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Netaji Express

2026-05-08T07:29:51Z

PriscillaNair10: new

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF0000
| name = Netaji Express
| type = [[Superfast trains in India| Superfast Express]]
| logo =
| image = Kalka Mail.jpg
| caption = Netaji Express At [[Karnal railway station]]
| status =
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] & [[Haryana]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1866|07|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] (HWH)
| stops = 38
| end = [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]] (KLK)
| distance = {{convert|1715|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime =
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 13501 / 13502
| speed = {{convert|61|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = {{Kalka Mail}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 13501 / 13502 '''Netaji Express''', formerly known as the '''Kalka Mail''', is one of the oldest running trains in India, with a history spanning over 150 years. It operates between [[Howrah]] in [[Kolkata]], the capital of [[West Bengal]], and [[Kalka]] in [[Haryana]] via [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Delhi]] & [[Chandigarh]]. Kalka serves as the railhead for the Kalka–Shimla Railway, a narrow-gauge line that connects to Shimla, which was the summer capital during the British Raj.

==History==
In the late 1850s, the [[British Raj|British Government in India]] decided to relocate their capital from [[Calcutta]] to [[Shimla]] during the summer months to protect the European population from the intense heat of the Bengal plains. To facilitate the annual migration of British officials, their families, and accompanying staff between the imperial capital at Calcutta and the summer capital in Shimla, the [[East Indian Railway Company]] inaugurated a train service on July 1, 1866. Departing from Howrah Railway Station, the service was designated as 1 UP (Up Line) / 2 DN (Down Line), known as the '''East Indian Railway Mail.''' Initially, this service operated exclusively between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]].<ref name=Tribune>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020420/windows/main2.htm | title=The Tribune - Windows - Feature }}</ref>

The extension of the [[Ambala]] – [[Kalka]] railway line in 1891 enabled the East Indian Railway Mail to extend its route to Kalka. The subsequent opening of the [[Kalka–Shimla Railway|Kalka – Shimla]] route on November 7, 1903, facilitated the further extension of the train service to Shimla, involving a gauge change at Kalka. Passengers traveling to Shimla from Kalka transitioned from a broad gauge train to a narrow gauge East Indian Railway Mail for the final leg of the journey. Notably, both Howrah and Kalka stations featured internal carriageways along the platforms to allow the Viceroy and other dignitaries to access their rail coaches directly. The carriageway at Howrah remains in use between Platforms 8 and 9, while the carriageway at Kalka has been repurposed into a platform.<ref name=Tribune/>

The revered freedom fighter [[Netaji Subash Chandra Bose]] boarded this train from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Gomoh]] on the night of 17 January, 1941 while escaping the [[British Raj]] to [[Peshawar]]. With the rationalisation of train numbering system in the 1990s, the iconic designation 01 UP / 02 DN was discontinued.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Train Ride Through History: Kalka Mail Gets a New Name For its Role in Netaji's Great Escape |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/subhash-chandra-bose-birth-anniversary-kalka-mail-netaji-express-great-escape-3327005.html |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On July 10, 2011 this train was involved in a derailment at Malwan station in [[Fatehpur district]] that killed 70 and injured 300.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Toll-climbs-to-70--300-injured/816260/ | title=Toll climbs to 70, 300 injured | author=indianexpress.com | date=12 July 2011 | access-date= 28 January 2014}}</ref> Utkrisht rakes were introduced on the train on October 2, 2018, making it the first train in [[Indian Railways]] to do so. The train was renamed to '''Netaji Express''' on January 21, 2021, in honor of [[Netaji Subash Chandra Bose]]'s 125th birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/nation-and-world/railway-ministry-approves-renaming-of-howrah-kalka-mail-as-netaji-express-ahead-of-netaji-s-birth-anniversary-31611138451911.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302200442/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/nation-and-world/railway-ministry-approves-renaming-of-howrah-kalka-mail-as-netaji-express-ahead-of-netaji-s-birth-anniversary-31611138451911.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2021|title=হাওড়া–কালকা মেলের নাম পালটে ‘নেতাজি এক্সপ্রেস’, জেনে নিন কারণ|author=Hindustan Times Bangla|date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref> On July 14, 2025, the train was upgraded with modern [[LHB coach|Linke-Hoffman Busch coaches]], making it the first passenger train to continue its slip service with LHB coaches.{{efn|In Indian Railways, when a train receives LHB coaches, either the slip service is permanently cancelled or the train serves both the destinations, but with a reduced frequency.}}<ref>{{cite news |title=नेताजी एक्सप्रेस में अब एलएचबी कोच |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-netaji-express-upgraded-with-lhb-coaches-for-enhanced-travel-experience-201746547279073.html |access-date=7 March 2026 |work=www.livehindustan.com |date=6 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Timings==
* 12311 departs [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] at 21:55 IST and reaches [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]] at 03:00 IST on the third day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Howrah Kalka Netaji Superfast Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/901=|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
* 12312 departs [[Kalka railway station|Kalka]] at 23:55 IST and reaches [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] at 08:05 IST on the third day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalka Howrah Netaji Superfast Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/902/1982/1|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Coach composition==
Earlier was ICF coaches and 2018 is ICF Utkrisht rakes. The train now runs with 22 [[LHB coach]], consisting of General (GEN), Sleeper (SL), Third AC (3A), Second AC (2A) and First AC (1A) classes. It has four rakes. The primary maintenance is executed at Sorting Yard Coaching Complex, {{rws|Liluah}}.

{{Indian Railways coach composition legend}}

'''Coach position of 13501'''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|GEN
|GEN
|S1
|S2
|S3
|PC
|B1
|A1
|A2
|B3
|B2
|B3
|B4
|H1
|S4
|S5
|S6
|S7
|GEN
|GEN
|EOG
|}

'''Coach position of 13502 '''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|GEN
|GEN
|S7
|S6
|S5
|S4
|H1
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|A3
|A2
|A1
|PC
|S3
|S2
|S1
|GEN
|GEN
|EOG
|}

The first nine coaches of the {{rws|Kalka}} bound 13501 (i.e. the EOG-GEN-GEN-S1-S2-S3-PC-B1-A1 part) consist of the slip service to {{rws|Chandigarh}}. They are detached from the train at Chandigarh and a seating cum luggage (SLR) coach is attached infront of A2. On the train's return journey to {{rws|Howrah}} as 13502, these coaches are re-attached and the SLR coach is removed. This is done as the platforms at Kalka are too short to accommodate the full 22 coach rake. Passengers are advised to check the coach position indicator at the station before boarding.

==Traction==
Earlier [[WDM-2]] locomotives were used. The train is now hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==In popular culture==
This train is featured in a short story by [[Satyajit Ray]], the Indian film director and writer. In the story, ''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|The Mystery of the Kalka Mail]] (Baksho Rahasya)'', the three main characters travel from Calcutta to Delhi and on to Kalka on the train. The plot involves a stolen diamond and an unpublished manuscript.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A59706138 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120721015025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A59706138 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 21 July 2012 |title= The Feluda Films of Satyajit Ray |publisher= h2g2| access-date = 28 January 2014}}</ref> The story was also made into a radio play and a [[Baksho Rahashya (film)|film]].

==Accidents==
===Fatehpur derailment, 2011===
{{main|Fatehpur derailment}}
15 coaches of the Kalka Mail [[Fatehpur derailment|derailed]] on the Kanpur-Fatehpur line near the [[Fatehpur railway station]] on the afternoon of 10 July 2011. Causation is unsolved though poor maintenance of the locomotive is suspected because the engine had begun swaying sideways just before the accident. More than 70 persons died and 300 were injured. The injured were taken to hospitals in Kanpur, Lucknow and Allahabad.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Toll-climbs-to-70--300-injured/816260/ | title=Toll climbs to 70, 300 injured | author=indianexpress.com | date=12 July 2011 | access-date= 28 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Kalka Train Accident by OneIndia">{{cite news|title=Kalka Train Accident by OneIndia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/07/10/kalka-mail-accident-derailed-near-kanpur-many-injured-aid0101.html|access-date= 28 January 2014|newspaper=OneIndia}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Historical trains in India}}
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalka Mail}}
[[Category:Transport in Kalka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1866]]
[[Category:Mail trains in India]]

Poleramma Jatara, Venkatagiri

2026-05-07T00:27:00Z

PriscillaNair10: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

'''Poleramma Jatara''' is a festival in [[Venkatagiri]] in honour of [[Poleramma]]. It is celebrated every year by [[Venkatagiri]] citizens and people from nearby villages and cities like [[Nellore]], [[Tirupati]], [[Sri Kalahasti]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=2022-09-15 |title=Poleramma Jatara observed on a grand scale in Venkatagiri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/poleramma-jatara-observed-on-a-grand-scale-in-venkatagiri/article65895106.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2024 it obtained recognition as an [[Andhra Pradesh]] State Festival.

== History ==

The festival has ist origin in the time of the Venkatagiri rajas in the mid-18th century. Local people believe that the goddess herself came and used to talk with the rajas during the time of festival. It is usually held every year on 3rd Wednesday and Thursday after [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinkayaka Chaturthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanyam |first=Avinash P. |date=2023-10-06 |title=Annual Poleramma Jatara Concludes on Grand Note in Venkatagiri |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/061023/annual-poleramma-jatara-concludes-on-grand-note-in-venkatagiri.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References==
*http://1nellore.com/4888/poleramma-jathara-in-venkatagiri-of-nellore-district/
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]

{{India-festival-stub}}
{{AndhraPradesh-stub}}

Sukhamoy Chakraborty

2026-05-06T15:59:36Z

PriscillaNair10: starting the article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sukhamoy Chakravarty
| image = Sukhamoy-Chakravarty-Indian-Economist.png
| image_size = 220
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1934|7|26}}
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh]], [[British India]] (now [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1990|8|22|1934|7|26}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sukhamoy Chakravorty dead |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 August 1990 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Forgotten Brilliance - An explorer in the world of ideas |newspaper=The Telegraph India |date=1 July 2013 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-forgotten-brilliance-an-explorer-in-the-world-of-ideas/cid/283431}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary - Sukhamoy Chakravarty (1934-1990) |newspaper=The Journal of Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press) |author=George Rosen (University of Chicago) |volume=50 |issue=2 | page=482 |date=1 May 1991 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/sukhamoy-chakravarty-19341990/4F4FCE0721CC680A43C353A7A0A5786E}}</ref>
| residence =
| citizenship =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Economics]]
| work_institutions = [[Delhi School of Economics]] [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] [[Johns Hopkins University]]
 [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]] [[Netherlands Economic Institute]]
| alma_mater = [[Ballygunge Government High School]] [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] [[University of Calcutta]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Jan Tinbergen]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Chakravarty Committee
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes =
| religion =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}
'''Sukhamoy Chakravarty''' ({{small|Bengali}}:[[Help:IPA/Bengali|sʊkʰəmoɪ tʃʌkrəvɑːrti]]; 26 July 1934 – 22 August 1990) was an Indian economist who, along with [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], was a key architect of the [[Five-Year plans of India]]. He attended [[Ballygunge Government High School]],<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Gupta, Partha Sarathi |title=Of shared days with Amartya |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=25/26 |issue=4/1 |date=Winter 1998 – Spring 1999 |pages=70–75 |jstor=23005530}}</ref> [[Calcutta]] and [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] when it was under [[University of Calcutta]] as an Economics major, where he was a batchmate of [[Amartya Sen]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief History of Presidency|url=http://www.presiuniv.ac.in/web/presidency_history.php|publisher=[[Presidency College, Kolkata]]}}</ref> He later attended the [[Delhi School of Economics]]
and obtained a doctorate from [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]] under [[Jan Tinbergen]]. He assumed a teaching post at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] but returned to India to join the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Harcourt|first=G. C.|title=On Skidelsky's Keynes and Other Essays: Selected Essays of G. C. Harcourt|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-34864-6|pages=305–307|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBKn88mfKOoC&pg=304}}</ref> He was a professor of economics at the [[Delhi School of Economics]]. Most of all, he was known for the Chakravarty commission of 1982–85 that helped in economic reforms to the monetary system in India.

== Early life and education ==
Born in Mymensingh village in Dhaka in 1934 in a well to do family, Sukhamoy completed his schooling where his father was a judge. Subsequently he joined Presidency College in Calcutta for under-graduate studies and Calcutta University for M.A. in Economics. Right from his college days Chakravarty showed a wide range of interests in literature, philosophy, history and mathematics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Aggarwal |first=M.L. |last2=Mukherji |first2=Badal |last3=Pandit |first3=V. |date=1992 |title=Sukhamoy Chakravarty: Theorist and Policymaker |journal=Indian Economics Review |publisher=[[Delhi School of Economics]] |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=371-376 |issn=00194670 |eissn=25201778 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

A short stint at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] which brought him into contact with Professor [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|P.C. Mahalanobis]] helped Sukhamoy in starting his professional career. Tinbergen who was on a visit to the Institute was so impressed with Chakravarty that he right away offered him a fellowship for doctoral studies at the Netherlands Institute of Economics. On the completion of his doctoral work in less than one year, he spent two years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for doing teaching and research.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 23 April 1961 [[Paul Rosenstein-Rodan|P.N. Rosenstein-Rodan]] had sent a reply in letter to [[Jawaharlal Nehru|PM Nehru]] when the latter had demanded to know the best Indian economists from abroad that can be employed in [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]. The first recommendation made was Sukhamoy who was an assistant professor at MIT at the time. This was followed by A. K. Sen, [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] and [[K. N. Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1961-04-19 |title=From P.N. Rosenstein-Rodan: Economists for Planning (19 April 1961) |url=https://nehruarchive.in/documents/from-p-n-rosenstein-rodan-economists-for-planning-19-april-1961-z6nno |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=The Nehru Archive |language=en-IN}}</ref>

On his return to India later in 1961 Chakravarty taught at his alma mater, the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] until 1963 when he took up the Sir [[Shankarlal Banker|Shankarlal]] Professorship in Mathematical Economics at the [[Delhi School of Economics]]. This was the beginning of Chakravarty's longest professional association where the performance on his part was exemplary and the same can be said for the School of Economics. Prior to Chakravarti's arrival, B.N. Ganguli and K. N. Raj were the eminent professors of this school. Jagdish Bhagwati, A.L. Nagar and [[Amartya Sen]] too joined its faculty about the same time as Chakravarty. This was a period of high academic activity at the school with seminars jointly held with the Planning Unit of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI) which had added B.S. Minhas and [[T. N. Srinivasan|T.N. Srinivasan]] to its faculty. Many well regarded economists from British and American universities visiting Delhi under various programmes also actively participated in the same seminars.<ref name=":0" />

The subsequent years were of intense professional activity for Chakravarty. Visiting Professorships at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and [[Johns Hopkins University]] were followed by his appointment as a member of the Planning Commission in 1971 at an unusually young age. In 1976 he was chosen as the first Tinbergen visiting professor at [[Erasmus University Rotterdam|Erasmus University]], Rotterdam. In 1984 he was the Jawaharlal Nehru Visiting Professor at Cambridge, England.<ref name=":0" />

== Chakravarty Committee ==
In Dec 1982 to review the working of the monetary system, the '''Chakravarty committee''' was appointed by the then Governor, [[Reserve Bank of India]], [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] and was asked to review the functioning of the monetary system in India. Members were chosen in their individual capacity as eminent men with each member distinguished in his own field of specialization.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Bhabatosh |date=1986 |title=Monetary Reform |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4375200 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=74–77 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Committee to Review the Working of the Monetary System (1985), chaired by Sukhamoy Chakravarty {{!}} The 1991 Project |url=https://drupal.the1991project.com/public-repository/committee-reports/report-committee-review-working-monetary-system-1985-chaired |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=drupal.the1991project.com}}</ref>

The committee was led by these five members and chaired by Sukhamoy:

# Prof. Sukhamoy Chakravarty
# M. P. Chitale
# R. K. Hazari
# F. A. Mehta
# [[C. Rangarajan]]

[[File:Scommfyp1.png|thumb|''Chakravarty committee report'']]
These were the following below points of reference under which the committee was assigned to work:

* To critically review the structure and operation of the monetary system in the context of the basic objectives of planned development.
* To assess the inter-action between monetary policy and public debt management in so far as they have a bearing on the effectiveness of monetary policy.
* To evaluate the various instruments of monetary and credit policy in terms of their impact on the credit system and on the economy. In this context links among the banking sector, the non-banking financial institutions and the unorganised sector could he assessed.
* To recommend measures for improvement in the formulation and operation of monetary and credit policies and to suggest specific areas where the various policy instruments need strengthening.
* To make such other recommendations as the Committee may deem relevant to the effective operation of monetary and credit policy.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The work got such voluminous that its tentative submission date of 30 April 1984 was extended by one year. More than 200 recommendations / observations were made by the committee at the end of its working in 1985 when the report was submitted. Some of them are listed below:

* The growth in output achieved over the plan periods was accompanied by notable structural shifts in the composition of output. The average share of the public sector in GDP increased from 8.5 percent during the First Five Year Plan period (1951-56) to 23.2 percent in the first four years of the Sixth Plan (1980-81 - 1983-84)
* The importance of strengthening credit delivery systems of the cooperative banks and commercial banks has been recognised in the successive plans particularly since the major segment of the commercial banking system was brought under the public sector in 1969.
* The relative share of state governments in marketable debt out standing which was 15.1 percent in March 1971 declined to 9.1 percent in March 1984.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

[[File:Scommfyp2.png|thumb|GDP Table]]
The recommendations made helped a lot in upcoming economic reforms in the developing [[economy of India]] in the following Five Year Plans.<ref name=":1" />

== Memberships Held ==
Having been elected a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1969, he served as a member of its council for several years.<ref name=":0" />

c. 1984, he had been appointed Chairman of the [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister|Economic Advisory Council of the Prime Minster]] and served three successive Prime Ministers.<ref name=":3" />

In 1983-1984, Sukhamoy Chakravarty was one of the seventeen members of the Independent Commission for World-Wide Telecommunications Development chaired by Donald Maitland (International Telecommunication Union/ITU).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Missing Link / Maitland Report |url=https://www.itu.int:443/en/history/Pages/MaitlandReport.aspx |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=ITU |language=en-US}}</ref>

He also served as Vice-President of the [[International Economic Association]] and played a pivotal role in organizing the World Congress of the Association in Delhi in December 1986 in his additional capacity as President of the Indian Economic Association.<ref name=":0" />

He had also been the Vice President and Founder of Research and Information Systems of Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi in 1983 for which he held the position till his death. For his efforts in nurturing the administrative officers of RIS in its initial phase, he was honored by having RIS library named after him.<ref name=":3" />

== Honours and Awards ==
Chakravarty was the first recipient of the coveted [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|Mahalanobis]] Memorial Medal<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: The Indian Econometric Society :: |url=http://www.tiesindia.net/awards.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.tiesindia.net}}</ref> and the [[V. K. R. V. Rao|V.K.R.V. Rao]] Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To ISEC |url=https://www.isec.ac.in/vkrv-rao-prizes/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Sukhamoy was an avid reader and scholar. Credited to be the one of the foremost Indian economists of the 20th Century by his well known colleagues, his initial interest in [[Keynesian economics|high theory]] and [[mathematical economics]] gave way to practical policy analysis of issues relating to the under-privileged. He had put forward his scholarship to further the study of applications in development issues. [[Paul Samuelson]] and [[Jan Tinbergen|Tinbergen]] had a deep and profound respect for Chakravarty.

Samuelson, the Dutch economist, had shown his respect by writing in the foreword to Chakravarty's book: <nowiki>''</nowiki>What makes for a beautiful problem in science? It may be logical beauty: proof that the set of prime numbers cannot be finite... is as aesthetically neat in our times as it was in Euclid’s. But a problem takes on extra lustre if, in addition to its logical elegance, it provides useful knowledge. By the above test, we must judge Professor Chakravarty’s book to be fascinating<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Niranjan |date=2019-10-29 |title=Opinion {{!}} The relevance of an old debate to the economic scenario today |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-the-relevance-of-an-old-debate-to-the-economic-scenario-today-11572369334268.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Upon his death, Tinbergen in a tribute remarked that he had learned more from Chakravarty than the latter learnt from him.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

A conference was held on 17 March 2017 in [[Partha Sarathi Gupta|G. Parthasarathi]] Conference Hall in his memory that had been attended by dignitaries such as [[Yoginder K Alagh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]], [[Yoginder K Alagh|Prof. Y.K. Alagh]], Manmohan Agarwal, Dr. V. S. Seshadri, and [[V. R. Panchamukhi|V.R. Panchamukhi]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dedication of RIS Library to the Memory of Prof. Sukhamoy Chakravarty {{!}} RIS {{!}} Research and Information System for Developing Countries |url=https://www.ris.org.in/en/recent/events/dedication-ris-library-memory-prof-sukhamoy-chakravarty# |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.ris.org.in}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Books ===

* Chakravarty, S. (1987). ''Development Planning: the Indian Experience.'' MIT Press.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Sukhamoy |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Development_Planning.html?id=Hu2wAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Development Planning: The Indian Experience |date=1987 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-828555-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* Chakravarty, S. (1969). ''Capital and Development Planning''. MIT Press.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Sukhamoy |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Capital_and_Development_Planning.html?id=ZJq4AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Capital and Development Planning |date=1969 |publisher=M.I.T. Press |isbn=978-0-262-03027-4 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Journals ===

* Chakravarty, S. (1979). On the Question of Home Market and Prospects for Indian Growth. ''Economic and Political Weekly'', ''14''(30/32), 1229–1242.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakravarty |first=Sukhamoy |date=1979 |title=On the Question of Home Market and Prospects for Indian Growth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4367815 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=14 |issue=30/32 |pages=1229–1242 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
* Chakravarty, S. (1965). An Optimizing Planning Model. ''Economic and Political Weekly, 17''(5−7), 237 – 252.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vol. 17, Issue No. 5-6-7, 31 Jan, 1965 {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1965/5-6-7 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.epw.in}}</ref>
* Chakravarty, S. (1962). The Existence of an Optimum Savings Programme. ''Econometrica, 30''(1), 178 – 187.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakravarty |first=S. |date=1962 |title=The Existence of an Optimum Savings Program |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1911293 |journal=Econometrica |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=178–187 |doi=10.2307/1911293 |issn=0012-9682}}</ref>
* Chakravarty, S. (1962). Optimal Savings with Finite Planning Horizon. ''International Economic Review, 3''(3), 338 – 355.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakravarty |first=S. |date=1962 |title=Optimal Savings with Finite Planning Horizon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2525399 |journal=International Economic Review |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=338–355 |doi=10.2307/2525399 |issn=0020-6598}}</ref>

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Mahalanobis model}}
* {{Annotated link|Keynesian economics}}
* {{Annotated link|Pontryagin's maximum principle}}<ref name=":0" />
* {{Annotated link|Socialist economics}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarty, Sukhamoy}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian statisticians]]

Three bodies doctrine

2026-05-01T16:12:46Z

PriscillaNair10: starting basic article basic info...

{{Short description|Doctrine in Vedanta: the gross body, the subtle body, and the causal body}}
{{about|the Hindu doctrine|the Mahayana Buddhist doctrine|Trikaya}}
{{Hinduism}}
According to '''three bodies doctrine''' in [[Hinduism]], the human being is composed of three ''shariras'' or "bodies" emanating from Brahman by avidya, "ignorance" or "nescience".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195658712.001.0001 |title=Classical Hindu Thought |date=2001-07-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565871-2}}</ref> They are often equated with the five [[kosha]]s (sheaths), which cover the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaṅgeśa |title=Gaṅgeśa's theory of truth: containing the text of Gaṅgeśa's prāmāṇya (jñapti) vāda with an English translation, explanatory notes, and an introductory essay |last2=Mohanty |first2=J. N. |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0618-4 |edition=2nd |location=Delhi}}</ref> This doctrine is an essential doctrine in Indian philosophy and religion, especially [[Yoga]], [[Advaita Vedanta]], [[Tantra]] and [[Shaivism]].[https://www.worldcat.org/title/constructive-survey-of-upanishadic-philosophy/oclc/246445342]

==The three bodies==
{{anchor|Karana sarira}}

=== Karana sharira (Kāraṇa śarīra) – causal body ===
{{Main|Causal body}}

''Karana sharira'' or the causal body is merely the cause<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |title=A primal perspective on the philosophy of religion |date=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-5014-5 |location=Dordrecht}}</ref> or seed of the subtle body and the gross body.[https://vedantastudents.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/01-Tattva-Bodha-Versewise-Notes.pdf]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2021 |title=Ādi ŚaṄkarĀcĀrya And Swami Vivekananda: Two Advaitins With Different Approaches |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978730151.ch-1 |journal=Swami Vivekananda |pages=3–10 |doi=10.5040/9781978730151.ch-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has no other function than being the seed of the subtle and the gross body. It is ''nirvikalpa [[Rūpa|rupam]]'', "undifferentiated form".[https://vedantastudents.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/01-Tattva-Bodha-Versewise-Notes.pdf] It originates with ''avidya'', "ignorance" or "nescience" of the real identity of the atman, instead giving birth to the notion of ''[[jiva]]''.<ref name=":0" />

[[Swami Sivananda]] characterizes the causal body as "The beginningless ignorance that is indescribable".<ref group="web" name="BV">{{cite web
|author=Swami Sivananda |url=http://sivanandaonline.org/public_html/?cmd=displaysection&section_id=774 |website=Divine Life Society |title=Bases of Vedanta |access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref> [[Siddharameshwar Maharaj]], the guru of [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]], also describes the causal body as characterized by "emptiness", "ignorance", and "darkness".{{sfn|Siddharameshwar Maharaj|2009|pp=31–32}} In the search for the "I am", this is a state where there is nothing to hold on to anymore.{{sfn|Siddharameshwar Maharaj|2009|pp=31–32}}

[[Ramanuja]] concludes that it is at this stage that consummation of the [[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]] with the [[Paramatman]] is reached and the search for the highest [[Purusa]], i.e., of [[Ishvara]], ends.{{sfn|Ranade|1926|pp=155–168}}

According to other philosophical schools, the causal body is not the ''atman'', because it also has a beginning and an end and is subject to modification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tattva Bodha of Adi Sankaracharya – A Vedantic Primer : Part 2 (contd.) |url=http://svbf.org/journal/vol3no4/bodha.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712233207/http://svbf.org/journal/vol3no4/bodha.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-12 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Sringeri Vidya Bharati Foundation}}</ref> [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], not seeking a personal god, goes beyond ''Anandamaya Kosha'' in search of the transcendent [[Brahman]].{{sfn|C. Ranade|1926|pp=155–168}}

The Indian tradition identifies it with the ''[[Anandamaya kosha]]'',[https://www.sivanandaonline.org//?cmd=displaysection&section_id=774] and the deep sleep state, where ''buddhi'' becomes dormant and all concepts of time fail, although there are differences between these three descriptions.

The causal body is considered as the most complex of the three bodies. It contains the impressions of experience, which results from past experience.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Gregory P.|last1=Fields|title=Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Āyurveda, and Tantra|date=2001|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-8120818750|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rvQhuyGpB3wC&pg=PA27 27]}}</ref>

{{anchor|Suksma sarira}}

=== Sukshma sharira ({{Transliteration|sa|IAST|Sūkṣma śarīra}}) – subtle body ===
{{Main|Subtle body}}

''Sukshma sarira'' or the subtle body is the body of the mind and the vital energies, which keep the physical body alive. Together with the causal body it is the transmigrating soul or [[jiva]], separating from the gross body upon death.

The subtle body is composed of the five subtle elements, the elements before they have undergone [[panchikarana]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies. Vol. 1: Bibliography, Sect. 1 / [Potter, Karl Harrington] |editor-last=Potter |editor-first=Karl H. |edition=Reprint |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0308-4}}</ref>[https://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php?title=Panchikarana] and contains:
* ''sravanadipanchakam'' – the five organs of perception: eyes, ears, skin, tongue and nose{{sfn|Siddharameshwar Maharaj|2009|pp=31-32}}
* ''vagadipanchakam'' – the five organs of action: speech, hands, legs, anus and genitals{{sfn|Siddharameshwar Maharaj|2009|pp=31–32}}
* ''[[prana]]panchakam'' – the five-fold vital breath: Prana (respiration), Apana (evacuation of waste from the body), Vyana (blood circulation), Udana (actions like sneezing, crying, vomiting etc.), Samana (digestion){{sfn|Siddharameshwar Maharaj|2009|pp=31-32}}
* [[Manas (early Buddhism)|Manas]]{{sfn|Siddharameshwar Maharaj|2009|pp=31–32}}
* [[Buddhi]], the Intellect, discriminating wisdom{{sfn|Siddharameshwar Maharaj|2009|pp=31–32}}

Other Indian traditions see the subtle body as an eighth-fold aggregate, placing together the mind-aspects and adding avidyā, kama, and karma:
* ''[[Antahkarana|buddhyadicatustayam]]'' (''[[buddhi]]'', ''[[Mind|manas]]'', ''[[citta]]'', ''[[ahamkara]]''),
* ''[[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]]'' (''[[adhyasa]]'', super-imposition),
* ''[[kama]]'' (desire),
* ''[[karma]]'' (action of the nature of ''[[dharma]]'' and ''[[adharma]]'').

In [[samkhya]], which does not acknowledge a causal body, it is also known as the ''linga-sarira''.{{sfn|Feuerstein|1978|p=200}} It puts one in the mind of the ''atman'', it reminds one of the ''atman'', the controller. It is the beginningless limitation of the ''atman'', it has no beginning like the ''sthula sarira''.

The "dream state" is a distinct state of the subtle body, where the ''buddhi'' shines itself owing to memory of deeds done in the waking state. It is the indispensable operative cause of all the activities of the individual self.

{{anchor|Sthula sarira}}

=== Sthula sharira ({{Transliteration|sa|IAST|Sthūla śarīra}}) – gross body ===
{{See also|Rūpa}}
''Sthula sarira'' or the gross body is the material physical mortal body that eats, breathes and moves (acts). It is composed of many diverse components, produced by one's ''karmas'' (actions) in past life out of the elements which have undergone ''[[panchikarana]]'' i.e. combining of the five primordial subtle elements.

It is the instrument of the [[jiva]]'s experience, which, attached to the body and dominated by ''[[ahamkara]]'',{{refn|group=note|Ego, I-ness or the ''[[antahkarana]]'' in which the ''[[citta]]'' or the ''[[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]]'' is reflected.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}}} uses the body's external and internal organs of sense and action. The Jiva, identifying itself with the body, in its waking state enjoys gross objects. On its body rests man's contact with the external world.

The ''sthula sarira''{{'}}s main features are ''sambhava'' (birth), ''jara'' (old age or ageing) and ''maranam'' (death), and the "waking state". The ''sthula sarira'' is the [[Anatman (Hinduism)|anatman]].

==Correlations with other models==
{{See also|Nondualism#Advaya – Non-duality of absolute and relative|l1=Two truths doctrine}}

{{original research|section|date=April 2024}}

===Three bodies and five sheaths===
{{Main|Kosha}}

The [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] describes five [[kosha]]s, which are also often equated with the three bodies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Śaṅkarācārya |url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=rF8RAQAAIAAJ |title=The Taittirīya Upaniṣad: With the Commentaries of Śrī Śaṅkarācārya, Śrī Sureśvarācārya |last2=Sureśvarācārya |last3=Sastri |first3=Alladi Mahadeva |date=2004 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8090-052-5 |language=en}}</ref> The three bodies are often equated with the five koshas (sheaths),<ref name=":1" /> which cover the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]:
# ''Sthula sharira'', the Gross body, also called the ''Annamaya Kosha''<ref name="FD" />
# ''Sukshma sharira'', the [[Subtle body]], composed of:
## ''[[Prana]]maya Kosha'' (Vital breath or [[Energy]]),
## ''[[Manas (early Buddhism)|Manomaya]] Kosha'' ([[Mind]]),
## ''[[Vijñāna|Vijnanamaya]] Kosha'' ([[Intellect]])<ref name="FD" />
# ''Karana sharira'', the [[Causal body]], the ''[[Anandamaya kosha|Anandamaya Kosha]]'' ([[Happiness|Bliss]])<ref name="FD">{{cite book |title=The Fourth Dimension |first=J. |last=Jagadeesan |publisher=Sai Towers Publishing |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G3uGtLLz2A4C&&pg=PA13 13] |isbn=978-8178990927}}</ref>

==In Indian philosophy==

===Yoga physiology===
The three bodies are an essential part of the Yoga physiology. Yoga aims at controlling the vital energies of the bodies, thereby attaining [[siddhi]]s (magical powers) and [[moksha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-28 |title=The Triune Body in Yoga Practice – Himalayan Institute Online |url=https://himalayaninstitute.org/online/the-triune-body-in-yoga-practice/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14 |title=The 5 Koshas & 3 Bodies: Meaning, How To Transcend, & More |url=https://www.arhantayoga.org/blog/the-5-koshas-and-3-bodies/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Atman vijnana===

According to the Advaita Vedanta tradition, knowledge of the "self" or [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]] can be gained by [[self-inquiry]], investigating the three bodies, and dis-identifying from them. It is a method which known to have been taught by [[Ramana Maharshi]], [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]], and his teacher [[Siddharameshwar Maharaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master of Self-Realization |url=https://www.hoopladigital.com/title/17056281 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.hoopladigital.com}}</ref>

By subsequently identifying with the three lower bodies, investigating them, and discarding identification with them when it has become clear that they are not the "I", the sense of "I am" beyond knowledge and Ignorance becomes clearly established.{{sfn|Siddharameshwar Maharaj|2009|pp=34–58}}

In this investigation the three bodies are recognized as not being [[Anatman (Hinduism)|anatman]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Samkara's Vivekacudamani|author=Sri Candrashekhara Bharati of Srngeri|date=December 2008 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|place=Mumbai|page=xxi |isbn=978-81-7276-420-3}}</ref>

==In modern culture==

===Theosophy===

The later [[Neo-Theosophy|Theosophists]] speak of seven bodies or levels of existence that include ''Sthula sarira'' and ''[[Linga sarira|Linga sharira]] (Liṅga śarīra)'' also known as Sukshma sharira.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics|first=Ed |last=Hudson|publisher=Harvest House Publishers |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC&q=Sthula+sarira&pg=PA471 471] |isbn=978-0736936354 |year=2008}}</ref>

===Yogananda===

The guru [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] spoke of three bodies in his 1946 ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''.{{sfn|Yogananda|1946|loc=ch. 43}}

==See also==
{{div col}}
;Hinduism
* [[Chakra]]
* [[Kundalini]]
* [[Mandukya Upanishad]]

;Buddhism
* [[Namarupa]]
* [[Skandha]]
* [[Trikaya]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

===Published sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Feuerstein |first=Georg |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |year=1978 |title=Handboek voor Yoga |trans-title=Textbook of Yoga |publisher=Ankh-Hermes}}
* {{Citation |last=Ranade |first=Ramachandra Dattatrya |year=1926 |title=A constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |place=Mumbai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BQYAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |year=2006 |title=A Primal Perspective on the philosophy of Religion |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-5014-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Siddharameshwar Maharaj |author-link=Siddharameshwar |year=2009 |title=Master Key to Self-Realization. In: Master of Self-Realization. An Ultimate Understanding |publisher=Sadguru Publishing}}
* {{Citation |author-link=Paramahansa Yogananda |last=Yogananda |first=Paramahansa |chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi/Chapter_43 |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |publisher=Self-Realization Fellowship |isbn= |year=1946 |chapter=Chapter 43}}
{{refend}}

===Web-references===
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhajan |first=Yogi |year=2003 |title=The Aquarian Teacher |publisher=KRI International |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=King |first=Richard |year=1995 |title=Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā |publisher=SUNY Press |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarma |first=Chandradhar |year=1996 |title=The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

{{Yoga}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}

[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Nonduality]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]

List of speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly

2026-04-29T08:02:22Z

PriscillaNair10:

{{Short description|List of the speakers of Tripura Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = the Tripura Legislative Assembly
| insignia = File:Seal of Tripura.svg
| insigniacaption = Seal of Tripura
| department = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| member_of = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| appointer = Members of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| incumbent = [[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
| incumbentsince = 18 March 2026
| termlength = During the life of the Tripura Legislative Assembly (five years maximum)
| image =
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Speaker]] {{small|(informal)}}
| reports_to = [[Government of Tripura]]
| residence = Agartala
| deputy = [[Ram Prasad Paul]]
| inaugural = Upendra Kumar Roy {{small|(1 July 1963—11 January 1967)}}
}}
The '''Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official Website of Tripura Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/speaker.html |website=www.tripuraassembly.nic.in}}</ref> is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly of Tripura, the main law-making body for the Indian state of [[Tripura]]. The Speaker is elected generally in the first meeting of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] after the general elections for a term of 5 years from amongst the members of the assembly. The speaker is chosen from sitting members of the Tripura Legislative Assembly. The Speaker can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the assembly by an effective majority of its members. In the absence of Speaker, the meeting of Tripura Legislative Assembly is presided by the Deputy Speaker.

