in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971 led to exodus of millions of Hindus to India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kundu |first1=Kimtee |date=1 February 2023 |title=The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh |journal=Harvard International Review |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/the-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Habib |first1=Haroon |date=30 January 2022 |title=In East Pakistan in 1971: A 'forgotten' genocide |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/in-east-pakistan-in-1971-a-forgotten-genocide-bangladesh-liberation-war/article38307183.ece |magazine=Frontline |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Debi Durga Sculpture by Sandalwood Murshidabad WB 30 01 2018.jpg|thumb|Devi [[Durga]] Sculpture by Sandalwood. Found in Murshidabad, West Bengal. Now kept in [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]].]]

== Ethnonym ==
The Hindus are a religious group,<ref name="tagore1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org/node/14858 |title=Atmaparichay |last=Tagore |first=Rabindranath |publisher=Society for Natural Language Technology Research |access-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320151334/http://www.rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org/node/14858 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hindu (ethnicity)|url=http://www.indopedia.org/index.php?title=Hindu_%28ethnicity%29|access-date=5 June 2011|publisher=Indopedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hindus ethnic groups|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hindu+%28ethnic+group%29|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2011|work=The Hindu|publisher=Fairlex|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512233829/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hindu+(ethnic+group) |archive-date=12 May 2013 }}</ref> native to the [[Indian subcontinent]], speaking a broad range of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages]] and adhering to the native belief systems, rooted in the [[Veda]]s. The word Hindu is popularly believed to be a [[Persian language|Persian]] [[exonym]] for the people native to the Indian subcontinent. The word is derived from [[Sindhu]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world (Volume I) |last=Garg |first=Ganga Ram |year=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=81-7022-374-1 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC |access-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> the [[Sanskrit]] name for the river [[Indus]] and it initially referred to the people residing to the east of the river. The Hindus are constituted into various [[ethno-linguistic]] subgroups, which in spite of being culturally diverse, share a common bond of unity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|author-link=Arvind Sharma|date=1 January 2002|title=ON HINDU, HINDUSTĀN, HINDUISM, AND HINDUTVA|journal=Numen|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–36|doi=10.1163/15685270252772759|issn=1568-5276}}</ref>

The word Bengali is derived from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] word ''bangali''. The English word Bengali denoting the people as well as the language is derived from the English word [[Bengal]] denoting the region, which itself is derived ultimately from the Bengali word [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]] which was one of the five historical kingdoms of Eastern India. According to [[Harivamsa]], [[Mahabali|Bali]], the king of the [[asura]]s had five sons from his wife Sudeshna through sage Dirghatama. The five sons namely [[Anga]], [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], [[Pundra]] and [[Suhma kingdom|Sumha]] went on to found five kingdoms of the same name in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. In ancient times Vanga proper consisted of the deltaic region between [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]], [[Padma River|Padma]] and [[Madhumati River|Madhumati]], but later on extended to include the regions which now roughly comprise [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

In India, they tend to identify themselves as [[Bengalis]]<ref>{{cite news |title=In Apu's World |author=Sandipan Deb |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?224925 |newspaper=Outlook |date=30 August 2004 |access-date=12 March 2011 |archive-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126055015/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?224925 |url-status=live }}</ref> while in Bangladesh they tend to identify themselves as [[Hindu]]s.<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:ইছামতীর মশা (Ichhamatir Masha) |last=Ghosh |first=Shankha |year=2002 |publisher=Swarnakshar Prakashani |page=80 |language=bn}}</ref> In the global context, the terms [[Indian Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cmhc.ca/en/inpr/graw/upload/Sutama_Eng.pdf |title="We Are Not All the Same":The Differential Migration, Settlement Patterns and Housing Trajectories of Indian Bengalis and Bangladeshis in Toronto |first=Sutama |last=Ghosh |publisher=Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation |year=2007 |access-date=3 March 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235620/http://cmhc.ca/en/inpr/graw/upload/Sutama_Eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Bangladeshi Hindu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banglastories.org/about-the-project/the-interviews/bengali-hindu-migrant-ashim-sen---bradford.html |title=Bengali Hindu Migrant: Ashim Sen – Bradford |publisher=Bangla Stories |access-date=3 March 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026212449/http://www.banglastories.org/about-the-project/the-interviews/bengali-hindu-migrant-ashim-sen---bradford.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are respectively used. In India, Bengali generally refers to Bengali Hindus, excluding a significant number of [[Bengali Muslims]] who are also ethnically [[Bengalis]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Bose |first=Neilesh |year=2009 |title=Anti-colonialism, regionalism, and cultural autonomy: Bengali Muslim politics, c.1840s – 1952 |type=PhD |publisher=Tufts University |url=http://gradworks.umi.com/33/69/3369941.html |access-date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817112247/http://gradworks.umi.com/33/69/3369941.html |archive-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> The 'other' is usually identified as 'non-Bengali', a term that generically refers to the Hindu people who are not Bengali speaking, but sometimes specifically used to denote the [[Hindi]] speaking population.

== Ethnology ==
The Bengali Hindus constitute of numerous [[endogamy|endogamous]] [[caste]]s, which are sometimes further subdivided into endogamous subgroups. The [[Caste system in India|caste system]] evolved over centuries and became more and more complex with time. In the medieval period, several castes were boycotted by the ruling classes from time to time and this isolation continued till the 19th century. These social boycotts were somewhat discriminatory in nature. After the [[Bengal Renaissance|Renaissance]], the rigidity of the caste system ceased to a great extent, so much so that the first celebrated intercaste marriage took place as early as in 1925.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

The Bengali Hindu families are [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] as well as [[patrilocal residence|patrilocal]] and traditionally follow a joint family system. However, due to the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition]] and subsequent urbanisation, the [[Hindu joint family|joint families]] have given way to the [[nuclear family|nuclear families]]. The Bengali Hindus were traditionally governed by the [[Dāyabhāga]] school of law, as opposed to the [[Mitākṣarā]] school of law, which governed the other Hindu ethno-linguistic groups. In India, after the promulgation of the [[Hindu code bills]], the Bengali Hindus along with other Hindus are being governed by a uniform [[Modern Hindu law|Hindu law]].

There are two major social subgroups among the Bengali Hindus – the [[ghotis]] and the [[bangal]]s. The Bengali Hindus who emigrated from East Bengal (Bangladesh) at the wake of the Partition and settled in West Bengal, came to known as the bangals, while the native Bengali Hindus of West Bengal came to known as ghotis. For several decades after partition, these two social subgroups possessed marked difference in their accents and their rivalry was manifested in many spheres of life, most notably in the support for the football clubs of [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] respectively. Several such differences have eased with passing years.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== History ==

=== Prehistoric period ===
20,000-year-old stone weapons including small axes, [[Pottery|potteries]] and [[charcoal]] remains have been unearthed from Chandthakurer Danga in Haatpara mouza, 8 km northeast of [[Sagardighi, Murshidabad|Sagardighi]] in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]].<ref name="tt1">{{cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Sebanti|date=28 March 2008|title=History of Bengal just got a lot older|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067406.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401002150/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067406.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2008|access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref> Microliths dating to 10000 BC has been excavated from Birbhanpur, situated in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] on the [[Damodar River]] valley near Durgapur. Microliths, potteries, copper fishhooks and iron arrowheads have been found at [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]].{{Sfn|Sultana|2003|p=44}}

=== Ancient period ===
[[File:Ganesh (musée d'art asiatique de Berlin).jpg|thumb|Dancing [[Ganesha]] sculpture from [[North Bengal]], 11th century CE, [[Museum of Asian Art|Asian Art Museum]] of Berlin ([[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]]).]]
In the ancient times, some of the Bengali Hindus were [[seafaring]] people as evident from the tales of merchants like [[Chand Sadagar]] and [[Dhanapati Saudagor]] whose ships sailed to far off places for trade and establishment of colonies in [[South East Asia]]. By the 3rd century B.C.E. they were united into a powerful state, known to the [[Ancient Greek|Greeks]] as [[Gangaridai]], whose military prowess demoralised [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] from further expedition to the east.<ref>"When he (Alexander) moved forward with his forces certain men came to inform him that Porus, the king of the country, who was the nephew of that Porus whom he had defeated, had left his kingdom and fled to the nation of '''Gandaridai'''... He had obtained from Phegeus a description of the country beyond the Indus: First came a desert which it would take twelve days to traverse; beyond this was the river called the Ganges which had a width of thirty two stadia, and a greater depth than any other Indian river; beyond this again were situated the dominions of the nation of the Prasioi and the Gandaridai, whose king, Xandrammes, had an army of 20,000 horse 200,000 infantry, 2,000 chariots and 4,000 elephants trained and equipped for war".... "Now this (Ganges) river, which is 30 stadia broad, flows from north to south, and empties its water into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the '''Gandaridai''', a nation which possesses the greatest number of elephants and the largest in size." –Diodorus Siculus (c.90 BC – c.30 BC). Quoted from The Classical Accounts of India, {{Harvnb|Majumdar|2017|pp=170–172, 234}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=A. B|title=Alexander and the East|date=1996|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|others=[[Internet Archive]]|isbn=978-0-19-814991-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandereasttra00bosw_0/page/192 192]}}</ref>

=== Medieval period ===
[[File:Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg|thumb|[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], the founder of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]]]
In the middle of the 8th century, the Bengali Hindu nobility democratically elected [[Gopala]] as the ruler of [[Gauḍa region|Gauda]], ushering in an era of peace and prosperity in Bengal, ending almost a century of chaos and confusion. The Buddhist [[Pala Empire|Pala]] rulers unified Bengal into a single political entity and expanded it into an empire, conquering a major portion of [[North India]]. During this time, the Bengali Hindus excelled in art, literature, philosophy, mathematics, sciences and statecraft. The first scriptures in Bengali ''Charyapada'' was composed during the [[Pala Dynasty|Pala rule]]. The Pala were followed by the Senas who made far reaching changes in the social structure of Bengali Hindus, introducing 36 new [[Caste system in India|castes]] and orthodox institutions like [[Kulinism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kulinism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kulinism |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Bangladesh o india orientale, la dea serpente manasa, XI secolo.jpg|thumb|[[Manasa|Devi Manasa]] with her husband [[Jaratkaru]] and son [[Astik]] flanked by Nagas, 11th century [[Pala Empire|Pala period]] statue from [[Bengal]]]]
The literary progress of the Pala and Sena period came to a halt after the Turkish conquest in the early 13th century. Except for [[Haridas Dutta|Haridas Datta's]] ''Manasar Bhasan'' no significant literary work was composed for about a century after the conquest.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jagadish Narayan |last=Sarkar |title=Banglay Hindu-Musalman Samparka (Madhyayuga) |publisher=Bangiya Sahitya Parishad |year=1981 |page=53 |location=Kolkata}}</ref> Even though the ruling classes resisted the invaders, Gauda, the centre of Bengal polity, fell to the Islamic invaders. During this period hundreds of temples and monasteries were desecrated. The next attack on the society came from the Islamic [[missionary|missionaries]].<ref>"When the Islamic missionaries arrived they found in several instances that the conquering armies had destroyed both the temples of revived Hinduism and the monasteries of the older Buddhism; in their place—often on the same sites—they built new shrines. Moreover, they very frequently transferred ancient Hindu and Buddhist stories of mir." Quoted in [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part1_09.html ''The Interaction of Islam and Hinduism''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311043424/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part1_09.html |date=11 March 2015 }}. Retrieved 9 September 2015.</ref> Local chieftains like [[Akananda and Bakananda|Akananda]], Dakshin Ray and Mukut Ray, resisted the missionary activities.

During the [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] occupation of Bengal, some regions were held in sway by different Bengali Hindu rulers. Islam religion gradually spread throughout the Bengal region, and many Bengali Hindus converted to Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GlobalFront Homepage|url=http://globalfront.com/nabic_archive/islam_in_bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014060857/http://globalfront.com/nabic_archive/islam_in_bangladesh.htm|archive-date=14 October 2007|access-date=13 May 2021|website=globalfront.com}}</ref> When the Delhi-based [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] tried to bring Bengal under their direct rule, the Bengali chiefs along with some Bengali Muslims consolidated themselves into confederacies and resisted the Mughals. After the fall of the confederacies, the Mughals brought a major part of Bengal under their control, and constituted a ''subah''.

=== Early modern period ===
During the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawabs of Bengal]] (who were Muslim) ruled a large part of Bengal. During the reign of [[Alivardi Khan]]. a Nawab, the severe taxation and frequent [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] raids made the life miserable for the ordinary Bengali Hindus.<ref>Chaudhuri, B.B. (2008). ''Peasant history of late pre-colonial and colonial India''. Pearson Education India, p. 184.</ref> A section of the Bengali Hindu nobility helped the [[British East India Company]] in overthrowing the Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] regime. After obtaining the revenue rights, the [[East India Company]] imposed more oppressive taxation.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} In the famine of 1770, approximately one third of the Bengali population died.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=B. |editor1-last=Kumar |editor1-first=Dharma |editor2-last=Desai |editor2-first=Meghnad |year=1983 |chapter=Regional Economy (1757–1857): Eastern India, II |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=299 |isbn=978-0-521-22802-2}}</ref>

The [[East India Company|British]] began to face stiff resistance in conquering the semi-independent Bengali Hindu kingdoms outside the pale of Muslim occupied Bengal. In some cases, even when their rulers have been captured or killed, the ordinary people began to carry on the fight.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Bengali-speaking people|last=Sengupta, Nitish K. |date=2001|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|isbn=81-7476-355-4|location=New Delhi|oclc=49326692}}</ref> These resistances took the form of [[Chuar Rebellion|Chuar]] (''Chuar'' is a derogatory term used by the Britishers and local zamindars to denote the [[Bhumij people]]s) and [[Paik Rebellion]]. These warring people were later listed as [[Denotified tribes of India|criminal tribes]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiELAQAAIAAJ&q=history+of+bengal|title=The History of Bengal, 1757–1905|last=Sinha|first=Narendra Krishna|date=1967|publisher=University of Calcutta|language=en}}</ref> and barred from recruitment in the Indian army. In 1766, the British troops were completely routed by the ''sanyasi''s and ''fakir''s or the warrior monks at [[Dinhata]], where the latter resorted [[guerrilla warfare]]. [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim Chandra]]'s ''[[Anandamath]]'' is based on the [[Bengal famine of 1770|Famine]] and consequential [[Sannyasi Rebellion]].<ref>''Bangali Charitabhidhan Volume I''. Sansad, p. 489.</ref>

=== British rule ===
According to author James Jeremiah Novak, as British rulers took power from Bengal's ruling Muslim class, they strategically catered to Bengali Hindus (a majority in Bengal region at that time).<ref name="Novak1993">{{cite book|last=Novak|first=James Jeremiah|title=Bangladesh: Reflections on the Water|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmIEqWSjZ7gC&pg=PA140|year=1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34121-1|page=140}}</ref> The British rule destroyed the bases of Bengali Muslim society.<ref name="Novak1993"/> Bengali Hindus got favours from the British rulers, and experienced development in education and social mobility. In the 19th century, the elite class of Bengali Hindu people underwent radical [[social reform]]s and rapid modernisation; the phenomenon came to be known as the [[Bengal Renaissance]].
[[File:Swami vivekanand old archive.jpg|right|thumb|[[Swami Vivekananda]] was a leading figure of the Bengal Renaissance [[Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)]]]]
Public media like [[News media|press]] and [[Bengali theatre|theatres]] became vents of nationalist sentiments, apolitical organisations had given way to political platforms, secret revolutionary societies emerged and the society at large became restive.

With rising nationalism among Bengalis, the British rulers applied [[Divide and rule#Indian subcontinent|divide and rule]] policy, and started to make favours to Bengali Muslims.<ref name="Novak1993"/> To keep the rising Bengali Hindu aspirations at bay, the British partitioned the province in 1905 and along with some additional restructuring came up with two provinces – Eastern Bengal & Assam and Bengal itself, in each of which the Bengali Hindus were reduced to minorities. The Bengalis, however, opposed to the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition]] tooth and nail, embarked on a political movement of [[Swadeshi]], boycott and revolutionary nationalism. On 28 September 1905, the day of [[Mahalaya]], 50,000 Bengali Hindus resolved before the [[Kali|Mother]] at [[Kalighat]] to boycott foreign goods and stop employing foreigners.<ref>Das, S.N.(ed). ''The Bengalis: The People, their History and Culture''. Genesis Publishing, p. 214. {{ISBN|81-7755-393-3}}</ref><ref>Beck, Sanderson. ''Ethics of Civilization Volume 20: South Asia 1800–1950''. World Peace Communications {{ISBN|978-0-9792532-3-2}}</ref> The [[British Raj]] finally annulled the Partition in 1911. The Raj, however, carried out some restructuring, and carved out Bengali Hindu majority districts like [[Manbhum]], Singbhum, Santal Pargana and [[Purnia]] awarding them to [[Bihar]] and others like [[Cachar]] that were awarded to [[Assam]], which effectively made the Bengali Hindus a minority in the united province of Bengal. The Britishers also transferred the capital from [[Calcutta]] to New Delhi.

The revolutionary movement gained momentum after the Partition. Bengali revolutionaries [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|collaborated with the Germans]] during the [[World War I|War]] to liberate [[British India]]. Later the revolutionaries defeated the British army in the Battle of Jalalabad and liberated [[Chittagong]]. During the [[Quit India Movement]], the revolutionaries liberated the [[Tamluk]] and [[Contai]] subdivision of [[Midnapore]] district from British rule and established the Tamralipta National Government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Pranab Kumar|title=Quit India Movement of 1942 and the Nature of Urban Response in Bengal|year=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141311|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|pages=687–694|jstor=44141311|issn=2249-1937|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134408/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141311|url-status=live}}</ref>

The British, unable to control the revolutionary activities, decided to hinder the Bengali Hindu people through administrative reforms. The [[Government of India Act 1919]] introduced in the 144 member Bengal Legislative Assembly, 46 seats for the Muslims, 59 for the institutions, Europeans and others and left the rest 39 as General,<ref group="N">There were no separate electorates for Hindus, in spite of them being minorities in the province.</ref> where the Bengali Hindus were to scramble for a representation. The situation worsened with the [[Communal Award]] of 1932, where in the 250 member Bengal Legislative Assembly a disproportionate 119 seats were reserved for the Muslims, 17 for Europeans, [[Anglo-Indian]]s and [[Indian Christian]]s, 34 for the institutions, and the rest 80 were left as General.<ref name="goiact1935">{{Cite web|title=Constitution of India|url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/government_of_india_act_1935_2nd%20August%201935|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2021|website=[[Constitution of India]]|series=Ch: 2|publisher=[[Government of India]]|page=254|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724102746/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/government_of_india_act_1935_2nd%20August%201935 |archive-date=24 July 2019 }}</ref> The Communal Award further divided the Hindus into Scheduled Caste Hindus and Tribal Hindus.<ref name="goiact1935"/> Out of the 80 General seats, 10 were reserved for the [[Scheduled Caste]]s.<ref group="N">The Caste Hindus were supposed to contest in the 70 General seats. However as per the [[Poona Pact]] between [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]], 20 General seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes.</ref> In response the leading Bengali Hindu [[landholder]]s, lawyers and professionals signed the Bengal Hindu Manifesto on 23 April 1932 rejecting the justification of reservation of separate electorates for Muslims in the Bengal Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite journal |editor-last=Mitra |editor-first=N. N. |year=1932 |title=The Hindu Polity |language=en |url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/17784 |journal=The Indian Annual Register |volume=I |pages=323}}</ref> They joined hands with Sikhs and non-Bengali Hindus in attacking Muslims and ultimately it turned out to be a violent [[reprisal]] that resulted in heavy casualties of Muslims, finally forcing the government to stop the mayhem.{{Sfn|Dastidar|2008|p=189}} Later in the year, the Muslim League government orchestrated the infamous [[Noakhali genocide]].

After the failure of the [[United Bengal]] plan, it became evident that either all of Bengal would go to Pakistan, or it would be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Direct Action Day and the Noakhali genocide prompted the Bengali Hindu leadership to vote for the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] to create a Hindu-majority province.<ref name="Fraser2008">{{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor1-link=Bashabi Fraser |editor2-last=Sengupta |editor2-first=Sheila |year=2008 |title=Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=25–26 |isbn=978-1-84331-225-3}}</ref> In late April 1947, the ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' published the results of an opinion poll, in which 98% of the Bengali Hindus favoured the creation of a separate homeland.{{Sfn|Roy|2002|p=131}} The proposal for the Partition of Bengal was moved in the Legislative Assembly on 20 June 1947, where the Hindu members voted 58–21 in favour of the Partition with two members abstaining.<ref group="N">Rup Narayan Roy and [[Jyoti Basu]], the two Communist Party MLAs abstained.</ref>

The Boundary Commission implementing the [[Radcliffe Line]] announced that the [[Khulna District]] (with a marginal Hindu majority of 51%) would be given to East Pakistan in lieu of the [[Murshidabad district]] (with a 70% Muslim majority) to be went to India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDLI Presents: Amrita Bazar Patrika: 19th August 1947, Tuesday, Page 5 |url=https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/dnRXSXI2MHZXMHpiU29aRTFhNHNhUT09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115184437/http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/dnRXSXI2MHZXMHpiU29aRTFhNHNhUT09 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=ndl.iitkgp.ac.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-partition period ===
After the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition]], the majority of the urban upper class and middle class Bengali Hindu population of East Bengal immigrated to West Bengal. The ones who stayed back were the ones who had significant landed property and believed that they will be able to live peacefully in an Islamic state. However, after the [[1950 East Pakistan genocide|genocide of 1950]], Bengali Hindus fled East Bengal in thousands and settled in West Bengal. In 1964, tens of thousands of [[1964 East-Pakistan riots|Bengali Hindus were massacred]] in East Pakistan and most of the Bengali Hindu owned businesses and properties of [[Dhaka]] were permanently destroyed.<ref name="sgd131-134">{{cite book |title=Empire's Last Casualty: Indian Subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other Minorities |last=Ghosh Dastidar |first=Sachi |year=2008 |publisher=Firma KLM |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-7102-151-2 |pages=131–134}}</ref> During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], large number of Bengali Hindus were [[Bangladesh genocide|massacred]]. The [[Enemy Property Act (Bangladesh)|Enemy Property Act]] of the [[Pakistan]] regime which is still in force in the new incarnation of [[Vested Property Act]], has been used by successive Bangladeshi governments to seize the properties of the Hindu minorities who left the country during the [[Partition of India]] and Bangladesh liberation war. According to Professor Abul Barkat of [[Dhaka University]], the Act has been used to misappropriate {{convert|2100000|acre|km2}} of land from the Bengali Hindus, roughly equivalent to the 45% of the total landed area owned by them.<ref name="barkat73-74">{{cite book|last1=Barkat|first1=Abul|title=Deprivation of Hindu Minority in Bangladesh: Living With Vested Property|last2=Zaman|first2=Shafique uz|last3=Khan|first3=Md. Shahnewaz|last4=Poddar|first4=Avijit|last5=Hoque|first5=Saiful|last6=Uddin|first6=M Taher|date=February 2008|publisher=Pathak Shamabesh|location=Dhaka|pages=73–74|asin=B005MXLO3M}}</ref>

In Assam's, Assamese dominated [[Brahmaputra Valley]] region [[Bongal Kheda]] movement (which literally means drive out Bengalis) was happened in the late 1948-80s, where several thousands of Hindu Bengalis was massacred by jingoists Assamese nationalists mob in various parts of Assam and as a result of this jingoist movement, nearly 500,000 Bengali Hindus were forced to flee from Assam to take shelter in neighbouring West Bengal particularly in [[Jalpaiguri]] division in seek for safety.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/26/we-foreigners-what-it-means-to-be-bengali-in-indias-assam |title=We foreigners: What it means to be Bengali in India's Assam |first=Manash Firaq |last=Bhattacharjee |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117051504/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/26/we-foreigners-what-it-means-to-be-bengali-in-indias-assam |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-opinion-antipathy-towards-bengalis-prime-mover-of-assam-politics/302538 |title=Opinion | Antipathy Towards Bengalis Prime Mover Of Assam Politics |magazine=Outlook |date=4 February 2022 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130170041/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-opinion-antipathy-towards-bengalis-prime-mover-of-assam-politics/302538 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/171219/assam-protests-due-to-politics-of-xenophobia.html |title=Assam protests due to politics of xenophobia |work=The Asian Age |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203132129/https://www.asianage.com/amp/opinion/columnists/171219/assam-protests-due-to-politics-of-xenophobia.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the Bengali dominated [[Barak Valley]] region of Assam, violence broke out in 1960 and 1961 between Bengali Hindus and ethnic Assamese police over a state bill which would have made [[Assamese language|Assamese]] mandatory in the secondary education curriculum. On 19 May 1961, eleven Bengali protesters were killed by Assamese police fired on a demonstration at the [[Silchar railway station]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |year=1999 |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=105 |isbn=0-8122-3491-X |quote=The most notorious 'language riots' in Assam were in 1960 and 1961, before and after the passing of the Official Language Bill by the state Assembly ... There were violent conflicts between ethnic Assamese and Hindu Bengalis ... On the Bengali side, for instance, Paritosh Pal Choudhury's book ''Cacharer Kanna'' (The Cry of Cachar) has a frontispiece with pictures of eleven garlanded dead bodies of people killed in 1961 as a result of police firing on a demonstration in support of Bengali in Silchar.}}</ref><ref name="silchar">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Silchar-rly-station-to-be-renamed-soon/articleshow/4633120.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104010112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-09/guwahati/28188207_1_railway-ministry-station-meter-gauge-line |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Silchar rly station to be renamed soon |location=Silchar |date=9 June 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=M. |date=20 May 2009 |title=All for love of language |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090520/jsp/jharkhand/story_10993189.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025202201/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090520/jsp/jharkhand/story_10993189.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2012 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=30 November 2010 |location=Ranchi}}</ref> Subsequently, the Assam government allowed Bengali as the medium of education and held it as an official position in Barak Valley.<ref name="silchar"/> The [[United Liberation Front of Asom]], [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]], [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam]] and [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] [[militant]]s have selectively targeted the Bengali Hindu people, prompting the latter to form the Bengali Tiger Force.<ref name="ie1">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/47285/ |title=Now Bengali militants raise heads in Assam |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=18 August 1998 |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref>

Discrimination against refugee Bengali Hindu population is not limited to the [[Northeast India|North East]]. In [[Odisha]], in a family of ten individuals, only half of them has been recognised as Indians while the rest were branded as Bangladeshis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indians-Bangladeshis-in-same-Orissa-family/416529/ |title=Indians, Bangladeshis in same Orissa family! |work=The Indian Express |location=Kendrapara |date=29 January 2009 |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113210306/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indians-Bangladeshis-in-same-Orissa-family/416529/ |archive-date=13 January 2012 }}</ref>

The Bengali refugees who had settled in [[Bihar]] after the [[partition of India]] are denied land owning rights, caste certificates and welfare schemes. However, the [[Nitish Kumar]] government had promised to solve this problems and also to raise the status of Bangla as a language in the state.<ref>{{cite news |first=Madhuri |last=Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/JDU-Bangla-bait-for-Bengalis-in-Bihar/articleshow/6811578.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-26/patna/28219961_1_bengalis-bangla-language-caste-certificates |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=JD(U) Bangla bait for Bengalis in Bihar |location=Patna |date=26 October 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
Bengali Hindus constitute a minority [[ethnic group]] of the total population in both Bangladesh and India,<ref name="togawa">{{cite journal |last1=Togawa |first1=Masahiko |year=2008 |title=Hindu Minority in Bangladesh – Migration, Marginalization and Minority Politics in Postcolonial South Asia |journal=Discussion Paper Series |volume=6 |pages=2 |publisher=Hiroshima University |url=http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/hipec/HipecHPmoto/ja/products/DP6%20small.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722071535/http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/hipec/HipecHPmoto/ja/products/DP6%20small.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=12 March 2011}}</ref> forming less than 10% of the population in both countries.

