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First Bhattacharjee ministry

2026-05-02T10:35:45Z

Pritam:

{{Short description|Ninth ministry of West Bengal}}
{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}{{cleanup rewrite|date=May 2011}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 9th
| jurisdiction = [[West Bengal]]
| flag =
| flag_border = 100px
| incumbent = 2000-2001
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date_formed = 5 November 2000
| date_dissolved = 10 May 2001
| government_head_title=[[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| government_head = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| government_head_history =
| governor = [[Viren J. Shah]]
* [[Cabinet Ministers]]
* [[Minister of state]] (I/C){{efn|I/C stands for independent charge. It means that a minister can hold portfolios independently in a junior rank.}}
* Minister of state
| political_party ={{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party ={{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition_leader = [[Atish Chandra Sinha]]
| election = [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| last_election = [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| legislature_term = [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|12th Assembly]]
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Fifth Basu ministry]]
| successor = [[Second Bhattacharjee ministry]]
}}
{{Politics of India}}

Buddhadev Bhattacharya was sworn in as the Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]] in the fifth Left Front government along with other 45 ministers on 5 November 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly |url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/Error_ISE.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/MLA_All.aspx |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.wbassembly.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/nov/06beng1.htm|title=rediff.com: Bhattacharya sworn-in as Bengal seventh CM|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> Members of the Left Front Ministry in the Indian state of West Bengal as in November 2000 were as follows:

==Cabinet ministers==
1. [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]- Chief Minister- Home, Hill Affairs, Information and Cultural Affairs

2. [[Subhas Chakraborty]]- Sports, Transport

3. [[Asim Dasgupta]]- Finance, Development and Planning, Excise, Self Employment Genaration Programme (Urban)

4. [[Mohammed Amin (politician)|Mohammed Amin]]- Employment Exchange, Minority Development and Welfare, Wakf and Urdu Academy and Haj

5. [[Surjya Kanta Mishra|Dr. Surjya Kanta Mishra]]- Land and Land Reforms, Panchayats and Rural Development

6. [[Kiranmay Nanda]]- Fisheries

7. Satyaranjan Mahata- Relief

8. [[Gautam Deb]]- Housing, Public Health Engineering

9. Partha De- Health and Family Welfare

10. Santi Ranjan Ghatak- Labour

11. [[Abdur Razzak Molla]]- Food Processing Industries, Horticulture, Sundarban Affairs

12. [[Kshiti Goswami]]- Public Works

13. [[Kanti Biswas]]- School Education, Madrasah Education, Refugee, Relief and Rehabilitation

14. [[Kalimuddin Shams]]- Food and Supplies

15. [[Ashok Bhattacharya]]- Urban Development, Municipal Affairs, Town and Country Planning, Hooghly River Bridge Commission

16. [[Anisur Rahman (politician, born 1952)|Anisur Rahman]]- Animal Resources Development

17. Nanda Gopal Bhattacharjee- Water Resources Investigation and Development

18. Mrinal Banerjee- Power, Industrial Reconstruction, Public Undertakings, Science and Technology

19. Chhaya Bera- Employees State Insurance, Employment Exchange, Self Employment Genaration Programme (Rural)

20. Birendra Kumar Moitra- Agricultural Marketing

21. Bhakti Bhusan Mandal- Co-operation

22. Dinesh Chandra Dakua- Backward Classes Welfare

23. Pralay Talukdar- Cottage and Small Scale Industries

24. Prof. Prabodh Chandra Sinha- Parliamentary Affairs

25. [[Biswanath Chowdhury]]- Jails, Social Welfare

26. Debabrata Bandapadhyay- Irrigation and Waterways

27. Manabendra Mukherjee- Environment, Tourism, Youth Services

28. Naren Dey- Agriculrure, Consumer Affairs

29. [[Satya Sadhan Chakraborty]]- Higher Education

30. Bidyut Ganguly- Commerce and Industries

31. Dr. Sankar Sen- Power, Science and Technology

32. Jogesh Chandra Barman- Forests

33. Nisith Adhikary- Judicial, Law

==Ministers of State==
1. [[Manohar Tirkey]]- Public Works

2. Upen Kisku- Backward Classes Welfare

3. Kamalendu Sanyal- Land and Land Reforms, Panchayats and Rural Development

4. Bilasi Bala Sahis- Forests

5. Srikumar Mukherjee- Civil Defence

6. Pratim Chatterjee- Fire Services

7. Nimai Mal- Library Services

8. [[Susanta Ghosh]]- Transport

9. Dhiren Sen- Excise

10. Ganesh Chandra Mondal- Irrigation and Waterways

11. Maheswar Murmu- Special Tribal Areas Development including Jhargram Affairs

12. Anju Kar- Mass Education Extension

13. Minati Ghosh- Health and Family Welfare

==See also==
*[[Second Bhattacharjee ministry]]
*[[Left Front (West Bengal)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:West Bengal ministries|Bhattacharjee]]

Nabagram, Murshidabad

2026-04-28T23:15:14Z

Pritam: Created stub!

{{Other uses|Nabagram (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nabagram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|11|44.2|N|88|05|49.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,939
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nabagram''' is a village in the [[Nabagram (community development block)|Nabagram]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Lalbag subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|88|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Lalbag and Domkal subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|8|13|N|88|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Harharia Chak | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Harharia Chak]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|9|17|N|88|27|59|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Islampur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Islampur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|10|48|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Murshidabad| numbered3=M| mark-title3=[[Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color3= #800000
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|14|42|N|88|16|6|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Jiaganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4=[[Jiaganj]] (M) | shape-color4= #800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|13|40|N|88|15|25|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Azimganj| numbered5=M| mark-title5=[[Azimganj]] (M) | shape-color5= #800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|19|56|N|88|18|24|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Bhagawangola| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bhagawangola]] (R) |shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|18|23|N|88|17|53|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kismattatla| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kismattatla]] (R) |shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|24|44|N|88|15|29|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Krishnapur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Krishnapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|25|12|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Lalgola |labela9=border checkpost| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lalgola]] (R) |shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|13|0|N|88|5|49|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Nabagram | numbered10=R| mark-title10= Nabagram, India (R) |shape-color10=black| label-size10=13|label-color10=black 
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|19|22|N|88|22|35|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nasipur | numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nasipur]] (R) |shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|17|12|N|88|22|6|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Ranitala | numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ranitala]] (R) |shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|5|18|N|88|29|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhagirathpur | numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhagirathpur]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|7|55|N|88|32|30|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Domkal | numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Domkal]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|7|52|N|88|41|21|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Jalangi | numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Jalangi]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|10|19|N|88|29|59|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Kasbagoas | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kasbagoas]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|13|34|N|88|32|47|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Raninagar | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Raninagar]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|7|58|N|88|39|2|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Sadikhanr Diar | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sadikhanr Diar]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|13|48|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Sagarpara | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Sagarpara]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|15|54|N|88|33|4|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20= Shaikhpara | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Shaikhpara]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|9|45|N|88|15|32|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Khushbagh| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Khushbagh]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|20|E}} | label22= Bhagirathi River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 30| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|21|10|N|88|28|20|E}} | label23= Padma River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -8| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|12|40|N|88|23|30|E}} | label24= Jalangi |labela24= River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -50| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|39|0|E}}|label25= Bhairab|labela25= River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-70| label-pos25=top| label-size25=11| mark-size25=0| mark-title25=none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|7|0|N|88|22|0|E}}|label26= Gorba|labela26= Nala| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=11| mark-size26=0| mark-title26=none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|15|20|N|88|14|15|E}} | label-pos27= left|label27=Baranagar| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Baranagar, Murshidabad]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|13|10|N|88|16|30|E}} | label-pos28= right|label28=Nashipur| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Nashipur]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|11|5|N|88|15|20|E}} | label-pos29= left|label29=Rosnaiganj| numbered29=H| mark-title29= [[Rosnaiganj]] (H)| shape-color29=#AA6666
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|12|0|N|88|13|7|E}} | label-pos30= left|label30=Kiriteswari Temple| numbered30=H| mark-title30= [[Kiriteswari Temple]] (H)| shape-color30=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|28|0|N|88|32|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0.5| arc-gapA=6.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Nabagram is located at {{coord|24|11|44.2|N|88|05|49.4|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
While the [[Lalbag subdivision]] is spread across both the natural physiographic regions of the district, [[Rarh region|Rarh]] and Bagri, the [[Domkal subdivision]] occupies the north-eastern corner of Bagri. In the map alongside, the [[Ganges]]/[[Padma River]] flows along the northern portion. The border with Bangladesh can be seen in the north and the east. Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map). The Ganges has a tendency to change course frequently, causing [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|severe erosion]], mostly along the southern bank.<ref name=river>{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | accessdate = 15 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| accessdate = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India's tobacco industry |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The historic city of [[Murshidabad]], a centre of major tourist attraction, is located in this area. In 1717, when [[Murshid Quli Khan]] became [[Subahdar]], he made Murshidabad the capital of [[Bengal Subah|Subah Bangla]] (then Bengal, Bihar and Odisha).<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/Gazeteer/Chapter%203.pdf | title = District Gazeteer | work= {{in lang|bn}} Chapter 3: History | publisher = Murshidabad District Administration |accessdate = 12 September 2017}}</ref> The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with over 90% of the population living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_6MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= District Primary Census Abstract page 26|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Nabagram police station has jurisdiction over [[Nabagram (community development block)|Nabagram]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 May 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of [[Nabagram (community development block)|Nabagram]] CD block are located at Nabagram.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 27 August 2017}}</ref>

===Notable Personalities===
[[Advaita Acharya]] (1434–1559) was a prominent figure in the early Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition and is closely associated with Nabagram in Bengal, where he was born to Sri Kubera Pandit and Srimati Nabha Devi. Revered as an incarnation of both Maha Vishnu and Sadashiva within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Advaita Acharya played a foundational role in the spiritual and social life of the region.

Advaita Acharya is best known as one of the key members of the Panchatattva—the five principal associates of [[Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]—and is hailed for his fervent devotion, which, according to traditional accounts, prompted Lord Chaitanya’s advent. He was a disciple of Srila Madhavendra Puri and earned the title “Acharya” from his studies of the Vedic scriptures under the tutelage of Santacharya in Phullavati village.

Spending much of his adult life in Shantipur, near Nabagram, Advaita Acharya hosted regular gatherings of Vaishnava devotees and actively spread the practice of bhakti (devotional service) to Krishna. These congregations centered on scriptural discourse drawn from texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and Srimad Bhagavatam. As a respected spiritual teacher, he is credited with guiding many followers—including members of Lord Chaitanya’s family—toward the path of devotion and the congregational chanting of the holy names.

Advaita Acharya’s long life—he is said to have lived for 125 years—was marked by extensive pilgrimages, including travels to Vrindavan and other sacred places. He famously worshiped shaligram shilas (sacred stones) with Ganges water and Tulasi leaves, imploring the Supreme Lord to deliver people from the degradations of the age of Kali. Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition holds that his deep devotion and ardent prayers compelled the divine manifestation of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

Advaita Acharya’s principal deities and family line continue to be honored in Shantipur and surrounding areas, preserving his legacy as a revered saint and teacher linked indelibly to Nabagram’s spiritual heritage.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Nabagram had a total population of 6,939 of which 3,535 (51%) were males and 3,404 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 808. The total number of literate persons in Nabagram was 4,624 (75% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 September 2016 }}</ref>

==Education==
Nabagram Amar Chand Kundu College was established in 2009 at Nabagram. Affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]] it offers courses in Bengali and history.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nabagramackcollege.in/ | title = Nabagram Amar Chand Kundu College | publisher = NACK |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/NabagramAmarChandKunduCollege/NabagramAmarChandKunduCollege.shtml| title = Nabagram Amar Chand Kundu College| publisher = College Admission| access-date = 12 September 2017| archive-date = 17 September 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124355/http://www.collegeadmission.in/NabagramAmarChandKunduCollege/NabagramAmarChandKunduCollege.shtml| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Nabagram Block Primary Health Centre functions with 15 beds at Nabagram.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}

[[Category:Villages in Murshidabad district]]

Garhwali people

2026-04-27T08:51:19Z

Pritam: created a bio initial version - done

{{short description|Ethnolinguistic group from Uttarakhand, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{original research|date=June 2021}}
{{Alternative text missing}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Garhwali people
| image =
| image_caption =
| population =
| regions = [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] in [[Uttarakhand]], India
| langs = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| rels = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]
| related-c = [[Kumaoni people]], [[Khas people]]
}}
The '''Garhwali people''' are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnolinguistic group who speak [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], a [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages#Central Pahari|Central Pahari language]] and are native to the [[Garhwal division]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ol23itTuS5sC&pg=PA28|title=Discovering Brides|publisher=Writers Club Press|author=Anup Chandola|page=28|year=2000|isbn=978-0595099009}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In modern usage, "Garhwali" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, and ancestral or genetic origins is from the [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s. Their [[ethnonym]] is derived from the word {{'}}''Garhwal''{{'}} or {{'}}''Gadwal''{{'}}.

The earliest reference to this region is in the [[Skanda Purana]] which called it ''Kedar Khand'' and ''Himvat''. It describes the area that contained Gangadwar (Haridwar and Kankhala), Badrinath, Gandhamardan, and Kailash.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Garhwal Himalayas: A Study in Historical Perspective|last=Rawat|first=Ajay S}}</ref>

==History==

=== Garhwal Kingdom ===
{{main article|Garhwal Kingdom}}
[[File:India Uttarakhand locator map.svg|thumb|right|220px|Location of [[Uttarakhand]] within India]]
[[File:Kumaon Garhwal.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Location of [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] in Uttarakhand]]
[[File:Portrait of a couple in a village at Uttarakhand,India.jpg|thumb|A couple in a village at Uttarakhand, India]]
The [[Garhwal Kingdom|Kingdom of Garhwal]] was founded by [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]]s. The area comprises 52 principalities called {{transliteration|gbm|garhs}} (fortresses). These were small and had their own chiefs who were responsible for the welfare of the {{transliteration|gbm|garhs}}. The Parmar dynasty ruled the Kingdom until 1803 before the "Gurkhas" invaded Kumaon and Garhwal, driving the Garhwal chief into the plains. For 12 years the Gurkhas ruled the country with an iron rod, until a series of encroachments by them on British territory led to the [[Anglo–Nepalese War]] in 1814.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Thakur |last2=Semwal |first2=Shailendra |date=27 May 2017 |title=VIDEO: गढ़वाल रियासत के वीर योद्धा का समाधि स्थल बदहाल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-the-story-of-maharaja-pradyumna-shah-of-garhwal-princely-state-1112085.html |work=Hindustan |language=hi |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref>

At the termination of the campaign, Garhwal and Kumaon were converted into British districts, while the [[Tehri]] principality was restored to a son of the former chief (that is King Pradymun), King [[Sudarshan Shah]]. A part of this kingdom was taken by the British, and later, it became known as the British Garhwal which spread over the area of 5,629  mi2 (14,580  km2). After British rule, Garhwal made rapid development. Two battalions of the Indian army (the 39th [[Garhwal Rifles]]) were deployed in the area, stationed at the military cantonment of [[Lansdowne, Garhwal|Lansdowne]]. Grain was one of the major corps of this area. Apart from this, cloth, while salt, borax, livestock, and wool were imported from [[Tibet]]. The administrative headquarters of the area were established at Pauri. Srinagar (Garhwal) was the largest city and served as an important trade center along with the town of Kotdwara which is situated at Oudh and Rohilkhand railway tracks. Later, it became a part of the [[Punjab Hill States|Punjab Hill States Agency]] of [[British India]]. Most of the [[Uttarkashi district]] acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1949.

Garhwali are known for their courage because they were preferred by the British as an army. Garhwali Kingdom was one of the few kingdoms that never came under the Muslim rule influence.

The history of Garhwal is older than that of [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. Worshipping Lord Shiva is attributing reverent honour and homage to him. According to the great Mahabharata, Garhwal is believed to be the land where the ''Vedas'' and the ''Shastras'' were made.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramola |first=Ajay |date=22 February 2016 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/kingdom-that-mughals-could-never-win-199323 |title=Kingdom that Mughals could never win |work=The Tribune |access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref>

==Language==
{{main article|Garhwali language}}
The [[Garhwali language]] ({{Lang|gbm|गढ़वळि भाख/भासा}}) is primarily spoken by the Garhwali people of the north-western Garhwal Division from the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand in the Indian Himalayas. The [[Garhwali language]] is classified as a [[Central Pahari languages|Central Pahari language]] belonging to the [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northern Zone|Northern Zone]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Garhwali is one of the 325 recognised languages of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindikids.com/india_language.html|title=India languages|work=We make learning fun|publisher=Hindikids|access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> which is spoken by over 2,267,314 people<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|title=Census of India - Statement 1|date=6 February 2012|access-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> such as in districts of [[Tehri Garhwal]], [[Pauri Garhwal]] (except [[Kotdwar]]), [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]] (except [[Bangani|Bangan]], Ravain and Parvat areas), [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]] and [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]] districts of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gbm|title=Garhwali. A language of India|author=Claus-Peter Zoller|date=March 1997|publisher=[[Ethnologue]]|access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>

The language has many regional dialects including:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gbm|title=Garhwali|work=Ethnologue|access-date=31 May 2018|language=en}}</ref> Srinagari, Tehri (Gangapariya), Badhani, Dessaulya, Lohbya, Majh-Kumaiya, Bhattiani, Nagpuriya, Rathi, Salani (Pauri), Gangadi (Uttarkashi), Chandpuri. Srinagari dialect is the literary standard, while Pauri is generally regarded as the prominent one.

However, for a number of reasons, Garhwali is a rapidly shrinking language. The ''UNESCO Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages'' book authored by "Theo Baumann" has described Garhwali language one of the [[Endangered language|moribund languages]] that needs to be protected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php|title=UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=14 May 2013}} Search 'Garhwali'</ref>

==Local deities==
{{Chota Char Dham}}
'''Chandrabadni Devi Temple''' is located in Tehri Garhwal. The temple can be reached either from {{convert|8|km|mi}} long rout ''Kandikhal'' to ''Srinagar-Tehri'' or {{convert|9|km|mi}}) long ''Jamnikhal en route Dev Prayag-Tehri'' via a link road of ''Jurana''. It can also be reached via ({{convert|1.5|km|mi}}) long bridle path.

The temple administration body organises several annual events including cultural and religious seminars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/temples/chandrabadni_temple.php |title=Chandrabadni Devi Temple |website=euttaranchal.com |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Umranarayan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Umra Narayan]]]]
[[File:Dhari Devi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Dhari Devi]]]]
[[File:kalimathmaa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Kalimath]]]]

'''[[Umra Narayan]]''' is situated between the mystic and peaceful hills of Rudraprayag where "Devine" temple of Lord Umra Narayan (Isth Dev of gram sann) is located. According to mythology, this temple was built during the time of ''Adi Shankracharya'', and is believed that it was constructed by Adi Shankracharya when he was on his way to Lord Badrinath's temple. The temple has been now renovated and is {{convert|5|-|7|km|mi}} away from the central city of Rudraprayag.

It is also believed that most of the "Isth Devas" in the Garhwal region are the incarnation of "Lord Vishnu" (Narsingh Dev Ji), and sometimes even the incarnation of "Vishnu" itself.

'''[[Koteshwar Mahadev]]''' is located about three kilometres inside the 'heart' of ''Rudraprayag, Koteshwar Mahadev'' temple. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This place is presumed to be the same spot where Lord Shiva was stopped for meditation where he was on his way to Kedarnath. According to local mythology, this temple has its presence since the time of [[Bhasmasur]] (the Deadly Asur/demon), who received a boon from "Shiva" that turned a head into ''Bhasma'' or [[ash]]es whenever he touched with boon to anyone's head. Lord Shiva accompanied by another one reached to a cave which was the home of Lord Shiva, and finally lord "Vishnu" helped him by killing the demon. The temple is filled with fantastic energy/aura, and one can feel it. Few drops of water are continually running through the hill.

'''[[Dhari Devi]]''' temple of "Dhari Devi" is situated on the banks of the river Alaknanda. One has to travel {{convert|15|km|mi}} from Srinagar (Pauri Garhwal) on Srinagar-Badrinath highway to Kaliya Saur, and then turn down where one has to travel half of a kilometre towards Alaknanda river. The upper part of Goddess "Kali" is worshipped here. According to the local people, the face of the idol changes as a girl, a woman, and an old lady according to the passage of time. This idol is located in an open area. Many times, villagers and some philanthropists tried to build a roof for Goddess, but their efforts returned empty handed as the roof gets dismantle every time. As per "Srimad Devi Bhagwat", there are 108 [[Shakta pithas]] as in India, and this is one of them.

'''[[Kalimath]]''', also known as "Kaviltha", is a village which is regarded as a divine place and ''Shakta pitha''. It lies at an altitude of around {{convert|6000|ft|m}} (1,800 m) on the river ''Saraswati'' in the Himalayas, surrounded by the peaks of Kedarnath in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand. Kalimath is situated close to ''Ukhimath'' and ''Guptakashi''. It is one of the "Siddha Peeths" of the region and is regarded a respectful place with religious importance. The temple of the goddess Kali is located in this village and is visited by many devotees throughout the year, especially during the "Navratras". There are 108 ''Shakta pithas'' in India, and this is one of them as described in the "Srimad Devi Bhagwat". The upper part of goddess Kali is worshipped in "Dhari Devi". Goddess Kali killed the demon "Raktavija" here in this area. After killing the demon, they went under the earth.
Usually they have their own pantheon consisted of rural deities who are worshipped through [[Jagar (ritual)]], these deities include [[Narsingh]], [[Bhairava|Bhairav]], [[Nagaraja]] (Nagaraja is believed to be form of [[Krishna]] according to local legends), [[Pandav]] and [[Draupadi]] etc. This pantheon was headed by [[Durga]] and [[Shiva|Mahadev]], who is referred to by many names such as Bhagwati, Surkanda, Kali, Bhavani, Nanda etc. They also worship their ancestors who were locally known as Bhumiyal, which literally means guardians of Land each and every Garhwali villages have their own Bhumiyal they are worshipped in a small stone made shrine known as Thaan where they are represented by small rocks placed inside the thaan. Usually during the crops were offered to Bhumiyal as a way to thanking them for protecting the village.

== Notable people ==

{{more citations needed section|date=May 2019|reason=Not all individuals listed here are reliably sourced to be Grahwali}}

=== Film and television ===

==== Hindi cinema ====
*[[Brijendra Kala]] (actor, dialogue writer)
* [[Chitrashi Rawat]] (actress)
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] (actor)
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] (actress)
* [[Jagat Rawat]] (actor)
* [[Madhurima Tuli]] (actress)
* [[Priyanshu Painyuli]] (actor)
* [[Sanjay Khanduri]] (director)
* [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] (dialogue writer, director, actor, screenwriter, producer and casting director)
* [[Triptii Dimri|Tripti Dimri]] (actress)
* [[Urvashi Rautela]] (actress)
* [[Varun Badola]] (actor)

==== Television ====
* [[Aditi Sajwan]] (actress)
* [[Alka Kaushal]] (actress)
* [[Asha Negi]] (actress)
* [[Barkha Sengupta]] (actress)
* [[Priyanka Kandwal]] (actress)
* [[Raghav Juyal]] (dancer, choreographer and actor)
* [[Shivangi Joshi]] (actress)
* [[Shruti Bisht]] (actress)
* [[Shruti Ulfat]] (actress)

==== Radio ====
* [[Abhilash Thapliyal]] (radio jockey and actor)

==== Beauty pageants ====
* [[Anukriti Gusain]] (actress, [[Femina Miss India]], [[Miss Asia Pacific World]] 2014)
* [[Manasvi Mamgai]] (model, Femina Miss India 2010)

==== Hollywood ====
* [[Navi Rawat]] (Indian-American actress)

==== Folk music ====
* [[Basanti Bisht]] (folk singer, [[Padma Shri]] award recipient)
* [[Chander Singh Rahi]] (folk singer, composer, poet musician)
* [[Jeet Singh Negi]] (folk singer)
* [[Meena Rana]] (folk singer)
* [[Narendra Singh Negi]] (folk singer and composer, Padma Shri and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] recipient)
* [[Pritam Bhartwan]] (folk singer, Padma Shri award recipient)

=== Art ===
* [[Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna]] (Hindi writer and poet)
* [[Ganga Prasad Vimal]] (Hindi writer and poet)
* [[Leeladhar Jagudi]] (Hindi writer, poet, Padma Shri and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] recipient)
* [[Manglesh Dabral]] (Hindi writer, poet and journalist, Sahitya Akademi Award recipient)
* [[Mola Ram]] (18th century [[Indian art|Indian painter]], who originated the Garhwal branch of the [[Kangra painting|Pahari/Kangra school of painting]])
* [[Ranbir Singh Bisht]] (Indian painter and the Principal of the College of Fine Arts, [[Lucknow University]], Padma Shri and [[Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship]] recipient)
* [[Taradutt Gairola]] (lawyer, author, editer)
* [[Viren Dangwal]] (Hindi writer, poet, journalist and academician, Sahitya Akademi Award recipient)
* [[Girish Tiwari]] (Hindi/Kumaoni poet and folk singer)
* [[Shekhar Pathak]] (historian, editor, publisher, activist, traveller associated with the [[Chipko movement]])

=== Social work and activism ===
* [[Anil Prakash Joshi]] (environmentalist, [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient)
* [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]] (environmentalist, [[Chipko movement]] leader, Padma Bhushan and [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] recipient)
* [[Gaura Devi]] (Leader of Mahila Mangal Dal of Chipko movement) - [[Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Awards|Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Award]] recipient)
* [[Kunwar Singh Negi]] (braille editor and social worker, Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan recipient)
* [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]] (environmentalist, Chipko movement leader, [[Padma Vibhushan]] recipient)

==== Indian independence movement ====
* [[Nagendra Saklani]] (Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter)
* [[Ram Prasad Nautiyal]] (Indian freedom fighter and politician)
* [[Sri Dev Suman]] (Indian freedom fighter, journalist and civil rights leader)

=== Historical figures ===
* [[Teelu Rauteli]], folk heroine of Garhwal, Uttarakhand

=== Religion ===
* [[Dabral Baba]] (Indian yogi and mystic)
* [[Hans Maharaj]] (Indian spiritual leader)
* [[Prem Rawat]] (Indian American spiritual leader, founder of the [[Divine Light Mission]])
* [[Swami Rama]] (founder of the Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust)

=== Science and academics ===
* [[Anand Sharan Raturi]] (economist and first vice-chancellor of [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]])
* [[Aditya Narayan Purohit]] (Plant physiologist, Padma Shri awarded and vice-chancellor of [[H.N.B. Garhwal University]])
* [[Anirudh Kala]] (psychiatrist)
* [[Chandra Prakash Kala]] (ecologist)
* [[Prem Lal Joshi]] (accounting researcher and professor)
* [[Ruchi Badola]] (ecologist)
* [[Vijay Prasad Dimri]] (geophysical scientist, Padma Shri recipient)

=== Indian Armed Forces ===
==== Gallantry award recipients ====
* Naik [[Darwan Singh Negi]], [[Victoria Cross]] from 1st Battalion of [[39th Garhwal Rifles]]
* Rifleman [[Gabar Singh Negi]], Victoria Cross from 2nd Battalion, 39th Garhwal Rifles (posthumous)
* Havildar [[Gajender Singh Bisht]], [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Operation Black Tornado]] 2008, [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] (posthumous)
* Rifleman [[Jaswant Singh Rawat]], hero of Indo-China War, 1962; [[Maha Vir Chakra]] (posthumous)

==== Prominent names ====
* General [[Bipin Rawat]], [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] and former [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
* Lt. Gen. [[Anil Chauhan]], Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army
* Lt. Gen. [[Anil Kumar Bhatt]], General Officer Commanding (GOC) [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]], also called as the "Chinar Corps" of the [[Indian Army]], former Director-General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army.
* Lt. Gen. [[Jaiveer Singh Negi]], Commandant of [[Indian Military Academy]], Indian Army
* Lt. Gen. [[Balwant Singh Negi]] (Retd.), former General Officer Commander-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]], Indian Army
* Lt. Gen. [[Madan Mohan Lakhera]] (Retd.), former [[Governor of Mizoram]], former [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]
* Lt. Gen. [[Tejpal Singh Rawat]] (Retd.), former [[Director General of the Assam Rifles]], Indian Army and former [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Lok Sabha]]
* Director-General [[Rajendra Singh (coast guard)|Rajendra Singh]], former [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]]
* Maj. Gen. [[B. C. Khanduri]] (Retd.), former [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)|Union Minister of Surface Transport]], former [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]] and former MP Lok Sabha
* Air Marshal [[Brijesh Dhar Jayal]] (Retd.), PVSM AVSM VM & Bar (served as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of South Western Air Command & Deputy Chief of Air Staff).
* Air Marshal [[Arvindra Singh Butola]], Air Officer Commander-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), [[Training Command, Indian Air Force|Training Command]], [[Indian Air Force]]
* Brigadier [[Surendra Singh Panwar]] (Retd.)
* Brigadier [[S. K. S. Negi]] (Retd.)
* Colonel [[Ajay Kothiyal]] (Retd.), [[Kirti Chakra]] and [[Shaurya Chakra]] recipient

=== Bureaucracy ===
* [[Ajit Doval]], [[National Security Adviser (India)|National Security Adviser of India]], Kirti Chakra, [[President's Police Medal]] and [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]] recipient
* [[Anil Dhasmana]], former chief of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]], the external intelligence agency of India

=== Judiciary ===
* [[Mukandi Lal]] (barrister, judge, politician, writer, and art critic from the [[Garhwal Kingdom|Princely State of Tehri Garhwal]])
* [[Sudhanshu Dhulia]] (Justice, [[Uttarakhand High Court]]. Judge In-Charge Education, Uttarakhand Judicial and Legal Academy)
* [[Ravindra Maithani]] (Judge at the [[Uttarakhand High Court|High Court of Uttarakhand]] at Nainital since December 2018)

=== Politics ===
* [[Anil Baluni]] (journalist, politician, [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] [[Rajya Sabha]])
* [[Bhakt Darshan]] (politician, former [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister of State]] for Education and Transport, former MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Brahm Dutt]] (politician, former [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Union Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas]], former MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Dimple Yadav|Dimple Rawat Yadav]] (politician, [[Samajwadi Party]], wife of [[Akhilesh Yadav]])
* [[Chandra Mohan Singh Negi]] (politician, former MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Dhan Singh Negi]] (politician, Former [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[Tehri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tehri]])
* [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]] (politician, former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]])
* [[Kamalendumati Shah]] (former Queen of the [[Garhwal Kingdom|Princely State of Tehri Garhwal]], former MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Mahant Avaidyanath]] (politician, former Mahant of [[Gorakhnath Math]], former MP Lok Sabha)
* Lt. Col. [[Manabendra Shah]] (politician, former King of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal, former MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Manohar Kant Dhyani]] (politician, former MP Rajya Sabha)
* [[Manorama Dobriyal Sharma]] (politician, former MP Rajya Sabha)
* [[Paripoornanand Painuli]] (politician, former MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]] (politician, [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Union Minister of Human Resource Development]], former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand)
* [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]] (politician, MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Satpal Maharaj]] (politician, former MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Tirath Singh Rawat]] (politician, Chief Minister of Uttrakhand)
* [[Trepan Singh Negi]] (politician, former MP Lok Sabha)
* [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] (politician, Former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand)
* [[Vijay Bahuguna]] (politician, former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand)
* [[Yogi Adityanath]] (politician, Mahant of Gorakhnath Math, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, former MP Lok Sabha)

=== Business and industry ===
* [[P. L. Gairola]], Indian banker, former chairman of [[Dena Bank]]
* [[O. P. Bhatt]], Indian banker, 22nd Chairman of the [[State Bank of India]]

=== Sports ===

==== Mixed Martial Arts ====
*[[Anshul Jubli]] (Indian MMA fighter, currently fights in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]])

==== Mountaineering ====
* [[Arvind Raturi]] (Mountaineer, scaled [[Mount Everest]] as a part of the NCC Mount Everest Expedition Team in 2013)
* Major [[Harsh Vardhan Bahuguna]] (Mountaineer, Padma Shri recipient (posthumous))
* Major [[Jai Vardhan Bahuguna]] (Mountaineer, Shaurya Chakra recipient (posthumous))
*[[Mohan Singh Gunjyal]] (Indo Tibet Border Police) Summitted Mount Everest. Recipient of [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] and Padma Shri.
* [[Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal]] (Indian Police officer and mountaineer, summited Mount Everest, Padma Shri recipient)
* Major [[Narendra Dhar Jayal]] (Mountaineer, founding principal of the [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] at Darjeeling)
* [[Bachendri Pal]] (first Indian woman to reach summit of Mt. Everest, Padma Bhushan)

==== Shooting ====
* [[Jaspal Rana]] ([[Commonwealth Games]] gold medalist in shooting, Padma Shri recipient)
* [[Sushma Rana]] ([[2006 Commonwealth Games]] at [[Melbourne]])

==== Chess ====
* [[Parimarjan Negi]] (third-youngest chess grand-master in history, Arjuna Award 2010)

==== Cricket ====
* [[Amit Uniyal]] (Left-arm-fast-medium bowler, plays for [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab cricket team]], currently a part of [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]])
* [[Aryan Juyal]] (Wicketkeeper-batsman, part of the [[India national under-19 cricket team]] who won the [[2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]])
* [[Hemlata Kala]] (Player for the [[India national women's cricket team]])
* [[Pawan Suyal]] (First-class cricketer, Left-arm medium-pace bowler, plays for Delhi cricket team in domestic cricket, currently a part of [[Delhi Capitals]] in the Indian Premier League)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/players/1694-pawan-suyal-playerprofile|title=Pawan Suyal Profile|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=20 June 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.himalayanbuzz.com/cricket-players-from-uttarakhand/|title=7 Popular Cricket Players from Uttarakhand - Himalayan Buzz|date=14 March 2016|work=Himalayan Buzz|access-date=20 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Preeti Dimri]] (Player for India women's national cricket team)
* [[Rishabh Pant]] (Player for India national cricket team) Wikipedia

==== Football ====
* [[Deependra Negi]] (Indian professional [[Association football|football]] [[Midfielder (association football)|midfielder]] for [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] in the [[Indian Super League]])
* [[Manish Maithani]] (Indian precessional football midfielder for [[FC Pune City|Pune City]] in the Indian Super League)
* [[Sahil Panwar]] (Indian professional football [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for Pune City in the Indian Super League)

=== Journalism and literature ===

* [[Viren Dangwal]] (Poet and recipient of the Sahitya Academy Award for his renowned contribution in Hindi Literature)
* [[Manglesh Dabral]] (poet and journalist, He was a recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2000)
* [[Shivprasad Dabral Charan]] (Historian, poet and writer ([[Hindi]] and [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]) from Uttarakhand)

==See also==
* [[Garhwal division]]
* [[Garhwal Rifles]]
* [[Kumaoni people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://blogs.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/nbteditpage/khasiya-rajput-of-uttarakhand1/ Article on Khas people of Uttarakhand namely ''Jeevat Ke Dhani Uttarakhand Ke Khasiya'' by Indian writer Govinda Singh]
* Himalay Parichay - Rahul Sankrityayan, Source : [https://epustakalay.com/book/96882-himalaya-parichay-by-rahul-sankrityayan/ हिमालय परिचय | HIMALAYA PARICHAY | राहुल सांकृत्यायन - Rahul Sankrityayan | Hindi PDF Download | Read Online |]

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Culture of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Garhwali people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:Garhwal division]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]

Internet Freedom Foundation

2026-04-23T05:21:50Z

Pritam: Adding A Pg

{{Short description|Indian digital liberties organisation}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Promotional|date=July 2025}}{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| formation = {{start date and age|2016|08|15|df=y}}
| image = [[File:Internet Freedom Foundation Logo.png|250px]]
| purpose = [[Digital rights]]
| headquarters = New Delhi, India
| type = [[Nonprofit]]
| tax_id =
| founder = [[Apar Gupta]], Aravind Sulekha, Karthik Balakrishnan, [[Rachita Taneja]], Raman Chima, Rohin Dharmakumar, Kiran Jonnalagadda, [[Nikhil Pahwa]]
| predecessor = SaveTheInternet.in
| dissolved = 
| addnl_location =
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| origins =
| key_people =
| region_served = [[India]]
| products =
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| leader_title = Founder Director
| leader_name = Apar Gupta
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| abbreviation = IFF
| website = {{URL|https://internetfreedom.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Internet Freedom Foundation''' (IFF) is an Indian digital rights advocacy organisation that defends against threats to civil liberties and democracy in India. Launched on 15 August 2016 — [[India's Independence Day]], — it grounds its mission in the principles of the [[Constitution of India]], reflecting its commitment to [[democratic rights]] and [[civic participation]]. IFF combines digital-first campaigning with policy advocacy. Its staff and volunteers run literacy projects such as online campaigns that inform citizens and engage government bodies about complex issues in technology policy. It conducts strategic litigation in matters of censorship, digital surveillance, and [[digital privacy]]. Based in [[New Delhi]], it is led by Indian lawyer and founder director [[Apar Gupta]].

== History ==

Internet Freedom Foundation emerged from the [[SaveTheInternet.in]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=SaveTheInternet.in Coalition |url=https://internetfreedom.in/author/savetheinternet/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> a volunteer-driven advocacy campaign for [[Net neutrality in India]]. The SaveTheInternet.in campaign gathered over 1.2 million signatures from Indian citizens opposing discriminatory pricing practices by telecom companies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ashish K. |date=2015-05-09 |title=India's Net neutrality crusaders |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/FJQWrDereqsC3zGIEspGqI/The-people-who-want-to-save-the-Internet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317091810/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/FJQWrDereqsC3zGIEspGqI/The-people-who-want-to-save-the-Internet.html |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref> In response to this mobilization and other stakeholder input, the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) issued regulations prohibiting discriminatory data pricing, commonly known as zero-rating practices. IFF was formally launched on August 15, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-15 |title=Hello world - and happy Independence Day! |url=https://internetfreedom.in/hello-world/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

Absent advocacy organisations working on digital rights in India, and to enable sustained work the co-founders of the SaveTheInternet.in campaign established IFF<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saving The Internet {{!}} Columbia Global Centers |url=https://globalcenters.columbia.edu/news/saving-internet |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=globalcenters.columbia.edu}}</ref> as an organisation to work on issues of privacy, free speech, net neutrality, and innovation on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facing up to Facebook and others on net neutrality - Civil Society Magazine |url=https://www.civilsocietyonline.com/campaigns/inside-story-how-the-internet-was-saved/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.civilsocietyonline.com}}</ref> IFF became a staffed organisation in April, 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-28 |title=Looking towards the future |url=https://internetfreedom.in/looking-towards-the-future/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> and [[Apar Gupta]] took over as the Executive Director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Apar Gupta - Executive Director at Internet Freedom Foundation |url=https://restofworld.org/profile/apar-gupta/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Rest of World |language=en-US}}</ref> Gupta served in this capacity until July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Transitions and achieving our true potential |url=https://internetfreedom.in/transitions-our-true-potential/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Following a transition period, Gupta returned to lead the organization as Founder Director in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=Thank you Prateek! |url=https://internetfreedom.in/thank-you-prateek/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

==Mission ==

IFF's mission is threefold: to challenge the concentration of power and profit in digital technology markets, to defend civil liberties in the digital sphere, and to ensure transparency and accountability in technology policy affecting Indian citizens. For this it leverages the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]. It has also undertaken strategic litigation and offered pro-bono legal assistance to journalists, creators and media professionals in cases of surveillance such as spyware infections<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bapat |first=Yashaswini Basu, Krishnesh |date=2021-07-20 |title=Pegasus spyware surveillance: The devil lies in what we don't know |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/pegasus-spyware-surveillance-the-devil-lies-in-what-we-dont-know |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and [[Internet censorship in India|internet censorship]]<ref name="censor-chinese-style">{{cite news |last1=Goel |first1=Vindu |date=14 February 2019 |title=India Proposes Chinese-Style Internet Censorship |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/technology/india-internet-censorship.html |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="censor-netflix">{{cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Netflix will regulate its content in India. It swears that's not a bad thing |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/18/tech/netflix-india-code-regulation/index.html |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="free-speech">{{cite magazine |last1=Martineau |first1=Paris |title=India is Cracking Down on Ecommerce and Free Speech |url=https://www.wired.com/story/india-is-cracking-down-ecommerce-free-speech/ |access-date=July 5, 2019 |magazine=Wired}}</ref> such as blocking of websites,.<ref name="blocking">{{cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Not just porn, Indian telecom firms are blocking other websites, too |url=https://qz.com/india/1547142/not-just-porn-indian-telecom-firms-are-blocking-other-websites-too/ |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=qz.com |publisher=Quartz India}}</ref> It has also engaged on issues on the impact of technology on democracy<ref name="encryption">{{cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=WhatsApp is at risk in India. So are free speech and encryption. |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/2/19/18224084/india-intermediary-guidelines-laws-free-speech-encryption-whatsapp |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=vox.com |publisher=Vox}}</ref> and the growth of [[Techno-authoritarianism|digital authoritarianism]] in India.<ref name="interference">{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Anumeha |title=Internet Freedom Foundation, Constitutional Conduct, ex CECs among others appeal to EC to reign in digital platforms |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/internet-freedom-foundation-constitutional-conduct-ex-cecs-among-others-appeal-to-ec-to-reign-in-digital-platforms/articleshow/68742829.cms |access-date=July 5, 2019 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Projects ==
{{Expand section|date=July 2025}}

=== Zombie Tracker ===
Zombie Tracker is a public database developed by IFF in partnership with Civic Data Labs that documents cases still being prosecuted under [[Information Technology Act, 2000#Section 66A|Section 66A]] of the Information Technology Act, despite the Supreme Court striking down the provision in [[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zombietracker.in/ |title=Zombie Tracker |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> The tool is named 'Zombie Tracker' as a metaphor for the 'zombie' nature of the legal provision—officially killed by judicial order but continuing to haunt the criminal justice system through ongoing prosecutions. The tracker along with strategic litigation lead to a closure of all 66A cases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=SC's direction: Stop prosecuting people under S.66A |url=https://internetfreedom.in/sc-direction-stop-prosecuting-people-under-the-unconstitutional-s-66a/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Newslaundry reported on the order, referencing the underlying litigation.<ref name="NewsLaundry2021">{{cite news|url=https://newslaundry.com/2021/07/15/will-indian-police-finally-stop-registering-cases-under-section-66a/|title=Will Indian police finally stop registering cases under Section 66A?|publisher=Newslaundry|date=2021-07-15|accessdate=2025-11-12}}</ref> The dataset was based on an empirical study in a research paper by [[Apar Gupta]] and Abhinav Sekhri calling attention to the continued use of Section 66A of the IT Act, despite the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] striking it down.<ref name="66a-gupta-sekhri">{{cite journal |last1=Sekhri |first1=Abhinav |last2=Gupta |first2=Apar |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Section 66A and Other Legal Zombies |ssrn=3275893 | journal = IFF Working Paper No. 2/2018}}</ref>

=== Project Panoptic ===
Project Panoptic tracks the development and implementation of facial recognition technology projects in India with an aim to increase transparency and accountability around the use of Facial recognition technology in India. The tracker was built by IFF along with volunteers from Datakind and Frappe. As of November 2021, Project Panoptic tracked 78 facial recognition technology (FRT) projects across India, with the tracked projects collectively budgeted at approximately 9.6 billion Indian rupees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://panoptic.in/ |website=Panoptic Project | title= Facial Recognition Systems in India | access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> Project Panoptic along with [[Amnesty International]] and [[Article 19]], launched the Hyderabad leg of BanTheScan campaign. Hyderabad is one of the most surveilled cities in the world, with 600,000 cameras monitoring its citizens all the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://banthescan.amnesty.org/hyderabad/ |website=Ban the Scan: Hyderabad |access-date=29 November 2021|title=Hyderabad }}</ref> By 2024, the tracker had expanded to document over 120 government FRT tenders, providing the most comprehensive public database of India's facial recognition procurement and deployment.