==Eligibility==
* Being a citizen of India;
* Not be less than 25 years of age;
* Not holding any office of profit under the [[Government of Tripura]]; and
* Not being a Criminal Offender.

==List of the Speakers==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! No
! Portrait
! Name
! [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term<ref>{{cite web |title=TRIPURA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref>
! Assembly
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1
|
|[[Upendra Kumar Roy]]
|
| 1 July 1963
| 11 January 1967
|{{Ayd|1 July 1963|11 January 1967}}
| [[1st Tripura Assembly|1st]]
|rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan=2| 2
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |Manindra Lal Bhowmik
| rowspan="1" |[[Kailashahar Assembly constituency|Kailashahar]]
| 14 March 1967
| 20 January 1972
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|14 March 1967|23 January 1978}}
|2nd
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| [[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
| 29 March 1972
| 23 January 1978
|3rd
|-
|3
|
| [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]]
| [[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala]]
| 24 January 1978
| 6 January 1983
| {{Ayd|24 January 1978|6 January 1983}}
|[[4th Tripura Assembly|4th]]
|rowspan=2| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|-
| 4
|
|[[Amarendra Sharma]]
|[[Dharmanagar Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar]]
| 9 February 1983
| 4 February 1988
|{{Ayd|9 February 1983|4 February 1988}}
|[[5th Tripura Assembly|5th]]
|-
| 5
|
|[[Jyotirmoy Nath]]
|[[Kadamtala Assembly constituency|Kadamtala]]
| 29 February 1988
| 7 April 1993
|{{Ayd|29 February 1988|7 April 1993}}
|[[6th Tripura Assembly|6th]]
|rowspan=1| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=1 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| 6
|
|[[Bimal Sinha]]
|[[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| 14 May 1993
| 22 September 1995
|{{Ayd|14 May 1993|22 September 1995}}
|rowspan=2|[[7th Tripura Assembly|7th]]
|rowspan=6 |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|rowspan=6 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|-
| rowspan=2 |7
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 |[[Jitendra Sarkar]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Teliamura Assembly constituency|Teliamura]]
| 12 October 1995
| 10 March 1998
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|12 October 1995|7 March 2003}}
|
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 23 March 1998
| 7 March 2003
|[[8th Tripura Assembly|8th]]
|-
| rowspan=3 |8
|rowspan=3 |
|rowspan=3 |[[Ramendra Chandra Debnath]]
|rowspan=3 |[[Jubarajnagar Assembly constituency|Jubarajnagar]]
| 20 March 2003
| 3 March 2008
|rowspan=3 |{{Ayd|20 March 2003|13 March 2018}}
|[[9th Tripura Assembly|9th]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 17 March 2008
| 6 March 2013
|[[10th Tripura Assembly|10th]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 15 March 2013
| 13 March 2018
|[[11th Tripura Assembly|11th]]
|-
| 9
|
|[[Rebati Mohan Das]]
|[[Pratapgarh, Tripura Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]]
| 23 March 2018
| 2 September 2021
|{{Ayd|23 March 2018|2 September 2021}}
| rowspan="2" |[[12th Tripura Assembly|12th]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 10
|
|[[Ratan Chakraborty]]
| [[Khayerpur Assembly constituency|Khayerpur]]
| 24 September 2021
| 12 March 2023
|{{Ayd|24 September 2021|12 March 2023}}
|-
| 11
|
|[[Biswa Bandhu Sen]]
|[[Dharmanagar Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar]]
| 24 March 2023
| 26 December 2025
|{{Ayd|24 March 2023|26 December 2025}}
| rowspan= "2"|[[13th Tripura Assembly|13th]]
|-
| 12
|
|[[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
| [[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma]]
| 18 March 2026
| ''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|18 March 2026}}
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:left|source:<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura speaker Rebati Mohan Das resigns citing 'personal' reasons |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-speaker-rebati-mohan-das-resigns-citing-personal-reasons-101630589275549.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura gets new assembly speaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/tripura-gets-new-assembly-speaker/articleshow/86491197.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasyap |first1=Mayank |title=Who is Biswabandhu Sen, the newly elected Speaker of Tripura Assembly? |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/who-is-biswabandhu-sen-the-newly-elected-speaker-of-tripura-assembly-mkir-au2321-2084462 |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=News9live |date=24 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

==List of the Deputy Speakers==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! No
! Portrait
! Name
! [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term<ref>{{cite web |title=TRIPURA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref>
! Assembly
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1
|
|[[Md. Ersad Ali Choudhury]]
|
| 1 July 1963
| 11 January 1967
|{{Ayd|1 july 1963|11 January 1967}}
| 1st
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2
|
| Manoranjan Nath
| [[Dharmanagar South Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar South]]
| 21 March 1967
| 1 November 1971
| {{Ayd|21 March 1967|1 November 1971}}
|2nd
|-
|3
|
| [[Usha Ranjan Sen]]
| [[Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency|Radhakishorpur]]
| 29 March 1972
| 4 November 1977
| {{Ayd|29 March 1972|4 November 1977}}
|3rd
|-
| 4
|
|[[Jyotirmoy Das]]
|[[Belonia Assembly constituency|Belonia]]
| 27 January 1978
| 6 January 1983
|{{Ayd|27 January 1978|6 January 1983}}
|4th
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 5
|
|[[Bimal Sinha]]
|[[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| 11 February 1983
| 4 February 1988
|{{Ayd|11 February 1983|4 February 1988}}
|5th
|-
| 6
|
|[[Rati Mohan Jamatia]]
|[[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma]]
| 14 March 1988
| 16 May 1992
|{{Ayd|14 March 1988|16 May 1992}}
|rowspan=2 |6th
|{{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 7
|
| [[Gouri Sankar Reang]]
| [[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]]
| 17 September 1992
| 28 February 1993
| {{Ayd|17 September 1992|28 February 1993}}
|-
| 8
|
|[[Niranjan Debbarma]]
|[[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]
| 17 May 1993
| 9 October 1995
| {{Ayd|17 May 1993|9 October 1995}}
|rowspan=2 |7th
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 9
|
| [[Sunil Kumar Chowdhury]]
| [[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]
| 12 October 1995
| 10 March 1998
| {{Ayd|12 October 1995|10 March 1998}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |10
|rowspan=2 |
|rowspan=2 |[[Subal Rudra]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sonamura Assembly constituency|Sonamura]]
| 26 March 1998
| 26 February 2003
|rowspan=2 |{{Ayd|26 March 1998|3 March 2008}}
|8th
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| 25 March 2003
| 3 March 2008
|9th
|-
| 11
|
|[[Bhanu Lal Saha]]
| [[Bishalgarh Assembly constituency|Bishalgarh]]
| 19 March 2008
| 28 February 2013
|{{Ayd|19 March 2008|28 February 2013}}
| 10th
|-
| 12
|
|[[Pabitra Kar]]
| [[Khayerpur Assembly constituency|Khayerpur]]
| 18 March 2013
| 08 March 2018
|{{Ayd|18 March 2013|13 March 2018}}
| [[11th Tripura Assembly|11th]]
|-
| 13
|
| [[Biswa Bandhu Sen]]
| [[Dharmanagar Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar]]
| 21 June 2018
| 13 March 2023
| {{Ayd|21 June 2018|13 March 2023}}
| [[Twelfth Tripura Assembly|12th]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 14
|
|[[Ram Prasad Paul]]
| [[Suryamaninagar Assembly constituency|Suryamaninagar]]
| 28 March 2023
| ''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|28 March 2023}}
| [[13th Tripura Assembly|13th]]
|-
| colspan=11 | Source link:<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP's Biswabhandu Sen elected Tripura Deputy Speaker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-s-biswabhandu-sen-elected-tripura-deputy-speaker/story-apfOWym2lhA2tpYtx4hJWM.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Deputy Speaker Pabitra Kar inaugurates Tripura's first Christian hospital |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/22330/deputy-speaker-pabitra-kar-inaugurates-tripuraa-euro-trade-s-first-christian-hospital.html |work=www.tripurainfoway.com}}</ref>
|}

== Pro tem Speaker ==

=== List of Pro tem Speakers ===
*[[Niranjan Debbarma ]] 2013
*[[Ratan Chakraborty]] 2018
*[[Binoy Bhusan Das]] 2023

==See also==
* [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen}}

[[Category:Speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|T]]
[[Category:Tripura-related lists]]

Deoghar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:11Z

PriscillaNair10: added new info - done

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deoghar
| type = SLA
| map_image = Deoghar constituency map.svg
| state = Jharkhand
| district = [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
| constituency_no = 15
| established = 2000
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Suresh Paswan.jpg
| abolished =
| mla = [[Suresh Paswan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = 364,659
}}

'''Deoghar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Deoghar Assembly constituency covers: Deoghar town and Mohanpur Police Stations and Jasidih Police Station (excluding Kusmil, Chanddih, Pathra and Basbariya gram panchayats) in Deoghar district.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>

Deoghar Assembly constituency is part of [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Bhubaneswar Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Shailbala Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Mangulal Das
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Shailbala Roy
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan=3|Baidyanath Das || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Veena Rani || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan=3|Baidyanath Das ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||rowspan=2|[[Suresh Paswan]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Kameshwar Nath Das || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Suresh Paswan]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Narayan Das (Jharkhand politician)|Narayan Das]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Suresh Paswan]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Deoghar<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Paswan]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,56,079 |percentage=53.53% |change={{increase}}13.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Das (Jharkhand politician)|Narayan Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,16,358 |percentage=39.91% |change={{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bajrangi Mahtha |party=Independent politician |votes=4,414 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyan Ranjan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,854 |percentage=1.32% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angrej Das |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,527 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Kumar Anand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,013 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,906 |percentage=1.34% |change={{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,721 |percentage=13.62% |change= {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,91,577 |percentage=66.61% |change= {{increase}}2.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,37,732 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Deoghar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=95,491 |percentage=41.01% |change={{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Paswan]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=92,867 |percentage=39.88% |change={{increase}}18.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmala Bharti |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=9,970 |percentage=4.28% |change={{decrease}}3.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bajrangi Mahtha |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=6,394 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Paswan |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=4,528 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gonda Lal Das |party=Independent politician |votes=4,012 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrashekhar Rajak |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,269 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=5,381 |percentage=2.31% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,624 |percentage=1.13% |change= {{decrease}}19.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,32,865 |percentage=63.86% |change= {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,64,659 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Deoghar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=92,022 |percentage=42.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Paswan]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=46,870 |percentage=21.55% |change={{decrease}}14.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmala Bharti |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=23,459 |percentage=10.79% |change={{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Paswan |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=17,289 |percentage=7.95% |change={{decrease}}15.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bajarangi Mahatha |party=Independent politician |votes=16,859 |percentage=7.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,762 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Prasad Turi |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes=2,370 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=5,761 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,152 |percentage=20.76% |change= {{increase}}7.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,17,504 |percentage=64.79% |change= {{increase}}17.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,35,691 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Deoghar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Paswan]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=49,602 |percentage=36.40% |change={{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldeo Das |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=31,862 |percentage=23.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kameshwar Nath Das |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=13,909 |percentage=10.21% |change={{decrease}}19.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=12,131 |percentage=8.90% |change={{decrease}}7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmraj Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,631 |percentage=3.40% |change={{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Prasad Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,422 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujit Kumar Das |party=Independent politician |votes=3,655 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,740 |percentage=13.02% |change= {{increase}}6.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,268 |percentage=47.22% |change= {{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,88,569 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= {{increase}}6.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Deoghar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kameshwar Nath Das |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=43,065 |percentage=29.55% |change={{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Paswan]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=33,442 |percentage=22.95% |change={{decrease}}18.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar Das |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=23,930 |percentage=16.42% |change={{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Paswan |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=9,351 |percentage=6.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,548 |percentage=5.86% |change={{decrease}}16.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmala Bharti |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,354 |percentage=5.73% |change={{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Mahtha |party=Independent politician |votes=6,923 |percentage=4.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,623 |percentage=6.60% |change= {{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,45,746 |percentage=51.27% |change= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,84,246 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}11.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Deoghar<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Paswan]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=48,216 |percentage=41.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Paswan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=27,398 |percentage=23.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kameshwar Nath Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,362 |percentage=22.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghunath Das |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=7,757 |percentage=6.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdeo Prasad Das |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,165 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmraj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,489 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,228 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,818 |percentage=17.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,17,405 |percentage=53.11% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,23,904 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Mohanpur, Deoghar|Mohanpur]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Deoghar]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

IPHWR

2026-04-12T00:00:12Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating new details.

{{short description|Indian nuclear reactor design}}
[[File:PHWR under Construction at Kakrapar Gujarat India.jpg|thumb|[[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station]] with two [[IPHWR-700]] units under construction in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]]]
The '''IPHWR''' ('''Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor''') is a class of Indian [[pressurized heavy-water reactor]]s designed by the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ANU SHAKTI: Atomic Energy In India |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/about/anushakti_phwr.html |publisher=BARC |access-date=2021-03-21 |archive-date=2020-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626114224/http://www.barc.gov.in/about/anushakti_phwr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The baseline [[IPHWR-220|220 MWe]] design was developed from the [[CANDU reactor|CANDU]] based [[Rajastan Atomic Power Project|RAPS-1]] and [[Rajastan Atomic Power Project|RAPS-2]] reactors built at [[Rawatbhata]], Rajasthan. Later the design was indigenised and scaled to 540 MWe and [[IPHWR-700|700 MWe]]. Currently there are 19 units of various types operational at various locations in India (14 IPHWR-220, 2 [[IPHWR - 540]] and 3 IPHWR-700) and 13 more IPHWR-700 reactors under construction/planned.

== IPHWR-220 ==
{{Main|IPHWR-220}}

The first PHWR units built in India [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station|(RAPS-1 and RAPS-2)]] are of Canadian [[CANDU]] design similar to the first full-scale Canadian reactor built at [[Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station|Douglas point, Ontario]]. The reactors were set up in collaboration with Government of Canada. Starting in 1963, 100 MWe RAPS-1 was mostly built with equipment and technology supplied by [[Atomic Energy of Canada Limited|AECL]], Canada. RAPS-1 was commissioned in 1973 but the cessation of Canadian cooperation in light of successful development of nuclear weapons by India as part of [[Operation Smiling Buddha]] the RAPS-2 commissioning could only be completed by 1981. Later on higher capacity derivatives were developed by [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] in partnership with Indian manufacturers [[Larsen & Toubro]] and [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]]. Successively, a totally Indian design of 220 MWe power capacity was designed and two units were built at [[Kalpakkam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] state christened MAPS-1 and MAPS-2. MAPS-1&2 design was evolved from RAPS-1&2, with modifications carried out to suit the coastal location and also introduction of suppression pool to limit containment peak pressure under [[loss of coolant accident]] (LOCA) in lieu of dousing tanks in RAPS-1&2. In addition, MAPS-1&2 have partial double containment. This design was further improved and all subsequent PHWR units in India have double containment.<ref name=aris_220/>

With experience of design and operation of earlier units and indigenous R&D efforts, major modifications were introduced in [[Narora Atomic Power Station|NAPS-1&2]]. These units are the basis of standardized Indian PHWR units later designated as IPHWR-220.

The design of subsequent units i.e. KGS-1, KGS-2, RAPS-3, RAPS-4, RAPS-5, RAPS-6, KGS-3 and KGS-4 is of standard Indian PHWR design. The major improvements in these designs include valve-less primary heat transport system and a unitized control room concept. In addition, the design of these units included improvements in Control and Instrumentation system and incorporation of computer based systems to match with the advancement in technology.

== IPHWR-540 ==

Upon completion of the design of IPHWR-220, a larger 540 MWe design was started {{circa|1984}} under the aegis of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) in partnership with the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] (NPCIL).<ref name=baitej/> Two reactors of this design were built in [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station|Tarapur, Maharashtra]] starting in the year 2000 and the first was commissioned on 12 September 2005. Only two such reactors i.e. Tarapur-3 & Tarapur-4 were built. The design was later upgraded to a 700 MWe design.

== IPHWR-700 ==
{{Main|IPHWR-700}}

The IPHWR-540 design was later upgraded to 700 MWe with the main objective to improve fuel efficiency and develop a standardized design to be installed at many locations across India as a fleet-mode effort. The design was also upgraded to incorporate [[Generation III reactor#First reactors|Generation III+]] features.

The 700 MWe PHWR design includes some features, which are introduced for the first time in Indian PHWRs which include partial boiling at the coolant channel outlet, interleaving of primary heat transport system feeders, passive decay heat removal system, regional over power protection, containment spray system, mobile fuel transfer machine, and a steel liner on the inner containment wall.<ref name=aris_700/>

By 2031–2032, NPCIL plans to construct 18 more nuclear power reactors, which together have the potential to produce 13,800 MWe of electricity. This will bring the total amount of atomic power in the energy mix to 22,480 MWe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=India to add 18 more nuclear power reactors with total capacity of 13,800 MWe by 2032: NPCIL |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nuclear-power-reactors-total-capacity-npcil-9180403/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Reactor fleet ==

'''IPHWR-220 '''

2 at [[Narora Atomic Power Station]]

2 at [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station]]

4 at [[Kaiga Atomic Power Station]]

2 at [[Madras Atomic Power Station]]

4 at [[Rajastan Atomic Power Project]]

'''IPHWR-540 '''

2 at [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]]

'''IPHWR-700 '''

2 at Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

2 at Kaiga Atomic Power Station

2 at [[Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant]]

2 at Rajastan Atomic Power Project

4 planned at [[Mahi Banswara Atomic Power Plant]]

==Design ==

[[File:Pressurized heavy water reactor.png|thumb|PRESSURIZED HEAVY WATER REACTOR DIAGRAM]]
The IPHWR reactor is a horizontal pressure tube type. It is derived from the [[CANDU]] reactor. These tubes are housed in a horizontal vessel called Calandria. It is filled with heavy water moderator. The each independent tubes are in tubes with circulating [[carbon dioxide]] gas. The tubes contain 12 fuel assemblies each and circulating pressurized heavy water coolant. This coolant collects heat from the fuel (natural uranium dioxide) and transfers it to the secondary coolant water to generate steam in the steam generators. This steam turns the turbine coupled to a AC synchronous generator producing 11kV or 20kV 50 Hz AC current. This steam is then condensed, reheated, deaerated and pumped back to the reactor. The moderator heavy water is kept circulating and is maintained at around 70 degrees Celsius. The fission chain reaction is controlled using control rods of cadmium or boron. There is a scram system to inject a poison called gadolinium nitrate in the moderator. The reactors can be refuelled while on full power giving additional advantages. The reactor has a efficiency of around 29 to 30 % gross. These reactors are highly safe. They have many innovative safety systems. They form the first stage of India's three stage nuclear power program.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

== Technical specifications ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Specifications
!IPHWR-220<ref name=aris_220>{{Cite news|date=2011-04-04|title=Status report 74 - Indian 220 MWe PHWR (IPHWR-220)|work=International Automic Energy Agency|url=https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/IPHWR-220.pdf|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2022-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517195913/https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/IPHWR-220.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!IPHWR-540<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Soni|first1=Rakesh|last2=Prasad|first2=PN|others=S. Vijayakumar, A.G. Chhatre, K.P.Dwivedi|title=Fuel technology evolution for Indian PHWRs|work=International Atomic Energy Agency|url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/37/098/37098316.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Muktibodh|first=U.C|date=2011|title=Design, Safety and Operability performances of 220 MWe, 540 MWe and 700 MWe PHWRs in India|journal=Inter-Regional Workshop on Advanced Nuclear Reactor Technology for Near-term Deployment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bajaj|first1=S.S|last2=Gore|first2=A.R|date=2006|title=The Indian PHWR|journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design|volume=236|issue=7–8|pages=701–722|doi=10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.09.028}}</ref><ref name=baitej>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Baitej|date=July 2006|title=Physics design and Safety assessment of 540 MWe PHWR|url=http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2006/200607-2.pdf|journal=BARC Newsletter|volume=270|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522215947/http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2006/200607-2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!IPHWR-700<ref name=aris_700>{{Cite news|date=2011-08-01|title=Status report 105 - Indian 700 MWe PHWR (IPHWR-700)|work=International Atomic Energy Agency|url=https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/IPHWR-700.pdf|access-date=2021-03-20|archive-date=2023-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417041219/https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/IPHWR-700.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Thermal output, MWth
|754.5
|1730
|2166/2177
|-
|Active power, MWe
|220
|540
|700
|-
|[[Electrical efficiency|Efficiency]], net %
|27.8
|28.08
|29.08
|-
|Coolant temperature, °C:
|
|
|
|-
| core coolant inlet
|249
|266
|266
|-
| core coolant outlet
|293.4
|310
|310
|-
|Primary coolant material
| colspan="3" |Heavy Water
|-
|Secondary coolant material
| colspan="3" |Light Water
|-
|Moderator material
| colspan="3" |Heavy Water
|-
|Reactor operating pressure, kg/cm2 (g)
|87
|100
|100
|-
|Active core height, cm
|508.5
|594
|594
|-
|Equivalent core diameter, cm
|451
| -
|638.4
|-
|Average fuel power density
|9.24 KW/KgU
| -
|235 MW/m3
|-
|Average core power density, MW/m3
|10.13
| -
|12.1
|-
|Fuel
| colspan="3" |Sintered Natural UO2 pellets
|-
|Cladding tube material
|Zircaloy-2
| colspan="2" |Zircaloy-4
|-
|Fuel assemblies
|3672
|5096
|4704 fuel bundles in 392 channels
|-
|Number of fuel rods in assembly
|19 elements in 3 rings
|37
|37 elements in 4 rings
|-
|Enrichment of reload fuel
| colspan="3" |0.7% U-235
|-
|Fuel cycle length, Months
|24
|12
|12
|-
|Average fuel [[burnup]], MW · day / ton
|6700
|7500
|7050
|-
|Control rods
|SS/Co
| colspan="2" |Cadmium/SS
|-
|Neutron absorber
|Boric Anhydride
| colspan="2" |Boron
|-
|[[Residual heat removal system]]
|Active: Shutdown cooling system
Passive: Natural circulation through steam generators
| colspan="2" |Active: Shutdown cooling system
Passive: Natural circulation through steam generators

and Passive Decay heat removal system
|-
|Safety injection system
| colspan="3" |Emergency core cooling system
|}

==Further development==
NPCIL is developing the Bharat small modular reactor (BSMR) and has asked for orders from private companies for construction of BSR at their manufacturing sites to which till now six companies have responded. It is a 220MWe compact PHWR [[Small modular reactor]] derived from the larger IPHWR-220.<ref>[https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/deadline-extended-to-allow-wider-participation-in-indian-small-reactor-rfp Deadline extended to allow wider participation in Indian small reactor RFP], World Nuclear News, 8 October 2025.</ref>

==See also==
* [[IPHWR-220]], first version of the IPHWR class of reactors
* [[IPHWR-700]], Generation III+ successor to the IPHWR-220 design
* [[CANDU]], predecessor to Indian PHWR designs
* [[AHWR-300]], thorium fuelled PHWR design for the Indian Three stage nuclear power programme
* [[India's three-stage nuclear power programme]]
* [[Nuclear power in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Nuclear fission reactors}}

[[Category:Nuclear power reactor types]]
[[Category:Nuclear power in India]]
[[Category:Pressurized water reactors]]

Mahesh Singh Yadav

2026-04-10T14:00:49Z

PriscillaNair10: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahesh Singh Yadav
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Politician [[Social work]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Ram Chandra Prasad Yadav (Father)
| alma_mater = [[Magadh University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/bih2005/candidate.php?candidate_id=1370|title=Mahesh Singh Yadav(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))) - MyNeta|website=myneta.info}}</ref>
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Belaganj Assembly constituency|Belaganj]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Belaganj Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/belaganj.html|accessdate=10 November 2020 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 2000
| predecessor = [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
| successor = [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
| constituency1 = [[Tikari Assembly constituency|Tikari]]
| term_start1 = 2000
| term_end1 = 2005
| predecessor1 = [[Shiv Bachan Yadav]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
}}
'''Mahesh Singh Yadav''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Belaganj Assembly constituency]] as well as from [[Tikari Assembly constituency]] in [[Gaya district]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He won the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Konch Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/konch-bihar-assembly-constituency|accessdate=10 August 2021 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Rashtriya Janata Dal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Mahesh Singh}}
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Indo-Sri Lankan Accord

2026-04-07T18:58:45Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating new entry.

{{Short description|1987 attempt to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Indo-Sri Lankan Peace Accord
| long_name =
| rep = 
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt = 
| caption =
|
| type =
| context =[[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]
|
| date_drafted =
| date_signed ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1987|07|29}}
| location_signed = [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiry =
| mediators =
| negotiators =
| signatories = *{{flagdeco|IND}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]] ([[Prime Minister of India ]])
*{{flagdeco|SRI}} [[Junius Richard Jayewardene]] ([[President of Sri Lanka]])
| parties =
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| ratifiers =
| depositor =
| depositories = 
|
| language =
|
| languages = * [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[English language|English]]
| wikisource = 
| wikisource1 = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Indian Peace Keeping Force}}
{{wikisource}}

The '''Indo-Sri Lankan Peace Accord''' was an accord signed in [[Colombo]] on 29 July 1987, between Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and Sri Lankan President [[J. R. Jayewardene]]. The accord was expected to resolve the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] by enabling the [[thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka]] and the Provincial Councils Act of 1987. Under the terms of the agreement,<ref name=iclq>[http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0020589300047734 M. L. Marasinghe (1988). Ethnic Politics and Constitutional Reform: The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 37, pp 551–587 ] {{doi|10.1093/iclqaj/37.3.551}}</ref><ref name=atimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20021001211331/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-10-01|title=Asia Times: SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord|website=www.atimes.com}}</ref> [[Colombo]] agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, the Sri Lankan troops were to be withdrawn to their barracks in the north and the Tamil rebels were to surrender their arms.<ref name=TamilNation>[http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/india/88saty.htm New Delhi & the Tamil Struggle. The Indo Sri Lanka Agreement. Satyendra N. Tamil Nation]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=TN>Text of the Peace accord.[http://www.tamilnation.org/conflictresolution/tamileelam/87peaceaccord.htm#a1 Tamil Nation]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Notably the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) (which at the time was one of the strongest Tamil forces), had not been made party to the talks and initially agreed to surrender their arms to the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) only reluctantly. Within a few months however, this flared into an active confrontation. The LTTE declared their intent to continue the armed struggle for an independent [[Tamil Eelam]] and refused to disarm. The IPKF found itself engaged in a bloody police action against the LTTE. Further complicating the return to peace, a Marxist [[1987-1989 JVP insurrection|insurgency]] began in the south of the island in response to public discontent to the IPKF.

==Background==
[[File:LocationSriLanka.png|right|thumb|Location of [[Sri Lanka]]]]
{{Main|Sri Lankan Civil War}}
Sri Lanka, from the early part of the 1980s, was facing an increasingly violent [[Sri Lankan civil war|ethnic strife]]. The origins of this conflict can be traced to the independence of the island from [[British Ceylon|Britain]] in 1948. At the time, a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] majority government was instituted which passed legislation that were deemed discriminatory against the substantial [[Tamil people|Tamil]] minority population. In the 1970s, two major Tamil parties united to form the [[Tamil United Liberation Front]] (TULF) that started agitation for a separate state of [[Tamil Eelam]] within the system in a federal structure in the north and eastern Sri Lanka<ref name= GlobSec>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ltte.htm|title=Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) / World Tamil Association (WTA)|first=John|last=Pike|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> that would grant the Tamils greater autonomy. However, the enactment of the sixth amendment of the [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Constitution]] in August 1983 classified all separatist movements as unconstitutional,<ref name=Hennayake>The Peace Accord and the Tamils in Sri Lanka.Hennayake S.K. Asian Survey, Vol. 29, No. 4. (Apr., 1989), pp. 401–415.</ref> effectively rendering the TULF ineffective.<ref name=Hennayake/> Outside the TULF, however, factions advocating more radical and militant courses of action soon emerged such as the [[Tamil New Tigers|TNT]] (Later [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]]), [[Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students|EROS]] and the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam|PLOTE]]. Following the events of [[Black July]], the country would descend into a civil war. By 1987, the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] would become the major [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|Tamil militant group]] having sidelined any alternatives.<ref name= GlobSec/>

==Indian involvement==
{{main|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Indian Peace Keeping Force}}

According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of Indian foreign policy, [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Indian intervention in Sri Lankan civil war]] became inevitable as that civil war threatened India's "unity, national interest and territorial integrity."<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=September 2014|volume=2|issue=9|page=47|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161446/http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Laskar, this threat came in two ways: On the one hand external powers could take advantage of the situation to establish their base in Sri Lanka thus posing a threat to India, on the other hand, the LTTE's dream of a sovereign Tamil Eelam comprising all the Tamil-inhabited areas (of Sri Lanka and India) posed a threat to India's territorial integrity.<ref name="auto"/>

India had, initially under [[Indira Gandhi]]<ref name=Manshingh>India's search for power:Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy.1966–1982. Mansingh S. New Delhi:Sage 1984. p282</ref><ref name=rediffcomment>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/dec/01mitra.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Ashok Mitra on how Indira Gandhi sowed the seeds of hate|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> and later under [[Rajiv Gandhi]], provided support to Tamil interests from the very conception of the secessionist movement. This included providing sanctuary to the separatists, as well as support the operations training camps for Tamil guerrillas in [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref name=Haggerty>India's Regional Security Doctrine.
Hagerty D.T. Asian Survey, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Apr., 1991), pp. 351–363</ref> of which the LTTE emerged as the strongest force. This was both as a result of a large Tamil community in [[South India]], as well as India's regional security and interests which attempted to reduce the scope of foreign intervention, especially those linked to the United States, Pakistan, and China.<ref name=Haggerty/> To this end, the Indira Gandhi government sought to make it clear to Sri Lankan President [[J. R. Jayewardene]] that armed intervention in support of the Tamil movement was an option India would consider if any diplomatic solutions should fail.<ref name=Haggerty/>
Following the [[Black July|anti-Tamil riots]], the Tamil rebel movement grew progressively strong and increasingly violent. However, after [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi's assassination]], the Indian support for the militant movement decreased. The succeeding Rajiv Gandhi government attempted to re-establish friendly relations with its neighbours. It still however maintained diplomatic efforts to find a solution to the conflict as well as maintaining covert aid to the Tamil rebels.<ref name=Haggerty/>

From 1985 however, the Sri-Lankan Government started rearming itself extensively for its anti-insurgent role with support from Pakistan, Israel, Singapore and South Africa.<ref name=Haggerty/><ref name=Bobb>"The Colombo Chill". Bobb, D. ''[[India Today]]''. March 31, 1986. p95.</ref> In 1986, the campaign against the insurgency was stepped up and in 1987,[[Operation Liberation]] was launched against LTTE strongholds in Jaffna Peninsula, involving nearly four thousand troops, supported by [[helicopter gunship]]s as well as [[ground attack aircraft]].<ref name=Haggerty/> In June 1987, the Sri Lankan Army laid siege on the major town, and Tamil stronghold of [[Jaffna]].<ref name=NYT>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIndia India Airlifts Aid to Tamil Rebels"], ''[[The New York Times]]''. 5 June 1987</ref> As civilian casualties grew,<ref name=PfaffB>Sri Lanka in 1987: Indian Intervention and Resurgence of the JVP. Pfaffenberger B. Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1987: Part II. (Feb., 1988), pp. 139</ref><ref name=UTHRCh8>{{cite web|url=http://www.uthr.org/BP/volume1/Chapter8.htm|title=Chapter 8|website=www.uthr.org}}</ref> calls grew within India to intervene in what was increasingly seen in the Indian (and Tamil) media as a developing humanitarian crisis, especially with reports of the use of aerial attacks against rebel positions in predominantly civilian areas.<ref name=UTHRCh8/> India, which had a substantial Tamil population in South India faced the prospect of large scale Tamil backlash at home, called on the Sri Lankan government to halt the offensive in an attempt to negotiate a political settlement.

However, the Indian efforts were futile. Added to this, in the growing involvement of Pakistani and Israeli advisors, it was necessary for Indian interest to mount a show of force.<ref name=Haggerty/> Failing to negotiate an end to the crisis with Sri Lanka, India announced on 2 June 1987 that it would send a convoy of unarmed ships to northern Sri Lanka to provide humanitarian assistance<ref name= NYT1>"Indians To Send convoy to Sri Lanka", ''[[The New York Times]]''. 2 June 1987</ref> but this was intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy and turned back.<ref name=NYT2>"Indian Flotilla is turned back by Sri Lankan Naval Vessels", ''[[The New York Times]]''. 4 June 1987</ref>

Following the failure of the naval mission, the decision was made by the Indian government to mount an airdrop of relief supplies in support of rebel forces over the besieged city of Jaffna and the rebel occupied [[Jaffna Fort]]. On 4 June 1987, in a blatant show of force, the [[Indian Air Force]] mounted [[Operation Poomalai]] in broad daylight. Five [[An-32]]s of the Indian Air Force under cover of heavily armed Indian fighter jets flew over Jaffna to airdrop 25 tons of supplies, all the time keeping well within the range of Sri Lankan radar coverage. At the same time the Sri Lankan Ambassador to New Delhi was summoned to the Foreign Office to be informed by the [[Indian Foreign Minister|Minister of External Affairs]], [[K. Natwar Singh]], of the ongoing operation. It was also indicated to the ambassador that if the operation was in any way hindered by Sri Lanka, India would launch a full-force military retaliation against Sri Lanka.<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Chapter1.html "Indian Air Force in Sri Lanka.Operation Poomalai – The Jaffna Food drop." Bharat-rakshak.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609120451/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Chapter1.html |date=2011-06-09 }}</ref> The ultimate aim of the operation was both to demonstrate the credibility of the Indian option of active intervention to the Sri Lankan Government, as a symbolic act of support for the Tamil Rebels, as well to preserve [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi's]] credibility.<ref name=BS>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1987/Chapter02.html "Operation Poomalai – India Intervenes" Bharat-rakshak.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907053333/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1987/Chapter02.html |date=September 7, 2006 }}</ref>

Faced with the possibility of an active Indian intervention and facing an increasingly war-weary population at home,<ref name=Premdas>"Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict: The Indo-Lanka Peace Accord". Ralph R. Premdas; S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe, ''Asian Survey'', Vol. 28, No. 6. (Jun., 1988), pp. 676–690.</ref> the Sri Lankan President, [[J. R. Jayewardene]], offered to hold talks with the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] government on future moves.<ref name=NYT/> The siege of Jaffna was soon lifted, followed by a round of negotiations that led to the signing of the [[Indo-Sri-Lankan accord]] on July 29, 1987<ref name=USDS>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm|title=Sri Lanka}}</ref> that brought a temporary truce.