===West Bengal===
{{See also|Hinduism in West Bengal}}
Hinduism has existed in Bengal before the 16th century BC and by the third century, Buddhism has also gain popularity in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mukherjee |first=Ishan |title=The historical roots of Hindu majoritarianism in West Bengal |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/historical-roots-of-hindu-majoritarianism-in-west-bengal |access-date=22 April 2021 |magazine=The Caravan |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421101107/https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/historical-roots-of-hindu-majoritarianism-in-west-bengal |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2017 |title=The rich history of Buddhism in Bengal |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/magazine/arts-letters/2017/10/08/rich-history-buddhism-bengal |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=Dhaka Tribune |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125023007/https://www.dhakatribune.com/magazine/arts-letters/2017/10/08/rich-history-buddhism-bengal |url-status=live}}</ref> West Bengal was created in 1947 as an act of [[Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement]] to save guard the political, economical, cultural, religious, demographic and land owning rights of Bengali Hindus of undivided [[Bengal region]] and as a result predominantly Hindu majority West Bengal became a part of Indian union. The vast majority of Hindus in West Bengal are Bengali Hindus numbering around 5.5 crore out of the total estimated state population of 10 crore,<ref>{{Cite news |first=Romita |last=Datta |date=13 November 2020 |title=The great Hindu vote trick |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13 |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indianewsrepublic.com">{{Cite web |url=https://indianewsrepublic.com/great-hindu-voting-trick-nation-news/63490/ |title=Great Hindu Voting Trick-Nation News |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=India Today- Get the Latest India news |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930170327/https://indianewsrepublic.com/great-hindu-voting-trick-nation-news/63490/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref> but a notable section of non-Bengali Hindus also exist, particularly among [[Marwaris]], [[Bihari people|Biharis]], [[Odias]], [[Gurkha]]s, [[Punjabis]], [[Sindhis]], [[Gujaratis]] and various tribal communities such as [[Koch Rajbongshi|Koch Raj bongshi]], [[Santals]], [[Munda people|Munda]] and particularly [[Adivasi|Adivasis]] numbering around 1.557 crore comprising rest 15% of the state population.<ref name="indianewsrepublic.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/west-bengal-population.html |title=Population of West Bengal-West Bengal Population 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=India Guide- Festivals, Culture, City Guide, Weddings, Population, Indianonlinepages.com |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727051653/https://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/west-bengal-population.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/opinion-divided-on-most-non-bengali-voters-favouring-bjp-in-west-bengal |title=Opinion divided on most non-Bengali voters favouring BJP in West Bengal |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=National Herald |date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712065739/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/opinion-divided-on-most-non-bengali-voters-favouring-bjp-in-west-bengal |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/News/India-Today/THE-GREAT-HINDU-VOTE-TRICK |title=The Great Hindu Vote Trick |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Magzter |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714075152/https://www.magzter.com/stories/News/India-Today/THE-GREAT-HINDU-VOTE-TRICK |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
{{See also|Hinduism in Bangladesh}}
Hinduism has existed in what is now called Bangladesh since the ancient times. In nature, the Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the ritual and customs of Hinduism practised in the Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as [[East Bengal]]) was united until the partition of India. While in Bangladesh, Bengali Hindus are the second largest community with a population of 12.8 million out of 149.77 million people constituting (8.5%) of the country as per 2011 year census.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |title=Population & Housing Census-2011: Union Statistics |date=March 2014 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=xiii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Population 1950-2021 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/population |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=macrotrends.net |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023184822/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/BGD/bangladesh/population |url-status=live}}</ref> But distinct Hindu population also exist among indigenous tribes like [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Jaintia people|Jaintia]], [[Santal people|Santhal]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri people|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], [[Dhanuk]] etc. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country in the world after India and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haider |first1=M. Moinuddin |last2=Rahman |first2=Mizanur |last3=Kamal |first3=Nahid |date=6 May 2019 |title=Hindu Population Growth in Bangladesh: A Demographic Puzzle |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml |journal=Journal of Religion and Demography |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=123–148 |doi=10.1163/2589742X-00601003 |s2cid=189978272 |issn=2589-7411 |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603095536/https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Do Hindus feel threatened in Bangladesh? |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/do-hindus-feel-threatened-in-bangladesh-40917 |access-date=22 April 2021 |publisher=TRT World |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331144924/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/do-hindus-feel-threatened-in-bangladesh-40917 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2021 |title=Why Narendra Modi's visit to Bangladesh led to 12 deaths |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56586210 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509084516/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56586210 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Out of 21 million population of [[Dhaka]] as far estimated by 2020, Bengali Hindus are at present the second largest community just after Bengali Muslims in Dhaka numbering around at 1,051,167 (5% of population) and are mainly concentrated in [[Shankhari Bazaar]].{{Sfn|Pramanik|2005|pp=54-57}}

===Indian States other than West Bengal===
{{See also|Bengali Hindu diaspora|Bengali Hindus in Assam}}

====Assam====
The Barak Valley comprising the present districts of [[Cachar]], [[Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi]] is contiguous to [[Sylhet]] (Bengal plains), where the Bengali Hindus, according to historian J.B. Bhattacharjee, had settled well before the colonial period, influencing the culture of Dimasa Kacharis.<ref name="Cachar">{{cite book |last1=Baruah |first1=Professor of Political Studies Sanjib |last2=Baruah |first2=Sanjib |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |date=29 June 1999 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3491-6 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103 |language=en |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230333/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Against_Itself/8k-irMMTnywC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref> Bhattacharjee describes that the Dimasa kings spoke Bengali and the inscriptions and coins written were in Bengali script.<ref name="Cachar" /> Migrations to Cachar increased after the British annexation of the region.<ref name="Cachar" /> Bengalis in plains of Cachar valley were a significant, and sometimes dominant tribe/group/demographic for at least a period since the reign of [[Dhanya Manikya]] in the 15th century who hosted several Bengali Brahmin scholars in his court during his reign/rule.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcKGAwAAQBAJ&dq=dhanya+manikya+bengali+brahmins&pg=PA357 |title=Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis - Vivek Chadha - Google Books |date=4 March 2005 |isbn=9788132102014 |accessdate=11 August 2022 |last1=Chadha |first1=Vivek |publisher=SAGE Publications India}}</ref> The Bengalis have been living in Barak Valley for at least 1,500 years, settling there much earlier than the [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] and the [[Tripuris]].<ref name="Statesman"/> The Koches settled in Barak Valley in the 16th century, while the Dimasas settled in the late 16th - early 17th century A.D respectively.<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/the-assam-narrativeii-1502844495.html |title=The Assam narrative~II |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=13 January 2020 |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008120000/https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/the-assam-narrativeii-1502844495.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali Hindus first came into Assam's Brahmaputra Valley during the time of British era of 1826 from neighbouring [[Bengal region]] as colonial official workers, bankers, railway employees, bureaucrats and later on during the time [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khalid |first=Saif |title='We're sons of the soil, don't call us Bangladeshis' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/6/23/harassed-discriminated-story-of-assams-bengali-origin-people |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202104436/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/6/23/harassed-discriminated-story-of-assams-bengali-origin-people |url-status=live}}</ref> Between the period of first patches (1946–1951), around 274,455 Bengali Hindu refugees have arrived from what is now called Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) in various locations of Assam as permanent settlers and again in second patches between (1952–1958) of the same decade, around 212,545 Bengali Hindus from Bangladesh took shelter in various parts of the state permanently.<ref>India (1951). "Annual Arrival of Refugees in Assam in 1946–1951". Census of India. XII, Part I (I-A): 353 – via web.archive.org.</ref><ref>http://iussp2005.princeton.edu {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629180038/https://iussp2005.princeton.edu/ |date=29 June 2021 }} › ...PDF
The Brahmaputra Valley of India can be compared only with the Indus ...</ref> After the [[1964 East Pakistan riots]] many Bengali Hindus have poured into Assam as refugees and the number of Hindu migrants in the state rose to 1,068,455 in 1968 (sharply after 4 years of the riot).<ref>{{Cite web |title=iussp2005 |url=https://iussp2005.princeton.edu/ |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=iussp2005.princeton.edu |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422052125/https://iussp2005.princeton.edu/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The fourth patches numbering around 347,555 have just arrived after [[Bangladesh liberation war]] of 1971 as refugees and most of them being Bengali speaking Hindus have decided to stay back in Assam permanently afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Home |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/ |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=digital.library.adelaide.edu.au |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419004649/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali Hindus are now the third largest community in [[Assam]] after [[Assamese people]] and Bengali Muslims with a population of 6,022,677 (million), comprising (19.3%) of state population as of 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land |url-status=live}}</ref> They are highly concentrated in the Barak Valley region where they a form a slide majority and the population of Bengali Hindus in Barak Valley is 2 million, constituting 55% of the total population of the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2019 |title=Citizenship Amendment Act: BJP chasing ghosts in Assam; Census data shows number of Hindu immigrants may have been exaggerated |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/citizenship-amendment-bill-bjp-chasing-ghosts-in-assam-as-census-data-shows-number-of-hindu-immigrants-couldve-been-exaggerated-5640511.html |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=Firstpost |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725082148/https://www.firstpost.com/india/citizenship-amendment-bill-bjp-chasing-ghosts-in-assam-as-census-data-shows-number-of-hindu-immigrants-couldve-been-exaggerated-5640511.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2021 |title=Assam Elections: Why Stakes Are High for BJP in Bengali-speaking Barak Valley |url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/assam-elections-why-stakes-are-high-for-bjp-in-bengali-speaking-barak-valley-3596135.html |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=CNN-News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420134214/https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/assam-elections-why-stakes-are-high-for-bjp-in-bengali-speaking-barak-valley-3596135.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2021 |title=The role of language and religion in Assam battle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-role-of-language-and-religion-in-assam-battle-101616533256395.html |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421215224/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-role-of-language-and-religion-in-assam-battle-101616533256395.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In Assam's [[Brahmaputra Valley]] region, their numbers are 4 million covering up 14.5% of the valley population respectively and are mainly concentrated in [[Hojai District]] where Bengali are spoken by (53%) of the district population, [[Goalpara District]], [[Nagaon district]], [[Bongaigaon district]], [[Barpeta District]], [[Kamrup District]], [[Darrang district]], [[Dhubri District]], [[Morigaon district]], [[Tinsukia district]], [[Karbi Anglong]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]], [[Dibrugarh district]], [[Jorhat district]], [[Sonitpur district]] with percentage ranging 15-25% in all those districts mentioned above.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kalita |first1=Kangkan |date=14 February 2020 |title='Bengalis in Assam uncertain over Assamese people tag' {{!}} Guwahati News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/bengalis-in-assam-uncertain-over-assamese-people-tag/articleshow/74280409.cms |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231034024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/bengalis-in-assam-uncertain-over-assamese-people-tag/articleshow/74280409.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2019, the Leftist organisation Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) claimed that there are around 2 million Hindu Bangladeshis in Assam who would become Indian citizens if the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill is passed. BJP, however claimed that only eight lakh Hindu Bangladeshis will get citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=20 lakh Bangladeshi Hindus to become Indians if Citizenship Bill is passed: Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/20-lakh-bangladeshi-hindus-to-become-indians-if-citizenship-bill-is-passed-krishak-mukti-sangram-samiti/articleshow/67574226.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021109/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/20-lakh-bangladeshi-hindus-to-become-indians-if-citizenship-bill-is-passed-krishak-mukti-sangram-samiti/articleshow/67574226.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> The number of Hindu immigrants from Bangladesh in Barak Valley has varied estimates. According to the Assam government, 1.3 lakh such people residing in the Barak Valley are eligible for citizenship if the [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] of 2019 becomes a law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2019 |title=Bengali Hindu refugees in Assam's Barak Valley hope for CAB's passage in RS |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengali-hindu-refugees-in-assam-s-barak-valley-hope-for-cab-s-passage-in-rs/story-aIbL0La9A2zcyrfehKFx6M.html |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422052125/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengali-hindu-refugees-in-assam-s-barak-valley-hope-for-cab-s-passage-in-rs/story-aIbL0La9A2zcyrfehKFx6M.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Jharkhand====
Most Bengali Hindus came into [[Jharkhand]] during the colonial period, brought up by the British as colonial workers mainly from the western part of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Arunabha|date=16–23 January 1993|title=Jharkhand Movement in West Bengal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399308|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=3/4|pages=121–127|jstor=4399308|issn=0012-9976|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512043427/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399308|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Jharkhand]], the Bengali Hindu population is over 2.5 million comprising 8.09% but the overall Bengali speaking population are a slight majority there and the percentage of Bengali speakers ranges from 38%–40%.{{Sfn|Sengupta|2002|p=98}}

====Tripura====
The non-tribal population of Tripura, the mostly Bengali-speaking Hindus and Muslims, constitute more than two-thirds of the state's population. The resident and the migrant Bengali population benefitted from the culture and language of the [[Manikya dynasty|royal house of Tripura]] thanks to embracement of Hinduism and adoption of Bengali as the state language by the Maharajahs of Tripura much before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |page=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Manikya+kings+adopted+Bengali+culture&pg=PA352 |language=en |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512205541/https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Manikya+kings+adopted+Bengali+culture&pg=PA352 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the partition of India, many Bengali Hindus have migrated to Tripura as refugees fleeing religious persecution in Muslim-majority East Pakistan, especially after 1949 and this is primarily attributed by the immigration of 610,000 Bengalis — the figure almost equal to the State's total population in 1951 — from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between 1947 and 1951.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=27 October 2018 |title=Tripura, where demand for Assam-like NRC widens gap between indigenous people and non-tribal settlers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece |access-date=22 April 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Settlement by Hindu Bengalis increased during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, where around at that time, nearly 1,381,649 Bengalis (mostly Hindus) have came into various parts of Tripura to take refugees and most of them have settled here permanently afterwards.<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back – Watch video |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462 |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123092721/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Parts of the state were shelled by the [[Pakistan Army]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Following the war, the Indian government reorganised the North East region to try to improve control of the international borders – three new states came into existence on 21 January 1972: Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura.<ref name="Wolpert2008">{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=2000 |orig-year=First published 1977 |title=A new history of India |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofindi06edwolp/page/390/mode/2up |edition=6th |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=390–1 |isbn=978-0-19-512876-5}}</ref> Before independence, most of the population was indigenous.<ref name="hdrchap1">{{cite book |title=Tripura Human Development Report 2007 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf |publisher=Government of Tripura |year=2007 |page=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> In [[Tripura]], now Bengali Hindus form a clear majority due to immigration from neighbouring East Pakistan during 1947 and 1971 and as a result Tripura has become a Bengali dominant state with Bangla as its official language along with Kokborok and English. Bengali Hindus comprise nearly 60% of the state population which is around 2.2 million whereas native Tripuris are 30% of the state population which is around 1.2 million as of 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP eyes 2.2 m Bengali Hindus in Tripura quest |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914144242/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2018 |title=Tripura election 2018: What prompted Bengali-majority Tripura to forgive BJP {{!}} India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-prompted-bengali-majority-tripura-to-forgive-bjp/articleshow/63155511.cms |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417194456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-prompted-bengali-majority-tripura-to-forgive-bjp/articleshow/63155511.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Andaman and Nicobar islands====
There is also a significant number of Bengali Hindus residing in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], estimated approximately 100,000 comprising 26%–28% of the population. Bengali is also the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, despite it lacking official status.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Andaman |first1=Team Explore |title=Andaman Nicobar population - a description|url=http://www.exploreandaman.com/population-colonisation-andaman-nicobar-islands.php|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Population mix of Andaman and Nicobar|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044748/http://www.exploreandaman.com/population-colonisation-andaman-nicobar-islands.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Myanmar ===
{{Main|Bengali Hindus in Myanmar}}The [[Bengali Hindus in Myanmar]] are present from long back historical times, when they were brought from [[Bengal region]] to [[Arakan|Arakan region]] by many [[Arakanese kingdom of Mrohaung|Arakanese kings]], especially the [[Bengali Brahmins|Brahmins]] for the worship and teaching purpose in the [[Pagoda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam in Arakan: An interpretation from the Indian perspective: History and the Present - Kaladan Press Network |url=https://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/seminar-and-event-mainmenu-38/58-arakan-historical-seminar/195-islam-in-arakan-an-interpretation-from-the-indian-perspective-history-and-the-present.html |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=kaladanpress.org |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084703/https://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/seminar-and-event-mainmenu-38/58-arakan-historical-seminar/195-islam-in-arakan-an-interpretation-from-the-indian-perspective-history-and-the-present.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Then afterwards 1920, most of them start settling to the urban areas and main cities, mainly in [[Yangon]], [[Mandalay]] and in urban areas of [[Rakhine State]]. In modern times, they have faced persecution which was mainly started after [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|1962 coup]] by [[Ne Win]].

===Outside Indian subcontinent===
Both the United States and United Kingdom have large immigrant Bengali Hindu populations, who are mostly from the professional classes and have migrated through education and employment. Former [[England women's cricket team|Cricketer]] [[Isa Guha]] and [[Rhona Mitra]] are prominent descendants of the [[Bengali Hindu diaspora]].

== Culture ==
{{further|Culture of West Bengal}}

=== Cuisine ===
{{See also|Bengali cuisine}}[[File:Fish And Rice.jpg|thumb|Signature dish of Bengali: [[Machher Jhol|Fish And Rice]].|left]] [[Bengali cuisine]] is mainly influenced by the [[Diet in Hinduism|diet habits]] similar to the [[Hindus]] and includes a very large variety of sweets and dishes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pearce|first=Melissa|title=Defining Bengali Cuisine: The Culinary Differences of West Bengal and Bangladesh|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/defining-bengali-cuisine-the-culinary-differences-of-west-bengal-and-bangladesh/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Culture Trip|date=10 July 2013|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103004718/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/defining-bengali-cuisine-the-culinary-differences-of-west-bengal-and-bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bengali sweets]] includes desserts made by milk, includes [[Rasgulla]], [[Sandesh (sweet)|Sandesh]], [[Cham cham]], etc.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krondl|first=Michael|date=1 August 2010|title=The Sweetshops of Kolkata|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article-abstract/10/3/58/44455/The-Sweetshops-of-Kolkata?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Gastronomica|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=58–65|doi=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.3.58|issn=1529-3262|jstor=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.3.58|doi-access=|jstor-access=free|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150339/https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article-abstract/10/3/58/44455/The-Sweetshops-of-Kolkata?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], the consumption of meat is often avoided in diets due to the Hindu principle of ''[[ahimsa]]'' which prohibits meat consumption. However, Bengali Hindus adore eating meat of [[Mutton|goat]], [[Chicken as food|chicken]], [[Duck meat|duck]] and [[Lamb meat|lamb]].{{Sfn|Sengupta|2002|ps=Ch-XII}} Most of the Hindus refrain from eating beef. Meat, especially beef is readily consumed in [[Bangladesh]] and where it is considered the meal's main course and the Fish curry (or [[Machher Jhol]]) with rice is considered as one of the most staple food by both Hindus and Muslims in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Machha [ Fish Curries ] {{!}} Authentic Odia Cuisines & Recipes|url=http://www.odiakitchen.com/category/oriya-non-veggie/machha-fish-curries/|access-date=12 May 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220040844/http://www.odiakitchen.com/category/oriya-non-veggie/machha-fish-curries/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== Wedding ===
{{Main|Bengali Hindu wedding}}

=== Society ===
{{See also|List of Bengalis}}
Bengali Hindu society used to be [[Caste system in India|caste-oriented]] throughout centuries and the professional status of men depended exclusively on the [[Varna (Hinduism)|hierarchical caste divisions]].<ref name="Ghosh"/> In traditional [[Bengali Culture|Bengali Hindu society]], nearly every occupation is carried on by a ranked hierarchy of [[Hindu caste|specialised caste groups]] such as weaving, pottery, carpentry and blacksmithing. However, with the introduction of [[British Raj|British rule]] and appearance of urban civilisation, the former rural agrarian and artisan economy gradually crumbled and gave way to modern middle class economy. However, agriculture, land tenure, farming and fishing form the predominant economic activity in most of the rural area till now.<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Anjan |title=Review of Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus |journal=Sociological Bulletin |date=March 1981 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=96–99 |doi=10.1177/0038022919810109 |jstor=23619215 |s2cid=220049219 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23619215 |issn=0038-0229 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515183436/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23619215 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Nirmal Kumar |title=Some Aspects of Caste in Bengal |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |date=July–September 1958 |volume=71 |issue=281 |pages=397–412 |doi=10.2307/538569 |jstor=538569 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/538569 |issn=0021-8715 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027112428/https://www.jstor.org/stable/538569 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to the census in 1881, 12.81 per cent of Bengali Hindus belonged to the upper castes,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seal |first1=Anil |title=The emergence of Indian nationalism: competition and collaboration in the later nineteenth century. |date=1968 |publisher=Cambridge U.P |location=London |isbn=9780521096522 |page=43 }}</ref> while a 2020 ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' publication puts the percentage of the upper castes ([[Bengali Brahmin|Brahmins]], [[Bengali Kayastha|Kayasthas]] and [[Baidya|Vaidyas]]) at 15 to 18 per cent of the Hindu population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Diptendra |date=3 September 2020 |title=BJP brings caste politics to Bengal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/bjp-brings-caste-politics-to-bengal-881894.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123121955/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/bjp-brings-caste-politics-to-bengal-881894.html |archive-date=23 November 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=14 January 2025 |quote=In Bengal, the forward castes – Brahmin, Vaidya and Kyastha – who dominate the big cities comprise only about 15 to 18 per cent of the Hindu population and about 12 to 13 per cent of the total voters.}}</ref>

==== Economy ====
{{Main|Economy of West Bengal|Economy of Bangladesh}}

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Bengali literature|List of Bengali poets}}
[[File:Kalighat Savitri begs Yama not to take Satyaban.jpg|thumb|right|Savitri-Satyavan story on Kalighat Painting, 3rd quarter of the 19th century.]]
The proper Bengali literary history begins with the early [[Vaishnava]] literature like the [[Shreekrishna Kirtana]] and the [[Vaishnava padavali]]s followed by translation literatures like [[Ramayana]] and [[Sri Krishna Vijayamu|Srikrishna Vijaya]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} In the medieval period literary works on the life and teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] were composed. This period saw the emergence of Shakta padavalis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chaitanya Mahaprabhu: A relook at the saint and reformer |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/chaitanya-mahaprabhu-a-relook-at-the-saint-and-reformer/cid/1695447 |url-status=live |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729162915/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/chaitanya-mahaprabhu-a-relook-at-the-saint-and-reformer/cid/1695447 |archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The characteristic feature of Bengali Hindu literature in the middle age are the [[mangalkavya]]s, that glorify various Hindu gods and goddesses often using folkloristic backgrounds.