=== Digital Patrakar Defence Clinic ===
Digital Patrakar Defense Clinic (DPDC)—'patrakar' meaning 'journalist' in Hindi—offers pro-bono legal assistance and representation to Indian journalists, cartoonists, bloggers, and other digital content creators facing legal threats, including defamation suits, obscenity charges, or censorship orders.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patrakardefence.in/ | title = Digital Patrakar Defence Clinic |website=Digital Patrakar Defence Clinic |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

== Public Campaigns ==
{{Expand section|date=July 2025}}

=== Speech Bill ===
In March 2017, IFF drafted a law to reform India's [[Defamation#India|defamation law]] which was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] as a Private Member's Bill by [[Tathagata Satpathy]].<ref name="defamation">{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-debate-on-defamation-law-goes-online/articleshow/54319676.cms | title=Now, debate on defamation law goes online |newspaper=The Times of India | date=14 September 2016 |access-date=July 5, 2019}}</ref> The bill garnered more than 2000 signatures and 54 organisational supporters, including India's largest publishing houses.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} However, like most Private Member's Bills, this legislation did not advance to passage

=== ''Keep Us Online'' ===
In April 2017, IFF launched a campaign against internet shutdowns in India called ''KeepUsOnline''. They petitioned the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Union Minister]] for [[MeitY|Electronics and Information Technology]] to introduce credible measures to stop arbitrary internet shutdowns in India.<ref name="internet-shutdown">{{cite web | last1=Shrabonti Bagchi | first1=Pankaj Mishra | url=https://factordaily.com/iff-internet-freedom-foundation-shutdown-net-neutrality/ | title='Keep Us Online,' says a new campaign by the Internet Freedom Foundation against internet shutdowns in India | website=factordaily.com | date=20 March 2017 | publisher=Factor Daily | access-date=July 5, 2019 | archive-date=5 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705163907/https://factordaily.com/iff-internet-freedom-foundation-shutdown-net-neutrality/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== ''Save Our Privacy'' ===
Launched in 2018, ''SaveOurPrivacy'' is a public initiative launched by a collective of 35 organizations including IFF, which put across a model draft law called "Indian Privacy Code, 2018".<ref>{{cite web |title=SaveOurPrivacy |url=https://saveourprivacy.in/ |website=SaveOurPrivacy |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> The code has seven core principles, one of which calls for surveillance reform. It advocates for a law that limits mass or 'dragnet' surveillance, and lays down clear rules governing individual surveillance.<ref name="data-protection">{{cite web |url= https://scroll.in/latest/881915/citizens-group-unveils-draft-law-on-data-protection-that-safeguards-the-right-to-privacy | title=Citizens' group unveils draft law on data protection that safeguards the right to privacy |website=scroll.in | date=8 June 2018 |access-date=July 5, 2019}}</ref> It also seeks the strengthening and protection of the right to information. After going through multiple revisions, the draft was filed as a private member's bill in the parliament, twice. The collective creates resources for public awareness and continuously engages with government representatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Save Our Privacy |url=https://saveourprivacy.in/ |website=SaveOurPrivacy |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

== Litigation ==
IFF has engaged in a broad array of legal actions — as petitioner, intervener, legal representative, and amicus curiae — to uphold digital rights and civil liberties in India. These span multiple themes from online privacy and data protection to free expression, surveillance reform, and internet access. It includes cases where team members from IFF have acted as litigators, the organisation has been a petitioner, provided legal representation, intervened in ongoing matters, or supported other petitioners through amicus briefs and counsel. A separate section covers legal notices issued by IFF and their impact.

=== Privacy and Data Protection ===

In 2017, IFF intervened in a Supreme Court case challenging [[WhatsApp]]’s [[privacy policy]], which allowed greater data sharing with Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whatsapp-Facebook Privacy |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/karmanya-singh-sareen-union-of-india-whatsapp-facebook-privacy-case-background/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> IFF sought an interim stay on WhatsApp’s 2016 policy and later opposed the 2021 policy update on behalf of users, highlighting threats to data privacy. This matter is now before a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, underscoring the need for a robust data protection regime in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=LiveLaw Research |date=2017-04-18 |title=SC Forms Constitution Bench To hear The WhatsApp Case |url=https://www.livelaw.in/sc-forms-constitution-bench-hear-whatsapp-case |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref>

IFF provided legal assistance to a petitioner challenging the mandatory use of the [[Aarogya Setu]] contact-tracing app for employees during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Aditi |date=2020-05-13 |title='Would Chief Justice of a HC be held liable if employees do not download Aarogya Setu?' petitioner asks in Kerala HC |url=https://www.medianama.com/2020/05/223-kerala-hc-jackson-mathew-aarogya-setu-next-hearing-may-18-3/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> Filed in the Kerala High Court in 2020, the petition argued that forcing the app on private and public sector workers was a disproportionate invasion of privacy (violating Articles 14, 19, and 21).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Akshita |date=2020-05-11 |title='Harmonise Contact Tracing With The Right To Privacy': New Plea In Kerala HC Against Mandatory Use Of 'Aarogya Setu' App For Employees |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/harmonise-contact-tracing-with-the-right-to-privacy-new-plea-in-kerala-hc-against-mandatory-use-of-aarogya-setu-app-for-employees-156574 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Soon after the court admitted the case, the government revised its guidelines to make Aarogya Setu usage voluntary (“best efforts” basis) instead of mandatory.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-18 |title=Mandatory to best effort basis: Aarogya Setu app rule eased for companies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/mandatory-to-best-effort-basis-aarogya-setu-app-rule-eased-for-cos/articleshow/75794985.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2020, IFF's legal team represented [[Dr. Satendra Singh]] in a Delhi High Court petition concerning the [[National Digital Health Mission]]’s Health Data Management policy. The case highlighted how rushed online consultations (with short deadlines and English-only materials) excluded persons with disabilities and those without internet access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandrasekhar |first=Ramya |title=Datafication, Power, and Publics in India's National Digital Health Ecosystem |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4981374 |journal=CNRS - Center for Internet and Society |date=31 January 2024 |ssrn=4981374 }}</ref> The High Court directed the government to consider the petitioner’s representation, pushing for more inclusive and accessible policymaking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=Delhi HC directs govt to consider representation regarding national Health Data Management Policy |url=https://internetfreedom.in/ndhm-data-policy-delhi-hc/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

IFF has intervened in multiple cases dealing with the “[[right to be forgotten]]” – the idea that individuals can have personal data or court records delisted or removed. In ''Laksh Vir Singh Yadav v. Union of India'' (Delhi High Court), IFF joined as an intervenor to oppose creating a broad right to be forgotten via judicial order.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Access Now |date=2016-11-09 |title=In India, the "right to be forgotten" is in the hands of the Delhi High Court |url=https://www.accessnow.org/india-right-forgotten-hands-delhi-high-court/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Access Now |language=en}}</ref> IFF argued that without a statutory framework, recognizing such a right could curtail the public’s right to information and free expression. Similarly, IFF supported Indian Kanoon (a legal database) in a Kerala High Court case where a litigant sought removal of a public court judgment from the website.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benny |first=Navya |date=2022-12-22 |title=Right To Be Forgotten - Kerala High Court Allows Litigants To Seek Deletion Of Personal Identities In Family Cases & In-Camera Trials |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/right-to-be-forgotten-kerala-high-court-allows-litigants-to-seek-deletion-of-personal-identities-in-family-cases-in-camera-trials-217302 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> IFF’s position in these cases is that, while privacy is important, an unqualified right to be forgotten threatens transparency and Article 19(1)(a) freedoms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bawa |first=Anmol Kaur |date=2024-07-24 |title=Supreme Court To Settle Law On 'Right To Be Forgotten'; Stays HC Direction To 'IndianKanoon' To Pull Down Judgment |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-to-settle-law-on-right-to-be-forgotten-stays-hc-direction-to-indiankanoon-to-pull-down-judgment-264401 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Free Speech and Online Content Regulation ===

IFF provided legal representation to Tanul Thakur, the creator of a satirical website “Dowry Calculator”, in his 2019 petition to the Delhi High Court challenging the arbitrary blocking of his website by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Court Case That Could Change the Way Government Blocks Info on Censorship |url=https://thewire.in/rights/dowry-calculator-censorship-information-india |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Ministry of Electronics & IT]] (MeitY) had blocked the site without prior notice, ostensibly under the [[Dowry Prohibition Act]] despite the site's plainly satirical nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aafaq |first=Zafar |date=2023-05-01 |title=The near-impossible task of restoring a blocked Twitter handle in India |url=https://scroll.in/article/1048073/the-near-impossible-task-of-restoring-a-blocked-twitter-handle-in-india |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> IFF argued that the blocking violated due process and free speech, as authorities failed to even attempt contacting the owner (despite his contact info being public). The case exposed how opaque website bans undermine transparency. The Delhi High Court issued notice in late 2019 and the matter is pending adjudication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Anushka |date=2022-05-19 |title=Show order for blocking website: Delhi High Court to IT Ministry |url=https://www.medianama.com/2022/05/223-order-delhi-high-court-meity-section-69a-petition-2/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref>

IFF has represented several parties in challenges to the [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|IT Rules, 2021]], which impose sweeping content regulation and moderation requirements. These cases have been transferred by the Supreme Court to the Delhi High Court:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court transfers challenges to IT Rules 2021 to the Delhi High Court |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/supreme-court-transfers-challenges-to-it-rules-2021-to-the-delhi-high-court/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> In ''LiveLaw Media Pvt. Ltd. v. UOI'' (Kerala High Court), IFF's lawyers represented LiveLaw in its constitutional challenge to the new IT Rules.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2021-03-10 |title=Breaking: Kerala High Court Issues Notice On LiveLaw's Plea Challenging New IT Rules, Orders No Coercive Action |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/kerala-high-court-new-it-rules-orders-no-coercive-action-issues-notice-on-livelaws-plea-170983 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> LiveLaw contends that the Rules especially the oversight mechanism for digital news and “content takedown” orders – violate freedom of speech and are ultra vires since news websites aren't “intermediaries” at all. In March 2021, the Kerala High Court admitted the case and granted interim relief by barring coercive action against LiveLaw protecting the portal pending a final decision.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kamini |date=2021-03-13 |title=Ker HC {{!}} Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 challenged; HC restrains State from taking any coercive action for non-compliance of Part III of the impugned Rules |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/03/13/information-technology-intermediary-guidelines-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2021/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In ''T.M. Krishna v. UOI'' (Madras High Court), IFF provided legal assistance to renowned musician and activist [[T. M. Krishna|T.M. Krishna]] in another petition challenging the IT Rules, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2021-06-10 |title='IT Rules Offend My Rights As An Artist & Cultural Commentator' : TM Krishna Moves Madras High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/tm-krishna-madras-high-court-constitutionality-of-new-it-rules-175492 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Krishna argues the Rules infringe upon Article 14 and 19(1)(a) rights by imposing a chilling effect on creative and journalistic expression. In mid-2021, the Madras High Court issued notice and stayed any punitive action under Part III of the Rules, noting the serious issues raised.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras High Court Stays IT Rules |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/madras-high-court-stays-it-rules/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

Section 66A of the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]], which criminalized “offensive” online messages, was struck down by the Supreme Court in ''[[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India|Shreya Singhal v. UOI]]''. Yet authorities kept arresting and charging people under it.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} In 2018, IFF assisted [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL) in the Supreme Court by providing research and legal support for a Miscellaneous Application in the ''Shreya Singhal'' case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-06 |title='Terrible, shocking' that Sec 66A still used to arrest people: Supreme Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/terrible-shocking-that-sec-66a-still-used-to-arrest-people-supreme-court/articleshow/84159436.cms |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> IFF's “Zombie Tracker” project had uncovered fresh 66A cases even after the ban.The Supreme Court took note and in 2019 directed the closure of all pending cases under 66A and ordered authorities not to register new ones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=PUCL approaches Supreme Court seeking directions against continued prosecutions under the unconstitutional Section 66A |url=https://internetfreedom.in/pucl-approaches-supreme-court-seeking-directions-against-continued-prosecutions-under-the-unconstitutional-section-66a/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> When reports in 2021 showed continued 66A arrests, IFF again supported PUCL in filing ''M.A. No. 901/2021'' in the Supreme Court. The Court issued notice to the Union government and demanded an explanation for ongoing prosecutions under the defunct law and directed that no new cases should be registered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Padmakshi |date=2022-10-12 |title=No Person Should Be Prosecuted Under Section 66A IT Act : Supreme Court Issues Directions To Enforce Shreya Singhal Judgment |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/no-person-should-be-prosecuted-under-section-66a-it-act-supreme-court-issues-directions-to-enforce-shreya-singhal-judgment-211452 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

IFF's legal team represented the interests of [[MeToo movement in India|#MeToo]] whistle-blowers in a 2019 Delhi High Court defamation suit. Artist [[Subodh Gupta]] had sued the anonymous Instagram handle “Herdsceneand” (and media outlets) for publicizing sexual harassment allegations against him. IFF argued that gagging such reporting would undermine both free press and the #MeToo movement's goal of accountability.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gupta v. Herdsceneand |url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/gupta-v-herdsceneand/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Surveillance, Anonymity and Security ===

IFF is the lead petitioner in ''[[Internet Freedom Foundation v. UOI]]'', a case urging surveillance reform. In 2019, IFF filed a petition in the Supreme Court questioning the constitutionality of India's current electronic surveillance framework, which allows broad telephone and internet interception under the Telegraph Act and IT Act.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-14 |title=Supreme Court issues notice on IFF's petition for surveillance reform #SaveOurPrivacy |url=https://internetfreedom.in/supreme-court-issues-notice-on-iffs-petition-for-survelliance-reform-saveourprivacy/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> The petition seeks systemic reform demanding safeguards like judicial oversight and challenging blanket surveillance orders that violate privacy (post-[[Puttaswamy v. Union of India|Puttaswamy]] right to privacy precedent).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cross-Border Data Access for Law Enforcement: What Are India's Strategic Options? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2020/11/cross-border-data-access-for-law-enforcement-what-are-indias-strategic-options?lang=en |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court issued a notice in this case, which remains pending. This effort is aimed at bringing India's surveillance practices in line with fundamental rights, marking one of the first post-privacy-verdict attempts to get judicial scrutiny over government spying programs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nojeim |first=Greg |title=Encryption in India: Preserving the Online Engine of Privacy, Free Encryption in India: Preserving the Online Engine of Privacy, Free Expression, Security, and Economic Growth Expression, Security, and Economic Growth |url=https://repository.nls.ac.in/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=ijlt |journal=Indian Journal of Law and Technology Indian Journal of Law}}</ref>

IFF intervened in a [[Antony Clement Rubin v. UOI|high-profile Supreme Court case]] originally filed in the Madras High Court where the petitioner sought to require linking social media accounts with Aadhaar or government IDs as a way to curb online misinformation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhaar- Social Media Linking |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/facebook-inc-union-of-india-aadhar-social-media-linking-case-background/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> The Madras HC had expanded that PIL to examine whether platforms like WhatsApp could be forced to trace message originators. IFF opposed these measures, filing an intervention application emphasizing that mandatory ID linking and traceability would devastate online privacy and free speech.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Aditi |date=2019-06-28 |title=Madras HC: Internet Freedom Foundation to act as an intervener in WhatsApp traceability case |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/06/223-madras-hc-internet-freedom-foundation-to-act-as-an-intervener-in-whatsapp-traceability-case-2/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> In court, IFF provided a defense of [[end-to-end encryption]] and [[Anonymity|anonymous speech]], arguing that any attempt to weaken encryption or eliminate anonymity would harm citizens’ fundamental rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=2024-06-05 |title=Madras High Court Directs Govt To Consider Representation Seeking Regulation Of Pet Boarding Facilities Across State |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/madras-high-court/madras-high-court-state-directed-consider-representation-regulation-pet-boarding-facilities-259759 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Facebook had the various ID-linking cases consolidated and transferred to the Supreme Court, where this matter (commonly dubbed the “WhatsApp traceability/Aadhaar-social media linking” case) is pending.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-22 |title=SC allows Facebook's Transfer Petition in Antony Clement Rubin v. UoI |url=https://internetfreedom.in/facebooks-transfer-petition-in-madras-hc-case-involving-encryption-and-traceability-allowed-after-tamil-nadu-government-withdraws-objections/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, IFF provided legal support to petitioner [[S. Q. Masood]] in the Telangana High Court who was challenging the legality of [[Hyderabad]] police's use of [[facial recognition technology]] (FRT).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-06 |title=Telangana's facial recognition technology comes under scanner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganas-facial-recognition-technology-comes-under-scanner-101641409527024.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718142747/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganas-facial-recognition-technology-comes-under-scanner-101641409527024.html |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Masood, a Hyderabad-based activist, filed a PIL in 2021–22 arguing that the Hyderabad City Police's expansive use of facial recognition lacks legal basis, is unnecessary and disproportionate, and operates without safeguards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facial recognition taken to court in India's surveillance hotspot |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/20/india-surveillance-hotspot-telangana-facial-recognition-court-lawsuit-privacy |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> IFF helped draft the petition and lent expertise from its Project Panoptic (which tracks FRT use). In January 2022, the High Court's Chief Justice bench issued notice to the state and police, taking cognizance of the serious privacy issues raised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vandana |date=2023-12-22 |title=Hyderabad wants to be smart, efficient. But face recognition tech, CCTVs making it paranoid |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/hyderabad-wants-to-be-smart-efficient-but-face-recognition-tech-cctvs-making-it-paranoid/1895948/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> This case is ongoing, but it has prompted public debate about surveillance tech.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} The roots of this litigation trace back to a legal notice Masood sent after the police stopped him in the street, had him remove his mask, and photographed him without his consent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NT |first=Sarasvati |date=2023-01-05 |title=Hyderabad Police's rampant use of facial recognition challenged in court |url=https://www.medianama.com/2023/01/223-citizen-challenge-hyderabad-police-facial-recognition/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Internet Shutdowns and Network Access ===
{{more citations needed|date=July 2025}}

IFF played a key role in litigation to end the protracted [[internet shutdown in Jammu and Kashmir]] (J&K) after August 2019. Notably, IFF provided legal assistance to the Foundation for Media Professionals (FMP) in multiple proceedings. IFF actively supported journalist [[Anuradha Bhasin]]’s Supreme Court [[Anuradha Bhasin v. UOI|petition]] by drafting representations and filing [[Right to Information]] (RTI) requests about the government’s use of [[Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services Rules, 2017|telecom suspension powers]]. In a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court held that indefinite internet bans violate the telecom rules and that all shutdown orders must be published and legally justified. This established for the first time that internet access is integral to fundamental rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/bhasin-v-union-of-india/|title=Bhasin v. Union of India - Global Freedom of Expression|date=2023-11-10|publisher=Global Freedom of Expression, Columbia University|accessdate=2025-11-12}}</ref>

With the assistance of IFF’s legal team, FMP petitioned the Supreme Court to restore 4G mobile internet during the COVID-19 lockdowns, when only slow 2G service was allowed. In response, the Supreme Court in May 2020 ordered the government to form a special committee to review the blanket 4G restrictions. Under continued pressure, the government gradually lifted the 4G ban (first in two districts, then across J&K by February 2021). This was a significant victory for digital rights, catalyzing the restoration of full internet services in the region. when authorities delayed acting on the Court’s orders, IFF-supported counsel for FMP filed a contempt petition against Union Home Secretary, [[Ajay Bhalla]]. This move kept the pressure on the government. During these proceedings, the government conceded to restore 4G on a trial basis. Eventually, the contempt matter was closed once restoration of 4G internet was underway.

IFF’s legal interventions have set important precedents beyond J&K. The precedent that “access to the Internet is a fundamental right” was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in 2025 in ''[[Pragya Prasun vs Union Of India]]'', in a case involving [[e-KYC]] barriers for disabled persons. That case was built on the ''Anuradha Bhasin'' logic{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} and declared digital access an intrinsic part of [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21]]. IFF's earlier litigation on shutdowns and its public advocacy were referenced in media discussions of this verdict.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In 2019, IFF filed a PIL in the Gujarat High Court challenging the preventive banning of the [[PUBG Mobile]] app. Several districts in Gujarat had imposed orders to outlaw the game under [[Section 144]] of the Code of Criminal Procedure, leading to some arrests of students for simply playing the game. IFF's petition argued that such bans on apps without clear legal basis or due process were an abuse of power and violated the right to access the internet freely. Although the Gujarat High Court ultimately refused to entertain the petition, declining to intervene in the police's Section 144 orders, the case brought national attention to the issue of arbitrary digital bans.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} IFF's advocacy highlighted that knee-jerk app bans (absent legislation) threaten innovation and users’ rights.

=== Legal Notices ===
{{more citations needed|date=July 2025}}
Apart from courtroom litigation, IFF frequently uses legal notices as a tool to protect digital rights. These are formal letters to government authorities or companies, often a precursor to litigation, highlighting unlawful actions and demanding remedies. Such notices sometimes achieve the desired outcome without needing a court case. Below are key instances of IFF's legal notices and their outcomes:

In 2022, IFF represented [[VideoLAN]], the developer of [[VLC media player|VLC]], after Indian ISPs mysteriously blocked VLC's website nationwide. IFF helped VideoLAN serve a legal notice to the Department of Telecom (DoT) and MeitY in September 2022, demanding to know the legal order behind the ban and seeking an opportunity to be heard. Within a month, the government lifted the ban. In November 2022, MeitY removed the blocks on VLC's site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2022-11-14 |title=India lifts download ban on VLC |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/14/india-lifts-download-ban-on-vlc/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

When the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB) floated a revised Request For Proposals for a nationwide Automated Facial Recognition System (AFRS) in 2019, IFF raised the alarm. IFF sent a legal notice to NCRB in August 2019 urging it to halt and withdraw the tender, citing serious privacy and constitutional concerns. IFF argued that deploying facial recognition at such scale, without a data protection law or safeguards, would violate fundamental rights. NCRB responded to IFF's notice though it did not cancel the project, the engagement forced the Bureau to acknowledge civil liberties concerns. The notice also generated media scrutiny on AFRS. Subsequently, the project's implementation timelines saw delays, and the issue of facial recognition is now under examination in courts, as noted above in the Telangana case.

In June 2019, IFF served a legal notice to the Delhi Government challenging its massive CCTV camera installation initiative. The notice, which was covered in the press, warned that the plan “will lead to a [[surveillance state]]” and is essentially a voyeur's dream if not properly regulated. IFF demanded that the project be paused until a privacy impact assessment and legal framework were in place. The Delhi Government, while publicly defending the CCTV plan, set up a citizen monitoring committee and promised that footage would be subject to privacy norms. Although cameras were installed, IFF's action seeded public debate on surveillance in Delhi and put authorities on notice that blanket monitoring would face legal challenge.

In April 2020, IFF sent a detailed legal notice to [[Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd]] (BECIL), a government PSU, regarding its tender for procuring employee tracking smartwatches and a “COVID-19 Patient Tracking Tool.” IFF asserted that the proposed system involving GPS tracking wearables for health workers and a [[mass surveillance]] database for COVID patients would “certainly injure the constitutional rights to privacy, dignity, and security” of privacy. The notice demanded the tender be modified to include privacy safeguards or be withdrawn.

In late 2021, IFF assisted in drafting a legal notice to the Hyderabad City Police Commissioner after reports emerged of police officers randomly stopping people and searching their mobile phones for keywords like “[[ganja]]” (as part of a drug crackdown). The notice argued that these warrantless phone searches were illegal and violated privacy. Notably, IFF supported S.Q. Masood in sending this notice when he was forced to remove his mask and had his photo taken by police on the street.

== Publications ==
{{Primary sources|section|date=July 2025}}
Over the past decade the Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF) has produced a wide portfolio of policy briefs, open-data trackers, consultation submissions and advocacy research that underpin its litigation and campaigning. The publications are organised around several recurring themes such as data protection, surveillance, connectivity, platform governance and economic regulation. These have been cited by courts, regulators, parliamentary committees and the press.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} IFF also prepares ''“Parliamentarians’ Guides”'' ahead of the Budget, Monsoon and Winter sessions of Parliament, highlighting pressing digital rights issues like data privacy, platform regulation, and censorship for lawmakers’ attention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament |url=https://internetfreedom.in/tag/parliament/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

=== Artificial Intelligence ===
The Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF) produces regular research and advocacy on artificial intelligence policy in India, ranging from its 2019 comments on the Department of Telecommunications’ “Indian AI Stack” concept<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-03 |title=Read our comments on the DoT's Paper to develop an Indian AI Stack |url=https://internetfreedom.in/read-our-comments-on-the-dots-paper-to-develop-an-indian-artificial-intelligence-stack-2/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> and its critique of NITI Aayog's draft #AIforAll enforcement framework<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-14 |title=Going beyond hashtags: how to ensure AI technology truly benefits everyone |url=https://internetfreedom.in/ensuring-true-ai-for-all/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> to more recent submissions on the Ministry of Electronics and IT's 2025 AI Governance Guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mimansa |date=2025-03-13 |title=List of Submissions on IT Ministry's AI Governance Guidelines |url=https://www.medianama.com/2025/03/223-submissions-it-ministry-ai-governance-guidelines/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> IFF pairs these policy briefs with right-to-information campaigns that press public bodies to disclose details of state-led AI projects and procurement, culminating in an open letter to the National Institute for Smart Government that demanded proactive transparency for all pilot deployments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanzgiri |first=Vallari |date=2024-03-27 |title=IFF seeks measures to make AI governance project details public |url=https://www.medianama.com/2024/03/223-iff-demands-ai-governance-projects-details-public-2/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> Its thematic blog series has also examined private-sector uses of AI that implicate civil liberties such as Airtel's machine-learning web-filter, which IFF argued could enable unchecked censorship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Your Internet, Their Rules: Airtel's AI-driven internet filter poses censorship risks |url=https://internetfreedom.in/airtels-ai-driven-internet-filter-poses-censorship-risks/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

=== Data Protection, Surveillance and Privacy ===
During Covid, IFF authored a comprehensive working paper to inform public policy formation in India, including a substantive analysis of the use and publication of health data, specific development of surveillance technologies and deployment of contact tracing through device applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-13 |title=A comprehensive look at Covid Surveillance and Privacy in India |url=https://internetfreedom.in/a-comprehensive-look-at-covid-surveillance-and-privacy-in-india/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> IFF's flagship Public Brief on the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022 set out constitutional and procedural concerns and was publicly released during the consultation window.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Read our public brief on the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022 |url=https://internetfreedom.in/read-our-public-brief-on-the-draft-digital-personal-data-protection-bill-2022/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Follow-up statements on the 2023 and 2025 iterations detailed loopholes around government exemptions and cross-border transfers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-03 |title=Internet Freedom Foundation Statement on the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 |url=https://internetfreedom.in/statement-dpdpb-2023/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> The Economic Times,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=India data protection bill: What's the concern? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/india-data-protection-bill-whats-the-concern/articleshow/102395113.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com&from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Moneylife<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPDP Rules Are Too Little, Too Vague and Too Late: Internet Freedom Foundation |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/dpdp-rules-are-too-little-too-vague-and-too-late-internet-freedom-foundation/76035.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref> and Global Government Forum<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's latest data protection bill provokes fresh privacy concerns |url=https://www.globalgovernmentforum.com/indias-latest-data-protection-bill-provokes-fresh-privacy-concerns/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.globalgovernmentforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> each quoted IFF's analysis when reporting on the Bill's “surveillance” risks. In 2022 IFF's public advocacy against the national railway company's plan to monetize passenger data (articulated through online briefs and social media) led the Indian Railways to withdraw the proposal, with the issue even being taken up by a Parliamentary committee for scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudra |first=Tapanjana |date=2022-08-20 |title=IRCTC To Drop Plan To Monetise User Data Following Criticism: Report |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/irctc-to-drop-plan-to-monetise-user-data-following-criticism-report/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> Through the #SaveOurPrivacy campaign, IFF and allied groups drafted a model data protection law (the “Indian Privacy Code, 2018”), which was introduced twice in Parliament as a Private Member's Bill by [[Shashi Tharoor]] and [[Ravikumar (writer)|D. Ravi Kumar]]; this effort brought accountability and influence to the official drafting process of India's personal data protection legislation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |date=2018-06-08 |title=Civil Society Releases Draft Model Law On Privacy And Data Protection; Launches Community Project, #SaveOurPrivacy |url=https://www.livelaw.in/civil-society-releases-draft-model-law-on-privacy-and-data-protection-launches-community-project-saveourprivacy |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Through Project Panoptic—an open database and series of city reports IFF has tracked more than 120 government FRT tenders. Media outlets such as WIRED,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bansal |first=Varsha |title=The Low Threshold for Face Recognition in New Delhi |url=https://www.wired.com/story/delhi-police-facial-recognition/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Al Jazeera<ref>{{Cite web |title=Privacy fears as India's gov't schools install facial recognition |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/2/privacy-fears-as-indias-govt-schools-install-facial-recognition |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> and The Times of India<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-28 |title=Ministries & several states deploying facial recognition tech systems: Study |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ministries-several-states-deploying-facial-recognition-tech-systems-study/articleshow/79455779.cms |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> have relied on Panoptic data in stories highlighting low accuracy thresholds and privacy gaps in deployments by Delhi Police and school systems. Monthly RTI digests published on IFF's site catalogue the information requests that feed the tracker and have spurred further press scrutiny of unregulated FRT trials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bose |first=Joydeep |title=RTI filed on government use of 'facial recognition' in airports, Covid-19 vaccination |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/internet-freedom-foundation-rti-report-government-use-of-facial-recognition-technology-in-airports-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-101620276808052.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Digital Competition and Telecom Regulation ===
In May 2024, IFF filed a detailed consultation submission on the draft Digital Competition Bill, focusing on user-choice frictions and due-process gaps; the submission forms part of the public record and complements sector commentary from think-tanks and trade media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=Summary of IFF's submission on the draft Digital Competition Bill |url=https://internetfreedom.in/iffs-submission-on-the-digital-competition-bill/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> IFF has used similar briefs to critique AI-based content-filtering trials by telecom operators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghav |first=Dhruv |date=2025-06-12 |title=IFF Flags Censorship Risks in Airtel's New AI-Based Internet Filter |url=https://www.medianama.com/2025/06/223-iff-censorship-warning-airtel-ai-filter/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> IFF has been one of the most prolific civil-society commentators on India's overhaul of telecom law. Since the first consultation draft appeared in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chawla |first=Akshit |date=2022-11-07 |title=Clarify definitions, limit govt powers: IFF comments on draft telecom bill |url=https://www.medianama.com/2022/11/223-draft-telecom-bill-iff-comments-definitions-govt-powers/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> it has issued a stream of public briefs, clause-by-clause submissions and explanatory blog posts on the Telecommunications Act 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=The Telecom Act, 2023 is ready for (partial) take off: Outdated, colonial provisions to go into effect from June 26 |url=https://internetfreedom.in/the-telecom-act-2023-partial-notification/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> and every set of draft rules<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=TeleCon-ing us? - IFF's Submissions to the DoT on the draft 2024 Telecom Rules |url=https://internetfreedom.in/iffs-submissions-on-the-draft-2024-telecom-rules/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> published under it. These documents critique expansive surveillance powers, argue for clearer definitions, and flag procedural gaps; they are routinely quoted by trade press and mainstream media<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Telecom Bill 2023: What powers it gives the government for 'national security' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/telecom-bill-2023-what-powers-government-national-security-9073347/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and have informed broader civil-society campaigns that persuaded the government to extend comment deadlines and release revised drafts.

=== Digital Public Infrastructure ===
IFF treats India's expanding “digital public infrastructure” as a distinct policy track and has built a small but visible body of publications around it. When MeitY floated its National Open Digital Ecosystem (NODE) strategy in 2020, IFF filed a formal consultation submission that called for privacy-by-design standards and independent audits of shared platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=The National Digital Education Architecture: An explainer |url=https://internetfreedom.in/the-national-digital-education-architecture-an-explainer-2/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> From 2021 onward the foundation produced thematic explainers on individual DPI schemes: a primer on the agrarian data platform AgriStack,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=The AgriStack: A Primer #SaveOurPrivacy |url=https://internetfreedom.in/the-agristack-a-primer/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> a series dissecting the payment-layer model behind [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] and its proposed e-commerce clone ONDC,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC): An Explainer |url=https://internetfreedom.in/ondc-an-explainer/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> and a budget-season brief analysing how flagship programmes such as Aadhaar, [[Digi Yatra]] and DigiLocker fit the government's DPI narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=2024 Budget and Digital Rights: A Tech-onomic Survey |url=https://internetfreedom.in/2024-budget-economic-survey/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, IFF joined global debates by submitting detailed feedback to the UNDP “Universal DPI Safeguards” draft, urging stronger language on data-minimisation and algorithmic transparency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-08 |title=IFF submits feedback on UNDP's Interim Report on DPI Safeguards and Governance |url=https://internetfreedom.in/iff-feedback-undp-report-on-dpi/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

=== Internet shutdowns, censorship and connectivity ===
In 2018, IFF supported a research paper by Nakul Nayak who studied the constitutional implications of internet shutdowns in India from the lens of administrative law.<ref name="internet-shutdown-nayak">{{cite journal |last=Nayak |first=Nakul |date=September 25, 2018 |title=The Legal Disconnect: An Analysis of India's Internet Shutdown Laws |ssrn=3254857}}</ref> Subsequently, in 2023, IFF co-authored the 82-page report “No Internet Means No Work, No Pay, No Food” with [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW), documenting the socioeconomic harm of shutdowns and providing district-level case studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bajoria |first=Jayshree |date=2023-06-14 |title="No Internet Means No Work, No Pay, No Food" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/06/14/no-internet-means-no-work-no-pay-no-food/internet-shutdowns-deny-access-basic |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> IFF's joint report on internet shutdowns with HRW garnered international attention, underscoring how shutdowns violate fundamental rights and bolstering calls for reform in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=Most internet shutdowns in last 3 years to curb protests: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/18-indian-states-shut-down-internet-at-least-once-in-3-years-iff-and-hrw-report-on-internet-shutdowns-in-india-101686769925670.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824083254/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/18-indian-states-shut-down-internet-at-least-once-in-3-years-iff-and-hrw-report-on-internet-shutdowns-in-india-101686769925670.html |archive-date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Findings from this study have been reproduced in national and international coverage of prolonged black-outs, including ''TIME''’s examination of the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|2023–25 Manipur crisis]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |date=2023-08-15 |title=How Internet Shutdowns Wreak Havoc in India |url=https://time.com/6304719/india-internet-shutdowns-manipur/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> In addition, various members of its team have published op-eds on internet shutdowns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Apar Gupta writes: On Manipur, internet shutdown is no cure |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/apar-gupta-writes-on-manipur-internet-shutdown-is-no-cure-8873758/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> IFF also publishes a recurring “Connectivity Tracker”. Launched in 2021 under the hashtag #MapTheDigitalDivide, the project releases quarterly briefs that use [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|TRAI]] and census data on wireless subscriptions, broadband uptake, gender and rural-urban gaps, and the progress of government schemes such as BharatNet and PM-GDISHA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Introducing IFF's Connectivity Tracker #MapTheDigitalDivide |url=https://internetfreedom.in/introducing-iffs-connectivity-tracker-mapthedigitaldivide/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Subsequent edition add metrics on mobile download speeds and State-level smartphone penetration.

=== Platform governance, disinformation and free expression ===
Policy briefs and legal analysis on intermediary liability informed IFF's advocacy during the 2022 nine-month blocking of VLC Media Player.

A joint 2024 investigation with [[Global Witness]] tested reporting tools on YouTube and [[Koo (social network)|Koo]], finding that misogynistic content stayed online despite policy violations; the results were published as a brief and widely covered by international media and NGOs.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Elliott |first=Vittoria |title=Hate Speech Proliferates on YouTube in India, Research Finds |url=https://www.wired.com/story/youtube-hate-speech-india-elections/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

When Karnataka released its draft ''Misinformation and Fake News (Prohibition) Bill, 2025'', IFF published an explanatory note and coordinated an open letter urging redrafting; ''Deccan Herald'' quoted the brief in a front-page report on free-speech risks.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Funding and Transparency==

IFF runs on a small budget primarily through a domestic, community-funded model.<ref name="donor-driven">{{cite web |date=19 February 2017 |title=Donate |url=https://internetfreedom.in/donate/ |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=internetfreedom.in |publisher=Internet Freedom Foundation}}</ref> Nearly all income comes from small, repeat donations by Indian citizens, channelled through a low-fee donation programmes and periodic crowdfunding pushes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Kritti |date=2021-05-26 |title=Internet Freedom Foundation Seeks Donation To Grow Its Network Of Litigators |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/indian-freedom-foundation-seeks-donation-to-grow-its-network-of-litigators/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> This has been supplemented by organisational donations, grants and support by philanthropies and companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisational Donors and Supporters |url=https://internetfreedom.in/organisational-donors-and-supporter/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> It also publishes monthly transparency reports<ref name="finances">{{cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Transparency and Finances |url=https://internetfreedom.in/transparency-and-finances/ |access-date=July 5, 2019 |website=internetfreedom.in |publisher=Internet Freedom Foundation}}</ref> and is rated by Guidestar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guidestar |title=Profile of, "Internet Freedom Foundation" |url=https://guidestarindia.org/Summary.aspx?ccreg=11424}}</ref> and Credibility Alliance.