==Peace accord==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2020}}
Among the salient points of the agreement, the Sri Lankan Government made a number of concessions to Tamil demands, which included<ref name="iclq"/><ref name="atimes"/> devolution of power to the [[Provincial governments of Sri Lanka|provinces]], [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|merger]] (subject to later referendum) of the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] provinces, and official status for the Tamil language. More immediately, [[Vadamarachchi Operation|Operation Liberation]] was ended. Sri Lankan troops were to withdraw to their barracks in the north, the Tamil rebels were to disarm. India agreed to end support for the Tamil separatist movement and recognise the territorial unity of Sri Lanka. The Accord also underlined the commitment of Indian military assistance on which the IPKF came to be inducted into Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/LK87B1078.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104063547/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/LK87B1078.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.mea.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Reaction===
On the eve of the signing of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord, Rajiv Gandhi was assaulted by [[Leading Rate]] [[Vijitha Rohana]] at the Guard of Honour held for Gandhi in what seemed an attempted assassination. Four years later, in 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassinated]] by a LTTE suicide bomber. This radically reduced support for the LTTE within India. In 2009, 19 years after his assassination, the Sri Lankan army mounted a [[Eelam War IV|major military offensive in the north]] and [[Mullivaikkal massacre|defeated the LTTE]] at [[War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war|cost of thousands of Tamil civilian casualties]]. The operation was not opposed by India and received Indian diplomatic and military support, despite condemnations from state of Tamil Nadu and Western nations for alleged human rights violations. Rajiv Gandhi's widow, [[Sonia Gandhi]] was the chairperson of India's ruling coalition at the time.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The validity of the Indo-Lanka Accord has been questioned by Sri Lankan politicians citing various reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silva|first=Pramod De|title=Indo-Lanka Accord: 31 years on|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/07/30/features/158264/indo-lanka-accord-31-years|access-date=2021-01-07|website=Daily News|language=en}}</ref> In 2020 Minister of Public Security [[Sarath Weerasekara]] claimed as India failed to disarm the LTTE the agreement is no longer valid and Sri Lanka is not bound to uphold the agreement on provincial councils.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Minister Sarath Weerasekara says the Indo Lanka accord is not valid anymore|url=https://www.newsfirst.lk/2020/12/18/minister-sarath-weerasekara-says-the-indo-lanka-accord-is-not-valid-anymore/|access-date=2021-01-07|website=Sri Lanka News - Newsfirst|language=en}}</ref>

===Books===
*Ramakrishnan, T. (2018), ''Ore Inapirachinayum Ore Oppandhamum'', The Hindu Publishing Group (in Tamil)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/indo-lanka-accord-is-a-sound-framework-say-experts/article22433003.ece |title=Indo-Lanka accord is a sound framework, say experts |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2013-01-13 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[India–Sri Lanka relations]]
* [[Vijitha Rohana]]
* [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/node/1173 Full Text of Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?keys=&field_padate_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_pacountry_tid=Sri+Lanka Text of all peace accords for Sri Lanka]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20041011074514/http://www.indiaexpress.com/news/world/20031101-0.html Tigers go back to Indo-Lanka accord for federal state]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021015035430/http://www.geocities.com/mforumsl/lw3.htm Muslims have a Case in Sri Lanka]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040412015102/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FC12Df05.html Indo-Sri Lanka trade: Hype and reality]
*[https://archive.today/20021001211331/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041022094352/http://www.irs.org.pk/Focus%202003.htm PEACE PROCESS IN SRI LANKA --- WITH AND WITHOUT MEDIATION]
*[http://www.american.edu/jrich/Richardson.peace.html ETHNIC PEACE ACCORDS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT RESOLUTION: A SURVEY]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041102222243/http://www.asiantribune.com/show_news.php?id=11310 Dr. PC Alexander, former Principal Secretary of Rajiv Gandhi – bares it all on the Indo-Lanka Accord of 1987]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041211231033/http://www.dailymirror.lk/2002/10/19/News/3.html "Peace for all with equal rights"Minister]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041103093312/http://www.asiantribune.com/show_news.php?id=11650 Wickremesinghe Apprises I K Gujral of Stalled Peace Process in Sri Lanka]
*[http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items04/170204-1.html Tiger Rebels are either black or white but not both] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222181608/http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items04/170204-1.html |date=22 December 2004 }}
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20041127104945/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/12/02/stories/2002120203591200.htm SLFP to discuss peace process with Indian leaders]}}
*[http://www.asian-affairs.com/Sri-Lanka/sugeeswara.html PEACE PROCESS IN SRI-LANKA]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041013031742/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sinhala/pandora.htm TIGERS, 'MODERATES' AND PANDORA'S PACKAGE]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041015211722/http://flonnet.com/fl1909/19090120.htm The road ahead]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20041211005115/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2002/04/07/stories/2002040700140300.htm When guns cease to fire]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041224160801/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=25634 LTTE to take Indo-Lankan accord in peace bid]
{{Div col end}}
*[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/indo-lanka-accord-is-a-sound-framework-say-experts/article22433003.ece]

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

[[Category:Foreign intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1987]]
[[Category:Bilateral treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka relations]]
[[Category:1987 in India]]
[[Category:1987 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1987 in international relations]]
[[Category:1980s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Military history of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:July 1987 in India]]
[[Category:July 1987 in Sri Lanka]]

Ananda Dairy

2026-04-03T06:10:39Z

PriscillaNair10: put up new post and citations

{{Short description|Indian dairy company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2017}}
{{Promotional|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ananda Dairy Ltd.
| image = Logo-Ananda.png
| trading_name = Ananda
| former_name = Gopaljee Dairy (1989-2012)
| type = Public
| industry = Dairy/[[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG]]
| products = Milk, Ghee, Butter, Paneer, Chhach etc.
| revenue = 1700 Crore (2024)<ref name=":2" />
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.ananda.in}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1989|11|15}} in [[Siana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| founder = Radhey Shyam Dixit
| location = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
}}
'''Ananda Dairy''' is an Indian dairy company headquartered in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Founded in 1989, it produces and supplies milk and a range of dairy products in northern and central India. The company operates five processing plants and a network of retail outlets, and distributes its products in the [[Capital region|National Capital Region]] and neighbouring states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-21 |title=Ananda Dairy sets out expansion plan tied to new products and wider reach |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/news/ananda-dairy-sets-out-expansion-plan-tied-to-new-products-and-wider-reach/4115176/ |access-date= |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Ananda Dairy was established on 15 November 1989 in [[Siana|Siyana]],<ref name="Ananda Reference12">{{cite news |date=18 February 2018 |title=Ananda Dairy eyes 30% rise in turnover to Rs 2,000 crore in FY19 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/ananda-dairy-eyes-30-rise-in-turnover-to-rs-2000-crore-in-fy19/articleshow/62970775.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 March 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> [[Bulandshahr district]], Uttar Pradesh. It was founded by Dr. Radhey Shyam Dixit and initially distributed its products through third-party transport services. The company began operations under the name Gopaljee Dairy. In March 2012, it changed the name Gopaljee Ananda, and was later rebranded as Ananda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Ananda Dairy’s supply chain bet that’s paying off across 16 states |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/trending/ananda-dairys-supply-chain-bet-thats-paying-off-across-16-states/4081409/ |access-date= |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2018, the company opened 105 new outlets in Delhi and the National Capital Region, investing approximately ₹5 crore, which brought the total number of company-owned outlets to around 400.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Ananda Dairy opens 105 stores in Delhi/NCR |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/grocery/ananda-dairy-opens-105-stores-in-delhi/ncr/62897217 |access-date= |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2018-07-01 |title=Ananda plans to set up dairy plant in UP & open 1,100 stores in Delhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/ananda-plans-to-set-up-dairy-plant-in-up-open-1100-stores-in-delhi/articleshow/64814438.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The company later expanded its processing capacity by leasing additional dairy plants in Kanpur and Moradabad. In early 2018, Ananda began exporting select dairy products, including paneer, ghee, and sweets, to international markets such as the United States.<ref name=":1" />

The company later established the Ananda Foundation as part of its corporate social responsibility initiatives, supporting programmes related to dairy farming and livestock health in parts of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-17 |title=From villages to dairy hubs: How Ananda Foundation is empowering Agra’s farmers and women |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/lucknow/from-villages-to-dairy-hubs-how-ananda-foundation-is-empowering-agras-farmers-and-women-1503500603.html |access-date= |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2023, the company entered into a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) with the Brazilian firms Ameria Pujol and Beig Exports to explore potential cooperation in animal feed production and cattle breed improvement. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=आनंदा डेयरी के साथ ब्राजील की दो कंपनियों से हुआ एमओयू |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur/story-mou-signed-with-two-brazilian-companies-with-ananda-dairy-8950728.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

In December 2025, Ananda was announced as a co-presenting sponsor for a season of [[MasterChef India]], which premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] in January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-31 |title=Ananda joins MasterChef India as co-presenting sponsor |url=https://mediabrief.com/ananda-is-co-presenting-sponsor-for-masterchef-india/ |access-date= |website=MediaBrief.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Ananda procures milk through village-level collection centres in [[North India|northern India]]. The milk is tested at collection points, transported to chilling facilities, and processed at company plants. The company operates five manufacturing plants in [[Pilkhuwa]], [[Siana|Siyana]], [[Gajraula]], [[Varanasi]], and [[Raebareli]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> Its products are distributed through distributors and retail outlets, including neighbourhood grocery stores, and are sold across multiple Indian states, including the [[Capital region|National Capital Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-08 |title=How A Dairy Born In Uttar Pradesh Built Its Name Across India |url=https://news.abplive.com/infotainment/how-a-dairy-born-in-uttar-pradesh-built-its-name-across-india-1815805 |access-date= |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

==Products==
Ananda manufactures milk and dairy products such as liquid milk, curd (dahi), paneer, ghee, butter, rabdi, flavoured milk, UHT milk, and traditional Indian dairy-based sweets.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2026-02-02|title=Ananda Dairy targets ₹10,000 crore revenue by 2030|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ananda-dairy-targets-10000-crore-revenue-by-2030/article70582758.ece|access-date=|website=BusinessLine|language=en}}</ref> The company also produces certain packaged food items, including some non-dairy products. Ananda’s product portfolio includes items such as A2 milk and selected packaged foods outside its core dairy range.<ref name="Ananda Reference22">{{cite news |date=2 July 2018 |title=Ananda Dairy to open 1,100 outlets in Delhi; set up dairy plant in UP |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2018/07/02/food/food-grocery/ananda-dairy-to-open-1100-outlets-in-delhi-set-up-dairy-plant-in-up/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |publisher=Indiaretailing.com}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2024, the company set a Guinness World Record for producing a 205.4 kilogram slab of paneer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pareek |first=Ruchika |date=2025-03-03 |title=Ananda Dairy Breaks Guinness World Record With A Massive 205.4 kg Paneer Slab |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/ananda-dairy-breaks-guinness-world-record-with-a-massive-205-4-kg-paneer-slab-4085303.html |access-date= |website=OneIndia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Abhirupa |date=2025-03-03 |title=Indian dairy manufacturer's largest Paneer slab weighing 205.4 kg sets Guinness World Records |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/indian-dairy-manufacturer-s-largest-paneer-slab-weighing-205-4-kg-sets-guinness-world-records-2025-03-03-978839 |access-date= |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official|http://www.ananda.in/}}

{{Dairy Industry in India}}
[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1989]]
[[Category:Dairy farming in India]]

Ghetla Vasa Taku Nako

2026-04-01T11:21:55Z

PriscillaNair10:

{{Short description|2021 Marathi language devotional series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = The Film Clique
| num_episodes = 246
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| related =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2021|03|08}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2022|04|09}}
| budget =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| num_seasons =
| image = Ghetla Vasa Taku Nako.png
| image_size = 300
| starring =
| genre = [[Mythological]]
| developer =
| based_on = {{plainlist|
*[[Chaturmas]]
*[[Bhagavat Purana]]
*[[Vishnu Purana]]
}}
| director =
| writer =
| creative_director =
| language = Marathi
| narrated = {{plainlist|
* Atulshastri Bhagre
* Charudatta Aphale
}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| image_alt =
| alt_name =
}}

'''''Ghetla Vasa Taku Nako''''' is an Indian television series depicting epic stories and tales of [[Chaturmas]], [[Bhagavat Purana]], [[Vishnu Purana]] narrated by Atulshastri Bhagre and Charudatta Aphale Gurujis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=नवी मालिका 'घेतला वसा टाकू नको'|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/ghetala-vasa-taku-nako-zee-marathi-upcoming-serial/553693|access-date=2021-03-08|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=Lagira Zhala Ji fame Purva Shinde to feature in Ghetla Vasa Taku Nako|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/lagira-zala-ji-fame-purva-shinde-to-feature-in-ghetla-vasa-taku-nako/articleshow/81584467.cms|access-date=2021-08-08|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered on 8 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=आता तुम्हीही म्हणाल 'घेतला वसा टाकू नको', झी मराठीवरील नव्या मालिकेकडे साऱ्यांचं लक्ष|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/zee-marathi-new-serial-ghetla-vasa-taku-nako/articleshow/81152188.cms|access-date=2021-03-08|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=New show Ghetla Vasa Taku Nako to launch soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-show-ghetla-vasa-taku-nako-to-launch-soon/articleshow/81206150.cms|access-date=2021-03-08|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 February 2021 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
=== Mahashivratri special ===
====Story of Chandrabhan====
Guruji narrates the tale of Chandrabhan, an ardent devotee of [[Lord Shiva]]. The story begins when [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] throws her divine stole on earth to test Chandrabhan. The money lenders wife's adamance endangers Chandrabhan and his wife's life. Chandrabhan unknowingly ends up worshipping [[Lord Shiva]] when he goes to kill a deer, just then he faces new trouble. Chandrabhan aims to kill the deer who arrives at the pond to save Amba. However, he gets distressed on hearing each one's plight and sets them free. Later, he sees Lord Shiva's 'Pind' under a tree. The money lender punishes Chandrabhan who returns empty handed. Goddess Parvati accepts that Chandrabhan is a true worshipper and her stole saves him and Amba. Shiva-Parvati appear before the couple.

====Story of Handful Milk====
Bhagre Guruji tells the tale of a woman who is a strong believer in God. While the King's strange behaviour troubles the people in his kingdom, a sage gives a curse to the kingdom due to his rudeness. The sage's curse causes draught in the kingdom and the people starve. On learning about this, the queen decides to meet the sage. Later, Mai gives a 'Bhakari' to the thief who breaks into her house. The queen goes to a sage to find counter-measures for the curse. Accordingly, the king asks his people to donate milk for the ‘Pind’. Mai refuses to give all the milk. When the King punishes Mai, she asks for a bowl of milk, that she wishes to give Lord Shankar, as her last request. Seeing the miracle after the bowl is kept, the King realises his mistake.

=== Bhanu Saptami special ===
Bhagre Guruji narrates the tale of 'Bhanu Saptami Vrata'. Indumati, a courtesan, comes across Maharaj Samar at a riverside. After being ill-treated by Sardar Kumar, she worships god for a good husband. Queen Kanchanmala tells Maharaj her decision of personally welcoming her mother. Later, Queen Kanchanmala gets furious when Sardar Kumar tells her that Maharaj is in Indumati's palace. When Indumati confesses that she loves Maharaj Samar, Lallan makes her aware of the reality. She appeases Maharaj Samar by making his favourite cuisine. Kanchanmala questions Maharaj Samar over Indumati.

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Episode No.
!Telecast Date
!Festival
!Title
|-
|1-4
|8-11 March 2021
|rowspan="2"|[[Maha Shivaratri]]
|Story of Chandrabhan
|-
|5-8
|12-16 March 2021
|Story of Handful Milk
|-
|9-17
|17-26 March 2021
|Bhanu Saptami
|Story of Indumati
|-
|18-27
|27 March-7 April 2021
|[[Holi]]
|Story of Pralhad
|-
|28-37
|8-18 April 2021
|[[Gudi Padwa]]
|Story of Parvati
|-
|38-43
|19-24 April 2021
|[[Rama Navami]]
|Story of Ram
|-
|44-48
|16-20 August 2021
|[[Satya Narayan (Hindu deity)|Satya Narayan]]
|Story of Narayan
|-
|49-51
|21-24 August 2021
|rowspan="2"|[[Shraavana]]
|Story of Shatananda
|-
|52-57
|25-31 August 2021
|Story of Sadhu Vani
|-
|58-65
|1-9 September 2021
|Mangalagaur
|Story of Anusuya
|-
|66-69
|10-14 September 2021
|rowspan="2"|[[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganeshotsav]]
|Story of Ganesh
|-
|70-73
|15-18 September 2021
|Story of Priyavrat
|-
|74-76
|20-22 September 2021
|rowspan="2"|Pitru Paksh
|Story of Karna
|-
|77-85
|23 September-2 October 2021
|Story of Bhagirath and Ganga
|-
|86-90
|4-8 October 2021
|rowspan="2"|[[Navaratri]]
|Story of Mahishasura
|-
|91-97
|9-16 October 2021
|Story of Shunbha and Nishunbha
|-
|98-104
|18-25 October 2021
|rowspan="2"|[[Lord Shani]]
|Story of Shanidev
|-
|105-110
|26 October-2 November 2021
|Story of Vikramaditya
|-
|111-113
|3-5 November 2021
|rowspan="2"|[[Diwali]]
|Story of Lamps
|-
|114-117
|6-10 November 2021
|Story of Narakasura
|-
|118-122
|11-16 November 2021
|[[Tulsi Vivah]]
|Story of Vrinda
|-
|123-130
|17-25 November 2021
|Jivati Mata
|Story of Sahuri
|-
|131-138
|26 November-4 December 2021
|Lalita Panchami
|Story of Sukirt
|-
|139-147
|6-15 December 2021
|Margshirsh Thursday
|Mahalaxmi Vrat
|-
|148-153
|16-22 December 2021
|Shila Saptami
|Story of Padmakumar
|-
|154-160
|23-30 December 2021
|Pithori Amavasya
|Story of Avani
|-
|161-172
|31 December 2021 – 13 January 2022
|Suryanarayan Vrat
|Story of Sarita & Vanita
|-
|173-188
|14 January-1 February 2022
|Fast of Sixteen Mondays
|Story of Devvrata
|-
|189-202
|2-17 February 2022
|Fast of Fridays
|Story of Devdutta
|-
|203-209
|18-25 February 2022
|Significance of Monday
|Story of Kalpavasu
|-
|210-222
|26 February-12 March 2022
|Sampat Saturday Vrat
|Story of Ballal
|-
|223-230
|14-22 March 2022
|Somvati Amavasya Fast
|Story of Gunvati
|-
|231-239
|23 March-1 April 2022
|Budh-Brihaspati Vrat
|Story of Varunika
|-
|240-246
|2-9 April 2022
|Gatha Saptashati
|Story of Vijayananda
|}

== Reception ==
The show aired on [[Zee Marathi]] from 8 March 2021 by replacing ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-06|title=बाळंतपणानंतर छोट्या पडद्यावर परतणार धनश्री काडगावकर, 'या' मालिकेत साकारणार भूमिका|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/dhanashri-kadgaonkar-will-play-durga-mata-role-in-ghetla-vasa-taku-nako-serial/articleshow/86779885.cms|access-date=2021-10-08|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-25|title=अमृता धोंगडे पुन्हा छोट्या पडद्यावर; दिसणार या मालिकेत|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/marathi-actress-amruta-dhongade-to-play-role-in-ghetla-vasa-taku-nako/articleshow/87238008.cms|access-date=2021-11-07|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> Due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in [[Maharashtra]], the show was stopped on 24 April 2021 and it again restarted from 16 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=Zee Marathi marks its 22nd anniversary with 7 new shows|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-marathi-marks-its-22nd-anniversary-with-7-new-shows-210813%3famp|access-date=2021-08-23|website=[[Indian Television]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=Exclusive - Nityashree Dnyanlaxmi Gets Candid About Playing Goddess Laxmi, Her Interest In Farming, Joining Politics And More|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-nityashree-dnyanlaxmi-gets-candid-about-playing-goddess-laxmi-her-interest-in-farming-joining-politics-and-more/etphotostory/86782710.cms|access-date=2021-10-08|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Vishwanath Kulkarni as Indradev
* Rupali Jadhav as Mayadevi
* Akshay Dandekar as Bhasadatta Mushuka
* Mandar Kulkarni as Narad

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 18 April 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=चित्रीकरण बंद असल्याने प्रेक्षकांना पाहायला मिळणार का झी मराठीवरील मालिकेचे आगामी भाग?|access-date=2023-01-18|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/zee-marathi-will-telecast-new-episodes-lock-down-maharashtra-a588/|date=2021-04-17|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/ghetla-vasa-taku-nako/0-6-3185 ''Ghetla Vasa Taku Nako''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt14266694}}

[[Category:Indian epic television series]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Agnee (2014 film)

2026-03-29T19:42:47Z

PriscillaNair10: basic expand details for clarity and fixed typos

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agnee
| image = Agnee2014FilmPoster.jpeg
| alt = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Iftakar Chowdhury]]
| producer = [[Abdul Aziz (filmmaker)|Abdul Aziz]]
| writer = A J Babu
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mahiya Mahi]]
* [[Arifin Shuvoo]]
* [[Misha Sawdagor]]
* [[Ali Raj]]
}}
| music = [[Fatman Films|Adit Ozbert]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Md Suzon Abdullah
| studio = [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
| distributor = [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|2|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Agnee |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3095464/ |website=IMDb |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>
| country = Bangladesh
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = {{BDTConvert|2.5|c|year=2014}}<ref name="boxofficebd">{{cite web |title=Agnee Box Office Report |url=https://boxofficebangladesh.wordpress.com/2014/02/14/agnee-box-office-report/ |access-date=30 March 2026 |website=Box Office Bangladesh |date=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Agnee |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3095464/ |website=IMDb |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>
| gross = {{BDTConvert|8.7|c|year=2014}}<ref name="boxofficebd" /><ref name="dhallywire">{{cite web |title=Agnee Box Office Collection: 9 Crores in 4 Weeks |url=https://dhallywire.wordpress.com/2014/04/06/agnee-box-office-collection-9-crores-in-4-weeks/ |access-date=30 March 2026 |website=DhallywoodWire |date=6 April 2014}}</ref>
}}

{{langnf|bn|'''Agnee'''|fire}} is a Bangladeshi [[action film]] directed by [[Iftakar Chowdhury]] and produced by [[Abdul Aziz (filmmaker)|Abdul Aziz]] under the banner of [[Jaaz Multimedia]]. It was the first installment in the [[Agnee (franchise)|Agnee film franchise]]. The film features [[Arifin Shuvoo]] and [[Mahiya Mahi]] in the lead roles and [[Misha Sawdagor]] as the main antagonist of the film. The film is about Tanisha, a nine-year-old girl in Dhaka whose family is killed by underworld mafia Gulzar and Haydar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahi looks to light up silver screen with "Agnee" |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/mahi-looks-to-light-up-silver-screen-with-agnee-4918 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> Fifteen years later, a 24-year-old Tanisha has become an accomplished assassin. Even though both of the killers are now under protection of the government of Thailand and are guarded by a very powerful group, led by Dragon (Arifin Shuvoo), Tanisha uses every means at her disposal to find where Gulzar and Haydar are hiding and avenge her family's death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Agnee The Female Protagonist |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/agnee-the-female-protagonist-13278 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref>

Agnee was released on 14 February 2014 in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hossain |first=Rafi |date=1 March 2014 |title=Stepping Forward |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/stepping-forward-13282 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> The film was a huge financial success as it eventually become one of the highest grossing Bangladeshi films of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Agnee takes box office by storm |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/agnee-takes-box-office-by-storm-11678 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shuvo-Mahi's Warning to hit screen tomorrow |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/dhallywood/shuvo-mahis-warning-hit-screen-tomorrow-79786 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> The sequel of the film titled ''[[Agnee 2]]'' was released in 2015.

==Plot==

{{more plot|reason=full plot including ending needed|date=January 2024}}
Tanisha is a young daughter of a man working for the brutal underworld mafia Gulzar and Haydar. When Tanisha's father decides he wants to leave the crime world to make a better life for his daughter, Gulzar and Haydar kill him, and his family in order to eliminate a potential threat. Gulzar kills everyone in the family, and when he is about to kill Tanisha, she stabs him and vows she will kill them one day before escaping. She grows up to being a stone-cold assassin. She receives training from her uncle and ultimately engages in vigilante murders that she hopes will lead her to her ultimate target, the powerful underworld crime syndicate responsible for her parents' death.

==Cast==
{{Div col}}
* [[Mahiya Mahi]] as Tanisha
* [[Arifin Shuvoo]] as Shishir / Dragon
* [[Ali Raj]] as Gulzar
* [[Misha Sawdagor]] as Haidar
* [[Kabila (actor)|Kabila]] as Mama
* [[Danny Sidak]] as Marshal
* [[Iftakar Chowdhury]] as Kamal Ali
* [[Don (actor)|Don]] as Kibriya
* [[Shiba Shanu]] as Alamgir
* [[Puja Cherry]] as Young Tanisha
* Nil Ahmed as Gause
* Daisy as Daisy
* May as Sukhi
{{Div col end}}

==Production==

===Development===
During mid 2013, [[Jaaz Multimedia]] announced the project with [[Mahiya Mahi]] as the main lead and [[Iftakar Chowdhury]] as the director.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} It was later announced that [[Arifin Shuvoo]] will join the cast as the main male lead.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Agnee The Film
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013 (Bangladesh)
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Films Sound Track
| length =
| label = [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
| producer = [[Jaaz Multimedia]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Adit]], [[Shafiq Tuhin]], [[Ahmed Humayan]] and with lyrics penned by Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul, Robiul Islam Jibon, Abdul Aziz and Sudip Kumar Dip.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration (min:sec)
|-
| 1 || "Agnee" (Title Song) || [[Lemis|Lihat Lemis]]|| 3:14
|-
| 2 || "Shudhu Tui Shunbi" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] || 4:37
|-
| 3 ||"Tumi Dekho Shraboner Megh" ||Labonno || 2.50
|-
| 4 || "Shohena Jatona" ||[[Arifin Shuvoo]], [[Dilshad Nahar Kona]] || 5.17
|-
| 5 || "Neshay Neshay"|| [[Neeti Mohan]] || 4:00
|-
| 6 || "Valobashi Toke"|| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] || 4:36
|-
|}

==Sequel==
Director Iftakar Chowdhury has made a sequel, ''[[Agnee 2]]''. The film released in 2015.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3095464}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agnee (2014 Film)}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category: films about terrorism]]
[[Category:2014 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi action films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:2014 Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi films about revenge]]
[[Category:Jaaz Multimedia films]]

Dewan Abdul Basith

2026-03-27T20:47:31Z

PriscillaNair10: added a post - done

{{Short description|Bangladeshi lawyer}}
'''Dewan Abdul Basith Choudhury''' ({{langx|bn|দেওয়ান আবদুল বাছিত চৌধুরী}}) was a Bangladeshi lawyer, who was legislative leader of the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]] and provincial minister of [[East Pakistan]].

== Biography ==
Basith was born on 11 October 1911 in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet District]] of the [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], British India, into the family of politician Khan Bahadur [[Dewan Abdul Hamid Choudhury]]. After completing his undergraduate studies at the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1936, he studied law at the [[University of Dhaka]]. In 1937, he was made a member of the South Sylhet Local Board of the [[Assam Provincial Muslim League]] (APML), a position he held until 1944. In 1938, he became the organizing secretary of the [[All India Muslim Students Federation]].<ref name=l/> In his early life, he was active as a member of the APML and led the Moulvibazar Subdivisional Muslim League.<ref name=ক/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://arthoniti.com/news/5357|title=মৌলভীবাজার : ইতিহাস-ঐতিহ্যের ধারক|lang=bn|first=Nawab|last=Uddin|date=13 August 2022|newspaper=Arthoniti}}</ref> In 1940, he was appointed an honorary magistrate by the [[Government of Assam|Assamese government]]. Three years later, he became the assistant secretary of the APML. The following year, he was elected general secretary of the APML and a councillor of the [[All-India Muslim League]] (AIML). He was also elected a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] the same year as a party nominee. In 1946, he became a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. In 1947, during the [[Sylhet referendum]], he served as chairman of the subdivisional referendum committee.<ref name=l/>

In the same year, after the [[independence of Pakistan]], he became a member of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly.<ref name=ক/><ref name=l/> During this period, he also served as a member of the working committee of the [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League|East Pakistan Provincial Muslim League]] (EPPML) and as a councillor of the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML). In 1950, when Muslim refugees from the Indian states of [[Tripura]] and [[Assam (1947–1963)|Assam]] took shelter in the Pakistani province of [[East Bengal]], the EPPML formed a relief committee, of which he was the chairman. His tenure as a member of the legislative assembly ended before the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954 provincial election]].<ref name=l>{{cite news|title=Life Sketches Of Provincial Ministers|page=3|date=30 March 1965|newspaper=[[The Morning News (Bangladeshi newspaper)|The Morning News]]}}</ref> In 1965, he was nominated as a member of the central parliamentary board of the [[Convention Muslim League]] (PMLC).<ref>{{cite news|title=Conventionists' Parliamentary Board Formed|page=8|date=11 January 1965|newspaper=[[The Bangladesh Observer|The Pakistan Observer]]}}</ref> In the same year, he was appointed Minister of Commerce and Industry of [[East Pakistan]] as a member of the [[Second Monem ministry]].<ref name=ক>{{cite news|title=5-man Provincial Cabinet Sworn In|page=1|date=30 March 1965|newspaper=[[The Bangladesh Observer|The Pakistan Observer]]}}</ref> He was also made the leader of the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Basith Leader Of Conventionists|page=8|date=17 June 1965|newspaper=[[The Bangladesh Observer|The Pakistan Observer]]}}</ref> In 1971, during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], he joined the pro-Pakistani organization [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee]].<ref>{{cite book|title=বাংলাদেশ মুক্তিযুদ্ধ জ্ঞানকোষ|lang=bn|volume=8|year=2020|editor=Harun-ur-Rashid|isbn=9789843492678|chapter=মুক্তিযুদ্ধে মৌলভীবাজার সদর উপজেলা|first=Abdul Hamid|last=Mahbub|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> His younger son, [[Dewan Shamim Afzal Chowdhury]], is an independent politician.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-37932|title=Dewan Basit's son to run in polls race|date=23 May 2008|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi lawyers]]
[[Category:Leaders in the Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Provincial ministers of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Rajnagar Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sylhet Division]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:East Pakistan MLAs 1965–1969]]
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1946–1952]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

2026-03-27T16:07:41Z

PriscillaNair10: enhanced section further and corrected details

{{Short description|Founder and 1st Governor-General of Pakistan (1876–1948)}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Redirect|Jinnah}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 1st [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]
| image = Jinnah1945c.jpg
| caption = Formal portrait, {{circa|1945}}
| alt = A view of Jinnah's face late in life
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| primeminister = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
| successor = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
| signature = Jinnah signature.svg
| party = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] (1947–1948)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1906–1920) [[All-India Muslim League]] (1913–1947)
| deputy1 = [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]]
| office1 = 1st [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the Constituent Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]]
| birth_name = Mahomedali Jinnahbhai
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1876|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], Bombay Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=yes|1948|09|11|1876|12|25}}}}
| death_place = Karachi, Pakistan
| resting_place = [[Mazar-e-Quaid]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Emibai Jinnah]]|1892|1893|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Rattanbai Petit]]|1918|1929|end=died}}
}}
| relations = See [[Jinnah family]]
| father = [[Jinnahbhai Poonja]]
| children = [[Dina Wadia]]
| alma_mater = [[Lincoln's Inn]]
| profession = {{hlist|[[Barrister]]|politician}}
| term_start = 14 August 1947
| term_end = 11 September 1948
| term_start1 = 11 August 1947
| term_end1 = 11 September 1948
| office2 = [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|President of the Muslim League]]
| predecessor2 = ''Position established''
| successor2 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
| term_start2 = 15 December 1947
| term_end2 = 11 September 1948
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Father of the Nation|Baba-e-Qaum]]'' ''[[Qaid|Quaid-e-Azam]]''
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{nq|محمد علی جناح}}}}}}
}}

{{Muhammad Ali Jinnah sidebar}}
'''Muhammad Ali Jinnah'''{{efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد علی جناح}}}}; {{IPA|ur|mʊɦəmːəd̪ əli d͡ʒɪnɑː(ɦ)|}}}} (born '''Mahomedali Jinnahbhai''';{{efn|{{langx|gu|માહમદ અલી ઝીણાભાઈ}};<ref>{{cite book |last=Bawany|first=Yahya Hashim|author-link= |date=1987 |title=Rare speeches and documents of Quaid-e-Azam |url= |location= |publisher=[[Arif Mukati]] |pages=39–40 |isbn=}}
</ref> {{IPA|gu|mɑɦməd̪ əli dʒʱiɳɑbʱəi|}}}} 25 December 1876{{Snd}}11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician, and the [[List of Pakistan Movement activists|founder]] of [[Pakistan]]. Jinnah served as the leader of the [[All-India Muslim League]] from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 and then as [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]'s first [[Governor-General of Pakistan|governor-general]] until [[Death and state funeral of Muhammad Ali Jinnah|his death a year later]] in 1948.

Born at [[Wazir Mansion]] in [[Karachi]], Jinnah was trained as a [[barrister]] at [[Lincoln's Inn]] in [[London]], [[England]]. Upon his return to [[British Raj|India]], he enrolled at the [[Bombay High Court]], and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the [[Indian National Congress]] in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated for [[Hindu–Muslim unity]], helping to shape the 1916 [[Lucknow Pact]] between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the [[Indian Home Rule movement|All-India Home Rule League]], and proposed a [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah|fourteen-point constitutional reform plan]] to safeguard the political rights of [[Muslims]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of ''[[satyagraha]]'', which he regarded as [[political anarchy]].

After joining the [[All-India Muslim League]], Jinnah worked for the rights of [[Islam in South Asia|Muslims in the subcontinent]] to protect them from the threat of marginalisation in a Hindu-dominated state. In 1940, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the [[Lahore Resolution]]. During the [[Second World War]], the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|provincial elections]] held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead to the independence of a Hindu-majority India, and for a predominantly Muslim state of Pakistan.

As the first governor-general of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the government of the new nation and policies to aid the millions of [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muslim migrants]] who had emigrated from regions that became part of the [[Dominion of India]] to Pakistan after the independence of both states, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. [[Death and state funeral of Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah died at age 71]] in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Several [[List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah|universities and public buildings]] in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. He is revered in Pakistan as the ''{{Transliteration|ur|Quaid-e-Azam}}'' ("Great Leader") and {{Transliteration|ur|Baba-e-Qaum}} ("[[Father of the Nation]]"). [[Jinnah's Birthday|His birthday]] is also observed as a [[Public holidays in Pakistan|national holiday]] in the country. According to his biographer, [[Stanley Wolpert]], Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader.