The [[early modern period]] saw a flurry in the literary activity especially after the emergence of the Bengali press. The first Bengali prose ''Raja Pratapaditya Charitra'' was written during this time. The [[Bengal Renaissance|Renaissance]] saw a rapid development in modern Bengali literature.{{Sfn|Sultana|2003|pp=183-184}} Most of the epics, poems, novels, short stories and dramas of the modern classical literature were written during this period. The Bengal Literary Society that later came to be known as [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]] was founded. [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] wrote commentaries on ''Krishna Charita, Dharmattatva, Bhagavad Gita''. The literary development during the Renaissance culminated in [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore's]] [[Nobel Prize for Literature]].<ref>{{Britannica|60791|title=Bengali literature}}. pp. 2.</ref>

In the Post-Partition period, the Bengali Hindus pioneered the [[Hungry generation]], ''Natun Kabita'' and the [[Little magazine movement#Bengali little magazine movement|little magazine]] movements. Of late, some of them have made their mark in contemporary English literature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=T. W.|year=1955|title=Evolution of Hinduism in Medieval Bengali Literature: Śiva, Caṇḍī, Manasā|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/609593|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=17|issue=3|pages=503–518|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00112418|jstor=609593|s2cid=161974582|issn=0041-977X|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512123613/https://www.jstor.org/stable/609593|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Art ===
The [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat school of painting]] flourished in Bengal in the early modern period, and especially after the first paper mill was set up in 1809.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nambiar|first=Sridevi|title=A Brief History of Kalighat Paintings in Kolkata, India|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-kalighat-paintings-in-kolkata-india/|access-date=13 May 2021|website=Culture Trip|date=March 2017|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513041712/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-kalighat-paintings-in-kolkata-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the rise of [[Hindu nationalism|nationalism]] in the early 20th century, the Bengali Hindus pioneered the [[Bengal school of art]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Partha|date=August 1975|title=Bengal: Rise and Growth of a Nationality|journal=Social Scientist|volume=4|issue=1|pages=67–82|doi=10.2307/3516391|jstor=3516391|issn=0970-0293}}</ref> It provided the artistic medium of expression to the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2018|title=Nationalism and Art in India|url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/nationalism-art/|access-date=13 May 2021|website=The Heritage Lab|language=en-GB|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513041713/https://www.theheritagelab.in/nationalism-art/|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the Bengal school later gave way to [[modernist]] ideas, it left an enduring legacy. In the post-liberalisation phase of India, modern art acquired a new dimension as young artists like [[Devajyoti Ray]], Sudip Roy and [[Paresh Maity]] started gaining international recognition. Devajyoti Ray is known for introducing [[Pseudorealism]], which is one of the most original genres of Indian art today.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artist Profile: Devajyoti Ray |url=https://www.artsceneindia.com/search?updated-max=2014-05-26T05:09:00-07:00&max-results=15&reverse-paginate=true&m=0 |website=Art Scene India |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>

== Religion ==
{{Further|Prithvi Vrata|Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism in Bangladesh|label1=the annual Prithvi Vrata ritual}}
The Bengali Hindus generally follow the beliefs and practices that fall under the broad umbrella of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinduism in Bengal and Surrounding Areas |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0124.xml |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=obo |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214800/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0124.xml |url-status=live}}</ref> Majority of them follow either [[Shaktism]] (the [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula tradition]]) or [[Vaishnavism]] ([[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]], [[Baul]]s), and some follow a synthesis of the two. The Shaktas belong to the upper [[caste]]s as well as lowest castes and tribes, while the lower middle castes are Vaishnavas.{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}} The minor traditions include [[Shaivites]]. A small minority is [[atheist]] who do not follow any rituals.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Aquil |first=Raziuddin |title=History of a distinct culture |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article26003781.ece |access-date=12 May 2021 |magazine=Frontline |date=17 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513054835/https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article26003781.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Brahmoism]] is also found among Bengali Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studying religion |url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/religious-studies/studying-religion/content-section-0 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=OpenLearn |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512001426/https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/religious-studies/studying-religion/content-section-0 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A part of the parent tradition, the Bengali Hindus usually affiliate themselves to one of the many sects that have come to be established as institutionalised forms of the ancient [[guru-shishya tradition]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A documentary on India's guru-shishya parampara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-documentary-on-indias-guru-shishya-parampara/articleshow/75800141.cms |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513041711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-documentary-on-indias-guru-shishya-parampara/articleshow/75800141.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Major amongst them include the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha]], [[Bijoy Krishna Goswami]], [[Thakur Anukulchandra|Anukul Thakur]], [[Matua Mahasangha|Matua]], [[ISKCON]], [[Gaudiya Mission]], [[Ananda Marga]], [[Ram Thakur]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2021 |title=Celebrating the 'essence of Hinduism': How 19th century Brahmo Samaj altered Bengali society |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/celebrating-the-essence-of-hinduism-how-19th-century-brahmo-samaj-altered-bengali-society-7277307/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134428/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/celebrating-the-essence-of-hinduism-how-19th-century-brahmo-samaj-altered-bengali-society-7277307/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The main [[devi]]s of the Shakta Kalikula tradition are ''[[Kali]]'', ''[[Chandi]]'', ''[[Jagaddhatri]]'', ''[[Durga]]'', as well as regional goddesses such as ''[[Bishahari]]'' and ''[[Manasa]]'', the snake goddesses, ''[[Shashthi (goddess)|Shashthi]]'', the protectress of children, ''[[Shitala]]'', the smallpox goddess, ''[[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]'' and ''[[Umā]]'' (the Bengali name for [[Parvati]]).{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}

=== Festivals ===
<gallery widths="200">
File:Durga puja, garlands for her.JPG|[[Durga Puja]], the largest festival of Bengali Hindus
File:Dakshina Kali 2 Shakespeare Sarani Arnab Dutta 2011.jpg|[[Kali Puja]], a major Hindu festival of Bengal
File:Roth Procession.jpg|[[Ratha Yatra|Rath Yatra]] at [[Dhamrai Rathayatra|Dhamrai]] in Dhaka district, Bangladesh
File:Durga Puja DS.jpg|A traditional Durga idol with [[Chalchitra]]
File:Durga Puja by countries.png|The Bengali Hindu diaspora celebrate [[Durga Puja]] all over the world.
</gallery>
According to a famous Bengali proverb, there are thirteen festivals in twelve months ({{Langx|bn|বারো মাসে তেরো পার্বণ|translit=Bārō māsē tērō pārbaṇa}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Dipankar |script-title=bn:বারো মাসে তেরো পার্বণ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/culture/book-reviews/thirteen-festivals-in-twelve-months-1.525191 |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512045753/https://www.anandabazar.com/culture/book-reviews/thirteen-festivals-in-twelve-months-1.525191 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali Hindus celebrate all major Indian festivals. The year begins with the Bengali New Year's Day or [[Pohela Boishakh]] which usually falls on 15 April. Traditional business establishment commence their fiscal year on this day, with the worship of [[Lakshmi]] and [[Ganesha]] and inauguration of the halkhata (ledger). People dress in ethnic wear and enjoy ethnic food. Poila Baishakh is followed by [[Rabindra Jayanti]], [[Rath Yatra]] and [[Janmashtami]] before the commencement of the Pujas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Bishwanath |date=22 January 2020 |title=In Bengal, significant hike in the number of holidays for Hindu festivals |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-bengal-significant-hike-in-the-number-of-holidays-for-hindu-festivals/article30625869.ece |access-date=12 May 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060027/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-bengal-significant-hike-in-the-number-of-holidays-for-hindu-festivals/article30625869.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

The puja season begins with the [[Vishwakarma Puja]] and is followed up by [[Durga Puja]]—the last four days of [[Navaratri]]—the greatest and largest Bengali Hindu festival.{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}<ref>[http://www.durga-puja.org/ Durga Puja.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010101852/http://www.durga-puja.org/ |date=10 October 2018 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Durga Puja festival|url=http://www.durgapuja.net/durga-puja-festival/|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2021|website=durgapuja.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013015815/http://www.durgapuja.net/durga-puja-festival/|archive-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> It is the commemoration of the victory that teaches none is good and none is evil. Each and every war starts, continues and ends with an objective to fulfill their own minimum demands that is required to exist. The defeated always have to accept the dictations of the victors and the defeated becomes free from the guilt of having defeated in the war and again both victors and defeated become friends.
According to Chandi Purana, goddess [[Durga]] killed [[Mahishasura]], the demon-like asura and saved the devas. [[Rama]] the prince of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] invoked the blessings of goddess Durga in a battle against [[Ravana]] of Lanka. Durga Puja is the commemoration of Goddess Durga's victory over Mahishasura and it ends in [[Vijayadashami|Bijoya Dashami]]. Durga Puja is followed by [[Kojagari Lakshmi Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Bhai phonta]], [[Jagaddhatri|Jagaddhatri Puja]].<ref>{{Britannica|174256|title=Durga Puja}}.</ref>

The winter solstice is celebrated a [[Makar Sankranti|Paush Sankranti]] in mid January, followed by Netaji Jayanti and [[Saraswati Pooja]], a puja dedicated to Goddess of Knowledge and music Goddess Saraswati.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Bengal celebrates Saraswati Puja |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bengal-celebrates-saraswati-puja/1720379 |url-status=live |access-date=12 May 2021 |magazine=[[Outlook India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150329/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bengal-celebrates-saraswati-puja/1720379 |archive-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>

The spring is celebrated in the form of Dolyatra or [[Holi]]. The year ends with [[Charak Puja]] and [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious power in Bengal |url=https://ari.nus.edu.sg/20331-64/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=ari.nus.edu.sg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119100224/https://ari.nus.edu.sg/20331-64/ |archive-date=19 November 2020 }}</ref>

Durga Puja became the main religio-cultural celebration within the Bengal diaspora in the West (together with Kali and Saraswati Pujas, if a community is large and prosperous enough).{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=830}}

=== Temples ===
{{Main|Bengal temple architecture}}
{{See also|List of Hindu temples in West Bengal|List of Hindu temples in Bangladesh|label 2=Bangladesh}}
As per [[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]], historically the religious architecture in Bengal may be divided into three periods: the early Hindu period (up to the end of the 12th century, or maybe a little later in certain areas), the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultanate period]] (14th to early 16th century), and the Hindu revival period (16th to 19th century).<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCutchion |first1=David |author-link=David McCutchion |title=Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2tPAQAAMAAJ |year=1972 |location=Calcutta |publisher=The Asiatic Society |oclc=1019953308 |page=1}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" widths="250" heights="250">
File:Temple of Ichai Ghosh.jpg|[[Ichhai Ghosher Deul]] at [[Gourangapur]] in [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]], West Bengal.
File:Main Temple of Dhakeswari.jpg|[[Dhakeshwari Temple]] in [[Dhaka]].
File:Baro Chala temple of Buro Shiva at Jalsara under Ghatal Police Station in Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 05.jpg|Baro-chala Buro Shiva temple at [[Jalshara]] in [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], West Bengal.
</gallery>

== Businesspeople ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|}}
* [[Mohit Burman]], [[Dabur]]
* [[Amar Bose]], [[Bose Corporation]]
* [[Chandra Shekhar Ghosh]], [[Bandhan Bank]]
* [[Purnendu Chatterjee]]
* Bijon Nag, [[IFB Home Appliances]]
* [[Aveek Sarkar]], [[ABP Group]]
* [[Jayanta Roy]], [[Peerless Group]]

== See also ==
* [[All Assam Bengali Youth Students Federation]]
* [[East Bengali refugees]]
* [[Hinduism in Bangladesh]]
* [[Hinduism in West Bengal]]
* [[Bengali Hindu diaspora]]
* [[Bengali Muslims]]
* [[Bengali Buddhists]]
* [[Bengali Christians]]
* [[Culture of Bengal]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=N}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Rachita|title=Buddhist Education in Ancient India|date=2008|publisher=Punthi Pustak|isbn=978-81-86791-77-6|pages=243–345}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dastidar|first=Sachi G|title=Empire's last casualty: Indian subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other minorities|date=2008|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=978-81-7102-151-2|location=Kolkata|language=English|oclc=220925148}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Binoy|title=Paschimbanger Sanskriti|publisher=Press & People Republic|year=1950}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Inden|first1=Ronald B.|title=Kinship in Bengali culture|last2=Nicholas|first2=Ralph W.|date=2005|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|isbn=978-81-8028-018-4|language=en|author-link=Ronald Inden}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kamra|first=A. J|title=The prolonged partition and its pogroms|date=2000|publisher=[[Voice of India]]|isbn=978-81-85990-63-7|location=New Delhi|oclc=47168311}}
* {{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=R. C|title=Ancient India History|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=2017|isbn=978-8120804357|author-link=R. C. Majumdar|orig-year=1977}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion: 15 Volume Set |editor=Lindsay Jones |edition=2nd |place=Detroit, Mi |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |volume=2 |pages=824–832 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mitra|first=Satish Chandra|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|publisher=Deys Publishers|year=2015}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pramanik|first=Bimal|title=Endangered Demography: Nature and Impact of Demographic Changes in West Bengal|date=2005|publisher=G.C. Modak|isbn=978-1-4985-3742-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Niharranjan|title=History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period|date=1994|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|isbn=978-0-86311-378-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted: A Saga of the Hindus of Eastern Bengal |year=2002 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85709-67-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Nitish|title=History of the Bengali-Speaking People|publisher=UBS Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-8174763556}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Sultana |first=Jasmin |year=2003 |editor-last=Islam|editor-first=Sirajul|editor-link=Sirajul Islam |title=Banglapedia: Kotalipara |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |volume=6 |isbn=978-984-32-0581-0}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{URL|http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/hindu_bangla.html|Bengali Hindu modern history}}

{{Portal bar|Hinduism|Religion||Society|India|Bangladesh}}
{{Bengali Hindu people}}
{{Hinduism in India by region}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Bengali Hindus| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Canada]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in Asia]]
[[Category:Bengali diaspora]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]

Old Monk

2026-02-16T11:39:46Z

Prithoknnoman: adding new stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian dark rum}}
{{About||the 2022 Indian film|Old Monk (film)}}
{{Infobox Beverage
|name=Old Monk
|image=[[File:Old Monk Label.jpg|175px]]
|type=[[Rum]]
|abv = 42.8%
|proof = 75° UK
|manufacturer= [[Mohan Meakin]]
|origin= India
|introduced = 1954
|discontinued=
|colour = Brown, dark maroon, black
|related = [[Khukri Rum]] [[McDowell's No.1 Celebration]]
}}
<references group="https://oldmonkprice.xyz/old-monk-coffee-rum-review/ OldMonkPrice (2024)" />
'''Old Monk Rum''' is a [[Barrel|vatted]] Indian dark [[rum]], launched in 1954.<ref>[http://www.gqindia.com/content/cult-old-monk The Cult of Old Monk] - GQ India(March 2012)</ref> It is a [[dark rum]] with a distinct vanilla flavour, with most expressions spiced, aged in oak barrels, and bottled at an [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] content of 42.8% ABV [[Alcohol_proof#United_Kingdom|(75° proof)]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oldmonkrum.ee/en/index.html |title=Old Monk Estonia Distributor Website |access-date=2014-10-21 |archive-date=2014-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216044600/http://www.oldmonkrum.ee/en/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is produced in [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] and has a registered office in [[Solan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].

The company conducts no advertising, and Old Monk's popularity depends on word of mouth and the loyalty of customers.<ref>[http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/drink/old-monk-mixes-864327 5 Old Monk Mixes: Beyond Rum and Coke] - CNN Travel (July 12, 2011)</ref> Old Monk has been the biggest [[Indian Made Foreign Liquor]] (IMFL) brand for many years.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702030900.htm Old Monk rum losing steam as Celebration gains: ''Impact''] - Business Line (August 26, 2004)</ref> However, in 2013 Old Monk lost its rank as the largest selling dark rum to [[McDowell's No.1 Celebration]].<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Industry/nqa77UEsic43YfKmJlUCBI/Old-Monk-loses-ground-to-McDowells-No1.html Old Monk loses ground to McDowell’s No.1] - Business Standard (April 18, 2012)</ref>

==History==
{{see also | Kasauli_Brewery#History | l1 = History of Dyer brewery }}
[[File:Old Monk Rum.jpg|left|thumb|Popular Bottle of Old Monk Rum]]
In 1855, [[Edward Dyer (brewer)|Edward Dyer]] set up a brewery in [[Kasauli]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] to cater to the [[British_Empire|British]] requirement for cheap [[beer]].<ref name="theperfectpour">{{cite web |url=https://www.theperfectpour.com/w-old-monk-xxx-rum |title=OLD MONK XXX RUM – India's Legendary Seven-Year Dark Rum |access-date=2026-01-29 }}</ref> This brewery changed hands and eventually became a [[distillery]] by the name of Mohan Meakin Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/dREvXCimvI0BIYRLNbavRO/How-Old-Monk-went-from-Indias-star-to-another-hasbeen.html|title=How Old Monk went from India's star to another has-been|first=Arunabh|last=Saikia|date=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/reginald-edward-dyer_2419138|title=Reginald Edward Dyer 1864-1927 - Ancestry|website=www.ancestry.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TM3riRQIkwgC&q=edward&pg=PA1|title=The Life of General Dyer|last=Colvin|first=Ian Duncan|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Unistar Books|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&q=edward&pg=PA4|title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer|last=Collett|first=Nigel|date=2006-10-15|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781852855758|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawrencecollege.edu.pk/reginald-edward-harry-dyer/|title=Reginald Edward Harry Dyer – the Butcher of Amritsar | Lawrence College Ghora Gali|access-date=2017-01-30|archive-date=2018-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128214708/http://lawrencecollege.edu.pk/reginald-edward-harry-dyer/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Old Monk, reportedly a creation of [[Ved Rattan Mohan]], former managing director of [[Mohan Meakin]],<ref name="Meet the real creator of Old Monk">{{Cite news |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/world/meet-the-real-creator-of-old-monk/story/267821.html |title=Meet the real creator of Old Monk |last=Sourish Bhattacharyya |date=January 11, 2018 |work=Business Today |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref><ref name="Old Monk s creators, Mohan Meakin family share some treasured memories">{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/old-monks-creators-mohan-meakin-family-share-some-treasured-memories/18932179 |title=Old Monk s creators, Mohan Meakin family share some treasured memories |date=2018-01-14 |work=mid-day |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> was first introduced in India in December of 1954.<ref name="theperfectpour"/> Colonel Ved Mohan, brother of Kapil Mohan, had been inspired by the serene life of [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] monks and the [[Bénédictine|drinks they brewed]]<ref name="theperfectpour"/> as they led their ascetic life in the mountains where they lived in content, which inspired the naming of the drink. Old Monk soon surpassed [[Khoday Group|Hercules rum]] in favor among the [[Indian armed forces]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Old Monk lives on a prayer|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Old-Monk-lives-on-a-prayer/articleshow/48035981.cms?|website=Times of India|date=12 July 2015 |publisher=Times of India|access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> The brand soon became one of the leading dark rums in the world and perhaps the most popular IMFL brand in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abacademies.org/articles/old-monk-is-glass-half-empty-or-half-full-7344.html |title=Old Monk: Is Glass Half Empty or Half Full? |last=Shetty |first=A. Shivakanth |orig-date=2018 |access-date=2026-01-29 }}</ref> The affordable pricing strategy has also worked in their favor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Monk Fans Can Sit Back and Relax, Their Favourite Brand is Going Nowhere|url=http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/old-monk-fans-can-sit-back-and-relax-their-favourite-brand-is-going-nowhere-781669|website=NDTV Food|date=14 July 2015 |publisher=NDTV|access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

==Production==

[[File:Old monk rum bottle.jpg|thumb|upright|Old Monk Supreme rum, bottled in the distinctive glass monk statuette.]]