==Awards==

* Prix Ars Electronica 2022 (Honorary Mention)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prix Ars Electronica 2022 |url=https://calls.ars.electronica.art/2022/prix/winners/9228/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=calls.ars.electronica.art}}</ref>
* Global Privacy Assembly (GPA) Privacy and Human Rights Award 2025<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Elan| last1= Schwartz |date=2025-06-20 |title=Inaugural Privacy and Human Rights Award at RightsCon 2025 |url=https://www.rightscon.org/rc25-privacy-human-rights-award/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=RightsCon Summit Series |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://internetfreedom.in/}}
* [https://internetfreedom.substack.com/ Substack]

[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Civil liberties advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Computing and society]]
[[Category:Democracy activists]]
[[Category:Digital rights organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Internet access]]

Nachindi Girl Friendu

2026-04-23T02:43:18Z

Pritam: Created pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Short description|2022 Indian film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nachindi Girl Friendu
| image = Nachindi Girl Friendu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Guru Pawan
| writer = Guru Pawan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Atluri Narayan Rao
| starring = Uday Shankar Jennifer Emmanuel
| narrator =
| cinematography = Siddam Manohar
| editing = Sagar Udagandla
| music = [[Gifton Elias]]
| studio = Sriram Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|11|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nachindi Girl Friendu''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film directed by Guru Pawan and starring Uday Shankar and Jennifer Emmanuel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nachinidi-girlfriendu-movie-team-visits-suryanarayana-swamy-temple-767418|title=Nachinidi Girlfriendu Movie Team Visits Suryanarayana Swamy Temple|first=|last=|date=31 October 2022|website=[[The Hans India]]|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/nachindi-girl-friendu-thriller-nice-love-story-director-guru-pawan-164221|title=Nachindi Girl Friendu Is A Thriller With A Nice Love Story: Director Guru Pawan|date=7 November 2022|website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Uday Shankar as Rajaram
*Jennifer Emmanuel as Sandhya alias Sandy
*[[Madhunandan]] as Cherry
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Mukesh
*[[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Krishna Pandey
*[[Prudhviraj]] as Police inspector
*[[Saurav Lokesh]] as Vikram Roy
*Gayatri Bhargavi as Rajaram's mother

== Production ==
Atluri Narayan Rao's English professor's son Uday Shankar was cast after Atluri Narayan Rao saw Uday Shankar's previous films.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Gifton Elias]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://moviegq.com/movie/nachindi-girl-friendu-10653/songs | title=Nachindi Girl Friendu 2022 Telugu Movie Songs, Nachindi Girl Friendu Music Director Lyrics Videos Singers & Lyricists }}</ref>
#"Manasa Manasa" - [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Harika Narayan
#"Erra Tholu Pilla" - Dhanunjay
#"Dosth Ante Nuvve Ra"- [[Rahul Sipligunj]]

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Overall, ''Nachindi Girl Friendu'', directed by Guru Pawan and featuring Uday Shankar and Jenifer Emmanuel, is a youthful, entertaining thriller if you can look past the rationale in some sequences".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nachindi-girl-friendu/movie-review/95436219.cms|title=Nachindi Girl Friendu Movie Review: A youthful thriller showcasing love, stocks and crooks|date=11 November 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' wrote that "Nachindi Girl Friend is a suspense thriller film. Give it a shot!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/nachindi-girl-friendu-movie-review-164440|title=Nachindi Girl Friendu Movie Review|date=11 November 2022|website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "Director Gurupawan has made an effort to rethink the purpose of the daylong journey from Vizag to Bhimili. He adds tension and thriller elements to the love track, and he impressively moves the plot forward".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/nachindi-girl-friendu-movie-review-good-suspence-thriller-with-decent-twists-78981|title=Nachindi Girl Friendu Movie Review: Good Suspence Thriller with Decent Twists|date=11 November 2022|website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]]'' rated the film two out of five.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/nachhindi-girl-friendu-movie-review-263214.html|title=Nachhindi Girl Friendu Movie Review: నచ్చింది Girl Frienడూ|first=Subbarao|last=Nagabhiru|date=11 November 2022|language=te|website=[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV Telugu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]

Logix Group

2026-04-22T14:14:12Z

Pritam: Created new entry!

{{Short description|Indian real estate company}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Logix Group
| logo = Logix Group.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 1997
| founder = Shakti Nath
| location_country = [[Noida, India]]
| key_people = Shakti Nath, CMD Meena Nath, Director Vikram Nath, Director Chandni Nath, Director
| industry = [[Real estate]]
| services = IT/ITES, Residential, Commercial
| homepage = [http://www.logixgroup.in/ www.logixgroup.in]
}}

'''Logix Group''' is a [[real estate]] company headquartered in [[Noida, India]].

== History ==
The company was founded by Shakti Nath in 1997. The group has expanded rapidly.{{specify|date=June 2016}} The group has been a developer of IT parks and IT [[Special Economic Zone]]s. The company has created more than 25 such [[Information Technology|IT]] spaces, and has furnished 4 million square feet of IT property.

The group has [[joint ventures]] with various funds and [[foreign direct investment]] partners like [[ICICI Prudential]];<ref>{{cite news |author=Madhurima Nandy |author2=Devesh Chandra Srivastava of Mint |date=6 May 2011 |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703992704576308003784191750 |title= ICICI Prudential AMC Invests in Residential Projects |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Taib Capital – ACACIA, Bahrain, and Citi Property Investors (taken over by Apollo Global Management).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dealcurry.com/20120127-IL-FS-Buys-Logix-Group-s-Noida-Property-For-R600Cr.htm |title=IL&FS Buys Logix Group's Noida Property For R600Cr |publisher=DealCurry}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=April 2026}}

== Controversy ==
In 2025, Logix Buildwell Private Limited, part of the Logix Group, was involved in a legal dispute with the Noida Authority over the refund of ₹62 crore paid for a commercial plot in Sector 32, Noida. The company had earlier challenged the cancellation of the allotment, following which the [[Allahabad High Court]] directed a refund in 2022. After receiving the refund in 2023, Logix Buildwell later sought interest on the amount, claiming the waiver undertaking was given under duress. However, in October 2025, the Allahabad High Court dismissed the plea, holding that the company had voluntarily waived its right to claim interest and could not later change its position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajput |first=Vinod |date=2025-10-20 |title=Allahabad High Court rejects Logix Group’s plea for interest refund from Noida authority |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/allahabad-high-court-rejects-logix-group-s-plea-for-interest-refund-from-noida-authority-101760898789176.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.logixgroup.in/index.php Logix Group]
[[Category:Real estate companies of India]]
[[Category:Real estate companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]

North Karanpura Area

2026-04-22T04:11:05Z

Pritam: put up the entry v1

{{short description|Indian coal mining region}}
{{Infobox mine
| name = North Karanpura Area
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label = North Karanpura Area
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23.680|N|85.009|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| place = [[North Karanpura Coalfield]]
| owner = [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]]
| official website = {{URL|centralcoalfields.in/cmpny/hstry.php}}
| acquisition year =
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| products =
| financial year =
| amount =
| closing year =
}}
{{OSM Location map
|width=350| height=250| zoom=12
|coord={{coord|23|40|0|N|85|0|30|E}}| float=right|caption='''Collieries in the CCL North Karanpura Area (North Karanpura Coalfield)''' U: Underground colliery, O: Open Cast colliery, W: Washery, A: Administrative headquarters, CT: census town Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|31|N|85|0|59|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Dakra mine| numbered1=O| mark-title1= Dakra mine (O)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C42222 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|39|52|N|85|0|0|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= KDH mine | numbered2=O| mark-title2= KDH mine (O)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|41|7|N|85|2|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Churi mine | numbered3=U| mark-title3= Churi mine (U) |label-color3=#800000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|41|7|N|84|59|18|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Rohini mine | numbered4=O| mark-title4= Rohini mine (O)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|40|17|N|84|59|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Karkatta mine | numbered5=O| mark-title5= Karkatta mine (O)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|40|45|N|85|0|42|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Monnet Daniels washery| numbered6=W| mark-title6= Monnet Daniels washery (W) |shape-color6=#0048BA
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|46|N|85|0|26|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= CCL Area Office| numbered7=A| mark-title7= Dakra (A)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|38|54|N|84|59|28|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Khelari| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color8= #A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|41|30|N|85|1|30|E}} |label9= Damodar|labela9= River|label-color9 = #77A1CB| label-angle9= 0| label-pos9=top| label-size9=10| mark-size9=0| mark-title9 =none}}

'''North Karanpura Area''' is one of the operational areas of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]] located in the [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] district in the state of [[Jharkhand]], India.

The projects of the North Karanpura Area are: Churi underground, Dakra Bukbuka opencast, K.D.H. opencast, Karkatta opencast, Rohini opencast, Purnadih opencast. The Area office is at [[Dakra, Ranchi|Dakra]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Mining activity==
===Mines and projects===
KDH (KD Hesalong) opencast project is an existing mine with a production capacity of 4.5 million tonnes per year. An extension project has been proposed in order to sustain the level of production from the existing KDH OCP and also to fulfill the demand of power grade coal from North Karanpura Coalfield. The KDH OCP falls within Hesalong and KD South blocks in the south central part of North Karanpura Coalfield in Ranchi district. It is 1 km from Khalari railway station on the [[Barkakana-Son Nagar line]]. The topography of Hesalong block is undulating and rolling with small ridges. The intervening valleys and low flat grounds are generally coincident with the outcrops of the coal seams. The altitude range is {{convert|418-466|m}}. As of 2014, it has a mineable reserve of 107.15 million tonnes and the life of the mine is estimated at 29 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_28_Jul_2014_1717467931Annexure-Pre-feasibility-Report-PFR-KDH-Extension-OCP.pdf |title =Pre-feasibility Report of KDH Extension OCP |publisher= CMPDI | access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_28_Jul_2014_1530502231Brief-summary-of-project-KDH-Extension-OCP.pdf |title = Brief Summary of KDH Extension OCP |publisher= CMPDI | access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

Rohini OCP was started in 1992–93. It produced 0.731 million tonnes of coal in 2013–14. A comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for this project (0.8 MTPA to 2.00 MTPA), was formulated by CMPDI. The mineable reserve is 15.979 million tonnes and the estimated life of the project is 10 years. Rohini OCP is located at [[Dakra, Ranchi|Dakra]] in Ranchi district. It is situated west of [[Damodar River]] and north and north-west of the Karkatta OCP and K.D. Hesalong OCP.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/rohini_ocp.pdf |title = Environmental Statement 2013-14 : Rohini Opencast Project |publisher =Central Coalfields Limited| access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Private coal washery==
Monnet Daniels has a 4.2 million tonnes per annum washery in the area (see map), which they have built for Punjab State Electricity Board.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.monnetgroup.com/coal-washery.php |title = Coal Washery |publisher= Monet Group | access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Educational facilities for employees’ children==
[[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]] provides support for reputed institutions/ trusts for setting up 10+2 pattern CBSE schools for children of CCL employees. It provides 109 buses to employees’ children to schools and back. Among the schools in the North Karanpura Coalfield that receive financial help or structural support is: DAV Bachra.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/education.php |title = Educational facilities |publisher= CCL| access-date = 12 February 2021}}</ref>

==Medical facilities==
In the North Karanpura Coalfield, CCL has the following facilities:

Central Hospital at [[Dakra, Ranchi|Dakra]] with 50 beds has 11 general duty medical officers and 1 specialist. Among the facilities are: X‐Ray, ECG, Semi auto analyzer, monitor defibrillator, dental chair. It has 2 ambulances.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/12_06_2018_annexure_A_hospital.pdf |title = Status report of existing patient care facility in CCL |publisher= CCL| access-date = 19 January 2021}}</ref>

Piparwar Hospital at [[Bachra]] with 11 beds has six general duty medical officers and one specialist. Among the facilities it has are: cardiac monitor, suction machine, X-Ray machine and ECG. It has four ambulances.<ref name="hospital"/>

There are central facilities in the Central Hospital, Gandhinagar at Kanke Road, Ranchi with 250 beds and in the Central Hospital, Naisarai at Ramgarh with 150 beds.<ref name="hospital"/>

There are dispensaries at Rohini, KDH, Purnadih/ Karkatta in North Karanapura Area, at Amrapali Project, Magadh Project in the Magadh Sanghamitra Area, at Tetariakhad in the Rajhara Area.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/09_08_2019_dispen.pdf |title = Status of Dispensaries |publisher= CCL| access-date = 19 January 2021}}</ref>

{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=center|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
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==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Operational Areas of CCL}}

[[Category:Coal mining operational areas in Jharkhand]]

Nicholas Dirks

2026-04-20T06:02:28Z

Pritam: Started Details

{{Short description|American indologist, historian and former university administrator}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nicholas Dirks
| image = Nicholas Dirks - The Daily Californian (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Dirks in 2015
| order1 = 10th Chancellor of the
| office1 = University of California, Berkeley
| term_start1 = June 1, 2013
| term_end1 = June 30, 2017
| predecessor1 = [[Robert J. Birgeneau]]
| successor1 = [[Carol T. Christ]]
| death_place =
| education = [[Wesleyan University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]])
| spouse = Janaki Bakhle
| children =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox academic | child=yes
| thesis_title = Little kingdoms of South India: Political authority and social relations in the southern Tamil countryside
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/303040499/
| thesis_year = 1981
| doctoral_advisor = [[Bernard Cohn (anthropologist)|Bernard Cohn]]
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = [[Historical anthropology]]
| sub_discipline =
| workplaces = {{ublist|[[California Institute of Technology]]|[[University of Michigan]]|[[Columbia University]]|[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| main_interests = British colonial rule
| notable_works = ''[[The Scandal of Empire]]'' (2006)
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
}}
}}

'''Nicholas B. Dirks''' is an American academic and a former Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley. Dirks is the author of numerous books on [[South Asian history]] and [[South Asian culture|culture]], primarily concerned with the impact of [[British colonial rule]]. In June 2020, Dirks was named president and CEO of [[New York Academy of Sciences|The New York Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Dirks|first=Nicholas|date=June 1, 2020|title=Letter to the Community|url=https://www.nyas.org/news-articles/academy-news/letter-to-the-community/|access-date=June 6, 2020|website=nyas.org}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dirks was born in Illinois but grew up in [[New Haven]], Connecticut, where his father, J. Edward Dirks,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dirks, J. Edward 1919–1981 |url=https://iagenweb.org/boards/grundy/obituaries/index.cgi?read=466312 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=iagenweb.org}}</ref> was a professor at [[Yale University]]. When the latter received a [[Fulbright Scholarship]] in 1963 to teach at the [[Madras Christian College]], the Dirks family relocated to [[Madras]], where Nicholas developed an interest in [[Indian culture]]. He completed his undergraduate education at [[Wesleyan University]], where he received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in African and Asian studies in 1972.<ref>[https://newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2012/11/15/dirks/ Dirks '72, Chancellor-Designate, U.C. Berkeley, "Embraces Opportunity"], The Wesleyan Connecticut. By Cynthia Rockwell. November 15, 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.</ref> Thereafter, he attended the [[University of Chicago]], where he earned an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in history in 1974 and a [[Ph.D.]] in history and anthropology in 1981.<ref name="thesis-dirks-1981">{{cite thesis |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303040499 |title=Little kingdoms of South India: Political authority and social relations in the southern Tamil countryside |date=1981 |publisher=[[The University of Chicago]] |type=Ph.D. |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas Bernard|id={{ProQuest |303040499}} |url-access=subscription |oclc=28781512}}</ref>

==Career==
Dirks's career spans five decades and includes experience in higher education both as a member of the faculty as well as in administration, in addition to positions in the nonprofit sector.

Upon completing his PhD, Dirks joined the faculty at the [[California Institute of Technology]] as an assistant professor. There he taught an Introduction to Asian Civilization course for undergraduate students. He also returned to India to conduct fieldwork for what would become his first book, ''[[The Hollow Crown (book)|The Hollow Crown]]''.

Dirks left Caltech for a faculty position at the [[University of Michigan]] in 1987 where he had the opportunity to teach graduate students for the first time. With joint appointments in history and anthropology, he worked with a colleague to develop an interdisciplinary PhD program combining the two disciplines. This work paved the way as Dirks eventually transitioned to university administration.

In 1997 Dirks left Michigan to chair the anthropology department at [[Columbia University]], the oldest department of its kind in the United States. Under his leadership, the department recruited new faculty from Asia as well as Africa. Additionally, Dirks supported research in colonial and postcolonial studies. Dirks published his second book, ''[[Castes of Mind]]'', in 2001.

In 2004, Dirks became a full-time administrator at Columbia, serving as Vice President, and later, Executive Vice President, of the Arts and Sciences and Dean of the Faculty. This enabled him "to promote interdisciplinary study across all of the liberal arts and sciences."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Brandon |date=2020-05-28 |title=Building Bridges in the Humanities and Sciences – NYAS |url=https://www.nyas.org/ideas-insights/blog/nicholas-dirks-building-bridges-in-the-humanities-and-sciences/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> In this role he oversaw six schools, 29 departments, and several special programs and labs. [[The Scandal of Empire|''The Scandal of the Empire'']], Dirks's third book, was published in 2006.

Dirks left Columbia in 2013 to serve as chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley. He resigned from the chancellorship in 2017. He remains on faculty of the history department at Berkeley, an unpaid position that enables him to continue to teach and work for the university. From 2018 to 2020 Dirks was chancellor and vice-chairman of [[Whittle School & Studios]], a global network of independent schools serving children from 3 to 18.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stassinopoulos |first=Alexandra |date=2018-02-14 |title=Former UC Berkeley chancellor Nicholas Dirks finds new chancellorship in international school system |url=https://www.dailycal.org/archives/former-uc-berkeley-chancellor-nicholas-dirks-finds-new-chancellorship-in-international-school-system/article_7a043b1b-7c94-5803-8c9f-a7a3adb75390.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.dailycal.org |language=en}}</ref>

Dirks, who took over the leadership of The New York Academy of Sciences in 2020 and is the Franz Boas Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Columbia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=Dirks, Nicholas B. |url=https://history.columbia.edu/person/dirks-nicholas-b/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Department of History – Columbia University |language=en-US}}</ref> has held numerous prestigious fellowships and awards, including a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] and a [[MacArthur Foundation]] residential fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ. He is a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], and a Senior Member at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Nicholas B. Dirks {{!}} American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/nicholas-b-dirks |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.amacad.org |language=en}}</ref> Dirks also holds honorary degrees from universities in India and China.

==Works==
===The Hollow Crown===
Published in his first faculty job at the [[California Institute of Technology]], this involved fieldwork conducted in India.

The book was praised by Ian Copland, a history professor at [[Monash University]], in a review in the Journal South Asia. Copland wrote, "Now and then a work of scholarship appears which forces one to take a hard look at the way things are perceived in our discipline. Such a book might break new ground, taking us into hitherto uncharted regions of Indian society; or it might with penetrating insights, reopen stale debates about the 'big' issues of structure and process; or it might, yet again, challenge existing modes of enquiry. Rarely, however, does one come across a book which does all three."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copland |first=Ian |date=December 1, 1988 |title=The Historian as anthropologist: 'Ethnohistory' and the study of South Asia |journal=South Asia |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=101–116 |doi=10.1080/00856408808723114 }}</ref> Furthermore, the [[Journal of Interdisciplinary History]] stated, "No book reveals the vast terrain of scholarship that opens out from intersections of history, anthropology, and critical theory better than this one."<ref>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</ref> This interdisciplinary approach would be a theme throughout Dirks' future research.

===Castes of Mind===
[[Castes of Mind]], published in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-10-07 |title=Castes of Mind {{!}} Princeton University Press |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691088952/castes-of-mind |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=press.princeton.edu |language=en}}</ref> focuses on the ways in which the caste system changed under British colonial rule, and how it continued to change in the postcolonial era. It develops the theories of his doctoral adviser [[Bernard Cohn (anthropologist)|Bernard Cohn]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sivaramakrishnan |first=Kalyanakrishnan |date=2005 |title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=107 |page=146 |doi=10.1525/aa.2005.107.1.146 }}</ref> that the [[Indian caste system]] was significantly less rigid until taking on its present form under [[British Raj|British rule]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=Sanjay |date=2003 |title=Review of Books |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/533083 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=108 |issue=1|doi=10.1086/533083 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and this affects current Indian politics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mines |first=Diane P. |date=2003 |title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=312–313 |doi=10.1525/ae.2003.30.2.312 }}</ref>

===Scandal of Empire===
[[The Scandal of Empire|''The Scandal of the Empire'']], Dirks's third book, was published in 2006. [[Michael H. Fisher|Michael Fisher]], emeritus Robert S. Danforth Professor of History at [[Oberlin College]], said of the book, "Dirks own extensive research and writing as a historian of India provide him with a perspective that enriches his rereading of the Empire's origin's in scandal and elucidates them for scholars and lay readers alike."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Michael H. |date=Summer 2007 |title=Reviewed Work(s): The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain by Nicholas B. Dirks |journal=The Historian |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=370–371|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00182_48.x }}</ref>

===City of Intellect===
In 2023, Dirks published ''City of Intellect: The Uses and Abuses of the University'', "part autobiography, part practical manifesto" on his life and career in academia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Intellect {{!}} Education policy, strategy and reform |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/education/education-policy-strategy-and-reform/city-intellect-uses-and-abuses-university |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}</ref> In a book review for the [[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]], [[Indiana University]] professor emeritus Leslie Lenkowsky wrote "[Dirks] laments that failures of governance and mission 'have led so many to lose faith, trust, and confidence in the world of higher education.'" Lenkowsky concluded "Anyone wanting to understand why even the best American universities are in such a state will learn a lot by reading the reflections of [Dirks] even if solutions remain elusive."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lenkowsky |first=Leslie |title='Attacking the Elites' and 'City of Intellect' Review: The Problems on Campus |url=https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/attacking-the-elites-and-city-of-intellect-review-the-problems-on-campus-8994e96f |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=WSJ |date=27 February 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> A review in [[Inside Higher Ed]] called it "a rich, accessible and eloquent examination of what it will take for public higher education to live up to its democratic promise." The review's author, [[University of Texas at Austin]] historian [[Steven Mintz]], continued "I found it deeply moving, even wrenching at times....I have read many recent autobiographical accounts by senior academic administrators, and Dirks's is the most honest, incisive and personally revealing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mintz |first=Steven |title=What Should a Public Research University Be? |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/opinion/blogs/higher-ed-gamma/2024/02/01/what-should-public-research-university-be |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Inside Higher Ed |language=en}}</ref>

== Berkeley Chancellorship ==
During his tenure, Dirks aspired to enhance the undergraduate experience, including the formation of a new undergraduate residential college,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/08/23/uc-berkeleys-bowles-hall-castle-reopens-as-select-dorm-for-19000-a-year/|title=UC Berkeley's Bowles Hall 'castle' reopens as select dorm, for $19,000 a year|date=2016-08-23|work=The Mercury News|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en-US}}</ref> the creation of an undergraduate program in data science,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/09/02/uc-berkeley-piloting-new-data-science-class-fall/|title=UC Berkeley pilots data science class |date=2015-09-02|work=The Daily Californian|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en-US}}</ref> the formation of a task force examining student housing,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.berkeleyside.com/2017/01/31/uc-identifies-9-potential-sites-student-housing-berkeley/|title=UC identifies 9 potential sites for student housing in Berkeley|date=2017-01-31|work=Berkeleyside|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en-US}}</ref> and efforts to improve the experiences of intercollegiate athletes at Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2014/09/26/task-force-academics-athletics-report-details-recommendations-address-student-athlete-challenges/|title=Task Force on Academics and Athletics report details recommendations to address student-athlete challenges |date=2014-09-26|work=The Daily Californian|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Dirks spearheaded new interdisciplinary programs including the Berkeley Arts + Design Initiative,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2015/11/20/exposure-to-arts-central-to-undergraduate-experience/|title=Exposure to arts central to undergraduate experience|date=2015-11-20|work=The Daily Californian|access-date=2017-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref> and regional multi-institution research efforts such as the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2016/09/22/uc-berkeley-collaborate-ucsf-stanford-chan-zuckerberg-biohub/|title=UC Berkeley to collaborate with UCSF, Stanford in Chan Zuckerberg Biohub |date=2016-09-22|work=The Daily Californian|access-date=2017-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref> and global research and exchange partnerships.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/04/campus-establishes-exchange-programs-peking-university-free-university-berlin/|title=Campus establishes exchange programs with Peking University, Free University of Berlin |date=2016-10-04|work=The Daily Californian|access-date=2017-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2017/01/19/berkeley-tsinghua-joint-research-center-receives-5-million-donation/|title=Berkeley-Tsinghua Joint Research Center receives $5 million donation n|date=2017-01-19|work=The Daily Californian|access-date=2017-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Dirks convened a special committee in 2016 to review and make recommendations for improving campus services, policies and practices related to sexual violence, harassment and assault against students, staff and faculty that resulted in a major review of all campus procedures around sexual harassment and assault.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Affairs |first1=Public |last2=Berkeley|first2=U. C. |date=2016-04-05 |title=Chancellor announces new committee on sexual violence, harassment and assault |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2016/04/05/chancellor-announces-new-committee-on-sexual-violence-harassment-and-assault/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Berkeley News |language=en-US}}</ref> In particular, he presided over decisions to punish astronomer [[Geoffrey Marcy]] and then-incumbent [[Boalt Hall]] dean [[Sujit Choudhry]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asimov |first1=Nanette |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/education/article/UC-Berkeley-has-history-of-tolerating-sexual-6886611.php |title=UC Berkeley has history of tolerating sexual harassment |website=San Francisco Chronicle |date=14 March 2016}}</ref>

Dirks was also a highly successful fundraiser,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-14 |title=Campus sets new records for fundraising |url=http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/07/14/campus-sets-new-records-for-fundraising/ |access-date=2017-11-01 |work=Berkeley News |language=en-US}}</ref> which included overseeing the completion of the Campaign for Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-13 |title=Campus, donors celebrate success of Campaign for Berkeley|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2014/04/13/campus-donors-celebrate-success-campaign-berkeley |access-date=2017-11-01 |work=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}</ref> Prior to Dirks's arrival, Berkeley had a "terrible record of private fundraising," according to [[Harvard Business School]] professor [[William C. Kirby]] in his 2022 book ''Empires of Ideas: Creating the Modern University from Germany to America to China''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirby |first=William C. |title=Empires of Ideas: Creating the Modern University from Germany to America to China |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University |year=2022 |isbn=9780674737716 |edition=1st |publication-date=July 5, 2022 |page=185 |language=English}}</ref> In 2016, Dirks led Berkeley to raise nearly $480 million, which came from almost 100,000 gifts provided by more than 65,000 donors. He helped set university records for the total amount raised and number of gifts received.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirby |first=William C. |title=Empires of Ideas: Creating the Modern University from Germany to America to China |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University |year=2022 |isbn=9780674737716 |edition=1st |publication-date=July 5, 2022 |page=186 |language=English}}</ref> Launched by Dirks in 2014 and continued by his successor [[Carol T. Christ]], Berkeley's Light the Way campaign went on to raise $7 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Light the Way: The Campaign for Berkeley – UC Berkeley Foundation |url=https://www.ucberkeleyfoundation.org/light-the-way-the-campaign-for-berkeley/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Despite these gains, Dirks was criticized by some for his handling of UC Berkeley's budget.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/UC-Berkeley-chancellor-faces-skeptical-Academic-7391798.php|title=UC Berkeley chancellor faces skeptical Academic Senate|website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=4 May 2016}}</ref> However, many of the financial struggles on the Berkeley campus preceded Dirks's chancellorship. The 2008 economic crisis resulted in a 20% reduction to the university's endowment between 2007 and 2009.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirby |first=William C. |title=Empires of Ideas: Creating the Modern University from Germany to America to China |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University |year=2022 |isbn=9780674737716 |edition=1st |publication-date=July 5, 2022 |pages=175 |language=English}}</ref> Furthermore, state allocations to the flagship campus had been on the decline for decades<ref>{{Cite web |title=California's Higher Education Funding Landscape |url=https://www.ppic.org/publication/californias-higher-education-funding-landscape/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Public Policy Institute of California |language=en-US}}</ref> prior to Dirks's chancellorship, with 2009 seeing the university's "sharpest drop in state financing since the Great Depression,"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-20 |title=A Crown Jewel of Education Struggles With Cuts (Published 2009) |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/education/20berkeley.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131011/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/education/20berkeley.html |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en |last1=Lewin |first1=Tamar |url-status=live }}</ref> according to [[The New York Times]]. The state accounted for 50% of Berkeley's budget in 1990 compared to 13% in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Budget 101 {{!}} Office of the Chief Financial Officer |url=https://cfo.berkeley.edu/budget-process/budget-basics/budget-101 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=cfo.berkeley.edu}}</ref> When Dirks was in charge in 2016, the state allocation was just 57% of its 2007 level.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirby |first=William C. |title=Empires of Ideas: Creating the Modern University from Germany to America to China |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University |year=2022 |isbn=9780674737716 |edition=1st |publication-date=July 5, 2022 |pages=178 |language=English}}</ref>

Other contentious matters were the size of the fence around the chancellor's residence, [[University House, Berkeley|University House]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ross |first1=Matier &. |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/Fence-and-its-costs-rising-at-UC-Berkeley-6472768.php|title=Fence and its costs rising at UC Berkeley chancellor's home|website=San Francisco Chronicle|date=29 August 2015}}</ref> and an emergency door installed in California Hall at university expense.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/03/uc-berkeley-chancellor-escape-hatch-student-protests|title=UC Berkeley denies chancellor built an 'escape hatch' to flee student protests|last=Wong|first=Julia Carrie |author-link=Julia Carrie Wong |date=2016-08-03|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2016/07/29/campus-builds-escape-hatch-for-dirks-office-in-california-hall/|title=Campus builds escape hatch for Dirks' office in California Hall|first=Haruka Senju | Senior|last=Staff|date=29 July 2016|website=[[The Daily Californian]]}}</ref> However, it was determined that the fence and the emergency door were security measures, recommended by the University police, to address an increase in incidents in and around the chancellor's home.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Senior Editorial Board |date=2015-09-04 |title=In defense of the chancellor's fence |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2015/09/04/in-defense-of-the-chancellors-fence/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}</ref> University House has had a history of violent incidents<ref>{{Cite web |title=12.12.2009 – Protesters attack Berkeley chancellor's home |url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/12/12_uhouse.shtml |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.berkeley.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gross |first=Jane |date=1992-08-26 |title=Police Kill Protester at Berkeley In Break-In at Chancellor's Home |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/26/us/police-kill-protester-at-berkeley-in-break-in-at-chancellor-s-home.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the emergency door was installed in a shared office area intended for use by all administrative support staff, not exclusively the university chancellor.

On August 16, 2016, he announced his intent to resign, and on July 1, 2017 his resignation went into effect.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailycal.org/2017/05/01/4-years-spotlight/ |title=After 4 years in the spotlight, Dirks leaves the stage |date=2017-05-01 |work=The Daily Californian |access-date=2018-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/UC-Berkeley-Chancellor-Nicholas-Dirks-planning-to-9146561.php|title=UC Berkeley Chancellor Nicholas Dirks announces resignation|website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=17 August 2016}}</ref> In 2017, Dirks and his chief of staff, [[Nils Gilman]], dealt with the aftermath of the Trump election, and various political clashes on the university's campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-uc-davis-protest-20170115-story.html|title=How the UC system is bracing for an escalation of political clashes ahead of Trump|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Kirby noted in his book that "the challenges that followed Dirks's departure did not leave with him."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirby |first=William C. |title=Empires of Ideas: Creating the Modern University from Germany to America to China |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University |year=2022 |isbn=9780674737716 |edition=1st |publication-date=July 5, 2022 |pages=198 |language=English}}</ref>

== The New York Academy of Sciences Leadership ==
Dirks assumed the leadership of The New York Academy of Sciences (the Academy) in June 2020. During his tenure as President and Chief Executive Officer,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Nick Dirks – NYAS |url=https://www.nyas.org/person/nicholas-b-dirks/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> he's helped the Academy to steady its finances<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2023 |title=The New York Academy of Sciences Annual Report 2022 |url=https://www.nyas.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/annual_report_2022.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2024 |website=The New York Academy of Sciences}}</ref> after a period of budgetary volatility,<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2020 |title=The New York Academy of Sciences Annual Report 2019 |url=https://www.nyas.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/annual_report_2019.pdf |access-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> establish new and innovative programs, and earn various accolades.

Major programs and efforts he's helped to establish include the Tata Transformation Prize,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Tata Transformation Prize – NYAS |url=https://www.nyas.org/shaping-science/awards/tata-transformation-prize/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> which supports breakthrough, innovative technologies in scientific disciplines of importance to India's societal needs and economic competitiveness; the Artificial Intelligence and Society Fellowship Program,<ref>{{Cite web |title=AI and Society Fellowship {{!}} Artificial Intelligence |url=https://ai.asu.edu/ai-and-society-fellowship |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=ai.asu.edu}}</ref> which, established in connection with [[Arizona State University]], aims to develop a new generation of multidisciplinary scholars prepared to counsel the future use of AI in society for the benefit of humankind; and the [[International Science Reserve]] (ISR),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://isr.nyas.org/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=International Science Reserve |language=en-US}}</ref> which mobilizes the global scientific community to respond to complex crises across borders by establishing an open, global network of scientists and preparing them to act when crisis hits.

Various Academy programs have received recognitions during Dirks's tenure including a silver Anthem Award for the ISR (2023),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entry |url=https://www.anthemawards.com/winners/list/entry/#!responsible-technology/partnership-or-collaboration/new-york-academy-of-sciences-international-science-reserve/0/international-science-reserve/395075 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Anthem Awards |language=en}}</ref> a World Changing Idea Award from [[Fast Company]] for the ISR (2023), a silver Anthem Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entry |url=https://www.anthemawards.com/winners/list/entry/#!education-art-culture/education-or-literacy-platform/junior-academy/0/new-york-academy-of-sciences/460567 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Anthem Awards |language=en}}</ref> for the Academy's Junior Academy program<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=The Junior Academy – NYAS |url=https://www.nyas.org/learning/high-school-research-programs/the-junior-academy/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> (2024), and a bronze Anthem Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entry |url=https://www.anthemawards.com/winners/list/entry/#!education-art-culture/school-university/scientist-in-residence-the-new-york-academy-of-sciences/0/new-york-academy-of-sciences/528257 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Anthem Awards |language=en}}</ref> for the Academy's Scientist-in-Residence program<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Scientist-in-Residence – NYAS |url=https://www.nyas.org/learning/school-community-programs/scientist-in-residence/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> (2024).

Dirks navigated the Academy through the COVID-19 pandemic as lockdowns forced the two-century-old institution to significantly adapt its events-based operations. With events being a source of revenue, he supported efforts to make programs virtual so the Academy could continue to advance impactful scientific and educational programming, while also bringing in funds through registration costs and sponsorships. In particular, Dirks has helped to grow the Academy's Frontiers in Cancer Immunotherapies symposium. He also helped the Academy establish a merchandise store as another revenue source.

Dirks has also hosted a series of "fireside chats" at the Academy with prominent thought leaders such as [[Yann LeCun]], [[Turing Award]] winner and Chief AI Scientist at [[Meta Platforms|Meta]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/nyucds/p/C69bOUcP05N/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> and [[Reid Hoffman]], co-founder of [[LinkedIn]] and a partner<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reid Hoffman |url=https://greylock.com/team/reid-hoffman/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Greylock |language=en-US}}</ref> at the venture capital firm [[Greylock Partners]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reid Hoffman on LinkedIn: Innovations in AI and Higher Education, with Reid Hoffman and Nicholas B... |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/reidhoffman_innovations-in-ai-and-higher-education-with-activity-7175866964098121729-5G0F |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> He also frequently contributes op-eds to media outlets including [[Time (magazine)|Time]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas |date=January 11, 2024 |title=Higher Education's Donor Problem |url=https://time.com/6554359/university-donor-problem-essay/ |magazine=Time}}</ref> [[The Atlantic]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas B. |date=2025-03-12 |title=Academia Needs to Stick Up for Itself |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/03/trump-columbia-universities/682012/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas |date=November 22, 2024 |title=Charting a course for science during Trump's second term |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/5004080-trump-second-term-science/ |website=The Hill}}</ref> [[Project Syndicate]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas |date=2025-10-01 |title=Science Needs a New Social Compact |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/science-new-social-compact-now-that-government-funding-not-reliable-by-nicholas-dirks-2025-10 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Project Syndicate |language=en}}</ref> [[Financial Times]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas |date=Mar 21, 2025 |title=Who would be a university president in America right now? |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6049794a-fe4d-4770-82fc-d8dc4ca4ffe8 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas |date=Jul 31, 2025 |title=Academic freedom in America is in danger |url=https://www.ft.com/content/73c3594c-f5bb-4377-bf8c-5107206c47ca?sharetype=blocked |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> [[Times Higher Education]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas |date=2024-04-25 |title=Faculty-administrator distrust is making US universities ungovernable |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/faculty-administrator-distrust-making-us-universities-ungovernable |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Times Higher Education |language=en}}</ref> and [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas |date=2024-03-12 |title=Opinion {{!}} The End of Disenchantment and the Future of the Humanities |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-end-of-disenchantment-and-the-future-of-the-humanities |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education |language=en}}</ref> focused on Academy efforts as well as other matters pertaining to science, higher education, and policy. Additionally, he has represented the Academy at high-impact conferences such as the [[Aspen Ideas Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=President and CEO, New York Academy of Sciences; Professor of History and Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley |url=https://www.aspenideas.org/speakers/nicholas-dirks |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Aspen Ideas Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> B20 Summit India,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=B20 Summit India 2023 Faculty Booklet |url=https://b20summit.in/pdf/Faculty-Booklet.pdf |website=B20 Summit India}}</ref> [[DeepFest]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=DeepFest Kicks Off with Debut of a Humanoid Robot |url=https://en.incarabia.com/deepfest-kicks-off-with-debut-of-a-humanoid-robot-641589.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Inc. Arabia English |language=en}}</ref> [[Techonomy Media|Techonomy]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8H4HxzcbPo |title=Nicholas Dirks – AI Causing Renaissance in Philosophy of Human Consciousness |date=2023-11-15 |last=Techonomy Media |access-date=2024-12-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and Ai4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=Ai4 2025 Agenda |url=https://ai4.io/vegas/agenda/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Ai4 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dirks is married to Janaki Bakhle, an alum of Columbia and a professor of history at UC Berkeley. She is the former director of the South Asia Institute at Columbia University and in 2024 published ''Savarkar and the Making of Hindutva'' through [[Princeton University Press]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Book on V.D. Savarkar {{!}} The Hindu nationalist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240603-book-on-vd-savarkar-the-hindu-nationalist-2543366-2024-05-24 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1988, {{ISBN|978-0-521-05372-3}}
* ''Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India'', [[Princeton University Press]], 2001, {{ISBN|0-691-08895-0}}
* ''[[The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain]]'', [[Harvard University Press]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-674-02724-4}}
* ''Autobiography of an Archive: A Scholar's Passage to India,'' [[Columbia University Press]]'', 2015.''
* ''City of Intellect: The Uses and Abuses of the University'', [[Princeton University Press]], 2023, {{ISBN|9781009394437}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://history.columbia.edu/faculty/Dirks.html Faculty profile, Columbia's Department of History]
* [http://cgt.columbia.edu/about/committee/dirks_nicholas/ Profile, Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University]

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{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert J. Birgeneau]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chancellor of the [[University of California, Berkeley]]|years=2013 – 2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Carol T. Christ]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{UCBerkeley chancellors}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dirks, Nicholas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Writers from New Haven, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Leaders of the University of California, Berkeley]]
[[Category:Historians from California]]
[[Category:Historians from Connecticut]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:University of the People people]]

Omprakash Valmiki

2026-04-19T16:15:37Z

Pritam: put up initial article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian writer (1950-2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Omprakash Valmiki
| images =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Omprakash singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|06|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|11|17|1950|06|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Dehradun, Uttarakhand]], India
| occupation = Writer, poet
| genre = autobiography
| subject =
| spouse = Chanda Khairwal
}}
'''Omprakash Valmiki''' (30 June 1950 – 17 November 2013) was an Indian writer and poet.<ref name="Delhi">{{cite book|others=University of Delhi|title=Indian Literature : An Introduction|date=September 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA322|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=78Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0520-9|page=322}}</ref> Well known for his autobiography, ''Jootan'', considered a milestone in [[Dalit literature]].<ref name="NelavalaUniversity2008">{{cite book|last1=Nelavala|first1=Surekha|last2=University|first2=Drew|title=Liberation beyond borders: Dalit feminist hermeneutics and four gospel women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqEQiqxVWn0C&pg=PA45|access-date=30 August 2011|year=2008|isbn=978-0-549-68988-1|page=45}}</ref>
He was born at the village of Barla in the [[Muzzafarnagar]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. After retirement from Government Ordnance Factory he lived in [[Dehradun]] where he died of complications arising out of stomach cancer on 17 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2013/11/131117_omprakash_valmiki_death_sm |title=ओमप्रकाश वाल्मीकि नहीं रहे - BBC Hindi - भारत |date=17 November 2013 |publisher=BBC.co.uk |access-date=2013-11-20}}</ref>

Besides ''Jootan'' (his biography) (1997), Valmiki published three collections of poetry: ''Sadiyon Ka Santaap'' (1989), ''Bas! Bahut Ho Chuka'' (1997), and ''Ab Aur Nahin'' (2009). He also wrote two collections of short stories, ''Salaam'' (2000), and ''Ghuspethiye'' (2004). In addition, he wrote ''Dalit Sahitya Ka Saundaryshaastra'' (2001) and a history of the Valmiki community, ''Safai Devata'' (2009), ''Do Chera''' (a play).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dalit-writer-Omprakash-Valmiki-no-more/articleshow/25998146.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121102207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-18/india/44201313_1_dalit-joothan-hindi-literature |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-21 |title=Dalit writer Omprakash Valmiki no more |date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-11-20}}</ref> His 15 short stories have been translated into English by Naresh K. Jain for the collection ''Amma and Other Stories in 2008.''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valmiki, Omprakash}}
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

Shabana Shajahan Aryan

2026-04-16T01:56:25Z

Pritam:

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shabana Shajahan Aryan
| image = File:Shabana shajahan South indian Actress.jpg
| caption = Shabana in 2019
| native_name = 
| birth_name = Shabana Shajahan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|8|29}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Here's how actress Shabana Shajahan celebrated her 30th birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actress-shabana-shajahan-celebrated-her-30th-birthday/articleshow/103241102.cms|access-date=2025-05-05 |website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| relatives =
| spouse = {{marriage|Aryan|2021}}
| othername = Shabana Aryan
| occupation = Actress
| native_name_lang = 
| years_active = 2016{{ndash}}present
| notable_works = ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' ''[[Cooku with Comali season 6]]''
}}

'''Shabana Shajahan Aryan''' ({{neé|'''Shajahan'''}}; born 29 August 1993) is an Indian actress who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] television industry. Her notable roles include Parvati in [[Zee Tamil]]'s ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' (2017–22) and as a contestant in [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Cooku with Comali season 6|Cooku with Comali season 6]]'' (2025) where she later emerged as the runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-6-shabana-shajahan-wins-the-ticket-to-finale-becomes-the-first-finalist-of-the-season/articleshow/123758799.cms|title=Cooku With Comali 6: Shabana Shajahan wins the ‘Ticket to Finale’; becomes the first finalist of the season|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-29 |title=Happy Birthday, Shabana Shajahan: 5 Times The Sembaruthi Actress Left Us In Awe With Her Traditional Outfits - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/happy-birthday-shabana-shajahan-5-times-the-sembaruthi-actress-left-us-in-awe-with-her-traditional-outfits/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=ZEE5 |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-6-shabana-shajahan-becomes-the-first-runner-up-of-the-show/articleshow/124207523.cms|title=Cooku With Comali 6: Shabana Shajahan becomes the first runner-up of the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shabana was born on 29 August 1993 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] to a [[Malayali]] [[Muslim]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Can You Recognise This Tamil TV Actress From Her Childhood Pic? Hint: She Made Her Debut In 2016 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/can-you-recognise-this-tamil-tv-actress-from-her-childhood-pic-hint-she-made-her-debut-in-2016-8663010.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WebDesk |title='இவங்கள சந்திச்சிட்டா என் பிறவி பயன அடைஞ்சிடுவேன்': செம்பருத்தி ஷபானாவின் தீராத ஆசை! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/shabana-shajahan-sembaruthi-parvathi-zee-tamil/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com |language=ta}}</ref>

==Career==
Shabana made her television debut with [[Malayalam TV list|Malayalam TV]]'s ''Vijayadashami'' (2016).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2016-12-06 |title='Vijayadasami', a new serial on Surya TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Vijayadasami-a-new-serial-on-Surya-TV/articleshow/55836028.cms |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her breakthrough came with [[Zee Tamil]]'s ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' (2017–22), in which she was cast as Parvati, love interest of [[Karthik Raj]]'s character. The show was well received by the audience and gained high TRPs.<ref name=TRP /> In March 2023, Shabana started playing Anjali in the [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s drama ''[[Mr. Manaivi]]''. Later she quit due personal commitment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title=Pavan and Shabana starrer'Mr Manaivi' to go off-air soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pavan-and-shabana-starrermr-manaivi-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/106371726.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2025, she participated as a contestant in the comedy cooking reality show ''[[Cooku with Comali season 6]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]].