== Early years ==
=== Family and childhood ===
[[File:Jinnah Poonjha.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Jinnah's father, [[Jinnahbhai Poonja]]]]

Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born on [[Jinnah's birthday|25 December 1876]],{{efn|While [[Jinnah's birthday]] is celebrated as 25 December 1876, there is reason to doubt that date. Karachi did not then issue birth certificates, no record was kept by his family (birth dates being of little importance to Muslims of the time), and his school records reflect a birth date of 20 October 1875. See {{harvnb|Bolitho|p=3}}.}} to [[Jinnahbhai Poonja]] and his wife Mithibai Jinnah, in a rented apartment on the second floor of [[Wazir Mansion]] near Karachi,{{Sfn|Moini|2003}} now in [[Sindh]], Pakistan, but then within the [[Bombay Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. Jinnah's paternal grandfather lived in [[Gondal State|Gondal state]] in [[Kathiawar]] peninsula (now in [[Gujarat]], India).{{sfn|Ahmed|p=4}}{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|p=25}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Husain |first1=Mahmud |title=Mohammed Ali Jinnah {{!}} Biography, Accomplishments, Religion, Significance, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammed-Ali-Jinnah |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=29 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He himself had a background of following Nizari Isma'ili branch of [[Shia Islam]] in Gujarat, though he later followed [[Twelver]] Shi'a teachings.{{Sfn|Ahmed|2010}} After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted later on in life to [[Sunni Islam]].{{Sfn|Ahmed||p=4}}

Jinnah was from a wealthy merchant background. His father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of [[Paneli Moti|Paneli]] in the [[princely state]] of Gondal; his mother was from the nearby village of Dhaffa.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|p=25}} They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than [[Bombay]].{{sfn|Singh|pp=30–33}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=3–5}} Jinnah was the eldest child;{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=26}} he had three brothers and four sisters, including his younger sister [[Fatima Jinnah]]{{sfn|Ahmed|page=3}}{{sfn|Dani|1979}}{{sfn|Beg|1986}} and younger brother [[Ahmed Ali Jinnah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-26 |title=Fact file: Jinnah`s family |url=https://www.dawn.com/2009/12/26/fact-file-jinnahaes-family/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Dr Muhammad Ali |date=2022-09-11 |title=HISTORY: THE QUAID-I-AZAM’S LAST WILL |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1709519 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref> Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English.{{sfn|Swamy|1997}}{{sfn|Ghosh|1999}}{{sfn|Malik|2006}} Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers.{{sfn|Puri|p=34}}

As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in [[Bombay]] with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]]. In Karachi, he attended the [[Sindh Madressatul Islam]] and the [[Church Mission School|Christian Missionary Society High School]].{{sfn|Singh|p=54}}{{sfn|Ahmed|p=26}}{{Sfn|Sharif|2010}} He completed his matriculation from [[Bombay University]]. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan's founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. His official biographer, [[Hector Bolitho]], writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket instead.{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=5–7}}

=== Education in England ===
[[File:Lincolns Inn 1.jpg|thumb|[[Lincoln's Inn]], seen in 2006]]

In 1892, Sir [[Croft baronets#Croft baronets, of Cowling Hall|Frederick Leigh Croft]], a business associate of [[Jinnahbhai Poonja]], offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham's Shipping and Trading Company.{{sfn|Read|pp=95–96}} He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, [[Emibai Jinnah]]. Jinnah's mother and first wife both died during his absence in England.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=8–9}} Although the apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family's property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay.{{sfn|Singh|p=54}}

Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring [[barristers in England and Wales|barrister]] joined [[Lincoln's Inn]], later stating that the reason he chose Lincoln's over the other [[Inns of Court]] was that over the main entrance to Lincoln's Inn were the names of the world's great lawgivers, including [[Muhammad]]. Jinnah's biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning a pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=9–10}} Jinnah's legal education followed the [[pupillage]] (legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from [[City Law School|studying lawbooks]].{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=12–13}} During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah.{{sfn|Singh|p=56}}

During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British [[classical liberalism|liberalism]], like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like [[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham]], [[John Stuart Mill|Mill]], [[Herbert Spencer|Spencer]], and [[Auguste Comte|Comte]].{{Sfn|Engineer|2006|p=72}}{{Sfn|Banerjee|1981|p=219}} This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics.{{Sfn|Mehmood|1998|p=725}} He became an admirer of the [[Parsi]] British Indian political leaders [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] and [[Sir Pherozeshah Mehta]]. Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah's arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in [[Finsbury Central]]. Jinnah listened to Naoroji's [[maiden speech]] in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] from the visitor's gallery.{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=10–12}}{{sfn|Singh|p=55}}

The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he was always impeccably dressed in public. He came to own over 200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=9}} Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, "I will not travel in my pyjamas."{{sfn|Puri|p=34}} In his later years he was usually seen wearing a [[Karakul hat]] which subsequently came to be known as the "Jinnah cap".{{sfn|Ahmed|p=85}}

Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=14–15}} In 1895, at age 19, he became the youngest British Indian to be [[called to the bar]] in England.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=3}} Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=14–15}}

== Legal and early political career ==

=== Barrister ===
[[File:JinnahBarrister.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Jinnah as a barrister]]
At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay, the only Muslim barrister in the city.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=3}} English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career occurred when the acting [[Advocate General]] of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers.{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=14–17}}{{sfn|Wolpert|p=17}} In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a [[Bombay Presidency#Administration|Bombay presidency magistrate]], left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did.{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=14–17}}{{sfn|Wolpert|p=17}}{{sfn|Ahmed|pp=4–5}} Nevertheless, as [[Governor-General of Pakistan]], he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 [[Pakistani rupee|rupee]] per month.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=212}}

As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 "[[Caucus Case]]". This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a "caucus" of Europeans to keep Sir [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] out of the council.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE CAUCUS CASE – 1908 |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/The_Caucus_Case_-_1908.html |website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. It was after his case that Jinnah posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic.{{sfn|Bolitho|p=20}} In 1908, his factional foe in the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], was arrested for sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, he engaged Jinnah in an attempt to secure his release on bail. Jinnah did not succeed, but obtained an acquittal for Tilak when he was charged with sedition again in 1916.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=29}}

One of Jinnah's fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that "Jinnah's faith in himself was incredible"; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with "Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate", Jinnah shot back, "My Lord, allow me to warn you that you are not addressing a third-class pleader."{{sfn|Bolitho|p=17}} Another of his fellow barristers described him, saying:

{{blockquote
| He was what God made him, a great pleader. He had a sixth sense: he could see around corners. That is where his talents lay ... he was a very clear thinker ... But he drove his points home—points chosen with exquisite selection—slow delivery, word by word.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=19}}
}}

=== Trade unionist ===
Jinnah was also a supporter of working class causes and an active trade unionist.{{Sfn|Eleazar|2017}} He was elected President of All India Postal Staff Union in 1925 whose membership was 70,000.{{Sfn|Eleazar|2017}} According to All Pakistan Labour Federation's publication ''Productive Role of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations'', being a member of Legislative Assembly, Jinnah pleaded forcefully for rights of workers and struggled for getting a "living wage and fair conditions" for them.{{Sfn|''Dawn''|2003}} He also played an important role in enactment of [[Trade Union Act|Trade Union Act of 1926]] which gave trade union movement legal cover to organise themselves.{{Sfn|''Dawn''|2003}}

=== Rising leader ===
{{Further|Indian independence movement|Pakistan movement}}
[[File:Quaid6 edited.jpg|thumb|upright|Jinnah in 1910]]


In 1857, many Indians had risen [[Sepoy Mutiny|in revolt]] against British rule. In the aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government.{{sfn|Bolitho|p=23}} Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in [[British India]], as they constituted a quarter to a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus.{{sfn|Cohen|pp=18, 24}} Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite.{{sfn|Malik|p=120}}

Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress's twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=20}} He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]].{{sfn|Singh|pp=41–42}} They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], who sought quick action towards independence.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=28}} In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]] called on the new [[Viceroy of India]], [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from the "unsympathetic [Hindu] majority".{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=20–23}} Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper ''Gujarati'', asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed.{{sfn|Singh|pp=41–42}} When many of the same leaders met in [[Dacca]] in December of that year to form the [[All-India Muslim League]] to advocate for their community's interests, Jinnah was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was "freakishly ironic" that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, "came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done ... He said that our principle of separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself."{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=24–26}} In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as the Muslim community's representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the [[partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]], an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests.{{sfn|Singh|p=47}} Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the [[Indian Military Academy]] in [[Dehra Dun]].<ref name="statesman" />

Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay's Muslim representative on the [[Imperial Legislative Council]]. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote. Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised [[probate law]] (with many clients from India's nobility), and in 1911 introduced the [[Wakf]] Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on a sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=33}}{{sfn|Singh|p=75}} Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the [[Indian Military Academy]] in [[Dehra Dun]].<ref name="statesman">{{cite web
| title = The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress
| first = Government of Pakistan
| last = Official website
| url = http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician7.htm
| access-date = 20 April 2006
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060127234847/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician7.htm
| archive-date = 27 January 2006
}}</ref>

In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the "greater national cause" of an independent India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah "has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity".{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=34–35}} Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War in August 1914, found officials little interested in Indian reforms. By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become his great political rival, [[Mohandas Gandhi]], a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating ''[[satyagraha]]'', non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended a reception for Gandhi where the two men met and talked with each other for the first time. Shortly afterwards, Jinnah returned home to India in January 1915.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=35–37}}

=== Farewell to Congress ===
Jinnah's moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring the Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the [[Lucknow Pact]], setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=38, 46–49}}{{sfn|Malik|p=120}} To applaud Jinnah's efforts, [[Sarojini Naidu]] described him as an ‘ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.' But decades later, the [[Direct Action Day|1946 Calcutta Riots]] fractured the relationship between the Congress and the Muslim League beyond repair. A few days later, when Wavell invited Sarojini Naidu to dinner, she spoke of Jinnah “rather as of Lucifer … a fallen angel, one who had once promised to be a great leader of Indian freedom but had cast himself out of the Congress heaven.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=Sam |title=SHATTERED LANDS Five Partitions and the Making of Modern Asia |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2025 |isbn=978-93-6989-485-7 |edition=1st}}</ref>

During the war, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms. Jinnah played an important role in the founding of the [[All India Home Rule League]] in 1916. Along with political leaders [[Annie Besant]] and Tilak, Jinnah demanded "[[home rule]]" for India—the status of a self-governing [[dominion]] in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia, although, with the war, Britain's politicians were not interested in considering Indian constitutional reform. British Cabinet minister [[Edwin Montagu]] recalled Jinnah in his memoirs, "young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with [[dialectic]]s, and insistent on the whole of his scheme".{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=61–70}}

In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife [[Rattanbai Petit]] ("Ruttie"), 24 years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his friend [[Petit baronets#Petit Baronets, of Petit Hall (1890)|Sir Dinshaw Petit]], and was part of an elite [[Parsi]] family of Bombay.{{Sfn|Mehmood|1998|p=725}} There was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's family and the Parsi community, as well as from some Muslim religious leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally [[converted to Islam]], adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided at [[Jinnah Mansion|South Court Mansion]] in Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. The couple's only child, daughter [[Dina Wadia|Dina]], was born on 15 August 1919.{{Sfn|Mehmood|1998|p=725}} The couple separated prior to Ruttie's death in 1929, and subsequently Jinnah's sister [[Fatima Jinnah|Fatima]] looked after him and his child.{{sfn|Ahmed|pp=11–15}}

Relations between Indians and British were strained in 1919 when the Imperial Legislative Council extended emergency wartime restrictions on civil liberties; Jinnah resigned from it when it did. There was unrest across India, which worsened after the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in [[Amritsar]], in which [[British Indian Army]] troops fired upon a protest meeting, killing hundreds. In the wake of Amritsar, Gandhi, who had returned to India and become a widely respected leader and highly influential in the Congress, called for ''satyagraha'' against the British. Gandhi's proposal gained broad Hindu support, and was also attractive to many Muslims of the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat]] faction. These Muslims, supported by Gandhi, sought retention of the [[Ottoman caliphate]], which supplied spiritual leadership to many Muslims. The caliph was the [[Ottoman Emperor]], who would be deprived of both offices following his nation's defeat in the First World War. Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or imprisoned Muslims.{{sfn|Singh|pp=90–93}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=61–71}}{{sfn|Mohiuddin|p=61}} Unlike Jinnah and other leaders of the Congress, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothing, did his best to use [[Languages of India|an Indian language]] instead of English, and was deeply rooted in Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's Khilafat advocacy, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry.{{sfn|Jalal|p=8}} Jinnah regarded Gandhi's proposed ''satyagraha'' campaign as political anarchy, and believed that self-government should be secured through constitutional means. He opposed Gandhi, but the tide of Indian opinion was against him. At the 1920 session of the Congress in [[Nagpur]], Jinnah was shouted down by the delegates, who passed Gandhi's proposal, pledging ''satyagraha'' until India was independent. Jinnah did not attend the subsequent League meeting, held in the same city, which passed a similar resolution. Because of the action of the Congress in endorsing Gandhi's campaign, Jinnah resigned from it, leaving all positions except in the Muslim League.{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=84–85}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=71–72}}

== Wilderness years; interlude in England ==
[[File:Quaid passport burhan.jpg|thumb|300px|Jinnah's passport]]
The alliance between Gandhi and the Khilafat faction did not last long, and the campaign of resistance proved less effective than hoped, as India's institutions continued to function. Jinnah sought alternative political ideas, and contemplated organising a new political party as a rival to the Congress. In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for [[Bombay]] in the new [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. He showed much skill as a parliamentarian, organising many Indian members to work with the [[Swaraj Party]], and continued to press demands for full responsible government. In 1925, as recognition for his legislative activities, he was offered a [[knighthood]] by [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Lord Reading]], who was retiring from the Viceroyalty. He replied: "I prefer to be plain Mr Jinnah."{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=74–76, 87}}

In 1927, the British Government, under [[Conservative Party (United Kingdom)|Conservative]] Prime Minister [[Stanley Baldwin]], undertook a decennial review of Indian policy mandated by the [[Government of India Act 1919]]. The review began two years early as Baldwin feared he would lose the next election (which he did, in 1929). The Cabinet was influenced by minister [[Winston Churchill]], who strongly opposed self-government for India, and members hoped that by having the commission appointed early, the policies for India which they favoured would survive their government. [[Simon Commission|The resulting commission]], led by [[Liberal Party (United Kingdom)|Liberal]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|John Simon]], though with a majority of Conservatives, arrived in India in March 1928.{{sfn|Singh|pp=130–131}} They were met with a boycott by India's leaders, Muslim and Hindu alike, angered at the British refusal to include their representatives on the commission. A minority of Muslims, though, withdrew from the League, choosing to welcome the Simon Commission and repudiating Jinnah. Most members of the League's executive council remained loyal to Jinnah, attending the League meeting in December 1927 and January 1928 which confirmed him as the League's permanent president. At that session, Jinnah told the delegates that "A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a settlement are not to come from our side ... By appointing an exclusively white Commission, <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Secretary of State for India]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead|Lord Birkenhead]] has declared our unfitness for self-government."{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=89–90}}

Birkenhead in 1928 challenged Indians to come up with their own proposal for constitutional change for India; in response, the Congress convened a committee under the leadership of [[Motilal Nehru]].{{ref|Bolitho|pp=92–93}} The [[Nehru Report]] favoured constituencies based on geography on the ground that being dependent on each other for election would bind the communities closer together. Jinnah, though he believed separate electorates, based on religion, necessary to ensure Muslims had a voice in the government, was willing to compromise on this point, but talks between the two parties failed. He put forth proposals that he hoped might satisfy a broad range of Muslims and reunite the League, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. These became known as his [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah|Fourteen Points]]. He could not secure adoption of the Fourteen Points, as the League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to gain a vote instead dissolved into chaotic argument.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=96–105}}

After Baldwin was defeated at the [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929 British parliamentary election]], [[Ramsay MacDonald]] of the [[Labour Party (United Kingdom)|Labour Party]] became prime minister. MacDonald desired a conference of Indian and British leaders in London to discuss India's future, a course of action supported by Jinnah. Three [[Round Table Conferences]] followed over as many years, none of which resulted in a settlement. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences, but was not invited to the last.{{sfn|Singh|p=170}} He remained in Britain for most of the period 1930 through 1934, practising as a barrister before the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]], where he dealt with a number of India-related cases. His biographers disagree over why he remained so long in Britain—Wolpert asserts that had Jinnah been made a [[Law Lord]], he would have stayed for life, and that Jinnah alternatively sought a parliamentary seat.{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=99–100}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=119–130}} Early biographer [[Hector Bolitho]] denied that Jinnah sought to enter the British Parliament,{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=99–100}} while Jaswant Singh deems Jinnah's time in Britain as a break or sabbatical from the Indian struggle.{{sfn|Singh|p=172}} Bolitho called this period "Jinnah's years of order and contemplation, wedged in between the time of early struggle, and the final storm of conquest".{{sfn|Bolitho|p=102}}

In 1931, [[Fatima Jinnah]] joined her brother in England. From then on, Muhammad Ali Jinnah would receive personal care and support from her as he aged and began to suffer from the lung ailments which would eventually kill him. She lived and travelled with him, and became a close advisor. Muhammad Jinnah's daughter, Dina, was educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a [[Parsi]], [[Neville Wadia]] from a prominent business family. When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship was strained, and she did not come to Pakistan in his lifetime, but only for his funeral.{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=101–102}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=370–371}}

== Return to politics ==
The early 1930s saw a resurgence in Indian Muslim nationalism, which came to a head with the [[Pakistan Declaration]]. In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=9–13}} He remained titular president of the League,{{efn|Jinnah was permanent president of the League from 1919 to 1930, when the position was abolished. He was also sessional president in 1916, 1920, and from 1924 until his death in 1948. See {{harvnb|Jalal|p=36}}.}} but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=133}}

Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first [[prime minister of Pakistan]]. At Jinnah's request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah.{{sfn|Bolitho|pp=104–106}}{{sfn|Malik|p=130}} In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in [[Hampstead]] and closing his legal practice in Britain.{{sfn|Bolitho|p=106}}{{sfn|Wolpert|p=134}}

Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in October 1934.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=136}}{{Sfn|Talbot|1984}} The British Parliament's [[Government of India Act 1935]] gave considerable power to India's provinces, with a weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget. Full power remained in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree. The League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress was much better prepared for [[Indian Provincial Elections, 1937|the provincial elections in 1937]], and the League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority. It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in [[Delhi]], but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]. The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (N.W.F.P.), where the League won no seats despite the fact that almost all residents were Muslim.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=15–34}}

[[File:Muslim League Working Committee, Lucknow Session (Photo 429-4).jpg|thumb|right|Jinnah (front, left) with the Working Committee of the Muslim League after a meeting in Lucknow, October 1937]]
According to [[Jaswant Singh]], "the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah".{{sfn|Singh|p=188}} Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with the issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting.{{sfn|Singh|p=188}}{{sfn|Jalal|p=35}} Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, "when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near-total political powerlessness. It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if the Congress did not win a single Muslim seat ... as long as it won an absolute majority in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own ..."{{sfn|Singh|p=198}}

In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and [[Punjab (British India)|Punjabi]] provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi ("the centre"). He worked to expand the League, reducing the cost of membership to two [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] ({{frac|1|8}} of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=39–41}} By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members.{{sfn|Moore|p=548}}

== Struggle for Pakistan ==
{{Main|Pakistan Movement}}

=== Background to independence ===
[[File:All India Muslim League, 26th Session at Patna, December 1938 (Photo 429-5).jpg|thumb|right|Jinnah addresses the Muslim League session at Patna, 1938]]
Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the [[British Raj]] expected, upon independence, to be part of a unitary state encompassing all of [[British India]], as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government.{{sfn|Moore|p=532}} Despite this, other nationalist proposals were being made. In a [[Allahabad Address|speech given at Allahabad]] to a League session in 1930, Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] called for a state for Muslims in British India. [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]] published [[Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?|a pamphlet]] in 1933 advocating a state "Pakistan" in the [[Indus Valley]], with other names given to Muslim-majority areas elsewhere in India.{{sfn|Malik|p=121}} Jinnah and Iqbal corresponded in 1936 and 1937; in subsequent years, Jinnah credited Iqbal as his mentor and used Iqbal's imagery and rhetoric in his speeches.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=80}}

Although many leaders of the Congress sought a strong central government for an Indian state, some Muslim politicians, including Jinnah, were unwilling to accept this without powerful protections for their community.{{sfn|Moore|p=532}} Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]) believed that an independent India should enact laws such as banning the slaughter of cows and making [[Hindi]] a national language. The failure of the Congress leadership to disavow Hindu [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalists]] worried Congress-supporting Muslims. Nevertheless, the Congress enjoyed considerable Muslim support up to about 1937.{{sfn|Hibbard|pp=121–124}}

Events which separated the communities included the failed attempt to form a coalition government including the Congress and the League in the United Provinces following the 1937 election.{{sfn|Hibbard|p=124}} According to historian Ian Talbot, "The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect their Muslim populations' cultural and religious sensibilities. The Muslim League's claims that it alone could safeguard Muslim interests thus received a major boost. Significantly it was only after this period of Congress rule that it [the League] took up the demand for a Pakistan state ..."{{Sfn|Talbot|1984}}

[[Balraj Puri]] in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in "sheer desperation".{{sfn|Puri|p=35}} Historian [[Akbar S. Ahmed]] suggests that Jinnah abandoned hope of reconciliation with the Congress as he "rediscover[ed] his own Islamic roots, his own sense of identity, of culture and history, which would come increasingly to the fore in the final years of his life".{{sfn|Ahmed|p=26}} Jinnah also increasingly adopted Muslim dress in the late 1930s.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=8}} In the wake of the 1937 balloting, Jinnah demanded that the question of power sharing be settled on an all-India basis, and that he, as president of the League, be accepted as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community.{{sfn|Singh|p=200}}

=== Iqbal's influence on Jinnah ===
{{quote box
| align = right
| width = 24em
| salign = right
| quote = There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defence of our national existence.... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims.
| source = [[Muhammad Iqbal]], 1938{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=2}}
}}
[[File:Jinnah with Iqbal.jpg|thumb|Jinnah seated with Iqbal during a dinner reception amidst the Round Table Conference in London]]

The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as "significant", "powerful" and even "unquestionable" by scholars.{{Sfn|Khan|2010|p=151}}{{Sfn|Kenworthy|1968|p=230}}{{Sfn|Karim|2010|p=25}} Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London and re-enter the politics of India.{{Sfn|Ziring|1980|p=67}}{{Sfn|Aziz|2001|p=98}}{{Sfn|Singh|1997|p=153}}{{Sfn|Singh|Mishra|2010|p=342}} Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to [[Akbar S. Ahmed]], this began to change during Iqbal's final years prior to his death in 1938. Iqbal gradually succeeded in converting Jinnah over to his view, who eventually accepted Iqbal as his mentor. Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal's letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal's view: that Indian Muslims required a separate homeland.{{sfn|Ahmed|pp=62–73}}

Iqbal's influence also gave Jinnah a deeper appreciation for Muslim identity.{{Sfn|Kazimi|2005|p=114}} The evidence of this influence began to be revealed from 1937 onwards. Jinnah not only began to echo Iqbal in his speeches, he started using Islamic symbolism and began directing his addresses to the underprivileged. Ahmed noted a change in Jinnah's words: while he still advocated freedom of religion and protection of the minorities, the model he was now aspiring to was that of the Prophet Muhammad, rather than that of a secular politician. Ahmed further avers that those scholars who have painted the later Jinnah as secular have misread his speeches which, he argues, must be read in the context of Islamic history and culture. Accordingly, Jinnah's imagery of the Pakistan began to become clear that it was to have an Islamic nature. This change has been seen to last for the rest of Jinnah's life. He continued to borrow ideas "directly from Iqbal—including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers".{{Sfn|Karim|2010|p=26}}{{Sfn|Khan|2010|p=151}}

In a speech in 1940, two years after the death of Iqbal, Jinnah expressed his preference for implementing Iqbal's vision for an Islamic Pakistan even if it meant he himself would never lead a nation. Jinnah stated, "If I live to see the ideal of a Muslim state being achieved in India, and I was then offered to make a choice between the works of Iqbal and the rulership of the Muslim state, I would prefer the former."{{Sfn|Khan|2010|p=152}}

=== Second World War and Lahore Resolution ===
{{Main|Lahore Resolution}}

[[File:Muslim League leaders after a dinner party, 1940 (Photo 429-6).jpg|thumb|right|The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.]]

On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] announced the commencement of war with [[Nazi Germany]].{{sfn|Bolitho|p=123}} The following day, the Viceroy, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], without consulting Indian political leaders, announced that India had entered the war along with Britain. There were widespread protests in India. After meeting with Jinnah and with Gandhi, Linlithgow announced that negotiations on self-government were suspended for the duration of the war.{{sfn|Singh|p=223}} The Congress on 14 September demanded immediate independence with a constituent assembly to decide a constitution; when this was refused, its eight provincial governments resigned on 10 November and governors in those provinces thereafter ruled by decree for the remainder of the war. Jinnah, on the other hand, was more willing to accommodate the British, and they in turn increasingly recognised him and the League as the representatives of India's Muslims.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=47–49}} Jinnah later stated, "after the war began, ... I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi."{{sfn|Singh|pp=225–226}} Although the League did not actively support the British war effort, neither did they try to obstruct it.{{sfn|Singh|p=225}}

[[File:Jinnah and Gandhi.jpg|thumb|left|Jinnah and Gandhi arguing after a meeting between them in Delhi, November 1939]]

With the British and Muslims to some extent co-operating, the Viceroy asked Jinnah for an expression of the Muslim League's position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. To come up with such a position, the League's Working Committee met for four days in February 1940 to set out terms of reference to a constitutional sub-committee. The Working Committee asked that the sub-committee return with a proposal that would result in "independent dominions in direct relationship with Great Britain" where Muslims were dominant.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=51–55}} On 6 February, Jinnah informed the Viceroy that the Muslim League would be demanding partition instead of the federation contemplated in the 1935 Act. The [[Lahore Resolution]] (sometimes called the "Pakistan Resolution", although it does not contain that name), based on the sub-committee's work, embraced the [[two-nation theory]] and called for a union of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest of British India, with complete autonomy. Similar rights were to be granted to the Muslim-majority areas in the east, and unspecified protections given to Muslim minorities in other provinces. The resolution was passed by the League session in [[Lahore]] on 23 March 1940.{{sfn|Singh|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Jalal|pp=54–58}}

[[File:Jinnah addresses the delegates to the Moslem Political Convention held in New Delhi during 1943 (Photo 429-8).jpg|thumb|left|Jinnah makes a speech in New Delhi, 1943]]

Gandhi's reaction to the Lahore Resolution was muted; he called it "baffling", but told his disciples that Muslims, in common with other people of India, had the right to self-determination. Leaders of the Congress were more vocal; [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] referred to Lahore as "Jinnah's fantastic proposals" while [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] deemed Jinnah's views on partition "a sign of a diseased mentality".{{sfn|Wolpert|p=185}} Linlithgow met with Jinnah in June 1940,{{sfn|Wolpert|p=189}} soon after [[Winston Churchill]] became the British prime minister, and in August offered both the Congress and the League a deal whereby in exchange for full support for the war, Linlithgow would allow Indian representation on his major war councils. The Viceroy promised a representative body after the war to determine India's future, and that no future settlement would be imposed over the objections of a large part of the population. This was satisfactory to neither the Congress nor the League, though Jinnah was pleased that the British had moved towards recognising Jinnah as the representative of the Muslim community's interests.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=62–63}} Jinnah was reluctant to make specific proposals as to the boundaries of Pakistan, or its relationships with Britain and with the rest of the subcontinent, fearing that any precise plan would divide the League.{{sfn|Moore|p=551}}

[[File:Photograph of Jinnah with Gandhi in 1944 (Photo 429-17).jpg|thumb|right|Jinnah with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in Bombay, September 1944]]The Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in December 1941 brought the United States into the war. In the following months, the Japanese advanced in Southeast Asia, and the British Cabinet sent [[Cripps' mission|a mission]] led by Sir [[Stafford Cripps]] to try to conciliate the Indians and cause them to fully back the war. Cripps proposed giving some provinces what was dubbed the "local option" to remain outside of an Indian central government either for a period of time or permanently, to become dominions on their own or be part of another confederation. The Muslim League was far from certain of winning the legislative votes that would be required for mixed provinces such as Bengal and Punjab to secede, and Jinnah rejected the proposals as not sufficiently recognising Pakistan's right to exist. The Congress also rejected the Cripps plan, demanding immediate concessions which Cripps was not prepared to give.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=71–81}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=196–201}} Despite the rejection, Jinnah and the League saw the Cripps proposal as recognising Pakistan in principle.{{sfn|Moore|p=553}}
The Congress followed the failed Cripps mission by demanding, in August 1942, that the British immediately "[[Quit India]]", proclaiming a mass campaign of ''satyagraha'' until they did. The British promptly arrested most major leaders of the Congress and imprisoned them for the remainder of the war. Gandhi, however, was placed on house arrest in one of the Aga Khan's palaces prior to his release for health reasons in 1944. With the Congress leaders absent from the political scene, Jinnah warned against the threat of Hindu domination and maintained his Pakistan demand without going into great detail about what that would entail. Jinnah also worked to increase the League's political control at the provincial level.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=82–84}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=208, 229}}
He helped to found the newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' in the early 1940s in Delhi; it helped to spread the League's message and eventually became the major English-language newspaper of Pakistan.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=107}} He also started living in Delhi on [[Aurangzeb Road]] (now Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Road), near [[Birla House]] where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] stayed and Jinnah was neighbours with the wealthiest man in Delhi at the time, [[Sir Sobha Singh]].{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=316}} His house is now the Embassy of Netherlands in India and is known as Jinnah House by most.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidhi Dalmia {{!}} Jinnah House |url=https://gunnidhidalmia.com/jinnah-house/ |access-date=25 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 1944, Jinnah hosted Gandhi, recently released from confinement, at his home on [[Malabar Hill]] in Bombay. Two weeks of talks between them followed, which resulted in no agreement. Jinnah insisted on Pakistan being conceded prior to the British departure and to come into being immediately, while Gandhi proposed that plebiscites on partition occur sometime after a united India gained its independence.{{sfn|Singh|pp=266–280}} In early 1945, Liaquat and the Congress leader [[Bhulabhai Desai]] met, with Jinnah's approval, and agreed that after the war, the Congress and the League should form an interim government with the members of the Executive Council of the Viceroy to be nominated by the Congress and the League in equal numbers. When the Congress leadership were released from prison in June 1945, they repudiated the agreement and censured Desai for acting without proper authority.{{sfn|Singh|pp=280–283}}

=== Postwar ===
[[File:Nehrujinnah.jpg|thumb|right|Nehru (left) and Jinnah walk together at Simla, 1946]]

[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Field Marshal Viscount Wavell]] succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy in 1943. In June 1945, following the release of the Congress leaders, Wavell called for [[Simla Conference|a conference]], and invited the leading figures from the various communities to meet with him at [[Simla]]. He proposed a temporary government along the lines which Liaquat and Desai had agreed. However, Wavell was unwilling to guarantee that only the League's candidates would be placed in the seats reserved for Muslims. All other invited groups submitted lists of candidates to the Viceroy. Wavell cut the conference short in mid-July without further seeking an agreement; with a [[1945 United Kingdom general election|British general election]] imminent, Churchill's government did not feel it could proceed.{{sfn|Singh|pp=289–297}}

British voters returned [[Clement Attlee]] and his Labour Party [[Attlee ministry|to government]] later in July. Attlee and his Secretary of State for India, Lord [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence]], immediately ordered a review of the Indian situation.{{sfn|Jalal|p=132}} Jinnah had no comment on the change of government, but called a meeting of his Working Committee and issued a statement calling for new elections in India. The League held influence at the provincial level in the Muslim-majority states mostly by alliance, and Jinnah believed that, given the opportunity, the League would improve its electoral standing and lend added support to his claim to be the sole spokesman for the Muslims. Wavell returned to India in September after consultation with his new masters in London; elections, both for the centre and for the provinces, were announced soon after. The British indicated that formation of a constitution-making body would follow the votes.{{sfn|Singh|pp=301–302}}

[[File:Muslim League leaders.jpg|thumb|Jinnah with Muslim League leaders in the corridor of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in [[New Delhi]] in 1946.]]