Old Monk rums are produced in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="nuwavebeverage">{{cite web |url=https://nuwavebeverage.com/view_product_category/old-monk-rum/ |title=Old Monk Archives | publisher=Nuwave Beverage |access-date=2026-01-29 }}</ref> Some notable expressions include:

* Old Monk XXX is a rum made from [[molasses]], which is then aged in oak barrels for a minimum of 7 years, then vatted, infused with spices, and bottled.<ref name="Bedi-2021">{{cite web |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/old-monk-the-history-of-india-s-favourite-rum |title=The History of India’s Favourite Rum Old Monk |last=Bedi |first=Rhea |orig-date=08 Jun 2021 |access-date=2026-01-29 }}</ref>

* Old Monk 20 Amber XO is a blend of the classic Old Monk XXX combined with a 20 year old rum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhumattitude.com/en/cave/old-monk-20-ans-428/ |title=Old Monk Amber 20 years 42.8° |publisher=Rum Attitude |access-date=2026-01-29 }}</ref>

* Old Monk Supreme is a rum made from molasses, which is then aged in oak barrels for a minimum of 12 years, then vatted, infused with spices, and bottled in a glass statuette of a monk.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wineandwhiskeyglobe.com/spirits/discovering-old-monk-rum-a-legendary-indian-brand/ |title=Discovering Old Monk Rum, a Legendary Indian Brand - Wine and Whiskey Globe |last=Zivan |first=David |access-date=2026-01-29 }}</ref>

* Old Monk The Legend is a rum made from various raw materials, which is then aged in oak barrels for a minimum of 7 years, then vatted, infused with spices, and bottled in a glass statuette of a monk's head.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://therumhowlerblog.com/rum-reviews/dark-rums/old-monk-the-legend/ |title=Old Monk The Legend |publisher=The Rum Howler Blog |last=Dykstra |first=Chip |orig-date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=2026-01-29 }}</ref>

==Awards==

In 1982, Old Monk XXX rum received gold medals at Monde Selection.<ref name="theperfectpour"/> In 2012, it won gold medal at the World Spirits Competition.<ref name="theperfectpour"/> Old Monk was ranked 5th among Indian spirits brands at the Impact International's 2008 list of "Top 100 Brands At Retail Value" with a retail value of US$240 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/liquor/mcdowells-in-top10-global-spirits-league/articleshow/4225770.cms?intenttarget=no|title=McDowell's in top10 global spirits league|date=5 March 2009|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Kurian|first1=Boby}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of Indian beverages#Alcohol|Alcoholic Indian beverages]]
* [[Sura (alcoholic drink)#Vedic beverages|List of vedic and ayurvedic alcoholic drinks]]
* [[Desi daru]]
* [[Indian-made foreign liquor]] (IMFL)
* [[Indian whisky]]

==References==
<references />
<references group="https://oldmonkprice.xyz/old-monk-coffee-rum-review/ OldMonkPrice.xyz (2024)" />

==External links==
*[https://oldmonkrum.ee/en OldMonk official website]
{{Alcoholic drinks}}{{portal bar|Beer|Liquor|India}}
{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Alcohol by countries}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Beers of the world}}
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Whisky |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Rum brands]]
[[Category:Indian distilled drinks]]
[[Category:Indian alcoholic beverage brands]]
[[Category:Dark rums]]
[[Category:Sugar industry in India]]

Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath

2026-02-12T06:12:38Z

Prithoknnoman: starting new page

{{short description|Indian neuroscientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|10|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chennai, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Neuroscience]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[National Brain Research Centre]], [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]], [https://www.cbr.iisc.ac.in/ Centre for Brain Research]
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]], [[Mysore University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Chandrasekhara N]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Promoting neuroscience research and establishing major neuroscience research centres in India
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–19)|Padma Shri Award]]
}}
'''Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath''' (born 18 October 1953) is an Indian neuroscientist. She is currently a professor at the Centre for Neuroscience, [[Indian Institute of Science]] in Bangalore. She was the founder director of the [[National Brain Research Centre]], Gurgaon (2000-9) and founder chair of the Centre for Neuroscience at Indian Institute of Science. Her main area of interest is the study of brain related disorders including [[Neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative diseases]] such as [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]] and [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath|url=http://www.cns.iisc.ernet.in/viji/|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012184154/http://www.cns.iisc.ernet.in/viji/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravindranath|first1=Vijayalakshmi|title=Lilavathi Daughters|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/259-261.pdf|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> She serves as the founding director of the Centre for Brain Research in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre for Brain Research|url=https://www.cbr.iisc.ac.in/director/|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815215028/https://www.cbr.iisc.ac.in/director/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Ravindranath earned her B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Andhra University, received her Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1981 from Mysore University, and worked at the [[National Cancer Institute]] in the US as a postdoctoral fellow. She joined the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] in Bangalore, where she studied the metabolizing capacity of the human brain, focusing especially on psychoactive drugs and environmental toxins.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=15 |title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2016-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819000745/http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=15 |archive-date=2016-08-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1999, she helped Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India to establish National Brain Research Centre to co-ordinate and network neuroscience research groups in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographical Sketch of Dr. Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath|url=http://www.iiscalumni.com/news-events/downloads/Photo%20%26%20CV_Prof.Vijayalakshmi%20Ravindranath.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816103634/http://www.iiscalumni.com/news-events/downloads/Photo%20%26%20CV_Prof.Vijayalakshmi%20Ravindranath.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2016|date=2016-08-16|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Ravindranath is an elected fellow of several Indian academies: [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="List of Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> Indian Academy of Neurosciences and Third World Academy of
Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiscalumni.com/news-events/downloads/Photo%20%26%20CV_Prof.Vijayalakshmi%20Ravindranath.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816103634/http://www.iiscalumni.com/news-events/downloads/Photo%20%26%20CV_Prof.Vijayalakshmi%20Ravindranath.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] for Science and Technology for Medical Sciences in 1996<ref>{{Cite web|title = Career in CSIR|url = http://www.csir.res.in/External/Utilities/Frames/career/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=../../../Heads/career/awards.htm|website = www.csir.res.in|access-date = 2015-08-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210163924/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Utilities/Frames/career/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=..%2F..%2F..%2FHeads%2Fcareer%2Fawards.htm|archive-date = 2012-02-10|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* KP Bhargava Medal of Indian National Science Academy
* [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] for Science & Technology in 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opbfawards.com/health.html|title=Shri Om Prakash Bhasin Awards – Health and Medical Sciences|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218064129/http://www.opbfawards.com/health.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*J.C. Bose Fellowship (2006)
* S.S. Bhatnagar Award of Indian National Science Academy (2016)
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–19)|Padma Shri Award]] in 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Fellow, Dr V Ravindranath|url=http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P05-1399|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008045719/http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P05-1399|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Publications==
<div class="csl-entry">Ravindranath, V., & Sundarakumar, J. S. (2021). Changing demography and the challenge of dementia in India. In ''Nature Reviews Neurology'' (Vol. 17, Issue 12, pp. 747–758). Nature Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-021-00565-x</div>
# {{cite journal|doi=10.1089/ars.2015.6602|pmid=27121974|title=Thiol Oxidation by Diamide Leads to Dopaminergic Degeneration and Parkinsonism Phenotype in Mice: A Model for Parkinson's Disease|journal=Antioxidants & Redox Signaling|volume=25|issue=5|pages=252–267|year=2016|last1=Ray|first1=Ajit|last2=Kambali|first2=Maltesh|last3=Ravindranath|first3=Vijayalakshmi}}
# {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01132|title=Regulation of DJ-1 by glutaredoxin 1 in vivo – implications for Parkinson's disease|journal=Biochemistry|year=2016|last1=Johnson|first1=William M.|last2=Golczak|first2=Marcin|last3=Choe|first3=Kyonghwan|last4=Curran|first4=Pierce L.|last5=Gorelenkova Miller|first5=Olga|last6=Yao|first6=Chen|last7=Wang|first7=Wenzhang|last8=Lin|first8=Jiusheng|last9=Milkovic|first9=Nicole M.|last10=Ray|first10=Ajit|last11=Ravindranath|first11=Vijayalakshmi|last12=Zhu|first12=Xiongwei|last13=Wilson|first13=Mark A.|last14=Wilson-Delfosse|first14=Amy L.|last15=Chen|first15=Shu G.|last16=Mieyal|first16=John Joseph|pmid=26894491|pmc=4987251|volume=55|issue=32|pages=4519–32}}
# {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nature16036|pmid=26580328|title=Regional research priorities in brain and nervous system disorders|journal=Nature|volume=527|issue=7578|pages=S198–206|year=2015|last1=Ravindranath|first1=Vijayalakshmi|last2=Dang|first2=Hoang-Minh|last3=Goya|first3=Rodolfo G.|last4=Mansour|first4=Hader|last5=Nimgaonkar|first5=Vishwajit L.|last6=Russell|first6=Vivienne Ann|last7=Xin|first7=Yu|bibcode=2015Natur.527S.198R |doi-access=free|hdl=11336/48799|hdl-access=free}}
# {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.041|pmid=26164633|title=MPTP activates ASK1–p38 MAPK signaling pathway through TNF-dependent Trx1 oxidation in parkinsonism mouse model|journal=Free Radical Biology and Medicine|volume=87|pages=312–25|year=2015|last1=Ray|first1=Ajit|last2=Sehgal|first2=Neha|last3=Karunakaran|first3=Smitha|last4=Rangarajan|first4=Govindan|last5=Ravindranath|first5=Vijayalakshmi}}
# {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.004|pmid=24933620|title=Critical cysteines in Akt1 regulate its activity and proteasomal degradation: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases|journal=Free Radical Biology and Medicine|volume=74|pages=118–28|year=2014|last1=Ahmad|first1=Faraz|last2=Nidadavolu|first2=Prakash|last3=Durgadoss|first3=Lalitha|last4=Ravindranath|first4=Vijayalakshmi}}
# {{cite book|doi=10.2217/fmeb2013.14.9|chapter=Occurrence, distribution and potential actions of CYP2D6 in the brain|journal=CYP2D6: Genetics, Pharmacology and Clinical Relevance|pages=102–116|year=2014|last1=Ravindranath|first1=Vijayalakshmi|isbn=978-1-78084-462-6}}
# {{cite journal|doi=10.1517/17425255.2013.759208|pmid=23330950|title=Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism in brain: Functional roles and their implications|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology|volume=9|issue=5|pages=551–8|year=2013|last1=Ravindranath|first1=Vijayalakshmi|last2=Strobel|first2=Henry W|s2cid=12723035}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravindranath, Vijayalakshmi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian women neuroscientists]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

P. C. Shastri

2026-02-09T05:01:26Z

Prithoknnoman: adding some entry and citations

{{Short description|Indian child psychiatrist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Priyavadan Chandrakant Shastri
| honorific_suffix =
| image = P. C. Shastri.jpg
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| education = [[University of Bombay]]
| alma_mater = [[Topiwala National Medical College and Nair Hospital|Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = [[Psychiatrist]]
| years_active = 1970–2016
| employer =
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}}

'''Priyavadan Chandrakant Shastri''' (P. C. Shastri) ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: प्रियवदन चंद्रकांत शास्त्री) was an Indian [[Child and adolescent psychiatry|child psychiatrist]], from [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].

==Education==
P. C. Shastri completed his post graduation in the field of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine in October 1970, from the [[Topiwala National Medical College and Nair Hospital]] in [[Mumbai]].

==Career==
After attaining the degree, Shastri was elected at the post of Professor and Head of the Unit in the Department of Psychiatry in the same hospital. He retired only in 1997. Later he continued at the [[Nanavati hospital]] in [[Andheri]] and the Indian Armed forces Medical Services, (INHS Ashwini) as an Honorary Professor in Psychiatry in 2004 to date.

He has been the past President of the [[Indian Psychiatric Society]] in 2008-09 and has presided the [[SAARC]] Psychiatric Federation in the same year.

He has presided over many conferences and medical meets throughout the world and the region:
* The Research Society for the care Treatment & Training of Children in Need of Special Care- (1998–2008)
* Maharashtra State branch of Indian Psychiatric Society (2003–05)
* Indian Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2005–2007)
* Bombay Psychiatric Society (1985–86)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bombaypsychiatricsociety.org/AboutUs.asp | title=BPS presidents | accessdate=2011-01-29 | publisher=Bombay Psychiatric Society | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206105909/http://bombaypsychiatricsociety.org/AboutUs.asp | archivedate=2010-12-06 }}</ref>
* Indian Psychiatric Society -West Zone (1995–96)
* Integrated Sensations –India(1996–99)
* President of first National Conference of Integrated Sensations - India 1996

==Awards and research==
P. C. Shastri has worked in the field of research in Psychiatry. He won the Best paper -President Award four times in his career, in 1980, 1983, 1986 and 1996. He also won the silver medal with scroll of honors for Mental health and education by the Chief Minister of Maharashtra in September 1996. The [[Bombay Psychiatric Society]] acknowledged his work twice by awarding him the Dr. S. M. Lulla Oration Award in 1998 and Dr. V.N.Bagadia Lifetime achievement Award in 2007. He also went on to win the Dr. L.P. Shah Oration Award by the Indian Psychiatric Society's West Zone in 2007 and later the V.S. Mani Memorial Oration Award in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.drpcshastri.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Dr.-Shastri-Resume-Eloberated-Feb-2009.pdf | title=Dr. P. C. Shastri Profile | accessdate=2011-01-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317183321/http://www.drpcshastri.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Dr.-Shastri-Resume-Eloberated-Feb-2009.pdf | archive-date=17 March 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Associations==
He has been awarded Life Membership or Fellowship through various distinguished organisations in the field of Psychiatry such as [[World Psychiatric Association]], [[American Psychiatric Association]], [[Indian Psychiatric Society]], SAARC Psychiatric Federation, [[Bombay Psychiatric Society]], World Congress of Asian Psychiatry and many others. He was the President of the Center for Help & Intervention in Learning & Development (CHILD) from 1988 to 2008.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, P. C.}}
[[Category:Indian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Taj: Divided by Blood

2026-02-05T04:51:14Z

Prithoknnoman: minor refined layout for consistency additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian period drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Taj_Divided_By_Blood_Official_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Historical fiction]]
| based_on =
| runtime =
| creator = Abhimanyu Singh
| director = Ron Scalpello [[Vibhu Puri]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dharmendra]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
* [[Sandhya Mridul]]
* [[Rahul Bose]]
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Aashim Gulati]]
* [[Taaha Shah]]
}}
| writer = ''Dialogues'' Ajay Singh
| story = Christopher Butera, [[Anand Neelakantan]]
| screenplay = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = ''Music'' [[Ian Arber]]
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|Urdu}}
| location =
| cinematography = Simon Temple Tejal Shetye
| editor = Irfan Ishak Ben King Ruchi Barar
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2023|3|3}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2023|6|2}}
| company = [[Contiloe Pictures]]
| executive_producer =
| producer = Abhimanyu Singh Roopali Kadyan
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 18
| list_episodes =
| related =
| image_alt =
| channel =
}}
'''''Taj: Divided by Blood''''' is an Indian [[period drama]] [[streaming television]] series produced by [[Contiloe Pictures]] for [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Citation|title=ZEE5 announces a new original series Taj – Divided by Blood|date= 14 February 2023 |url= https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/zee5-announces-a-new-original-series-taj-divided-by-blood-562026 |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=ZEE5 announces a new original series, 'Taj – Divided by Blood'|url=https://www.adgully.com/zee5-announces-a-new-original-series-taj-divided-by-blood-128514.html|website=Adgully |date=14 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214060647/https://www.adgully.com/zee5-announces-a-new-original-series-taj-divided-by-blood-128514.html |archive-date=2023-02-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> The series stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Sandhya Mridul]], [[Aashim Gulati]] and [[Taaha Shah]] in primary roles.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dharmendra, Naseeruddin Shah to star in new ZEE5 series 'Taj – Divided by Blood'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharmendra-naseeruddin-shah-to-star-in-new-zee5-series-taj-divided-by-blood/article66507929.ece|website=The Hindu |date=14 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215071400/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharmendra-naseeruddin-shah-to-star-in-new-zee5-series-taj-divided-by-blood/article66507929.ece |archive-date=2023-02-15 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Taj- Divided by Blood: Dharmendra as Chisti while Naseeruddin Shah turns King Akbar for new ZEE5 series|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/taj-divided-by-blood-dharmendra-as-chisti-while-naseeruddin-shah-turns-king-akbar-for-new-zee5-series-2023-02-15-847341|website=India TV|date=15 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217010715/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/taj-divided-by-blood-dharmendra-as-chisti-while-naseeruddin-shah-turns-king-akbar-for-new-zee5-series-2023-02-15-847341 |archive-date=2023-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is produced by Abhimanyu Singh, Roopali Singh and William Borthwick.
The first season premiered on ZEE5 on 3 March 2023. The second season, titled Taj: Reign of Revenge, premiered on 12 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taj: Divided by Blood gets a season 2: Here's when Taj: Reign of Revenge will premiere on ZEE5|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/taj-divided-by-blood-gets-a-season-2-heres-when-taj-reign-of-revenge-will-premiere-on-zee5/87ecf10acb263|access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.OTTPlay.com |language=English}}</ref>

== Premise ==

=== Taj: Divided by Blood ===
Set in the 16th century, the story follows [[Akbar]] and the war of succession amongst his 3 sons: Salim, Murad, and Daniyal. It is a twisted tale of the struggle for power filled with dangerous politics, poetic beauty, torrid romances, cold treachery, and bloodshed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taj: Divided by Blood" to Premiere on ZEE5 on 3 March 2023|url=https://www.rwmedia.tech/2023/02/taj-divided-by-blood-to-premiere-on.html|website=rw Media|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225155558/https://www.rwmedia.tech/2023/02/taj-divided-by-blood-to-premiere-on.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The show unravels multiple layers of each character in the Mughal dynasty. The series dramatizes the rise and fall of the various generations of the [[Mughal Empire]], showcasing both the beauty as well as the brutality of the dynasty.<ref>{{cite web | title= Naseeruddin Shah, Dharmendra, Aditi Rao Hydari to star in ZEE5 series Taj – Divided by Blood|url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/naseeruddin-shah-dharmendra-aditi-rao-hydari-star-zee5-series-taj-divided-blood/|website=India TV|date= 15 February 2023|access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217010959/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/naseeruddin-shah-dharmendra-aditi-rao-hydari-star-zee5-series-taj-divided-blood/ |archive-date=2023-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Taj Season 2: Reign of Revenge ===
The season charters Salim's journey from being the exiled enemy of the Mughal empire to seeking blood and revenge in an attempt to become the next Emperor. On this dark, dangerous, and destructive path, he is surrounded by enemies from all sides with few allies like his new love interest - Meherunnissa.

== Cast==
* [[Dharmendra]] as [[Salim Chishti|Sheikh Salim Chisti]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-02-18 |title=Taj – Divided by Blood trailer out |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/taj-divided-by-blood-trailer-out-1503155618.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as [[Akbar]]<ref>{{Citation|title= Taj – Divided By Blood: Naseeruddin Shah All Set To Play Emperor Akbar In New Web Series! |date=14 February 2023 |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/taj-divided-by-blood-naseeruddin-shah-all-set-to-play-emperor-akbar-in-new-web-series/|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>
** Aaryama Salim as young Akbar
* [[Aashim Gulati]] as [[Jahangir|Salim/Jahangir]]
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as [[Anarkali]]
* [[Sauraseni Maitra]] as [[Nur Jahan|Mehrunnisa/Nur Jahan]]<ref>{{Citation|title= Sauraseni Maitra speaks about blending into two entertainment industries |date=13 April 2023 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/apr/14/sauraseni-maitra-speaks-about-blending-into-two-entertainment-industries-48296.html|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>
** Sauyma Setia as young [[Nur Jahan|Mehrunnisa]]
* [[Rahul Bose]] as [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]]
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as [[Salima Sultan Begum]]
* [[Sandhya Mridul]] as [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai]]
* [[Taha Shah Badussha]] as [[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Murad]]
* Shubham Kumar Mehra as [[Daniyal Mirza]]
* Pankaj Saraswat as [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]]
*Digambar Prasad as [[Man Singh I]]
* Mitansh Lulla as [[Shah Jahan|Khurram/Shah Jahan]] (season-2)
* Jiansh Agarwal as [[Khusrau Mirza]] (season-2)
* Suhani Juneja as [[Mumtaz Mahal|Arjumand Banu Begum/Mumtaz Mahal]]
* Rajat Kaul as [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]] (season-2)
* Akshay Agarwal as [[Amar Singh I]] (season-2)
* Rouhallah Quazim as [[Sher Afgan Khan]] (season-2)
* Arman Khera as [[Mahabat Khan]] (season-2)
* Anushka Luhar as [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Man Bai/Sha Begum]]<ref>{{Citation|title= Anushka Luhar to star in ZEE5 digital series 'Taj – Divided by Blood' |newspaper= Femina Miss India|url= https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/anushka-luhar-to-star-in-zee5-digital-series-taj-divided-by-blood/articleshow/97915787.cms|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as [[Bairam Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taj: Divided by Blood Web Series (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Zee5 |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/taj-divided-by-blood-web-series-115942 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref>
* Tanvi Negi as [[Jagat Gosain|Jagat Gossain]]
* [https://g.co/kgs/vqiaWo4 ActorsFirdaush] as [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim|Hakim Hasan]] (season-2)
* Janam Raj as [[Sahib Jamal]]
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as [[Birbal]]<ref>{{Citation|title= Subodh Bhave: मराठमोळा अभिनेता सुबोध भावे बनणार 'बिरबल'; मुघलांवर आधारित 'या' सीरिजमध्ये झळकणार! |url= https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subodh-bhave-will-be-seen-as-birbal-in-web-show-taj-divided-by-blood-141676458035822.html|access-date=17 February 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>
* Akshat Mishra as Durjan
* Pawan Chopra as [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|Ghiyas Beg]]
* Padma Damodaran as [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]]
* Shivani Tanksale as [[Bakht-un-Nissa Begum]]
* Aayam Mehta as [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni|Badayuni]]
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as [[Maharana Pratap]]
* Zachary Coffin as Father Monserrate
* Saurabh Selwal as young [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan]]

== Series overview ==
{{Series overview
| auxA = Title

| color1 = #0257AC
| link1 = #Seson1
| auxA1 = Taj: Divided by Blood
| episodes1 = 10
| released1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}

| color2 = #43587A
| link2 = #Seson2
| auxA2 = Taj Season 2: Reign of Revenge
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|12}}
}}

=== Episodes ===

==== Taj: Divided by Blood ====
{{Episode table|background=#0257AC|overall=|title=|writer=|director=Ronald Scalpello, Vibhu Puri|airdate=3 March 2023|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Succession
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = After a few decades of conquering Chittorgarh and witnessing the prophecy of saint Salim Chisti almost coming true, Akbar decides to change the rules of succession to the Mughal throne. Who among his sons will prove worthy of the crown?
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Battle of Kabul
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = Ready to teach his brother a lesson, Akbar decides to wage a war in Kabul. He arranges a horse-taming competition to choose the right heir to lead his army, and hopes Salim will win.
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = A Message from God
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = The celebrations of winning the Kabul war turn into a brawl among the three brothers, and Akbar is infuriated. He visualises himself as a messenger of God in a dream and announces a new religion, Din-I-Ilahi.
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = May His Glory Be Glorified
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = The announcement of the new religion disrupts the balance in the state. After Akbar escapes a vicious attack, every prince and queen is questioned. Salim's concubines put him in a spot.
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Qubool Hai
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = Akbar sends Murad and Daniyal to strengthen alliances in the North and orders Salim to get married. Salim agrees to exchange vows under pressure but does something that shocks the court.
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Birth of A King
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = While the princes are battling, Agra gets a new prince - Khusrow - Salim's firstborn son. Murad gets a whiff of Hakim, who has been on the run since the Kabul war. Will the discovery of Hakim's whereabouts expose Daniyal?
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Sins of The Father
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = Murad is chastised by Akbar for getting Hakim in chains. While more brides are arranged to ensure Salim's focus on the matters of the palace, his love for Anarkali makes him walk into Abul Fazl's trap.
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = How They Sing
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = The entire palace learns about the secret. The favourite prince is no more a favourite as Abul Fazl wins the game. Salim is forced to go into exile, and Daniyal is left broken.
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Lies They Tell
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = Anarkali escapes the death sentence. While Akbar wants to go easy on Salim, he ends up making rogue decisions. Salim wants to meet Anarkali, but Daniyal's men capture her.
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = All That Remains
|DirectedBy = Ronald Scalpello
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|03}}
|ShortSummary = Daniyal's allies attack Salim. Murad's mysterious death breaks Akbar, who now wants to make the most of what is left.
|LineColor = 0257AC
}}}}

==== Taj Season 2: Reign of Revenge ====
{{Episode table|background=#43587A|overall=|title=|writer=|director=Ronald Scalpello, Vibhu Puri|airdate=12 May 2023|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Return of The Bandit Prince
|DirectedBy = Vibhu Puri
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|12}}
|ShortSummary = It has been 15 years since the war. The Mughal Empire is at peace, yet Akbar is not. He visits Sheikh Salim Chsti for advice. As Daniyal waits for the throne, Prince Salim returns to the court.
|LineColor = 43587A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = A Kingdom of Snakes
|DirectedBy = Vibhu Puri
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|12}}
|ShortSummary = All camps swing into action to take down the Bandit Prince. Mehrunnisa sets her eyes on Salim and wins Jodha’s favour. Abul Fazl plots against them. Daniyal’s insecurities come to the fore..
|LineColor = 43587A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Hunt
|DirectedBy = Vibhu Puri
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|12}}
|ShortSummary = Akbar organises a hunt in the hopes of reuniting the family. Salim wins favour in the kingdom with the help of Mehrunissa. A surprise visitor poses a threat to Salim.
|LineColor = 43587A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Rise of the Sultan
|DirectedBy = Vibhu Puri
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|05|12}}
|ShortSummary = Mehrunissa finds her way into Akbar’s harem while she plans on becoming Salim’s greatest strength. Daniyal summons his allies for a clandestine meeting, and Salim becomes a threat to Akbar’s empire.
|LineColor = 43587A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Blood Brothers
|DirectedBy = Vibhu Puri
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|2}}
|ShortSummary = Salim and Akbar are haunted by their past. The kingdom is rife with anticipation about the future as Akbar’s health worsens. Ruqaiya and Abul Fazl plot against Salim, while Daniyal has a surprise visitor.
|LineColor = 43587A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Queen Regent
|DirectedBy = Vibhu Puri
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|2}}
|ShortSummary = Ruqaiya, under the guise of the Queen Regent, devises a scheme to eliminate Salim’s claim to the throne. Mehrunissa manipulates her niece to get close to Khurram, while Abul Fazl's arrogance leads to his downfall.
|LineColor = 43587A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = The Whisper of Death
|DirectedBy = Vibhu Puri
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|2}}
|ShortSummary = Amidst Akbar’s ailing health, the uncertainty about the heir to the throne looms large over the kingdom. Paying heed to his mother and son's requests, Salim returns to the kingdom and marries Mehrunissa. Khurram helps Akbar and Salim unite.
|LineColor = 43587A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Crown of Thorns
|DirectedBy = Vibhu Puri
|WrittenBy = William Borthwick Simon Fantauzzo
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|2}}
|ShortSummary = Salim is declared the rightful heir to the throne. Akbar’s last rites are marred by bloodshed and chaos. As he ascends the throne, Salim transforms into the self-centred Jehangir. Khurram and Arjumand elope marking the beginning of a new era.
|LineColor = 43587A
}}}}

== Production ==
The show was first announced in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.medianews4u.com/applause-contiloe-join-forces-taj-monument-blood-series-mughal-empire-extravaganza/ |title = Applause and Contiloe join forces for Taj – A Monument of Blood; a Series on Mughal Empire extravaganza |date = 13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123112526/https://www.medianews4u.com/applause-contiloe-join-forces-taj-monument-blood-series-mughal-empire-extravaganza/ |archive-date=2021-01-23 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title='Taj - A Monument of Blood': A series on rise and fall of Mughal empire|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/taj-a-monument-of-blood-drama-series-on-mughals-rise-and-fall|access-date= 17 February 2023|website=National Herald |date=12 July 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324070713/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/taj-a-monument-of-blood-drama-series-on-mughals-rise-and-fall |archive-date=2021-03-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first season premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 3 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web| title=ZEE5 series 'Taj – Divided by Blood' to debut on March 3|url=https://theprint.in/features/zee5-series-taj-divided-by-blood-to-debut-on-march-3/1379832/|access-date=17 February 2023|website=The Print |date=17 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The second season premiered on 12 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news| title=ZEE5 series 'Taj – Divided by Blood' to debut on March 3|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/taj-reign-of-revenge-trailer-out-see-when-and-where-to-watch-taj-season-2/articleshow/99709788.cms
|access-date= 1 May 2023|website=The Economic Times |date=23 April 2023
|language=en}}</ref>

== Promotion ==
The peek into the show was released by Dharmendra, when he shared that he is playing Sheikh Salim Chisti in this show.<ref>{{cite web | title= TAJ- Divided by Blood: Man asks why Dharmendra is behaving like a struggling actor; His reply wins hearts|url= https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/taj-divided-by-blood-man-asks-why-dharmendra-is-behaving-like-a-struggling-actor-his-reply-wins-hearts-1209406|website=PinkVilla |date= 15 February 2023|access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217015608/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/taj-divided-by-blood-man-asks-why-dharmendra-is-behaving-like-a-struggling-actor-his-reply-wins-hearts-1209406 |archive-date=2023-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Dharmendra looks almost unrecognisable as Sheikh Salim Chisti from Taj-Royal Blood|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dharmendra-looks-almost-unrecognisable-as-sheikh-salim-chisti-from-taj-royal-blood-101676436180357.html|website=Hindustan Times |date=15 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217094621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dharmendra-looks-almost-unrecognisable-as-sheikh-salim-chisti-from-taj-royal-blood-101676436180357.html |archive-date=2023-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The logo was unveiled at a ceremony in Mumbai on 14 February.<ref>{{cite web | title= Taj-Divided By Blood Trailer Out! Naseeruddin Shah, Dharmendra, Aditi Rao Hydari's Period Drama Is Interesting And Intense|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dharmendra-aditi-rao-hydari-and-aashim-gulati-attend-the-logo-unveiling-of-taj-divided-by-blood-photogallery/cid/1916425?slide=4|website=The Telegraph (India) |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> Subsequently, the trailer was launched on 17 February.<ref>{{cite web | title= Taj-Divided By Blood Trailer Out! Naseeruddin Shah, Dharmendra, Aditi Rao Hydari's Period Drama Is Interesting And Intense|url= https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/taj-divided-by-blood-trailer-out-naseeruddin-shah-dharmendra-aditi-rao-hydaris-period-drama-is-interesting-and-intense-watch-video-4854730.html|website=Latestly |date= 17 February 2023|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>
The second season was announced with a trailer on 23 April 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title= Taj: Reign of Revenge Trailer - When And Where To Watch Season 2 Of Naseeruddin Shah, Aashim Gulati-Starrer|url= https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/taj-reign-of-revenge-trailer-when-and-where-to-watch-season-2-of-naseeruddin-shah-aashim-gulatistarrer-10074686|website=Jagran |date= 23 April 2023|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
It received mostly positive reviews with praise for its performances (especially Shah's), screenplay, dialogues and criticism for its [[visual effects]].