== Personal life ==
In November 2021, Shabana married model and actor Aryan in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0" /> Aryan, whose birth name is Velu Lakshmanan, also works in Tamil television and is well known for his roles in the serials ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'' (2020–22) and ''[[Meenakshi Ponnunga]]'' (2022–24).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-10 |title=TV couple Aryan and Shabana celebrate their second wedding anniversary, the former says ' Thank you, Universe for giving me this selfless soul' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-couple-aryan-and-shabana-celebrate-their-second-wedding-anniversary-the-former-says-thank-you-universe-for-giving-me-this-selfless-soul/articleshow/105127691.cms |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Shabana has adopted her husband's name and is now known as Shabana Shajahan Aryan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Tamil Actor Shabana Shajahan Adds Husband Aryan's Name to Instagram Username |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-actor-shabana-shajahan-adds-husband-aryans-name-to-instagram-username-4503350.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=All Not Well Between Newly Married Aryan and Shabana Shajahan? Here's Full Story |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/all-not-well-between-newly-married-aryan-and-shabana-shajahan-heres-full-story-4565951.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=சர்ச்சைக்கு முற்றுப்புள்ளி வைத்த ஆர்யன் - அழகிய புகைப்படத்துடன் மகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/shabana-aryan-tamil-news-aryan-ends-divorce-controversy-with-beautiful-pic-397499/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=ta}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil]]'' || Jeevarathnam's bride || Tamil || Cameo appearance
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Network
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
!scope=row|2016
| ''Vijayadashami''
|Unnamed
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
!scope=row|2017–2022
| ''[[Sembaruthi]]''
|Parvathi Adhithya
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=TRP>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uziZHOaNV54|title=செம்பருத்தியின் சாதனை பயணம் | Sembaruthi becomes no 1 serial by getting highest trp ever|website=[[YouTube]] |date=6 February 2022|access-date=20 October 2024|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713112118/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uziZHOaNV54|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|2023–2024
| ''[[Mr. Manaivi]]''
|Anjali
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Replaced by Debjani Modak
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":2" />
|-
! scope="row" |2025
| ''[[Cooku with Comali season 6]]''
|Contestant
| [[Star Vijay]]
|1st Runner-Up
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-6-shabana-shajahan-the-dazzling-young-actress-set-to-shine-in-the-kitchen/articleshow/120787850.cms|title=Cooku With Comali 6: Shabana Shajahan, the dazzling young actress set to shine in the kitchen|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2025–2026
|''[[Police Police (TV series)|Police Police]]''
|Lalithambika
|[[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/police-police/1271439238|title=Police Police on JioHotstar}}</ref>
|-

| || || || ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=10595249}}
*{{Instagram|its_shabana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shajahan, Shabana}}

[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]

Tundla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:02Z

Pritam: Added first entry more to come.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tundla
| map_image = 95-Tundla.svg
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 95
| established = 1967
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| district = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Prempal Singh Dhangar]]
| electors = 3,26,192 (2012)
}}
'''Tundla''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1974 after the delimitation order was passed in 1967.<ref name="Delimitation Orders (1967)">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Orders (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=23 November 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 95. The constituency is revered for candidates from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] community.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 23 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=23 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=23 November 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/tundla.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=23 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Tundla Assembly constituency is Tundla Tehsil; KCs Narkhi , Nagla Beech (V) & Pachukhra of Firozabad Tehsil.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=TundlaElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/tundla.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Multan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Ramji Lal Kain
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Rajesh Kumar Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Gulab Sehra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ashok Sehra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |Om Prakash Diwakar
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ramesh Chandra Chanchal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Shiv Singh Chak]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Mohan Dev Shankhvar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rakesh Babu]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2020^
| rowspan="2" |[[Prempal Singh Dhangar]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tundla<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prem Pal Singh Dhangar
|votes = {{formatnum:122881}}
|percentage = 49.46
|change = {{increase}}0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rakesh Babu
|votes = {{formatnum:75190}}
|percentage = 30.26
|change = {{increase}}7.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:40977}}
|percentage = 16.49
|change = {{decrease}}9.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1110}}
|percentage = 0.45
|change = {{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47691}}
|percentage = 19.2
|change = {{decrease}}3.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:248451}}
|percentage = 66.65
|change = {{decrease}}3.01
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2020===

{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2020: Tundla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Prempal Singh Dhangar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 72,950
|percentage = 40.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Maharaj Singh Dhangar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 55,267
|percentage = 30.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Chak
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 41,010
|percentage = 22.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|party = JAP
|votes = 4,953
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 17,683
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,81,328
|percentage = 50.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Tundla<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satya Pal Singh Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:118584}}
|percentage = 48.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rakesh Babu
|votes = {{formatnum:62514}}
|percentage = 25.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shiv Singh Chak
|votes = {{formatnum:54888}}
|percentage = 22.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Ganga Prashad Pushkar
|votes = {{formatnum:2576}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1381}}
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:56070}}
|percentage = 23.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:243591}}
|percentage = 69.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Tundla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Rakesh Babu]]
|votes = 67,949
|percentage = 32.79
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Akhlesh Kumar
|votes = 60,003
|percentage = 28.96
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shiv Singh Chak
|votes = 58,536
|percentage = 28.25
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 13 candidates
|votes = 20,725
|percentage = 10
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,946
|percentage = 3.83
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 207,213
|percentage = 63.52
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=23 November 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Firozabad district]]
*[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi

2026-04-15T03:32:09Z

Pritam: created basic bio v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 26 June 2022
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
| constituency = [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|5|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rampur district|Khairullapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Dauli Ram
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]] Rashtriya Kranti Party
| office2 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2010
| term_start3 = 2016
| term_end3 = 2022
| successor = [[Mohibbullah Nadvi|Mohibbullah]]
}}

'''Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi''' (born 6 May 1967) is an Indian politician who served as a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] from 2004 to 2010 representing Rashtriya Kranti Party of [[Kalyan Singh]] and 2016 to 2022 representing the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucknow |first=Prabhat Khabar Digital Desk |title=रामपुर लोकसभा उपचुनाव में जीतने वाले BJP के घनश्‍याम लोधी का SP से रहा है गहरा नाता, जानें पूरा पर‍िचय... |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/bjp-ghanshyam-singh-lodhi-defeated-sp-in-rampur-and-thank-after-winning-nrj |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghansyam Singh Lodhi(Samajwadi Party(SP)):(LOCAL AUTHORITIES) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=119 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He won [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur Lok Sabha]] bypolls in 2022 representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=News Live: BJP's Ghanshyam Lodhi wins Rampur parliamentary bypoll by margin of over 42,000 votes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/live-news-updates-today-news-breaking-news-june-26-2022-1121519.html |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=Rampur seat result: रामपुर के दंगल में सपा को दी मात, कौन हैं आजम के गढ़ में कमल खिलाने वाले घनश्याम सिंह लोधी? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/rampur-seat-by-election-result-bjp-candidate-ghanshyam-singh-lodhi-wins-sp-azam-khan-asim-raja-ntc-1488522-2022-06-26 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampur Loksabha By Election: जानिए कौन हैं घनश्याम लोधी जिन्हें भाजपा ने आजम खां की पत्नी के खिलाफ मैदान में उतारा |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-know-who-is-ghanshyam-lodhi-whom-bjp-made-candidate-22772413.html |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP ByPolls BJP candidate wins from Rampur Lok Sabha seat SP candidate Mohd defeated Asim Raja {{!}} Rampur Election Result: आजम खान के 'गढ़' में BJP की सेंध, रामपुर से घनश्याम लोधी ने दर्ज की बड़ी जीत {{!}} Hindi News, देश |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-bypolls-bjp-candidate-wins-from-rampur-lok-sabha-seat-sp-candidate-mohd-defeated-asim-raja/1233662/amp |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name="Rampur By Election: कौन हैं घनश्याम लोधी जिन्होंने आजम खान का ढहा दिया किला">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=Rampur By Election: कौन हैं घनश्याम लोधी जिन्होंने आजम खान का ढहा दिया किला |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/who-is-ghanshyam-lodhi-who-defeated-sp-candidate-asim-raza-in-up-election-smzs/1233650 |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001080130/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/who-is-ghanshyam-lodhi-who-defeated-sp-candidate-asim-raza-in-up-election-smzs/1233650 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |language=}}</ref><ref name="BJP's Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi Eyeing For A Second-Term From Uttar Pradesh's Rampur">{{cite news |last1=TimelineDaily |title=BJP's Ghanshyam Singh Lodhi Eyeing For A Second-Term From Uttar Pradesh's Rampur |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/bjps-ghanshyam-singh-lodhi-eyeing-for-a-second-term-from-uttar-pradeshs-rampur |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001080012/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/bjps-ghanshyam-singh-lodhi-eyeing-for-a-second-term-from-uttar-pradeshs-rampur |archive-date=1 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]] |years=2022 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{17th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodhi, Ghanshyam Singh}}
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]

P. D. Sathish Chandra

2026-04-14T09:29:41Z

Pritam:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. D. Sathish Chandra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1992-present
| known_for =
| notable_works = Paddu in ''Panduranga Vittala''
}}
'''P. D. Sathish Chandra''' is an Indian actor who works in Kannada plays and films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/pd-sathish-chandra-talks-about-his-five-favourite-plays/articleshow/76728692.cms?from=mdr|title=PD Sathish Chandra talks about his five favourite plays|date=1 July 2020|last=Fernandes|first=Sandra Marina|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/theatre-veteran-pd-sathish-chandra-takes-to-cooking-during-the-lockdown/articleshow/74932934.cms|title=Theatre veteran PD Sathish Chandra takes to cooking during the lockdown|date=1 April 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/lavalavk/weekly-magazine/-/articleshow/70000148.cms|title=ಬಳಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿರಲಿ ವಿವೇಚನೆ|date=30 June 2019|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn}}</ref>

== Career ==
P. D. Sathish Chandra worked for ''[[The Hindu]]'' before working on the founding team of Red FM in Bangalore. He worked for Red RM for eighteen months and helped found the Gulbarga, Mangalore and Mysore stations.<ref name="J">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2679498325410808&set=pcb.2679500818743892|title=Juggling different roles|page=24-29|work=[[Jain University]]|via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> He worked as the programming head for Radio Mirchi 98.3 Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/radio-mirchi-bangalore-introduce-new-elements-air-150204|title=Radio Mirchi Bangalore to introduce new elements on-air|work=Radio and Music}}</ref> He gained recognition for his role as Pandu in ''Panduranga Vittala'' on [[Zee Kannada]], which ran for five years with 1,336 episodes.<ref name="p">{{cite web | url=https://www.prakasamtrust.org/pd/ | title=~PD's Profile~ }}</ref><ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/he-is-happy-and-he-shows-it/article5351625.ece|title=He is happy... and he shows it!
|date=14 November 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114204157/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/he-is-happy-and-he-shows-it/article5351625.ece|archive-date=14 November 2013|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He hosted the spoof TV shot ''Vaaranna'' on Public TV.<ref name="p"/> He works as a mentor for the Kala Soudha theatre space in Bangalore.<ref name="H"/> He founded the performing arts organization ''Pradarshana Kala Samsthe''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/theatre-mulls-new-stages-835538.html|title=Theatre mulls new stage|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=9 May 2020|last=Anien|first=Tini Sara}}</ref> His first major film role was the villain in the Malayalam film ''[[Kutty Srank]]'' (2010).<ref name="J"/> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], he made a video book along with fifty-one other actors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/actor-and-theatre-enthusiast-pd-satish-chandra-has-worked-with-51-prominent-personalities-to-bring-out-a-video-book/articleshow/75612289.cms|title=Actor and theatre enthusiast, PD Satish Chandra, has worked|first=Rajashekara|last=S.|date=8 May 2020|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> He is a frequent actor in [[M. G. Srinivas]]'s films and played a [[steampunk]]-esque character Time in ''[[Old Monk (film)|Old Monk]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-character-look-in-old-monk-is-inspired-by-the-steampunk-genre-p-d-sathish-chandra/articleshow/84380390.cms|title=My character look in 'Old Monk' is inspired by the steampunk genre|first=Swaroop|last=Kodur|date=14 July 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Theatre==
*''13 Margosa Mahal''<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/chinwag-with-p-d-satish-chandra/articleshow/21179663.cms|title=Chinwag with... P D Satish Chandra|date=19 June 2013|last=Madhukar|first=Jayanthi|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>
*''Hosa Belaku''<ref name="B"/>
* ''Katha Sangama'' (4 roles)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prakasamtrust.org/kathe/cast.html | title=Katha Sangama }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Aa Dinagalu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Minugu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kutty Srank]]'' || Mooppen || Malayalam film
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Lifeu Ishtene]]'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Parari (2013 film)|Parari]]'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Abhimanyu (2014 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[...Re (film)|...Re]]'' || Ghost ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' || Worker ||
|-
| ''[[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]]'' || Photographer Gurupada ||
|-
| ''[[99 (2019 film)|99]]'' || Giri ||
|-
| ''[[I Love You (2019 film)|I Love You]]'' || Maalinga ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''Nanjundi Kalyana'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga (2018 film)|Thayige Thakka Maga]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2020 || ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]'' || Vidhyasagar ||
|-
|''[[ACT 1978]]'' || Aravinda Nadiger ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Old Monk (film)|Old Monk]]'' || Time ||
|-
| ''[[Harikathe Alla Girikathe]]'' || Bank Manager ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025 || ''[[Doora Theera Yaana]]'' || || credited as P. D. Sathish
|-
|''[[Arasayyana Prema Prasanga]]'' ||Basavalinga ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025 ||''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' || Gunananda ||
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
|''Panduranga Vittala'' || Padmanabha (Paddu) || rowspan="2"|[[Zee Kannada]] ||
|-
|''Bhale Basava'' || [[Hanuman]] || {{fact|date=June 2025}}
|-
|''[[Galli Galli Sim Sim]]'' || || [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]] [[Pogo TV]] [[DD National]] || Hindi TV series
|-
|''Paapa Pandu 2'' || Boxer Balram || [[Colors Super]] || {{fact|date=June 2025}}
|-
| ''Yakhingaadtaaro'' || Padhmanabh || || remake of ''[[Friends]]''
|-
|''Varanna'' || Host || Public TV || {{fact|date=June 2025}}
|-
|''[[Seetha Raama]]'' || Charan D || Zee Kannada ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10450735}}

[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:37Z

Pritam: new the pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name=Abhayapuri North
|state=Assam
|district=[[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
|established=1951
|reservation=None
|mla=[[Abdul Batin Khandakar]]
|party=[[Indian National Congress]]
|latest_election_year=2021
|electors=
|type=SLA
| constituency_no = 34
| map_image = Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency map.svg
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Assam]] state in northeastern [[India]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="ceomap">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=Lok Sabha and Vidan Sabha Constituencies List
|accessdate=18 December 2020
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate=2006-05-04
}}</ref> This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>[https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf DELIMITATION ASSAM] {{Dead link|date=December 2025}}</ref>

Abhayapuri North (constituency number 34) was one of the 4 constituencies located in [[Bongaigaon district]].<ref name="ceo1"/>

Abhayapuri North was part of [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]] along with 9 other assembly segments, namely, [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]] and [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South]] in this district, [[Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency|Patacharkuchi]], [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]], [[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]], [[Baghbar Assembly constituency|Baghbar]], [[Sarukhetri Assembly constituency|Sarukhetri]] and [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]] in [[Barpeta district]] and [[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]] in [[Nalbari district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
*1978: Pani Medhi, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
*1985: Mokbul Hussain, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
*1991: Bhupen Ray, [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
*1996: Bhupen Ray, [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
*2001: Bhupen Ray, [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
*2006: Abdul Hai Nagori, [[Indian National Congress]].
*2011: Bhupen Ray, [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
*2016: Abdul Hai Nagori, [[Indian National Congress]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Abdul Batin Khandakar]]<ref name="abhaya ref1">{{cite news |title=Assam Election Results 2021: Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-election-results-2021-check-full-list-of-winners-2426707 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=3 May 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Abhayapuri North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdul Hai Nagori
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 48,354
|percentage = 35.36
|change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhupen Ray
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|votes = 46,211
|percentage = 33.79
|change = -2.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdul Batin Khandakar
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 32,699
|percentage = 23.91
|change = +5.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Swapan Mukherjee
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,968
|percentage = 2.90
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Taren Chandra Ray
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 3,315
|percentage = 2.42
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhagirath Ray
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|votes = 836
|percentage = 0.61
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Samsul Hoque
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 501
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 863
|percentage = 0.63
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,143
|percentage = 1.57
|change = +0.10
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,747
|percentage = 90.68
|change = +5.20
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,50,801
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing = +1.52
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Abhayapuri North}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Bhupen Ray
|votes = 38,111
|percentage = 36.32
|change = -3.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Hai Nagori
|votes = 36,574
|percentage = 34.85
|change = -16.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Abdul Latif Mondal
|votes = 19,695
|percentage = 18.77
|change = +16.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Anju Monowara Begum
|votes = 4,733
|percentage = 4.51
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rabin Das
|votes = 2,844
|percentage = 2.71
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ratul Bharali
|votes = 1,041
|percentage = 0.99
|change = +0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nilananda Rajbongshi
|votes = 709
|percentage = 0.68
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Aminul Hoque Jwadder
|votes = 466
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Lok Bharati
|candidate = Samsul Hoque
|votes = 423
|percentage = 0.40
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Habibur Rahman
|votes = 337
|percentage = 0.32
|change = -1.32
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,537
|percentage = 1.47
|change = -10.55
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,04,933
|percentage = 85.48
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,22,764
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Abhayapuri North}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Hai Nagori
|votes = 48,977
|percentage = 51.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Bhupen Ray
|votes = 37,530
|percentage = 39.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Makbul Hussain
|votes = 1,875
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Kanteswar Roy
|votes = 1,564
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dhananjoy Ray
|votes = 1,485
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ratul Bharali
|votes = 1,088
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manik Chandra Das
|votes = 907
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bulbul Hussain
|votes = 674
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = AGP(P)
|candidate = Bhadreswar Burman
|votes = 492
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = NLP
|candidate = Abdul Khaleque Ahmed
|votes = 417
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mostafa Ahmed
|votes = 201
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,447
|percentage = 12.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 95,210
|percentage = 84.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,12,079
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Abhayapuri]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord|26.34|90.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Bongaigaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Gulzar Dehlvi

2026-04-07T08:14:00Z

Pritam:

{{Short description|Indian poet (1926–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Gulzar Dehlavi
| native_name = आनंद मोहन जुत्शी गुलजार देहलवी
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Gulzar dehlvi.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 7 July 1926<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/7111-pt-anand-narayan-zutshi-gulzar-dehlavi|title=Pt Anand Narayan Zutshi Gulzar Dehlavi }}</ref>
| birth_name = Anand Mohan Zutshi
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|06|12|1926|07|07}}
| birth_place = Old Delhi's Gali Kashmeerian
| occupation = Poet, ghazal writer.
| nationality = Indian
| genre = ''[[Ghazal]]''
| subject = Love, philosophy, [[mysticism]]
| spouse = Kavita Zutshi
| children = Anoop Zutshi, Meena Ugra
| signature =
| death_place = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
}}

'''Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar Dehlavi''' ([[Urdu]]: {{nq|آنند موہن زتشی گلزار دہلوی}}; {{langx|hi|आनन्द मोहन ज़ुत्शी गुलज़ार देहलवी}}) (7 July 1926 – 12 June 2020) was an Indian Urdu poet, scholar, and journalist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/A-date-with-a-veteran-Urdu-poet/article15729340.ece|title=A date with a veteran Urdu poet |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 March 2006 }}</ref> Born in [[Old Delhi]]'s Gali Kashmirian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/urdu-poet-gulzar-dehlvi-dies-days-after-recovering-from-covid-19/articleshow/76341857.cms|title=Urdu poet 'Gulzar' Dehlvi dies days after recovering from Covid-19|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 June 2020 | access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref>

He was honored by the [[Vice President of India]] on his 91st birthday for his contribution to [[Urdu poetry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/vice-prez-ansari-honours-veteran-poet-gulzar-dehlvi/story-g5uPU5t65TovFht8BZPdnI.html|title=Vice-Prez Ansari honours veteran poet Gulzar Dehlvi |date=8 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/vice-president-arrived-at-the-91th-birthday-of-gulzar-dehlvi-hindi-news|title=गुलजार देहलवी के 91वें जन्मदिन पर पहुंचे उपराष्ट्रपति }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/news-tags/veteran-poet-pandit-mohan-munshi-zutshi-gulzar-dehlvi|title=Vice President Ansari felicitates veteran Poet Gulzar Dehlvi on 90th b'day|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813184548/http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/news-tags/veteran-poet-pandit-mohan-munshi-zutshi-gulzar-dehlvi|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He devoted his life to the service of Urdu, for which he was honoured by various personalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urduindia.wordpress.com/2007/09/05/gulzar-dehlvi-turns-82/|title=Gulzar Dehlvi turns 82 |date=5 September 2007 }}</ref> He edited the first Urdu science magazine, ''Science Ki Dunya'', which was launched in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/689395/in-conversation-with-gulzar-dehlavi/|title=In conversation with Gulzar Dehlavi |date=30 March 2014 }}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru]] recited his poetry 'Zarurat Hai Un Naujawano Ki' on 15 August 1947 in [[Red Fort]]. His book 'Kulliyat-E-Gulzar' was launched by former Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Rinkal |title=Urdu Ke Nau Maharathi |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |year=2020 |isbn=978-93-89807-30-1 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=28–39 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gulzar Dehlvi was from a [[Zutshi]] family of [[Kashmiri Pandits]]. He was born to Pandit Tribhuvan Nath (also known as Zar Dehlvi) a Professor and Brij Rani Zutshi. Gulzar Dehlvi attended the Ramjas School and BVJ Sanskrit School. He gained a Master of Arts degree from [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]]. His father, Pandit Tribhuvan Nath ‘Zar’ Dehlavi, received the public title of ‘[[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Mawlawi]] [[Sahib]]’ for his dedication as a teacher of [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language]]s at the [[Delhi University]] for around 40 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/689395/in-conversation-with-gulzar-dehlavi/|title=In conversation with Gulzar Dehlavi |date=30 March 2014 }}</ref> He also influenced one of the most prominent political scientist of India, Devasya Verma. He was married to Kavita Zutshi and they had 2 children, a son named Anoop and a daughter named Meena.

== Death ==
Dehlvi died in his [[Noida]] home on 12 June 2020, from post COVID-19 complications, one month before his 94th birthday. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-12|title=Veteran poet Gulzar Dehlvi passes away, days after recovering from Covid-19|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/veteran-poet-gulzar-dehlvi-passes-away-covid-196455773/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Noted Urdu poet Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar Dehlvi passes away aged 93, days after recovering from COVID-19|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/noted-urdu-poet-anand-mohan-zutshi-gulzar-dehlvi-passes-away-aged-93-days-after-recovering-from-covid-19-8477861.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Firstpost|date=12 June 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Poetry}}
*[[List of Urdu language poets]]
*[[Urdu poetry]]
*[[Zutshi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rekhta.org/poets/gulzar-dehlvi/video Rekhta Gulzar Video]
* [https://rekhta.org/poets/gulzar-dehlvi/couplets Rekhta Gulzar Couplets]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dehlvi, Gulzar}}
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Ghazal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Kunnathunad Assembly constituency

2026-03-27T09:48:39Z

Pritam: corrected lead per sources

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kunnathunad
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 84
| state = Kerala
| map_image = Kitex Limited kizhakkambalam Aluva.jpg
| map_caption = The headquarters of KITEX Garments Limited at [[Kizhakkambalam]]
| established = 1965
| reservation = SC
| electors = 1,51,003 (2021)
| mla = [[P. V. Srinijin]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
}}
'''Kunnathunad''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[P. V. Srinijin]] of the [[Communist Party of India|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Kunnathunad Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.
|access-date = 10 March 2021
|archive-date = 14 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314055251/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!Name
!Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
![[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Aikaranad South|Aikaranad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|2
|[[Kizhakkambalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|3
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|4
|[[Mazhuvannoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|5
|Poothrikka
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|6
|[[Thiruvaniyoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|7
|[[Vadavucode]]-[[Puthencruz]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|-
|8
|[[Vazhakulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kunnathunad]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Name
! colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|M. K. Krishnan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|T. A. Paraman
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="2" |P. R. Esthose
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="3" |[[T. H. Musthafa|T. H. Mustafa]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|M. P. Varghese
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|T. H. Mustafa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|M. M. Monayi
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| rowspan="2" |[[V. P. Sajeendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 – 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[P. V. Srinijin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediately previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathunad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[P. V. Srinijin]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[V. P. Sajeendran]]
|votes =

|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Twenty20 Party
|candidate = Babu Divakaran
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathunad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. V. Srinijin]]|votes=51180|percentage=33.77|change={{decrease}}8.55|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. P. Sajeendran]]|votes=48463|percentage=31.98|change={{decrease}}12.15|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Twenty20 Party|candidate=Dr. Sujith. P. Surendran|votes=41890|percentage=27.64|change=New|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Renu Suresh|votes=7056|percentage=4.66|change={{decrease}}6.44|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Krishnan Eranhikal|votes=1289|percentage=0.85|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Manikuttan.A.T|votes=197|percentage=0.13|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sujith.K.Surendran|votes=761|percentage=0.50|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Velayudhan.V.K|votes=165|percentage=0.11|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2717|percentage=1.81|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,72,595 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathunad}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. P. Sajendran|votes=65,445|percentage=44.13|change={{decrease}}5.59|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Shiji Sivaji|votes=62,766|percentage=42.32|change={{decrease}}0.57|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Thuravoor Suresh|votes=16,459|percentage=11.10|change={{increase}}6.52|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=N. O. Kuttapan|votes=1,263|percentage=0.85|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,179|percentage=0.79|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Orna Krishnankutty|votes=653|percentage=0.44|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sajeendran Parappurath|votes=436|percentage=0.29|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Manoj|votes=116|percentage=0.08|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,679|percentage=1.81|change={{decrease}}5.02}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,48,317|percentage=85.93|change={{decrease}}2.34}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}5.59}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,53,102 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunnathunad}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. P. Sajendran|votes=63,624|percentage=49.72|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M .A. Surendran|votes=54,892|percentage=42.89|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. Ravi|votes=5,862|percentage=4.58|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M. K. Manoj Kumar|votes=2,969|percentage=2.32|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajeev P. T.|votes=625|percentage=0.49|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=8,372|percentage=6.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,972|percentage=83.59|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kunnathunad]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]

The Transfer of Power, 1942–47

2026-03-27T01:51:32Z

Pritam: Added basic entry needs work

{{Distinguish|Transfer of Power}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title =
| name = The Transfer of Power, 1942–47
| image = File:Transfer of power- Volume 9 (Notes by Atlee).png
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| border =
| alt = Twelve-volume book set titled "The Transfer of Power, 1942–47"
| author = [[Clement Attlee]] (in his capacity as [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]] in the [[Churchill war ministry]])
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code = en
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = English
| series = Constitutional Relations between Britain and India
| release_number =
| subject = British–Indian constitutional relations, colonial administration, Indian independence movement
| genre = Historical documents, political history, colonial studies
| set_in = [[British Raj|British India]] (1942–1947)
| publisher = [[Her Majesty's Stationery Office|Stationery Office, London]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1970–1982
| english_pub_date =
| published = 1970–1982
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages = 12 volumes (each c. 1,000+ pages)
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 59085856
| dewey = 954.03
| congress = DS480.45 .G74
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes = Edited by P. N. S. Mansergh, assisted by E. W. R. Lumby; official publication documenting British–Indian constitutional developments, 1942–1947.
| exclude_cover =
| website = https://archive.org/details/transferofpower10006unse
| module =
}}
{{Confuse|Transfer of Power}}'''The Transfer of Power, 1942–47''' is an extensive documentary compilation based on the constitutional relations between [[British Empire|British]] and [[India]], colonial policies, and administrative decisions preceding independence. Divided into twelve volumes, this publication compiles significant official documents, personal correspondence, administrative reports, and diplomatic records covering the period from January 1942 to 15 August 1947. It is regarded as a fundamental source not only for understanding the political history of India but also that of the entire South Asian region, including [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/transferofpowervol1
|title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7. Volume 1: The Cripps Mission, January–April 1942 |year=1970 |editor=P. N. S. Mansergh |publisher=HMSO |location=London |access-date=9 October 2025 |series=Constitutional Relations between Britain and India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/59085856
|title=The Transfer of Power, 1942–47. Volume 9: The Fixing of a Time Limit, 4 November 1946–22 March 1947 |year=1980 |editor=P. N. S. Mansergh |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=0115800840 |access-date=9 October 2025 |editor2=Penderel Moon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Umar |first=Badruddin |author-link=Badruddin Umar |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/7092/samprodikota |title=Communalism |date=1994 |publisher=Mawla Brothers |isbn=9844100453 |edition=9th, 2015 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |pages=37–42 |language=bn |chapter=British Conquest and Transfer of Power in India}}</ref>

== Compilation and Publication ==
The project aimed to document the policies, decisions, and political processes of the British administration in India prior to independence, so that future researchers, historians, and policymakers could access the complete body of contemporary records directly.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalre06nich
|title=India: The Transfer of Power, 1942–47, Vol. 11 |year=1982 |editor=P. N. S. Mansergh |publisher=HMSO |location=London |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

The series explores the crisis of British rule during the [[Second World War]], the intensification of the Indian independence movement, and the administrative reorganization of the subcontinent. It reflects the decline of imperial power, the rise of nationalist politics, and the historical transformation from colony to sovereign state.<ref>{{cite book |language=en |title=The Transfer of Power 1942–7 (12 vols) — Full Set Listing & Scans |url=https://archive.org/details/transferofpower10006unse
|access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Internet Archive |date=1970 |isbn=978-0-11-580016-0 }}</ref>

The compilation began in June 1967 following an announcement by [[Harold Wilson]] in the [[House of Commons (United Kingdom)|House of Commons]]. Between 1970 and 1982, twelve volumes were gradually published by the [[The Stationery Office|London Stationery Office]]. The entire project was edited by Professor '''[[Nicholas Mansergh|P. N. S. Mansergh]]''' of the [[University of Cambridge]], a scholar of British Commonwealth history, with '''E. W. R. Lumby''' as assistant editor.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Constitutional Relations between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942–7, Vol. IX |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/constitutional-relations-between-britain-and-india-transfer-power-1942-7-vol-ix
|access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Indian Culture (Government of India)}}</ref>

== Historical Significance ==

''The Transfer of Power, 1942–47'' reflects a transformative period in South Asian political history. The documents in the series present evidence-based analysis of British colonial policy, the diplomatic context of the Indian independence movement, and the transition from imperial rule to self-determination. It is recognized as a fundamental source for studying the colonial history of South Asia, the independence processes of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, and the policies of British administration. The series’ detailed annotations, chronological tables, and indexes of individuals enhance its scholarly value.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Transfer of Power, 1942–47 |author=Enayetur Rahim |encyclopedia=[[Banglapedia]] |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |date=17 June 2021 |url=https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0,_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AD
|access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Leonard A. |title=The Transfer of Power 1942–47, Volume VI… and Volume VII… (Review) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/transfer-of-power-194247-volume-vi-the-postwar-phase-new-moves-by-the-labour-government-1-august-194522-march-1946-volume-vii-the-cabinet-mission-23-march29-june-1946-edited-by-nicholas-mansergh-london-her-majestys-stationery-office-1976-vol-vi-and-1977-vol-vii-vi-lxxxvi-1280-pp-illustrations-glossary-indexes-map-3000/f9ec4c0ea9b6e7e2add7686f67cfdd89
|journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=37 |issue=3 |year=1978 |access-date=9 October 2025 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}</ref>

=== Volume on the Bengal Famine ===
The fourth volume focuses particularly on the [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal Famine of 1943–44]]. Unlike other volumes emphasizing political documents, this one includes records concerning food shortages, administrative failures, and the humanitarian catastrophe of the famine. The documents reveal that although the Governor and the Viceroy repeatedly warned about the food crisis, the British wartime cabinet failed to take the issue seriously. Additional famine-related materials remain preserved in the [[National Archives of India]], serving as a valuable source for research.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morris-Jones |first=W. H. |title=The Transfer of Power, 1947: A View from the Sidelines |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/transfer-of-power-1947/69f41a742bd66518d1fbb533122b5088
|journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |year=1982 |access-date=9 October 2025 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00000688 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Britain's India Policy |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/indian-independence/britains-india-policy/
|website=The National Archives (UK) |access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Content and Structure ===
Although arranged chronologically, each volume of the series focuses on a specific political or administrative phase. The titles and publication years of the volumes are as follows:

* ''The Cripps Mission'', January–April 1942 (published 1970)
* ''Quit India Movement'', 30 April–21 September 1942 (published 1971)
* ''Restoration of Authority and Gandhi’s Fast'', 21 September 1942 – 12 June 1943 (published 1971)
* ''The Bengal Famine and the Viceroyalty'', 15 June 1943 – 31 August 1944 (published 1973)
* ''The Simla Conference: Background and Proceedings'', 1 September 1944 – 28 July 1945 (published 1975)
* ''The Postwar Phase and the Labour Government’s Moves'', 1 August 1945 – 22 March 1946 (published 1976)
* ''The Cabinet Mission'', 23 March–20 June 1946 (published 1977)
* ''The Interim Government'', 3 July–1 November 1946 (published 1979)
* ''The Fixing of a Time Limit'', 4 November 1946 – 22 March 1947 (published 1980)
* ''Mountbatten’s Viceroyalty: Formulation of Plans'', 22 March–30 May 1947 (published 1981)
* ''Mountbatten’s Viceroyalty: The 3 June Plan – Announcement and Acceptance'', 31 May–7 July 1947 (published 1982)
* ''Supplementary Documents and Addenda'', containing explanatory notes, annexures, and additional official papers.

The final volume includes explanatory footnotes, an appendix, and three supplementary documents that serve as a comprehensive complement to the entire series.<ref>{{cite web |title=British Sources — Modern India and South Asia Guide |date=11 September 2025 |url=https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=559489&p=3848206
|website=Harvard Library Research Guides |access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Sources and Authenticity ==
The documents compiled in the series were primarily drawn from the [[India Office]] Records and the personal collections of the Viceroys preserved in the India Office Library. Major sources included:

* Correspondence between Governors and Viceroys
* Regular exchanges between the Viceroy and the Secretary of State for India
* Minutes of Cabinet Committee meetings during the [[Second World War]]
* Official reports, memoranda, and communications from the Prime Minister's Office

The collection also contains evidence of communications between India, the United States, and the British Dominions regarding Indian policy.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lancaster |first=J. |year=1976 |title=The Archives in the India Office Records |journal=History |volume=61 |issue=201 |pages=49–64 |publisher=Wiley |jstor=195130 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/195130
|access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |year=2022 |title=Towards the Publication of The Transfer of Power Documents |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=140–154 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.1080/00856401.2022.1991558 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2022.1991558
|access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[India in World War II]]
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[Bengal famine of 1943]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Legal history]]
[[Category:Legal literature]]
[[Category:British India]]

Raju James Bond

2026-03-25T22:42:13Z

Pritam: put up some entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language Spy comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raju James Bond
| image = Raju James Bond.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Deepak Madhuvanahalli
| producer = {{Ubl|Manjunath Vishwakarma| Kiran Bharathuru}}
| writer = Deepak Madhuvanahalli
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Gurunandan]]
* Mrudula Pattanashetti
* [[Chikkanna]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
}}
| music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = Amit Javalkar
| studio = Karma Bros Productions
| distributor = Sathya Cine Distributors
| released = {{film date|2025|2|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 136 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/raju-james-bond-promises-40-minutes-of-laughter-in-its-136-minute-runtime-says-director-deepak-madhuvanahalli-article-114325949|title='Raju James Bond' Promises 40 Minutes Of Laughter In Its 136-Minute Runtime, Says Director Deepak Madhuvanahalli|work=TimesnowNews|date=17 October 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Raju James Bond''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Spy comedy|Spy comedy film]] written and directed by Deepak Madhuvanahalli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Feb/10/deepak-madhuvanahalli-raju-james-bond-is-distinctly-kannada-in-its-storytelling|title=Deepak Madhuvanahalli: Raju James Bond is distinctly Kannada in its story telling|work=Cinema Express.com|date=10 February 2025}}</ref> The film stars [[Gurunandan]] as Raju along with Mridula Pattanashetti, [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Chikkanna]] and [[P. Ravishankar]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raju James Bond : Cast and Crew|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/raju_james_bond/cast-and-crew |work=Rotten Tomatoes |date=14 February 2025}}</ref> It is jointly produced by Manjunath Vishwakarma and Kiran Bharathuru under Karma Bros Productions banner. The film's music is composed by [[Anoop Seelin]] and cinematography is by Manohar Joshi.

The film was announced and went on floors and the shooting was completed in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raju-james-bond-completes-its-shooting-in-london/articleshow/67174981.cms|title='Raju James Bond' completes its shooting in London|work=TimesofIndia.com|date=20 December 2018}}</ref> However, the release was postponed multiple times and took nearly seven years to finally release on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kannada-film-raju-james-bond-ready-to-release-in-august-after-5-year-delay-8032105.html|title=Kannada Film Raju James Bond Ready To Release In August after 5 year delay|work=News18.com|date=8 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jan/12/raju-james-bond-set-for-release-in-kannada-and-hindi|title=Raju James Bond set for release in Kannada and Hindi|work=Cinema Express|date=12 January 2025}}</ref> The filming took place in villages around [[Srirangapatna]] and [[Sanduru]] with few shots filmed in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/Dec/20/london-scenes-for-raju-james-bond-shot-in-the-same-location-as-hollywoods-james-bond-1913923.html|title=London scenes for Raju James Bond shot in the same location as Hollywood's James Bond|work=The New Indian Express|date=20 December 2018}}</ref> The film's trailer was unveiled by actor [[Sriimurali]] on 12 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/gurunandans-raju-james-bond-trailer-released-ahead-of-valentines-day/articleshow/118156334.cms|title=Sandalwood Shots: Trailer unvieled|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=12 February 2025}}</ref> Upon release, the film met with critical response from critics and failed to impress the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/raju-james-bond-movie-review-a-one-time-watchable-heist-drama-review-118220803|title='Raju James Bond' Movie Review: A One-Time Watchable Heist Drama|work=TimesNow news|date=14 February 2025}}</ref>

==Premises==
Raju dreams of becoming a bank manager in Suvarnapura while carrying the burden of saving his family home from debt, a promise made to his late father. His love for Vidya, a teacher and the sister of a bank committee member, complicates his struggles. As Suvarnapura's MLA Bhootayya adds to his troubles, Raju joins forces with his eccentric uncle, a news reporter, an astrologer, and a mysterious friend.