The Muslim League declared that they would campaign on a single issue: Pakistan.{{sfn|Singh|p=302}} Speaking in [[Ahmedabad]], Jinnah echoed this, "Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us."{{sfn|Wolpert|p=251}} In the [[1945 Indian general election|December 1945 elections]] for the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], the League won every seat reserved for Muslims. In the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|provincial elections]] in January 1946, the League took 75% of the Muslim vote, an increase from 4.4% in 1937.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=171–172}} According to his biographer Bolitho, "This was Jinnah's glorious hour: his arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified."{{sfn|Bolitho|p=158}} Wolpert wrote that the League election showing "appeared to prove the universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent".{{sfn|Wolpert|p=254}} The Congress dominated the central assembly nevertheless, though it lost four seats from its previous strength.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=254}}

[[File:Jinnah with Stafford Cripps and Lord Pethick Lawrence.jpg|thumb|right|Jinnah with [[Stafford Cripps]] (right) and [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence|Pethick-Lawrence]] (left)]]

In February 1946, the British Cabinet resolved to send a delegation to India to negotiate with leaders there. This [[Cabinet Mission]] included Cripps and Pethick-Lawrence. The highest-level delegation to try to break the deadlock, it arrived in New Delhi in late March. Little negotiation had been done since the previous October because of the elections in India.{{sfn|Singh|pp=302, 303–308}} The British in May released a plan for a united Indian state comprising substantially autonomous provinces, and called for "groups" of provinces formed on the basis of religion. Matters such as defence, external relations and communications would be handled by a central authority. Provinces would have the option of leaving the union entirely, and there would be an interim government with representation from the Congress and the League. Jinnah and his Working Committee accepted this plan in June, but it fell apart over the question of how many members of the interim government the Congress and the League would have, and over the Congress's desire to include a Muslim member in its representation. Before leaving India, the British ministers stated that they intended to inaugurate an interim government even if one of the major groups was unwilling to participate.{{sfn|Singh|pp=308–322}}

The Congress soon joined the new Indian ministry. The League was slower to do so, not entering until October 1946. In agreeing to have the League join the government, Jinnah abandoned his demands for parity with the Congress and a veto on matters concerning Muslims. The new ministry met amid a backdrop of rioting, especially [[Direct Action Day|in Calcutta]].{{sfn|Jalal|pp=221–225}} The Congress wanted the Viceroy to immediately summon the constituent assembly and begin the work of writing a constitution and felt that the League ministers should either join in the request or resign from the government. Wavell attempted to save the situation by flying leaders such as Jinnah, Liaquat, and Jawaharlal Nehru to London in December 1946. At the end of the talks, participants issued a statement that the constitution would not be forced on any unwilling parts of India.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=229–231}} On the way back from London, Jinnah and Liaquat stopped in Cairo for several days of pan-Islamic meetings.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=305}}

The Congress endorsed the joint statement from the London conference over the angry dissent from some elements. The League refused to do so, and took no part in the constitutional discussions.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=229–231}} Jinnah had been willing to consider some continued links to Hindustan (as the Hindu-majority state which would be formed on partition was sometimes referred to), such as a joint military or communications. However, by December 1946, he insisted on a fully sovereign Pakistan with dominion status.{{sfn|Moore|p=557}}

Following the failure of the London trip, Jinnah was in no hurry to reach an agreement, considering that time would allow him to gain the undivided provinces of Bengal and Punjab for Pakistan, but these wealthy, populous provinces had sizeable non-Muslim minorities, complicating a settlement.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=246–256}} The [[Attlee ministry]] desired a rapid British departure from the subcontinent, but had little confidence in Wavell to achieve that end. Beginning in December 1946, British officials began looking for a viceregal successor to Wavell, and soon fixed on [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Admiral Lord Mountbatten of Burma]], a war leader popular among Conservatives as the great-grandson of [[Queen Victoria]] and among Labour for his political views.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=305}}

=== Mountbatten and independence ===
[[File:Mountbatten Jinnah.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] and his wife [[Edwina Mountbatten]] with Jinnah in 1947]]
{{Main|Partition of India|Pakistan Movement}}

On 20 February 1947, Attlee announced Mountbatten's appointment, and that Britain would transfer power in India not later than June 1948.{{sfn|Jalal|p=237}} Mountbatten took office as Viceroy on 24 March 1947, two days after his arrival in India.{{sfn|Khan|p=87}} By then, the Congress had come around to the idea of partition. Nehru stated in 1960, "the truth is that we were tired men and we were getting on in years ... The plan for partition offered a way out and we took it."{{sfn|Khan|pp=85–87}} Leaders of the Congress decided that having loosely tied Muslim-majority provinces as part of a future India was not worth the loss of the powerful government at the centre which they desired.{{sfn|Khan|pp=85–86}} However, the Congress insisted that if Pakistan were to become independent, Bengal and Punjab would have to be divided.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=312}}

Mountbatten had been warned in his briefing papers that Jinnah would be his "toughest customer" who had proved a chronic nuisance because "no one in this country [India] had so far gotten into Jinnah's mind".{{sfn|Jalal|p=250}} The men met over six days beginning on 5 April. The sessions began lightly when Jinnah, photographed between Louis and [[Edwina Mountbatten]], quipped "A rose between two thorns" which the Viceroy took, perhaps gratuitously, as evidence that the Muslim leader had pre-planned his joke but had expected the vicereine to stand in the middle.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=317}} Mountbatten was not favourably impressed with Jinnah, repeatedly expressing frustration to his staff about Jinnah's insistence on Pakistan in the face of all argument.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=318–319}}

[[File:Lord Mountbatten meets Nehru, Jinnah and other Leaders to plan Partition of India.jpg|thumb|Mountbatten meets Jinnah, Nehru and other leaders to plan the [[Partition of India]]]]

Jinnah feared that at the end of the British presence in the subcontinent, they would turn control over to the Congress-dominated constituent assembly, putting Muslims at a disadvantage in attempting to win autonomy. He demanded that Mountbatten divide [[British Indian Army|the army]] prior to independence, which would take at least a year. Mountbatten had hoped that the post-independence arrangements would include a common defence force, but Jinnah saw it as essential that a sovereign state should have its own forces. Mountbatten met with Liaquat the day of his final session with Jinnah, and concluded, as he told Attlee and the Cabinet in May, that "it had become clear that the Muslim League would resort to arms if Pakistan in some form were not conceded."{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=319–325}}{{sfn|Jalal|pp=249–259}} The Viceroy was also influenced by negative Muslim reaction to the constitutional report of the assembly, which envisioned broad powers for the post-independence central government.{{sfn|Jalal|pp=261–262}}

On 2 June 1947, the final plan was given by the Viceroy to Indian leaders: on 15 August, the British would turn over power to two dominions. The provinces would vote on whether to continue in the existing constituent assembly or to have a new one, that is, to join Pakistan. Bengal and Punjab would also vote, both on the question of which assembly to join, and on the partition. A boundary commission would determine the final lines in the partitioned provinces. Plebiscites would take place in the North-West Frontier Province (which did not have a League government despite an overwhelmingly Muslim population), and in the majority-Muslim [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] of [[Assam Province|Assam]], adjacent to eastern Bengal. On 3 June, Mountbatten, Nehru, Jinnah and [[Sikh]] leader [[Baldev Singh]] made the formal announcement by radio.{{sfn|Khan|pp=2–4}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=327–329}}{{sfn|Jalal|pp=287–290}} Jinnah concluded his address with "{{Transliteration|ur|[[Pakistan Zindabad]]}}" (Long live Pakistan), which was not in the script.{{sfn|Bolitho|p=187}}
Some listeners misunderstood his Urdu as "Pakistan's in the bag!".{{Sfn|Campbell-Johnson|1951|p=125}}
In the weeks which followed Punjab and Bengal cast the votes which resulted in partition. Sylhet and the N.W.F.P. voted to cast their lots with Pakistan, a decision joined by the assemblies in [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind]] and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]].{{sfn|Jalal|pp=287–290}}
[[File:Jinnah announces the creation of Pakistan over All India Radio.jpg|thumb|left|Jinnah announcing the creation of Pakistan over [[All India Radio]] on 3 June 1947]]

On 4 July 1947, Liaquat asked Mountbatten on Jinnah's behalf to recommend to the British king, [[George VI]], that Jinnah be appointed Pakistan's first governor-general. This request angered Mountbatten, who had hoped to have that position in both dominions—he would be India's first post-independence governor-general—but Jinnah felt that Mountbatten would be likely to favour the new Hindu-majority state because of his closeness to Nehru. In addition, the governor-general would initially be a powerful figure, and Jinnah did not trust anyone else to take that office. Although the Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Sir [[Cyril Radcliffe]], had not yet reported, there were already massive movements of populations between the nations-to-be, as well as sectarian violence. Jinnah arranged to sell his house in Bombay and procured a new one in Karachi. On 7 August, Jinnah, with his sister and close staff, flew from Delhi to Karachi in Mountbatten's plane, and as the plane taxied, he was heard to murmur, "That's the end of that."{{sfn|Singh|pp=393–396}}{{sfn|Jalal|pp=290–293}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=333–336}} On 11 August, he presided over the new [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|constituent assembly]] for Pakistan at Karachi, and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah's 11 August Speech|addressed]] them, "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan ... You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State ... I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State."{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=337–339}} On 14 August, Pakistan became independent; Jinnah led the celebrations in Karachi. One observer wrote, "here indeed is Pakistan's King Emperor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Speaker and Prime Minister concentrated into one formidable ''Quaid-e-Azam''."{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=341–342}}

== Governor-General of Pakistan ==
[[File:Muhammad Ali Jinnah sitting on the Chair of Governer General wearing a Sherwani.jpg|thumb|Jinnah during the oath taking ceremony as Governor General]]
The [[Radcliffe Commission]], dividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the [[Radcliffe Line]] dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and [[ethnic cleansing]]. Many on the "wrong side" of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission's verdict. Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work.{{sfn|Khan|pp=124–127}} Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe's private secretary, later wrote that Mountbatten "must take the blame—though not the sole blame—for the massacres in the Punjab in which between 500,000 to a million men, women and children perished".{{Sfn|Lawson|2007}} Jinnah did what he could for the eight million people who migrated to Pakistan; although by now over 70 and frail from lung ailments, he travelled across [[West Pakistan]] and personally supervised the provision of aid.{{sfn|Malik|p=131}} According to Ahmed, "What Pakistan needed desperately in those early months was a symbol of the state, one that would unify people and give them the courage and resolve to succeed."{{sfn|Ahmed|p=145}}

[[File:Jinnah speaking on 14 August 1947.jpg|thumb|Jinnah speaking at the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] on 14 August 1947]]

Among the restive regions of the new nation was the [[North-West Frontier Province]]. The referendum there in July 1947 had been tainted by low turnout as less than 10 per cent of the population were allowed to vote.{{Sfn|Roberts|2003|pp=108–109}} On 22 August 1947, just after a week of becoming governor general, Jinnah dissolved the elected government of [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lubpak.com/archives/222082|title=This too was Pakistan (1947–71): A response to Nadeem Paracha's "Also Pakistan"|date=29 July 2012|access-date=28 October 2017|first=Abdul|last=Nishapuri|work=Let Us Build Pakistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414074638/https://lubpak.com/archives/222082|archive-date=14 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later on, [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] was put in place by Jinnah in the [[Pashtun]]-dominated province despite him being a Kashmiri.{{Sfn|Korejo|1993}} On 12 August 1948, the [[Babrra massacre]] in [[Charsadda]] occurred, resulting in the death of 400 people aligned with the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] movement.{{Sfn|Navid|2013}}

Along with Liaquat and [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]], Jinnah represented Pakistan's interests in the Division Council to appropriately divide public assets between India and Pakistan.{{sfn|RGandhi|p=416}} Pakistan was supposed to receive one-sixth of the assets of the government before independence, carefully divided by agreement, even specifying how many sheets of paper each side would receive. The new Indian state, however, was slow to deliver, hoping for the collapse of the nascent [[Liaquat Ali Khan government|Pakistani government]], and reunion. Few members of the [[Indian Civil Service]] and the [[Indian Police Service]] had chosen Pakistan, resulting in staff shortages. Partition meant that for some farmers, the markets to sell their crops were on the other side of an international border. There were shortages of machinery, not all of which was made in Pakistan. In addition to the massive refugee problem, the new government sought to save abandoned crops, establish security in a chaotic situation, and provide basic services. According to economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin in her study of Pakistan, "although Pakistan was born in bloodshed and turmoil, it survived in the initial and difficult months after partition only because of the tremendous sacrifices made by its people and the selfless efforts of its great leader."{{sfn|Mohiuddin|pp=78–79}}

The [[princely states of India]] were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India. Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations.{{sfn|Malik|pp=131–132}} Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah's attempts to convince the princes of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]], [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] and [[Indore State|Indore]] to accede to Pakistan—the latter three princely states did not border Pakistan. Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler.{{sfn|RGandhi|pp=407–408}} The coastal princely state of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]], which had a majority Hindu population, did accede to Pakistan in September 1947, with its ruler's ''[[dewan]]'', Sir [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]], personally delivering the accession papers to Jinnah. But two of three vassal states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh—[[Mangrol, Gujarat|Mangrol]] and [[Babariawad]]—declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India. In response, the [[Nawab of Junagarh]] militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the [[Indian Army]] occupied the principality in November,{{Sfn|Lumby|1954|pp=237–238}} forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically influential [[Bhutto family]].{{sfn|Wolpert|p=347}}
[[File:Jinnah lands at Lahore airport.png|thumb|Jinnah, accompanied by his sister [[Fatima Jinnah]], arrived in Lahore in 1948 to discuss the Kashmir crisis]]
The most contentious of the disputes was, and continues to be, that over the [[princely state of Kashmir]]. It had a Muslim-majority population and a Hindu [[maharaja]], Sir [[Hari Singh]], who stalled his decision on which nation to join. With the [[1947 Poonch rebellion|population in revolt]] in October 1947, aided by Pakistani irregulars, the maharaja [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|acceded to India]]; Indian troops were airlifted in. Jinnah objected to this action, and ordered that Pakistani troops move into Kashmir. The [[Pakistani Army]] was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir [[Douglas Gracey]], refused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah withdrew the order. This did not stop the violence there, which broke into the [[First India–Pakistan War|First Kashmir War]].{{sfn|Malik|pp=131–132}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=347–351}}

Some historians allege that Jinnah's courting the rulers of Hindu-majority states and his gambit with Junagadh are evidence of ill-intent towards India, as Jinnah had promoted separation by religion, yet tried to gain the accession of Hindu-majority states.{{sfn|RGandhi|p=435}} In his book ''Patel: A Life'', [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] asserts that Jinnah hoped for a plebiscite in Junagadh, knowing Pakistan would lose, in the hope the principle would be established for Kashmir.{{sfn|RGandhi|pp=435–436}} However, when Mountbatten proposed to Jinnah that, in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority population (which would have included Junagadh, [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and Kashmir), the accession should be decided by an 'impartial reference to the will of the people', Jinnah rejected the offer.{{Sfn|Noorani|2014|pp=13–14}}{{Sfn|Raghavan|2010|p=111}}

In February 1948, in a radio talk broadcast addressed to the people of the US,{{sfn|Adamec|2016}} Jinnah expressed his views regarding Pakistan's constitution to be in the following way:

{{blockquote|The Constitution of Pakistan is yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly, I do not know what the ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam. Today these are as applicable in actual life as these were 1300 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fair play to everybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan.|}}
In March, Jinnah, despite his declining health, made his only post-independence visit to [[East Bengal]], the eastern wing of Pakistan. In a speech before a crowd estimated at 300,000, Jinnah stated (in English) that [[Urdu]] alone should be the national language, believing a single language was needed for a nation to remain united. The Bengali-speaking people of East Pakistan [[Bengali language movement|strongly opposed]] this policy, and in 1971, the official language issue was one of several factors in the secession of the region to form [[Bangladesh]].{{sfn|Wolpert|p=359}}

== Illness and death ==
{{further|Death and state funeral of Muhammad Ali Jinnah}}[[File:Quaid-e-Azam_Jinnah.jpg|thumb|Jinnah smoking a cigarette]]
From the 1930s, Jinnah suffered from [[tuberculosis]]; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. Jinnah believed public knowledge of his lung ailments would hurt him politically. In a 1938 letter, he wrote to a supporter that "you must have read in the papers how during my tours ... I suffered, which was not because there was anything wrong with me, but the irregularities [of the schedule] and over-strain told upon my health".{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=158–159, 343}}{{sfn|Ahmed|p=9}} Many years later, Mountbatten stated that if he had known Jinnah was so physically ill, he would have stalled, hoping Jinnah's death would avert partition.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=10}} Fatima Jinnah later wrote, "even in his hour of triumph, the ''Quaid-e-Azam'' was gravely ill ... He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. And, of course, he totally neglected his health ..."{{sfn|Wolpert|p=343}} Jinnah was a heavy smoker who worked with a tin of [[Craven A|Craven "A"]] cigarettes at his desk, of which he had smoked 50 or more a day for the previous 30 years, as well as a box of Cuban cigars. As his health got worse, he took longer and longer rest breaks in the private wing of [[Governor's House (Karachi)|Government House]] in Karachi, where only he, Fatima and the servants were allowed.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=343, 367}} In June 1948, he and Fatima flew to [[Quetta]], in the mountains of Balochistan, where the weather was cooler than in Karachi. He could not completely rest there, addressing the officers at the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] saying, "you, along with the other Forces of Pakistan, are the custodians of the life, property and honour of the people of Pakistan."{{sfn|Wolpert|p=361}} He returned to Karachi for the 1 July opening ceremony for the [[State Bank of Pakistan]], at which he spoke. A reception by the Canadian trade commissioner that evening in honour of Canada's [[Canada Day|Dominion Day]] was the last public event he attended.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=361–362}}
[[File:Quaid_e_Azam_Residency,_Ziarat,Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Jinnah spent many of the last days of his life at [[Quaid-e-Azam Residency]], [[Ziarat]], Pakistan.]]
On 6 July 1948, Jinnah returned to Quetta, but at the advice of doctors, soon journeyed to [[Quaid-e-Azam Residency|an even higher retreat]] at [[Ziarat]]. Jinnah had always been reluctant to undergo medical treatment but realising his condition was getting worse, the Pakistani government sent the best doctors it could find to treat him. Tests confirmed tuberculosis, and also showed evidence of advanced lung cancer. He was treated with the new "miracle drug" of [[streptomycin]], but it did not help. Jinnah's condition continued to deteriorate despite the [[Eid prayer]]s of his people. He was moved to the lower altitude of Quetta on 13 August, the eve of [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Independence Day]], for which a ghost-written statement for him was released. Despite an increase in appetite (he then weighed just over {{convert|36|kg|lb|abbr=off|disp=or}}), it was clear to his doctors that if he was to return to Karachi in life, he would have to do so very soon. Jinnah, however, was reluctant to go, not wishing his aides to see him as an invalid on a stretcher.{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=366–368}} By 9 September, Jinnah had also developed [[pneumonia]]. Doctors urged him to return to Karachi, where he could receive better care, and with his agreement, he was flown there on the morning of 11 September. Dr Ilahi Bux, his personal physician, believed that Jinnah's change of mind was caused by foreknowledge of death. The plane landed at Karachi that afternoon, to be met by Jinnah's limousine, and an ambulance into which Jinnah's stretcher was placed. The ambulance broke down on the road into town, and the Governor-General and those with him waited for another to arrive; he could not be placed in the car as he could not sit up. They waited by the roadside in oppressive heat as trucks and buses passed by, unsuitable for transporting the dying man and with their occupants not knowing of Jinnah's presence. After an hour, the replacement ambulance came, and transported Jinnah to Government House, arriving there over two hours after the landing. Jinnah died later that night at 10:20 pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September 1948 at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan's creation.{{sfn|Singh|pp=402–405}}{{sfn|Wolpert|pp=369–370}}
[[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bidstond_in_de_Kwitang_moskee_te_Jakarta_naar_aanleiding_van_het_overlijden_van_Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_de_eerste_gouverneur_van_Pakistan_(14_september_1948)_TMnr_10001269.jpg|right|thumb|210x210px|Special services and prayers were held in the Kwitang mosque of [[Jakarta]] ([[Indonesia]]) after the death of Jinnah.]]
Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] stated upon Jinnah's death, "How shall we judge him? I have been very angry with him often during the past years. But now there is no bitterness in my thought of him, only a great sadness for all that has been ... he succeeded in his quest and gained his objective, but at what a cost and with what a difference from what he had imagined."{{sfn|Singh|p=407}}
[[File:Tomb_Jinnah.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Mazar-e-Quaid|Tomb of Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in Karachi]]
Jinnah was buried on 12 September 1948 amid official mourning in both India and Pakistan; a million people gathered for his funeral led by [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]].{{sfn|''Dawn''|2017}} Indian Governor-General Rajagopalachari cancelled an official reception that day in Jinnah's honour. Today, Jinnah rests in a large marble mausoleum, [[Mazar-e-Quaid]], in Karachi.{{sfn|Singh|pp=406–407}}{{sfn|Wolpert|p=370}}{{sfn|Ahmed|p=205}}

=== Aftermath ===
After Jinnah died, his sister Fatima asked the court to execute Jinnah's will under [[Shia]] Islamic law.{{Sfn|Ahmed|1998}} This subsequently became part of the argument in Pakistan about Jinnah's religious affiliation. [[Iranian-American]] academic [[Vali Nasr]] claimed that Jinnah "was an Ismaili by birth and a [[Twelver Shia]] by confession, though not a religiously observant man."{{Sfn|Nasr|2006|pp=88–90}} In a 1970 legal challenge, Hussain Ali Ganji Walji claimed Jinnah had converted to Sunni Islam. Witness Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada stated in court that Jinnah converted to Sunni Islam in 1901 when his sisters married Sunnis. In 1970, Liaquat Ali Khan and Fatima Jinnah's joint affidavit that Jinnah was Shia was rejected. But in 1976 the court rejected Walji's claim that Jinnah was Sunni; effectively implying that he was a Shia. In 1984 a high court bench reversed the 1976 verdict and maintained that "the ''Quaid'' was definitely not a Shia", which suggested that Jinnah was Sunni.{{Sfn|''United News of India''|1998}} According to the journalist Khaled Ahmed, Jinnah publicly had a non-sectarian stance and "was at pains to gather the Muslims of India under the banner of a general Muslim faith and not under a divisive sectarian identity." Liaquat H. Merchant, Jinnah's grandnephew, writes that "the Quaid was not a Shia; he was also not a Sunni, he was simply a Muslim".{{Sfn|Ahmed|1998}} An eminent lawyer who practised in the Bombay High Court until 1940 testified that Jinnah used to pray as an orthodox Sunni.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=195}} According to [[Akbar Ahmed]], Jinnah became a firm Sunni Muslim by the end of his life.{{Sfn|Ahmed||p=4}}

== Political philosophy ==
=== Economic views ===
[[File:Mohammad Ali Jinnah.jpg|thumb|During his time as a barrister in the United Kingdom, a young Jinnah was deeply inspired by welfare movements led by [[British Liberals|British liberals]] and [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialists]]<ref name=":2" />]]
Jinnah's efforts to ensure the protection of Muslim rights in India—and later the creation of a sovereign Muslim state in the [[Indian subcontinent]]—resulted in his promotion of [[economic nationalism]] for Indian Muslims amidst the [[Pakistan Movement]]. In 1944, Jinnah created the Muslim League's Planning Committee in Karachi to prepare a five-year programme for economic development—primarily concerning [[industrialisation]]—in the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Northwest provinces of British India]] that were expected to form the independent state of Pakistan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sharif al Mujahid |date=2001 |title=Economic Ideas of the Quaid-i-Azam |journal=The Pakistan Development Review |pages=1155–1165 |doi=10.30541/v40i4iipp.1155-1165 |issn=0030-9729|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the same year, he also formed the Federation of Muslim Chambers of Commerce to encourage greater Muslim entrepreneurship and involvement in trade and commerce in British India and abroad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zaidi |first=Zawwar Hussain |date=2001 |title=Economic Vision of the Quaid-i-Azam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41260383 |journal=The Pakistan Development Review |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1147–1154 |jstor=41260383 |issn=0030-9729}}</ref> Jinnah influenced several economic enterprises to strengthen Indian Muslim economic power in preparation for Pakistan's independence, including encouraging the [[Ispahani family|Ispahani]] purchase of the [[Shipping Corporation of India|Mogul Line Shipping Company]], the establishment of [[MCB Bank]], the founding of [[Orient Airways]], and other similar ventures. He also promoted the expansion of Muslim banking enterprises outside of British India, particularly in [[British Singapore|Singapore]].<ref name=":1" />

According to historian [[Sharif al Mujahid]], Jinnah negatively viewed the concept of [[capitalism]] as a "vicious" and "wicked" system that exploits the masses, which he would not permit as Pakistan's economic policy, instead favouring a system of [[Islamic economics]].<ref name=":0" /> During a public reception in [[Chittagong]] in 1948, Jinnah declared that Pakistan should be based on social justice and [[Islamic socialism]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Jinnah, Mahomed Ali, (25 Dec. 1876–11 Sept. 1948), Quaid-i-Azam; Governor-General of Pakistan since 1947; President of Pakistan Constituent Assembly since 1947 |date=1 December 2007 |work=Who Was Who |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u227451 |access-date=16 August 2025 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u227451 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, Jinnah did not possess a singular economic ideology, instead favouring a [[mixed economy]] which would include both private and public enterprise to facilitate industrialisation, and an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian system]] to provide equal opportunity. He suggested that only the [[Defense sector|defense]] and [[Communication|communications]] sectors should be public, with all other industries open to private enterprise.<ref name=":0" />

During the Muslim League's 1943 Delhi session, Jinnah referred to himself as a communist if [[communism]] simply referred to the disestablishment of class divisions and the eradication of poverty. However, he declared his rejection for [[Karl Marx]]'s communist philosophy and that he sought God's shelter from it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pirzada |first=Syed Sharifuddin |url=http://archive.org/details/foundations-of-pakistan-vol-ii-s.-s.-pirzada-1970 |title=Foundations Of Pakistan |date=1970 |volume=II |pages=486}}</ref> He regarded Western economic ideologies as incompatible with the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and Islamic economics as a middle ground in the conflict between capitalism and communism.<ref name=":0" />

=== Vision for a welfare state ===
Jinnah's vision for Pakistan was heavily inspired by the [[first Islamic state]] created by the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] in [[Medina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=APP |date=2018-12-24 |title=Iqbal, Jinnah envisioned state of Medina |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1874068/iqbal-jinnah-envisioned-state-medina |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Hector Bolitho]], Jinnah was also inspired by [[Liberalism in the United Kingdom|British liberalism]], particularly the [[nineteenth century]] reform movements by activists such as [[J. A. Hobson]] and [[R. H. Tawney]], alongside the [[Fabian Society]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bolitho |first=Hector |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMMfAAAAIAAJ |title=Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan |date=1964 |publisher=J. Murray |language=en}}</ref>

In 1937, Jinnah issued a socioeconomic manifesto for Muslims in British India during a session of the Muslim League, which suggested several reforms including the improvement of working hours in factories, the abolishment of [[usury]], the enforcement of [[prohibition]], and the removal of other "un-Islamic customs" in Muslim society.<ref name=":2" />

=== Religion and the state ===
[[File:The Founder with Maulana Zafar Ali Khan in Badshahi Mosque.png|thumb|Jinnah with [[Zafar Ali Khan|Maulana Zafar Ali Khan]] at the [[Badshahi Mosque]] in Lahore, 1940]]
Jinnah's position on whether Pakistan would be governed as a secular or an Islamic state remains a contested debate among historians and academics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=From the |date=2011-09-17 |title=Secular or Islamist? |url=https://www.dawn.com/2011/09/17/secular-or-islamist/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> According to author [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]], Jinnah repeatedly referred to Pakistan's constitutional framework as reliant on the "fundamentals" of the [[Quran]] and [[Sharia]] without any further elaboration. Hoodbhoy goes on to argue that Jinnah's ambiguity in regard to the topic is due to the political landscape on which the Pakistan Movement was built upon; Jinnah relied on support from [[Zamindar|zamindars]], [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]], and [[Mawlānā|maulanas]] to achieve a separate Muslim state, and any calls for a liberal and secular Pakistan would result in his dethronement as head of the movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoodbhoy |first=Pervez |date=2007 |title=Jinnah and the Islamic State: Setting the Record Straight |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419894 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=42 |issue=32 |pages=3300–3303 |jstor=4419894 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Pakistani historian [[Syed Nomanul Haq]] argues that the liberal argument of Jinnah favouring a secular state are not well-founded due to his Islamic-oriented policies after the independence of Pakistan such as his request for the creation of a new Islamic banking system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secular or theocratic? – DW – 12/26/2013 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/an-islamic-or-secular-pakistan/a-17325395 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

Jinnah's first address to the newly-created Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11 August 1947 declared that people of all religions were free to go to their places of worship, and that it was not the business of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-11 |title=The search for Jinnah's vision of Pakistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24034873 |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> He repeatedly rejected the notion that Pakistan would be a [[theocracy]], with his assertment that Pakistan would be a state of equal rights and opportunities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=2004 |title=Pakistan, Democracy, Islam and Secularism: A Phantasmagoria of Conflicting Muslim Aspirations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817914 |journal=Oriente Moderno |volume=23 (84) |issue=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.1163/22138617-08401002 |jstor=25817914 |issn=0030-5472}}</ref> Political scientist [[Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)|Ishtiaq Ahmed]] reasons that Jinnah's ambiguity regarding Pakistan's status as either an Islamic or secular state was because of his desire to lobby several groups with different interests. For instance, Jinnah won support from Shias, [[Christians]], and members of the [[Ahmadiyya]] through assurances that the Pakistani government would be neutral on sectarian matters and prevent persecution. However, he won support from members of the Sunni [[ulama]] because of their understanding that Pakistan would be a state based on Islamic laws, not a secular one.<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy and honours ==
{{See also|List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah|:Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali Jinnah}}
[[File:Muhammad Ali Jinnah with sister Fatima Jinnah.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Jinnah and his sister Fatima. Wax statues in the [[Lok Virsa Museum]] at the [[Pakistan Monument]], Islamabad.]]
[[File:Iconic 1946 Time Magazine Cover of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, April 22 Edition.webp|thumb|Iconic 1946 Time Magazine Cover of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, 22 April Edition]]

Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan. According to Mohiuddin, "He was and continues to be as highly honored in Pakistan as [first US president] [[George Washington]] is in the United States ... Pakistan owes its very existence to his drive, tenacity, and judgment ... Jinnah's importance in the creation of Pakistan was monumental and immeasurable."{{sfn|Mohiuddin|pp=74–75}} American historian [[Stanley Wolpert]], giving a speech in honour of Jinnah in 1998, deemed him Pakistan's greatest leader.<ref name="greatest" />

He is also seen as one of the greatest Muslim leaders of the 20th century, uniting the diverse Muslim population of the Indian subcontinent under his leadership and turning a vulnerable minority into a sovereign nation — legally, constitutionally and at a scale unmatched in Muslim political history.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Husain |first= Mahmud |title= Mohammed Ali Jinnah |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammed-Ali-Jinnah |encyclopedia= [[Britannica.com]] | quote = His leadership in creating a Muslim state through constitutional and political means places him among the most consequential Muslim political leaders of his era.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/166327/quaid-e-azam-leader-par-excellence/|title=Quaid-e-Azam — a leader par excellence|work=thedailytimes.com.pk|date=25 December 2017|access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/808681-jinnah-a-great-leader-of-20th-century-muslim-world|title=Jinnah — A great leader of 20th century Muslim world|work=thenews.com.pk|date=23 March 2021|access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>

[[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Statue of Jinnah at [[York University]] in Toronto]]

According to Jaswant Singh, "With Jinnah's death Pakistan lost its moorings. In India there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah."{{sfn|Singh|p=406}} Malik writes, "As long as Jinnah was alive, he could persuade and even pressure regional leaders toward greater mutual accommodation, but after his death, the lack of consensus on the distribution of political power and economic resources often turned controversial."{{sfn|Malik|p=134}} According to Mohiuddin, "Jinnah's death deprived Pakistan of a leader who could have enhanced stability and democratic governance ... The rocky road to democracy in Pakistan and the relatively smooth one in India can in some measure be ascribed to Pakistan's tragedy of losing an incorruptible and highly revered leader so soon after independence."{{sfn|Mohiuddin|pp=81–82}}
{{anchor|Quaid-e-Azam Day}}

[[File:Jinnah blue plaque.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Blue Plaque]] in London dedicated to Jinnah]]

His birthday is observed as a [[Holidays in Pakistan|national holiday]], [[Quaid-e-Azam Day]], in Pakistan.<ref name="ggb">{{cite book |last=Desai |first=Meghnad |year=2009 |title=The Rediscovery of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhovRowWr1gC&pg=PA240 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=240|isbn=978-0-670-08300-8}}</ref> Jinnah earned the title ''{{Transliteration|ur|Quaid-e-Azam}}'' (meaning "Great Leader"). His other title is {{Transliteration|ur|Baba-e-Qawm}} ([[Father of the Nation]]). The former title was reportedly given to Jinnah at first by Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed.<ref name="mil">{{cite news|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/1281-was-quaid-e-azam-jinnah-the-only-founder-of-pakistan|title=Was Quaid-e Azam Jinnah the only founder of Pakistan?|work=The Milli Gazette|date=8 May 2011|access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> In 1944–45, Gandhi also began addressing Jinnah as ''Quaid-e-Azam'' in his correspondence.{{sfn|Fischer|2010}} It became an official title by effect of a resolution passed on 11 August 1947 by Liaquat Ali Khan in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.<ref name="mil"/> Within a few days of Pakistan's creation Jinnah's name was read in the sermon at mosques as {{Transliteration|ur|Amir ul-Millat}}, a traditional title of Muslim rulers.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=195}}

The [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|civil awards of Pakistan]] includes an 'Order of Quaid-i-Azam'. The Jinnah Society also confers the 'Jinnah Award' annually to a person that renders outstanding and meritorious services to Pakistan and its people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Projects of The Jinnah Society|url=http://jinnahsociety.org.pk/TheJinnahAwards.html|publisher=jinnahsociety.org.pk|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> Jinnah is depicted on all [[Pakistani rupee]] currency, and is the [[namesake]] of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport in Karachi, now called the [[Jinnah International Airport]], is Pakistan's busiest. One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara, [[Cinnah Caddesi]], is named after him, as is the [[Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway]] in Tehran, Iran. In Chicago, a portion of [[Devon Avenue]] was named "Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way". A section of [[Coney Island Avenue]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York was also named 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' in honour of the founder of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1906998/1-muhammad-ali-jinnah-way-unveiled-new-york-honour-pakistans-founder/|title='Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' unveiled in New York to honour Pakistan's founder|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=9 February 2019|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> The [[Mazar-e-Quaid]], Jinnah's [[mausoleum]], is among Karachi's notable landmarks.{{Sfn|Mehmood|1998|p=869}} The "[[Jinnah Tower]]" in [[Guntur]], Andhra Pradesh, India, was built to commemorate Jinnah.<ref name="HinduOnNet" /> The [[Pahlavi dynasty|royalist]] government of Iran also released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah's birth in 1976. The [[Jinnah Mansion]] in [[Malabar Hill]], Bombay, is in the possession of the [[Government of India]], but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan.{{Sfn|''Dawn''|2005}} Jinnah had personally requested Prime Minister Nehru to preserve the house, hoping one day he could return to Bombay. There are proposals for the house to be offered to the government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia had also staked a claim on the property.{{Sfn|''Dawn''|2005}}<ref name="Sitapati 2008" />

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Stamps of Turkmenistan, 2001 - Portrait of founder of Pakistan Quaid Azam, 1876-1948.jpg
| width1 = 155
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Mohammad Ali Jenah Iran stamp.jpg
| width2 = 146
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Jinnah's portraits on the stamps of Turkmenistan and Iran
}}

There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems principally from Pakistan; in his 1969 book ''Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah : A Selected Bibliography'', author Muhammad Anwar listed 1,500 entries, mostly in English, of books, articles and other publications published from 1948 to 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anwar |first=Muhammad |title=Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah : A Selected Bibliography |publisher=National Publishing House |year=1969 |pages=6}}</ref> This was later superseded in scale by the two-volume ''Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah: An Annotated Bibliography'' (1978-1979), published by the [[Quaid-i-Azam Academy]], which catalogued approximately 15,000 author entries and 230 subject entries; the bibliography covered books, government documents, periodical articles, unpublished theses, and other materials in multiple Western and Eastern languages, reflecting the rapid expansion of scholarship on Jinnah by the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khurshid |first=Anis |year=2015 |title=Notes: Bibliographical Accessibility of Materials on Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah |url=https://journal.psc.edu.pk/index.php/pp/article/view/128 |journal=Pakistan Perspectives |publisher=Pakistan Study Centre, [[University of Karachi]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=166 |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref> According to [[Akbar S. Ahmed]], it is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Jinnah.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=31}} According to Ahmed, some books published about Jinnah outside Pakistan mention that he consumed alcohol, but this is omitted from books published inside Pakistan. Ahmed suggests that depicting the ''Quaid'' drinking would weaken Jinnah's Islamic identity, and by extension, Pakistan's. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life.{{Sfn|Talbot|1984}}{{sfn|Ahmed|p=200}} The professor Maya Tudor concluded that "Jinnah could not be described as a practicing Muslim" given his consumption of pork, use of alcohol, and usage of
[[interest]].{{Sfn|Tudor|2013|p=95}} On the other hand, [[Yahya Bakhtiar]], who observed Jinnah at close quarters, concluded that Jinnah was a "very sincere, deeply committed and dedicated Mussalman."{{sfn|Ahmed|p=195}}

According to historian [[Ayesha Jalal]], while there is a tendency towards [[hagiography]] in the Pakistani view of Jinnah, in India he is viewed negatively.{{sfn|Jalal|p=221}} Ahmed deems Jinnah "the most maligned person in recent Indian history ... In India, many see him as the demon who divided the land."{{sfn|Ahmed|p=27}} Even many Indian Muslims see Jinnah negatively, blaming him for their woes as a minority in that state.{{sfn|Ahmed|p=28}} Some historians such as Jalal and [[H. M. Seervai]] assert that Jinnah never wanted the partition of India—it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. They contend that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand in an attempt to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims.{{Sfn|Seervai|2005|p=127}} [[Francis Mudie]], the last British [[governor of Sindh]], in Jinnah's honour once said:

<blockquote>In judging Jinnah, we must remember what he was up against. He had against him not only the wealth and brains of the Hindus, but also nearly the whole of British officialdom, and most of the Home politicians, who made the great mistake of refusing to take Pakistan seriously. Never was his position really examined.{{sfn|Bolitho|p=208}}{{sfn|Ahmed|p=126}}</blockquote>

According to Yasser Latif Hamdani, the concept of ''direct action'' became associated with Jinnah in the Indian public imagination following his 1946 call for [[Direct Action Day]], although Jinnah had earlier opposed such methods, warning in 1922 that direct action would lead to bloodshed and should be resisted.<ref name="Hamdani2020">{{cite book |last1=Hamdani |first1=Yasser Latif |title=Jinnah: A Life |date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |isbn=978-93-89109-64-1 |language=en |quote=Speaking at a Students Brotherhood event, which he presided over in July 1922, Jinnah spoke of direct action, something that would become synonymous with him in the Indian mind, owing to his famous direct action day call in 1946 - direct action meant bloodshed and independence would mean bloodshed. He said India was not ready for it and that he did not support it, going so far as to say that it was everyone's responsibility to oppose direct action, which some people wanted to adopt.}}</ref>

Jinnah has gained the admiration of Indian nationalist politicians such as [[Lal Krishna Advani]], whose comments praising Jinnah caused an uproar in his [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="advani" /> Indian politician [[Jaswant Singh]]'s book ''[[Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence]]'' (2009) caused controversy in India for arguing that it was not Jinnah but Nehru's desire for a powerful centre that led to the partition of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://jaibihar.com/nehru-patel-conceded-pakistan-to-jinnah-jaswant/11301/ |title=Nehru not Jinnah's polity led to partition |publisher=Jai Bihar |access-date=19 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822004045/http://jaibihar.com/nehru-patel-conceded-pakistan-to-jinnah-jaswant/11301/ |archive-date=22 August 2009 }}</ref> Singh was expelled from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) for praising Jinnah and criticising key Congress leaders, positions which the BJP leadership said were contrary to the party's core ideology and discipline.<ref name="LiveMint">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/08/19224542/BJP-expels-Jaswant-Singh-over.html|title=BJP expels Jaswant Singh over praise for Jinnah in his book|last=Joy|first=Santosh|date=19 August 2009|work=LiveMint |access-date=20 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224018/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/SErCZ0ewVhfPabjq7ie2MK/BJP-expels-Jaswant-Singh-over-praise-for-Jinnah-in-his-book.html |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://jaibihar.com/jaswant-singh-expelled-over-jinnah-remarks/11454/ |title=Jaswant Singh expelled over Jinnah remarks |date=19 August 2009 |publisher=Jai Bihar|access-date=19 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821162128/http://jaibihar.com/jaswant-singh-expelled-over-jinnah-remarks/11454/ |archive-date=21 August 2009 }}</ref>

Jinnah was the central figure of the 1998 film ''[[Jinnah (film)|Jinnah]]'', which was based on Jinnah's life and his struggle for the creation of Pakistan. [[Christopher Lee]], who portrayed Jinnah, called his performance the best of his career.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3733894.stm | title=Christopher Lee on the making of legends | publisher=BBC | date=11 October 2004 | access-date=5 November 2011 | author=Lindrea, Victoria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CE_1ofnBFos | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/CE_1ofnBFos| archive-date=14 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Christopher Lee talks about his favorite role |via=YouTube |date=21 March 2002 |access-date=5 August 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The 1954 [[Hector Bolitho]]'s book ''Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan'' prompted Fatima Jinnah to release a book, titled ''[[My Brother (book)|My Brother]]'' (1987), as she thought that Bolitho's book had failed to express the political aspects of Jinnah. The book received positive reception in Pakistan. ''[[Jinnah of Pakistan]]'' (1984) by Stanley Wolpert is regarded as one of the best biographical books on Jinnah.<ref name="dailytimes2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\story_9-7-2011_pg3_6 |title=Book Review: The nation was orphaned, forever —by Dr Irfan Zafar |work=Daily Times |access-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018024943/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C07%5C09%5Cstory_9-7-2011_pg3_6 |archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>

The view of Jinnah in the West has been shaped to some extent by his portrayal in Sir [[Richard Attenborough]]'s 1982 film, ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''. The film was dedicated to Nehru and Mountbatten and was given considerable support by Nehru's daughter, the Indian prime minister, [[Indira Gandhi]]. It portrays Jinnah (played by [[Alyque Padamsee]]) in an unflattering light, who seems to act out of jealousy of Gandhi. Padamsee later stated that his portrayal was not historically accurate.{{sfn|Ahmed|pp=28–29}} In a journal article on Pakistan's first governor-general, historian R. J. Moore wrote that Jinnah is universally recognised as central to the creation of Pakistan.{{sfn|Moore|pp=529–569}} [[Stanley Wolpert]] summarises the profound effect that Jinnah had on the world:

{{blockquote
| Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three.{{sfn|Wolpert|p=vii}}
}}{{clear}}

== References and notes ==

=== Explanatory notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist
| colwidth = 20em
| refs =





<ref name="Sitapati 2008">{{cite news
| last = Sitapati
| first = Vinay
| date = 13 October 2008
| title = Muslim law doesn't apply to Jinnah, says daughter
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/muslim-law-doesnt-apply-to-jinnah-says-daughter/372877/0
| work = The Indian Express
| access-date = 22 April 2010
}}</ref>

<ref name="greatest">{{cite web
| last = Wolpert
| first = Stanley
| date = 22 March 1998
| title = Lecture by Prof. Stanley Wolpert
| publisher = humsafar.info
| url = http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.php
| access-date = 16 August 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180929223341/http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.php
| archive-date = 29 September 2018
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="HinduOnNet">{{cite news
| last = Sekhar
| first = A. Saye
| title = Tower of harmony in Guntur
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701152000.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503222829/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701152000.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 May 2009
| date = 7 September 2003
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 28 October 2017
}}</ref>

<ref name="advani">{{cite news
|title=Pakistan expresses shock over Advani's resignation as BJP chief
|work=Hindustan Times
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1391007,001300270001.htm
|access-date=20 April 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050609004505/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1391007%2C001300270001.htm
|archive-date=9 June 2005
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>



}}

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{{refbegin|30em}}
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*{{Cite book |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmeen Niaz |year=2007 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9 |ref={{SfnRef|Mohiuddin}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. J. |year=1983 |title=Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=529–561 |jstor=312235 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00011069 |s2cid=144125491 |ref={{sfnRef|Moore}} | issn = 0026-749X}}
* {{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Vali |title=The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co. |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-32968-1 |url=http://faroutliers.wordpress.com/2006/10/13/pakistans-transition-from-shia-to-sunni-leadership |access-date=15 November 2012}}
* {{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |title=The Kashmir Dispute, 1947–2012 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdGkoAEACAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-940018-8 |author-link=A. G. Noorani |orig-year=first published in 2013 by [[Tulika Books]]}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pirbhai |first=M. Reza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pU7ODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Fatima Jinnah |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19276-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Puri |first=Balraj |date=7 March 2008 |title=Clues to understanding Jinnah |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=43 |issue=9 |pages=33–35 |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |location=Bombay |jstor=40277204 |ref={{sfnRef|Puri}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Read |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Read |year=1997 |title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |isbn=978-0-393-04594-9 |ref={{SfnRef|Read}} |url=https://archive.org/details/proudestdayindia00read}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seervai |first=H. M. |title=Partition of India: Legend and Reality |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-597719-6}}
* {{cite news |author=Dawn |date=11 September 2017 |title=From Dawn's Archives: The Father of the Nation laid to rest |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1356979< |access-date=18 April 2021}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Iqbal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_pjAAAAMAAJ |title=The Ardent Pilgrim: An Introduction to the Life and Work of Mohammed Iqbal |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |orig-year=First published 1951 |isbn=978-0-19-563979-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaswant |author-link=Jaswant Singh |year=2009 |title=Jinnah: India-Partition and Independence |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547927-0 |oclc=611042665 |ref={{SfnRef|Singh}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prakash K. |title=Encyclopaedia on Jinnah: Volume 5 |date=2009 |publisher=Indiana University }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title=Global Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7xOAQAAIAAJ |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra |isbn=9788182202948 |last2=Mishra |first2=A. P.}}
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*{{cite journal |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |journal=History Today |date=February 1984 |title=Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan |url=http://www.historytoday.com/ian-talbot/jinnah-and-making-pakistan |access-date=26 October 2012}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tudor |first1=Maya |title=The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan |date=14 March 2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-32873-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITohAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jinnah+drank+freely+and+ate+pork.+There+is+evidence+that+Jinnah+lived+off+of+interest+income,+thereby+violating+Islam%27s+prohibition+against+charging+interest%22&pg=PA95 |language=en}}
* {{cite news |title=Was Jinnah a Shia or Sunni? |last=United News of India |date=9 May 1998 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/09jinnah.htm |publisher=[[United News of India]] via rediff.com |access-date=15 November 2012}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Ziring |first1=Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgSOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22it+was+Iqbal+who+encouraged+Jinnah+to+return+to+India.%22 |title=Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development |publisher=Dawson |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-7129-0954-9}}
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* {{citation |author=Partha Sarathy Ghosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy-KAAAAMAAJ |title=BJP and the Evolution of Hindu Nationalism: From Periphery to Centre |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |page=60 |isbn=978-8-17-304253-9 |ref={{sfnref|Ghosh|1999}}}}
* {{citation |author=Iftikhar Haider Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQTABKAGaVgC&pg=PA61 |title=Culture and Customs of Pakistan |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=61 |isbn=978-0-313-33126-8 |ref={{sfnref|Malik|2006}}}}
* {{citation |author=Ludwig W. Adamec |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHCIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 |title=Historical Dictionary of Islam |date=14 December 2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=231 |isbn=978-1-4422-7724-3 |ref={{sfnref|Adamec|2016}}}}
*{{cite news |title=Special report: The Legacy of Mr Jinnah 1876–1948 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1302511 |work=Dawn}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
|wikt=no
|commons=Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
|b=no
|n=no
|q=Muhammad Ali Jinnah
|s=no
|v=no
|species=no
|d=Q160554
}}
* [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/jinnah-and-the-muslim-league/ Correspondence with the Muslim League – 1946 – UK Parliament Living Heritage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091003205336/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/life_quaid.htm Mohammad Ali Jinnah Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206230128/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/ Government of Pakistan Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150814001904/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/speech03.htm Address to the First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11 August 1947]

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M. A. Yusuff Ali

2026-03-27T15:20:22Z

PriscillaNair10: slightly rework references for clarity additionally and added references

{{Short description|Indian businessman (born 1955)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. A. Yusuff Ali
| image = Yusuffali MA at his corporate office.jpg
| caption = Yusuff Ali in 2023
| birth_name = Yusuff Ali Musaliam Veettil Abdul Kader
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|11|15}}
| birth_place = [[Nattika]], [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]] (present day [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]), India
| relatives = [[Shamsheer Vayalil]] (son-in-law)<ref name="forbesindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2018/yusuff-ali-a-mentor-to-his-sonsinlaw/51727/1|title=Yusuff Ali: A mentor to his sons-in-law|website=Forbes India }}</ref>
| occupation = Chairman and managing director of {{unbulleted list|[[Lulu Hypermarket|Lulu Group International]],|Y International<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yinternational.us.com/|title=Welcome to Y International USA|website=Y International USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yinternational.uk.com|title=.:: Web Site Under Construction ::.|website=yinternational.uk.com}}</ref> and|[[Lulu International Shopping Mall (disambiguation)|LuLu International Shopping Mall]]}}
| office = Y Tower, [[Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yusuffali.com/lulu-group-moves-to-brand-new-global-headquarters-at-y-tower/ |title=Lulu group moves|website= yusuffali.com|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
| spouse = Shabira Yusuff Ali
| children = 3
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://www.yusuffali.com/ |Website }}
}}

'''Yusuff Ali Musaliam Veettil Abdul Kader''', popularly known as '''M. A. Yusuff Ali''' (born 15 November 1955), is an Indian businessman and [[billionaire]].<ref name=":1" /> He is the chairman and managing director of [[LuLu Group International]], which owns the LuLu Hypermarket chain worldwide and [[Lulu International Shopping Mall (disambiguation)|LuLu International Shopping Mall]].<ref name=":2" /> With an annual turnover of US$8.4 billion, LuLu Group International employs the largest number of [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name="Forbes News">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ma-yusuff-ali/|title=Forbes News|date=2015|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref name="Forbes Biionaires">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ma-yusuff-ali/|title=Forbes Biionaires|date=2015|work=Forbes}}</ref> According to Forbes Middle East, Yusuff Ali was ranked No. 1 in Top 100 Indian business owners in the Arab World 2018.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/list/top-100-indian-business-owners-in-the-arab-world-2018/|title=Top 100 Indian Business Owners In The Arab World 2018|first=Forbes Middle|last=East|website=Forbes ME}}</ref> As per Forbes billionaires list published in October 2023, he was ranked 27th richest Indian with net worth of US$6.9 billion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ma-yusuff-ali/?sh=3316ec3d4b26|title=PROFILE - M.A. Yusuff Ali|website=Forbes }}</ref>

In 2006, he started his large business ventures in India, by starting a convention centre cum hotel at his native place [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]] namely [[Lulu Convention Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lulu |first1=Thrissur |title=Kerala tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/hotels/lulu-international-convention-center-garden-hotels/2462}}</ref> In 2013, Yusuff Ali acquired 4.99% of the [[Thrissur]]-based [[CSB Bank]]<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Yusuf-Ali-mops-up-4.99-stake-in-Catholic-Syrian-Bank/2013/04/19/article1551819.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710112734/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Yusuf-Ali-mops-up-4.99-stake-in-Catholic-Syrian-Bank/2013/04/19/article1551819.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2013 |title=Yusuf Ali mops up 4.99% stake in Catholic Syrian Bank |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Forbes Newcomers">{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ejel45eegh/m-a-yusuff-ali/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228104019/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/ejel45eegh/m-a-yusuff-ali/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 December 2014 | title=Billionaires 2013 Notable Newcomers | work=Forbes | date=2013 | access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> and 4.99% shares of Thrissur based [[Dhanlaxmi Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Yousaf Ali buys shares of Dhanlaxmi bank |date=20 October 2013 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/oct/20/yousaf-ali-buys-shares-of-dhanlaxmi-bank-528245.html |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> Also in 2013, he increased his stake in the [[Aluva]]-based [[Federal Bank]] to 4.47%.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/middle-east-news/NRI-businessman-MA-Yousuf-Ali-picks-up-stake-in-Federal-Bank/articleshow/21118094.cms |title=NRI businessman MA Yousuf Ali picks up stake in Federal Bank |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=17 July 2013 |access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> In 2014 Yusuff Ali acquired 2% stake of [[South Indian Bank]] - another Thrissur based bank.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yusuffali buys over 2 per cent stake in South Indian Bank |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=21 January 2014 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/nri-businessman-yusuffali-buys-into-south-indian-bank-114012001077_1.html}}</ref> In 2016, Yusuff Ali purchased the [[Scotland Yard]] Building in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/property/lulu-group-front-runner-to-buy-original-scotland-yard-premises-in-london-1.9686|title=Lulu Group front-runner to buy original Scotland Yard premises in London|website=The National|date=12 April 2015 }}</ref> {{as of|2013}}, he held a 9.37% share in [[Cochin International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Yusuff-Ali-lifts-stake-in-Cochin-International-Airport/articleshow/19249931.cms|title=Yusuff Ali lifts stake in Cochin International Airport | Kochi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 March 2013 }}</ref> He has bought a 10% stake in the UK-based trading firm, [[Sanjiv Mehta (British businessman)|East India Company]], and a 40% stake in its fine foods subsidiary for around $85 million in total.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/lulu-group-makes-85m-investment-in-east-india-company-1.1396574|title=Lulu Group makes $85m investment in East India Company|website=gulfnews.com|date=16 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yusuffali.com/lulu-invests-82-million-in-uk-s-east-india-company/|title=LuLu invests $82 million in UK's East India Company|website=yusuffali.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092009/https://yusuffali.com/lulu-invests-82-million-in-uk-s-east-india-company/ |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/lulu-launches-into-luxury-sector-with-investment-in-uk-s-east-india-company-1.281861|title=Lulu launches into luxury sector with investment in UK's East India Company|website=The National|date=9 October 2014 }}</ref>

The Lulu Bolgatty International Convention Centre on [[Bolghatty Island]] in [[Kochi]] is one of the largest convention centres in South Asia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/the-lulu-bolgatty-international-convention-centre/|title=The Lulu Bolgatty International Convention Centre! | RITZ|date=2 May 2018}}</ref> along with [[Grand Hyatt]] hotel<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.hyatt.com/news-releases?item=123665|title=Hyatt Newsroom - News Releases|website=Hyatt Newsroom}}</ref> in the same campus. Lulu group's First Mall in India was [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|LuLu International Shopping Mall, Kochi]] started in 2013, then in 2019, he started shopping mall in India at [[Triprayar]], Thrissur, the Y Mall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2019 |title=Lulu Group opens Y Mall at Thrissur |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2019/01/01/lulu-group-opens-y-mall-at-thrissur/ |website=IndiaRetailing.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ymalls.in/|title=Y Mall Shopping Mall in Thrissur|website=Y Mall}}</ref> In October 2021, Lulu group opened their second mall in India, Global Mall, at Rajaji Nagar, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/global-mall-inaugurated/articleshow/86947491.cms|title=Global mall inaugurated|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> In December 2021, Lulu group opened their third mall in India at [[Thiruvanathapuram|Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/nov/09/biggest-mall-in-capital-to-open-in-dec-2381145.html|title=Biggest mall in Capital to open in Dec|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 November 2021 }}</ref> In July 2022, Lulu group opened their fourth mall in India at [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> And in 2023, LuLu Group launched a new hypermarket and mall in Hyderabad, Palakkad and Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-gets-lulus-first-hypermarket-in-tamil-nadu/article66975418.ece|title=Coimbatore gets LuLu's first hypermarket in Tamil Nadu|website=The Hindu|date=21 June 2023 |last1=Jeshi |first1=K. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/lulu-group-launches-first-hypermarket-mega-mall-8959173/|title=LuLu Group launches its first hypermarket, mega mall in Hyderabad|website=The Indian Express|date=27 September 2023 }}</ref>

As per Forbes list of India’s 100 richest tycoons, in October 2024 Yusuff Ali was ranked 39th with a net worth of $7.4 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Oct 2024 |title=India's 100 Richest |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/ |website=India’s 100 Richest}}</ref>

==Early life==
Yusuff Ali was born on 15th November 1955 at [[Nattika]], [[Thrissur]], in the erstwhile [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]]. He studied at St. Xavier's High School in Karanchira.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=716186&u=yusuff-ali-visits-school-where-he-studied-51-years-ago-spends-quality-time-with-friends-716186| title=Yusuff Ali visits school where he studied 51 years ago, spends quality time with friends }}</ref> He holds a diploma in Business Management and Administration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet M.A. Yusuff Ali, MD of Lulu Group; Know about his lifestyle, journey & net worth |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-meet-m-a-yusuff-ali-md-of-lulu-group-know-about-his-lifestyle-journey-net-worth-3080958/ |work=The Financial Express |date=10 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

After his studies, he left India in 1973 for [[Abu Dhabi]], where his paternal uncle, M. K. Abdullah, the chairman and the founder of the LuLu Group of Companies, was doing business. He developed the import and wholesale distribution of the group and ventured into the supermarket business by launching the Lulu Hypermarket.

Yusuff Ali started his first LuLu Hypermarket in the 1990s, a time when the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]'s retail sector witnessed a major change, with the traditional groceries and supermarkets yielding place to large neighbourhood stores and hypermarkets. While the entry of Continent (now [[Carrefour]]) in 1995 changed the face of retail business in [[Dubai]], Yusuff Ali took charge of Abu Dhabi's retail sector by rolling out LuLu Hypermarket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130130151153 |title=LuLu named fastest-growing retailer by audit firm Deloitte |publisher=Saudi Gazette.com |access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/hrh-crown-prince-leads-bahrain-business-333960 |title=HRH the Crown Prince leads Bahrain business delegation to India |publisher=AMEinfo.com |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref>

==LuLu Group International==
LuLu Group International commenced its operations as a family business venture. After joining the business, Yusuff Ali diversified the business to include the import and distribution of frozen products from Europe and the United States. The products were available not only in Abu Dhabi but also in other [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|Emirates]]. The business was soon expanded to include both food and non-food categories. The group also started cold storage, meat, and food processing plants, large-scale import and distribution to hotel groups, catering companies, and shipping services. By the 1980s, the group had a sizable share of the wholesale and retail food market in the UAE.

The group has grown into an international group with operations spread over three continents. The group's flagship retail chain of LuLu Hypermarkets and Supermarkets is currently rated as one of the major players in the Middle East retail sector with more than 100 stores in [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]. Apart from the hypermarkets, supermarkets and department stores, the group also owns several shopping malls, namely, [[Khalidiyah Mall]], Al Raha Mall, [[Al Wahda Mall]], [[ Mushriff Mall]], Madinat Zayed Mall, Mazyad Mall, Ramli Mall, RAK Mall, Dana Mall, Al Foah Mall, Al Khor Mall, Riyadh Avenue Mall in Saudi Arabia and Oman Avenues Mall spread across nations of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]].

[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|LuLu International Shopping Mall]] in [[Kochi]], Kerala was opened on 10 March 2013. It is the group's first retail venture in India. LuLu International Shopping Mall in Thiruvananthapuram was opened in 2021 & is the largest mall in India. LuLu also has malls in Palakkad, Bengaluru, Lucknow, Kottayam & so on. The group has a vast organizational structure of over 65,000 employees, representing 42 different nationalities, out of which more than 30,000 are Indians. Retail business is the mainstay of the Group with operations in major Middle Eastern and African countries like UAE, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt and Kenya, having Retail Sourcing and manufacturing bases located in the Far East, India, Africa and [[Guangzhou]] in China. Indian operations mainly include Food Processing, Export of Food & Non food products and convention center with bases in Delhi, Mumbai, [[Kochi]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Chennai]], [[ Lucknow ]] and [[Thrissur]]. [[Deloitte]] has ranked the Group as one of the fastest-growing retailers in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/emke-group-to-invest-rs-600-cr-in-kerala-111020300212_1.html |title=Emke group to invest Rs 600 cr in Kerala |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=3 February 2011 |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=3 February 2011|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref name="CIAL">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Yusuff-Ali-lifts-stake-in-Cochin-International-Airport/articleshow/19249931.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710112723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-28/kochi/38098656_1_cial-5-lakh-shares-cochin-international-airport-ltd |url-status=live |archive-date=10 July 2013 |title= Yusuff Ali lifts stake in Cochin International Airport |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2013 |access-date=28 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalsupermarketnews.com/news/11397 |title= LuLu Mall together with LuLu Hypermarket opens in Kochi |publisher=International Supermarket News |access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/retail/spearheading-a-retail-revolution-1.1111007 |title=Spearheading a retail revolution |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/investment/emke-will-invest-dh4-3b-to-expand-retail-chain-1.536852 |title=Emke will invest Dh4.3b to expand retail chain |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=25 August 2009}}</ref>

In 2025, LuLu Group inaugurated Kerala's tallest twin IT towers in Kochi's Smart City, spanning 3.4 million sq ft and accommodating 25,000 professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lulu IT Infrabuild Private Limited |url=https://smartcity-kochi.in/co-developers/lulu-it-infrabuild-private-limited/ |access-date=2025-05-04 |website= Smart City Kochi |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Yusuff Ali is involved in many social, charitable and humanitarian activities both in India as well as in the Arab states of the Gulf. He has done various philanthropic activities. As part of its Global CSR policy, the LuLu Group joined hands with Dubai Cares and adopted schools in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/91fc101c-1012-4b82-8640-51cdbb6c9ea1.aspx |title=Lulu Group teams up with Dubai Cares |publisher=gulftoday.ae |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202000350/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/91fc101c-1012-4b82-8640-51cdbb6c9ea1.aspx |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/ar/viewer.aspx |title=Newspapers From Around the World |publisher=PressDisplay.com |access-date=19 July 2013}}</ref> Yusuff Ali contributed and took initiative to open a multi-faith funeral centre for the Indian community in [[Sharjah]] that spread across 8.3 acres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data%2Fnationgeneral%2F2013%2FFebruary%2Fnationgeneral_February402.xml&section=nationgeneral |title=Funeral centre for Indians opens in Sharjah |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013}}</ref> He also took initiative to sell and promote organic products grown by the special needs community in UAE through [[LuLu Hypermarket]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/organic-vegetables-grown-by-special-needs-community-in-uae-to-be-sold-in-lulu-hypermarkets-1.1173728 |title=Organic vegetables grown by special needs community in UAE to be sold in Lulu hypermarkets |publisher=GulfNews.com |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/society/people-with-special-needs-grow-organic-vegetables-in-35-hectare-farm-1.1178040 |title=People with special needs grow organic vegetables in 35-hectare farm |publisher=GulfNews.com |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013}}</ref> Yusuff Ali donated to the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|Gujarat earthquake]], [[Tsunami]] Relief Fund in Asia, and [[Typhoon]] and flood relief in other parts of the world. He also donated {{currency|9.5|INR}} [[crore]]s for relief and rehabilitation of [[2018 Kerala floods|Kerala flood]] victims in August 2018.{{cn|date=July 2025}} He is also actively involved in ensuring the social, economic and religious welfare of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|expatriate Indians]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] region. He played a major role in finding land for the [[Christianity in the United Arab Emirates|Christian community in the region]] to build churches, and secure cremation grounds for the [[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|Hindu populace in the Gulf region]]. Yusuff Ali also extended help to Indians during the amnesty period in the Persian Gulf when hundreds of Indians lost their livelihood. He helped rehabilitate people who lost their livelihood in the [[Kozhikode]] market fire as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/investment/work-begins-on-dh1-6b-smartcity-kochi-project-1.888111 |title=Work begins on Dh1.6b SmartCity Kochi project |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/business/general/yousuf-ali-comes-out-with-flying-colours-1.556963 |title=Yousuf Ali comes out with flying colours |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/global-arab-business-meeting-held-ras-316323 |title=Global Arab Business Meeting to be held in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE, 9-10 December 2012 |publisher=AMEinfo.com |access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> Yusuff Ali had pledged to donate [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 50 million for the flood-hit south Indian state of Kerala in the event of the [[2019 Kerala floods]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-based-indian-retail-tycoon-ma-yusuffali-of-lulu-group-pledges-rs-50-million-for-flood-hit-kerala-1.65812279|title=UAE based Indian retail tycoon MA Yusuffali of Lulu Group pledges Rs 50 million for flood-hit Kerala|website=gulfnews.com|date=14 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married, with three children, and lives in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: M.A. Yusuff Ali |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ma-yusuff-ali/ |website=Forbes |access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref> His elder daughter Shabeena is married to billionaire businessman [[Shamsheer Vayalil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/shamsheer-vayalil/|title=Shamsheer Vayalil|website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://glasspockets.org/philanthropy-in-focus/eye-on-the-giving-pledge/profiles/shamsheer-and-shabeena-vayalil|title=Shamsheer and Shabeena Vayalil|website=GlassPockets|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024063233/http://glasspockets.org/philanthropy-in-focus/eye-on-the-giving-pledge/profiles/shamsheer-and-shabeena-vayalil|url-status=dead}}</ref> His second daughter Shafeena is married to Adeeb Ahamed who runs Lulu Financial Holdings and Twenty14 Holdings, a hospitality investment firm.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2018/yusuff-ali-a-mentor-to-his-sonsinlaw/51727/1|title=Yusuff Ali: A mentor to his sons-in-law|work=Forbes}}</ref> Youngest daughter Shifa is married to Sharoon Shamsudheen who is into successful IT businesses.<ref name="forbesindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2018/yusuff-ali-a-mentor-to-his-sonsinlaw/51727/1|title=Yusuff Ali: A mentor to his sons-in-law|website=Forbes India }}</ref>

In April 2021 the helicopter in which Yusuff Ali, his wife and three others (including the pilots), were travelling, crash landed in a swamp near [[Panangad, Kochi|Panangad]] (in [[Kochi]]). Ali and his wife were uninjured and were taken to a nearby hospital for first aid. The private helicopter owned by Ali had suffered a technical glitch due to adverse weather.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2021|title='Helicopter carrying M.A. Yusuff Ali crash landes'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/helicopter-carrying-yusuf-ali-ma-crash-lands-in-kochi/article34294379.ece|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>

==Recognition and awards==
* 2004 – "Commander" title & St. Ephraim Medal by the Patriarch [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] of Universal [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}
* 2005 – [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] in 2005; the highest Indian government award given to non-resident Indians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/05/stories/2005010505261100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112005450/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/05/stories/2005010505261100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2005 |title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Divas awards announced |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 January 2005 |location=[[Chennai]], India |date=5 January 2005}}</ref>
* 2008 – [[Padma Shri]] from the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2010 – "Business Man of the Year 2009-10" award instituted by the Kerala State Forum of Bankers' Clubs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/award-for-emke-group-ceo-110110500084_1.html |title=Award for Emke group CEO |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=5 November 2010 |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=5 November 2010}}</ref>
* 2012 – Lifetime Achievement Award at the inaugural Indian CEO Awards held in February.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/yusuffali-scoops-top-prize-at-indian-ceo-awards-445132.html
|title=Yusuff Ali scoops top prize at Indian CEO Awards |date=13 February 2012 |publisher=[[Arabian Business]] |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
* 2012 – Swiss Ambassador's Award 2012 for outstanding efforts in promoting Swiss-UAE relations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=/data/uaebusiness/2012/May/uaebusiness_May97.xml&section=uaebusiness |title=Swiss Ambassador's Award recognises notable efforts |publisher=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref>
* 2012 – "Most Influential Asian Business Leader in the [[MENA]] region" award by [[Forbes]] Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/qatar/178/details/37691/LuLu-head-%E2%80%98most-influential-asian-business-leader%E2%80%99 |title=LuLu head 'most influential Asian business leader' |date=7 November 2012 |publisher=[[Gulf Times]] |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>
* 2012 – "Arab Business Leader of the Year 2012" during the third edition of the Global Arab Business Meeting held in [[Ras Al Khaimah (city)|Ras Al Khaimah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.horasis.org/event_Arab_2012.php |title=Global Arab Business Meeting |publisher=[[Horasis]] |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191557/http://www.horasis.org/event_Arab_2012.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2014 – Honorary D.Litt. by [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=31 March 2014|title=Mr. Yusuffali lays down foundation of Sports Complex at AMU|url=http://twocircles.net/2014mar31/mr_yusuffali_lays_down_foundation_sports_complex_amu.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903110643/https://twocircles.net/2014mar31/mr_yusuffali_lays_down_foundation_sports_complex_amu.html|archive-date=3 September 2021|access-date=3 September 2021|website=[[Two Circles]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2016 – Was honoured with the [[archbishop]] Mar Gregorios Award instituted by the alumni association of [[Mar Ivanios College]], Amicos, for his contribution to the industrial sector in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Mar-Gregorios-award-to-Yousuf-Ali/articleshow/56263090.cms|title=M A Yousuf Ali: Mar Gregorios award to Yousuf Ali | Kochi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/yousuf-ali-receives-mar-gregorios-award/articleshow/56300712.cms|title=M A Yousuf Ali: M A Yousuf Ali receives Mar Gregorios award | Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 January 2017 }}</ref>
* 2018 – [[Honorary doctorate]] from [[Middlesex University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1408186/corporate-news|title=Middlesex University Dubai doctorate for LuLu chairman|date=20 November 2018|website=Arab News}}</ref>
* 2018 – Honorary doctorate from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Mahatma Gandhi University honours T Padmanabhan, MA Yusuff Ali |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/141218/mahatma-gandhi-university-honours-t-padmanabhan-ma-yusuff-ali.html |access-date=5 November 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
*2021 - Was honoured with Abu Dhabi's highest civilian award, Abu Dhabi Award 2021 by HH Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan,Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2021|title='M.A. Yusuff Ali gets the highest civilian award of Abu Dhabi'|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/abu-dhabis-highest-civilian-award-conferred-on-yusuff-ali/articleshow/82009925.cms#:~:text=The%20prestigious%20Abu%20Dhabi%20Award%20was%20given%20to,business%2C%20industry%20and%20support%20to%20various%20philanthropic%20initiatives.|access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref>
*2021 - Yusuff Ali was granted a long-term residential visa by Qais bin Mohammed Al Yousaf, Oman's Minister of Commerce, Industry, and Investment Promotion (MOCIIP).<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2021|title=M.A. Yusuff Ali - LuLu Group's journey into an Emirati multinational conglomerate company|url=https://www.brandzwatch.com/m-a-yusuff-ali-lulu-groups-journey-into-an-emirati-multinational-conglomerate-company/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929070419/https://www.brandzwatch.com/m-a-yusuff-ali-lulu-groups-journey-into-an-emirati-multinational-conglomerate-company/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 September 2021|access-date=1 October 2021|website=Brandzwatch|language=en}}</ref>
*2022 - Yusuff Ali, chairman of Lulu Group, has become the first Bahrain golden residency visa recipient.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gokulan |first=Dhanusha |title=Lulu Group head MA Yusuff Ali is the first recipient of Bahrain Golden Visa |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/gulf/lulu-group-head-ma-yusuff-ali-is-the-first-recipient-of-bahrain-golden-visa |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yusuff Ali M.A}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:People from Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:LuLu Group]]

Musafir (2004 film)

2026-03-27T12:00:38Z

PriscillaNair10:

{{short description|2004 film by Sanjay Gupta}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Musafir}}
| image = Musafir.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]
| writer = Sanjay Gupta Sameer Malhotra [[Milap Zaveri]]
| producer = Sanjay Gupta
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Sameera Reddy]] [[Aditya Pancholi]] [[Koena Mitra]] [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] [[Shakti Kapoor]]
| cinematography = [[P.S. Vinod]]
| editing = [[Bunty Nagi]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal–Shekhar]] '''Guest Composer:''' [[Anand Raj Anand]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|12|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/musafir-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndu3ntq|title=Musafir|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=21 August 2023|archive-date=22 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922062602/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/musafir-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndu3ntq|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}130 million<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/shaandar-singer-speaks-his-heart-out/cid/1556130|title=Shaandar singer speaks his heart out|work=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602104656/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/shaandar-singer-speaks-his-heart-out/cid/1556130|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}187.1 million<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Musafir}}''' ({{translation|''Traveller''}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[action thriller]] film written, directed and produced by [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]], starring [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], and introducing [[Koena Mitra]] in her film debut. The film was mostly shot in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/13sld3.htm|title='Either you're a sex symbol or a sati savitri!'|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=15 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915153304/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/13sld3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Musafir'' was released on 10 December 2004. A remake of the 1997 American film ''[[U Turn (1997 film)|U Turn]]'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Cine Blitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzEqAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=[[Blitz (newspaper)|Blitz Publications]]|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=22 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922062507/https://books.google.com/books?id=UzEqAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://im.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/26look.htm|title=Sanju's U-Turn!|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> it was initially controversial due to some sexual content, but went on to receive positive reviews from critics, with some considering it to be better than the original film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/bollywood-remakes-that-are-better-than-the-original/#sholay-1975|title=7 Bollywood Remakes That Are Better Than The Original Movie|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=7 April 2022|access-date=7 April 2022|archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517141354/https://collider.com/bollywood-remakes-that-are-better-than-the-original/#sholay-1975|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Oliver Stone]], the director of ''U Turn'', also appreciated the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/20-years-musafir-exclusive-sanjay-gupta-reveals-sanjay-dutt-hearty-laugh-oliver-stone-praised-role-billa-left-anil-kapoor-stunned-opens-light-hearted-dig-sholay/|title=
20 Years of Musafir EXCLUSIVE: Sanjay Gupta reveals Sanjay Dutt had hearty laugh when Oliver Stone praised his role of Billa and left Anil Kapoor stunned; opens up on light-hearted dig at Sholay: “I didn’t mean any disrespect. I can never do that”|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> However, it was a [[box-office bomb|commercial failure]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=462|title=Musafir - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=21 August 2023|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821120435/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=462|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/14box.htm|title=Musafir sinks at the BO|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 December 2004|archive-date=16 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041216045126/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/14box.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

Lucky is a small-time criminal, hoping to retire with his girlfriend Lara after one last job. Unfortunately for him, things do not go as planned, and he becomes involved with a ruthless killer Billa. Lucky steals 2.5 million from Billa but Lara steals it from him instead. He then learns that his friends have been murdered. Billa tracks Lucky down and Lucky is able to strike a deal. He is to go to [[Goa]] and meet Whacko Jacko and sell him a bag of unknown contents. He then meets Jacko and sets a rendezvous. On his return to his hotel, he comes across a [[Inspector|police inspector]] who seems to have become suspicious of Lucky.