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "From the fifth episode on, you can see the series lose steam. The writing, which had kept us engaged till then, starts getting repetitive, which leads to the flaws which we had managed to ignore demanding our attention."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Taj Divided By Blood review: Naseeruddin Shah series ends up as Mughal-e-Azam lite |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/taj-divided-by-blood-review-naseeruddin-shah-series-8477167/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Syed Firdaus Ashraf of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Naseeruddin Shah, who plays Akbar, looks thoroughly disinterested as if he is only playing the part for a hefty fee. Rahul Bose is a complete misfit playing the jihadi Mirza Muhammad Hakim South Mumbai style. Aditi Rao Hydari as Anarkali looks lost and is unconvincing in her love for Salim."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |title=Taj: Divided By Blood: History In A Mess |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/taj-divided-by-blood-review/20230303.htm |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the series 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Taj: Divided by Blood is crafted with diligence. Parts of the show are informed with enough drama and intrigue to perk things up. It, however, frequently feels a touch strained and repetitive. It is neither Mughal-e-Azam nor Game of Thrones."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Taj: Divided By Blood Review - Neither Mughal-E-Azam Nor Game Of Thrones |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/taj-divided-by-blood-review-neither-mughal-e-azam-nor-game-of-thrones-2-5-stars-3833624 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=4 March 2023}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Shilajit Mitra for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "We get a mammoth battle sequence in Kabul near the start. Though immensely staged, it bored me to bits with its obvious choreography (first the archers come on, then the infantry, then the cannonballs...). Far more memorable, then, is this exchange between Akbar and his ministers, after he announces his plans for ‘Din-I-Illahi’. They look crestfallen until one of them calls for a change in conventional thinking."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title=Taj: Divided by Blood series review: Naseeruddin Shah lords over a weary epic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/taj-divided-by-blood-series-review-naseeruddin-shah-lords-over-a-weary-epic/article66575083.ece |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 March 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Suchandra Bose for ''[[The Quint]]'' rated 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "One of the major pitfalls of the show is its incapacity to dig a little deeper into the characters – Salim is an opium lover with a heart of gold, Jodha (Sandhya Mridul) is a concerned mother, Akbar is a ruthless ruler – their characterization can be condensed in three to four adjectives."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Suchandra |title='Taj Divided By Blood' Review: Mughal 'Game of Thrones' Lacks Depth & Intrigue |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/taj-divided-by-blood-review-mughal-game-of-thrones-naseeruddin-shah-and-aditi-rao-hydari#read-more |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15752618}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/taj-divided-by-blood/0-6-4z5311140 ''Taj: Divided By Blood''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Empire (TV series), The}}
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Family saga television series]]
[[Category:Television series about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Moghulistan]]
[[Category:Khanate of Bukhara]]
[[Category:History of India in fiction]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jahangir]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Akbar]]

P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall

2026-02-05T04:41:25Z

Prithoknnoman: adding basic location w/ infobox!

{{short description|Shopping mall in Jamshedpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall
| logo =
| image = P&M Jamshedpur ᱯ ᱢ ᱢᱟᱞᱞ.png
| image_width =
| caption =
| location = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.784906|86.179873|display=inline,title}}
| address = Outer Circle Road, [[Bistupur]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| opening_date = September 2017 (Already opened)
| developer = [[Prakash Jha]], R.K.Aggarwal
| owner = P&M Group and Hi-Tech Group
| architect = Sanjay Puri
| number_of_stores = 160
| number_of_anchors = 3
| floor_area = {{convert|600000|sqft|m2}}<ref name='P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall Details'>{{cite web|title=P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall Details|url=http://www.citycentretatanagar.in/about.html}}</ref>
| floors = 8<ref>{{cite news|title=मई तक चालू हो जाएगा पीएंडएम मॉल|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-p-and-m-and-hitech-city-centre-mall-15314020.html|newspaper=[[Jagran]]|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183008/http://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-p-and-m-and-hitech-city-centre-mall-15314020.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| parking = 500 cars
| website = {{URL|http://www.citycentretatanagar.in/}}
}}'''P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall'''<ref>{{cite news|title=जमशेदपुर-पी एंड एम सिटी सेंटर उदघाटन 15 अगस्त को, अमिताभ बच्चन कर सकते है उदघाटन|url=http://biharjharkhandnewsnetwork.com/?p=32632|newspaper=Bihar Jharkhand News Network|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225333/http://biharjharkhandnewsnetwork.com/?p=32632|url-status=live}}</ref> is located in the city of [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]. It has a gross lease-able (retail) area of {{convert|600000|sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=प्रकाश झा ने की पी एंड एम सिटी सेंटर में पूजा|url=https://livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-prakash-jha-worshiped-in-p-m-city-center-1238700.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]|access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Film director [[Prakash Jha]] and R.K. Aggarwal are the builders of the mall.<ref>{{cite news|title=प्रकाश झा ने की पी एंड एम सिटी सेंटर में पूजा|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/hindi/jharkhand-epaper-jharkhan/prakash+jha+ne+ki+pi+end+em+siti+sentar+me+puja-newsid-71339817|newspaper=Dailyhunt|access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> It is located at Outer Circle Road, [[Bistupur]]. It is the second branch of P&M mall, [[Patna]].

== Shops and retail ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Shops
!Name
!Shop No.
|-
|[[KFC]]
|
|-
|[[Burger King]]
|
|-
|[[McDonald's]]
|Ground Floor
|-
|[[Domino's Pizza]]
|
|-
|Chat Street
|
|-
|Chinese Delight
|
|-
|[[Blackberrys]]
|Ground Floor
|-
|[[The Pantaloons|Pantaloons]]
|
|-
|[[Big Bazaar|Smart Bazaar]]
|
|-
|Jack & Jones / Vero Moda / Only / Selected / J&J Junior
|Ground Floor
|-
|[[Cinépolis|Cinepolis]] (6 Screen 1200 Seats)
|
|-
|[[Hush Puppies]]
|
|-
|Woodland
|
|-
|Louise Philipe
|
|-
|Sky 180°
|Roof Top
|-
|Hoffmen
|
|-
|WOODLAND
|
|-
|Pepe Jeans London
|1st Floor, Shop no. 18
|-
|Live In Levi's®
|
|-
|Westside
|
|-
|W
|Ground Floor
|-
|[[Pizza Hut]]
|RT 11
|-
|Wishful
|Ground Floor
|-
|House of fear
|
|-
|MINISO
|
|-
|SMAASH-GAMING ZONE
|Top Floor
|-
|Being Human Clothings
|
|-
|Karim's
|
|-
|Fat Tiger
|
|-
|Utsav multicuisine Restaurant
|
|-
|Yummerica Fries
|
|-
|MBA Chai Wala
|
|-
|Royal Perfume
|1st Floor
|}

== Gallery ==
{{Panorama
| image =
| height = 270
| caption = Aerial view of P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall
}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:PERFUMES STORE IN JAMSHEDPUR-JHARKHAND.jpg|Royal Perfume Store in mall
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[List of tourist attractions in Jamshedpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Jharkhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:PandM Hi-Tech City Centre Mall}}
[[Category:Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jamshedpur]]

Alex Mestri

2026-01-28T16:43:14Z

Prithoknnoman: Created article

{{Short description|Indian musician and composer (1910–1999)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alex Mestri
| image = Alex Mestri playing the violin.jpg
| caption = Fernandes playing his violin
| birth_name = Aleixo Piedade Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| other_names = Alex Piedade Fernandes
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|1|10|df=y}}
| education = ''[[undergraduate degree|Premeiro Grau]]'' (Portuguese)
| alma_mater = [[Loyola High School (Goa)|Loyola High School]]
| death_place = Margao, Goa, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1999|8|30|1910|1|10|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|composer|violinist|bandleader|music director}}
| years_active = 1930–1960s
| spouse = {{marriage|Felecidade Fernandes|1944}}
| children = 5
}}

'''Aleixo Piedade Fernandes''' (10 January 1910 – 30 August 1999), professionally known as '''Alex Mestri''', was an Indian musician, composer, [[violinist]], [[bandleader]], and [[music director]] who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
[[File:Alex Mestri.jpg|thumb|upright|Fernandes during his youth]]
Aleixo Piedade Fernandes was born on 10 January 1910, in [[Margão]], [[Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was born into a [[Goan Catholic]] family. Fernandes was the son of [[day laborer]]s Pedro Rosario and Joaquina Fernandes, who hailed from [[Navelim]]. He finished his initial [[undergraduate studies]], referred to as "''Premeiro Grau''" in Portuguese. Additionally, he pursued English education up to the [[seventh grade]] at Union High School in Margão, now called [[Loyola High School (Goa)|Loyola High School]]. From an early age of 14, Fernandes exhibited an interest in music, dedicating himself to the study of [[musical composition]], [[Musical notation|notation]], and [[violin]] performance. His strong affinity for ''[[tiatr]]'', a distinctive form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]], fueled his aspiration to compose music specifically for this genre. Encouraged by his father, Fernandes embarked on a musical journey that would shape his career.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Prior to his tenure as a composer for ''[[tiatr]]s'', Fernandes initiated his musical journey by establishing a [[musical ensemble]] known as "Alex and his Jolly Boys Orchestra" in 1930, when he was merely 20 years old. The band flourished during its early days, gaining recognition for its performances at weddings, dances, and eventually becoming an integral part of the ''tiatr'' scene for two decades. Consisting of five musicians, including João Rodrigues on the [[trumpet]], hailing from [[Quelossim]], Bernard Fernandes on the [[saxophone]] and trumpet, hailing from [[Cortalim]], Cheddo on [[drums]], hailing from Maddel Grande in [[Margão]], and Joaquim Silva on the [[banjo]], who hailed from [[Borda, Goa]], the musical group eventually dissolved, prompting Fernandes to gather a new set of members to form a fresh lineup. The subsequent iteration of the band saw the inclusion of [[Raia, Goa|Raia]]-based Gaspar, John Carvalho, Paixão hailing from [[Nuvem]], Jack Minguel based in [[Fatorda]] and Piedade Santan from [[Colva]]. Fernandes, who had prior employment at a school in Nuvem and used to commute by bicycle, chose to resign from his [[music teacher|teaching position]] to focus on his musical performances at weddings, dances, and ''tiatrs''. The demand for his band was such that they were consistently booked well in advance throughout the year. In response to this high demand, Fernandes expanded the ensemble to comprise a total of twelve musicians. In cases of conflicting schedules, he would strategically divide the band into two groups, ensuring that one group of six members could entertain guests at one event while the other group of six members performed at a separate venue. Fernandes established himself as a popular musician, becoming sought after for his musical services during that period. Whether it was weddings, dances, or ''tiatrs'', his musical abilities made him a sought-after figure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Sharon |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=211–212}}</ref> ''[[The Navhind Times]]'' lauded Fernandes as a musician,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-01-21 |title=TAG to remember tiatr artistes of yesteryears on January 23 – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/01/21/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-on-january-23/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316160102/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/01/21/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-on-january-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref> underscoring his popularity in the realms of weddings, dances, and ''tiatrs''.

Fernandes demonstrated a strong enthusiasm for singing and acting, which was prominently displayed in his participation in local village ''tiatrs''. He had the opportunity to showcase his musical talents through his involvement in theatrical performances that took place during festive occasions and important events, where he performed alongside local village boys. The [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor and playwright, [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], played a pivotal role in guiding Fernandes into the realm of commercial ''tiatrs'' as a musician. Initially, Fernandes received a modest compensation of {{INR Convert|20|year=1950}} for his musical contributions, a sum that was later augmented to {{INR Convert|25|year=1950}}. Over time, he became a sought-after composer, collaborating with directors of the era such as [[Saib Rocha]], A. R. Souza Ferrão, and [[C. Alvares]], among others. In 1958, Fernandes embarked on an African tour alongside his band and a ''tiatr'' troupe that included figures like Konkani comedian [[Jacinto Vaz]], A. R. Souza Ferrão, [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony De Sa]], [[Dioguinho D'Mello]], Rico Rod, [[Aristides Dias]], Lucian Dias, and Young Menezes. This journey encompassed 25 shows across diverse locations including [[Portuguese Angola]], [[Dar es Salaam]] in the [[Tanganyika Territory]], [[Kampala]] in the [[Protectorate of Uganda]], [[Nairobi]], [[Mombasa]], [[Nakuru]] in [[Kenya Colony]], and various others. Fernandes' musical contributions were not limited to his native [[Goa]]; he also lent his talents to ''tiatrs'' in [[Bombay]], [[Poona]], [[Karwar]], [[Mangalore]], and [[Belgaum]], thereby expanding his artistic reach.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes was a popular figure within the realm of ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. Among his band members was Francisco Antonio, also known as Frans Anton, who initiated his drumming career in ''tiatrs'' when he was merely 15 years old, performing alongside Fernandes and other band members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-08-27 |title=Remembering tiatrists of yesteryears – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/08/27/magazines/buzz/remembering-tiatrists-of-yesteryears-2/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120132244/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/08/27/magazines/buzz/remembering-tiatrists-of-yesteryears-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fernandes significantly enriched the ''tiatr'' community by assuming the role of a [[music director]] for various productions spanning the decades of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. He gained acclaim within the ''tiatr'' community for his musical prowess, earning admiration from fellow artists. His compositions, known as ''[[Tiatr#Songs|kantaram]]'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]] songs), played an indispensable role in ''tiatr'' performances, to the extent that staging a ''tiatr'' without Fernandes' music would be inconceivable.<ref name=":1" /> Before venturing into the ''tiatr'' industry, Fernandes showcased his musical talent as a [[choirmaster]] at the [[Nuvem]] church for close to ten years, highlighting his expertise in music.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Jose Alexandre |date=23 January 2015 |title='Monthly prog. 'Somplolea Tiartristancho Ugddas' |url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Tiatr Academy of Goa |archive-date=2011-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Furthermore, he offered his expertise in [[Musical arranger|arranging music]] for the Trio Kings, a [[Music and politics|political trio]] comprising Joaquim-Jr. Rod-Anthony, showcasing his versatility in musical composition. Anthony, a former member of the trio Anthony-[[Nelson Afonso|Nelson]]-[[A. S. Conception|Conception]], was tasked with composing all the songs for the group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making an impact through tiatr & songs |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Making-an-impact-through-tiatr-songs/107683 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504232854/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Making-an-impact-through-tiatr-songs/107683 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fernandes at the age of 34, married Felecidade Fernandes, a [[homemaker]] from [[Nuvem]], [[Goa]], on 21 January 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |last=da Piedade Rebello |first=Caetano Francisco Felippe |date=1944 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/t-bhBeG0CQ4fUsYdqv8IWwf5w3eZzN2KGTpvN2hifLJPLWeFdNsAhiO1IVBeFWJo--sxuDiSkj4cBouH8BYx9uSNz3jbx95PL995kcSxtnrrU1qqZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Their [[civil marriage]] registration was conducted in [[Margão]], Goa. The couple had a total of five children: three sons named Agnelo (born 1947), Pio (born 1951), and Edviges (born 1944), as well as two daughters named Agnela (born 1946) and Maria (born 1949).<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}</ref> Fernandes, originally from the Maddel Grande locality in Margão, worked as a [[music teacher]] in a school located in Nuvem. In a different anecdote, prior to embarking on his musical career, Fernandes held the position of [[choirmaster]] at the Nuvem church for a decade, as confirmed by Jose Alexandre Rodrigues, the member secretary of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]].<ref name=":2" /> Fernandes frequently traveled to his place of work using a bicycle. Driven by his passion for music, he eventually decided to leave his teaching position to pursue a professional career as a musician, specializing in performing at weddings, dances, and ''[[tiatr]]s''.<ref name=":0" />

On 30 August 1999, Fernandes died at his residence at Madel, Margao, aged 89.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 1999 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mestri, Alex}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Goa]]

Ravangla

2026-01-24T08:03:39Z

Prithoknnoman: rework section also and fixed typos

{{short description|Town in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ravangla
| native_name = Rabong
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Ravangla Town.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ravangla, Namchi District, 737139
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|17|33|N|88|21|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Sikkim|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 47191
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/261227-ravangla.html |title= ravangla City Census| publisher=censusindia.gov.in | date= |accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], Mangar, [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = SK
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rabong''' or '''Ravangla''' is a small town with an elevation of 8000 feet located, near [[Namchi|Namchi City]] in the [[Namchi district]] of the [[India|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]]. It is connected by state highway to other major towns in the state and lies between [[Namchi]], [[Pelling]] and [[Gangtok]]. It is the starting point for the trek to [[Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary]]. It is approximately 65 km from the state capital, [[Gangtok]], and 120 km from [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]]. The name is derived from the [[Sikkimese language]]. ‘Ra’ means wild sheep, 'vong' translates to a rearing place, and ‘la’ means a pass.

== Geography ==
Mt. [[Kanchenjunga]], Mt. [[Pandim]], Mt. [[Siniolchu]], Mt. [[Kabru]] are some of the major peaks visible from Ravangla.

== Flora ==
Upper parts of Ravangla sometimes experience snowfall during winter. During the months of April–May, the area is surrounded by many flowers including [[orchid]]s and [[rhododendron]]s.

== Fauna ==
[[File:Grey bushchat Ravangla Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|left|Grey bushchat at Ravangla Sikkim]]
Ravangla attracts many Himalayan birds. [[Verditer flycatcher|Verditer flycatchers]], [[Blue-fronted redstart|blue-fronted redstarts]], [[Grey bushchat|grey bush chats]], [[Red-throated thrush|dark-throated thrush]], [[blue whistling-thrush]], [[green-backed tit]]s, and [[White-browed fantail|white-browed fantails]] are common.The forests around Ravangla have other birds like [[Laughing thrush|laughing thrushes]], [[Old World babbler|babblers]], [[Cuckoo|cuckoos]], and [[Hill partridge|hill partridges]]. The rare [[satyr tragopan]] can also be spotted in Ravangla.

== Administrative History ==
Currently, Sikkim has six administrative districts set up to strengthen governance and administration. However, before 1963, the state of Sikkim was divided into two administrative zone, before the merger with India, which was known as East Zone and West Zone. Each of these two zones was under the control of Revenue Officer appointed by the Chogyal (the then King) of Sikkim. Justice in the zones was in the hands of the tribal authorities, for example, Zonepal at the district Zone level, Yaplas Feudal Landlord, Pipon (head men), and Mandal Head etc. The Yaplas used to collet land revenue and deposit it in the state Khazana, most of the revenues was collected in the form harvest goods like grains, agriculture and so on.
District, as a concept, was applied for the first time in Sikkim in the year of 1963. Hence, the East and West zone was bifurcated into North District, East District, West District and South District. The South District, in which Ravangla is a subdivision, came into being only in April 1963 and Mr. R.B. Mukhia was appointed as first District Officer of the South District. Sikkim merged with India on May 15, 1975, through referendum, the 36th Amendment Act officially recognized Sikkim as the 22nd state of the India Union<ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Sikkim State's Merger to India and its Legislative Representation - TheLawmatics |url=https://thelawmatics.in/a-brief-history-of-sikkim-states-merger-to-india-and-its-legislative-representation/ |website=The Lawmatics |date=14 October 2024 }}</ref>. After the merger District Collector was designated as District Magistrate and was given powers conferred with powers mentioned in criminal procedures of 1898. The first Collector and District Magistrate of the South District was Mr. Mingma Tshering<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38757150decbd89b0f5442ca3db4d0e0e/uploads/2018/12/2018120111.pdfhttps://namchi.nic.in/administrative-history/}}</ref>.

Recent changes in the administrative setup: The Sikkim (re-Organization of District) Act, 2021, enforced from 21st December 2021, added two new districts- Soreng and Pakyong, by carving out West and East districts, to further strengthen the governance and administration. This step was addressed due to the growing population over the years which made the previous administrative set up challenging to deliver smooth functioning of the administration, specifically the public services sectors such as emergency response, disaster management, law and order, doorstep governance and the like<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravidas |first1=Rajeev |title=Sikkim forms Soreng and Pakyong districts, total number rises to six |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/sikkim-creates-two-more-districts-soreng-and-pakyong/cid/1844456 |access-date=15 Dec 2025 |agency=The Telegraph Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rai, IAS |first1=Sarala |title=Sikkim Government Gazette |url=http://sikkimlrdm.gov.in/Notifications/District%20Reorganisation%20Notification.pdf |website=Sikkimlrdm.gov.in}}</ref>.

== Tibetan community ==
A Tibetan community is located 1 km away from the Ravangla Market. It consists of seven camps, with 328.5 acres of total land and 1,300 people. The Tibetan settlement has one primary Tibetan medium school, two monasteries, administrative offices, and a primary health care clinic. [[Ralang Monastery]], a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery of the [[Kagyu]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is located 6 km from Ravangla. The old monastery is also a few kilometers from Borong. There are many small hamlets where these communities live. Tourism is a major source of income for these communities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/|access-date=2021-07-20|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Education==
[[NIT Sikkim]] has a temporary campus in the town.