== Cast ==
* [[Gurunandan]] as Raju
* Mrudula Pattanashetty as Vidya
* [[Chikkanna]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[P. Ravishankar]] as MLA Bhootayya
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Krishna
* [[Jai Jagadish]]
* [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]]
* [[Tabla Nani]]
* Manjunath Hegde
* Vijay Chendur
* Meera Kiran
* Jayasimhan
* Triveni Sashistha
* Shivamogga Ramanna
* Master Nikhil
* Danam Shivamogga

== Production ==
In August 2018, it was reported that actor [[Gurunandan]] would be continuing his "Raju" titled films after his successful ''[[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|First Rank Raju]]'' and ''[[Raju Kannada Medium]]'', this time in a [[James Bond]] character. The film's story was reported to be based on a bank robbery that takes place in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The first look of the character was also revealed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/raju-again/articleshow/65535200.cms|title=Raju again|website=Bangalore Mirror|date=25 August 2018}}</ref> The film went through multiple hurdles for release including the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. After multiple date announcements, the film officially was brought to screens on 14 February 2025 coinciding the [[Valentines Day]]. It was announced that the film will be released in both Kannada and Hindi languages on the same date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/gurunandan-starrer-raju-james-bond-to-release-in-kannada-and-hindi-on-valentine-s-day-article-117157290|title=Gurunandan-Starrer 'Raju James Bond' To Release In Kannada And Hindi On Valentine's Day|work=TimesNow News|date=12 January 2025}}</ref> The distribution was taken up by Sathya Cine Distribution in Karnataka. The producers announced that the film will also be released in US, UK, Canada, Australia and other parts of the world.

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Anoop Seelin]] and the audio was marketed by A2 Music. The single "Kanmani" performed by [[Sanjith Hegde]] was released in January 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanmani (From "Raju Jamesbond") – Song by Sanjith Hegde|url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/kanmani-from-raju-jamesbond/1789918614 |website=AppleMusic.com |date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanmani
| length1 = 4:49
| lyrics1 = Jyothi Vyasaraj
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| title2 = James Bond
| length2 = 4:13
| lyrics2 = Jyothi Vyasaraj
| extra2 = [[Chandan Shetty]], Sanvi Shetty
| title3 = Bekittha Bekittha
| length3 = 4:13
| lyrics3 = Deepak Madhuvanahalli
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| total_length = 13:02
}}

== Reception ==
Y. Maheshwara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Had the director focused on the screenplay, the movie would have been better. Having said that, it is still worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/raju-james-bond-movie-review-a-hilarious-action-packed-adventure/articleshow/118260986.cms|title=Movie Review: Raju James Bond: A mix of action, comedy & romance|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of five stars and wrote, "Raju James Bond is a quirky, if slightly flawed, drama that offers a local take on the story of an underdog facing seemingly insurmountable odds. It’s a film about a man who might not be the picture of a traditional hero, but whose journey is compelling in its own, imperfect way".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/17/raju-james-bond-movie-review-a-quirky-local-twist-on-the-bond-legacy|title='Raju James Bond' Movie Review: A quirky local twist on the Bond legacy|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt9408680}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian spy comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]

Indian cricket team in Australia in 2014–15

2026-03-19T17:50:54Z

Pritam: added details for consistency and added references per sources

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series= 2014–15 Border–Gavaskar Trophy
|image=
|caption=
|date= 24 November 2014 – 10 January 2015
|place= {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
|result= Australia won the 4-match series 2–0
|player of series= {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
|team1={{cr|AUS}}
|team2={{cr|IND}}
|captain1= [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]<ref name="Clarke" group="n">[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] captained Australia for the last three Test matches.</ref>
|captain2=[[MS Dhoni]]<ref name="Dhoni" group="n">[[Virat Kohli]] captained India for the 1st and 4th Test.</ref>
|runs1=[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (769)
|runs2= [[Virat Kohli]] (692)
|wickets1=[[Nathan Lyon]] (23)
|wickets2= [[Mohammed Shami]] (15)
|previous = [[2012–13 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|2012–13 series]]
|next= [[2016–17 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|2016–17 series]]
}}

The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] from 24 November 2014 to 10 January 2015. The tour consisted of two tour matches and four [[Test cricket|Test matches]]. The first Test was originally scheduled on 4 December in Brisbane, but it was postponed because of the death of [[Phillip Hughes]] to allow the Australian players to mourn at his funeral.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Australia-India 1st Test postponed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2014/11/29/australia-india-1st-test-postponed |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Instead, Adelaide hosted the first Test from 9 December and Brisbane hosted the second Test from 17 December.<ref name="CricInfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/754713.html?template=fixtures |title=Border–Gavaskar Trophy, 2014/15 |access-date=3 September 2014 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/754685.html Australia's summer schedule released]</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/772373.html India could face 4–0 loss in Australia – McGrath]</ref> Following the draw in the third Test, Indian captain [[MS Dhoni]] announced his retirement from Test cricket with immediate effect.<ref name="DhoniTest">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/30632182 |title=Mahendra Singh Dhoni: India captain quits Test cricket |access-date=30 December 2014 |work=BBC Sport|date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> After the draw in the final Test in Sydney, Australia won the series 2–0. Following the Test matches, Australia and India participated in the [[Carlton Mid Triangular Series in Australia in 2014–15|Carlton Mid Triangular Series]] with the [[England national cricket team|England cricket team]].

==Background==
India had recently lost a [[Indian cricket team in England in 2014|Test series against England]] in England 3–1, while Australia lost a [[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15|Test series against Pakistan]] in the United Arab Emirates 2–0.

==Squads==
Indian selectors selected a 19-man squad for the Test series. Naman Ojha was included as the backup for Wriddhiman Saha in the first Test. MS Dhoni was not part of the team in the first Adelaide Test due to an injury. Therefore, Virat Kohli captained India in the first Test.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/10/virat-kohli-india-test-captain-australia-ms-dhoni| title=Virat Kohli to captain India for first Test against Australia | work=[[The Guardian]] | date= 10 November 2014 | access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] was asked to join India's Test squad as cover for the injured [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], who was suffering from an ankle injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kulkarni called up as replacement for Bhuvneshwar|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/current/story/809471.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=11 December 2014 |access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref> Indian captain MS Dhoni announced his retirement after the conclusion of the Melbourne Test, with Kohli leading the team in the fourth Test as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/814975.html| title=Dhoni retires from Test cricket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=30 December 2014 | access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref>

On the other hand, the Australian selectors selected 13 members for the first Test. Australian Test captain Michael Clarke had to pass a fitness test before appearing in the first Test match at Adelaide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/12-man-australia-squad-announced-first-test-india-brisbane/2014-11-24 |title=Australia Test squad announced |date=24 November 2014}}</ref> Shaun Marsh was added to the Australian squad as cover for Michael Clarke.<ref>[http://www.bcci.tv/news/2014/news/9121/shaun-marsh-added-to-squad-for-first-test Shaun Marsh added to squad for first Test]</ref> But Clarke had taken no further part in the series after injuring his right hamstring. Thereby, Steve Smith was selected as standby captain for the 2nd to 4th Tests ahead of vice captain Brad Haddin. Queenslander [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]] replaced an injured [[Mitchell Marsh]] for the [[Boxing Day Test]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Burns in line for Boxing Day debut|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/current/story/812463.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> Ashton Agar was added to the squad for the last Test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agar added to squad for Sydney Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/814969.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
|-
! {{cr|AUS}}
! {{cr|IND}}
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Brad Haddin]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ashton Agar]]
* [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]]
* [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]]
* [[Josh Hazlewood]]
* [[Mitchell Johnson]]
* [[Nathan Lyon]]
* [[Mitchell Marsh]]
* [[Shaun Marsh]]
* [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]]
* [[Peter Siddle]]
* [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
* [[Shane Watson]]
* [[Marnus Labuschagne]]

|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Varun Aaron]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]*
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Naman Ojha]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]*
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Karn Sharma]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]

|}

==Tour series==
{{Test match
| date = 24–25 November 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Australian Cricket Team|Cricket Australia Invitation XI]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 219 (71.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ryan Carters]] 58 (151)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Varun Aaron]] 3/80 (18.0 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 8/363 (91 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 60 (114)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Josh Lalor]] 2/55 (20.0 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/754733.html Scorecard]
| toss = Cricket Australia Invitation XI won the toss and chose to bat
| venue = [[Glenelg Oval]], [[Glenelg, South Australia|Glenelg]]
| umpires = [[Damien Mealey]] (Aus) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Players per side 13 (11 batting, 11 fielding)
}}
----
{{Test match
| date = 4–5 December 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Australian Cricket Team|Cricket Australia Invitation XI]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 243 (68.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jordan Silk]] 58 (104)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Varun Aaron]] 4/41 (14.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 375 (90 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 66 (94)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Josh Lalor]] 4/59 (17.0 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 5/83 (21 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jordan Silk]] 41 (71)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/8 (5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/engine/match/754735.html Scorecard]
| toss = Cricket Australia Invitation XI won the toss and elected to bat
| venue = [[Glenelg Oval]], [[Glenelg, South Australia|Glenelg]]
| umpires = [[Mick Martell]] (Aus) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Originally scheduled for 28–29 November but the match was rescheduled because of the death of Australian cricketer [[Phillip Hughes]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/current/story/803759.html |title= Indians' tour game cancelled after Hughes' death |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.| access-date= 27 November 2014}}</ref>
* Players per side: Cricket Australia XI 12 (11 batting, 11 fielding); Indians 14 (11 batting, 11 fielding)
}}

==Test series==
{{main|Border–Gavaskar Trophy}}

===Trophy background===
Entering the series, India held the Border–Gavaskar Trophy after winning the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2012–13|2012–13 series]] 4–0. Australia won the previous series at home, ([[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2011–12|2011–12]]) also 4–0.

===Decision Review System (DRS)===
The series was played without the players having access to the [[decision review system]] (DRS) also known as UDRS. The DRS could be used in any Test series at the agreement of both participating cricket boards, but the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] opposed its use in this series. Umpires could still initiate reviews to the third umpire for run out, stumping and no ball decisions. Before the first Test, India captain [[Virat Kohli]] stated that the system had to be "100% perfect".<ref>{{cite web|title=DRS put on hold as India demands perfection|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/drs-put-on-hold-as-india-demands-perfection-20141208-122r32.html|website=Sydney Morning Herald|date=8 December 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 9–13 December 2014
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 7/517[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (120 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 162[[not out|*]] (231)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/120 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 444 (116.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 115 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Nathan Lyon]] 5/134 (36 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 5/290[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (69 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 102 (166)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Karn Sharma]] 2/95 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 315 (87.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 141 (175)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Nathan Lyon]] 7/152 (34.1 overs)

| result = Australia won by 48 runs
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Nathan Lyon]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/754737.html Scorecard]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain shortened Day 2 to 32 overs.
| notes = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) captained for the first time in tests.
*[[Karn Sharma]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
* [[Phillip Hughes]] (Aus) was named as '13th man' in remembrance of his death.
}}

Australia won the toss and chose to bat on a wicket which some commentators suggesting the flattest ever at the Adelaide Oval. [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] made a blistering start with the score at 0/40 after 4 overs. But [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] (9) fell shortly after from an edge to [[Shikhar Dhawan]] bowled by [[Ishant Sharma]]. [[Shane Watson]] (14) also fell to Dhawan via an edge. [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] steadied the innings while Warner scored his 10th century off 106 balls. Clarke (60) eventually retired hurt after a back injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clarke retires hurt with back injury|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/current/story/808647.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=9 December 2014 |access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref> Karn Sharma took his first Test wicket after David Warner (145) holed out. Australia lost late wickets in the last session, losing 4 wickets to end the day at 6/354 after at one stage being 3/345. [[Brad Haddin]] (0) was dismissed on the last ball of the day.<ref>{{cite web|title=India strike after swift Warner century|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/808531.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 December 2014 |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>

[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] returned to the crease at the start of Day 2 with a back brace, and put on a 51-run partnership with [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]], before a rain delay left Smith stranded just 2 runs short of a century. The rain consistently fell and lunch was taken early. The players returned after lunch and Smith brought up his century in the first ball. Play was delayed once again just 2 overs later. Play resumed again and Clarke reached his own century as the pair quickly added another 50 before yet another rain delay. Play continued and more quick runs were added as Smith reached 150. Clarke then was dismissed by [[Karn Sharma]] for 128 and stumps were called just one over later because of bad light. Shami, Aaron and Karn Sharma took two wickets each.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smith, Clarke flatten India on rainy day|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/808909.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=10 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>

Australia captain [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] declared overnight and sent India in to bat at the start of Day 3. [[Shikhar Dhawan]] made a brisk start but was bowled by [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] for 25. [[Murali Vijay]] and [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] put on an 81-run partnership before [[Mitchell Johnson]] dismissed Vijay caught behind (53). India reached lunch at a solid 2/119. Pujara and Kohli continued their partnership after lunch and put on another 81-run stand until Pujara was bowled by [[Nathan Lyon]] for 73. Kohli and [[Ajinkya Rahane]] saw out a late onslaught from Lyon to be 3/223 at tea. Rahane pushed on after tea, but was caught off his gloves for 62. [[Rohit Sharma]] came in and helped push them towards 400 as Kohli brought up his 2nd century at [[Adelaide Oval]]. Kohli (115) was eventually dismissed with 4 overs remaining in the day. [[Wriddhiman Saha]] and Sharma successfully saw India to 5/369 at stumps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kohli century leads India's reply|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/809213.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=11 December 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

Australia took the remaining 5 wickets in the first session with Nathan Lyon the pick of the bowlers taking 5/134. The Australian openers got to lunch unscathed, scoring 32 runs off 10 overs. Karn Sharma took the wicket of Chris Rogers (21) after he mis-timed a sweep to [[Rohit Sharma]]. David Warner and Shane Watson combined to take Australia to a solid 1/137 at tea, but Warner should have been out after being bowled off a [[no-ball]] by [[Varun Aaron]]. Warner (102) made his second century of the innings after the break. Australia finished the day at 5/290, after [[Mitchell Marsh]] (40) and Steve Smith (52*) scored at a fast rate including a 24-run over from Marsh off Karn Sharma.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lyon and Warner leave India struggling|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/809551.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=12 December 2014 |access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref> Commentators criticised India for their negative tactics. Also, controversy ensued twice in the final session when Warner was given a send-off from Aaron causing a dispute between them. Rohit Sharma's appeal also caused a stand-off between the players leaving the umpires, [[Ian Gould]] and [[Marais Erasmus]] to calm them down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tensions rise as players lose cool|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/809707.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=12 December 2014 |access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref> As a result, Warner was fined 15% of his match fee while Kohli and Shikhar Dhawan were fined 30%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warner, Kohli, Dhawan fined for altercation|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/810147.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

Australia again declared overnight, leaving them 98 overs to bowl out India. [[Shikhar Dhawan]] was first to go (9), but shouldn't have been, after replays showed the ball came off his arm. Cheteshwar Pujara (21) was next out when he was caught behind off Nathan Lyon. [[Murali Vijay]] and stand-in captain Virat Kohli put on a further 45 as India reached a solid 2/105 at lunch. After lunch the pair extended their partnership to 185, as Kohli brought up his second century of the match and completed 2000 test runs (innings 53), before a devastated Vijay was given lbw for 99. [[Ajinkya Rahane]] went in the same over for a duck, caught at bat-pad. [[Rohit Sharma]] joined Kohli and they put on 35 before Sharma started a collapse when he went for 6. [[Wriddhiman Saha]] was bowled for 13 as Lyon took his second 5-wicket haul of the game. Kohli holed out to Mitchell Marsh eventually for 141 and the remaining 3 wickets fell quickly as [[Nathan Lyon]] took 7/152, his maiden 10 wicket match haul and was awarded Man of the Match. India lost their last 8 wickets for only 73 runs, at one stage at a commanding 2/243. Australia took a 1–0 series lead. Australian captain, Michael Clarke injured his right hamstring during the run-chase and admitted that he may never play again, [[Brad Haddin]] replaced him as captain during the innings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clarke admits he may never play again|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/current/story/809897.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 17–21 December 2014
| time = 10.30 AM
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 408 (109.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Murali Vijay]] 144 (213)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 5/68 (23.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 505 (109.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 133 (191)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/101 (25 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 224 (64.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 81 (145)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mitchell Johnson]] 4/41 (17.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 6/130 (23.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] 55 (57)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 3/38 (9 overs)

| result = Australia won by 4 wickets
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/754739.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Aus) made his Test debut.
| rain = Bad Light ended play early on day 2.
}}

[[File:Josh Hazlewood 2011.jpg|thumbnail|[[Josh Hazlewood]] made a successful Test debut, taking match figures of 7/142.]]
[[MS Dhoni]] won the toss for India and elected to bat on the first morning on a fast pitch, good for batting. [[Murali Vijay]] and [[Shikhar Dhawan]] put on a 50-run opening stand before Dhawan wasted yet another start when he was caught behind off [[Mitchell Marsh]] (24). Vijay (45*) and [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (15*) led India to lunch at 1/89. India started very slowly after lunch, as Mitch Marsh limped off the field with a hamstring injury. Pujara (18) was eventually caught behind for [[Josh Hazlewood]]'s first test wicket. However, replays showed the ball came off his helmet. [[Virat Kohli]] came in on the back of 2 centuries in the first test, and was caught behind for just 19. [[Ajinkya Rahane]] was shaky at the crease but steadied to reach tea on 13. India were 3/151 at tea with Vijay also not out on 73. Rahane and Vijay started quickly after tea as Vijay reached his century. The pair put on a 124-run partnership before Vijay was also caught behind (144). Rahane (75*) (his sixth career fifty and all outside India) and [[Rohit Sharma]] (26*) put together a 50-run stand as India reached 4/311 at stumps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vijay and heat make India's day|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/810887.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 December 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>

Rahane (81) and R.Sharma (32) fell early on Day 2, but [[MS Dhoni]] (33) and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (35) put on a quick fire 57-run stand but both fell in quick succession. [[Varun Aaron]] (4) fell shortly after as India were bowled out for 408 at lunch. [[Josh Hazlewood]] (5/63) was the best bowler taking 5 wickets on debut. Australia's innings started after lunch and Warner started quickly but top-edged a ball to slip (29). [[Shane Watson]] wasted another start and was caught at mid-on (25). [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] also missed a chance to make a big score when he was caught behind on the last ball before tea (55). Australia reached 3/121 at the break. [[Shaun Marsh]] came in after tea and he and captain Steve Smith put on an 87-run stand before S.Marsh (32) edged one to slip. His brother, [[Mitchell Marsh]] (7*) came in and joined Smith (65*) as Australia reached 4/221 at stumps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hazlewood inspires Australia's fightback|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/811409.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 December 2014 |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>

M.Marsh (11) fell early on Day 3, when he let one go and was bowled by [[Ishant Sharma]]. [[Brad Haddin]] went shortly after when he was caught at short leg (6). Then [[Mitchell Johnson]] came in and belted the ball around as he and Smith (110*), who brought up his 6th test century and first as captain, put on a 104-run partnership before lunch as Australia reached 6/351 at the break, trailing India by just 57 runs. Johnson (88) and Smith (133) were dismissed shortly after the interval. Australia's tail annoyed the tired Indians as [[Mitchell Starc]] (51*) scored his fourth test fifty before the tea break. Starc (52) was bowled just after tea, giving Australia a solid 97-run first innings lead. All four main bowlers conceded 100 runs, with Umesh Yadav (3/101) being the pick of them. Mitchell Starc bowled Murali Vijay (27) after a quick start, India finished on 1/71 at the end of day 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smith and bowlers subdue India|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/811737.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>

India lost 5 early wickets on Day 4 as [[Mitchell Johnson]] ripped through their middle order of Kohli, Rahane, Rohit, and Dhoni. [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (43) was caught just before lunch as India reached lunch reeling at 7/157. Dhawan and [[Umesh Yadav]] put on a 60-run partnership to give India some hope but when Dhawan (81) was given lbw to [[Nathan Lyon]] the final 2 wickets fell quickly as India were bowled out for 224 setting Australia a target of 128 to win. [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (6) fell early in the run chase and was followed by [[Shane Watson]] (0) just before tea as Australia reached 2/25 at the break. [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and Rogers steadied the Australian innings after tea, and put on a 63-run stand before Rogers (55) was caught at slip off [[Ishant Sharma]]. [[Shaun Marsh]] was caught behind shortly after for 17. Smith (28) was run-out by Yadav and India had a slight chance when Haddin (1) was caught off the bowling of Yadav. But [[Mitchell Marsh]] (6*) scored the remaining runs required as Australia won by 4 wickets and took a 2–0 series lead. [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] was named Man of the Match for his century in the first innings, the ninth captain on debut to do so.<ref name="2nd test stats">{{cite web|first=Bishen|last=Jeswant|title=The highest Test run-rate in Australia|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/812253.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=20 December 2014|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

The win extended Australia's unbeaten streak in Brisbane to 26 Tests (19 wins and seven draws) and this was India's sixth consecutive lost in Australia. This was the fifth time in Test match history that a team had lost inside four days after making over 400 runs in the first innings of the match. Of the previous four Tests Australia won three of those Tests, while India won the other. The overall run rate of the match was 4.12 run per over – the highest for a Test played in Australia and the ninth highest ever.<ref name="2nd test stats"/>

===3rd Test===

{{Test match
| date = 26–30 December 2014
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 530 (142.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 192 (305)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 4/138 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 465 (128.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 169 (272)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] 4/70 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 9/318[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (98 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shaun Marsh]] 99 (215)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/49 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 6/174 (66 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 54 (99)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] 2/30 (16 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
| motm = [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/754741.html Scorecard]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain stopped play for 1 hour on Day 4.
| notes = [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]] (Aus) and [[KL Rahul]] (Ind) both made their Test debuts
* This was the last Test match for [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind).
}}

[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] won his first toss and decided to bat on Day 1 of the [[Boxing Day Test]]. [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (0) fell early with the score at 1/0. [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] (46*) and [[Shane Watson]] (40*) put on a 92-run stand and led Australia out of trouble as they reached 1/92 at lunch. The pair put on another 23 runs before Rogers (57) was caught behind and Watson (52) fell lbw shortly after. [[Shaun Marsh]] (32*) and captain [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (23*) put on a 59-run partnership as Australia reached 3/174 at tea. Marsh (32) was caught behind shortly after tea and debutant [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]] started well but was also caught behind for 13. Smith (72*) and [[Brad Haddin]] (23*) put on a 43-run stand as Australia reached 5/259 at stumps. The crowd of 69,993 on day one was the second-highest Boxing Day crowd between the two teams.

Haddin and Smith continued their partnership very quickly in the first hour of Day 2, as Smith brought up his 3rd century of the series. Haddin (55) was eventually caught behind after a 110-run stand. [[Mitchell Johnson]] scored quickly as well before he was stumped for 28 off the bowling of [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]. Smith (128*) and [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] (10*) led Australia to lunch at 7/389. Harris came out after lunch and annoyed the Indian bowlers as he smashed 74, his highest test score, before he was given lbw. [[Nathan Lyon]] (11) and Smith (192) fell in quick succession after that as Australia were bowled out for 530 at the tea break. [[Murali Vijay]] and [[Shikhar Dhawan]] put on a 55-run opening stand until Dhawan (28) wasted another start when he edged one to slip. Vijay (55*) and [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (25*) built a 52-run partnership as India reached stumps at 1/108.

Pujara (25) fell on the second ball of Day 3 and Vijay (68) was gone soon after. But then [[Virat Kohli]] and [[Ajinkya Rahane]] put on a 77-run partnership as India were 3/224 at lunch. The pair continued after lunch and built a massive partnership as they both brought up centuries, Kohli's 3rd of the series, as they led India all the way to tea at 3/336. Another 68 runs were added in the final session before Rahane (147) eventually was dismissed after a 262-run partnership. Debutant [[KL Rahul]] (3), [[MS Dhoni]] (11) and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (0) all fell in quick secession after that as India lost 4/25. Kohli (169) was dismissed right near the end of the day and the umpires called stumps with India at 8/462, trailing Australia by 68 runs.

Yadav (0) was caught behind early on Day 4 and Shami (12) was out shortly after as India were bowled out for 465. [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] started quickly as Australia's lead raced to 100 before he was adjudged lbw off Ashwin (40). [[Shane Watson]] (15*) and [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] (33*) continued until lunch with the score at 1/90, a lead of 155. Rain delayed the middle session for an hour and shortly after the interval, Watson (17) was caught behind off the bowling of Sharma. [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] looked good at the crease as Rogers brought up his 4th consecutive fifty, until Smith was caught at leg slip for 14. [[Shaun Marsh]] and Rogers put on a good 33-run stand before Rogers (69) once again didn't go on with his fifty and make a big score when he played on off Ashwin. [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]] and Marsh lasted until tea at 4/174, leading by 239 runs. Marsh and Burns started slowly after tea and Burns was caught behind (9). [[Brad Haddin]] (13) was also caught behind not long after. [[Mitchell Johnson]] started slowly and threw away his wicket when he was caught at mid-wicket (15) as Marsh brought up a half-century. [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] (8*) and Marsh (62*) guided Australia to 7/261 at stumps, a lead of 326 runs.

The pair continued their partnership on Day 5, until a rain delay halted play. Marsh built towards his century before Harris was dismissed (21) after a 69-run stand. Marsh was then desperate to get to his hundred before lunch and tried to push a quick single to mid-off and was run-out for 99. Australia then declared at lunch at 9/318, giving India a target of 384 off 71 overs. India's run chase started terribly when Dhawan (0), [[KL Rahul]] (1) and Vijay (11) all fell early with India at 3/19. [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (33*) and [[Virat Kohli]] (54*) built another partnership as India reached tea at 3/104. Kohli was gone on the first ball after tea with India in trouble. Rahane and Pujara also put on a 37-run stand before Pujara was bowled (21). Rahane (48) was also out shortly after. [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (8*) and [[MS Dhoni]] (24*) lasted out the day when both captains agreed no result was possible and the match was drawn with 4 overs remaining. The draw ensured Australia won the series, a 2–0 lead with one match to go. [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] was awarded Man of the Match for his 6 wickets in the match and 74 in the first innings. MS Dhoni retired from Test cricket after this match.

===4th Test===
{{Test match
| date = 6–10 January 2015
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 7/572[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (152.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 117 (208)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 5/112 (28.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 475 (162 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 147 (230)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 3/106 (32 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 6/251[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (40 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 71 (70)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 4/105 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 7/252 (89.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Murali Vijay]] 80 (165)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/31 (17 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
| motm = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/754743.html Scorecard]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = For the first time, Australia's top six batsmen each scored half-centuries in the first innings of a Test.<ref name="FirstSix">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/story/817571.html |title=Australia on top after making 572 |access-date=7 January 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=7 January 2015 }}</ref>
* [[KL Rahul]] (Ind) scored his maiden Test century.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.redbull.com/in-en/kl-rahul-test-centuries|title= KL Rahul's 100s in Test cricket|work=Rohit Sankar |access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>
* This was the last Test match for [[Suresh Raina]] (Ind).
}}
India made four changes for the final test and Australia made just one, with [[Mitchell Johnson]] out. The Australians won the toss and elected to bat for the third time in the series. [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] and Warner started quickly. The run-rate was then slowed, but Warner (63*) and Rogers (52*) put on a 100-run opening stand as Australia reached 0/123 at lunch. The pair continued after lunch as Warner brought up his 3rd century of the series. He was caught at slip shortly after for 101. Rogers (95) was also dismissed just 5 runs short of a century when he was bowled by Shami. Smith (28*) and [[Shane Watson]] (10*) guided Australia to tea at 2/242. The pair dominated the final session and added another 106 runs and as their partnership reached 144. Smith (82*) and Watson (61*), who was dropped on the second last ball, led Australia to stumps at 2/348.

Smith and Watson continued their partnership on Day 2 as Smith brought up his 4th century of the series. After a 196-run stand, Watson (81) was caught in the deep. Smith (117) fell shortly after as Australia reached lunch at 4/420 with [[Shaun Marsh]] (14*) and [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]] (0*). The pair built another partnership after lunch as both brought up half-centuries. Marsh (73) was eventually caught behind. Burns (52*) and Brad Haddin (7*), who hit a six off his first ball, lasted until tea at 5/538. Burns (58) was caught straight after tea and [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] smashed 25 off 9 balls until he was also caught. Australia then declared at 7/572. [[Mohammed Shami]] picked up his 2nd 5-wicket haul and his first outside India. [[Murali Vijay]] was out for a duck early in the innings before [[KL Rahul]] (31*) and [[Rohit Sharma]] (40*) put on a solid partnership as India reached stumps at 1/71. [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]'s century equals the record set by Sir [[Donald Bradman]] and [[Jacques Kallis]] of four hundreds in one series.<ref name="SmithTon">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/30706710 |title=Australia v India: Steve Smith scores fourth century of series |access-date=7 January 2015 |work=BBC Sport|date=7 January 2015 }}</ref>

Sharma and Rahul built their partnership on Day 3 very slowly. Sharma brought up a half-century but was bowled shortly after (53). Rahul survived a huge run-out opportunity to bring up his first half-century as India reached lunch at 2/122, with Rahul (50*) and [[Virat Kohli]] (16*). The pair built a big partnership after lunch and dominated the Australian bowlers as Kohli brought up another half-century. Rahul brought up his first test century right on tea with India at 2/234 at the break.
Rahul (110) was caught and bowled shortly after tea. Kohli and [[Ajinkya Rahane]] came together as Kohli brought up his fourth century of the series. Kohli became the first player to score three centuries in his first three innings as a captain.<ref name="KholiTon">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/30722738 |title=Australia v India: Kohli makes history; 'spidercam' controversy |access-date=8 January 2015 |work=BBC Sport|date=8 January 2015 }}</ref> [[Shane Watson]] then took 2 wickets in as many balls to dismiss Rahane (13) and [[Suresh Raina]] for a golden duck. [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (14*) joined Kohli (140*) as India reached stumps at 5/342.

Kohli (147) was dismissed early on Day 4 as Saha and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] put on a solid partnership before Saha (34) was out. [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] built a 65-run stand with Ashwin as India reached lunch at 7/407. Ashwin brought up a half-century after lunch but Kumar (35), Ashwin (50) and [[Umesh Yadav]] (4) all fell quickly after that as India were bowled out for 475, giving Australia a 97-run first innings lead.
Smith declared overnight, giving India a target of 349 off 90 overs. Rahul (14) was caught early, but then [[Rohit Sharma]] and Vijay put on a 56-run stand until Sharma (39) was caught at slip. [[Virat Kohli]] and Vijay then built another partnership of 74 before Vijay (80) was caught behind. Kohli (46), [[Suresh Raina]] (0), who made a pair, [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (0) and Ashwin (1) all fell in quick succession as India lost 5/38. [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (38*) and [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (20*) then lasted out the final 12 overs as the match ended in a draw. Starc, Hazlewood and Lyon picked up 2 wickets.
Steve Smith was named man of the match and man of the series. The draw meant Australia regained the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] with a 2–0 series win.

==Carlton Mid ODI Tri-Series==
{{Main|Carlton Mid Triangular Series in Australia in 2014–15}}

The Carlton Mid ODI Tri-Series was played between the host [[Australian Cricket Team|Australia]], [[Indian Cricket Team|India]] and [[England Cricket Team|England]]. The tournament was a double round robin format, shorter than that of previous series. It started on 16 January 2015 and ended on 1 February. The series was won by Australia.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2014-15/content/series/656517.html Series home]

{{International cricket tours of Australia}}
{{International cricket in 2014–15}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Australia in 2014-15}}
[[Category:2014 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Australia|2014-15]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2014–15]]
[[Category:2014–15 Australian cricket season]]

Yadavally

2026-03-16T16:20:19Z

Pritam: Added a pg basic info.

{{Short description|Village in an Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{multiple issues|1={{original research|date=December 2013}}
{{More references|date=December 2013}}{{Unreferenced|date=March 2026}}
}}
'''Yadavally''' (also spelled Madha '''Yadavally''', M Yadavally, Yadavally or Yadavalli) is a village located in the [[Nalgonda district]] of [[Telangana]], India. It is connected to [[Hyderabad]], the state capital, by [[National Highway 9 (India)|National Highway 9]] and to [[Nalgonda]] by the SH 2 State Highway.

Yadavally is a [[Gram panchayat]] and 3 small villages come under it:
* Naibai (Reddys colony)
* Pothineni Pally
* Surya Nagar

It has 1 [[sarpanch]] and 10 ward members.

Yadavally village comes under Assembly constituency nakerkal and Parliament constituency Bhuvanagiri.

== Temples ==

* [[Hanuman]] temple in the middle of the village
* Muthyala temple in Naibai
* Ganga Devamma temple
* Hanuman temple in Naibai

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalgonda district]]

Vishwas (film)

2026-03-06T15:27:38Z

Pritam: further improved section

{{short description|Bollywood drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vishwas (film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = Brij Katyal {{small|(dialogues)}} [[Gulshan Bawra]] {{small|(lyrics)}}
| story = David Jeffries
| screenplay = Brij Katyal
| producer = J.N. Khatri
| director = Kewal P Kashyap
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Aparna Sen]] [[Bharat Bhushan]] [[Kamini Kaushal]]
| music = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| cinematography = Bipin Gajjar
| editing = B.S. Glaad
| studio = K.P.K & Vijay Movies<ref name="Titles">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0362283/ |title=Titles |publisher=}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1969|10|17}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vishwas''''' ({{Translation|Trust}}) is a 1969 [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] produced by J. N. Khatri on
K.P.K & Vijay Movies banner, directed by Kewal P Kashyap. Starring [[Jeetendra]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Kamini Kaushal]] in the lead roles and music composed by [[Kalyanji Anandji]].<ref name="Heading-3">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503416 |title=Heading-3 |publisher=Bollywood hungama}}</ref><ref name="Heading-4">{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/gv554337 |title=Heading-4 |publisher=MuVyz}}</ref><ref name="Heading-5">{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Vishwas |title=Heading-5 |publisher=IBOS}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Ravi
*[[Aparna Sen]] as Radha
*[[Bharat Bhushan]] as Ramnath 'Ram' Kapoor
*[[Kamini Kaushal]] as Neena R. Kapoor
*[[Mehmood Junior|Mehmood Jr]] as Munsaf
*[[Gulshan Bawra]] as Pyarelal
*[[Rajendra Nath]] as Nandlal
*[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] as Sewak Singh
*[[Manmohan]] as Mohan
*[[Raj Mehra]] as Neena's dad
*Krishan Dhawan as Prem
*Shribhagwan as Dhara Singh
*[[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Ramnath's aunt
*[[Ratnamala (actress)|Ratnamala]] as Neena's mom
*[[Padma Rani]] as Komal
*Sadhana Patel as Rani

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aaj Ki Raat"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 2
| "Aap Se Humko Bichhade"
| [[Manhar Udhas]], [[Kanchan]]
|-
| 3
| "Chandi Ki Deewar"
| Mukesh
|-
| 4
| "Dhol Baja"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]], Mukesh, [[Hemlata]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 5
| "Le Chal Mere Jeevan"
| Mukesh, Hemlata
|-
| 6
| "Muskurake Hum Ko"
| Mukesh, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*


== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1969 drama films]]
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Patela (film)

2026-03-03T22:06:37Z

Pritam: put up first stub v1

{{short description|1999 film by Victory Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date= August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Patela
| image = Patela.jpg
| caption = Video Cover
| director = Victory Vasu
| producer = N. Purushotthama Rao B. V. Chakrapani M. Suresh K. Srinivasamurthy Jyothi Hanumantharaju
| screenplay = Victory Vasu
| writer = Prakash Thrishuli (''Dialogues'')
| based_on = [[Raasukutti]] by K. Bhagyaraj
| story = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| starring = [[Jaggesh]] Payal Malhotra Lokesh [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Sundarnath Suvarna
| editing = S. Prasad
| runtime = 148 minutes (''2 hours 28 minutes'')
| released = {{Film date|1999}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Patela''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada film|Kannada]] [[action comedy film]] directed by Victory Vasu. The film stars [[Jaggesh]], Payal Malhotra, Lokesh and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] in the lead roles while Avinash and Killer Venkatesh played the antagonists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/jayanthi-death-actor-jaggesh-mourns-the-demise-of-abhinaya-sharade-jayanthi-mdn-247406.html|title=ನಟ ಜಗ್ಗೇಶ್ ನೆನಪಿನ ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿವೆ 'ಅಭಿನಯ ಶಾರದೆ' ಜಯಂತಿ ಜೊತೆ ಕಳೆದ ಸುಂದರ ಕ್ಷಣಗಳು|first=TV9|last=Kannada|date=26 July 2021|website=TV9 Kannada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/1361-double-decker-from-january-20th.html|title=Double Decker From January 20th - chitraloka.com | Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Image|website=www.chitraloka.com}}</ref> The film has musical score by [[Hamsalekha]].