At a small restaurant, he sees Sam. He follows her and gets an opportunity to meet her when her car breaks down. He offers her a lift home. When her husband, Lukka, shows up, they retrieve her car from the road, and go home. That night Lucky arrives in a nightclub to meet Jacko again. Here he again comes across Sam. After getting the money, Lucky prepares to leave the next morning. Sam arrives at Lucky's hotel to meet him. But their meeting is cut short when Lucky notices the same inspector. He tells Sam to hide and hides the bag of money in the vehicle of an unsuspecting motorist. By the time the Inspector leaves, the vehicle with the money is gone. Meanwhile, Billa tracks down Lara, gets the money back and kills her.

While Billa hides the fact that he has his money back, Lucky hides that he has lost the money. He again comes across Lukka. It turns out that he wants Lucky to kill Sam, and in return, Lucky would get 2.5 million. Sam meets Lucky and sets up a deal that if Lucky would kill Lukka, she would pay him 2.5 million. Both of them want the work done that night. That night Lukka tries to sexually assault Sam after she refuses to remove her blouse when he asks her to. Sam accidentally shoots Lukka dead. Lucky, however, gets the money, and both try to flee Goa. But the inspector is following them. Sam identifies the inspector as Lukka's brother Tiger and the 2.5 million actually belong to Tiger. Lucky somehow shakes Tiger off his pursuit, and hides the money. The next morning she is nowhere to be found. Lucky desperately searches for her, and when he finally finds her, he realises that he has fallen in love with her. Suddenly they are attacked by Inspector Tiger with his police force.

Lucky is running out of ammunition when Billa arrives and shoots down all the police officers. Tiger, however, manages to escape by making Sam his hostage. At gunpoint, Lucky agrees to take Billa to the place where the money is hidden. When they reach the platform, Lucky finds that Tiger has discovered the money. Tiger and Lucky start fighting, but Billa intervenes and strikes a final deal. Both Lucky and Tiger have to walk on two parallel railway tracks blindfolded as a train comes towards them. If Lucky survives, then he will get Sam, while Billa will take the money, but if Tiger is saved, he gets the money, and Billa will take Sam.

The train, however changes tracks at the last moment and heads towards Lucky. Sam screams in horror and pleads with Billa to let her go. From Sam's scream, Tiger realises that Lucky is doomed. He takes off his blindfold and waves a farewell at Lucky. But Billa notices Tiger wearing a bracelet belonging to a deceased member of his gang and deduces Tiger must have been involved with their death. He promptly shoots Tiger dead. He then allows Sam to run to Lucky and try to save him. She pulls him off the tracks before the train could reach him. Billa smiles and rides away on his bike. After going a short distance, he stops and drops the bag to the ground in a brief act of generosity and then leaves.

==Trivia==

The TV presenter [[Konnie Huq]] appears as an extra in the club scene of the film.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://bollywood.raftaar.in/Movies/Musafir/2004/Movie-Profile| title=Musafir Movie Profile| access-date=7 December 2011| date=2004| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161833/http://bollywood.raftaar.in/Movies/Musafir/2004/Movie-Profile| archive-date=25 April 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Billa
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Lucky
* [[Sameera Reddy]] as Sam
* [[Aditya Pancholi]] as Inspector Tiger
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Lukka
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Whacko Jacko
* [[Koena Mitra]] as Lara
* [[Aksha Pardasany]] as Young Sam
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Manu
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Angela
* Parag Tyagi as Cameo

==Themes==
Critic [[Taran Adarsh]] pointed out in his review that while the film was loosely based on the 1997 American film ''[[U Turn (1997 film)|U Turn]]'', it was a fairly original tale and not something contrived, recycled or a [[Shot-for-shot|scene-to-scene copy]] of ''U Turn''. According to him, director Sanjay Gupta tackled themes of [[infidelity]], [[incest]], ill [[luck]], [[paranoia]], [[distrust|mistrust]], [[murder]], [[deception]], [[fraud]], [[money]] and the [[mafia]]. He also went to label it "provocative and graphic", and noted how it examined the mind of several immoral men, which he believed was "a lane not many 'play safe' [[Bollywood]] filmmakers would want to venture into."<ref name=TA>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/musafir-3/critic-review/musafir-3-movie-review/|title=Musafir Movie Review: Musafir Movie|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=10 December 2004|access-date=10 December 2004|archive-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720004126/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/musafir-3/critic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] from [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated the film 4/5, calling it "a shining example of cinema that dares to be different, of going against the set norms, of defying the rigid set of laws of Bollywood formulaic films." He also felt the film reflected the transition of Hindi cinema and the changing face of Indian cinema.<ref name=TA/> ''Fullhyd.com'' gave it 7.5 stars out of 10, praising the music, dialogues, editing, script and the casting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/musafir/hindi/musafir-movie-reviews-1951-2.html|title=Musafir (Hindi) Movie Review|website=Fullhyd.com|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004194526/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/musafir/hindi/musafir-movie-reviews-1951-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Musafir
| type = Compilation
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]] and [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|10|01}} (Digital Release) {{Start date|df=yes|2004|12|10}} (Film)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=97|s=12}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| prev_title = [[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Shabd (film)|Shabd]]
| next_year = 2005
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| type =
| prev_title = Wajah
| prev_year = 2003
| title = Musafir
| year = 2004
| next_title = [[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]
| next_year = 2005
}}
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]]. [[Anand Raj Anand]] composed one track, "Ishq Kabhi Kario Na". Four tracks in the album are remixes of the original ones from ''[[Kaante]]''. The background score was composed by Ram Gopal Varma collaborator [[Sandeep Chowta]]. [[Dev Kohli]], [[Kumaar]], [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Milap Zaveri]] provided the lyrics. The music was applauded by critics and the audience for being experimental and different. The compositions of Vishal–Shekhar heavily used techno, and trance beats, and the album itself was divided into two CDs—"Club" and "Longue". Songs like "Ishq Kabhi Kario Na", "Saaki", and "Door Se Paas" were highly popular among the youth. Vishal–Shekhar made [[Kumar Sanu]] sing a techno song, "Phir Na Kehna", a very rare Western-style song for Kumar Sanu. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 18,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's seventh highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> The song "Saki" was recreated for film ''[[Batla House]]''.
{{Tracklist
| headline= Original tracklist
| title1 =
| extra1 =
| length1 =
}}
{{track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = CD 1 – Club
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 51:58
| title1 = Ishq Kabhi Kario Na
| note1 = Flea Market Trance Mix
| lyrics1 = Dev Kohli
| music1 = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length1 = 4:28
| title2 = Saaki
| note2 = Psychedelic Insomnia Mix
| lyrics2 = Dev Kohli
| music2 = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Sunidhi Chauhan
| length2 = 5:24
| title3 = Door Se Paas
| note3 = Missy in the Pool Mix
| lyrics3 = Dev Kohli
| music3 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length3 = 6:06
| title4 = Rabba
| note4 = Agony And Ecstasy Mix
| lyrics4 = [[Kumaar]], Dev Kohli
| music4 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra4 = [[Krishna Beura]]
| length4 = 5:52
| title5 = Tez Dhaar
| note5 = Sex on Wheels Mix
| lyrics5 = Vishal Dadlani, [[Milap Zaveri]]
| music5 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra5 = [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| length5 = 5:36
| title6 = Ishq Kabhi Kario Na
| note6 = Paradiso Mix
| lyrics6 = Dev Kohli
| music6 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra6 = Sukhwinder Singh
| length6 = 4:23
| title7 = Ishq Samunder*
| note7 = Back To Life Mix
| lyrics7 = Dev Kohli
| music7 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra7 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Anand Raj Anand
| length7 = 5:22
| title8 = Rama Re
| note8 = The Boys Are Back Mix
| lyrics8 = Dev Kohli
| music8 = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| extra8 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| length8 = 6:65
| title9 = Rabba
| note9 = Kinky in Ibiza Mix
| lyrics9 = Kumaar, Dev Kohli
| music9 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra9 = [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
| length9 = 7:51
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = CD 2 – Lounge
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 45:14
| title10 = Rabba
| note10 = Farewell To Sadness Mix
| lyrics10 = [[Kumaar]], Dev Kohli
| music10 = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| extra10 = [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
| length10 = 6:22
| title11 = Sun Suniyo
| note11 = Anjuna Laguna Mix
| lyrics11 = Dev Kohli
| music11 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra11 = [[Hema Sardesai]]
| length11 = 4:23
| title12 = Tez Dhaar
| note12 = Billa's Journey Mix
| lyrics12 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Milap Zaveri]]
| music12 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra12 = [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| length12 = 5:24
| title13 = Phir Na Kehna
| note13 = Crazy in Zanzibar Mix
| lyrics13 = Dev Kohli
| music13 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra13 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length13 = 5:39
| title14 = Ek Dil Ne
| note14 = Casa Brittona Mix
| lyrics14 = Dev Kohli
| music14 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra14 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length14 = 4:57
| title15 = Rabba
| note15 = Kiss of Death Mix
| lyrics15 = Kumaar, Dev Kohli
| music15 = Vishal–Shekhar
| extra15 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length15 = 6:04
| title16 = Yaar Mangyasi*
| note16 = Eternal Moment Mix
| lyrics16 = Dev Kohli
| music16 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra16 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length16 = 6:22
| title17 = Mahi Ve*
| note17 = Sleep With Destiny Mix
| lyrics17 = Dev Kohli
| music17 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra17 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
| length17 = 6:03
}}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Originally featured in ''Kaante''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0430381|Musafir}}

{{Sanjay Gupta}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2004 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Gupta]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]

Chhath

2026-03-21T06:47:28Z

PriscillaNair10: expanded layout and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Hindu festival}}
{{See also-text|[[Bharat-Nepal Maitri Chhath Ghat]]}}
{{Use British English|date = April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Chhath Puja
| type = labour
| image = JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Devotees gathered at a pond to worship the sun god [[List of solar deities|Surya]] and his sister [[Shashthi|Chhathi Maiya]] in [[Janakpurdham]], [[Madhesh Province]], [[Nepal]] (2008)
| nickname = {{hlist|Chhaith|Chhath Parva|Chhath Puja|Dala Chhath|Dala Puja|Surya Shashthi}}
| observedby = [[Indian people|Indians]] and [[Nepali people|Nepalese]]
*[[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuriyas]], [[Magahi people|Magahis]], and [[Maithil]]s
[[Tharu people|Tharus]]
| longtype = Cultural, historical, religious
| significance = Veneration of the sun god [[List of solar deities|Surya]] and his sister [[Shashthi|Chhathi Maiya]]
| duration = 4 days
| frequency = Annual
| date2023 = Friday, 17 November – Monday, 20 November
| date = 25 October – 28 October (2025)
| alt = Devotees gathered at a pond to worship the sun god Surya and his sister Chhathi Maiya in Janakpurdham, Madhesh Province, Nepal
| date2024 = Tuesday, 5 November – Friday, 8 November
| month = October or November
}}
[[File:Chhath Puja at Basuki Bihari North.jpg|thumb|Chhath Puja at Chaudhary Pokhair in [[Basuki Bihari]] town of Bihar]]

'''Chhath''' is an ancient '''Indo-Nepalese''' [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival, native to [[East India|eastern India]] and southern [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |language=en}}</ref> It is celebrated<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2009 |title=Surat 1 lakh to celebrate chhath puja |url=http://jaibihar.com/surat-1-lakh-to-celebrate-chhath-puja/13529/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103174842/http://jaibihar.com/surat-1-lakh-to-celebrate-chhath-puja/13529/ |archive-date=3 January 2010 |access-date=2009-12-14 |work=Jai Bihar}}</ref> especially in the Indian states of [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-02 |title=20K perform Chhath Puja |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/20k-perform-chhath-puja/story-ku0MAYpW55U9YBwBGE7ssK.html |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Adda247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsoHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chhath+puja+bihar+jharkhand+eastern+uttar+pradesh&pg=PA212 |title=Ace Banking And Static Awareness eBook |publisher=Adda247 Publications |isbn=978-93-89924-52-7 |language=en|edition=English }}</ref> and [[Koshi Province|Koshi]], [[Gandaki Province|Gandaki]], [[Bagmati]], [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini]], and [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]] provinces of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparations underway for Chhath |url=https://kathmandupost.com/visual-stories/2021/11/08/preparations-underway-for-chhath |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dr Pradeep Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkjYDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chhath+puja+bihar+jharkhand+uttar+pradesh&pg=PA102 |title=Ghraundha 3: A complete children book |publisher=Naye Pallav |isbn=978-81-935124-6-3 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=India com Lifestyle |title=Chhath Puja 2021 Day 1: Nahay Khay Significance, Importance, All You Need to Know About This Ritual |url=https://www.india.com/festivals-events/chhath-puja-2021-day-1-nahay-khay-significance-chhath-puja-ritual-importance-chhath-puja-ceremony-chhath-puja-celebrations-5087314/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=New Spolight |title=Chhath Puja 2021: History, Importance, And Significance of Chhath Puja In Nepal And India |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2021/11/09/chhath-puja-2021-history-importance-and-significance-chhath-puja-nepal-and-india/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=SpotlightNepal |language=en}}</ref> In major urban centres like [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Janakpur]], and [[Kathmandu]], the Indian and Nepali diaspora actively participates in celebrating Chhath, preserving their cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant celebrations of Chhath in Kathmandu Valley |url=https://kathmandupost.com/visual-stories/2024/11/07/vibrant-celebrations-of-chhath-in-kathmandu-valley |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-11-17 |title=Hyderabad gears up for Chhath Puja festivities |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-gears-up-for-chhath-puja-festivities |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2024-11-07 |title=Lakhs of devotees offer 'Sandhya Arghya' as Delhi celebrates Chhath Puja |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lakhs-of-devotees-offer-sandhya-arghya-as-delhi-celebrates-chhath-puja/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhath Puja 2022, Mumbai: मुंबई में 81 जगह पर मनायी जाएगी छठ पूजा, सुरक्षा के खास इंतजाम - Chhath Puja will be celebrated at 81 places in Mumbai special security arrangements |url=https://www.jagran.com/maharashtra/mumbai-chhath-puja-will-be-celebrated-at-81-places-in-mumbai-special-security-arrangements-23169173.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The festival is also celebrated by the diaspora<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-21 |title=Chhath Puja goes global, Indian diaspora in London, Dubai and the US soaks in festivities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/chhath-puja-goes-global-indian-diaspora-in-london-dubai-and-the-us-soaks-in-festivities/articleshow/105369796.cms |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-28 |title=How Chhath Puja Is Celebrated Across The World: Traditions In The US, UK, Singapore & More |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/brand-studio/how-chhath-puja-is-celebrated-across-the-world-traditions-in-the-us-uk-singapore-more |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> in countries such as the United States, Australia, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Canada, Mauritius, Japan, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=विचार: छठ पूजा अब बनेगी ग्लोबल फेस्टिवल, जानिए पीएम मोदी की उस पहल के मायने, जो आस्था को विश्व मंच तक ले जाएगी — मिथिला की परंपरा को मिला नया जीवन |url=https://www.jansatta.com/opinion/chhath-puja-global-festival-pm-modi-unesco-initiative-mithila-cultural-heritage/4204373/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

During Chhath [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]], prayers are dedicated to the [[solar deity]], [[Surya]], to express gratitude for the blessings of life on Earth and to seek the fulfilment of personal wishes.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 October 2017|title=A festival not confined to Bihar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/a-festival-not-confined-to-bihar/articleshow/61208996.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/a-festival-not-confined-to-bihar/articleshow/61208996.cms|archive-date=23 December 2017|access-date=9 November 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Hindu goddess Chhathi Maiya (or [[Chhathi Mata]])—the sixth form of [[Prakṛti|Prakriti]] and Surya's sister—is also worshipped during the festival. It is celebrated for six days after [[Diwali|Deepavali]] or [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]], until the sixth day of the [[lunar month]] of Kartika (October or November) in the [[Hindu calendar]] ([[Vikram Samvat]]), which is why it is called 'Surya Shashti Vrata'.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 November 2016|title=Chhath Puja 2016: History, Significance, Dates and Benefits of Chhath Puja, Surya Sashthi|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/chhath-puja-2016-history-significance-dates-and-benefits-of-chhath-puja-surya-sashthi-3736023/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095143/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/chhath-puja-2016-history-significance-dates-and-benefits-of-chhath-puja-surya-sashthi-3736023/|archive-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Das|first=Subhamoy|date=3 October 2018|title=Chhath Puja|url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/festivalsholidays/fl/Chhath-Puja.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032326/http://hinduism.about.com/od/festivalsholidays/fl/Chhath-Puja.htm|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=16 November 2015|website=Learn Religions|publisher=[[Dotdash]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Festivals of India And Nepal - Chhath Festival|url=http://www.aryabhatt.com/fast_fair_festival/Festivals/Chhath%20Festival.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607030908/http://aryabhatt.com/fast_fair_festival/Festivals/Chhath%20Festival.htm|archive-date=7 June 2009|access-date=9 November 2021|website=aryabhatt.com}}</ref> The rituals are observed over three nights and four days,<ref>{{cite web|last=Richa|date=6 November 2016|title=Chhath at the crossroads|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161106/jsp/bihar/story_117672.jsp#.WB7jCtJ97IU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106165447/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161106/jsp/bihar/story_117672.jsp#.WB7jCtJ97IU|archive-date=6 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2021|website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> and include holy bathing, fasting, abstaining from drinking water as a [[Vratta|''vrata'']] (devotion), standing in water, and offering ''[[prasada]]'' (prayer offerings of food) and ''[[arghya]]'' to the rising and setting of the Sun.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2017|title=Chhath rituals bring family together|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/chhath-rituals-bring-family-together/articleshow/61190103.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024211139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/chhath-rituals-bring-family-together/articleshow/61190103.cms|archive-date=24 October 2017|access-date=9 November 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Some devotees also perform a [[prostration]] march as they head towards the riverbanks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-11-08/sun-worshippers.html|title=Sun worshippers|last=Sah|first=Jitendra|date=8 November 2016|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|quote=Some devotees go to river banks to worship the sun by prostrating themselves the entire distance.|access-date=11 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191013/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-11-08/sun-worshippers.html|archive-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> All devotees prepare similar ''prasada'' and offerings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=मानपुरी |first=सुरेन्द्र |date=10 November 2018 |title=Chhath Puja: भिखारी सारी दुनिया दाता एक राम... छठ पर्व में आम और खास सब एक समान |url=https://m.livehindustan.com/astrology/story-chhath-puja-chhath-parva-brings-equality-among-society-read-how-2261081.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Jivesh |date=31 December 2019 |title=Chhath Puja: The festival of Sun God, cleanliness, equality and fraternity |url=http://english.lokaantar.com/articles/chhath-puja-festival-sun-god-cleanliness-equality-fraternity/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131424/http://english.lokaantar.com:80/articles/chhath-puja-festival-sun-god-cleanliness-equality-fraternity/ |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=Lokantar}}</ref>

== Traditional food and offerings ==
Chhath Puja is also marked by the preparation and offering of a variety of traditional and [[Sattvic diet|sattvic]] (pure and vegetarian) dishes that are cooked without onion or garlic. These food items hold cultural and religious importance, often passed down through generations.

Four of the most important traditional prasadas (offerings) offered during Chhath Puja are:

# '''Thekua''' – A crispy, sweet snack made from wheat flour, [[jaggery]], and [[ghee]], then deep-fried. Thekua is the most iconic offering of Chhath Puja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhat Puja |first=Thekua |date=22 June 2025 |title=Top 5 Traditional Recipes for Chhath Puja: Celebrate with Authentic and Flavorful Delicacies |url=https://thebengalexpress.in/top-5-traditional-recipes-for-chhath-puja-celebrate-with-authentic-and-flavorful-delicacies/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=The Bengal Express}}</ref>
# '''Rasabali''' – A traditional dessert made from flattened rice soaked in sweetened milk, flavored with cardamom and dry fruits.
# '''Kasar (Laddoo)''' – Made with powdered rice or wheat flour and jaggery, these laddoos are shaped into small balls and are considered a holy offering.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasar Ke Laddu |first=Chhat Puja |date=22 June 2025 |title=Top 5 Traditional Recipes for Chhath Puja: Celebrate with Authentic and Flavorful Delicacies |url=https://thebengalexpress.in/top-5-traditional-recipes-for-chhath-puja-celebrate-with-authentic-and-flavorful-delicacies/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=The Bengal Express}}</ref>
# '''Rice Laddu (Peethha)''' – A steamed or fried dumpling filled with jaggery and coconut, especially common in Bihar and Eastern UP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sana |first=Arka |date=22 June 2025 |title=Top 5 Traditional Recipes for Chhath Puja: Celebrate with Authentic and Flavorful Delicacies |url=https://thebengalexpress.in/top-5-traditional-recipes-for-chhath-puja-celebrate-with-authentic-and-flavorful-delicacies/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=The Bengal Express}}</ref>

These recipes are not only offerings but also symbolize purity, devotion, and cultural richness associated with the Chhath festival.

[[Environmentalist]]s have claimed that the festival of Chhath is one of the most eco-friendly religious festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Tripathi|first1=Piyush|date=6 November 2016|title=Chhath the most eco-friendly festival: Environmentalists|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/chhath-the-most-eco-friendly-festival-environmentalists/articleshow/55266563.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-25|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111004925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com:80/city/patna/Chhath-the-most-eco-friendly-festival-Environmentalists/articleshow/55266563.cms |archive-date=11 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Piyush Kumar|date=28 October 2014|title=Ode to god of green things|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141028/jsp/bihar/story_18972561.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801122445/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141028/jsp/bihar/story_18972561.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2017|access-date=9 November 2021|website=The Telegraph India}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Chhath Puja is dedicated to [[Surya]], the Sun God, as it is thought that the sun is visible to every being and is the basis of life of all creatures on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-05|editor-last=Uniyal|editor-first=Parmita|title=Chhath Puja 2021: Date, significance, rituals of Nahay Khay, Kharna and all about four-day festival|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/chhath-puja-2021-significance-rituals-of-nahay-khay-kharna-four-day-festival-101636116509976.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105133136/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/chhath-puja-2021-significance-rituals-of-nahay-khay-kharna-four-day-festival-101636116509976.html |archive-date=5 November 2021 }}</ref> Chhathi Maiya (or Chhathi Mata) is also worshipped on this day. According to [[Hindu astrology|Vedic astrology]], Chhathi Maiya grants children long life and good health by shielding them from illnesses and diseases.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-01|title=Chhath Puja 2019: History, significance, and why it is celebrated|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/chhath-puja-2019-history-significance-and-why-it-is-celebrated/story-SmMIr4U3oNcHhFCejiokSN.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Ranipokhari-IMG 3228.jpg|alt=Rani Pokhari, a 17th-century pond in Kathmandu decorated with lights at night for Chhath celebration|thumb|Chhath celebration (2015) at [[Rani Pokhari]], a 17th-century pond in [[Kathmandu]]]]
[[File:Chhath Pooja in Delhi.jpg|thumb|Chhath celebrations happening at a temporary pond made for devotees in Shahdara, Delhi]]

Chhath Puja is a [[List of folk festivals|folk festival]] that lasts four days. It starts with Kartik Shukla Chaturthi and ends with Kartik Shukla Saptami. Chhath is celebrated twice a year:<ref>{{Cite web |title=All about Chhath Puja |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/all-about-chhath-puja-694259 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref>
# Chaiti Chhath – observed in the [[Chaitra]] month of [[Vikram Samvat]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-10 |title=What is Chhath Puja: The age-old tradition of worshipping the God of Sun |url=https://indusscrolls.com/what-is-chhath-puja-the-age-old-tradition-of-worshipping-the-god-of-sun |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Indus Scrolls |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Kartik Chhath – celebrated at a very large scale in the [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] month of Vikram Samvat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-26 |title=Chhath Puja {{!}} When, Why & How Celebrate - All Indian Festivals |url=https://www.allindianfestivals.in/chhath-puja/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The main worshippers, called {{transliteration|sa|parvaitin}} ({{Translation|'devotees'}}, from Sanskrit ''parva'', meaning 'occasion' or 'festival'), are usually women. However, men also observe this festival as Chhath is not a gender-specific festival.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 November 2016 |title=Men not far behind women in celebrating Chhath |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Men-not-far-behind-women-in-celebrating-Chhath/articleshow/55251895.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111122821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Men-not-far-behind-women-in-celebrating-Chhath/articleshow/55251895.cms |archive-date=11 November 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The {{transliteration|sa|parvaitin}} pray for the well-being of their family, and for the prosperity of their children.

=== ''Nahaay khaay'' (day 1) ===
On the first day of Chhath Puja, the ''parvaitin'' must take a holy bath, after which the entire house, its surroundings, and pathways to the [[ghat]] are thoroughly cleaned. ''Parvaitin'' usually cook [[Sattvic diet|sattvik]] ''lauki bhaat'' ([[Calabash#South Asia|bottle gourd]] and Bengal gram lentil, with Arva rice), which is served in the afternoon to the deity as ''[[bhog]]'' (consecrated food). This initiates the festival. The food is then eaten by the ''parvaitin'' to protect the mind from thoughts of vengeance; it is the ''parvaitin''<nowiki/>'s the last meal during the festival.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Chhath Puja 2020 Date and Time: Know about the date, days and time of Pratihar sashthi|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/lifestyle/chhath-puja-date-2020-when-is-chhath-puja-pratihar-sashthi-days-time-and-rituals-all-you-need-to-know-10019925|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Jagran English}}</ref>

=== ''Kharna / Rasiaav-roti / Lohanda'' (day 2) ===
Kharna, also known as Rasiaav-roti or Lohanda, is the second day of Chhath Puja.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} On this day, as an act of worship, devotees do not drink even a single drop of water. In the evening, they eat ''gur ke kheer'' ([[kheer]] made of [[jaggery]]), called ''rasiaav'', together with [[roti]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=नवभारतटाइम्स.कॉम|date=2019-11-01|title=छठ पर्व से जुड़ी ये खास बातें नहीं जानते होंगे आप, इसलिए पानी में उतरकर दिया जाता है अर्घ्‍य|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/photo/today-is-second-day-of-chhath-pooja-know-about-nahay-khay-kharna-and-sasthi-maiya-68852/|access-date=2020-11-18|website=नवभारत टाइम्स|language=hi-IN}}</ref>

=== ''Sandhya arghya'' (day 3) ===
[[File:Chat Puja.jpg|thumb|Indoor setup used for offerings]]

This day is spent by preparing the ''[[prasada]]'' (food offerings) at home, which often consist of ''[[thekua]]'' (cookies), rice ''[[laddu]]'' sweets, ''khajuria'', ''tikri'', ''kasar'', and fruits (mainly sugarcanes, sweet lime, coconut, banana, and seasonal fruits) offered in small bamboo baskets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-20 |title=Kasar Laddu Recipe: संध्या अर्घ्य के लिए बनाएं कसार लड्डू का प्रसाद, मिनटों में होगा तैयार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/kasar-laddu-recipe-for-chhath-puja-2020-third-day-bgys-3344608.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> The food is strictly vegetarian and is cooked without salt, onions, or garlic. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the purity of the food.<ref name="toi_thekua">{{cite news |date=1 November 2011 |title='Rasiao-kheer', 'thekua' make for festive platter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Rasiao-kheer-thekua-make-for-festive-platter/articleshow/10563781.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511191915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-01/ludhiana/30345212_1_chhath-puja-ancient-hindu-festival-sun-god |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=13 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In the evening, the entire household accompanies the devotee to a riverbank, pond, or other large body of water to make the ''[[arghya]]'' offerings to the setting sun. Where there is no river or pond, an indoor setup such as a tank or fountain is used. In certain places there are restrictions on using beaches for puja.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 November 2021 |title=Mumbai: No Chhath celebrations on beaches, says municipal body |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1009857/mumbai-no-chhath-celebrations-on-beaches-says-municipal-body |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105230651/https://scroll.in/latest/1009857/mumbai-no-chhath-celebrations-on-beaches-says-municipal-body |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Besides the devotees and their friends and family, other participants and onlookers help and receive the worshipper's blessings.

When making ''arghya'', [[Ganges|Gangajal]] water is offered to Surya, and Chhathi Maiya is worshipped with the ''prasada''. After the worship of the Sun God, participants sing Chhath songs in the night and read the ''Vrat katha''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karki |first=Tripti |date=2019-11-02 |title=Chhath Puja 2019 {{!}} Day 3-Sandhya Arghya {{!}} Significance, Puja Vidhi and Mantra |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/news-chhath-puja-2019-day-3-sandhya-arghya-significance-puja-vidhi-mantra-560235 |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

After returning home, devotees perform the ritual of ''kosi bharai'' together with other family members. They tie together 5–7 sugarcanes to form a ''[[Mandapa|mandap]]'' beneath which 12–24 [[Diya (lamp)|''diya'']] (lamps) are burnt and ''thekua'' and seasonal fruits are offered. The same ritual is repeated the next morning between 3 am and 4 am, and afterward the devotees offer ''arghya'' or other offerings to the rising sun.

=== ''Usha arghya'' (day 4) ===
At dawn on the last day of Chhath Puja, worshippers travel to the riverbank to offer ''arghya'' to the rising sun. After making this holy offering, parents pray to Chhatti Maiya for their child's protection as well as the happiness and peace of their whole family. After worship, followers participate in the ''Paran'' or ''Parana'' rite, completion of their fast with a small amount of ''prasada'' and water. This rite emphasises the connection between family well-being and [[Divinity|divine favours]], serving as a symbol of thanksgiving and [[Spirituality|spiritual]] closure.

=== Rituals and traditions ===
In some communities, once a family member starts performing Chhath Puja, they are duty-bound to perform it every year and to pass it on to the following generations. The festival is skipped only if there is a death in the family that year. If the person stops performing the ritual on any particular year, it stops permanently and one cannot resume it. In other communities, this is not mandatory.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Gangi River, Arrah.jpg|Chhath celebration at [[Gangi River]] in [[Arrah]]
File:Chhat Puja Worship Material.jpg|Chhath Puja worship material
File:Chatt Puja Celebration 1.jpg|Woman praying during Chhath
File:Chatt Puja Celebration 2.jpg|Women waiting with ''prasada'' for offerings
File:Ghadiarwa-Park-Birgunj-04.jpg|View of decorated Ghadiarwa pond on the occasion of Chhath festival, [[Birgunj]], Nepal
File:Chhat Puja at Inaruwa 06.jpg|Chhath Puja at [[Inaruwa, Kosi|Inaruwa]], Sunsari District, Koshi Province
File:Chhath Puja Sandhya Ghats Malangwa Bhelhi Sarlahi 3.jpg| Sandhya Ghat at Jhim River, located between [[Malangwa]] and [[Brahmapuri, Sarlahi]] (November 2021)
File:Chatt 7.jpg|Chhath Puja celebration at [[Jiaganj Azimganj|Azimganj]]
</gallery>

== History and associated legends ==
[[File:Sun-temple DEO Aurangabad Bihar,India.jpg|thumb|[[Deo Surya Mandir]] in [[Deo, Bihar]], India]]

Chhath has been mentioned in both the major Indian epics. In the ''[[Ramayana]]'', when [[Lord Rama]] and [[Mata Sita]] returned to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], people celebrated [[Deepawali|Deepavali]], and on its sixth day the ''Ramarajya'' ({{Lit|Kingdom of Rama}}) was established. On this day Rama and Sita fasted, and Surya Shashthi and Chhath Puja was performed by Mata Sita. Hence, she was blessed with [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] as sons.

In [[Champaran]] (Bihar, India) and [[Madhesh Province]] (Nepal), it is a belief that after leaving Ayodhya, Sita stayed in [[Valmiki Ashram]] located on the edge of the [[Narayani River|Narayani (Gandaki) river]] in [[Chitwan district]], on the India–Nepal border. During that time, she celebrated Chhath Mahaparva in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-07 |title=नारायणी नदी में छठ महापर्व से जुड़ी है पौराणिक कथा: मां सीता जब वाल्मीकि आश्रम में थीं, तब यहां की थीं छठ पूजा, देखें VIDEO |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/bagha/news/different-impact-of-chhathh-mahaparv-on-narayani-river-129092820.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Chhath Puja was performed by [[Kunti]] after she (and the [[Pandava]]s) escaped from [[Lakshagriha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Pragativadi News |date=2022-10-29 |title=Chhath Puja 2022: History, Story, Significance |url=https://pragativadi.com/chhath-puja-2022-history-story-significance/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref> It is also believed that [[Karna]], the son of Surya and Kunti, was conceived after Kunti performed Chhath Puja. [[Draupadi]] is also said to have performed the Puja for the Pandavas to win the [[Kurukshetra War]]. It is believed that Draupadi performed Chhath Puja near a spring in Nagdi village of [[Ranchi]]. In this village today, the festival is performed near this spring, not the river or pond.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhath Mahaparv: द्रौपदी ने इस गांव में की थी सबसे पहले छठ पूजा, आज भी मौजूद हैं निशान |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/jharkhand/chhath-mahaparv-draupadi-did-surya-puja-in-nagadi-ranchi-know-full-story-in-hindi/1023129 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=क्या आप जानते हैं? कुंती व द्रोपदी ने भी की थी छठ पूजा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/sant-saadhak-kunti-and-draupadi-was-the-chhath-puja-10841310.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' mentions that Chhathi Maiya is worshipped during the Chhath festival. It says that the Chhath Puja was started in the holy city of [[Varanasi]] by the [[Gahadavala dynasty]]. According to the [[Skanda Purana|''Kashi Khanda'']], the trend of Chhath Puja spread from Varanasi to elsewhere in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गहड़वाल वंश ने की थी महापर्व छठ की शुरुआत, स्वास्थ्य के लिहाज से भी है खास, रिसर्च में कई चौंकाने वाले खुलासे |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/top-stories/chhath-puja-2021-mahaparv-chhath-started-by-the-gahadwal-dynasty-sht |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

According to another legend, King Priyavrata, son of first [[Manu Svayambhuva|Manu Svayambhu]], was unhappy because he had no children. To remedy this, Kashyapa asked him to do a ''[[yajna]]''. Shortly after, a son was born to Queen Malini; however, the baby was born dead. Following the stillbirth, the king and his family were heartbroken. Finding sympathy for the royal family, Mata Shashthi revealed herself in the sky. When the king prayed to her, she spoke, saying: "I am Chhathi Maiya the sixth form of [[Prakṛti|Prakriti]]. I protect all the children of the world and give the blessings of children to all childless parents." After this, the goddess blessed the lifeless child with her hands, so that he came to life. Thankful for Shashthi Devi's grace, the king worshipped the goddess. It is believed that after this puja, this festival became a worldwide celebration.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

It is also believed that there was an [[ashram]] (hermitage) of the [[rishi]] [[Kashyapa]] and Aditi in the [[Buxar district|Buxar]] region. Mata Aditi gave birth to Surya as a son on the sixth day of Kartika. Surya is also called Aditya because he is the son of Aditi. For this reason, Chhath Puja is celebrated as the birth anniversary of Surya and the month of Kartika is considered a holy month throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Chhath Puja: कब से शुरू हुई छठ महापर्व मनाने की परंपरा, बेतिया के पंडित शत्रुघ्न द्विवेदी से जानें सबकुछ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/west-champaran-why-is-chhath-puja-celebrated-in-bihar-know-history-and-significance-nodark-4808749.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

In [[Munger]] region, the festival is known for its association with ''Sita manpatthar'' (or ''Sita Charan''; {{Lit|Sita's footsteps}}). It is believed that the goddess Sita performed Chhath festival in Munger. Sitacharan Temple, situated on a boulder in the middle of the Ganges River in Munger, is the main center of public faith regarding the Chhath festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/munger/story-mata-sita-performed-chhath-puja-in-munger-5027410.amp.html|title=Sitacharan Temple." Live Hindustan.livehindustan.com |access-date= 8 Nov 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=भारत-नेपाल के लोगों ने एक साथ मनाया छठ पर्व |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhubani/613427- |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Chhath}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=S. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LCSKv-4HcYC|title=Fairs and Festivals of India|last2=Gupta|first2=Seema|date=2006|publisher=[[Pustak Mahal]]|isbn=978-81-223-0951-5|pages=26–29|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Dhyani|first=Ashish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65hLEAAAQBAJ|title=Hindu Festivals-why to celebrate|date=2021-07-30|publisher=Fantabulous Publishers India|pages=133–140|language=en}}

{{Bihar topics}}
{{HinduFestivals}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Culture of Bihar]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Festivals in Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Nepal]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Culture of Madhesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Lumbini]]

Ilai Vaniyar

2026-03-20T18:16:54Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating a entry.