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|File:Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim.jpg|Large [[Gautama Buddha]] statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim
|File:Ravangla Town.jpg|View of Ravangla town
|File:Ravangla street.jpg|Ravangla main street
|File:Tibetan Carpet Factory of Ravangla, Sikkim.jpg|Tibetan Carpet Factory of Ravangla, Sikkim
|File:Ravang la sikkim rabong.jpg|View of the hotels and the Jeep stand
}}

==See also==
*[[Chidam]]
*[[Damthang, Sikkim]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Ravangla}}
{{commons category|Ravangla}}

{{South Sikkim district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Namchi district]]
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

K. G. Ginde

2026-01-23T09:37:22Z

Prithoknnoman: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Krishna Gundopant Ginde
| alias = K G Ginde
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|12|26|}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|7|13|1925|12|26|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| origin = [[Bailhongal]], [[Belgaum District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Musicologist]]
| occupation = Vocalist
| years_active = 1936–1994
}}
'''Krishna Gundopant Ginde''', better known as '''K.G. Ginde''' (26 December 1925 – 13 July 1994) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] singer and teacher. His guru [[Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar|S N Ratanjankar]] was his biggest influence.

==Biography==
Ginde, called "Chhotu" (small) by family members and close friends because he was the 8th among 9 children, was born on 26 December 1925, in [[Bailhongal]], near Belgaum. When he was just 11 years old, he moved to [[Lucknow]] and started his music training under music scholar [[S N Ratanjankar]].<ref name=itc>{{cite web |title=Our Faculty:Pandit K G Ginde |url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_shiyshyaguru/popup/k_g_ginde.htm |date= |publisher=[[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]] |accessdate= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626204430/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_shiyshyaguru/popup/k_g_ginde.htm |archive-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He moved to Mumbai in 1951 to take up a teaching post with [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]. In 1962 he became principal of Vallabh Sangeet Vidyalaya.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

On his sixtieth birthday, some of the biggest names in Hindustani music, including [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Kumar Gandharva]], and [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]], graced the function.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

Ginde died on 13 July 1994, age 68 in [[Calcutta]] after suffering a massive heart attack.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.chembur.com/anecdotes/ginde.htm

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ginde, Krishna Gundopant}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Hindustani composers]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

{{India-singer-stub}}
{{India-composer-stub}}

Defence Institute of Psychological Research

2026-01-21T08:10:17Z

Prithoknnoman: improved article after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian defence laboratory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox Laboratory
|name = Defence Institute of Psychological Research
|motto =
|logo =
|image =
|established = 1943
|city = [[Delhi]]
|coordinates = {{coord|28.701|77.219|display=title,inline}}
|research_field = Human Psychology
|type =
|director = Ms Nishi Misra
|staff =
|budget =
|operating_agency = [[DRDO]]
|affiliations = Ministry of Defence
|address = Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi - 110 054
|telephone =
|campus =
|website = [https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-and-establishments/defence-institute-psychological-research-dipr Defence Institute of Psychological Research]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Defence Institute of Psychological Research''' ('''DIPR''') is an Indian defence laboratory of the [[Defence Research & Development Organisation]] (DRDO). Located in [[Delhi]], its main function is research in the area of psychology for armed forces personnel. DIPR is organised under the DRDO's Directorate of Life Sciences (DLS). The present director of DIPR is Dr. Arunima Gupta.

==History==
The history of DIPR dates back to 1943, when it was established in [[Dehradun]] as a small experimental board for the selection of Indian Officers in Armed Forces through psychological techniques. After independence, with the reorganisation of the [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], there was a strong need for a dedicated research cell for the selection and follow-up of the officer cadre. Thus, in 1949, the experimental board was re-christened as the '''Psychological Research Wing''' (PRW), with the objective of evolving a scientific system for the selection of officers. With the emergence of new operational challenges in conventional warfare the scope of the institute's charter was further expanded.<ref name="History">{{Cite web |url=http://www.drdo.org/labs/dls/dipr/areas.html |title=DIPR History |access-date=22 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304073232/http://www.drdo.org/labs/dls/dipr/areas.html |archive-date=4 March 2007 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

PRW made a significant contribution in various areas related to armed forces and earned appreciation from the services headquarters and the Defence Ministry. Consequent to this PRW was expanded with a scope and designated as '''Directorate of Psychological Research''' (DPR) on June 28, 1962, to take on new areas of research related to morale, group effectiveness, leadership behaviour, [[PTSD]] and other problems related to Armed Forces.

During the same year, Applied Psychological Laboratory (APL) was established as its lower formation. Naval Psychological Research Unit (NPRU) at Kochi which had been established in December 1956 under Defence Science Laboratory (DSL) was made a part of APL in 1962. APL and NPRU were merged into Directorate of Psychological Research (DPR) on 26th August 1967.

In 1982, DPR was brought under the administrative control of DRDO and grew into a full-fledged independent Institute and was designated as the '''Defence Institute of Psychological Research''' (DIPR) in October 1982.

In 2024, DIPR began working on developing a psychological assessment test for [[Agnipath Scheme|Agniveer]] selections, and a psychometric test for Agniveers was also implemented under a trial during the 2023 Agniveer recruitment year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rimjhim |date=19 September 2024 |title=Psychological test for Agniveers, anti-drone systems on DRDO's 2024 agenda |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/psychological-test-for-agniveers-anti-drone-systems-on-drdo-s-2024-agenda-124091900345_1.html |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Areas of work ==

To take on new areas of research related to morale, ideological convictions, group effectiveness, leadership behaviour, job satisfaction, high altitude effects, motivation, attitude, anthropometrics, civil-military relations and other problems related to Armed Forces.
All the selections of officer's in the defence are through DIPR's research only, all material for psychological test were developed by them only. These tests comprises; Picture Perception test, TAT: Thematic Appreciation Test, WAT: Word association Test, SRT: Situation Reaction test Etc.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20080609011916/http://www.drdo.org/labs/dipr/historical_background.html Article title]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20000824021635/http://www.drdo.org/labs/dls/index.shtml DRDO Directorate of Life Sciences Home Page]}}

{{DRDO Laboratories|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Defence Institute Of Psychological Research}}
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research and development in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}
{{india-mil-stub}}

Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport

2026-01-06T07:52:21Z

Prithoknnoman: Adding A Post Added Tags

{{Short description|Transport wing of the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=February 2018}}
{{original research|date=April 2020}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Bus transit
| name = Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport
| logo = Nmmt-logo-cut.gif
| parent = [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| founded = 23 January 1996
| headquarters = [[CBD Belapur]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| locale = Navi Mumbai
| service_area = [[Navi Mumbai]] ([[Thane district]]) [[Thane]] [[Mumbai]] [[Kharghar]]-[[Taloje Panchnand|Taloja]] [[Panvel]] [[New Panvel]] [[Karjat]]-[[Khopoli]] [[Kalamboli]] [[Kamothe]] [[Ulwe]] [[Uran]] [[Bhiwandi]] [[Rasayani]] [[Kalyan]]-[[Dombivli]] [[Ambernath]]-[[Badlapur]]
|depots=3 (additional 1 is proposed)|fleet=534 (452 operational)|ridership=300,000|fuel_type=CNG, Diesel, and Electric| operator = Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport Undertaking
| service_type = Local, low floor, air-conditioned (AC) and Non-AC bus services
|routes=77+| ceo =
| leader_type = Transport Manager
| leader = Mr. Yogesh Kaduskar
| website = [https://www.nmmc.gov.in/nmmt NMMT – NMMC]
}}
'''Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (N.M.M.T.)''' is the transport wing of [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]], which operates bus services in [[Navi Mumbai]].

NMMT was established on 23 January 1996 with 25 buses in its fleet. It has been awarded the `SKOCH Award – 2023’ by SKOCH Group recently<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeddy |first=G Mohiuddin |date=Feb 22, 2024 |title=NMMT presents ₹598 crore budget, to commercially exploit assets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/nmmt-presents-rs-598-crore-budget-to-commercially-exploit-assets-101708622799061.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (N.M.M.T.) Bus Routes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|| 2 AC || Airoli Sector 10 to Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco
|-
|| 2 AC || Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco to Purna Via Kalher
|-
|| 3 AC || Kopar Khairane Bus Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco Via Patni
|-
|| 4 AC || Vashi Sector 07 to Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco
|-
|| 5 || Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco to Bhiwandi Via Mankoli
|-
|| 7 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco
|-
|| 8 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco Via Ghansoli Village
|-
|| 9 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Ghansoli Depot
|-
|| 10 AC || Sanpada Rly Stn to Ghansoli Gharonda Via APMC Market
|-
|| 11 AC || Sanpada Rly Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco Via MIDC
|-
|| 14 AC || Nerul Sector 50 to DY Patil College (Nerul LP)
|-
|| 15 AC || Nerul Sector 46/48 to DY Patil College (Nerul LP)
|-
|| 17 AC || Nerul Rly Stn (E) to Kharkopar Rly Stn (Ulwe)
|-
|| 18 AC || Ghansoli Depot to Kharkopar Rly Stn (Ulwe) Via Nerul (W)
|-
|| 20 AC || Ghansoli Depot to Nerul Sector 46/48
|-
|| 21 AC || Vashi Sector 07 to Artist Colony (CBD) Via Nerul (E)
|-
|| 22 AC || Vashi Sector 07 to Kharghar CISF Via Nerul (W)
|-
|| 23 AC || Artist Colony (CBD) to Kharkopar Rly Stn (Ulwe)
|-
|| 24 AC || Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Thane Rly Stn (W) / Cidco
|-
|| 30 AC || Roadpali (Kalamboli) to Uran (Pensioner Park)
|-
|| 31 AC || Kopar Khairane Bus Stn to Uran (Pensioner Park)
|-
|| 41 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Dombivli Rly Stn (W) Via Turbhe Naka
|-
|| 42 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Dombivli Rly Stn (W) Via APMC Market / Kopar Khairane
|-
|| 43 AC || Kharghar Rly Stn to Taloja Phase 2 Via Gharkul
|-
|| 44 AC || Belapur Rly Stn to Dombivli Rly Stn (W) Via Turbhe Naka
|-
|| 45 AC || Kharghar Rly Stn to Taloja Phase 2 Via Utsav Chowk
|-
|| 46 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Badlapur Via Turbhe Naka
|-
|| 47 AC || NMMC Office (Belapur) to Badlapur Via Taloja MIDC
|-
|| 48 || Belapur Rly Stn to Vashivali Village (Rasayani)
|-
|| 49 || Belapur Rly Stn to Karjat Rly Stn
|-
|| 50 AC || Ghansoli Depot to Panvel Rly Stn (W)
|-
|| 52 AC || Belapur Rly Stn to Taloja Phase 2 Via Kharghar
|-
|| 53 AC || Kharghar Rly Stn to Shilp Valley Sector 36 Via Gharkul
|-
|| 54 AC || Kharghar Rly Stn to RAF Colony Via Jalvayu
|-
|| 55 AC || Ghansoli Depot to Taloja Phase 1 Via Kharghar
|-
|| 56 AC || Mansarovar Rly Stn to CP Office (Roadpali) Via Kalamboli
|-
|| 58 || Belapur Rly Stn to Khopoli Village
|-
|| 59 || Khandeshwar Rly Stn to Panvel Rly Stn (E) Via Khanda Colony
|-
|| 60 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Turbhe Naka
|-
|| 61 AC || Belapur Rly Stn to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Turbhe Naka
|-
|| 62 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Kopar Khairane
|-
|| 64 AC || Digha Village to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Airoli
|-
|| 65 AC || Patni to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Airoli / MIDC
|-
|| 66 AC || Ghansoli Rly Stn (E) to Kalyan Rly Stn (W)
|-
|| 71 || Belapur Rly Stn to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Taloja MIDC
|-
|| 73 AC || Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Taloja MIDC
|-
|| 75 || Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Sai Nagar
|-
|| 76 || Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Karanjade
|-
|| 77 || Panvel Rly Stn (E) to Mahalaxmi Nagar (Nere Village)
|-
|| 81 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Mumbra Rly Stn Via Turbhe Naka
|-
|| 82 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Diva Rly Stn (E) Via Turbhe Naka
|-
|| 83 AC || Airoli Bus Stn to Thane (Cidco) Via Patni
|-
|| 84 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Mumbra Rly Stn Via Kopar Khairane
|-
|| 86 AC || Thane (Cidco) to Diva Rly Sun (E) Via Kalwa / Mumbra
|-
|| 100 AC || Vashi Rly Stn to Lokmanya Nagar (Thane) Via Mulund Gawanpada
|-
|| 105 AC || Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Bandra Rly Stn (W)
|-
|| 106 AC || Panvel Rly Stn (W) to World Trade Centre Via Freeway
|-
|| 107 AC || CBD Belapur Bus Stn to World Trade Centre Via Freeway
|-
|| 108 AC || Nerul Sector 46/48 to World Trade Centre Via Freeway
|-
|| 109 AC || Digha Village to Nahur Rly Stn (E) Via Patni
|-
|| 110 AC || Kharghar CISF to World Trade Centre Via Freeway
|-
|| 114 AC || Ghansoli Gharonda to World Trade Centre Via Freeway
|-
|| 115 AC || Kharkopar Rly Stn (Ulwe) to World Trade Centre Via Freeway
|-
|| 116 AC || Nerul Rly Stn (E) to World Trade Centre Via Atal Setu
|-
|| 117 AC || Kharghar CISF to World Trade Centre Via Atal Setu
|-
|| 125 AC || Kharghar CISF to Borivali Rly Stn (E)
|-
|| 144 AC || Airoli Bus Stn to Andheri Rly Stn (E)
|-
|}

==References==
{{commons category}}

{{reflist}}

{{State owned road transport companies in India}}

[[Category:Municipal transport agencies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1996]]

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry

2025-12-29T12:15:40Z

Prithoknnoman: updated details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Non-governmental trade association and advocacy group based in India}}
{{cleanup press release|1=article|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
| full_name =
| image = FICCI logo.svg
| image_size =
| caption = FICCI's Logo
| logo_alt = FICCI's logo
| abbreviation = FICCI
| founder = [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]] [[Purshottamdas Thakurdas]]
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|Non-governmental]] [[trade association]]
| purpose = [[Policy advocacy]]
| formation = {{start date and age|1927}}
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|37|38|N|77|13|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| key_people = Mr. Anant Goenka {{small|(President)}}<ref name="leader_FICCI"> | {{Cite web |url=https://ficci.in/press_release_details/5148 |title=Mr Anant Goenka takes over as FICCI President for 2025-26 |website=ficci.in |access-date=29 Nov 2025 |url-status=live}} </ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| services = Business promotion, networking, policy reforms
| num_employees = 500<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/ficci |title=FICCI Profile on LinkedIn |access-date=6 May 2013 |archive-date=1 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901215504/http://www.linkedin.com/company/ficci |url-status=live}}</ref>
| num_members = over 250,000 companies<ref name="About FICCI">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.ficci.com/about/ |title=About FICCI – FICCI blog |first=hemen parekh Reply to |last=hemen |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201192814/http://blog.ficci.com/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://ficci.in/}}
|leader_title=Director General
|leader_name= Jyoti Vij
}}

The '''Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry''' ('''FICCI''') is a [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] [[trade association]] and [[advocacy group]] based in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kochanek |first=Stanley A. |year=1971 |title=The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry and Indian Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642778 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=866–885 |doi=10.2307/2642778 |jstor=2642778 |issn=0004-4687 |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510060511/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642778 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivats |first=K. R. |date=10 December 2023 |title=Anish Shah takes over as FICCI President for 2023-24 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/anish-shah-takes-over-as-ficci-president-for-2023-24/article67623945.ece |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) was established in 1927 following a resolution at the fourth session of the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress held in Calcutta, which was moved by Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas and supported by leaders such as Prof. Benoy Kumar Sarker and Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of FICCI |url=https://www.ficci.in/history|website=Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref> The federation formally began functioning on 1 February 1927 with its first office located in Bombay at the premises of the Indian Merchants’ Chamber, and two years later its name was changed to include ‘Industry’ as well as ‘Commerce.’ The founding members included prominent chambers and trade associations such as the Indian Chamber of Commerce (Calcutta), Southern India Chamber of Commerce (Madras), Ahmedabad Millowners’ Association, and East India Jute Association. By 1936, the Secretariat shifted to New Delhi, and after independence, FICCI expanded its institutional presence with dedicated headquarters, including the building inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1958. Since its inception, FICCI has served as a key body for representing Indian business interests and influencing economic policy in both colonial and independent India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Federation-of-Indian-Chambers-of-Commerce-and-Industry|website=britannica.com |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref>

It is the largest, one of the oldest and the apex business organisation in India.<ref name="About FICCI" /> It is a non-government, not-for-profit organisation. FICCI draws its membership from the corporate sector, both private and public, including SMEs and [[Multinational corporation|MNCs]]. The chamber has an indirect membership of over 250,000 companies from various regional chambers of commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry(FICCI) |url=https://avpn.asia/organisation/federation-indian-chambers-commerce-industryficci/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=AVPN |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210343/https://avpn.asia/organisation/federation-indian-chambers-commerce-industryficci/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is involved in sector-specific business building, business promotion and networking.

Currently, it is headquartered in the national capital [[New Delhi]] and has a presence in 12 states in India and 8 countries around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ficci.in/contact-us.asp |title=FICCI |website=ficci.in |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090816/http://ficci.in/contact-us.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Allied organisations ===

==== Confederation of Indian Food Trade and Industry ====
Confederation of Indian Food Trade and Industry (CIFTI) caters to the Indian food Industry. It deals with policies, trade affairs and capacity building.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/reports/confederation_of_indian_food_trade_and_industry_2 |title=Confederation of Indian Food Trade and Industry |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601041121/http://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/reports/confederation_of_indian_food_trade_and_industry_2 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> CIFTI provides institutional support and partners with the Government and the Indian private sector in promotion and development of Indian food processing industry. CIFTI was established by FICCI in 1985. It is currently led by Sanjay Khajuria who serves as its president.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cifti.org/aboutus.php |title=Welcome to CIFTI - Your advisory on Information, Regulatory & trade for the Food Processing sector of India |website=cifti.org |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325123904/http://www.cifti.org/aboutus.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Arbitration and Conciliation Tribunal ====
FICCI Arbitration and Conciliation Tribunal (FACT) provides arbitration services for settling commercial disputes. FACT was established in 1952<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficci.com/sector-overview.asp?secid=48 |title=FACT Overview, FICCI |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424190443/http://ficci.com/sector-overview.asp?secid=48 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and aims at settling business disputes outside the traditional framework offered by courts of law through arbitration and conciliation, as the case may be.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aprag.org/scripts/view-member.asp?recordid=360 |title=FICCI Arbitration and Conciliation Tribunal |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113223112/http://www.aprag.org/scripts/view-member.asp?recordid=360 |archive-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==== Alliance for Consumer Care ====
FICCI Alliance for Consumer Care (FACC) is a dedicated centre set up by FICCI along with [[Department of Consumer Affairs (India)]] to enhance consumer care practices and facilitate stakeholder interaction.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficci.com/sector-overview.asp?secid=47 |title=FACC Overview |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424180155/http://ficci.com/sector-overview.asp?secid=47 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It facilitates prompt redressal of consumer grievances, a dialogue between the business and consumers and promotion of responsible business practices.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://business.gov.in/consumer_rights/consumer_complaints.php |title=Consumer Complaints Redressal |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531010910/http://business.gov.in/consumer_rights/consumer_complaints.php |archive-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Ladies Organisation ====
FICCI Ladies Organisation was established in 1983 to promote entrepreneurship and professional excellence among women in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficciflo.com/ |title=FICCI FLO - The Power to Empower |website=FICCI FLO |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509074040/http://www.ficciflo.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Aditya Birla CSR Centre for Excellence ====
Aditya Birla CSR Centre for Excellence is a joint initiative of FICCI and the Aditya Birla Group. The center aims at development of inclusive and holistic CSR practices.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csrcfe.org/about-centre.htm |title=Allied Organisations:FICCI |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127083600/http://www.csrcfe.org/about-centre.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This centre also organises the Businessworld FICCI CSR Award, an annual award aimed at identifying & recognising remarkable CSR initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://srffoundation.wordpress.com/2012/12/21/srf-ltd-bags-the-12th-businessworld-ficci-csr-award-2011-12/ |title=SRF Ltd bags the 12th Businessworld FICCI CSR Award 2011-12 |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731052802/https://srffoundation.wordpress.com/2012/12/21/srf-ltd-bags-the-12th-businessworld-ficci-csr-award-2011-12/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Confederation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (CMSME) ====
Confederation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is an affiliated body of FICCI. It was established in December 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/msmes-have-innate-capability-to-align-with-the-global-value-chain-sanjay-bhatia-114011301071_1.html |title=MSMEs have innate capability to align with the global value chain: Sanjay Bhatia |first=Rajiv |last=Shirali |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=13 January 2014 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512111602/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/msmes-have-innate-capability-to-align-with-the-global-value-chain-sanjay-bhatia-114011301071_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It aims to connect MSMEs with mentors, incubators and accelerators and assist them through capacity building programs and services; deliberate of policy concerns of the sector; and provide regular interface between Industry, Government and regulators.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficci-cmsme.in/about.html |title=FICCI-Confederation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (CMSME) |website=ficci-cmsme.in |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220212008/http://www.ficci-cmsme.in/about.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of the scope of work, CMSME is similar to FICCI with the only differentiation being the exclusive focus on Micro, Small and Medium enterprises in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news/45417889_1_msme-sector-industry-body-ficci-today-free-credit |title=Confederation of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises launched |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220164330/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news/45417889_1_msme-sector-industry-body-ficci-today-free-credit |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== CASCADE ====
FICCI Committee Against Smuggling and Counterfeiting Activities Destroying Economy (CASCADE) was launched on 18 January 2011 and aims to run consumer sensitisation drives on the impact of using smuggled, contraband and counterfeit products across India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficci-cascade.com/about-us.php |title=About FICCI CASCADE |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213113/http://www.ficci-cascade.com/about-us.php |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailykashmirimages.com/news-fight-against-counterfeiting-and-smuggling-ficci-cascade-hosts-seminar-50323.aspx |title=Fight against counterfeiting and smuggling, FICCI-CASCADE host's seminar |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222190321/http://www.dailykashmirimages.com/news-fight-against-counterfeiting-and-smuggling-ficci-cascade-hosts-seminar-50323.aspx |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The body is also engaged in capacity building of law enforcement agencies and research. It has estimated an annual tax loss to government of India due to smuggling and counterfeits at Rs 26,190 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17704419.cms |title=FICCI-CASCADE campaign on consumer rights |date=20 December 2012 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027175459/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/17704419.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Technology commercialisation===

====DRDO–FICCI Accelerated Technology Assessment and Commercialisation (ATAC) Programme====
DRDO and FICCI started the ATAC programme in February 2009 with an objective to create commercial linkages for DRDO technologies for use in civilian products and services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO–FICCI ATAC Programme |url=http://ficci.com/sector-overview.asp?secid=61 |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220213838/http://ficci.com/sector-overview.asp?secid=61 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO-FICCI Initiative on Accelerated Technology Assessment and Commercialization (ATAC) |url=http://drdoficciatac.com/programme.aspx |website=drdoficciatac.com |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901232606/http://drdoficciatac.com/programme.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> The Explosives Detector Kit developed by DRDO is being commercialised under this initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO could sell its explosive detector in the US - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/DRDO-could-sell-its-explosive-detector-in-US/articleshow/21520976.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622182508/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/DRDO-could-sell-its-explosive-detector-in-US/articleshow/21520976.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Bio-toilets based upon the bio-digester technology developed by DRDO is another such technology being commercialised under the program.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/drdo-tech-for-societal-benefits-bio-toilets-inaugurated.html |title=DRDO Tech for Societal Benefits: Bio-Toilets Inaugurated |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220220247/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/drdo-tech-for-societal-benefits-bio-toilets-inaugurated.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It is projected that DRDO will install 18000 bio-toilets across India in cooperation with various states, Union Territories, FICCI and Ganga Action Plan. Besides, over 10000 bio-digesters are being installed in passenger coaches of the Indian Rail.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2014 |title=DRDO unveils eco-friendly complex based on bio-digester tech |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/31053968.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808123053/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/31053968.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Taskforces ===

* Aerospace and Air Defence Taskforce; headed by Air Marshal M. Matheswaran (retd.), [[Indian Air Force]].
* International Migration and Diaspora Taskforce; headed by [[Alwyn Didar Singh]], former Indian civil servant.
* Land Reforms and Policy Taskforce; headed by R V Kanoria, Kanoria Chemicals
* Edtech Taskforce; headed by [[Divya Gokulnath]].
* Nutraceutical Taskforce; headed by Sanjaya Mariwala, Executive Chairman and MD, OmniActive Health Technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Nutra sector creates strong overall healthcare sector’ |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/nutra-sector-creates-strong-overall-healthcare-sector |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Initiatives==