The film is an adaptation of the 1992 Tamil film [[K. Bhagyaraj]] starrer ''[[Raasukutti]]''. ''Raasukutti'' was earlier remade in Hindi with Govinda, as ''[[Raja Babu (film)|Raja Babu]]''. Jaggesh played the role of a naive man who faces trouble in his love life due to him being illiterate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/state/water-logged-in-house-of-rajya-sabha-member-and-actor-jaggesh-pvn-829357.html|title=Jaggesh Tweet: ನಟ ಜಗ್ಗೇಶ್ ಮನೆ ಜಲಾವೃತ; ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅಸಮಾಧಾನ ಹೊರಹಾಕಿದ ರಾಜ್ಯಸಭಾ ಸದಸ್ಯ|date=28 August 2022|website=News18 Kannada}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Jaggesh]]
* [[Payal Malhotra]]
* [[Lokesh]]
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
* [[Tennis Krishna]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* Killer Venkatesh
*Prasanna
*Apoorva
*Mandeep Rai
*Mohan Kumar
*K. D. Venkatesh
*Stunt Siddu
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* Satyajith
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* Sarigama Viji

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1999 comedy films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Kochaal

2026-03-03T09:41:51Z

Pritam: Adding A Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Kochaal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| director = Shyam Mohan
| writer = Midhun Prajith
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Deep Nagda
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Krishna Sankar|Krishna Shankar]]
* [[Murali Gopy]]
* [[Indrans]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio = Sierra Talkies
| distributor = Century Films
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kochaal''''' is 2022 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[action film]] directed by Shyam Mohan and produced by Sierra Talkies. It stars [[Krishna Sankar|Krishna Shankar]], [[Murali Gopy]], [[Indrans]], and [[Shine Tom Chacko]] in lead roles.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Cast ==
* [[Krishna Sankar|Krishna Shankar]] as [[Constable#India|CPO]] Sreekuttan/Kochaal
* [[Murali Gopy]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DYSP]] Simon Thomas
* [[Indrans]] as [[Head Constable#India|Senior CPO]] Poulose
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Pinker Babu<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kochaal': Murali Gopy as Simon Thomas; Makers unveil an intriguing teaser |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochaal-murali-gopy-as-simon-thomas-makers-unveil-an-intriguing-teaser/articleshow/91828417.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429183046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochaal-murali-gopy-as-simon-thomas-makers-unveil-an-intriguing-teaser/articleshow/91828417.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Arya Salim]] as Nisha
* [[Zeenath]] as Mariyamma
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Paily
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as SCPO
* [[Chembil Ashokan]]
* [[Assim Jamal]]
* [[Nishanth Sagar]]

== Production ==
The puja function of the film was held in [[Kochi]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Krishna Sankar's Kochaal kicks off in Kochi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/krishna-sankars-kochaal-kicks-off-in-kochi/articleshow/72833455.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429183044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/krishna-sankars-kochaal-kicks-off-in-kochi/articleshow/72833455.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Sankar, Shine Tom Chacko join Kochaal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/16/krishna-sankar-shine-tom-chacko-join-kochaal-16071.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418153534/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/16/krishna-sankar-shine-tom-chacko-join-kochaal-16071.html |url-status=live }}</ref>.The film shooting started in December 2019 but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochaal was influenced by films I loved: Shyam Mohan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/jan/12/kochaal-was-influenced-by-films-i-loved-shyam-mohan-38712.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418155358/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/jan/12/kochaal-was-influenced-by-films-i-loved-shyam-mohan-38712.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kochaal' teaser: Indrans - Krishna Sankar starrer promises a light-hearted police story |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochaal-teaser-indrans-krishna-sankar-starrer-promises-a-light-hearted-police-story/articleshow/91604260.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419160903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochaal-teaser-indrans-krishna-sankar-starrer-promises-a-light-hearted-police-story/articleshow/91604260.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and trailer were released prior to the main release of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kochaal' trailer: Makers promise an entertaining suspense drama filled with interesting characters |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochaal-trailer-makers-promise-an-entertaining-suspense-drama-filled-interesting-characters/articleshow/91984047.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochaal-trailer-makers-promise-an-entertaining-suspense-drama-filled-interesting-characters/articleshow/91984047.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 10 June 2022 in theatres{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} and streamed on [[ZEE5]] on 27 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Kochaal (2022) (Malayalam) Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/kochaal/0-0-1z5258078 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
== Reception ==
Vinod Nair, a critic writing in [[The Times of India]], gave the film 3 stars out of 5, stating that "Shyam Mohan's direction is lacking is [<nowiki/>[[sic]]] creating a full picture of the protagonist's life, his family, romance etc., and so the character isn't memorable and you don't sympathise or empathise with him".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochaal Movie Review : A police drama that falls short |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kochaal/movie-review/92185828.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429095255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kochaal/movie-review/92185828.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indian Express]]'' stated that "Jomon Thomas' visuals add to the enjoyment level of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |title=കണ്ടിരിക്കാവുന്ന ഒരു കുറ്റാന്വേഷണ ചിത്രം, കൊച്ചാള്‍ റിവ്യൂ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/krishna-shankar-kochal-movie-review-rating-660453/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418122555/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/krishna-shankar-kochal-movie-review-rating-660453/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics of the [[Manorama Online]] gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കോമഡി എന്റർടെയ്നർ കൊച്ചാൾ നവംബർ 27 മുതൽ സീ 5 ഗ്ലോബലിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/11/25/kochaal-to-stream-exclusively-on-zee5-global-from-november-27.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418122554/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/11/25/kochaal-to-stream-exclusively-on-zee5-global-from-november-27.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Times Internet]] critic also 3 gave the film stars out of 5, commenting that "The film is doing justice to the audience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=കൊച്ചാള്‍ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/krishna-sankar-murali-gopy-shine-tom-chacko-starrer-kochaal-movie-review-rating/moviereview/92133704.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418122556/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/krishna-sankar-murali-gopy-shine-tom-chacko-starrer-kochaal-movie-review-rating/moviereview/92133704.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|20836390}}

[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

The Shri Ram School

2026-02-27T18:10:20Z

Pritam: cleanup structure also

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=September 2010}}
{{promotional||date=December 2020}}}}

{{Infobox school
| name = The Shri Ram School (TSRS)
| motto = ''Vidya Dadati Vinayam''
| motto_translation = May Education Foster Humility
| region = [[NCR Delhi]]
| country = India
| established = 18 July 1988
| chairperson = Arun Bharat Ram
| administrator =
| rector =
| director = Manika Sharma,
| principal =
| principal_label =
| principal1 = Sudha Sahay (Senior School Aravali)
| principal2 = Ripple Sethi, (Senior School, Moulsari)
| principal3 = Pooja Manan Thakur (Junior School, Vasant Vihar)
| principal4 =
| headmistress =
| headmaster =
| head_of_school =
| head_teacher =
| executive_headteacher =
| acting_headteacher =
| head =
| head_label =
| chaplain =
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| employees =
| key_people =
| grades =
| years =
| gender =
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| enrollment =
| enrollment_as_of =
| sixth_form_students =
| gradeK =
| grade1 =
| grade2 =
| grade3 =
| grade4 =
| grade5 =
| grade6 =
| grade7 =
| grade8 =
| grade9 =
| grade10 =
| grade11 =
| grade12 =
| grade13 =
| other =
| other_grade_enrollment =
| other_grade_label =
| international_students =
| classes =
| avg_class_size =
| ratio =
| system =
| classes_offered =
| language =
| schedule_type =
| schedule =
| hours_in_day =
| classrooms =
| campuses = Vasant Vihar, [[New Delhi]]; Moulsari Avenue, DLF III, [[Gurgaon]]; Aravali - Hamilton Court Complex, DLF IV, Gurgaon; The Shri Ram Police Public School,
| campus =
| campus_size =
| area =
| campus_type =
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| fight_song =
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'''The Shri Ram School''' is a co-educational private school in [[India]]. It is one of the most sought-after schools in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-29 |title=Shri Ram tops schools' chart in southwest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/shri-ram-tops-schools-chart-in-southwest/story-G2fslyPaP9hdym9CPHfXeL.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Founded 18 July 1988, by [[Manju Bharat Ram]], the Shri Ram School has four campuses across New DelhiNCR : 1) [[Vasant Vihar]] (PV to 5th), 2) Moulsari (6th to 12th), and [[Gurgaon]]3) Aravalli (PV-12th) Noida 135(nursery-till 12th)

The Shri Ram School - Aravalli was established in 2000 at the request of [[DLF Limited]]. It is a common campus for Pravesh Vatika (Nursery), Upvan (Kindergarten) through to Class XII. It is situated at the Hamilton Court Complex, DLF Phase IV, Gurgaon.
(NOTE: TSMS is not affiliated with the main school).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/noida-gets-new-shri-ram-school-branch/554178/|title=Noida gets new Shri Ram School branch|date=15 December 2009|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The Noida School is located in Sector-135.

== Overview ==
Founded by [[Manju Bharat Ram]] in July 1988 under the aegis of SRF Ltd. and now the SRF Foundation, TSRS began with the pre-primary section, and a Form was added every year.

Students are selected based on their academic and intellectual capabilities. It is known for a high rate of rejection and low rate of acceptance of about 4%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/best-of-luck-parents/story-OswmCRhBXM0sby7zHNY7VI.html|title=Best of luck, parents|date=2010-01-31|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-02-23|language=en}}</ref>

== Curriculum ==

The school ascribes to the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ISC]] and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] Boards. In addition, the [[IB Diploma Programme]] (since January 2005), administered by the [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB) <ref>[http://www.ibo.org/school/002227/ The Shri Ram School] [[International Baccalaureate|IBO]] website.</ref> and the [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Indian Open Schooling]] Certificate are offered at the Senior School in the Moulsari campus. The Aravali campus also offers NIOS schooling.

== 2010 molestation incident ==
In 2010, a child was allegedly molested by a contract employee at school.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-09-02|title=Shri Ram Aravali child 'molested' by an attendant in school|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shri-ram-aravali-child-molested-by-attendant-in-school/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Upon being asked about the incident, [[Manju Bharat Ram]], the school chairperson, stated: "We have taken appropriate steps to ensure that such an incident is not repeated [...] Besides, we are taking steps like not leaving a child alone at any point in time and no male attendants would be allowed in toilets."<ref>{{cite news |title=Parents want school to step up security |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/parents-want-school-to-step-up-security/story-essmyBj8ZHOMsVKRODwS8N.html |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 September 2010}}</ref>

==Charity work==

In 2010, after the [[2010 Leh floods]], its students formed "Mission Julley", (Julley means 'hello' in the local language), an initiative that included an online community page and events, collected Rs 8 lakh for three schools and a Relief Camp in [[Leh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgoan/To-Leh-with-pens-pencils-books-/articleshow/6568790.cms|title=To Leh with pens, pencils, books|date=17 Sep 2010|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[Sujata Sahu (social entrepreneur)|Sujata Sahu]] worked here teaching IT and maths for two years before leaving to create a charity to support schools in the [[Ladakh]] region.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 22, 2018 |title=This Iron Lady's haunting Ladakh trek is helping her transform govt schools at 17000 ft|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/how-i-made-it/story/iron-lady-sujata-sahu-transforming-ladakh-mountain-schools-html-1414511-2018-12-21|access-date=2021-01-15|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Delhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* The Shri Ram School Official Website (http://tsrs.org/)
{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shri Ram School}}
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Schools in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Schools in Noida]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Delhi]]

Diocese of Khammam

2026-02-20T09:32:26Z

Pritam:

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Telangana, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Khammam
|latin = Dioecesis Khammamensis
|country = {{flag|India}}
|local = खम्मम के सूबा
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Divine Mercy Cathedral in [[Khammam]]
|cocathedral = St.Josephs cathedral Gutalla bazar [[Khammam]]
|area_km2 = 16,029
|population = 2,611,010
|population_as_of = 2006
|catholics = 117,553
|catholics_percent= 4.5
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = Prakash Sagili
|metro_archbishop = Poola Anthony
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Khammam''' ({{langx|la| Khammamen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Khammam]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] in India.

==History==
The diocese of Khammam was bifurcated from the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Warangal diocese by the Papal Bull ad "perpetuam rei memoriam" on 11 February 1988. It comprises the entire revenue district of Khammam. Most. Rev. Joseph Rajappa was appointed as the first Bishop of Khammam diocese. The Christian faith in this area has a century-old history.

=== Initial Days ===
The Mission work was actually launched by the PIME missionaries much before 1885 when this area was under the Hyderabad vicariate. The oldest Catholic Community brought to faith by Fr.F.Rolla PIME to Bayyaram village in 1901 still remains as a historical monument. Msgr. Vigano's Pastoral visits to different places could also bring some impact to the Christian communities. Because of their strenuous efforts, we could now have the pride of having Bayyaram parish(https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Varadha+Matha+Shrine/@16.9434417,80.3356759,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xe06fc17ee2443899!8m2!3d16.9434417!4d80.3356759?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijyO-H-PPaAhXLQ48KHR40DlUQ_BIIeDAO) because the first one to yield the first vocation in the diocese and later five more.

=== Khammam under Warangal Diocese ===
The Diocese of Warangal was bifurcated from the Ecclesiastical territory of Hyderabad as a separate diocese, comprising the districts of Warangal, Khammam, Karimnagar, and Nalgonda by Pope Pious the XII on 22 December 1952. Most Rev. Alphonsus Beretta PIME was the first Bishop of Warangal. On 8 January 1953, under the dynamic leadership and great vision of Bishop A. Beretta, the Catholic Church in Khammam penetrated into interior places. Bishop
Beretta set up many schools, dispensaries, boardings and launched other socio-economic developmental schemes. He invited several religious congregations to work in the rural belt of Khammam. In 1985 Bishop A. Beretta PIME retired and in 1987 bishop Thumma Bala was appointed as the second Bishop of Warangal. Before he could realize his plans, Khammam district was declared as a diocese in 1988. Bishop Joseph Rajappa was appointed as the first
Bishop of Khammam. Unfortunately, he died in the following year i.e. 27 December 1989 due to old age and illness. The diocese was administered for a couple of years by Rev.Fr.M. Lourdunathan. On 31 January 1992, Fr.Marampudi Joji, of Vijayawada diocese was appointed as second Bishop of Khammam. After four and a half years, he was transferred to Vijayawada on 18 December 1996. Rev. Fr. D. Melchior Raja, PIME, administered the diocese for a couple of months. On 30 May 1997, Fr. Maipan Paul of Visakhapatnam diocese was appointed as the third Bishop of Khammam.

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Khammam ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop Paul Maipan (21 April 1997 – 27 August 2022)
** Bishop [[Marampudi Joji]] (later Archbishop) (21 December 1991 – 8 November 1996)
** Bishop [[Joseph Rajappa]] (18 January 1988 – 27 December 1989)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kham0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkham.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{authority control}}

{{coord|17.2364|N|80.1364|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khammam}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1988]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Telangana]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khammam]]

Maruti Stotra

2026-02-15T15:55:23Z

Pritam: further adjust citations to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Hindu devotional song}}
{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}

'''''Maruti Stotra''''' or '''''Hanuman Stotra''''' is a 17th-century [[stotra]], hymn of praise, composed in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language by [[Samarth Ramdas]] saint-poet of [[Maharashtra]]. It is a compilation of praiseful verses that describe the many aspects and virtues of Hindu god [[Hanuman]], also known as Maruti Nandan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.H |first=Team |date=2024-04-09 |title=श्री हनुमान वडवानल स्तोत्र {{!}} Shri Hanuman Vadvanal Stotra In Hindi |url=https://khabarhartaraf.in/spirituality/shri-hanuman-vadvanal-stotra-in-hindi/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Maruti, also known as Hanuman, is the deity of '''strength''' is worshiped at most [[Akhada]]s or traditional gymnasiums by athletes (wrestlers). These verses are typically recited at the commencement of the
daily activities, at most Akhadas or wrestling gymnasiums in [[Maharashtra]]. Almost all cadets at the Akhadas or traditional gymnasiums start their daily programs with this Maruti Stotra.

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Nana Dharmadhikari]] who spread the philosophy of Samarth Ramdas
* http://www.ramdas.org/
* [http://www.prophet666.com/2010/08/maruti-stotra-english-marathi.html Bheemroopi Maruti Stotra]
* http://www.swamisamarth.com/dervan/gad.html
{{refend}}

== See also ==
* ''Hanuman Stuti'', another hymn by the same author.

[[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]
[[Category:Marathi-language literature]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:17th-century songs]]
[[Category:Stotras]]

Abdur Rahman (scholar)

2026-02-06T05:53:47Z

Pritam: creating article

{{Short description|Bangladeshi Islamic scholar (1920–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography |religion=[[Islam]]
|honorific_prefix = [[Mufti]]
|name = Abdur Rahman
|image = Abdur Rahman Chatgami.jpg
|caption =
|native_name = আব্দুর রহমান
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 1920
| birth_place = Imam Nagar, [[Fatikchhari Upazila|Fatikchhari]], [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|11|10|1920}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|other_names =
|nationality = [[Bangladeshi]]
|era =
|region = [[Bangladesh]]
|occupation =
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|creed =
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|main_interests = [[Islamic economics]], [[Hadith]], [[Islamic jurisprudence]]
|notable_ideas =
|notable_works =
|alma_mater =
|teacher = [[Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri]]
|students = [[Abu Taher Nadwi]]
|disciple_of = [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]]
|awards =
|influences = [[Azizul Haq (scholar, born 1903)|Azizul Haq]]
|influenced =
|module =
|website =
}}
'''Abdur Rahman''' ({{langx|bn|আব্দুর রহমান চাটগামী}}; 1920–2015), also known as '''Faqihul Millat''', was a [[Bangladeshi people|Bangladeshi]] [[Islamic scholar]] of the [[Deobandi]] school.<ref name=csb/> He was born in Imam Nagar, [[Fatikchhari Upazila|Fatikchhari]], [[Chittagong]], in 1920. He was the founder director of the [[Islamic Research Center Bangladesh]], [[Dhaka]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fahadmahdi.webs.com/bengalipart.htm |title=Absolute Submission to the Almighty |website=fahadmahdi.webs.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722114235/http://fahadmahdi.webs.com/bengalipart.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Abdur Rahman was born in 1920, to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of Imamnagar in [[Fatikchhari Upazila|Fatikchhari]], [[Chittagong District]], British India. His father was known as Chan Miah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mufti Abdur Rahman's janaza in Bashundhara at 10am |url=http://www.en.banglanews24.com/fullnews/bn/117251.html |access-date=12 November 2015 |work=Banglanews24.com |date=11 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114001847/http://www.en.banglanews24.com/fullnews/bn/117251.html |archive-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Abdur Rahman completed his primary and higher secondary education from [[Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam]] and [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam|Darul Uloom Muinul Islam Hathazari]]. Then he went to [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] for further studies. There Abdur Rahman successfully completed ''Dawra e Hadith'' and then engaged himself at the same institution in research in the field of Ifta ([[Islamic jurisprudence]]).<ref name=csb>{{cite web |url=http://www.csbib.org/organization.php |title=Organization |website=Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907005508/http://csbib.org/organization.php |archive-date=7 September 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
After graduating from Darul Uloom Deoband Abdur Rahman served as a teacher and principal in various Islamic seminaries, locally called madrasah including [[Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya]] of Chittagong and Jameel Madrasah of Bogra. He is the founder of [[Islamic Research Center Bangladesh]] and Jamiatul Abrarat Riverview, Dhaka.<ref name=bd>{{cite news |date=26 July 2008 |title=Mufti Abdur Rahman Elected Chairman of CSBIB |url=http://www.hawker.com.bd/news_details_print.php?news_id=25577 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325191906/http://www.hawker.com.bd/news_details_print.php?news_id=25577 |archive-date=25 March 2012}}</ref> He is also the chairman of Bangladesh [[Qawmi madrasa|Qawmi]] Madrasah Education Board Federation.<ref name=bd/> Besides these Mufti Abdur Rahman has been serving as the chairman of the [[North Bengal]] Madrasah Education Board consists of over a thousand institutions of [[Madrasah|Islamic education]] of 18 districts in the northern part of the country.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

=== Islamic banking ===
From 1983 to 1992 Mufti Abdur Rahman was a member of the 1st Shariah Council of [[Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd]]. Since then, he played an important role in the Islamic banking sector as shariah supervisor in various banks of the country. He was elected Chairman of the Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh (CSBIB) in 2007.<ref name="pnm">{{cite news |date=9 March 2011 |title=Mufti Abdur Rahman elected Chairman of CSBIB |url=http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&contentId=4150 |newspaper=Probe News Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324204157/http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&contentId=4150 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bankasia-bd.com/report/BAAnnualReport2010.pdf |title=Annual Report 2010 |website=Bank Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525041435/http://www.bankasia-bd.com/report/BAAnnualReport2010.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref> In the meantime, worked as chairman of the Shariah Council of Al Arafah Islami Bank and as vice chairman of the Shariah Board of Social Investment Bank. He was also Shariah adviser of the Oriental Bank for a short period of time.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} He also serves as the Chairman of Shariah Board of Shahjalal Islami Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shahjalalbank.com.bd/Shariah.php |title=Shariah Council |website=Shahjalal Islami Bank |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119143907/http://www.shahjalalbank.com.bd/Shariah.php |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> Abdur Rahman participated in different seminars and traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]], [[UAE]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="pnm" />

==Death==
He died of old age on 10 November 2015 in [[Bashundhara Residential Area|Bashundhara]], [[Dhaka]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Noted Islamic scholar Mufti Abdur Rahman passes away |url=http://www.bdchronicle.com/detail/news/32/25208 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=BDChronicle |date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112173257/http://www.bdchronicle.com/detail/news/32/25208 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The chairman of [[Bashundhara Group]], [[Ahmed Akbar Sobhan]] expressed condolences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mufti Abdur Rahman passes away |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/90106/Mufti-Abdur-Rahman-passes-away |newspaper=Daily Sun |location=Dhaka |date=11 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202073234/http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/90106/Mufti-Abdur-Rahman-passes-away |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Islam in South Asia}}
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:People from Fatikchhari Upazila]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamists]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic movements]]
[[Category:20th-century imams]]
[[Category:21st-century imams]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Hathazari alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh advisors]]
[[Category:Disciples of Abrarul Haq Haqqi]]
[[Category:Al Jamiatul Arabia Nasirul Islam alumni]]

Brihaddeshi

2026-02-05T05:31:23Z

Pritam:

{{Infobox religious text
| name = Brihaddeshi
| image = 
| caption = 
| author = Mataṅga Muni
| language = [[Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]
| date = ca. 6th to 8th century CE
| subject = Indian classical music
| attributed_to = Mataṅga Muni
| notable_ideas = Introduction of raga, distinction between marga and desi music, sargam solfège
| based_on = Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra
| scales_intervals = Explanation of musical scales and micro-tonal intervals
| matrix_explanation = Two-dimensional prastāra explaining how 7 notes map into 22 śrutis
| microtones = 66 śrutis in finer subdivision
| octave_division = Division of the octave into 12 svaras
| first_known_mention = First known text to speak of 12 notes
| editions =
* Prem Lata Sharma's edition (1992)
* Dwaram Bhavanarayana Rao's Telugu translation (2002)
| notes = 
| references = 
| categories = Hindu texts, Music publication stubs
}}
'''Brihaddeshi''' is a [[Classical Sanskrit]] text, dated ca. 6th to 8th century CE, on [[Indian classical music]], attributed to '''Mataṅga Muni'''. It is the first text to speak directly of the [[raga]] and to distinguish ''marga'' ("classical") from ''desi'' ("folk") music. It also introduced [[sargam (music)|sargam]] ''[[solfège]]'' (or ''solfa''), the singing of the first syllable of the names of the musical notes, as an aid to learning and performance. (The full names of the notes existed previously, for example as found in Natya Shastra.)

The author based his work on [[Bharata Muni]]'s [[Natya Shastra]]. His discussion of [[scale (music)|musical scale]]s and micro-tonal [[interval (music)|interval]]s clarifies Bharata's work, and also clarifies Bharata's terse presentation of many issues related to [[shruti (music)|śruti]].

The text uses a two-dimensional ''prastāra'' (matrix) to explain how the 7 notes of the octave map into 22 śrutis, with varying distances between notes. It also says that a finer subdivision in [[microtone]]s has 66 śrutis; and that, in principle, the number of śrutis is infinite.

The text also speaks of the division of the octave into 12 [[swara|svara]]s. According to [[Prem Lata Sharma]], this is the first known text to speak of 12 notes.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Prem Lata |title=Brhaddesi of Sri Matanaga Muni |date=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi}}</ref>

==Editions==
The text of Brihaddeshi was edited by [[Prem Lata Sharma]] for the [[Indira Kalakendra]] series of original texts on the Indian arts and was published as a book "Matanga and His Work Brihaddesi" in 1992. [[Dwaram Bhavanarayana Rao]] published a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] translation and paraphrase in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/br/2002/08/20/stories/2002082000060302.htm |title=Treatise on music in The Hindu. |access-date=2010-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128094333/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/br/2002/08/20/stories/2002082000060302.htm |archive-date=2007-11-28 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite Grove |last=Katz |first=Jonathan |title=Mataṅga}}
{{Indian mathematics}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Indian classical music]]
{{Music-publication-stub}}

Luzzat-un-Nissa Begum

2026-01-17T14:53:59Z

Pritam: Created details!

{{Short description|Shahzadi of Mughal Empire}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Luzzat-un-Nissa Begum
| title = [[Princess|Shahzadi]] of [[Mughal Empire]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1597|9|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kashmir]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = c. 1603 (aged 5)
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], Mughal Empire
| father = [[Jahangir]]
| mother = [[Jagat Gosain]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
}}

'''Luzzat-un-Nissa Begum''' ({{Langx|fa|{{nq|لذت النسا}}|lit=Delight Among Women}} 23 September 1597 – c. 1603) was a [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] princess, the youngest daughter of [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]] and his [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] wife, [[Jagat Gosain]].
She was also the full sister of [[Shah Jahan|Emperor Shah Jahan]].

== Life ==
Born on 23 September 1597, Luzzat was the youngest daughter of Prince Salim (later [[Jahangir]]), the eldest surviving son of Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul|title=The Akbarnama|publisher=ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL|volume=III|location=Calcutta|pages=1094|translator-last=Beveridge|translator-first=Henry}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Emperor|first=Jahangir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLqhaSfYn1oC|title=Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangir|year=1829|pages=21|translator-last=Price|translator-first=David}}</ref> Her mother was the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] princess, [[Jagat Gosain]] (''Bilqis Makani'' in official chronicles), the tenth daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh Rathore]], the Raja of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]. She was born at [[Kashmir]] on the return journey of the Royal entourage of her grandfather, Akbar, towards [[Lahore]].<ref name=":0" />

She had two older full-siblings, Begum Sultan, who died infancy and [[Shah Jahan|Prince Khurram]], who succeeded their father to throne.

== Death ==
Luzzat-un-Nissa died at the age of 5, {{Circa|1603}}, during the rebellion of her father.<ref name=":1" />

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Luzzat-un-Nissa Begum'''
|2= 2. [[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor]]<ref name="Findly 1993 125">{{cite book |last1=Findly |first1=Ellison Banks |title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India |url=https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressm00find |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |page=125}}</ref>
|3= 3. [[Jagat Gosain]]<ref name="Findly 1993 125"/>
|4= 4. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]]<ref name=tuzk-e-jahangiri>{{cite book |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |title=The Tūzuk-i-Jahangīrī Or Memoirs Of Jahāngīr |author=Jahangir |translator1=Alexander Rogers |translator2=Henry Beveridge |access-date=19 November 2017 |page=1 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |date=1909–1914 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012916/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Jahangir|1909–1914|p=1}}</ref>
|6= 6. [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]], Raja of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]<ref name=Thackston>{{cite book|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=Wheeler M.|title=The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha|date=1999|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/13 13]}}</ref>
|7=7. Manrang Devi<ref name="Bhargava1966">{{cite book|last=Bhargava|first=Visheshwar Sarup|title=Marwar and the Mughal Emperors (A. D. 1526–1748)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbY9AAAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0400-3|page=58}}</ref>
|8= 8. [[Humayun|Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun, Mughal Emperor]]<ref name="Gulbadan1902">{{cite book|last=Gulbadan Begum|author-link=Gulbadan Begum|translator=Annette Beveridge|translator-link=Annette Beveridge|title=The History of Humayun (Humayun-nama)|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich/page/156/mode/1up|year=1902|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|location=London|pages=157–58}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Hamida Banu Begum]]<ref name="Gulbadan1902" />
|10= 10. [[Bharmal]], Raja of [[Amer, India|Amber]]<ref>[[Syad Muhammad Latif]], ''Agra: Historical and descriptive with an account of Akbar and his court and of the modern city of Agra'' (2003), p.156</ref>
|11= 11. Rani Champavati [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]]<ref>C. M. Agrawal, ''Akbar and his Hindu officers: a critical study'' (1986), p.27</ref><ref>Jadunath Sarkar, ''A History of Jaipur'' (1994), p. 43</ref>
|12= 12. [[Maldev Rathore|Maldeo]], Rao of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]<ref>'Inayat Khan, Wayne Edison Begley, ''The Shah Jahan nama of 'Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, compiled by his royal librarian : the nineteenth-century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller'' (1994), p. 4</ref>
|13= 13. Swarup Devi of Khairawa<ref>Rajvi Amar Singh, ''Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan'' (1992), p.38</ref>
|14=14. [[Askaran]], Raja of [[Narwar]]<ref>Richard Saran and Norman P. Ziegler, ''The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan'' (2001), p.194</ref> (nephew of 10)
|15= }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1597 births]]
[[Category:1603 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princesses]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Daughters of emperors]]
[[Category:Royalty who died as children]]

Dyalpura Bhaika

2025-12-28T20:10:26Z

Pritam: created initial pg w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dyalpura Bhaika
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
| photo1a = Gurudwara_Zafarnamah_Sahib_Ji_%26_Darbar_Sri_Vardaansar_Manji_Sahib_Ji.jpg
| photo2a = Biodiversity Park Bir Dyalpura.jpg
| photo2b = A Narrow Path along a "Suya" canal.jpg
| photo3a = SidhuMoosewalaArtDBhaika.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border =
| color =
| size = 240
}}
| caption = Top: Gurudwara Zafarnama Sahib Patshahi X, Biodiversity Park Bir Dyalpura, Path along the village canal, Street Art dedicated to Punjabi Singer [[Sidhu Moosewala]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Dialpura Bhai ka
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position = centre
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|30|28|54|N|75|12|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Bhai Dial Singh
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5066
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Dyalpuri
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151108
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-1652
| website = {{URL|https://bathinda.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Dyalpura Bhaika''' is a village in the sub-division Rampura Phul and block Phul in the [[Bathinda district]] of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. It is situated in the Malwa region of Punjab, which is known for its agricultural productivity and vibrant cultural heritage. Geographically, it is bordered by Kishangarh and Raunta in the North, [[Jalal, Punjab|Jalal]] in the west, [[Bhai Rupa]] and [[Gumti Kalan]] in the south, and [[Salabatpura]] in the east. The village is part of the [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency]], and the [[Rampura Phul Assembly constituency|Rampura Phul Assembly Constituency]].

== History ==

[[File:GurudwaraZafarnamahSahibDyalpuraBhaikaNight.jpg|thumb|Gurudwara Zafarnamah Sahib Patshahi X at Night]]

Dyalpura Bhaika, named in honor of Bhai Dial Singh, a descendant of Baba Bhai Roop Chand Ji (1614–1709), was established around the mid-18th century. It is home to the revered Gurudwara Zafarnamah Sahib Patshahi X, which holds significant historical importance.

[[File:Gurudwara Sri Darbar Vardaansar Manji Sahib Patshahi VI.jpg|thumb|Gurudwara Sri Darbar Vardaansar Manji Sahib Patshahi VI]]
[[File:Inside Gurudwara Zafarnama Sahib Patshahi X.jpg|thumb|Interior View of Gurudwara Zafarnama Sahib Patshahi X]]

== Demographics ==

=== Population ===
According to the Census of India 2011, the population of Dyalpura is 5066, with 2734 males and 2332 females. The village population of children with age 0-6 is 578 which makes up 11.41% of the total population of the village. The average Sex Ratio of Dyalpura Bhaika village is 853, which is lower than the Punjab state average of 895. However, the child Sex Ratio for Dyalpura Bhaika, as per the census, is 853, higher than the Punjab average of 846.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dyalpura Bhaika Village Population - Rampura Phul - Bathinda, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35649-dyalpura-bhaika-punjab.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Dyalpura Bhaika
|titlebar=#FFFF00
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|Blue|91.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|5.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|1.40}}
{{bar percent|Others|Grey|1.70}}}}

[[Sikhism]] is the dominant religion in Dyalpura Bhaika, with 91.31% of the population adhering to it. [[Hinduism]] follows with 5.59%, while [[Islam]] constitutes 1.4% of the population.

==Education==
There are two government and one private school in this village
*Government Senior Secondary School, Dyalpura
*Government Elementary School (Branch), Dyalpura
*St. Xavier Convent School, Dyalpura Bhaika

==Attractions==
===Biodiversity Park===
[[File:Bir Dyalpura Nature Walking Trail.jpg|thumb|Signboard directing towards the walking Trail in Bir Dyalpura]]
Biodiversity Park Bir Dyalpura is a sanctuary showcasing the diverse flora and fauna of the Malwa region. Spread over 202 acres along the Barnala-Bajakhana Road (SH43), the park was upgraded from a Forest Department nursery to a fully developed park in 2015, with an investment of ₹2.28 crores.

The park offers various facilities for visitors and workers, including a nature walking trail, benches, swings for children, clean drinking water, an inspection bungalow, and rain shelters.

The park, with a 6.5 km perimeter, is home to seven mammal species and approximately 35 bird species. Notable inhabitants include blue bulls, jackals, common mongooses, hares, jungle cats, porcupines, Rhesus macaque, and various snake species. Bird species such as Indian peafowls, baya weavers, bulbuls, woodpeckers, cattle egrets, herons, kingfishers, mynas, doves, parakeets, and quails are also present.

[[File:Signboard advising drivers to slow down for crossing animals near Bir Dyalpura Park.jpg|thumb|Signboard advising drivers to slow down for crossing animals near Bir Dyalpura Park]]
The park has 52 tree species, including Mulberry, Neem, Arjuna, Rosewood, Burma Dek, and Amaltas, which provide habitat for a variety of bird species. The Forest Department maintains two ponds within the park to provide drinking water for the wildlife.

===Worship Places===
[[File:Samadh Mai Rajji-Baba Guddar Ji.png|thumb|Entrance to the Samadh Mai Rajji-Baba Guddar Ji]]
*Gurudwara Zafarnamah Sahib Patshahi X
*Gurudwara Sri Manji Sahib
*Samadh Mai Rajji-Baba Guddar Ji
*Mai Rajji Langar Hall
*Gurudwara Bhai Amar Singh Ji
*Gurudwara Bhai Jeevan Singh Ji
*Shri Radha Krishna Mandir
*Masjid, Dyalpura Bhaika

==Economy==
===Agriculture and Farming===
[[File:Farmer working in the field with their tractor.jpg|thumb|A farmer plowing his field with a tractor]]
Agriculture is the backbone of Dyalpura Bhaika's economy. A significant portion of the population is involved in farming, cultivating crops such as wheat, rice, and cotton, which are staple to the region's agrarian economy. The fertile soil and favorable climatic conditions contribute to the high yield of these crops, making agriculture the predominant source of income for many households.

===Private Employment===
In addition to agriculture, private employment opportunities play a crucial role in the economic landscape of Dyalpura Bhaika. Key sectors include:

*Woodworks: Skilled artisans in the village are engaged in woodwork, producing furniture and other wooden items that are sold both locally and in nearby markets.
*Construction: Construction activities in Dyalpura Bhaika are primarily undertaken by the Mistri and Tarkhan communities. These skilled workers are involved in building houses and other structures, providing essential services that contribute to the village's economic stability.
*Dairy Farming: The presence of the Punjab government-owned MilkFed Verka Coop Dairy is a notable feature of the village's economy. This dairy not only supplies milk and dairy products to the region but also serves as a source of income for the local populace.

===Seasonal Employment===
For economically disadvantaged individuals, the [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (MGNREGA) provides crucial seasonal employment. This government scheme ensures that the poorer sections of the village can earn a livelihood, especially during off-peak agricultural seasons, by engaging in various public works.

==Facilities==

===Bus stands===
*Main bus stand (SH43 Punjab), Dyalpura Bhaika
*New Dyalpura bus stand (NH254), New Dyalpura
*Jalal bus stand

===Hospitals===
*Veterinary Hospital, Dana Mandi
*Dispensary
*Several Medical Clinics & Stores

===Public Facilities===
*State Bank of India, Dyalpura Bhaika
*Police Station, Dyalpura Camp
*India Post office

===Other facilities===
*Public Park (Parque Público)
*R.O. Water Plant
*Cremation Grounds

==Notable people==
*[[Devinder Pal Singh Bhullar]], a Sikh activist and a former professor
*Gyani Bakshish Singh Dyalpuri, a religious singer & lyricist

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bathinda district]]

S. Srinivasan

2025-12-03T11:36:40Z

Pritam: put up initial post w/ refs

{{short description|Indian aerospace engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Srinivasan
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|04|14}}
| birth_place = Asikkadu, [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|09|01|1941|04|14}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Aeronautical engineer Space scientist
| yearsactive = 1970–1999
| known for = Development of satellite launch vehicles
| spouse = Lakshmi Srinivasan
| domesticpartner =
| children = A daughter and a son
| parents =
| movement = [[Indian Space Program]]
| organization = [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2000) National Aeronautics Prize [[FIE Foundation]] National award
}}
'''Suryanarayanan Srinivasan''' (14 April 1941 – 1 September 1999) was an Indian aeronautical engineer and the Director of the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC), known for his pioneering work in rocket science.<ref name="Pioneer of Indian rocketry">{{cite journal |author=T. S. Subramnian |date=September 1999 |title=Pioneer of Indian rocketry |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1619/16191120.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Frontline |volume=19 |issue=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920210855/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1619/16191120.htm |archive-date=20 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="KoornneefMeulen2003">{{cite book|author1=Floor Koornneef|author2=Meine van der Meulen|title=Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security: 19th International Conference, SAFECOMP 2000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, October 24-27, 2000 Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-6qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|date=29 June 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-40891-8|pages=273–}}</ref> He also served as the director of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] and assisted [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV3 Mission]] as its deputy director.<ref name="Dr. S. Srinivasan on VSSC">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Dr. S. Srinivasan |url=http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/dr-s-srinivasan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701172712/https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/dr-s-srinivasan |archive-date=1 July 2016 |access-date=28 May 2016 |website=[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]}}</ref> He was an elected Fellow of the [[Aeronautical Society of India]] and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="PADMA BHUSHAN awarded posthumously to DR. Suryanarayana Srinivasan">{{cite web |date=11 April 2000 |title=PADMA BHUSHAN awarded posthumously to DR. Suryanarayana Srinivasan |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/11-apr-2000/padma-bhushan-awarded-posthumously-to-dr-suryanarayana-srinivasan-ex-director |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630075450/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/11-apr-2000/padma-bhushan-awarded-posthumously-to-dr-suryanarayana-srinivasan-ex-director |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=28 May 2016 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organization}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2000, for his contributions to [[Indian space programme|Indian space program]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2013) |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Srinivasan was born on 14 April 1941 in a small village called Asikkadu in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Pioneer of Indian rocketry" /> He was born into a traditional [[Tamil Brahmin]] [[Iyer]] family, and grew up performing traditional rituals. He graduated in electrical engineering (BE) with honours from [[Annamalai University]] and secured a post-graduate degree in aeronautical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), Bangalore. He was married to the daughter of Subramanian Iyer of Arayapuram, Lakshmi and had two children. He started his career as an aeronautical engineer at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), but took a break to move to [[Ohio State University]] for his doctoral studies from where he obtained a PhD in engineering mechanics in 1970.<ref name="Dr. S. Srinivasan on VSSC" /> Returning to India the same year, he joined [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) where he would work for the rest of his life.<ref name="PADMA BHUSHAN awarded posthumously to DR. Suryanarayana Srinivasan" />

Srinivasan's early assignments at ISRO included the development of [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini satellite]]{{Clarification needed|reason=Singular or plural? If singular, which?|date=August 2024}} and later, the initiation of satellite launch vehicle (SLV) from 1973 onwards.<ref name="Pioneer of Indian rocketry" /> In 1980, when [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] started his work on SLV-3, Srinivasan assisted him as the deputy director of the project and successfully launched the vehicle. The duo launched several SLV-3 flights in the ensuing years till he was moved to the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) project, the first indigenously designed Indian Satellite Launch Vehicle.<ref name="PADMA BHUSHAN awarded posthumously to DR. Suryanarayana Srinivasan" /> In 1988, he became the director of the Integrated Launch Vehicle Program but continued to be associated with PSLV and [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) programs. He headed [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SHAR), Shreeharikota, for a while before moving to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to head the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) in 1994.<ref name="Dr. S. Srinivasan on VSSC" /> At VSSC, he was reported to have been involved with the configuration, design, development and execution of the PSLV project, culminating in the first successful commercial launch of the vehicle on 26 May 1999.<ref name="Pioneer of Indian rocketry" /> Five months after the launch, he died in harness on 1 September 1999, at the age of 58, survived by his wife Lakshmi and two children, now settled abroad.<ref name="Pioneer of Indian rocketry" />

== Awards, honors and positions ==
Srinivasan was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE Fellow">{{cite web | url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/q0qefaqeo233q0b/SC-VII.pdf?dl=0 | title=INAE Fellow | publisher=[[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] | date=2016 | access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}} He was a member of the National Steering Committee of the 21st (1997)<ref>{{cite book|title=Integrated Systems with Multiple Techniques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0q2bmicvp4C&pg=PR7|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-769-3|pages=7–}}</ref> and the 23rd National Systems Conference (NSC) (1999)<ref>{{cite book|title=Systems Approach to Social Engineering.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yoC6ETdqd8C&pg=PR13|year=1999|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-996-3|pages=13–}}</ref> and a member of the National Advisory Council of the 13th National Convention of Aerospace Engineers held in 1997.<ref>{{cite book|title=Aerospace Manufacturing Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UthLRAEB16AC&pg=PR5|year=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-750-1|pages=5–}}</ref> He was an honorary Fellow of the Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing<ref name="Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.isnttvm.org/membersList.php | title=Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing Fellow | publisher=Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing | date=2016 | access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> and was associated with the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Chapter of the Indian Society for Advancement of Materials and Process Engineering (ISAMPE)<ref name="Trivandrum Chapter">{{cite web | url=http://www.isampe.org/trivandrum.php | title=Trivandrum Chapter | publisher=Indian Society for Advancement of Materials and Process Engineering | date=2016 | access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> A recipient of the National Aeronautics Prize and the FIE Foundation National award,<ref name="Dr. S. Srinivasan on VSSC" /> he was awarded the civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]] posthumously, the award being announced on 26 January 2000, four months after his death.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|VSSC]] organizes an annual oration, ''Dr. S. Srinivasan Memorial Lecture'', in honor of its former director.<ref name="Dr S Srinivasan memorial lecture">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article137860.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624202722/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article137860.ece?service=print | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 June 2016 | title=Dr S Srinivasan memorial lecture | publisher=Indian Express | date=11 October 2009 | access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Rohini (satellite)]]
* [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
* [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
* [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Science}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author1=Chandrasekar|author2=Chandrasekar A.|title=Basics Of Atmospheric Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSpw-0LaR9gC&pg=PR18|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4022-0|pages=18–|year=2010}}
* {{cite book|author1=Purnendu Ghosh|author2=Baldev Raj|title=The Mind of an Engineer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-MLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112|date=30 December 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-0119-2|pages=112–}}
* {{cite journal | url=http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/11737/1/An_Experimental_Study_of_the_Performance_of_a_Subscale__Kerosene_-_Fuelled_Ejector_Ramjet_at_Simulated_Takeoff.pdf | title=An Experimental Study of the Performance of a Subscale Kerosene — Fuelled Ejector Ramjet at Simulated Takeoff |author1=J.J. Isaac |author2=N.R. Ramesh |author3=V.S. Krishnakumar |author4=G.S. Sreenath |author5=C. Rajashekar |author6=S.R. Shyamsundar |author7=J.D.A. Subramanyam |author8=Lazar T. Chitilappilly | journal=3rd National Conference on Air Breathing Engines and Aerospace Propulsion | date=December 1996}}

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{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pramod Kale]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]|years=1994 - 1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[G. Madhavan Nair]]}}
{{end}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, S.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
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[[Category:Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
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[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

Rettai Roja

2025-12-03T06:41:38Z

Pritam: enhance article as per guidelines and added references

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language television series (2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rettai Roja serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
[[Action film|Action]]
[[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| executive_producer =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Karthik Ramkumar
| screenplay = Sargunam Pungaraj Muthusamy Shakthivel
| director = {{ubl|G. Manikandakumar|Abdullah||Nandha Kumar}}
| starring = [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] [[Akshay Kamal]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1013
| list_episodes =
| producer = Shruthi Narayanan
| company = Shruthi Studios
| theme_music_composer = [[Vishal Chandrasekar]]
| composer = Kiran
| opentheme = "Otti Porandha Rettai Roja"
| cinematography = Rajesh Kumar
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* S.Arul,
* Lakshmi Murugesan
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 25–27 minutes
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|08|12}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|03|17}}
}}

'''''Rettai Roja''''' ({{Translation}} Twin Rose) is a 2019–2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-]]language soap opera aired on [[Zee Tamil]] and also digitally available on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4nmbLQkY28
|title= Rettai Roja... Coming Soon promo 1|last=|first=|date=|website=YouTube|access-date=}}</ref> It premiered on 12 August 2019<ref>{{cite web|first=Ganesh|last=Kannan|date=10 August 2019|url=https://www.onenov.in/rettai-roja-serial-cast/amp/|title=Rettai Roja serial cast|website=Onenov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/rettai-roja-serial-review|title=அழகிய ரோஜாவும் அகங்கார ரோஜாவும் இணையும்... இரட்டை ரோஜா|website=Cinema.vikatan.com|date=20 August 2019 |language=ta}}</ref> and ended on 17 March 2023 with 1013 Episodes. The show initially starred [[Shivani Narayanan]], but she was later replaced by [[Chandini Tamilarasan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rettai-roja-crosses-100-episodes-shivani-narayanan-thanks-fans-for-the-support/articleshow/73134169.cms|title=Rettai Roja crosses 100 episodes; Shivani Narayanan thanks fans for the support|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Summary==
Anu and Abi are twin girls from a middle-class family. Despite their identical appearance, their personalities are quite different. Anu is dominant and greedy, while Abi is homely and caring. Anu resents her sister for receiving attention effortlessly, despite her own desperate attempts to be noticed and praised. Due to the ongoing conflict, their mother Deivanai enrolls them in a convent school. However, only Anu completes her education there, while Abi remains less educated. Eventually, Anu becomes a lawyer, and Abi takes up tailoring.

Meanwhile, brothers Santhosh and Sanjeev come from a wealthy family. Santhosh is simple and manages the family business, while Sanjeev is hot-tempered and easily angered, so their mother Seetha constantly attends to him. Santhosh meets Anu at a theme park and falls in love with her. He decides to work as her assistant without revealing his affluent background. Abi, on the other hand, meets Sanjeev when he hits an elderly man with his car. Sanjeev argues angrily with the man, but Abi advises him calmly. Sanjeev is drawn to Abi’s motherly demeanor and tells Seetha about her, which makes Seetha happy. Abi’s influence calms Sanjeev, and their love blossoms.

Seetha notices changes in both her sons: Santhosh is in love, and Sanjeev’s temper softens, all because of Abi. One day, Anu sees Abi with Sanjeev and warns her parents that Abi is “roaming around” with a man, demanding that Abi stop seeing him.

Seetha asks Santhosh to invite Anu over, and when Anu realizes he is wealthy, she agrees to marry him. As she leaves his house, she discovers that Sanjeev is Santhosh’s brother, which shocks her. Fearing that Abi could also marry into wealth by marrying Sanjeev, Anu decides to arrange a marriage for Abi. She convinces a poor thief named Salman to marry Abi. Excited, Salman and his mother Nagalakshmi agree. However, when Sanjeev hears of Abi’s engagement to Salman, he beats Salman and exposes him as a fraud, stopping the marriage. The police then arrest Salman.

Ramachandran's sister, Chinthamani, arrives with her daughter, Sreeja, to arrange a marriage between Sreeja and Sanjeev. When Anu visits Santhosh’s house, she meets Sreeja and Chinthamani, who plot to separate Abi and Sanjeev. Abi and Sanjeev resist their schemes, and Anu even warns her parents to hide Abi’s existence from Santhosh's family. Despite these efforts, Anu becomes engaged to Santhosh, and Sreeja to Sanjeev. However, Sanjeev dislikes Sreeja and, with the help of his uncle Kaali, uncovers her plot. He confides in Abi, strengthening their bond.

One day, Santhosh sees Sanjeev with a girl and realizes it’s Anu’s twin, Abi. Santhosh decides to help them get married. On the wedding day, Anu, Sreeja, and Chinthamani plot to kidnap Abi to force Sanjeev to marry Sreeja. They enlist Salman and Nagalakshmi to kidnap her, but Sanjeev and Kaali prevent the crime. Later, Anu pretends to be injured to manipulate Abi into leaving Sanjeev. Heartbroken, Abi leaves the marriage hall.

Eventually, Anu regrets her behavior. At that moment, she overhears Sreeja and Chinthamani planning to kill Abi and blame her death on Anu. Horrified, Anu warns them and decides to let Abi and Sanjeev marry, intending to reveal the truth to everyone. Enraged, Sreeja and Chinthamani kill Anu. Sanjeev finds Abi and tells the family about her being Anu’s twin, shocking everyone. Ramachandran chastises Kandhasamy and Deivanai for hiding the truth. To protect Anu’s reputation, Abi lies to Sanjeev, saying her love for him was false. This angers Sanjeev, and he begins to despise her.

Seetha finds Anu gravely wounded and hears the full story before Anu dies. Sreeja demands that Sanjeev marry her, but Santhosh offers to marry Sreeja to secure Sanjeev and Abi's happiness. Despite his reluctance, Sanjeev marries Abi, while Santhosh marries Sreeja. After the wedding, Kandhasamy, Deivanai, and Abi mourn Anu’s death. Sanjeev, still resentful, invites Abi into his home reluctantly. They agree to keep their plan to divorce a secret from the family.

Anu’s spirit returns to help Abi and Sanjeev reconcile. However, Sreeja and Chinthamani discover Anu’s ghostly presence and seek the aid of a pandit to banish her spirit permanently.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Shivani Narayanan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=இரட்டை ரோஜா சீரியலில் இருந்து ஷிவானி நாராயணன் நீக்கம்! அவருக்கு பதில் சாந்தினி தான்|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/shivani-narayanan-walks-out-of-rettai-roja-serial-chandini-to-replace-her/articleshow/77103609.cms|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Tamil Samayam|language=ta}}</ref> / [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-chandini-tamilarasan-joins-the-cast-of-rettai-roja-replaces-actress-shivani-narayanan/articleshow/77110098.cms|title=Actress Chandini Tamilarasan joins the cast of Rettai Roja; replaces actress Shivani Narayanan|website=The Times of India|date=22 July 2020 }}</ref> in a dual role as:
** Anuradha "Anu" - Eldest twin born to Kandhasamy and Deivanai, Santhosh's ex-fiancee and a lawyer. She hates her younger twin sister Abi because she looks alike her. She was dead, killed by Sreeja.
** Abirami "Abi" - Youngest twin born to Kandhasamy and Deivanai, Sanjeev's wife and a tailor. She loves her sister Anu.
* Akshay Kamal as Sanjeev and Pandi (dual role)
** Sanjeev: Abi's husband; Santhosh's younger brother; Ramachandran and Seetha's second son (2019–2023)
** Pandi: Sanjeev's look alike; a ruthless gangster in [[Tirunelveli]] district (2021–2022)

===Recurring===
* Nimesh Sagar as Santhosh: Anu's ex-fiancé; Sreeja's husband; Ramachandran and Seetha's first son (2019–2023)
* VJ Mounika as Sreeja: Santhosh's wife; Sanjeev's ex-fiancée; Chinthamani's daughter (2019–2023)
* Meena Vemuri as Chinthamani: Ramachandran's younger sister; Sreeja's mother and Santhosh's mother-in-law (2019–2023)
* Bharatha Naidu as Inspector Jhansi
* Tamil Selvi (2019–2020) / [[Meera Krishna]] (2020–2021) / [[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha Anil]] (2021–2023) in a dual role as
** Seetha: Santhosh and Sanjeev's mother, Ramachandran's wife
** Lakshmi: Seetha's twin sister and a great lawyer
* [[L. Raja]] as Ramachandran: Santhosh and Sanjeev's father; Sreeja and Abi's father-in-law (2019–2021)
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Kandhasamy: Anu and Abi's father; Sanjeev's father-in-law (2019–2020)
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Deivanai: Anu and Abi's mother; Sanjeev's mother-in-law (2019–2020)
* Diwakar as Kaali: Seetha's younger brother (2019–present)
* Rashmitha Roja as Muthazhagu: Sanjeev's wife (2021–2022)
* Jeyanthi Narayanan as Pandi's mother (2021–2022)
* [[Senthilnathan]] as Pandi's father (2021–2022)
* Sangavi (2021) / Dhanalakshmi (2021–2022) as Raasathi: Pandi's sister

===Special appearances===
* "Singer" [[Srikanth Deva]] as Himself: Anu, Santhosh, Sreeja and Sanjeev's marriage guest (2020)
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Kunchithapatham: A fake lawyer who cheats Sreeja and Chintamani (2020)
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Kavitha: Sreeja's aunt (2019-2020)
* Indran as Salman: Abi's ex-fiancée (2019-2020)
* Sujatha as Nagalakshmi: Salman's mother (2019-2020)
* Bavithran as Sathish: Sreeja's first husband (2020)
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Tayamma (2022)

==Development==
The series first promo was released on 2 April 2019 on [[YouTube]] by [[Zee Tamil]]. It stars [[Shivani Narayanan]] as in the role of both Anu and Abi. Later due to outbreak of [[COVID-19]] and to pursue the opportunity of entering ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss]]'', Shivani quit the series. So, in August 2020, she was replaced by actress [[Chandini Tamilarasan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ttncinema.com/chandini-replaced-with-shivani-to-play-lead-in-rettai-roja/| title=Chandini replaced with Shivani to play lead in "Rettai Roja"|website=Ttncinema.com}}</ref> Tamil TV actor Siddharth Kumaran was initially approached for the lead male protagonist but later the production team finalised Kannada TV actor Karan Sagar (Nimesh Sagar) for the role as Anu's pair.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/80481/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Rettai-roja---New-serial-in-Zee-Tamil.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810083946/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/80481/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Rettai-roja---New-serial-in-Zee-Tamil.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2019|title=இரட்டையர்களின் கதையை சொல்லும் இரட்டை ரோஜா தொடர்|access-date=2019-10-10|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta}}</ref> ''[[TikTok]]'' fame Akshay Kamal was selected for another male protagonist as Abi's pair.

==Special and crossover episodes==
Rettai Roja cast and crew amalgamated the episodes called ''Triveni Sangamam'' with [[Endrendrum Punnagai (TV series)|Endrendrum Punnagai]] and [[Rajamagal]] from 26 December 2020 to 9 January 2021. For the first time in the Indian television shows, three series to been combined.<ref>{{Cite web|title=திரிவேணி சங்கமம்.. ஒன்றினையும் ஜீ தமிழின் மூன்று முக்கிய சீரியல்கள்|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/zee-tamil-thiriveni-sangamam-with-rettai-roja-rajamagal-and-endrendrum-punnagai/articleshow/79946168.cms|website=Tamil.Samayam.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt13556858}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/rettai-roja/0-6-1978 ''Rettai Roja''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Nikāya

2025-12-01T18:41:55Z

Pritam:

{{Short description|Pāḷi word meaning "volume"}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Pali words and phrases]]}}
{{Seealso|Pali Canon|Sutta Piṭaka}}
{{Seealso|Theravada#Monastic orders}}{{Theravada Buddhism|Orders}}
{{About|the word nikāya in general|the non-derogatory substitute for Hinayana|Nikaya Buddhism}}'''''Nikāya''''' ({{lang|pi|निकाय}}) is a [[Pali|Pāli]] word meaning "volume". It is often used like the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[Āgama (Buddhism)|āgama]]'' ({{lang|sa|आगम}}) to mean "collection", "assemblage", "class" or "group" in both Pāḷi and Sanskrit.<ref>Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 352, entry for "Nikāya" at [https://archive.today/20120708040221/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:6.pali] (retrieved 2007-11-06).</ref> It is most commonly used in reference to the Pali [[Buddhist texts]] of the [[Tripitaka]] namely those found in the [[Sutta Pitaka|Sutta Piṭaka]]. It is also used to refer to monastic lineages, where it is sometimes translated as a 'monastic fraternity'.

The term [[Nikaya Buddhism|''Nikāya'' Buddhism]] is sometimes used in contemporary scholarship to refer to the Buddhism of the [[early Buddhist schools]].

==Text collections==
In the [[Pāli Canon]], particularly, the "Discourse Basket" or ''Sutta Piṭaka'', the meaning of ''nikāya'' is roughly equivalent to the English ''collection'' and is used to describe groupings of discourses according to theme, length, or other categories. For example, the ''Sutta Piṭaka'' is broken up into five nikāyas:
* the [[Digha Nikaya|Dīgha Nikāya]], the collection of long (Pāḷi: ''dīgha'') discourses
* the [[Majjhima Nikaya|Majjhima Nikāya]], the collection of middle-length (''majjhima'') discourses
* the [[Samyutta Nikaya|Samyutta Nikāya]], the collection of thematically linked (''samyutta'') discourses
* the [[Anguttara Nikaya|Anguttara Nikāya]], the "gradual collection" (discourses grouped by content enumerations)
* the [[Khuddaka Nikaya|Khuddaka Nikāya]], the "minor collection"

In the other early Buddhist schools the alternate term ''āgama'' was used instead of nikāya to describe their ''Sutra Piṭaka''s. Thus the non-[[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] portion of the Sanskrit-language ''Sutra Piṭaka'' is referred to as "the Āgamas" by Mahāyāna Buddhists. The Āgamas survive for the most part only in [[Classical Tibetan]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] translation. They correspond closely with the Pāḷi nikāyas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Potter|first=Karl H.|title=Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D. - Volume 7 of The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1996|page=24|ISBN=9788120808959}}</ref>

==Monastic divisions==
Among the Theravāda nations of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka, ''nikāya'' is also used as the term for a monastic division or lineage; these groupings are also sometimes called "monastic fraternities" or "frateries". Nikāyas may emerge among monastic groupings as a result of royal or government patronage (such as the [[Dhammayuttika Nikaya|Dhammayuttika Nikāya]] of Thailand), due to the national origin of their ordination lineage (the [[Siam Nikaya|Siam Nikāya]] of [[Sri Lanka]]), because of differences in the interpretation of the monastic code, or due to other factors (such as the [[Amarapura Nikaya|Amarapura Nikāya]] in Sri Lanka, which emerged as a reaction to caste restrictions within the Siam Nikāya). These divisions do not rise to the level of forming separate sects within the Theravāda tradition, because they do not typically follow different doctrines or monastic codes, nor do these divisions extend to the laity.

{{Burmese monastic orders 2016}}
In Myanmar, all the monastic orders are called gaing ({{lang|my|ဂိုဏ်း}}) or [[gana|gaṇa]] ({{lang|my|ဂဏ}}) instead of nikāya, although some orders include Nikāya ({{lang|my|နိကာယ}}) in addition to Gaing in their names. No new gaings have been allowed other than the [[Buddhist sects in Myanmar#The nine sects of Sangha|nine legally recognized gaings]] under the 1990 Law Concerning Sangha Organizations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gutter |first1=Peter |year=2001 |title=Law and Religion in Burma |journal=Legal Issues on Burma Journal |publisher=Burma Legal Council |page=10 |issue=8 |url=http://www.blc-burma.org/pdf/liob/liob8.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314215506/http://www.blc-burma.org/pdf/liob/liob8.pdf |archive-date=March 14, 2012 }}</ref> The largest of these is the [[Thudhamma Gaing]], which was founded in the 1800s during the [[Konbaung dynasty]].

== Nikaya Buddhism ==
{{Main|Nikaya Buddhism}}
The term Nikāya Buddhism was coined by [[Masatoshi Nagatomi|Masatoshi Nagatomifake]] as a non-derogatory substitute for [[Hinayana]], meaning the [[early Buddhist schools]].<ref>[[Robert Thurman]] and Masatoshi Nagatomi of [[Harvard University]]: "'Nikaya Buddhism' is a coinage of Professor Masatoshi Nagatomi of Harvard University who suggested it to me as a usage for the eighteen schools of Indian Buddhism, to avoid the term 'Hinayana Buddhism,' which is found offensive by some members of the Theravada tradition."{{cite journal |last1=Thurman |first1=Robert |date=1981 |title=The emptiness that is compassion: an essay on Buddhist ethics |journal=Religious Traditions |volume=4 |page=fn 10}}</ref> Examples of these groups are [[pre-sectarian Buddhism]] and the early Buddhist schools. Some scholars exclude pre-sectarian Buddhism when using the term. The term [[Theravada]] refers to Buddhist practices based on these early teachings, as preserved in the [[Pāli Canon]].

==See also==
* [[Āgama (Buddhism)]]
* [[Early Buddhist schools]]
* [[Nikaya Buddhism]]
* [[Pali Canon|Pāḷi Canon]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* [[T.W. Rhys Davids|Rhys Davids, T.W.]] & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). ''The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary''. Chipstead: [[Pali Text Society]]. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Theravada Buddhist orders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Theravada]]
[[Category:Pāli Canon]]
[[Category:Tripiṭaka]]

Ajit Kumar Banerjee

2025-11-13T07:03:16Z

Pritam: new a bio and citations

{{short description|Indian environmentalist}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajit Kumar Banerjee
| caption = Dr. Ajit Kumar Banerjee
| image = Ajit Kumar Banerjee.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|09|01|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|11|29|1931|09|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalighat]],[[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Forest Expert, Environmentalist
}}

Dr '''Ajit Kumar Banerjee''' ({{langx|bn|ড. অজিত কুমার ব্যানার্জী }}) (1 September 1931 – 29 November 2014)<ref name= ajit2>{{cite journal|first=Ajit Kumar|last=Banerjee|title= Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests in Asia|journal=World Bank Technical Paper|publisher= The World Bank|year=1995|issn=0253-7494|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/200651468770093460/pdf/multi-page.pdf}}</ref> was a noted environmentalist and expert in forest management and is known to be the father of the concept of [[Joint Forest Management]], often abbreviated as JFM. Banerjee received global attention for the [[Arabari]] project in [[West Bengal]], India where he introduced the JFM concept for the first time in 1972.<ref name =toi1>{{cite news | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Father-of-joint-forestry-management-passes-away/articleshow/45340486.cms| title= Father of joint forestry management passes away| date=2 December 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=23 March 2019 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Dr Banerjee was born to Sudha Madhab Banerjee and Utsa Rani Banerjee, in an elite family located at Kalighat, West Bengal. His grand parents were Amrita Banerjee and Tufan Tarangini Debi. He went to [[Ballygunge Government High School]] and then graduated from [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. He acquired PhD from University of Toronto.

==Career in Indian Forest Service in West Bengal==
The concept of Joint Forest Management was originated by Dr. Ajit K Banerjee. The major hardwood of [[Arabari]] is [[Sal tree|sal]], a commercially profitable forest crop. In 1972, Dr. Banerjee, a [[Silviculture|silviculturist]], then working for the Forest Department as the Divisional Forest Officer in [[West Bengal]], was conducting trials which were constantly being disturbed by grazing and illegal harvesting by the local populace. At the time there were no initiatives for sharing of forest resources between the government and the local people. The forest official, against the suggestions of his co-workers, sought out representatives of eleven local villages and negotiated the terms of a contract with an ''ad hoc'' Forest Protection Committee. The initial program involved 612 families managing 12.7 square kilometers of forests classified as "degraded". 25% of profits from the forests were shared with the villagers. The Government did not approve the scheme initially, but when International acclamation started reaching in, the JFM was accepted and expanded to other parts of the state during 1987 and onward..

JFM is the official and popular term in [[India]] for partnerships in [[forest]] [[Social movement|movement]] involving both the state forest departments and local communities. The policies and objectives of Joint Forest Movement are detailed in the Indian comprehensive [[National Forest Policy, 1988|National Forest Policy of 1988]]<ref name =moef>{{cite web|url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/about-the-ministry/introduction-nfp.pdf|title=National Forest Policy, 1988|website=Ministry of Environment, Forests and climate change|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329155216/http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/about-the-ministry/introduction-nfp.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Joint Forest Management Guidelines of 1990 of the [[Government of India]].

Although schemes vary from state to state and are known by different names in different [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], usually a village committee known as the Forest Protection Committee (FPC) and the Forest Department enter into a JFM agreement. Villagers agree to assist in the safeguarding of forest resources through protection from fire, grazing, and illegal harvesting in exchange for which they receive [[non-timber forest product]]s and a share of the revenue from the sale of [[timber]] products.<ref>[http://www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/forprt/terijfm.html Study on Joint Forest Management] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111095120/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/forprt/terijfm.html |date=2007-01-11 }}</ref>

==Career==
In the mid-1980s, Dr. Banerjee joined the World Bank, and drew attention of the Bank to the success of his innovative project in Medinipur. The Bank funded the West Bengal Social Forestry Project which was restructured in 1987 to include a JFM component. The West Bengal Forest Directorate issued a Circular in 1989 to officially endorse the JFM approach, and in 1990, the government agreed to entitle the FPCs to a quarter of the net profits from the sale of timber.<ref name="ghosh">{{cite book|editor-first=A.K.|editor-last= Ghosh|title= Status of Environment in West Bengal: A citizen's report|publisher= ENDEV|year=2008}}</ref>

Banerjee acted as a senior forestry specialist in the Environment and Natural Resources Division of the Asia Technical Department of the World Bank.<ref name = ajit2 /> He also acted as a national trustee and chairman of the Eastern Regional Committee of the WWF. He was also president of CEMO, FACE, secretary of the Kolkata chapter of Transparency International, and member of IDSK.<ref name =toi1/>

==Legacy==
He wrote many books, reports, chapters of books, articles in technical journals as well as in popular News paper articles, etc. Some of the publications of Dr. Ajit Kumar Banerjee are noted below:

*Banerjee, A. K. (1989). Shrubs in Tropical Forest Ecosystems: Examples from India, The World Bank technical paper no. 103, The World Bank: Washington DC.<ref name=ajit1>{{cite book|first=A.K.|last=Banerjee|title= Shrubs in Tropical Forest Ecosystems: Examples from India|publisher= The World Bank|place= Washington DC|url = http://www.fao.org/3/a-w7712e.pdf|year=1997}}</ref>
*Banerjee, A. K. (1995). Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests in Asia, The World Bank technical paper no. 270, The World Bank: Washington DC, {{ISSN|0253-7494}}.<ref name =ajit2 />
*Banerjee, A. K. (1997). Decentralization and Devolution of Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific, Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/21, FAO: Forestry Policy and Planning Division, Rome.<ref name=ajit3>{{cite book|first=A.K.|last=Banerjee|title= Decentralization and Devolution of Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific|publisher= FAO: Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission|url = http://www.fao.org/3/a-w7712e.pdf|year=1997}}</ref>
*Banerjee, Ajit Kumar (2004). Participatory Forest Management in West Bengal: A Review of Policies and Implementation.
*Banerjee, Ajit Kumar (2007). Joint Forest Management in West Bengal, in ''Forests, People and Power, The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia'', eds. Springate-Baginski, Oliver and Blaikie, Piers, Earthscan: New York, pp. 221–258.<ref name=ajit4>{{cite book| first=A.K.| last=Banerjee| editor1-first=Oliver | editor1-last= Springate-Baginski| editor2-first= Piers| editor2-last= Blaikie|title= Forests, People and Power, The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia |chapter= Joint Forest Management in West Bengal|publisher= Earthscan|place= New York|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=FGjWPKqklRkC&pg=PR15|isbn=978-1-136-56533-5|page=15|year=2007}}</ref>

==Death==
Banerjee died at his residence at No. 9, Greek Church Row Extension, Kolkata 700026 on 29 November 2014, and survived by his wife, son Dr. Arindam Banerjee who is an orthopedic surgeon, daughter-in-law and grand son.<ref name =toi1/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Ajit Kumar}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali activists]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
{{India-activist-stub}}
{{Environmentalist-stub}}

Economy of Delhi

2025-11-03T19:47:27Z

Pritam: brief expand layout as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-protect|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox economy
| country = National Capital Territory of Delhi
| image = Skyline at Rajiv Chowk.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in New Delhi is an important economic hub of the [[National Capital]].
| year = 1 April – 31 March
| gdp = $272.603 billion (NCR; [[Nominal GDP|Nominal]] )<ref name="visualcapitalist.com">{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|access-date=2022-03-27|website=www.visualcapitalist.com}}</ref><ref name="Budget Analysis"/> 
$370 billion (NCR; [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro GDP]])<ref name="pricewater"/><ref name="Brookings"/><ref name="times Delhi-not-Mumbai"/>
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|12th]]
| growth = 9.18% (2023–24)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| per capita = $11,300 (2023–24)([[Nominal GDP|Nominal]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the economic composition of Delhi |website=metroverse.cid.harvard.edu |url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/6955/economic-composition |access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Our target is to raise Delhi's per capita income to Singapores level by 2047 |work=The Hindu |date=16 November 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/our-target-is-to-raise-delhis-per-capita-income-to-singapores-level-by-2047-sisodia/article37519923.ece |access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref><ref name="ET_Mar2022">{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=23 March 2022|title=Delhi's GDP up by 50% since 2016-2017|work=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhis-gdp-up-50-since-2016-17-lg-anil-baijal-in-address-to-assembly/articleshow/90398028.cms|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| per capita rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|3rd]]
| sectors = Agriculture 2% Industry 14% Services 84% (2021–22)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| components =
| inflation =
| bankrate =
| poverty =
| gini =
| hdi =
| labor =
| occupations =
| unemployment = {{decreasePositive}} 6.6% (Nov 2020)<ref>{{cite web|title=Unemployment Rate in India |url=https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/ |publisher=Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>
| average gross salary =
| gross median =
| average net salary =
| net median =
| industries =
| edbr =
| exports =
| export-goods =
| export-partners =
| imports =
| import-goods =
| import-partners =
| FDI =
| current account =
| gross external debt =
| NIIP =
| balance = {{INRConvert|-9194|c}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| debt =
| revenue = {{INRConvert|61891|c|nolink=yes}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| expenses = {{INRConvert|71085|c|nolink=yes}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis">{{cite web|title=Delhi Budget Analysis 2022-23|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/delhi-budget-analysis-2022-23|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref>
| aid =
| credit =
| spelling = Oxford
| presentUS$asdefault = no
}}
The '''economy of Delhi''' is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|12th largest]] among states and union territories of India. The [[Nominal GDP|Nominal]] GSDP of the [[National Capital Region (India)| NCR]] was estimated at 272.603 Billion<ref name="visualcapitalist.com">{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|access-date=2022-03-27|website=www.visualcapitalist.com}}</ref> and the [[Nominal GDP|Nominal]] GSDP of the [[Delhi|NCT]] of Delhi for 2023-24 was estimated at {{INRConvert| 11.07 |lc}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi's economy pitched to grow at 9.2%|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhis-economy-projected-to-grow-at-92-in-2023-24-finance-minister-atishi-delhi-assembly/articleshow/108149006.cms|access-date=2024-08-16|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi's growth to surpass national average at 9.18 % |website=Livemint.com |date=20 March 2023 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhis-growth-to-surpass-national-average-at-9-18-state-economic-survey-11679316573197.html |access-date=2023-04-10}}</ref> recording an annual growth of 9.2%. Growth rate in 2014-15 was 9.2%. In 2020-21, the [[tertiary sector of industry|tertiary sector]] contributed 85% of Delhi's GSDP followed by the [[secondary sector of industry|secondary]] and [[primary sector of industry|primary]] sectors at 12% and 3% respectively. The services sector recorded an annual growth of 7.3%.
Delhi is the largest commercial centre in northern India. {{As of|2021}}, recent estimates of the economy of the urban area of Delhi have ranged from $370 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross metropolitan product|metro GDP]]) and it has $272.603<ref name="visualcapitalist.com"/><ref name="Brookings">{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|access-date=8 May 2015|date=2015-01-22}}</ref> billion as (Nominal GDP) ranking it either the [[List of cities by GDP|most or second-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref name="Brookings"/><ref name="pricewater">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025|publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]]|access-date=16 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|archive-date=4 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="McKinsey">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025|title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025|publisher=Foreign Policy|access-date=24 August 2012|archive-date=28 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041241/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="times Delhi-not-Mumbai">{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Clara|title=Delhi, not Mumbai, India's economic capital - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Delhi-not-Mumbai-Indias-economic-capital/articleshow/55655582.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 November 2016 |access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

In recent times, a lot of economic, manufacturing and business activities have been attracted by [[Noida]], [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Meerut]] and [[Faridabad]].

A large number of population of Delhi travels daily between [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] for jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-11 |title=MC Explains: Why corporates are moving away from Connaught Place in the heart of Delhi to faraway Gurugram and Noida |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/mc-explains-why-corporates-are-moving-away-from-connaught-place-in-the-heart-of-delhi-to-faraway-gurugram-and-noida-10565681.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

==Manufacturing==
Manufacturing grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment. Delhi contributes 4.94% to the total GDP of the country. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units.<ref name="ecosurv9">{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/9.pdf|title=Chapter 9: Industrial Development|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi|pages=94–107|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614085148/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/9.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Services==
Key service industries are [[information technology]], [[telecommunications]], [[hotels]], banking, media and tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/delhi/industries-in-delhi.html |title=Industries in Delhi |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Construction, power, health and community services and real estate are also important to the city's economy.<ref name="ET1">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Services/Hotels__Restaurants/Delhi_Indias_hot_favourite_retail_destination/rssarticleshow/2983387.cms |title=Delhi hot favourite retail destination in India – Corporate Trends – News By Company -News |work=The Economic Times |access-date=3 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007010541/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Services/Hotels__Restaurants/Delhi_Indias_hot_favourite_retail_destination/rssarticleshow/2983387.cms |archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref>

===Retail===
{{main|Shopping in Delhi}}
Delhi has one of India's largest and fastest growing retail industries.<ref name = "ET1"/>

=== Information Technology ===
As with other regions of India, the IT industry has been expanding in Delhi. Although not as robust as the IT industry in some of India's southern states, it still hosts significant IT companies such as [[Google|Google India]], [[Teleperformance|Teleperformance India]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[SAP SE|SAP Labs India]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], Cinfoways and [[SAS Institute|SAS Institute India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://enterpriseblog.xoxoday.com/10-best-companies-to-work-delhi-ncr/2759|title=The 10 Best Companies To Work For In Delhi-NCR|date=2017-04-17|work=Enterprise Blog for xoxoday|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en-US|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095443/https://enterpriseblog.xoxoday.com/10-best-companies-to-work-delhi-ncr/2759|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its satellite cities that fall within the [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]], such as [[Noida]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] or [[Gurgaon]] in [[Haryana]], are also home to a strong IT sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://so.city/delhi/article/it-sector-in-delhi|title=Although Not Exactly A Hub For Top-Notch IT Firms, Delhi Has A Thriving IT Sector|date=18 November 2016|website=So Delhi}}</ref> According to the Industrial Policy for Delhi 2010-21,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_industry/Department+of+Industries/our+Services2/Delhi+Industrial+Policy+2010-2021|title=Draft Industrial Policy|website=delhi.gov.in}}</ref> the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] hopes to increase investments into and further develop the state's IT and ITeS industries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/states/delhi.aspx|title=Information On Industries In Delhi, Economy, Growth & Geography|website=IBEF|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> Delhi's government institutions, well-developed infrastructure, increasing workforce and business-friendly culture makes it an ideal location for such an expansion of the IT sector.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/delhi-ncr-an-emerging-it-hub-in-india-13888.html/|title=Delhi NCR – An Emerging IT Hub in India - India Briefing News|date=2017-03-29|work=India Briefing News|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Red Fort, Old Delhi, India.jpg|thumb|The Red Fort]]

===Tourism===
Due to its history, central position and status as the nation's capital, Delhi is a common destination for tourists. Some common tourist attractions include the [[Red Fort]], [[Qutb Minar]], [[India Gate]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Lotus Temple]], [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham]] and the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. Delhi's tourism sector makes up 5.6% of its GDP and the Delhi government considers it to be "high growth industry."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_tourism/Tourism/Home/Infrastructure/|title=Tourism Infrastructure|website=delhi.gov.in}}</ref> 62% of tourists and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRIs]] visiting India come to Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

The [[World Travel and Tourism Council|World Travel & Tourism Council]] calculated that tourism generated US$3.2 billion or 3.6% of the city's GDP in 2016 and supported 460,300 jobs, 8.3% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 10.8% to US$8.9 billion by 2026 (3.7% of GDP). Foreign tourists accounted for 35.5% of all tourism-related spending in Delhi in 2016. The largest source of foreign tourists visiting the city was the [[United States]], which accounted for 11% of foreign tourist visits to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/cities-2017/delhi2017.pdf|title=CITY TRAVEL & TOURISM IMPACT 2017 Delhi|publisher=[[World Travel and Tourism Council]]|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041344/https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/cities-2017/delhi2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Real Estate ===
The real estate sector has been another growing industry within the [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]. It boomed in the 2000s and many Indians, induced by the soaring property prices, decided to invest in real estate, especially in the growing satellite cities of [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/rCjE2PwlLlh2W4EZ62OBlI/Realty-Bites.html|title=Realty Bites|last=Sukumar|first=R.|date=2015-07-31|work=livemint.com|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref> At the real estate market's peak between 2001 and 2007, one could expect 20-30% annual returns or double their investment in about 3–5 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/HcRE0hFQWpyXtduV2Y9wJI/2018-the-year-real-estate-died.html|title=2018, the year real estate died|last=Sharma|first=Ashwini Kumar|date=2018-07-05|work=livemint.com|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref> By 2013 however, demand for real estate began to decline, reaching an all-time low in 2016.<ref name=":2" /> With sales plummeting and real estate firms ridden with debt, developers such as [[Unitech Group|Unitech]], [[Jaypee Group|Jaypee Infratech Ltd.]] and the Amrapali Group have slowed progress on their development projects since they lacked the necessary working capital.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
[[File:City_of_Greater_Noida.jpg|thumb|[[Greater Noida]], one of Delhi's satellite cities]]
In response to the crisis, the [[Parliament of India]] passed the [[Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016]] to protect home-buyers and the real estate industry.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-rera-and-how-will-it-help-homebuyers-4635705/|title=What is the Real Estate Regulation Act (RERA)? Here is how it will help buyers|date=2017-05-01|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> The act created the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) which is responsible for regulating the real estate industry and for addressing disputes for non-delivery.<ref name=":3" /> The act also makes it mandatory to register real projects with a clear deadline.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/this-could-be-the-turnaround-year-for-real-estate-heres-why/articleshow/62490034.cms|title=This could be the turnaround year for real estate. Here's why|last=Katiyar|first=Prerna|date=2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref> This was followed by the [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] government's [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetization of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes]]. One of the stated aims of such an action was to curtail the widespread use of [[Indian black money|black money]] in real estate transactions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation-350943-2016-11-08|title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref>

Greater compliance and transparency following the establishment of the RERA has had a stabilizing effect on the real estate market. Although the RERA has made it harder for new projects to launch, curtailing the supply-side of the real estate industry, demand has been increasing.<ref name=":4" /> For now, except for Gurgaon which is experiencing marginal real estate growth, home values in the Delhi [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]] region remain stable.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/home-prices-largely-steady-in-delhi-ncr-during-april-june-report/articleshow/65244917.cms|title=Home prices largely steady in Delhi-NCR during April–June: Report|date=2018-08-02|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101055210/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/home-prices-largely-steady-in-delhi-ncr-during-april-june-report/articleshow/65244917.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Transport ===

[[File:DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg|thumb|[[Delhi Metro]]]]
[[File:DTC AC Bus.jpg|thumb|DTC AC Bus]]
[[File:Terminal 1 building from Airplane parking lot at Delhi Airport (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]]]

Another key contributor to Delhi's economy is the transportation sector and the city has been investing various in transport infrastructure projects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhandari|first1=Kirti|last2=Kato|first2=Hirokazu|last3=Hayashi|first3=Yoshitsugu|date=December 2009|title=Economic and Equity Evaluation of Delhi Metro|journal=International Journal of Urban Sciences|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=187–203|doi=10.1080/12265934.2009.9693657|s2cid=154245619 |issn=1226-5934}}</ref> More than half of the population in Delhi is dependent on public transport for commuting purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/transport/local_transport.jsp|title=:: Delhi Tourism : Transport |last=Corporation|first=Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development|website=www.delhitourism.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Various methods of transportation thrive in Delhi, including the [[Delhi Metro]], trains and buses.
The city's metro system in particular is a highly efficient public transport system that was initiated by the Delhi and Indian government in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/delhi-metro-among-worlds-top-five-claim-dmrc-officials/534246/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002034207/https://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/delhi-metro-among-worlds-top-five-claim-dmrc-officials/534246/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-02|title=Delhi Metro among world's top five, claim DMRC officials - Express India|date=2012-10-02|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> In 2017, the Metro brought in a revenue of [[Indian rupee|₹]]5,388 [[crore]].<ref name=":5">"Annual Accounts And Directors Report 2016-17". ''Delhi Metro Rail Corporation''. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</ref> That said, the Metro has been operating with a loss on an [[Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization|EBITDA]] basis for the past few years and, as of March 2016, its total debt stands at ₹291.5 billion.<ref name=":5" />

The state-owned [[Delhi Transport Corporation|Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC)]] runs the world's largest fleet of [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] buses and one of India's largest bus transport systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?gid=48&id=103516|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201164114/https://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?gid=48&id=103516|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-02-01|title=outlookindia.com {{!}} wired|date=2009-02-01|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Buses are a very popular means of transportation in Delhi, accounting for about 60% of Delhi's total transport demand.<ref>"Chapter 12: Transport". ''Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006''. Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 130-146. Archived from the original on 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2006-12-21.</ref> Delhi used to have a [[Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System|Bus Rapid Transit System]] as well that was a much-vaunted project of the previous [[Sheila Dikshit]]-led [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government however, due to criticisms over poor planning, the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] government dismantled the system in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/dismantling-of-delhis-brt-corridor-begins-1267747|title=Dismantling Of Delhi's BRT Corridor Begins|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>

[[Auto rickshaw|Auto-rickshaws]] (commonly known as ''Auto'') are also popular. Cheap, environment-friendly and easily available, these Auto-rickshaws are used both by Delhi residents going on short commutes and tourists yearning for a joyride.

[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], the primary civilian aviation hub for the NCR, serves Delhi's domestic and international flights and is the busiest airport in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/news/Delhi-s-airport-busier-than-Mumbai-s-by-40-flights-a-day/502562|title=Delhi's airport busier than Mumbai's by 40 flights a day - Indian Express|website=www.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The airport contributes about 34.5% of the total trade transacted through all major airports of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncaer.org/publication_details.php?pID=281|title=The Economic Impact of the Indira Gandhi International Airport|website=www.ncaer.org|access-date=2018-10-28|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095628/http://www.ncaer.org/publication_details.php?pID=281|url-status=dead}}</ref> It serves as a hub for [[Air India]], [[GoAir]], [[SpiceJet]], [[IndiGo]] and [[AirAsia India]].

== Employment ==
As per the Economic survey of Delhi (2022–2023), Delhi's workforce constitutes 33.28% of the population (during 2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/ch._21_employment_and_unemployment.pdf|title=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2022-23|access-date=2023-05-15|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523224251/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/ch._21_employment_and_unemployment.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The estimated employment rate in Delhi during the period July 2020-June 2021 was 93.7. Unemployment rate in Delhi during aforesaid period was 6.3. Female workers constitute a less percentage of workers during 2011 and it approximated up to 15% of workers in Delhi. The major shares of workers in Delhi were in the category of other workers, which includes all industrial and tertiary sector activities at it constitutes at 95%.

The workforce participation rate for Delhi residents aged above 15 years was 40.8% in 2015-16, lower than the 41.8% recorded in 2012-13. Delhi's workforce participation rate is lower than the national average of 50.5%.<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>

The Delhi chief minister launched a job portal "Rozgar Bazar" for recruiters and job aspirants during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{ cite news | title= Delhi chief minister launched a job portal for recruiters and job aspirants during COVID-19 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/jobs/news/delhi-job-website-rozgar-bazar-jobs-delhi-gov-in-launched-for-job-seekers-employers/articleshow/77212093.cms}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Economy of India]]
* [[Economy of Mumbai]]
* [[Economy of Kolkata]]
* [[Economy of Haryana]]
* [[Economy of Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Economy of Delhi| ]]

Neora–Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif–Sheikhpura line

2025-11-02T11:42:00Z

Pritam: put up a post w/ sources

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Neora–Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif–Sheikhpura line
| color = 800000
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Bihar Sharif Junction Station Nalanda.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Bihar Sharif Junction, the most important station of the rail line
| type =
| system =
| status = Partially operational
| locale = [[Patna district|Patna]], [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]] & [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]] districts of [[Bihar]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Neora}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Sheikhpura}}
| stations =
| routes =
| open = 2015 (Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif section)
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|123.2|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 1
| tracklength =
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead line|OHLE]] in 2019 b/w {{stnlnk|Daniyawan}} and [[Bihar Sharif Junction railway station|Bihar Sharif]]
| speed = Up to 120 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Neora–Jatdumari–Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif–Sheikhpura line|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Neora–Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif–Sheikhpura line''' is a proposed railway line connecting {{stnlnk|Neora}} on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] and {{stnlnk|Sheikhpura}} on the [[Gaya–Kiul line]] both in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].This line will connect {{stnlnk|Neora}} on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] near {{stnlnk|Danapur}}, Jatdumri on [[Patna–Gaya line]], Daniyawan on [[Fatuha–Tilaiya line]], [[Bihar Sharif Junction railway station|Bihar Sharif]] on [[Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line]] and {{stnlnk|Sheikhpura}} on [[Gaya–Kiul line]].