===Millennium Alliance===
FICCI's Millennium alliance aims at supporting and scaling-up low-cost, innovative solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://millenniumalliance.in/ |title=Millennium Alliance |website=millenniumalliance.in |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=30 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430214120/http://www.millenniumalliance.in/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a joint initiative of FICCI, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India and the [[United States Agency for International Development]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.ficci.com/millennium-alliance-ficci/838/ |title=Millennium Alliance – Page 838 – FICCI blog |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426231128/http://blog.ficci.com/millennium-alliance-ficci/838/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was launched during July 2012 as an inclusive platform for social impact funds, venture capitalists, corporate foundations, early investors, and donors to support and scale innovative solutions for base of the pyramid populations in India and around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-10/news/32618435_1_ficci-innovators-usaid |title=USAID-FICCI Millennium Alliance launched to fund innovators |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601121207/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-10/news/32618435_1_ficci-innovators-usaid |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Invest India===
Invest India is a public-private partnership between Government and FICCI. A joint venture between FICCI (51% equity), [[Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (India)]] (34%) and State Governments of India (0.5% equity each),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/ |title=Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency | Invest India |website=investindia.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322103552/https://www.investindia.gov.in/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Invest India was given a clearance by the Indian cabinet during September 2009 to set up under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/invest-india-on-frontfoot-to-attract-more-fdi/597749/ |title=Invest India on frontfoot to attract more FDI |date=1 April 2010 |website=The Financial Express |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817234853/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/invest-india-on-frontfoot-to-attract-more-fdi/597749/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The initiative aims at speedy implementation of foreign investment projects in India and improving the climate for domestic investments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/ficci-eyes-fdi-invest-india-052 |title=| mydigitalfc |website=Financial Chronicle |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=28 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528224050/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/ficci-eyes-fdi-invest-india-052 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Services==

===ATA Carnet===
FICCI is India's sole national issuing & guaranteeing association for [[ATA Carnet]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATA Carnet |url=http://www.atacarnet.in/about-ata-carnet.html |website=atacarnet.in |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712035342/http://www.atacarnet.in/about-ata-carnet.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ATA Carnets are used by TV / Film crews, [[journalist]]s, [[engineer]]s, [[musician]]s and industry for temporary moving equipment across borders. FICCI issues and endorses carnets, guarantees the payment of duties and taxes to customs (both domestic and foreign) authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administration of the ATA Carnet System |url=http://business.gov.in/growing_business/admin_ata.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117141950/http://business.gov.in/growing_business/admin_ata.php |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Krishna Kumar Birla]] (1974–1975)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-31/news/27727910_1_k-k-birla-kk-birla-ficci-president |title=KK Birla a noted public figure: PM |access-date=8 May 2013 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418141547/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-31/news/27727910_1_k-k-birla-kk-birla-ficci-president |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Hari Shankar Singhania]] (1979–1980)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Hari-Shankar-Singhania-leading-industrialist-passes-away-at-79/articleshow/18655798.cms |title=Hari Shankar Singhania, leading industrialist, passes away at 79 - Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902032514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Hari-Shankar-Singhania-leading-industrialist-passes-away-at-79/articleshow/18655798.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[R. P. Goenka]] (1986–1987)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rp-goenka-the-country-s-takeover-specialist-1822316 |title=RP Goenka, the country's 'takeover specialist' |date=14 April 2013 |website=DNA India |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731044044/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rp-goenka-the-country-s-takeover-specialist-1822316 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Chirayu Amin]] (2000–2001)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/01/21/stories/142120u6.htm |title=FICCI wants flexible labour laws }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] (2007–2008)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/16rajiv.htm |title=Rajeev Chandrasekhar sworn in as Ficci president |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220835/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/16rajiv.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Rajan Mittal]] (2009–2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/55237/rajan-bharti-mittal-ficci-president.html |title=Rajan Bharti Mittal is new FICCI president |date=27 February 2010 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731062743/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/55237/rajan-bharti-mittal-ficci-president.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Amit Mitra]], noted economist and the current Finance Minister of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] was Secretary General, FICCI during 1994–2011.<ref name=mitra_resigns_ficci>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110519/jsp/business/story_14001429.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203164647/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110519/jsp/business/story_14001429.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Mitra says goodbye to Ficci |publisher=The Telegraph, Calcutta, India |access-date=8 May 2013 |date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] (2020–2021)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/uday-shankar-takes-over-as-ficci-president/articleshow/79722258.cms?from=mdr |title=FICCI President: Uday Shankar takes over as FICCI President |work=The Economic Times |date=14 December 2020 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803074833/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/uday-shankar-takes-over-as-ficci-president/articleshow/79722258.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sangita Reddy]] (2019–2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sangita-reddy-is-ficci-president/article30382595.ece |title=Sangita Reddy is FICCI President |work=Business Line |date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223162732/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sangita-reddy-is-ficci-president/article30382595.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Naina Lal Kidwai]] is the Past President, FICCI.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.ficci.com/office-bearers/naina-lal-kidwai/ |title=Naina Lal Kidwai – President – FICCI blog |access-date=21 December 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222161800/http://blog.ficci.com/office-bearers/naina-lal-kidwai/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She is the first Indian woman to graduate from Harvard Business School.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=2051 |title=Naina Lal Kidwai - Alumni - Harvard Business School |website=alumni.hbs.edu |access-date=3 February 2014 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112171349/https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=2051 |url-status=live}}</ref> and currently is the Group General Manager and Country Head of HSBC India.
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== See also ==
* [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]
* [[NASSCOM]]
* [[ASSOCHAM]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
* [http://blog.ficci.com/ FICCI blog]
* [https://veblr.com/user/FICCIIndia/videos FICCI Official channel] on Veblr.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}
[[Category:1927 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]
[[Category:Chambers of commerce in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1927]]

Mettukulam

2025-11-25T09:01:07Z

Prithoknnoman: Adding The Entry From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Coord|12.920219|N|79.133306|E|region:RU_type:city|display=title}}
'''Mettukulam Village''' is situated in the fort city of [[Vellore]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The village lies between Vellore (10 km) and Chitoor (26 km) and the temple towns of Thiruvannamalai and [[Tirupati]]. Nearby are several colleges, ancient temples and the Christian Medical College and Hospital.

== Maha Muthumariamman Temple ==
[[File:Mahamuthumariamman Temple.jpg|thumb|Mahamuthumariamman Temple]]
The supreme Goddess is worshiped in this temple in the incarnation of Sri Mahamuthumariamman. The temple complex additionally houses shrines of Lord Mahaganapathy, Lord [[Kartikeya|BalaMuruga]] and [[Navagrahas]] (9 Planets), all housed in independent sanctums.

== Schools ==
* Kingston College of Engineering
* St.Xavier's Higher Secondary School
* Sunbeam Matriculation Higher Secondary School
* Mettukulam R.T.O Checkpost
* Fiitjee global school

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nativeplanet.com/vellore/attractions/mettukulam/ Mettukulam, Vellore] at Nativeplanet.com
* [http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=263091 Mettukulam] at Gloriousindia.com

{{Vellore district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vellore district]]

Bharuch high-speed railway station

2025-11-23T15:21:22Z

Prithoknnoman: Created stub

{{Short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bharuch high-speed railway station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_caption =
| address = Kunkarwada, [[Bharuch]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.6973|72.9517|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|35|m|ft}}
| line = [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| opening = 2029<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-19 |title=India’s first bullet train inaugural run in 2027 to cover 100 km between Surat and Vapi, says Vaishnaw |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Nov/19/indias-first-bullet-train-inaugural-run-in-2027-to-cover-100-km-between-surat-and-vapi-says-vaishnaw |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| division =
| operator = National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited
| status = Under construction<ref name="DG">{{cite news|title=Bullet train project: Updates from Bharuch district|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2018/12/30/bullet-train-project-updates-from-bharuch-district/|work=DeshGujarat|date=30 December 2018|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India Gujarat#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_size = 300
| services =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| route_map = {{Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor}}
| mapframe-custom =
}}

'''Bharuch high-speed railway station''' is an under construction [[High-speed railway|high-speed railway station]] on the [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]. This station is located near Kunkarwada, [[Bharuch]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is the eighth station of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, after [[Surat high-speed railway station|Surat station]] and before [[Vadodara high-speed railway station|Vadodara station]].<ref name="TMRG">{{cite web|title=Mumbai – Ahmedabad High Speed Rail – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhsrcl-mumbai-ahmedabad-high-speed-rail-information-route-map-fares-timings-tenders-status-updates/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="DG"/>

== Construction ==
The [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited|National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited]] (NHSRCL) had invited tenders for Package "C4" of the [[Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] (MAHSR) in September 2020, with a deadline of around 4 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=3 Bidders for Mumbai – Ahmedabad HSR's Package C4|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/09/23/3-bidders-for-mumbai-ahmedabad-hsrs-package-c4/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=23 September 2020|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> In October 2020, [[Larsen and Toubro]] won the tender.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bullet train: L&T wins Rs 25,000-crore order for Gujarat stretch|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bullet-train-lt-wins-rs-25000-crore-order-for-gujarat-stretch-6031011.html|work=Moneycontrol|date=28 October 2020|access-date=8 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> The NSHRCL signed an agreement with Larsen and Toubro for the design and construction of [[Vapi high-speed railway station|Vapi station]] and [[Vapi high-speed railway station#Vapi depot|its depot]], [[Bilimora high-speed railway station|Bilimora station]], [[Surat high-speed railway station|Surat station]] and [[Surat high-speed railway station#Surat depot|its depot]], Bharuch and [[Vadodara high-speed railway station|Vadodara]] stations in November 2020.<ref name="L&T">{{cite news|title=Bullet Train Project: Agreement Signed With L&T For India's Biggest Infrastructure Contract|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-project-agreement-signed-with-l-t-for-indias-biggest-infrastructure-contract-2331009|work=NDTV Profit|date=28 November 2020|access-date=8 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, Larsen and Toubro began construction on the station, after acquiring 12.9 hectares of land near Kunkarwada. The station is slated to be completed by August 2026, the time also slated for opening of the [[Gujarat]] section of the high-speed rail corridor.<ref name="TET">{{cite news|title=Bullet train by August 2026, hyperloop 7-8 years away: Railways Minister Ashiwini Vaishnaw|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bullet-train-by-august-2026-hyperloop-5-8-years-away-railways-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw/articleshow/98628483.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=14 March 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="DG"/>

== Lines ==
The station will be served by the [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]], and will be the eighth station of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor in [[Bharuch]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Feasibility Study for Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Railway Corridor Final Report Volume 6|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/south/india/c8h0vm00009v1ylc-att/c8h0vm0000bzv95y.pdf|work=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="DG"/>

== Structure ==
The station will have two platforms and two tracks for regular services. It will have three levels–the platform, concourse and service floor as the entrance level. The design of the station will be inspired by [[Bharuch]]'s famous [[Cotton industry|cotton weaving industry]] and the [[Bandhani|Bandhani technique]], honouring 150 years of the industry and its artists. The station area will have 2 platforms of 425 m (1,394 ft) length for 16-coach [[E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen|E5 Series Shinkansen]] trains.<ref name="FPJ">{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Kamal|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train station facades to be built representing city's character; details inside|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-station-facades-to-be-built-representing-citys-character-details-inside|work=Free Press Journal|date=18 July 2022|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== Features ==
The station will have all modern and advanced facilities and amenities for customers and passengers, distinct from [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] stations and similar to [[airport]]s. Its design has been made to accommodate sufficient space for passenger movement and amenities at the concourse and platform areas. There will be ticketing and waiting areas, a business-class lounge, a nursery, restrooms, smoking rooms, information booths, retail centres and a public information and announcement system. Moreover, skylight provisions will be present on the roof and exterior sides for natural lighting and reduced energy usage. The station will be developed as a [[transport hub]] through integration with all basic modes of transportation for better, faster and hassle-free connectivity to and from the station, such as [[Auto-rickshaw|auto]]s, buses and taxis. Such features will be available in all 12 stations of the [[Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Aklekar B.|first=Rajendra|title=Maharashtra: Designs of four bullet train stations unveiled |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maharashtra-designs-of-four-bullet-train-stations-unveiled-23269713|work=Mid-Day|location=Mumbai|date=10 February 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FPJ"/>

== Land acquisition issues ==
When the [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]] (NHSRCL) began land acquisition for the station and the high-speed railway viaduct, they were met with protests from farmers in the region because of not only losing their land but also the fear of not getting sufficient compensation from NHSRCL, thus fearing them of losing their livelihoods as a whole. They demanded various topics to be discussed so that they could sustain their lives while carrying out their occupations under the [[Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013]] and to the Annual Statement of Rate (ASR) for compensation. The NHSRCL officials advised the land acquisition officer of [[Bharuch district]] to prepare a report on these topics and send it to the district revenue department for review to issue a final notice for the land acquisition to be undertaken. The main reasons for which the farmers objected were the implementation of all acquisition procedures based on the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, and to carry out social and environmental impact assessments under the [[Land acquisition in India#Legislative powers and limits|Land Acquisition Act, 2013]]. Any debate regarding how the project would affect the farmers, their farmlands and how it would benefit the farmers during and after the project's execution was undone. The farmers concluded that their opposition would continue until their requests were resolved. Finally, NHSRCL, [[Indian Railways]], [[Government of India|the central]] and [[Government of Gujarat|state governments]] reached a consensus on paying all farmers in the entire [[Gujarat]] section of the [[Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] not only a fair but a double compensation for their livelihoods to be sustained, and hence, the problem got resolved on time and did not lead to delay in land acquisition and execution of the project.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bullet train project: In Bharuch, land officer lists 12-point farmers' objections|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/bullet-train-project-in-bharuch-land-officer-lists-12-point-farmers-objections-5226687/|work=The Indian Express|date=21 June 2018|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How Ahmedabad-Mumbai bullet train project has turned many into crorepatis|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/how-ahmedabad-mumbai-bullet-train-project-has-turned-many-into-crorepatis/articleshow/99767646.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=27 April 2023|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
===Road===
The station is being built just next to the [[Bharuch]]-[[Dahej]] Road, or [[List of state highways in Gujarat|Gujarat SH-6]], towards north. Because of this location, it will be accessible easily from Bharuch and [[Ankleshwar]], as well as from the under-construction [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]. Most of the stations being built in the [[Gujarat]] section of the [[Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] are located near or next to state or national highways, in order to provide better and direct connectivity to the stations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rupera|first=Prashant|title=Bullet train terminals planned close to highways|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/bullet-train-terminals-planned-close-to-highways/articleshow/64182012.cms|work=The Times of India|date=16 May 2018|access-date=12 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>

===Rail===
The nearest railway station after the station's completion will be [[Bharuch Junction railway station]], located around {{cvt|8|km}} east from the station.

== See also ==
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[Bandhani]]
* [[Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]
* [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai–Ahmedabad HSR corridor stations}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Railway stations under construction]]
[[Category:Transport in Bharuch]]

Mahendra Meghani

2025-10-16T17:15:15Z

Prithoknnoman: Adding New Entry Basic Info - done

'''Mahendra Meghani''' (20 June 1922 - 3 August 2022) was an Indian journalist, editor, author, and publisher. He was the eldest son of the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] poet [[Jhaverchand Meghani]]. He was the founder and editor of the Gujarati magazine ''Milap''. He had edited and translated more than 12 works.

==Early life and education==
Mahendra Meghani was born in [[Mumbai]] on 20 June 1922. He received his primary and secondary education in [[Bhavnagar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-03 |title=‘લોકમિલાપ’ના સ્થાપકની વિદાય: સંપાદક અને અનુવાદક મહેન્દ્ર મેઘાણીનું 100 વર્ષની વયે નિધન |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/bhavnagar/news/editor-and-translator-mahendra-meghani-passes-away-at-the-age-of-100-130143170.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814141357/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/bhavnagar/news/editor-and-translator-mahendra-meghani-passes-away-at-the-age-of-100-130143170.html |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1942, he studied for two years at L. D. Arts College in [[Ahmedabad]], but later moved to Mumbai and dropped out<ref name="AM" /> during the [[Quit India Movement]].{{cn|date=March 2025}} He worked with his father as a writer and journalist from 1944.<ref name=":1" /> In 1948, he went to [[Columbia University]] in New York to study journalism. He studied there between 1948 and 1949.<ref name="AM">{{Cite web |title=Mahendra Meghani passes away |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/mahendra-meghani-passes-away/81841240.html |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TNN">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-04 |title=Gujarat: Gandhian scholar Mahendra Meghani passes away at 100 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-gandhian-scholar-mahendra-meghani-passes-away-at-100/articleshow/93333999.cms |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Meghani began his career by writing a series of articles for the Gujarati daily ''Nutan Gujarat'' based in New York.{{cn|date=March 2025}} In 1950, after returning from New York, he started the ''Milap'' magazine in Mumbai, which became India's first vernacular monthly [[Digest size|digest]] and was a respected magazine in Gujarat.<ref name="TNN"/><ref name=":1" /> He ran this magazine until 1978.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=કોણ હતા મહેન્દ્ર મેઘાણી? હરતી ફરતી વિદ્યાપીઠના નામે કેમ જાણીતા બન્યા હતા |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/who-was-mahendra-meghani-why-was-harti-farti-known-as-vidyapeeth-221067 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Zee News Gujarati}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

In 1953, he traveled to Europe, accompanying the then Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Following this trip, he transformed Lok Milap Karyalaya into the Lok Milap Trust in 1968, which focused on publishing quality Gujarati books and promoting cultural activities.<ref name="TNN"/><ref name=":0" /> In 1969, during the centenary year of Mahatma Gandhi's birth, Meghani traveled to various countries across five continents to organize exhibitions of Indian books and promote Indian thought and Gandhi's ideas.<ref name="AM" /> Under the aegis of the Lok Milap Trust, he started publishing excellent Gujarati books at affordable prices to make them accessible to the general public. Lok Milap published more than 100 books based on the guiding principles of short text and fewer pages due to readers' limited time, small book size due to limited storage space, and very low book price due to limited purchasing power.<ref name=":0" />

During the emergency in 1975, Meghani opposed the press censorship during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] imposed by the [[Indira Gandhi]] government, which led to the closure of his press by the authorities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="TNN" /> He also fought against [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] (All India Radio) in the early 1950s regarding the royalties for his father's works, considering it a matter of the dignity of writers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="TNN" />

In 1986, on the 90th birth anniversary of Jhaverchand Meghani, he undertook a 90-day 'Vachan Yatra' (reading journey) across 90 villages.<ref name=":0" /> He also published ''Ardhi Sadini Vachanyatra'' (A Half Century of Reading Journey), a collection of literary works curated from his 50 years as a reader, which gained significant popularity.<ref name=":0" /> More than 2 lakh copies of the first four volumes of these books were sold at a very low price of Rs. 75 in a short period.<ref name="TNN" />

During the Gujarat assembly elections, he published a sixteen-page booklet called ''Saune Mate Rajkarananu Samanya Gnan'' (General Knowledge of Politics for All) free of charge, aiming to provide insights into democracy. In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Indian general elections]], he attempted to campaign for voters to obtain a written guarantee from candidates against misbehavior in the Parliament.<ref name=":0" /> He also started "Film Milap" in Bhavnagar showcasing films.<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
Mahendra Meghani died at his residence in Bhavnagar on the evening of 3 August 2022. He had entered his 100th year on June 20 of the same year. His funeral procession took place on 4 August 2022 from his residence in Bhavnagar.<ref name="AM" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Works==
He had edited and translated more than 12 works.<ref name="TNN" />

===Edited works===
* ''Ardhi Sadini Vachanyatra'' (A Half Century of Reading Journey) - in five volumes, a collection of selected articles from the ''Milap magazine.<ref name=":0" />''
* ''Vachanyatrano Prasad''{{cn|date=March 2025}}
* ''Nahi Visarata Kavyo'' (Poems Not To Be Forgotten) - a compilation featuring one hundred poems by one hundred poets.<ref name=":0" />
* ''Aapna Santano'' (Our Children), ''Aapni Dharmikta'' (Our Religiousness), ''Aapno Gharsansar'' (Our Household), and ''Aapna Ba'' (Our Mother) - collections featuring selected writings from various authors.<ref name=":0" />
===Translations===
* ''Kon-Tiki'' (translation of ''[[The Kon-Tiki Expedition]]'')<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
* ''Tibetni Bhitarma'' (translation of ''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]'')<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* ''Bhaibandh'' (translation of ''School Boys'' by [[Nikolay Nosov]])<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghani, Mahendra}}
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]

Vivadi

2025-10-14T23:11:10Z

Prithoknnoman: adjusted lead further and improved wording

{{Short description|Concept in Hindustani classical music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Vivadi
| stylistic_origins = [[Carnatic music]], [[Hindustani classical music]]
| cultural_origins = [[India]]
| instruments = [[Voice]], [[Veena]], [[Mridangam]], [[Sitar]], [[Tabla]]
| subgenres = Vivadi swaram, Vivadi ragam, Vivadi melakarta
| other_topics = [[Raga]], [[Swaram]], [[Melakarta]], [[Frisson]], Dissonance
}}

In [[Hindustani classical music]], '''''vivadi''''' ({{langx|sa|[[wikt:विवादि|विवादि]]}} meaning "[[consonance and dissonance|dissonant]]") refers to pitches that are not part of the ''[[arohana]]'' or ''[[avrohana]]'' of a given [[raga]]. In general, ''vivadi'' are not to be played during an improvisation on a given raga. So, for instance, if a raga had the structure [[Swara|S R G m P D N S']], S' N D P m G R S; in that case, r, g, M, d and n would all be ''vivadi''. Although ''vivadi'' pitches are generally to be avoided during the playing of a given raga, they are occasionally added by skilled performers in order to introduce some color to an interpretation.

==In Carnatic music==
In [[Carnatic music]], '''vivadi''' is used in ''vivadi [[swara]]m'', {{lang|sa|vivadi dhosha}}, ''vivadi [[raga]]m'', and by extension ''vivadi [[melakarta]]''. ''Vivadi'' term means going against the grain of thought or approach.

===Vivadi swaram===
A ''swaram'' is said to be ''vivadi'' in relationship with another [[Svara|swaram]]. There are twelve swarams in Indian classical music. But there are 16 notes. Thus some notes occupy the same frequencies.

===Vivadi ragam===
A ''ragam'' is ''vivadi'' if it contains ''vivadi'' swarams, especially with the ''[[vadi (music)|vadi]]'' swaram of the ragam (vadi swaram means important swaram for that [[Raga|ragam]] or scale).

The ragam still is a valid scale and compositions are made using such ragams too. Examples of popular Vivadi ragas are : [[Nata (raga)|Nata]], [[Varali]], [[Vagadheeswari]].

===Vivadi melakarta===
A ''[[Melakarta]] ragam'' is ''vivadi'' if it contains ''vivadi'' swarams. 40 of the 72 Melakarta ragams have ''vivadi'' swaras.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

===Vivadi dosha===
''Dosha'' means negative effect. ''Vivadi'' ragams are said to have ''vivadi dosha'', which can be overcome by singing the ''vivadi'' swarams in certain phrases that are said to reduce the negative effect.<ref name="ragas"/><ref name="raganidhi"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Vadi (music)]]
*[[Samvadi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
Articles that discuss vivadi ragas and a review of concerts that mentions some of vivadi ragams
*[http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/views_01.htm A peep into Vivadi ragas]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050406044911/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/01/07/stories/2005010701940500.htm A review of Chennai music concerts mentioning various Vivadi ragams]}} - from The Hindu online (newspaper)

[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]

Sikhism in France

2025-09-15T14:44:49Z

Prithoknnoman: General improvements to article content

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Sikhism in France {{flagicon|France}} {{Small|Le sikhisme en France}}

| pop ='''30,000'''

| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{·}}[[French Language|French]]
|image=Sikhs & French villagers (Le Sart, France). Photographer- H. D. Girdwood. (13875795995).jpg
|image_caption=During World War I, Sikhs soldiers and French villagers in [[Merville, Nord#Le_Sart|Le Sart, France]] (24 July 1915)|flag=|regions=[[Paris]]{{·}}[[Bobigny]]{{·}}[[Le Bourget]]|religions=[[Sikhism]]|image_size=}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''French Sikhs''' are a growing but minority group in [[France]]. It is estimated there are about 30,000 Sikhs,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dore |first=Bhavya |date=6 May 2017 |title=France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/frances-sikh-minority-set-vote-marine-le-pen |quote=There are about 30,000 Sikhs in France, and they comprise more than half of the Indian origin population of the country.}}</ref> most of whom are based in [[Paris]], [[Bobigny]] and [[Île-de-France]].