==History==
'''Neora–Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif–Sheikhpura line'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/bihar-patna-neaura-danyiwan-baribiga-sheikhpura-railway-16-years-not-working/1171070.html|title = पटना : नेऊरा-दनियावां व बरबीघा-शेखपुरा रेलखंड, 16 वर्षों में काम भी नहीं हो सका शुरू}}</ref> was approved in 2002–03 by [[Indian Railways]] in order to reduce loads of trains on Danapur–Kiul route of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]. This was considered a very ambitious project in order to improve train operations on Patna–Jhajha–Howrah railway section. The railways have made progress on this project, particularly between the Daniyawan and Barbigha route. The train is running on Bihar Sharif–Daniyawan rail line from 2015. Bihar Sharif–Barbigha and Barbigha–Sheikhpura railway lines are being built. However, they have not made much progress on the route between Neora and Daniyawan due to land acquisition problem.

==Electrification==
The Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif section was electrified in 2019 and inaugurated on 17 Feb 2019 by PM Narendra Modi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-patna-metro-rail/articleshow/68033674.cms?from=mdr|title = PM Modi dedicates Rs 33,000 crore projects to Bihar; Patna to get metro rail|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Important stations==

{{stnlnk|Bihar Sharif Junction}}, Daniyawan, {{stnlnk|Barbigha}} and {{stnlnk |Sheikhpura}} are important stations on this line.

'''Bihar Sharif''' is the headquarters of [[Nalanda district]] and interchange station for [[Rajgir]] and [[Nalanda]], which are popular tourist destinations and are part of the Buddhist Circuit of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bihartourism.gov.in/circuits/buddhist_circuit.html|title= Buddhist Circuit of Bihar | publisher=Bihar Tourism | access-date = 24 March 2014}}</ref> [[Pawapuri]] is part of the Jain Circuit of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/destinations.htm | title = Destinations | publisher = Bihar Tourism Development Corporation | access-date = 24 March 2014 | archive-date = 6 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091014/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Destinations.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Sections==
* Neora–Daniyawan section (Under Construction) {{convert|42.2|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
* Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif section {{convert|38.28|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
* Bihar Sharif–Barbigha section {{convert|25.9|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
* Barbigha–Sheikhpura section {{convert|16.8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}

==Trains==
63329/63330 Rajgir–Fatuha MEMU, runs via Bihar Sharif and Daniyawan

63389/63390 Patna-Nawada Fast MEMU, runs via Daniyawan, Bihar Sharif and Sheikhpura

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line]]
* [[Fatuha–Tilaiya line]]
* [[Gaya–Kiul line]]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neora-Jatdumari-Daniyawan-Bihar Sharif-Sheikhpura line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Bihar]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division|*]]

Puran Chandra Sharma

2025-08-25T10:09:57Z

Pritam:

{{one source|date=November 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttarakhand]]
| term_start = 9 November 2000
| term_end = 15 September 2002
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = [[Manohar Kant Dhyani]]
| office1 = Minister of Hill Development [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 24 June 1991
| term_end1 = 6 December 1992
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Kalyan Singh]]
| office2 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1991
| term_end2 = 1993
| predecessor2 = Saraswati Tiwari
| successor2 = Govind Singh Kunjwal
| constituency2 = [[Almora Assembly constituency|Almora]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Almora]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|9|22|1945|6|1}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Suman Sharma|1986}}
| children = 1 daughter
| father = Govardhan Sharma
| education =
| profession =
| source = https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/partyWiseMLA/1/11
}}'''Puran Chandra Sharma''' was an Indian politician from [[BJP Uttar Pradesh]] who had served as the Health Minister under [[First Kalyan Singh ministry]] in 1991. He served as the member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Almora Assembly constituency|Almora constituency]] from 1991 to 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=BJP veteran P C Sharma passes away, to be cremated in Nainital - Pioneer Edge |url=https://www.pioneeredge.in/bjp-veteran-p-c-sharma-passes-away-to-be-cremated-in-nainital/ |access-date= |website=www.pioneeredge.in |language=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Puran Chandra}}
[[Category:People from Almora district]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991–1993]]

Kapilvastu Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:10:11Z

Pritam: Adding Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kapilvastu
| map_image = 303-Kapilvastu.svg
| mla = [[Shyam Dhani]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,52,988
| constituency_no = 303
}}

'''Kapilvastu''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Kapilvastu in the [[Siddharthnagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Kapilvastu is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 303 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Kapilvastu Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kapilvastu.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Vijay Kumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shyam Dhani]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2022 General Elections: Kapilvastu<ref name="election2022">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24303.htm?ac=303|title=Uttar Pradesh 2022 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shyam Dhani]]
|votes = {{formatnum:122940}}
|percentage = 48.72
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:92001}}
|percentage = 36.46
|change = +4.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kanhaiya Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:26662}}
|percentage = 10.57
|change = -5.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sabka Dal United
|candidate = Bhaggan
|votes = {{formatnum:2698}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Devendra Singh Guddu
|votes = {{formatnum:2484}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2279}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30939}}
|percentage = 12.26
|change = -3.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:252356}}
|percentage = 55.71
|change = +1.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''Shyam Dhani''' won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Vijay Kumar''' by a margin of 38,154 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kapilvastu.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Kapilvastu (SC)<ref name="election2017"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shyam Dhani]]
|votes = {{formatnum:114082}}
|percentage = 48.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:75928}}
|percentage = 32.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandra Bhan
|votes = {{formatnum:37166}}
|percentage = 15.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pingal Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2106}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2623}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38154}}
|percentage = 16.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:235129}}
|percentage = 54.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}0.65
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Kapilvastu (SC)<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = 78,344
|percentage = 41.19
|change = {{increase}}41.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sri Ram Chauhan
|votes = 41,474
|percentage = 21.81
|change = {{increase}}21.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Patturam Azad
|votes = 32,204
|percentage = 16.93
|change = {{increase}}16.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kailash Prasad
|votes = 11,554
|percentage = 6.07
|change = {{increase}}6.07
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Manju Devi
|votes = 8,776
|percentage = 4.61
|change = {{increase}}4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|votes = 4,479
|percentage = 2.35
|change = {{increase}}2.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Motilal Vidyarthi
|votes = 3,510
|percentage = 1.85
|change = {{increase}}1.85
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Shiv Dayal
|votes = 1.895
|percentage = 1.00
|change = {{increase}}1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 8 candidates
|votes = 7,960
|percentage = 4.19
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 36,870
|percentage = 19.39
|change = {{increase}}19.39
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,90,196
|percentage = 49.56
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.45|83.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Siddharthnagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Amrapara

2025-06-13T13:18:18Z

Pritam: new a post more to come.

{{Short description|Village in Pakur (Jharkhand), India}}
{{About|the village in Jharkhand, India|its namesake community development block|Amrapara block}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amrapara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Amrapara.jpg
| image_alt = Amrapara
| image_caption = Amrapara
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.521367|N|87.571722|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3898
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Amrapara block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 814111
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06427
| registration_plate = JH 16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]]
| website = {{URL|pakur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Amrapara''' is a village in [[Amrapara block|Amrapara]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in Pakur subdivision of [[Pakur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=460| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhita| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kotalpokhar| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Mandro|labela15=Damin Bazar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|14|40|N|87|29|48|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Mirzachauki| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pathna| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|52|46|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Radhanagar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Radhanagar, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Ranga| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Taljhari| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Udhwa| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Udhwa]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|32|30|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Amrapara| numbered22=R| mark-title22=Amrapara (R)|shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black 
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Hiranpur| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Hiranpur]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Litipara| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Litipara]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Maheshpur| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos26= right|label26= Pakuria| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pakuria]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Panchuara| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Panchuara]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Godda| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size28=12 |label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|3|0|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29=Rajmahal| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Rajmahal]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|15|0|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Sahebganj| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Sahebganj]] (M) |label-size30=12 |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Pakur| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Bhognadih| numbered32=H| mark-title32=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Teliagarhi| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Moti Jharna| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Sakrigali| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered36=0 | mark-title36=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size36=12| shape-color36=#AA6666
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos37=bottom|label37=Mahagama| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Mahagama]] (CT) |shape-color3= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Sarauni| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|51|10|N|87|46|37|E}}| label-pos39=top|label39=Barharwa| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Barharwa]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos40=right|label40=Berhait Bazar| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos41=top|label41=Berhait Santali| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000
|mark-coord42={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Borio| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos43=left|label43=Patra| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000
|mark-coord44={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Tin Pahar| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT) |shape-color44= #A40000
|mark-coord45={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Kumarpur| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000
|mark-coord46={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Raghunandanpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000
|mark-coord47={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Sagarmpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000
|mark-coord48={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label48= Ganges| label-color48 = #77A1CB| label-angle48=0| label-pos48=top| label-size48=10| mark-size48=0| mark-title48 =none
|mark-coord49={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos49=left|label49= Dewdanr| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Dewdanr]] (R)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|50|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}

===Location===
Amrapara is located at {{coord|24.521367|N|87.571722|E|display=inline}}.

Amrapara has an area of {{convert|365|ha}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2008_PART_B_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

===Overview===
The map shows a hilly area with the [[Rajmahal hills]] running from the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where [[Farakka Barrage]] is, just inside West Bengal. [[Rajmahal coalfield]] is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | accessdate = 5 December 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Amrapara had a total population of 3,898, of which 1,984 (51%) were males and 1,914 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 626. The total number of literate persons in Amrapara was 2,293 (70.08% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Amrapara police station serves [[Amrapara block|Amrapara]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/pakur| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315130610/http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/pakur| url-status = dead| archive-date = 15 March 2012| title = District Police Profile - Pakur| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of [[Amrapara block|Amrapara]] CD block is at Amrapara village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Pakur on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Rajkiyakrit High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1949. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://schools.org.in/pakaur/20101207403/rajkiyakrit+2-hs-amarapara.html | title = Rajkiyakrit +2 HS Amarpara | publisher = Schools.org.in | accessdate = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

Model School Amrapara is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2012. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://schools.org.in/pakaur/20101207412/model-school-amrapara.html | title = Model School Amrapara | publisher = Schools.org.in | accessdate = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

Project High School Amrapara is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1950. It has facilities for teaching from class VIII to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/pakaur/20101207405/project-high-amarapara-kanya.html | title = Project High School Amrapara (Kanya) | publisher = Schools.org.in | accessdate = 3 December 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Pakur district]]

Kiliveti Sanjeevaiah

2025-05-28T01:17:34Z

Pritam: Adding Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Kiliveti Sanjeevaiah''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta Assembly Constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Nellore district|Nellore District]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sullurpeta Assembly Election 2024: Sullurpeta Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/sullurpeta-constituency-result-1121 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sullurpeta Constituency Election Results 2019: Sullurpeta Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/sullurpeta |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was nominated again to contest the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly Election]] from Sullurpeta Constituency despite differences within the party.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=2024-01-23 |title=Dissidence factor looms large for YSRCP in Sullurpeta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/dissidence-factor-looms-large-for-ysrcp-in-sullurpeta/article67769386.ece |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=YSRCP candidates kick-off nomination process in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/andhrapradesh/ysrcp-candidates-kick-nomination-process-andhra-pradesh-290876 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-19 |title=Big rebellion against sitting MLA at Sullurpeta jolts YSRCP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/big-rebellion-against-sitting-mla-at-sullurpeta-jolts-ysrcp/articleshow/106996407.cms |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in Kadaluru Village, [[Tada mandal|Tada Mandal]], [[Nellore district|Nellore District]]. He did his B.Tech. in Civil Engineering from NBKR IST, Vidyanagar, [[SPSR Nellore district|SPSR Nellore]], affiliated with [[Sri Venkateswara University|SV University]] in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-19 |title=Kiliveti Sanjeevaiah {{!}} MLA {{!}} Sullurpeta {{!}} Nellore {{!}} Andhra Pradesh {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/kiliveti-sanjeevaiah/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M. Srinivasa |date=2024-01-22 |title=Sullurpet: Internal bickering forces YSRCP to look for new candidate |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/sullurpet-internal-bickering-forces-ysrcp-to-look-for-new-candidate-852939 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He began his political journey with [[YSR Congress Party]]. He won the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Parasa Venkata Rathnaiah of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 3,726 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sullurpeta Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Sullurpeta Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/sullurpeta-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He won again in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Parasa Venkata Rathnaiah of TDP by a huge margin of 61,292 votes. He is credited with a lot of developmental works in the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Constituencies 2024: Full List of AP Assembly Seats, Candidates and Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituencies-list |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjeevaiah, Kiliveti}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}

Andhra Vignana Sarvasvam

2025-03-01T10:04:48Z

Pritam: new first info initial version.

{{short description|Telugu general knowledge encyclopedia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Andhra Vignana Sarvasvamu
| editor = [[Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| country = India
| genre = [[Encyclopedia]]
| publisher =
| release_date = 1915–1917 1932–1934 (Revised edition)
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| image = AndhraVignanaSarvaswam2KVLaxmanaRao.PNG
| author =
| caption = Cover of Volume 2 (First Edition)
| subject = General
}}

'''''Andhra Vignana Sarvasvam''''' ({{Translation|'Andhra Encyclopedia'}}) is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language general knowledge [[encyclopedia]] initiated by [[Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao]] in 1912–1913.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |author-link=Amaresh Datta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1172 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |pages=1172–1173 |language=en}}</ref> Modelled after the [[Encyclopædia Britannica|''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']], it aimed to provide systematic documentation of global knowledge for Telugu readers.<ref name=":3" /> Described as the first modern encyclopedia project in any South Indian language,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |author-link=Sisir Kumar Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&dq=komarraju+lakshmana+rao&pg=PA573 |title=A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |page=573 |language=en |quote=.... popularly called as Komarraju Lakshmana Rao. A scholar, pioneer in developing Telugu as a medium for modern education. First to start Encyclopaedia in South Indian languages as early as 1912.}}</ref> it is considered important in Telugu literature for its scholarly approach and commitment to accessibility.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rādhākr̥ṣṇaśarma |first=Callā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY4OAAAAYAAJ&q=vijnana+sarvasvam |title=Landmarks in Telugu Literature |date=1975 |publisher=Lakshminarayana Granthamala : distributors, M. Seshachalam |page=63 |language=en}}</ref>

The encyclopedia was first published in serialized installments, with the initial three volumes addressing a broad range of topics, including science, linguistics, history, and art. Lakshmana Rao was the chief editor and principal author, supported by contributions from other scholars. The project faced challenges, including resource constraints and Lakshmana Rao's death in 1923.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryCultureOfTheAndhras/page/257/mode/2up?q=Komarraju+Sarvasvamu |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 |publisher=[[Telugu University]] |isbn=978-81-86073-07-0 |editor-last=Modali Nagabhushana Sarma |page=271 |language=English |quote=Komarraju Venkata Laxmana Rau Pantulu's pioneering work in editing a Telugu encyclopaedia has paved the way for further work in this direction. |editor-last2=Mudigonda Veerabhadra Sastry}}</ref>

Following a period of inactivity, the project was revived in the early 1930s under the leadership of [[Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao]], who oversaw the publication of revised editions.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujDpAAAAMAAJ&q=andhra+vignana |title=Journal of Indian Library Association |date=1963 |publisher=[[Indian Library Association]] |series=Issues 1-3 |volume=5 |page=46 |language=en}}</ref> However, the encyclopedia remained incomplete. Between 1938 and 1941, Kandukuri Prasada Bhupaludu, the [[zamindar]] of [[Urlam#Features|Devidi Estate]], published ''[[Andhra Vignanamu]]'', a seven-volume work regarded as the first complete encyclopedia in Telugu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryCultureOfTheAndhras/page/307/mode/2up?q=Devidi |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 |publisher=[[Telugu University]] |isbn=978-81-86073-07-0 |editor-last=Modali Nagabhushana Sarma |pages=vii, 308 |language=English |quote=The Devidi zamindar, Kandukuri Prasada Raya Bhupaludu authored seven volumes of Sri Andhra Vijnanamu, the first complete encyclopaedia in Telugu. |editor-last2=Mudigonda Veerabhadra Sastry}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao]], conceived ''Andhra Vignana Sarvasvam'' in 1912 as an encyclopedia for the Telugu-speaking community.<ref name=":1" /> He was the chief editor and primary contributor.

== Contributors ==
''Andhra Vignana Sarvasvam'' had contributions from 17 prominent scholars of the time, including [[Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB1XAAAAMAAJ&dq=komarraju+andhra&pg=RA9-PA39 |title=Andhra Pradesh |date=1969 |publisher=Director of Information and Public Relations, Andhra Pradesh |volume=14 |page=39 |language=en}}</ref> Achanta Lakshmipati, [[Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma]], and [[Rayaprolu Subba Rao]].<ref name=":0" /> The team conducted extensive research, often utilizing resources from the [[Connemara Public Library]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] (Chennai). Lakshmana Rao authored the majority of the articles.

== Content ==
[[File:Andhra Vignana Sarvaswamu Vol1 Cover.png|thumb|Cover of Volume 2 (Revised Edition)|272x272px]]
The encyclopedia was initially published in monthly installments, each consisting of around 100 pages. The first three volumes, covering the Telugu letter "అ" ("A"), included approximately 100 essays on topics such as science, linguistics, astronomy, history, and art. Lakshmana Rao wrote about 40 of these essays, addressing subjects like [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]], [[aesthetics]], Ashtadasa Mahapuranas, ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', [[Shakuntala (play)|''Abhignana Sakuntalam'']], and [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|''Ashtadhyayi'']]. Due to limited resources, the volumes were printed on [[newsprint]], which also hindered proper illustration.<ref name=":0" />

After completing the first three volumes, Lakshmana Rao began work on a volume focused on Telugu culture, history, and literature, titled ''Andhra''. Research on Telugu subjects was still in its infancy, necessitating original investigations, including the study of inscriptions and ancient texts. This effort was interrupted by his declining health, particularly due to [[asthma]]. He briefly recovered in [[Madanapalle]], then died on July 12, 1923, before completing the project. As a result, only the first three volumes, covering the letter "అ," were published in 1915, 1916, and 1917, bringing the project to an unfortunate end.<ref name=":3" />

Following the death of Lakshmana Rao, the project stalled. [[Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao]], the editor of ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'', later revived the work. Instead of continuing the preparation and publication of new volumes, Nageswara Rao, a scholar and patron of literature, focused on revising the already published volumes, incorporating additional material, maps, and illustrations. The revised editions of the first two volumes were published in 1932 and 1934, each in two neatly bound volumes of approximately 600 pages, with contributions from various scholars. Nageswara Rao died while the third volume was still in press, which led to the permanent cessation of the project.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryCultureOfTheAndhras/page/257/mode/2up?q=Komarraju+Sarvasvamu |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 |publisher=[[Telugu University]] |isbn=978-81-86073-07-0 |editor-last=Modali Nagabhushana Sarma |pages=vii, 268, 308 |language=English |quote=As early as in 1913, Komarraju Venkata Laxmana Rau (1867–1923) pioneered the publication of the first Telugu encyclopedia. Modeled on the Encyclopaedia Britannica, this Telugu encyclopedia, Andhra Vijnana Sarvaswamu, was the imaginative child of Komarraju, a scholar in Sanskrit, Telugu, Marathi and English. The project came to an end when he died and three volumes, covering the first letter in the alphabet, could be published (1915, 1916, and 1917). The project was continued by Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao, editor of Andhra Patrika. Instead of continuing with the preparation and publication of the rest of the volumes, Nageswara Rao, himself a scholar and patron of letters, deemed it fit to revise the already published volumes, by adding new matter and maps and illustrations. Two revised volumes were published in 1932 and 1934. Death snatched him away and the project was abandoned. |editor-last2=Mudigonda Veerabhadra Sastry}}</ref>

== Volumes ==
Source:<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Publication year
!Volume number
|-
|1915
|I
|-
|1916
|II
|-
|1917
|III
|-
|1932
|I (Revised Edition)
|-
|1934
|II (Revised Edition)
|}

== Reception ==
Contemporary reviews said it had detailed research and original content, commending the effort despite challenges such as limited resources and lack of governmental support. The encyclopedia is considered a significant attempt to document Telugu knowledge and reflects the contributions of Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao and other scholars involved in the project.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=G. V. Sitapati |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftelugul0000unse/mode/2up?q=Komarraju+Sarvasvam |title=History of Telugu Literature |date=1968 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |page=153 |quote=The Andhra Vijnana Sarvasvam which he planned was the first of its kind in Telugu.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reddy |first=M. Sankara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttR4AAAAIAAJ&q=Andhra+Vignana |title=Reference Sources in Telugu: A Comprehensive Guide |date=1996 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-889-6 |page=86 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]'' said, "Though the project had to be abandoned due to lack of proper planning and the unduly ambitious nature of its coverage, the fact that the volumes are still valued as reference books in libraries, speaks of the sincerity and profound erudition that went into the making of the volumes."<ref name=":0" />

The work is frequently cited in scholarly publications related to Andhra and Telugu culture.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-4VAQAAMAAJ&q=andhra+vignana+sarvasvam |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1960 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |volume=26-28 |page=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mangamma |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIjgAAAAMAAJ&q=andhra+vignana+sarvasvam |title=Book Printing in India: With Special Reference to the Contribution of European Scholars to Telugu, 1746-1857 |date=1975 |publisher=Bangorey Books |page=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kambhampati Satyanarayana |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.492191/page/213/mode/2up?q=Komarraju+Sarvasvamu |title=Andhrula Samskruti - Charitra Part 1 |publisher=Hyderabad Book Trust |year=1984 |edition=2nd |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://archive.org/stream/saradaniketanamlibrarygunturbooksset1/Andhra%20Vijnana%20Sarvaswamu%20Vol%2001_%28Ed%29Komarraju%20Venkata%20Lakshmanarao_Xxxx_638%20P_Sarada%20Niketanam%20Guntur%202014#mode/2up ''Andhra Vignana Sarvaswamu (Vol. 1)''] at [[Internet Archive]]

[[Category:Indian encyclopedias]]
[[Category:20th-century encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Telugu-language literature]]

Nari Pratishtha

2025-01-25T14:16:19Z

Pritam: Created new pg

{{short description|Gujarati essay by Manilal Dwivedi (1884)}}
{{Infobox
|name = Nari Pratishtha
|title = Nari Pratishtha
|subheader =
|image = [[File:Nari Pratishtha first page.jpg|250px]]
|caption = First page of ''Nari Pratishtha''; from ''Manilal Na Tran Lakho'', edited by [[Dhirubhai Thaker]]
|label1 = Author
|data1 = [[Manilal Dwivedi]]
|label2 = Original title
|data2 = નારીપ્રતિષ્ઠા
|label3 = Language
|data3 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|label4 = Genre
|data4 = Essay
|label5 = Publication date
|data5 = 1884
|label6= First published in
|data6= ''[[Gujarati (magazine)|Gujarati]]'' (weekly)
|label7 = Original text
|data7 = '''[[s:gu:નારીપ્રતિષ્ઠા|નારીપ્રતિષ્ઠા]]''' at Gujarati [[Wikisource]]
}}

'''''Nari Pratishtha''''' ({{IPA|gu|nari prʌtɪʃθa|pron|Gu-Nari Pratishtha.ogg}}; {{langx|gu|નારીપ્રતિષ્ઠા}}) ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} Dignity of Woman) is an 1882 essay, published in 1884, by [[Manilal Dwivedi]] written in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] which discusses the status of women in [[Women in Hinduism|Hindu tradition]]. This essay is considered to be Manilal's most important work. With its publication, Manilal became one of the major Indian social thinkers of his time. It remains central to Manilal's ideas on social reform. All his other writings on the women's questions and the social reform movement use this text as a referent

Manilal, in his discussion of the place of women in Hindu tradition, adhered to the traditional view in some regards, and opposed widow marriages. This position generated considerable controversy.

==Background==
[[File:Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi.jpg|thumb|Manilal Dwivedi|upright=0.9]]
Manilal had joined the Gujarati Social Union, a club for Gujarati graduates in Bombay, in 1882. Shortly after, during a meeting of the Union, the topic of widow remarriage was debated for an hour. The consensus of members was in favour of allowing widow remarriage, given their high level of education. However, Manilal voiced his disagreement. He analysed the subject in the light of the [[Hindu]] view of life in detail and argued with close logic against permitting widow remarriage.<ref name=Thaker2005>{{cite book|last=Thaker|first=Dhirubhai|author-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|title=મણિલાલ નભુભાઈ: જીવનરંગ|trans-title=A Biographical Study of the Life of Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305095/page/n87|year=2005|edition=2nd|language=gu|publisher=Gurjar Granthratna Karyalaya|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=57–58}}</ref><ref name="Thaker1983">{{cite book|first=Dhirubhai|last=Thaker|author-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|title=Manilal Dwivedi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Wg4AAAAMAAJ|series=Makers of Indian Literature|year=1983|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=21|oclc=10532609}}</ref>

The topic was discussed at length in a series of debates over the next month. These proved inconclusive, since no consensus over the issue emerged. Manilal noted in [[Atmavrittanta|his diary]] that two people were won over to his point of view during this period. It was this extended debate which spurred him to examine various aspects of widow remarriage. The result of his meditations was encapsulated in his lengthy article ''Nari Pratishtha'', which was not immediately published.<ref name="Thaker2005" />

In 1884 Manilal was still resident in Bombay and was spurred to publish the essay after he came across and studied a copy of Auguste Comte's ''System of Positive Polity''. In this work he found ideas similar to his own regarding women, and having absorbed Comte's views on the nature and role of women, he published his essay in the weekly magazine ''[[Gujarati (magazine)|Gujarati]]'' the same year, in eight installments. With the addition of a further section written shortly afterwards, this was issued in book form in October 1885.<ref name=Thaker2005/><ref name=Thaker2011>{{cite book|last=Thaker|first=Dhirubhai|title=કેટલાક સાહિત્યિક વિવાદો|trans-title=A Few Literary Controversies|language=gu|year=2011|publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]]|location=Ahmedabad|pages=30–32|oclc=741752210}}</ref> In this Manilal stated that it was written while his attitude was influenced by [[Auguste Comte]]'s [[Positivism#Sociological positivism|positivism]] and [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Tennyson]]'s ''[[The Princess (Tennyson poem)|Princess]]''.<ref name="Patel1995">{{cite book|editor-last=Patel|editor-first=Sujata|editor-link=Sujata Patel|title=Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZJPAAAAMAAJ|last=Shukla|first=Sonal|chapter=Gujarati Cultural Revivalism|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563689-5|pages=90–92}}</ref>

The essay was later published in the collection ''Manilal Na Tran Lekho'' (English: Manlial's Three Articles), edited by [[Dhirubhai Thaker]] and published by [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]] in 1954.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=194}}

==Summary==
The essay deals with the status of woman in Hindu tradition.<ref name="Patel1995"/> The author deployed a number of stylistic techniques including [[rhetoric]] and [[polemic]] to reinforce his arguments.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=128}} Manilal's thoughts on woman, marriage and family, as laid down in ''Nari Pratistha'', can be summarised as:<ref name="Patel1995"/>

* Men and women are two parts of an integral whole. Woman represents the left half, which according to Hindu scriptures is tender and weak. They are neither superior nor inferior, just different.
* Men and women should have separate spheres of work. This is because women have [[menstruation cycle|menstrual cycles]]. Employment outside the home should therefore be left to men. This is necessary in order to protect the purity of women.
* Women are more capable of love, affection and of being dutiful; three elements which Manilal deemed indispensable at a religious level if one is to achieve a sense of unity with the ''Supreme Being'' (''[[Advaita Vedanta|Adwaita]]'').
* Love is possible only between the opposite sexes because a woman will never compete with a man. A man should teach simple ethics to his woman.
* Women's education should focus on training them in love and duty. However, this orientation should not exclude them from also being taught languages, mathematics, science, history and similar topics, which ought to be objects of study for women. At the same time Manilal held that contemporary education was counterproductive because it did not respect caste differences and taught women English as well as a variety of social graces he considered to be superficial.
* At the time of marriage a woman should be 16 years old and a man 25 years old.
* A couple joined in love is undivided by death. With this premise, Manilal had to conclude that widow remarriage was sinful. Ideally, even a man should not remarry, but given women's superior capacity for love and affection, the obligation on them not to remarry was obligatory.

==Reception and criticism==
[[File:Nari Pratishtha criticism.jpg|thumb|Manilal's response to the critical review of ''Nari Pratishtha'' written by an anonymous author]]

''Nari Pratishtha'' is considered by critics to be Manilal's major work, and it made him one of the major social thinkers of his time.<ref name="Patel1995"/> ''Nari Pratishtha'' remains central to Manilal's ideas on social reform. All his other writings on the women's questions and the social reform movement use this text as a referent.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=128}}

After its 1885 publication, a critical review of ''Nari Pratishtha'' appeared in the January–March, 1887 issue of the Gujarati language magazine ''[[Buddhiprakash]]''. The anonymous reviewer criticized Manilal, mainly on two grounds: firstly, that it is not sinful to remarry; and secondly, that the argument that love forecloses the possibility of remarriage is invalid.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=136}}

Manilal responded to this criticism in the first issue of ''Bharatibhushan'', a magazine edited by [[Balashankar Kantharia]],<ref name=Thaker2011/> writing that he had not suggested that widow remarriage is "sinful". He had, he claimed, suggested that a woman who is bound by love could find the idea of remarriage 'sin-like'. Explaining the difference between the two, he argued that those who are not bound by love may not find the idea of remarriage 'sin-like'. He stated that his tract was written for people who wished to understand the true meaning of marriage. Those who did not wish to do so, may well marry again. He had no objection to their doing so.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=136}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Suhrud|first=Tridip|author-link=Tridip Suhrud|title=Narrations of a Nation: Explorations Through Intellectual Biographies|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/46631|chapter=Love, Desire and Moksha: Manibhai Nabhubhai and the Loss of Svadharma|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/46631/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|year=1999|publisher=School of Social Sciences, [[Gujarat University]]|location=Ahmedabad|hdl=10603/46631 |type=Ph.D thesis}}

==External links==
* {{Wikisourcelang-inline|gu|નારીપ્રતિષ્ઠા}}
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.258701/page/n51/mode/2up Manilal's response to the critical review of ''Nari Pratishtha'']
{{Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi}}

[[Category:Works by Manilal Dwivedi]]
[[Category:1882 essays]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language books]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Indian magazines]]

Bangalore East railway station

2025-01-17T18:18:55Z

Pritam: redirect fix

#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru East railway station]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Arrah Municipal Corporation

2025-01-04T03:42:14Z

Pritam:

{{Short description|Civic body governing Arrah, Bihar, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Original research|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Arrah Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India) | Municipal corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2007}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India) | Mayor]]
| leader1 = Indu Devi
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Punam Devi
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India) | Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Dhirendra Paswan
| last_election1 = 28/12/2022
| meeting_place = Old Police Line Road, [[Arrah]], [[Bihar]] - 802301
| website = {{url | https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/arrah}}
| seats = 45
}}

'''Arrah Municipal Corporation''' or '''Arrah Nagar Nigam''', {{Small|abbr.}} '''AMC''', is the civic body that governs [[Arrah]], a city of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. Arrah Municipal Corporation consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]], and administers the city's [[infrastructure]], [[Public service|public services]], and supplies. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Arrah Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

==History==
The Arrah Nagar Panchayat was established in 1929 which was upgraded to a Municipal Council in 2002 and to a Municipal Corporation in 2007. The Arrah Municipal Corporation covers an area of 30.97 sq. km. The Municipal Council had 32 wards as per the census 2001 but following the re-alignment of ward boundaries in 2007 and up-gradation to a corporation, it has 45 wards.

== Functions ==
Arrah Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Ar9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Ar10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .

* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.

* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.

* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.

* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.

* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.

* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.

* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.

* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government<ref name="Gi11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gi12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gi13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/arrah|name=Official Website - www.nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/arrah}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Arrah]]

Tvesa Malik

2024-08-07T17:27:17Z

Pritam: Added basic bio first draft

{{short description|Indian professional golfer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Indian name|Tvesa|Malik}}
{{Infobox golfer
| name = Tvesa Malik
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| nationality = {{IND}}
| residence = Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| college = [[Jesus and Mary College]]
| yearpro = 2017
| retired = 
| tour = [[Ladies European Tour]] (joined 2019) Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour (joined 2017) [[Sunshine Ladies Tour]]
| extour =
| prowins = 14
| lpgawins = 
| letwins =
| jlpgawins = 
| klpgawins = 
| lagtwins = 
| alpgwins = 
| futwins = 
| otherwins =
| majorwins = 
| anainspiration = DNP
| lpga = DNP
| wusopen = DNP
| wbritopen = CUT: 2020
| evian = DNP
| wghofid = 
| wghofyear = 
| award1 = Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour Order of Merit
| year1 = 2018
| award2 =
| year2 =
| awardssection = 
}}
'''Tvesa Malik''' (born 14 December 1995) is an Indian [[professional golfer]] from [[Bangalore]]. She plays on the [[Ladies European Tour]] and was runner-up at the 2021 [[Gant Ladies Open]] in Finland and the 2024 [[VP Bank Swiss Ladies Open]]. She won the 2024 [[SuperSport Ladies Challenge]] in South Africa.<ref name="LETBio">{{cite web |title=Tvesa Malik Bio |url=https://ladieseuropeantour.com/player-profiles/910552 |publisher=Ladies European Tour |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224143624/https://ladieseuropeantour.com/player-profiles/910552 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Amateur career==
Tvesa was one of the leading Indian amateurs, and became part of the national squad in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Rohit E |title=Gurgaon girl Tvesa Malik continues fine form, wins women’s Golf Tour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gurgaon-girl-tvesa-malik-continues-fine-form-wins-womens-golf-tour/articleshow/60848011.cms |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=The Times of india |date=27 September 2017}}</ref> She won an event on the domestic Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour in 2015, while still an amateur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amateur Tvesa Malik wins her maiden title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/golf/top-stories/amateur-tvesa-malik-wins-her-maiden-title/articleshow/48915286.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2015 |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224143618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/golf/top-stories/amateur-tvesa-malik-wins-her-maiden-title/articleshow/48915286.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tvesa represented India at the World Amateur Team Championship for the [[2016 Espirito Santo Trophy]], and at the 2016 and 2017 [[Queen Sirikit Cup]], alongside [[Diksha Dagar]].<ref name="LETProfile">{{cite web |title=Playing Golf And Travelling: Tvesa Malik Is Working Towards Her Dreams |url=https://ladieseuropeantour.com/blog/playing-golf-and-travelling-tvesa-malik-is-working-towards-her-dreams |publisher=Ladies European Tour |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224143619/https://ladieseuropeantour.com/blog/playing-golf-and-travelling-tvesa-malik-is-working-towards-her-dreams |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Professional career==
Tvesa turned professional in 2017 and joined the Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour. She won twice and tied for third on the Order of Merit as a rookie. In 2018, she won four times and topped the Order of Merit, and also tied for 13th in the [[Hero Women's Indian Open]]. In 2019, she won three times in seven starts.<ref name="LETProfile"/>

Tvesa joined the [[Ladies European Tour]] in 2019 after finishing 45th at Q-School. In her rookie year, she played in 12 tournaments and made eight cuts, recording a season-best finish of tied 6th in the Hero [[Women's Indian Open]] at [[DLF Golf and Country Club]], her home course. She finished 45th in the Order of Merit to retain her full card for 2020.<ref name="LETBio"/>

In 2020, she was in contention at the [[Lacoste Ladies Open de France]], where she tied for 10th having played in the final group alongside the eventual winner, [[Julia Engström]]. She finished 56th on the Order of Merit.<ref name="LETBio"/>

In 2021, Tvesa was runner-up at the [[Gant Ladies Open]] in Finland, 3 strokes behind [[Matilda Castren]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Castren Captures Gant Ladies Open Title |url=https://ladieseuropeantour.com/blog/castren-captures-gant-ladies-open-title/ |publisher=Ladies European Tour |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224143619/https://ladieseuropeantour.com/blog/castren-captures-gant-ladies-open-title/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Tvesa won her maiden international title at the [[SuperSport Ladies Challenge]] in South Africa, before losing a playoff at the [[VP Bank Swiss Ladies Open]] to [[Alice Hewson]].<ref name="ANI">{{cite web|title=Tvesa Malik wins Supersport Ladies Challenge in South Africa for maiden international title|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/tvesa-malik-wins-supersport-ladies-challenge-in-south-africa-for-maiden-international-title20240224131412/|publisher=ANI News|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227215627/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/tvesa-malik-wins-supersport-ladies-challenge-in-south-africa-for-maiden-international-title20240224131412/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hewson Clinches Dramatic Playoff Win At Vp Bank Swiss Ladies Open |url=https://ladieseuropeantour.com/blog/hewson-clinches-dramatic-playoff-win-at-vp-bank-swiss-ladies-open |access-date=30 June 2024 |publisher=Ladies European Tour |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630154051/https://ladieseuropeantour.com/blog/hewson-clinches-dramatic-playoff-win-at-vp-bank-swiss-ladies-open |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tvesa is married to Indian professional golfer [[Ajeetesh Sandhu]].<ref name="ANI"/>

==Amateur wins==
*2016 Northern India Ladies & Girls, Gujarat Ladies & Junior Girls Championship

Source:<ref name=wagr>{{cite web |url=http://www.wagr.com/en/Ranking/Player.aspx?playerid= |title=Tvesa Malik |publisher=World Amateur Golf Ranking |accessdate=24 February 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807172656/https://www.wagr.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Professional wins (14) ==
===Sunshine Ladies Tour (1)===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!No.
!Date
!Tournament
!Winning score
!To par
!Margin of victory
!Runner-up
|-
|align=center|1
|align=right|23 Feb [[2024 Sunshine Ladies Tour|2024]]
|[[SuperSport Ladies Challenge]]
|align=center| 71-65-71=207
|align=center|−9
|3 strokes
|{{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Gabrielle Venter]]
|}

===Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour (13)===
*2015 (1) Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #16 (as an amateur)
*2017 (2) Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #7, Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #12
*2018 (4) Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #4, Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #12, Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #15, Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #16
*2019 (3) Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #3, Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #8, Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #13
*2021 (1) Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #6
*2023 (2) Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #11, Hero Women's Pro Golf Tour #13

Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Winning History: Tvesa Malik |url=https://golfoy.com/blog/post/tvesa-malik-winning-history |publisher=Golfoy |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224145128/https://golfoy.com/blog/post/tvesa-malik-winning-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Playoff record==
'''Ladies European Tour playoff record (0–1)'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!No.!!Year!!Tournament!!Opponent!!Result
|-style="background:#F2C1D1;"
|align=center|1
|2024
|[[VP Bank Swiss Ladies Open]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alice Hewson]]
|Lost to birdie on first extra hole
|}

==Team appearances==
*[[Espirito Santo Trophy]] (representing India): [[2016 Espirito Santo Trophy|2016]]
*[[Queen Sirikit Cup]] (representing India): 2016, 2017

Source:<ref name=wagr/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{LadiesEuroTour player|910552}}
*{{WWGR|4409}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Tvesa}}
[[Category:Indian female golfers]]
[[Category:Ladies European Tour golfers]]
[[Category:Golfers from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Palghar taluka

2024-05-13T16:33:41Z

Pritam: put up a data initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''Palghar taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Palghar district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|accessdate=2015-08-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archivedate=22 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Thane district==
On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgadh taluka|Vikramgadh]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], Palghar and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile [[Thane district]] to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan |author2=Sanjeev Shivadekar|date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref> Mr. Maheyssh Sagar is current Tahsildar & Executive Magistrate of Taluka Palghar. Mr. Vikas M. Gajare is current Sub Divisional Officer & Sub Divisional Magistrate of Palghar Sub Division.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Palghar taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|6.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|1.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.50}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.72}}
}}

Palghar taluka has a population of 550,166 according to the 2011 census. Palghar had a literacy rate of 80.69% and a sex ratio of 907 females per 1000 males. 69,554 (12.64%) are under 7 years of age. 225,380 (40.97%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.09% and 30.56% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Palghar taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 70.91 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 16.61 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value3 = 2.65 |color3 = skyblue
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 2.29 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value5 = 2.10 |color5 = gold
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value6 = 1.08 |color6 = maroon
|label7 = Others |value7 = 4.36 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 70.91% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 16.61% [[Hindi]], 2.65% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 2.29% [[Urdu]], 2.10% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and 1.08% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Palghar district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Palghar district]]
{{Palghar-geo-stub}}

Department of Law ,University of Calcutta

2023-04-01T20:16:42Z

Pritam: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Department of Law, University of Calcutta]]

Doctrine of Basic Structure

2023-03-20T09:08:13Z

Pritam: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Basic structure doctrine]]

INS Nishank (K43)

2023-03-02T09:43:34Z

Pritam: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Veer-class_corvette]]
{{R from merge}}

St Stephens College, Delhi

2023-02-19T09:46:05Z

Pritam: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
{{R from modification}}