==History==
===Sikh Empire===
[[File:Letter sent from the King of France, Louis-Philippe, to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh is addressed as “Rendjit Sing Bahador - Padichah du Pendjab”. Dated 27 October, 1835.jpg|thumb|A letter sent from the [[King of the French|King of the Frenchs]], [[Louis Philippe I|Louis-Philippe]] to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh is addressed as “Rendjit Sing Bahador - Padichah du Pendjab”. Dated 27 October, 1835]]
General [[Jean-François Allard|Jean François Allard]], a Frenchman served as the first foreign general under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the last Sikh Maharaja of Punjab. General Allard issued commands in French but also learned Punjabi to communicate with his soldiers.

[[Saint-Tropez]], a renowned coastal resort in France, is associated with this historical relationship. Within the town, a municipal park features a statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and General Allard. It was presented to the town by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2016 |title=Sikh emperor Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s statue installed in France |work=Sikh24 |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2016/09/19/sikh-emperor-maharaja-ranjit-singhs-statue-installed-in-france/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Walter |first=Neetika |date=2016-04-08 |title=Why Ranjit Singh’s statue in France? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/why-ranjit-singh-s-statue-in-france/story-GM4kvaTrcEJf4YQT34ydxO.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

General Allard and Maharaja Ranjit Singh formed a close friendship, and Allard played a pivotal role in establishing the Fauj-i-Khas, a well-structured brigade inspired by [[Napoleon|Napoleon's]] army, which contributed to the Sikh triumph in the first Anglo-Sikh war. During battles against the Afghans at the [[Khyber Pass]], the brigade's orders were conveyed in French, providing a tactical advantage.

The connection between Punjab and [[Saint-Tropez]] further encompasses the marriage of General Allard to Bannu Pan Deï, strategically arranged by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to strengthen Allard's ties with Punjab. Henri Prevost Allard, the great-grandson of General Allard and the deputy mayor of St Tropez, along with Ranjit Singh from the Sikh Council of France, had proposed the idea to celebrate this connection between the two communities.

===Colonial Rule===
The history of Sikhs in France dates back to the early 20th century. Sikhs first arrived in France during the colonial period when the country had overseas territories, particularly in Southeast Asia. Many Sikhs served as soldiers or laborers in the French colonies, including French Indochina (present-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia).

===World War I===
After [[World War I]], some Sikh soldiers who had fought in the French army chose to settle in France. They formed a small community, primarily centered around the cities of Marseille and Paris. These early Sikh immigrants faced numerous challenges, including language barriers and cultural differences. However, they established places of worship and gradually integrated into French society.

In the mid-20th century, a significant influx of Sikhs arrived in France as a result of political and economic factors. The partition of India in 1947 and the subsequent creation of Pakistan led to communal tensions and violence. Many Sikhs migrated to various countries, including France. Additionally, in the 1960s and 1970s, economic opportunities in France attracted Sikh immigrants, from Punjab in northern India.

== Demographics ==

* In 2004, according to ''[[The Guardian]]'', there were estimated to be 8,000 Sikhs living in France with 5,000 of them living in Paris.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=23 January 2004 |title=French Sikhs threaten to leave country |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/23/france.schoolsworldwide |quote=A 5,000-strong Sikh community has been living in the northern Paris suburbs, near the Gurdwara Sahib temple in Bobigny, for many decades.}}</ref>
* In 2017, there were estimated to be 30,000 Sikhs in France.<ref name=":0" />

==Turban ban==
French Sikhs have been in the limelight since the 2004 turban ban, banning Sikhs and other religions from sporting a headwear. This has met with anger and worldwide protest by the [[Sikhs]]. At least five Sikhs wearing [[turban]]s or cloth covers for their uncut hair were barred from classrooms near [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3635768.stm|title=French Sikhs lambast school ban|date=7 September 2004|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> For three years, Sikhs petitioned the authorities to lift the ban on the turban.

==List of French Sikhs==
* Ranjit Singh Goraya – Deputy Mayor of Bobigny, first Sikh Deputy Mayor in France<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kapoor|first=Diksha|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/proud-moment-ranjit-singh-becomes-the-first-sikh-deputy-mayor-in-france|title=Proud Moment! Ranjit Singh Becomes The First Sikh Deputy Mayor In France|date=8 July 2020|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]}}</ref>

==Gurdwaras==
[[Gurdwara]]s in France include:
*Gurudwara Singh Sabha Culte Sikh France, Bobigny
*Gurdwara Sahib, Bourget
*Gurudwara Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib, Bondy
*Gurdwara Sant Baba Prem Singh Ji, La Courneuve
*Gurdwara Shri Guru Ravidass, Paris

==Sikh organisations and associations==
*Singh Sabha Paris
*Conseil Representatif des Sikhs de France
* Sikhs de France
* Sikh Council France
* Sikhs Unis
* Punjab Sports Club
* Chardikala Sewak Jatha France
* Nawjawan Sikh France
* International Sikh Charity France
* International Sikh Council France

==Places with a significant Sikh population==
*[[Paris]]
*[[Bobigny]]
*[[Seine-Saint-Denis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism in Europe}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Religion in France]]
[[Category:Sikhism by country|France]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Europe|Fra]]

Elan (director)

2025-09-12T19:31:16Z

Prithoknnoman: created a data

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = File:Director Elan.png
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Film director]]
[[Screenwriter]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| notable_works = ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'' (2018)
}}
'''Elan''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter and lyricist who predominantly works in the [[Tamil film industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2024-05-07 |title=Director Elan interview: Kavin's 'Star' is about the journey, not the destination |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-elan-interview-kavins-star-is-about-the-journey-not-the-destination/article68148789.ece |access-date=2024-05-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Elan was making short films since he finished his schooling in 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-10 |title=Pyaar Prema Kadhal director Elan, leads Harish Kalyan and Raiza Wilson discuss their film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pyaar-prema-kadhal-director-elan-leads-harish-kalyan-and-raiza-wilson-discuss-their-film-4934381.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He is the son of Stills Pandian, a photographer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title='Dedicating It To My Father': Director Elan On His Next, Star |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dedicating-it-to-my-father-director-elan-on-his-next-star-8885022.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2017, he worked on ''Graghanam'' starring [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] and [[Chandran]]. It was a thriller film about the happenings of a night. The film, however, remains unreleased.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-16 |title=SJ Suryah appreciated my work in Graghanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-appreciated-my-work-in-graghanam/articleshow/51894533.cms |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-elan-talks-about-his-graghanam-movie.html</ref> After completing a love story script, he began working on the next one without reaching out to producers. By chance, a friend of [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] asked if he had any romance scripts, leading to Elan's debut directorial, ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'' (2018).<ref name=":0" /> In celebration of ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''<nowiki/>'s success, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] gifted Elan a luxury car.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-18 |title='Pyaar Prema Kaadhal' success: Yuvan Shankar Raja gifts a car to Elan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pyaar-prema-kaadhal-success-yuvan-shankar-raja-gifts-a-car-to-elan/articleshow/65452210.cms |access-date=2024-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-30 |title=Pyaar Prema Kaadhal to be remade in Hindi; director Elan, producer Sandeep Singh to start shooting in 2019 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pyaar-prema-kaadhal-to-be-remade-in-hindi-director-elan-producer-sandeep-singh-to-start-shooting-in-2019-5079111.html |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> After the collaboration on ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'' (2018) with [[Harish Kalyan]], Elan was reported to collaborate with Harish again for his next directorial in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-05 |title=Harish Kalyan to collaborate with Elan once again for his next project? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-to-collaborate-with-elan-once-again-for-his-next-project/articleshow/69662651.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In August 2023, [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], was reported to replace Harish for the lead role and the principal photography began on 1 June 2023 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=Kavin replaces Harish Kalyan in Elan-Yuvan Shankar Raja's film; title to be revealed soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kavin-replaces-harish-kalyan-in-elan-yuvan-shankar-rajas-film-title-to-be-revealed-soon/article67241511.ece |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dada star Kavin begins shoot for his next; Here's what we know |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dada-star-kavin-begins-shoot-for-his-next-heres-what-we-know/66c6caced7492 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In an interview, Elan stated that "Vaaranam Aayiram was one of my biggest inspirations to make Star." and that it was a tribute to his father.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2024-05-13 |title='Vaaranam Aayiram inspired me to make Star' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/May/13/vaaranam-aayiram-inspired-me-to-make-star |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+As director
!Year
!Film
!Ref
|-
|2018
|''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Pyaar Prema Kaadhal director Elan confirms he will be teaming up with Dhanush |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/pyaar-prema-kaadhal-director-elan-confirms-he-will-be-teaming-up-with-dhanush-9275976/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2018-08-30 |title=Pyaar Prema Kaadhal goes to Bollywood |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/Aug/30/pyaar-prema-kaadhal-goes-to-bollywood-7666.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Star (2024 Indian film)|''Star'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star director Elan interview: We never set out to make a 'cinema padam' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/star-director-elan-interview-we-never-set-out-to-make-a-cinema-padam/b100ebe5b3982 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+As lyricist
!Year
!Film
!Songs
!Ref
|-
|2017
|''Graghanam''
|"Don't Funk Me Up"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dont Funk Me Up MP3 Song Download {{!}} Graghanam Original Motion Picture Soundtrack @ WynkMusic |url=https://wynk.in/music/song/dont-funk-me-up/bl_A10320WT039786730C |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Wynk Music |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
| rowspan="5" |''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''
|"Let's Be Friends"
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-Yhc-nexjE |title=Pyaar Prema Kaadhal - Video Song Jukebox {{!}} Harish Kalyan, Raiza Wilson {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja {{!}} Elan |date=2020-05-09 |last=U1 Records |access-date=2024-10-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Secret Window"
|-
|"Wake Me Up Everyday"
|-
|"Miss You Papa"
|-
|"It's Over"
|-
|2022
|''Madhil Mel Kadhal''
|"Baby"
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgYv3jsyMzc&ab_channel=Muzik247 |title=Madhil Mel Kaadhal - Baby Song{{!}}Mugen, Divyabharathi{{!}} Nivas K Prasanna{{!}}Anjana AliKhan{{!}}Andrea Jeremiah |date=2022-06-18 |last=Muzik247 |access-date=2024-10-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="2" |[[Rangoli (2023 film)|''Rangoli'']]
| "Yeno Un"
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOjLWViQ6pI&ab_channel=ThinkMusicIndia |title=Yeno Un Lyric Video {{!}} Rangoli {{!}} Hamaresh {{!}} Prarthana {{!}} Vaali Mohan Das {{!}} Sundaramurthy KS |date=2023-08-24 |last=Think Music India |access-date=2024-10-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| "Yeno Un Reprise"
|-
|rowspan="4"|2024
|rowspan="3"|''[[Star (2024 film)|Star]]''
|"The First Rain"
|rowspan="3"|
|-
|"Melody"
|-
|"Star in the Making"
|-
|''[[Madraskaaran]]''
|"Thai Thakka Kalyanam"
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=migpPHbqMeY&ab_channel=SaregamaTamil |title=Thai Thakka Kalyanam - Video {{!}} Madraskaaran {{!}} Shane Nigam {{!}} Niharika Konidela {{!}} Sam CS {{!}} B. Jagadish |date=2024-09-18 |last=Saregama Tamil |access-date=2024-10-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=9103182}}
* {{YouTube|id=GOTDHKiWans|title=Elan Interview with Baradwaj Rangan {{!}} Star {{!}} Deep Dive}}

[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Love Adhura

2025-08-30T18:48:59Z

Prithoknnoman: Adding The Entry Initial Version - done

{{short description|2024 Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Crime]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| director = Tanveer Bookwala
| writer = Shivam Sen
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Erica Fernandes]]
* [[Karan Kundrra]]
* Vivek Madaan
* Saqib Ayub
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| editor = Vineet Khullar
| network = {{plainlist|
* Amazon Mini TV
* [[Amazon Prime]]
}}
| company = {{plainlist|
* Ding Entertainment
}}
| released = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=y}}
| list_episodes =
}}
'''''Love Adhura''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic-thriller web series streaming on Amazon Mini TV and [[Amazon Prime]] platform directed by Tanveer Bookwala and written by Shivam Sen. It stars [[Erica Fernandes]] and [[Karan Kundrra]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karan Kundrra, Erica Fernandes Take Metro Ride To Promote New Show Love Adhura|date=13 March 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/karan-kundrra-erica-fernandes-take-metro-ride-to-promote-new-show-love-adhura-8813893.html}}</ref> The series released on 13 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Love Adhura Review: Karan Kundrra, Erica Fernandes Headline This Intriguing Mystery Romance Series|date=13 March 2024 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/love-adhura-review-karan-kundrra-erica-fernandes-headline-this-intriguing-mystery-romance-series-review-108401604}}</ref> It is shot in Munnar and depicts mystery, thrill, intimacy, and romance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 15's Karan Kundrra and Erica Fernandes travel in the metro to promote their new project Love Adhura|date=13 March 2024 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-15s-karan-kundrra-and-erica-fernandes-travel-in-the-metro-to-promote-their-new-project-love-adhura-1286091}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A simple guy meets a charming damsel who cons him out of his car, leading to unexpected twists and dramatic consequences involving his overbearing father and a staged romance at their resort.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Love Adhura| website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31566799/?ref_=ttep_ov}}</ref>

While acting as a couple Sumit falls for Nandita and she too is confused. She realizes they are from different worlds and real life doesn't allow a happy ending, no matter how beautiful the present. As they part ways, Sumit falls victim to one last con by Nandita, but there is one final twist in the tale.

== Cast ==

* [[Erica Fernandes]] as Nandita.
* [[Karan Kundrra]] as Sumit.
* Vivek Madaan as Sukhwinder Narula, Sumit's Father
* Saqib Ayub as Prakash.
* Aaryan Khullar as young Sumit.
* Chirag Khatri as Harsh, Sumit's friend.

== Episodes ==

{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = First Meet
|DirectedBy = Tanveer Bookwala
|WrittenBy = Tanveer Bookwala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sumit, A simple unassuming guy gives Nandita, a damsel in distress a lift and gets conned out of his vintage car in the bargain. But she's not the only one after the car.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Ek Nayi Original Kahaani
|DirectedBy = Tanveer Bookwala
|WrittenBy = Tanveer Bookwala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sumit finds Nandita and hires her for a job in lieu of turning her into the police. The job is to convince his overbearing father that she's his girlfriend but he finds himself falling for her.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Teri Meri Puraani Yaadein
|DirectedBy = Tanveer Bookwala
|WrittenBy = Tanveer Bookwala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Nandita realises that there are sinister events unfolding in and around the car and there are more players involved while Sumit remains blissfully unaware. Though Nandita's job is over, Sumit has fallen in love and doesn't want her to go.

|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Safarnama Ka Aakhri Chapter
|DirectedBy = Tanveer Bookwala
|WrittenBy = Tanveer Bookwala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = With the job now over, reluctantly, Sumit and Nandita decide to part ways, but not before one last con.
|LineColor =
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]

Danda kingdom

2025-06-18T13:49:22Z

Prithoknnoman: created new post

{{Short description|Ancient Indian kingdom mentioned in Ramayana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

Danda is a region frequently mentioned in [[Hindu mythology]], and is prominently featured in various narratives, such as Dandaka, which refers to both a kingdom and forest of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-13 |title=Vedicfeed - Vedic Knowledge and Information |url=https://vedicfeed.com/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=vedicfeed.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Danda was a colonial state of [[Lanka]] during the reign of [[Ravana]], with his governor Khara ruling the province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PeepulTree |url=https://www.peepultree.world/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |language=en}}</ref> The region served as a stronghold for all the [[Rakshasa]] tribes living in the [[Dandaka forest|Dandaka Forest]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Dandaka, Daṇḍaka, Daṇḍakā, Damdaka: 30 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dandaka#purana |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Historically, Danda is believed to have encompassed the [[Nashik district|Nashik District]] in [[Maharashtra]], with its capital located at [[Nashik|Janasthana]], now known as Nashik city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meyerson |first=Joel D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Danda+nashik |title=Images of a Lengthy War |date=1986 |publisher=Center of Military History, U.S. Army |isbn=978-0-16-001620-2 |language=en}}</ref> It was from this region that the Rakshasa Khara launched an attack on Raghava Rama of Kosala, who was residing with his wife and brother at Panchavati, located in modern-day Nashik.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

In the [[Ramayana]], the demon Danda is portrayed as the maternal uncle of [[Ravana]], being the son of Sumali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valmiki Ramayana - Baala Kanda - Sarga 24 |url=https://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/baala/sarga24/bala_24_frame.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref>

== References in the Mahabharata ==

Though Dandaka was mentioned in the epic [[Ramayana]], with great detail, a few mentions of this kingdom are found in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahabharata {{!}} Definition, Story, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahabharata |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sahadeva's conquests ===

[[Sahadeva]], the [[Pandava]] general, and younger brother of [[Pandava]] king [[Yudhishthira]], came to southern regions to collect tribute for the [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice of the king.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Jarasandhta-badha Parva: Section XXX |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02030.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Having acquired jewels and wealth from king Rukmin (ruling at the second capital of [[Vidarbha kingdom|Vidarbha]], named Bhojakata), he marched further south to [[Surparaka kingdom|Surparaka]], Talakata, and the Dandakas. The [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] warrior then vanquished and subjugated numberless kings of the [[Mleccha]] tribe living on the sea coast (2-30).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Jarasandhta-badha Parva: Section XXX |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02030.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

=== Dandaka forest ===
{{main article|Dandakaranya}}
The forest of Dandaka was the biggest forest in [[ancient India]], [[Dandakaranya]]. It stretched from [[Vindhya]] ranges in central Indian to the banks of river [[Krishnavenna]] (now known as river Krishna) and [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] in the south. Mention of this forest is found in [[Mahabharata]] at (3-85).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section LXXXV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03085.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> The sacred forest of Dandaka is mentioned here along with its possible boundaries and the rivers flowing within it. [[Surparaka kingdom|Surparaka]] (North [[Konkan]]) probably formed its western boundary, with [[Mahendra Mountains]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] formed its eastern boundary, and the rivers [[Godavari River|Godavari]], and [[Krishnavenna]] run through this forest. The river (or lake) [[Payoshni]] is mentioned at the northern entrance of this forest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section C |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03100.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> According to the epic [[Ramayana]], no kingdom except the Dandaka kingdom and [[Kishkindha kingdom]] is mentioned as lying within this forest. During the epic [[Mahabharata]] many regions that was formerly Dandaka forest were found to be habitable kingdoms. Dandaka kingdom was a kingdom of [[Rakshasa kingdom|Rakshasas]] in the midst of the Dandaka forests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section LXXXV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01086.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

[[Raghava Rama]] lived for some time in the forest of Dandaka, from desire of slaying the [[Rakshasa]]s. At Janasthana, he cut off the head of a wicked-souled Rakshasa (as per epic [[Ramayana]], his name was Khara) with a razor-headed shaft of great sharpness (9-39). [[Raghava Rama]], that foremost of bowmen, taking his bow and in company with his queen ([[Sita]]) and brother ([[Lakshmana]]), with the view of compassing his father’s welfare, began to reside in the Dandaka forest. From Janasthana (the capital of Dandaka kingdom ), that mighty [[Rakshasa kingdom|Rakshasa]] monarch, the wicked [[Ravana]], carried away Rama’s queen. (3,146). A southern path through the Dandaka woods existed during the time of [[Raghava Rama]]. He travelled through this path in search of his wife, abducted by Ravana. Many uninhabited asylums of ascetics, scattered over with seats of Kusa grass and umbrellas of leaves and broken water-pots, and abounding with hundreds of jackals were seen along that path.(3,277).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section LXXXV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01086.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dandakaranya]]
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
*[[Ramayana]] of [[Valmiki]]

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Rakshasa in the Ramayana]]

Chaudhary Devi Lal University

2025-06-13T14:39:54Z

Prithoknnoman:

{{Short description|University in Sirsa district, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Chaudhary Devi Lal University
| image =
| motto = श्रद्धावान लभते ज्ञानं
| established = {{start date and age|2 April 2003}}
| type = [[Government]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]
| vice_chancellor = Vijay Kumar
| city = [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.5467887|75.0445588|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| website = {{url|https://www.cdlu.ac.in}}
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| postalcode = 125055
}}
'''Chaudhary Devi Lal University''' is a government university located in [[Sirsa district]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. It was named after [[Devi Lal|Chaudhary Devi Lal]], former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|deputy prime minister of India]]. The university was established by the [[Government of Haryana]] on 2 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 CDLU faculty among world's top scientists |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/2-cdlu-faculty-among-worlds-top-scientists/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-31 |title=Haryana Varsity invites President of India Droupadi Murmu for convocation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-varsity-invites-president-of-india-droupadi-murmu-for-convocation/articleshow/112955090.cms |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The University has twenty-four academic departments that offer 21 career-oriented and specialized courses to students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDLU organises cybersecurity awareness event |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/cdlu-organises-cybersecurity-awareness-event/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New VC holds first meeting to discuss plans to revamp Devi Lal university |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/new-vc-holds-first-meeting-to-discuss-plans-to-revamp-devi-lal-university/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nootan |date=2024-01-12 |title=Who wrote the letter alleging sexual harassment? Sirsa university's focus turns on students |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/who-wrote-the-letter-alleging-sexual-harassment-sirsa-universitys-focus-turns-on-students/1920465/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Faculties==
{| class="wikitable"
!S. No.
!Faculty
|-
|1.
|Faculty of Life Sciences
|-
|2.
|Faculty of Humanities
|-
|3.
|Faculty of Commerce and Management
|-
|4.
|Faculty of Physical Sciences
|-
|5.
|Faculty of Education
|-
|6.
|Faculty of Law
|-
|7.
|Faculty of Social Sciences
|-
|8.
|Faculty of Engineering and Technology
|-
|9.
|Dean Academic Affairs
|-
|10.
|Dean of Colleges
|}

==Academic departments==
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr. No.
!Name of Department
|-
|1.
|Biotechnology
|-
|2.
|Business Administration
|-
|3.
|Chemistry
|-
|4.
|Commerce
|-
|5.
|Computer Science and Applications
|-
|6.
|Economics
|-
|7.
|Education
|-
|8.
|Energy & Environmental Sciences
|-
|9.
|English
|-
|10.
|Food Science & Technology
|-
|11.
|Journalism & Mass Communication
|-
|12.
|Law
|-
|13.
|Mathematics
|-
|14.
|Physical Education
|-
|15.
|Physics
|-
|16.
|Public Administration
|-
|17.
|Hindi
|-
|18.
|Punjabi
|-
|19.
|Sanskrit
|-
|20.
|History & Archeology
|-
|21.
|Geography
|-
|22.
|Music (Vocal & Instrumental)
|-
|23.
|Botany
|-
|24.
|Zoology
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sirsa, Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Haryana]]

Mulshi

2025-05-26T03:07:35Z

Prithoknnoman:

{{Short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mulshi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates Maval Subdivision=
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MH-12
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Pune
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mulshi''' is a village and an [[Mulshi taluka|administrative block]] in [[Pune]] district, Maharashtra, India.<ref>[https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona/DIRECTORY/DIRECTORY%2010.htm Mulshi Taluka directory]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Villages in Pune district]]

{{Pune-geo-stub}}

Sikkim Institute of Science and Technology

2025-05-17T01:32:58Z

Prithoknnoman: starting details

{{Short description|Engineering college in Chisopani, South Sikkim, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sikkim Institute of Science and Technology
| former_name =
| image =
| caption =
| established = {{start date and age|2018}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| address =
| city = [[Sikkim]]
| country = India
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1478|88.3012|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| campus = Rural
| campus_size =
| academic_affiliations = [[Sikkim University]]
| principal =
| academic_staff =
| website = https://sist.edu.in/
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sikkim Institute of Science and Technology''' ('''SIST'''), is a state government engineering college located at Chisopani, South Sikkim, India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikkim Institute of Science and Technology| website=[[YouTube]] | date=26 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb9-nufHcK4|access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> It offers undergraduate ([[B.Tech.]]) engineering degree courses and is affiliated with the [[Sikkim University]]. The institution is regulated, operated, and administered by the [[Government of Sikkim]]. This college is the only state government engineering college in Sikkim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foundation Of First Government Engineering College In Sikkim Laid|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/foundation-of-first-govt-engineering-college-in-sikkim-laid-1721228|access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

==Departments and courses==

The college offers different undergraduate courses in Engineering and aims at imparting technological education in Sikkim. Presently this college is offering B.Tech. degree courses via two departments:<ref>{{cite web|title=Departments of Sikkim Institute of Science and Technology|url=https://sist.edu.in/acacou/Department%20Section|access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

* Computer Science and Engineering
* Civil Engineering

==Admission==
The candidates are admitted on the basis of the class 12 marks.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://sist.edu.in/
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{Sikkim University}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Sikkim University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]

{{Sikkim-university-stub}}

Remya Nambeesan

2025-04-09T06:10:12Z

Prithoknnoman: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Remya Nambessan]]

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