{{Short description| Tamil-speaking caste from Tamil Nadu}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=April 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Senaithalaivar
| region = [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| related = Vaniyar traders
}}

{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}
'''Senaithalaivar''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking [[caste]] mainly from south [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2SkbAAAAIAAJ&q=Senaithalaivar&dq=Senaithalaivar Madras District Gazetteers ... - Madras (India : State), B. S. Baliga]</ref> Other names they are referred are Senaiyar, Moopanar(In Tirunelveli District) Mudaliar, Pillai.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Literary evidence==
They belong to the [[Vaishya]] varna.<ref>{{cite book |title=People of India, Volume 40, Part 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRIwAQAAIAAJ&q=The+original+name+of+the+caste+is+said+to+have+been+Elai+Vaniyan |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2001 |isbn=8185938881}}</ref>

==Distribution==
They are mainly populated in [[Tirunelveli District]], Tiruvarur District, Chennai, Kanyakumari District, Nagapattinam District, Thanjaur District and Madurai District, including places like Tenmalai, Kayatharu and Seevalapperi.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SkbAAAAIAAJ&q=Senai|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur Districts (erstwhile Chengalpattu District)|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |year=2002 |first=Rao Bahadur |last=B. S. Baliga}}</ref>

==Society and caste organisation==
They are included in the Tamil Nadu state's list of Backward castes.<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm List Of Backward Classes Approved]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]

Dharmapuram Adheenam

2026-03-15T11:58:09Z

PriscillaNair10: rework article for consistency and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Hindu monastery in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Dharumapuram Adheenam
| founder = Guru Gnanasambhandhar
| type = Religious
| location = [[Mayiladuthurai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.1041|N|79.6733|E}}
| leader_title = First Adheenam
| leader_name = Guru Gnanasambhandhar
| leader_title2 = Present Adheenam
| leader_name2 = Sri Masillamani Desiga Gnanasambanda Parmachariya Swamigal
| affiliations = [[Hinduism]], [[Shaivism]]
| website = https://dharumaiadheenam.in/
| image = Dharmapuram Adheenam HeadQuarters.jpg
| caption = Dharumapuram Adheenam headquarters
}}

'''Dharumapuram Adheenam''' ({{Langx|ta|தருமை ஆதீனம்}}) is a [[Saivite]] [[matha|monastic institution]] based in the town of [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. As of 2019, there were a total of 27 [[Shiva]] temples under the control of the adheenam.<ref name="PTI2019">{{cite news |date=4 December 2019 |title=Head of ancient Dharumapuram Adheenam mutt in TN dies, aged 95 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/head-of-ancient-dharmapuram-adheenam-mutt-in-tn-dies-aged-95-119120401424_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114094208/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/head-of-ancient-dharmapuram-adheenam-mutt-in-tn-dies-aged-95-119120401424_1.html |archive-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

==History and activities==
The adheenam was founded during the 16th century, along with the [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]] and the [[Thiruppanandal Adheenam]], to spread the ideology of [[Suthaathvaitha Saiva-Siddhantham|Saiva Sidhantham]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Singing of a Place: Pilgrimage as Metaphor and Motif in the Tēvāram Songs of the Tamil Śaivite Saints |jstor=601112 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |last=Peterson |first=Indira V. |authorlink=Indira Viswanathan Peterson |year=1982 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=69–90 |doi=10.2307/601112 }}</ref>{{rp|82}} Dharumapuram mutt was founded by [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]].

The adheenam is involved in publishing Saivite literature, specifically the ''[[Thevaram (Tamil Shaivaite Hymns)|Thevaram]]'' and ''[[Tiruvasakam]]'' and its translations. It is also involved in literary scholarship.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Arabic-Tamil in South India and Sri Lanka: Language as Mimicry |jstor=20840120 |first=M. M. M. |last=Mahroof |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=1993|pages=169–189 }}</ref>{{rp|182}} [[Vaitheeswaran Koil]], near [[Sirkazhi]], is one of the temples the adheenam maintains.<ref>{{cite news |last=Krishnamurthy |first=R. |title=Succour for the sick |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/18/stories/13180906.htm |date=18 May 2001 |work=The Hindu |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021113233106/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/18/stories/13180906.htm |archive-date=13 November 2002}}</ref>

[[Arunachala Kavi|Arunachala Kavirayar]] a Tamil poet and a composer of Carnatic music in the 18th Century CE studied both [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] in this adheenam. The head of Mutt was so pleased with Kavirayar and even considered making Arunchala as his successor. At 18, Kavirayar left the Mutt and Later composed the Famous Opera on the Epic [[Ramayana]] called as ''[[Rama Natakam]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22549/JSNA%252847%252910-17_djvu.txt | title=Seerkazhi Arunachala Kavirayar and Rama Natakam | date=18 April 1978 | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi }}</ref>

The 26th [[acharya|Guru Maha Sannidhanam]] died on 4 December 2019, and was succeeded by Sri Masillamani Desiga Gnanasambanda Swamigal as the 27th Guru Maha Sannidhanam of the adheenam.<ref name="PTI2019" /><ref name="PTI2017">{{cite news |date=31 January 2017 |title=Successor to Dharmapuram Adheenam named |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/successor-to-dharmapuram-adheenam-named/978116 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413055226/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/successor-to-dharmapuram-adheenam-named/978116 |archive-date=13 April 2020}}</ref>

[[File:DHARUMAI ADHEENAM 27TH GURUMAHA SANNITHANAM.jpg|thumb|27th Guru Maha Sannithnam Sri la Sri Kayilai Masillamani Desiga Gnanasambanda Paramachariya Swamigal ]]

==Temples under Dharumapuram Adheenam==
{{columns-list|
* [[Vaitheeswaran Koil]]
* [[Tiruppanantaal Arunajadeswarar Temple|Thiruppanantaal Arunajadeswarar Temple]]
* [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple, Thirukkadaiyur]]
* [[Veerateeswarar Temple, Thirupariyalur]]
* [[Uthavedeeswarar Temple|Uthavedeeswarar Temple, Kuthalam]]
* Thirunanriyur
* [[Dharumapuram Yazhmoorinathar Temple|Yazhmoorinathar Temple, Thiru Dharumapuram, Karaikal]]
* [[Aiyarappar Temple|Aiyarappar Temple, Thiruvayyaru]]
* Manakuddi
* Karunkuilnathanpettai
* [[Tiruvilanagar Uchiravaneswarar Temple|Uchiravaneswarar Temple, Tiruvilanagar]]
* [[Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple|Dharbaranyeswarar Temple, Tirunallar]]
* [[Swayambhunathaswamy Temple, Peralam]]
* [[Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam]]
* [[Achalpuram Shivalokathyagar Temple|Shivalokathyagar Temple, Achalpuram]]
* [[Veerateeswarar Temple, Korukkai|Veerateeswarar Temple, Tirukurukki]]
* Mayiladuthurai (Sri Kasi Viswanathar Temple)
* [[Uchira Vaneswarar Temple|Vallalar Temple, Mayiladuthurai]]
* Mayiladuthurai (Kumara Kattalai)
* [[Mullaivananathar Temple]], Thirumulaivoyal
* [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur]]
* [[Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi]]
* [[Uyyakondan Thirumalai Temple]]
* Thalagnayar
* [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirukkuvalai]]
* [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur]] - Rajanga Kattalai
* Dharumapuram
* Dharumapuram (Gnanapuriswara Temple)
}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dial4college.com/college/dharmapuram-adinam-arts-college-nagapattinam-in--mayiladuthurai Dharmapuram Adheenam Arts College - Dial4College]
* [https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/public-utility/d-g-government-arts-college-for-women/ DG Govt Arts College for Women - Mayiladuthurai District Portal]
* [https://www.gardencourtcambridge.in/other-institutions.html Garden Court Cambridge Institutions]
* [https://www.gardencourtcambridge.in/school-management.html Garden Court Cambridge School Management]
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Aadheenams]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai]]

K. P. Sudheera

2026-03-15T09:35:42Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating new article

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language writer and translator}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = K. P. Sudheera
| image = K.P. Sudheera.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Sudheera in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = Indian
| death_place =
| death_date =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Writer, translator
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = T. M. Raghunath (late)
| children = Amith, Athul
| parents = K. C. Padmanabhan Sarada
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Kalathil Padmanabhan Sudheera''' is a [[Malayalam language]] writer from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. She has published 101 works in various genres, including novels, poetry, travelogues, biographies, memoirs, translations, letters, and children's literature. Many of her works have been translated to [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] languages. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] has honoured Sudheera in 2022 awarding her [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]].<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards announced |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-v-shinilal-s-sambarkkakranthi-wins-best-novel-1.8688660 |website=mathrubhumi|date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630115558/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-v-shinilal-s-sambarkkakranthi-wins-best-novel-1.8688660 |archive-date=2023-06-30 }}</ref>

==Biography==
K. P. Sudheera was born on 1958, at Kalathil house in Puthiyara, [[Kozhikode]], the daughter of K. C. Padmanabhan and Sarada.<ref name="greenbooks">{{cite web |title=K P Sudheera |url=https://greenbooksindia.com/k-p-sudheera |website=greenbooksindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Indian News"/> Sudheera's father's [[Tharavad]] is situated in [[Chavakkad]], near [[Guruvayur]], [[Thrissur district]].<ref name="facebook">{{cite web |title=ഓർമയുടെ ഓഹരി |url=https://www.facebook.com/Kpsudheera/posts/1380866098622379/|website=facebook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813082216/https://www.facebook.com/Kpsudheera/posts/1380866098622379/ |archive-date=2023-08-13 }}</ref> After studying in BEM Girls' High School, Kozhikode, she received her Bachelor's Degree in Zoology from Govt. Arts & Science College and Providence College. She is currently the manager of [[North Malabar Gramin Bank]], Regional Division, Kozhikode.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=From Azerbaijan with love |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jul/10/from-azerbaijan-with-love-385436.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> T. M. Raghunath(Late), Retd. Superintendent, Provident Fund Office, Kozhikode is her husband and they have two children, Amit and Atul.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1003514&u=obit-kozhikode-1003514|title=കെ.പി. സുധീരയുടെ ഭർത്താവ് ടി.എം. രഘുനാഥ് നിര്യാതനായി|date=2023-02-09|publisher=keralakaumudi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807154208/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1003514&u=obit-kozhikode-1003514 |archive-date=2023-08-07 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/photographer-raghu-prasad-obit-newsa-1126829|title=ഫോട്ടോഗ്രാഫർ ടി.എം രഘുനാഥ് അന്തരിച്ചു|date=2023-02-09|publisher=madhyamam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209082607/https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/photographer-raghu-prasad-obit-newsa-1126829 |archive-date=2023-02-09 |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="New Indian Express"/> Now, Sudheera and her family live in their house ''Visranthi'' in Kozhikode.<ref name="greenbooks"/>

Sudheera, who started writing at a young age, won a prize in an all-Kerala story competition while studying in college.<ref name="puzha">{{cite web |last1=മാതിരപ്പളളി |first1=മനോജ്‌ |title=കഥകളിൽ സംഗീതവുമായി കെ.പി.സുധീര {{!}} പുഴ.കോം - നവസംസ്കൃതിയുടെ ജലസമൃദ്ധി |date=August 2011 |url=https://www.puzha.com/blog/magazine-manoj_mathirapilly-interview_apr21/}}</ref> Later, after joining in Gramin Bank, she became more active in writing. Renowned writer and literary critic [[M. Krishnan Nair (author)|M. Krishnan Nair]] wrote a very good comment about a story of her published at that time, that was her inspiration to write more.<ref name="puzha"/> She has published 80<ref>{{cite news |title=Memoir pays tribute to SPB on his first death anniversary |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/book-release-kp-sudheera-1.6034048 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> books in various genres, including novels, poetry, travelogues, biographies, memoirs, translations, letters, and children's literature. Many of her works have been translated to Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Kannada languages.<ref name="Indian News">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Jayashankar |title=KP Sudheera's two Malayalam books release on November 1 at SIBF 2019 |url=https://www.theindian.news/sibf-2019-malayalam-writer-dr-k-p-sudheera-authored-two-books-will-be-released-on-november-1/ |work=The Indian News |date=29 October 2019 |language=en |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628040006/https://www.theindian.news/sibf-2019-malayalam-writer-dr-k-p-sudheera-authored-two-books-will-be-released-on-november-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Prabhakaran Hebbar Illam received the award ''Balakrishna Goenka Anoodith Sahitya Puraskaram'' for his Hindi translation of K. P. Sudheera's ''Ganga''.<ref name="Goenka Award">{{cite news |title=Kamala Goenka Awards for Hindi Litterateurs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/nov/28/kamala-goenka-awards-for-hindi-litterateurs-849335.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Selected works==
===Short story collections===
* {{cite book |title=Ente Pranayakathakal |date=2019 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=9788182679740}}
* {{cite book |title=Pranaya Dooram |date=2018 |publisher=Saikatham Books |isbn=9789388343169}}
* {{cite book |title=Aakaasachaarikal |date=1996 |publisher=Current Books |location=Kottayam |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=23307&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}
* {{cite book |title=Atheetham |date=2001 |publisher=Current Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-240-1086-0 |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=31349&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}
* {{cite book |title=Neelakkadambu |date=2013 |publisher=Chintha Publishers |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=978-93-82808-42-8 |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=63535&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sudheera |first1=K. P |title=Pranayam madhuram: kathakal |date=2011 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |location=Kozhikode |isbn=978-81-8265-225-5 |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=114163&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}
* {{cite book |title=Sudheerayude Kathakal |date=2008 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |location=Kozhikode |isbn=978-81-8264-616-2 |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=136724&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}
* {{cite book |title=Pranayanantharam |date=2013 |publisher=Lipi Publications |location=Kozhikode |isbn=978-8188016624 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1038}}
* {{cite book |title=Pranayam Madhuram |date=2011 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |location=Kozhikode |isbn=9788182652255 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1882}}
* {{cite book |title=Cholamarangalillatha Vazhi |date=2000 |isbn=812400854X |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=53310|last1=Pi Sudhīra |first1=Ke |publisher=K.P. Sudheera }}
* {{cite book |title=Aaro Oral |date=2005 |publisher=Poorna Publications |location=Kozhikode |isbn=813000240X |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=55689}}
* {{cite book |title=Snehasparsangal |date=1999 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=55821}}
* {{cite book |title=Neelakkadampu |date=2007 |publisher=Green Books |location=Thrissur |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=58738}}
* {{cite book |title=Varthamanathinte Urappukal |date=2010 |publisher=Haritham Books |location=Kozhikode |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=59465}}
*''Atheetham''<ref name="greenbooks"/>
*''Sahayathrika''<ref name="greenbooks"/>

===Novels===
* {{cite book |title=Nashta Smruthiyude Kalam |date=2020 |publisher=H&C Books |isbn=9789388952347}}
* {{cite book |title=Moonnu Pranaya Novelettukal |date=2018 |publisher=Olive Books |isbn=9789387334113}}
* {{cite book |title=Swargavathil |date=2017 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=9788182674127}}
* {{cite book |title=Pranayasameere |date=2013 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |location=Kozhikode |isbn=978-81-8265-594-2 |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=114179&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}
* {{cite book |title=Ajeevanantham |date=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-8124016763 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=57309}}
* {{cite book |title=Ganga |date=2007 |publisher=Poorna Publications |location=Kozhikode |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=57943}}
* {{cite book |title=Pranaya Sameere |date=2011 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788182650510 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=59744}}
* {{cite book |title=Smruthi |date=2011 |publisher=[[DC Books]] |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126431229 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=59876}}
* {{cite book |title=Nashtasmruthiyude Kalam |date=2019 |publisher=H&C Books |location=Thrissur |isbn=9789388952347 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=324127}}

===Children's literature===
* {{cite book |title=Pralayakalam |date=2018 |publisher=Poorna Publications |isbn=9788130021232}}
* {{cite book |title=Bluewhale |date=2017 |publisher=Saikatham Books |isbn=9789386222527}}
* {{cite book |title=Mittuvum Minnuvum |date=2017 |publisher=Haritham Books |isbn=9788192827285}}
* {{cite book |title=Oru Kuragu Kathayum Sagara Sundariyum |date=2017 |publisher=Haritham Books |isbn=9788192827278}}
* {{cite book |title=Kudilum Kottaravum |date=2010 |publisher=Vachanam Books |location=Kozhikode |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=59313}}
* {{cite book |title=Kunjolu |date=2021 |publisher=Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature |isbn=9789388935944 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=329890}}
*''Jeevanakala''<ref name="greenbooks"/>

===Biography===
*{{cite book |title=SPB Pattinte Kadalazham |date=2021 |publisher=Kerala Book Store Publishers |isbn=9788195348343 |edition=2}}. Based on life of [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=ലേഖകൻ |first1=മാധ്യമം |title=എസ്.പി.ബി വ്യത്യസ്തനായിരുന്നു. ഗൃഹാതുരതയോടെയല്ലാതെ എനിക്കദ്ദേഹത്തെ ഓർക്കാനാവുന്നില്ല {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kudumbam/women/kp-sudheera-about-s-p-balasubrahmanyam-920108 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=28 January 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=Iqbal: jeevasparshanagalude kathalum karuthum |date=2003 |publisher=Olive Publications |location=Kozhikode |isbn=8187474122 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=20113}}
* {{cite book |title=Khalil gibran anaswarathayude rahasyam |date=2007 |publisher=Olive Publications |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=23950}}

===Poetry collection===
* {{cite book |title=Pranaya Nombarangal |date=2017 |publisher=Saikatham Books |isbn=9789382909798}}
* {{cite book |title=Pranayamarmarangal |date=2015 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=9788182664364}}
*{{cite book |title=Theeravishappu |date=2012 |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]] |isbn=9789382654599 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=2816}}

===Memoirs===
* {{cite book |title=Ormakalude Album |date=2016 |publisher=National Book Stall |isbn=9789386094117}}
* {{cite book |title=Anuraga paragangal (editor) |date=2017 |publisher=Kairali Books |isbn=9789386822307}}
* {{cite book |title=Snehathinte mukhangal: anusmarana lekhanangal |date=2002 |publisher=Pappiyon |location=Kozhikode |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=32446&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}

===translations===
* {{cite book |title=Pranayadhooth |date=2020 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |location=Kozhikode |isbn=9789390574230 |edition=First}}. Adaptation of [[Meghadūta]] by [[Kalidasa]].
* {{cite book |last1=Gibran |first1=Khalil |last2=Sudheera |first2=K. P|title=Gibrante pranaya lekhanangal |date=2007 |publisher=Chintha Publishers |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=41133&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}
* {{cite book |last1=Steinbeck |first1=John |last2=Sudheera |first2=K. P. |title=Krodhathinte munthirippazhangal |date=2011 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-3294-3 |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=62099&query_desc=au%3A%22Sudheera%20K%20P%22}}

===Travelogues===
* {{cite book |title=Anubhavam, Orma, yathra |date=2019 |publisher=Olive Books |isbn=9789389325119}}
* {{cite book |title=Piramidukalude Naattil |date=2013 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |location=Kozhikode |isbn=978-81-8265-674-1 |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=135592&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=134480}}
* {{cite book |title=Manthari muthal mahakaasam vare |date=2011 |publisher=[[Kerala Sahithya Akademi]] |location=Thrissur |isbn=9788176901864 |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=30905}}
* {{cite book |title=Thamarappookkalum Neelaneeharangalum |publisher=Lead Publications |location=Kozhikode}}

===Article collection===
* ''Snehathinte Mukhangal''<ref name="greenbooks"/>

==Awards==
===International level awards===
* Dubai Art Lovers Association Award<ref name="thasrak"/>
* Jeddah Arangu Award<ref name="thasrak"/>
* Lingual Harmony Award, London<ref name="thasrak"/>
* Daughter of Nile, Egypt<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Woman of the Era Award, Tashkent<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Lady of the Time Award, Dubai<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Daughter of Himalaya Award, Nepal<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Sangamitra of the Age Award, Sri Lanka<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Minarva of East Award, Saint Petersburg<ref name="Indian News"/>

===National level awards and awards from other states===
* 2015: Akka Maha Devi literary Award<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Reading Week fete inaugurated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/reading-week-fete-inaugurated/article7335752.ece |work=The Hindu |date=19 June 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Delhi Sahithya Academy Award<ref name="thasrak"/>
* Bijapur Taj Muglini Award<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Gayathri Award<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Mirabai Award (Delhi)<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Kasthurba Samman<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Sriman Aravind Ashram Award (Assam)<ref name="Indian News"/>

===State level and other awards===
* Kamala Surayya Award by Kerala government<ref>{{cite news |title=11 വനിതകൾ‌ക്ക് സർക്കാരിന്റെ വനിതാരത്നം പുരസ്കാരം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/announcements/2018/03/04/award.html |work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>
* Lalithambika Antharjanam Award for young writers<ref name="thasrak">{{cite web |title=ഡോ.കെ.പി.സുധീര, Author at തസറാക് |url=https://thasrak.com/author/drsudheera/ |website=തസറാക് |date=18 July 2019}}</ref>
* Mathrubhumi Grihalakshmi Award for Best Short Story (twice)<ref name="thasrak"/>
* Kesari Balakrishna Pillai Award<ref name="thasrak"/>
* Uroob Award<ref name="thasrak"/>
* Aksharam Vaikom Muhammad Basheer Award<ref name="thasrak"/>
* Arangu Award<ref name="greenbooks"/>
* Anveshi's Literary Award<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Kodamana Award<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Manaseva Puraskaram instituted in the name of Chatampi Swamikal<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Dharmeekatha – Excellency Award<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Kala Kairali Award<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Thakazhi Award<ref name="Indian News"/>
* Literary competition organized by OV Vijayan Memorial Committee on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of ''[[Khasakkinte Itihasam]]'', prize in poetry.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഒ.വി.വിജയന്‍ സ്മാരക സമിതി സാഹിത്യ മത്സര വിജയികള്‍ {{!}} I&PRD : Official Website of Information Public Relations Department of Kerala |url=https://prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/93979 |website=prd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] for the year in 2022<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|K.P. Sudheera}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudheera, K. P.}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

List of characters in Ramayana

2026-03-15T04:39:08Z

PriscillaNair10: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|none}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of characters in ''Ramayana''}}
[[File:2016 Singapur, Rochor, Świątynia Sri Krishnan (21).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ramayana characters - Rama and Sita enthroned, surrounded by sage Vashishtha and Rama's brothers Lakshmana, Bharata, Shatrughna. Hanuman seated at the feet of Rama]]
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2020}}

''[[Ramayana]]'' is one of the two major [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] ancient [[Indian epic poetry|epics]] (''Itihasa''s) of [[Hindu literature]]. It was composed by sage [[Valmiki]]. This is a list of important figures that appear in the epic.

==A==
[[File:Ahalya rama.jpg|thumb|[[Rama]] releasing [[Ahalya]] from curse. [[Lakshmana]] and sage [[Vishvamitra]] are present.]]
* '''[[Agastya]]''': [[Rishi]] (sage). Son of sage [[Pulastya]] and brother of sage [[Vishrava]]. He was an uncle of Ravana. Agastya and his wife [[Lopamudra]] met Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana during their exile and gave them a divine bow and arrow.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alain|last= Daniélou |author-link=Alain Daniélou |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&pg=PA322 |year=1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 |pages=322–323 with footnotes 5 and 6}}</ref>
* '''[[Ahalya]]''': Wife of the sage [[Gautama Maharishi]]. Many [[Hindu scriptures]] say that she was seduced by [[Indra]] (the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]]), cursed by her husband for infidelity, and liberated from the curse by [[Rama]] (an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]).
* '''Akampana''': A a maternal uncle of Ravana. He was one of ten sons of [[Sumali]] and Ketumathi. He also had four sisters. He was one of the survivors of the battle between [[Khara (Ramayana)|Khara]] and [[Dushana]] along with [[Shurpanakha]]. After escaping the deadly carnage, he instigated [[Ravana]] to kidnap Sita, thus indirectly making him one of the masterminds behind the war. Later he was killed in the battle by [[Hanuman]].
* '''[[Akshayakumara]]''': Youngest son of [[Ravana]] and [[Mandodari]]. He was killed by [[Hanuman]] during the encounter in the [[Ashok Vatika|Ashoka Vatika]].
* '''[[Angada]]''': A [[vanara]] and the son of [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]]. Angada helped Rama find his wife Sita and fight her abductor, [[Ravana]].
* '''[[Añjanā]]''': Mother of Hanuman. According to a version of the legend, {{IAST|Añjanā}} was an [[apsara]] named ''Puñjikastalā'', who was born on earth as a [[vanara]] princess and married [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]], a [[vanara]] chief. In some [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] traditions, [[Vayu]], the god of the wind, carried the divine power of [[Shiva]] to Anjana's womb, and thus Hanuman was born as an incarnation of Shiva.<ref>{{cite book | last =Pollet | first =Gilbert | title =Indian Epic Values: Ramayana and Its Impact: Proceedings of the 8th International Ramayana Conference, Leuven, 6–8 July 1991 (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta) | publisher =Peeters | date =January 1995 | isbn =978-90-6831-701-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/68 68]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>
* '''[[Atikaya]]''': Son of [[Ravana]] and his second wife [[Dhanyamalini]]. He was killed by [[Lakshmana]] by the [[Brahmastra]], after the advice given by Vayu at the behest of [[Indra]], that an otherwise invincible armour of [[Brahma]] was granted to Atikaya, that could only be pierced by a Brahmastra, during the battle when Lakshmana struggled to kill Atikaya.

==B==
* '''[[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]:''' The second son of Dasharatha, born to [[Kaikeyi]], and the younger half brother of [[Rama]]. He was married to Sita's cousin [[Mandavi]] with whom he had two children.
* '''Bhaskarna''': King of Nisthal. Maternal Uncle of [[Ravana]].

== C ==
* '''Chandrabhaga''': Wife of [[Janaka]]'s younger brother [[Kushadhvaja]]. Chandrabhagha 's two daughters Mandavi and [[Shrutakirti]] were married to Rama's younger brothers [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] and [[Shatrughna]] respectively.
* '''Chandrabahu''': Son of Sahasramukhravan. Husband of Padma.

==D==
[[File:Rama and his brothers in the company of Raja Dashratha and his three queens.jpg|thumb|Rama and his brothers in the company of Raja Dashratha and his three queens.]]

* '''[[Dasharatha]]''': King of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. He had three queens, [[Kausalya|Kaushalya]], [[Kaikeyi]] and [[Sumitra]], and four sons: [[Rama]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], and twins [[Lakshmana]], [[Shatrughna]]. Dasharatha also had a daughter named [[Shanta]]. Once, Kaikeyi saved Dasharatha in a battle, and as a reward, she acquired two boons from her husband to be invoked at a later time. Manipulated by [[Manthara]], she asked Dasharatha to make their son Bharata the crown prince and send Rama into exile for a period of fourteen years. Dasharatha died heartbroken after Rama went into exile.
* [[Narantaka-Devantaka|'''Devantaka''']]: A son of Ravana who was described as a Warrior with a machete as his weapon.He was killed by Hanuman in a duel.
* '''[[Dhanyamalini]]''': The second wife of [[Ravana]]. Her origin is unknown but some stories refer to her as the daughter of [[Mayasura|Maya]] and sister of [[Mandodari]]. She was the mother of [[Atikaya]].
* '''Dhumraksha:''' A maternal uncle of Ravana and one of ten sons of [[Sumali]]. He was killed by Hanuman.
* '''Dushana''': A man-eating [[rakshasa]]. He is the twin brother of Khara, the younger male cousin of Ravana, and son of Kaikesi's sister Raka. They were demons who ruled the [[Dandaka Forest]]. After Lakshmana humiliated [[Shurpanakha]] by cutting off her nose and ears, Khara and Dushana went to war against Lakshmana and Rama. During this fight, Dushana was killed by Rama.<ref>''A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology & Religion'' by [[John Dowson]]</ref>

==G==
* '''[[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]]:''' River goddess and the daughter of [[Himavat|Himavan]]. Because of her incomparable beauty, she was given to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]. At [[Bhagiratha]]'s request, she assumed the form of a river and flowed down to the earth with the assistance of Shiva and became the river [[Ganga]].
* [[Guha (Ramayana)|'''Guha''']]: The king of Śṛṅgiverapura, a nation of the [[Nishadas]], and one of the allies of Rama. He helps the deity and his companions be ferried across the river Ganga during his exile.

==H==
[[File:Hanuman fells Jambumali.jpg|thumb|Hanuman fells Jambumali]]
* '''[[Hanuman]]:''' A divine [[vanara]] companion and devotee of the god [[Rama]]. Hanuman is one of the central figures of the epic. He is a [[Brahmacharya|brahmachari]] (life long celibate) and one of the [[Chiranjivi|chiranjivis]]. In some versions of the epic, he is described as an avatar of Shiva.
* '''Hema:''' An [[apsara]] in [[Indra]]'s court. When [[Mayasura]] visited [[Svarga]], he saw and married her. They had two sons, Mayavi and Dundubhi, and a daughter named [[Mandodari]]. She later left them and returned to Svarga.

==I==
* '''[[Indrajit]]''' ('''Meghanada'''): The elder son of Ravana mothered by Mandodari and a prince of [[Lanka]]. In the epic, he is described to be a great warrior and master of illusions. he is also known as Indraari.

==J==
* '''[[Jambavan]]''': The king of the bears. He was created by Brahma to assist Rama in his struggle against Ravana.
* '''[[Janaka]]''': The king of Mithila and the father of Sita and Urmila.
* '''Jambumali:''' One of the eight sons of Lanka's commander-in-chief [[Prahasta]]. He was killed by [[Hanuman]] during the encounter in the [[Ashok Vatika|Ashoka Vatika]]
* '''[[Jatayu]]''': A divine bird and the younger son of [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruṇa]]. He was an old friend of Dasharatha (Rama's father). Jatayu's wings were lopped off and he was killed by Ravana when he tried to save Sita during her abduction.

==K==
* '''[[Kabandha]]''': A gandharva, cursed by sage Shtulashira to become a repulsive demon with no head or neck but his mouth in the belly and a single fiery eye on the chest along extremely long arms. He was freed from the curse when his arms were sliced of by Rama and Lakshman and when he was cremated.
* '''{{Visible anchor|Kaikasi}} (Nikasha, Malini, Sukeshi'''): A wife of sage [[Vishrava]], and mother of [[Ravana]], [[Kumbhakarna]], [[Vibhishana]], and [[Shurpanakha]]. She was a daughter of the [[Daitya]] king Sumali by his wife Ketumati/Ketumali.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|title=Know interesting things about Ravana|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/unknown-interesting-hidden-mythological-facts-ramayana-interesting-facts-about-ravan-sc93-nu612-ta612-ta294-1085188-1.html|access-date=2020-07-02|website=News Track|language=en}}</ref> Her elder sisters, Raka and Pushpotkata, were also wives of Vishrava.
* '''[[Kaikeyi]]:''' The third and most favorable wife of King [[Dasharatha]], and mother of [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]. After she saved the life of Dasharatha in battle, he offered to grant anything she would ask of him. She later calls in this favour to have Bharata crowned king and Rama sent into the forest, manipulated by the words of her maid, Manthara.
* '''[[Kausalya]]''': The mother of Rama and the first consort of King Dasharatha. She is also described to be the king's favourite wife.
* '''Khara''': man-eating [[rakshasa]]. He is the twin brother of Dushana, younger male cousin of Ravana, and son of Kaikesi's sister Raka. He was killed by [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] when he attacked Rama after [[Shurpanakha]]'s humiliation. After Lakshmana cut off Shurpanakha's nose and ears, Khara fought against Lakshmana and Rama. During this fight, Khara lost and was killed by Rama, who also killed his brothers Dushana and [[Trishiras]].<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24869/24869-h/24869-h.html#toc455 Khara's Death]</ref>
* '''[[Kumbhakarna]]:''' The second son of [[Vishrava]] and [[Kaikasi]]. He was the younger brother of Ravana and the elder brother of Vibhishana and Shurpanakha. Despite his gigantic size and great appetite, he was described to be of good character and a great warrior in those times. When offered a boon by [[Brahma]], he was tricked into asking for eternal sleep. A horrified Ravana, out of brotherly love, persuaded Brahma to amend the boon. Brahma mitigated the power of the boon by making Kumbhakarna sleep for six months and being awake for the rest six months of a year (in some versions, he is awake for one day out of the year). He was one of the rakshasas who opposed Ravana's abduction of Sita.
* [[Kusha (Ramayana)|'''Kusha''']]: one of the two sons of Rama and Sita.

==L==
[[File:Lakshamana fights Indrajit.jpg|thumb|250px|Meghanada In The War Fighting With [[Lakshmana]].]]
* '''[[Lakshmana]]''': The third son of King [[Dasharatha]], and a half-brother of Rama. He was the twin brother of [[Shatrughna]], both born to queen Sumitra. In some traditions, he is regarded to be an incarnation of [[Sesha Naga|Shesha]]. He was deeply devoted to his brother, whom he followed through many dangerous adventures and quests. He was married to Sita's younger sister, [[Urmila]]. He is stated to have guarded his brother Rama and Sita during their exile for fourteen years without sleeping .
* [[Lava (Ramayana)|'''Lava''']]: one of the two sons of Rama and Sita. He had a twin brother named Kusha, one of the youths to whom [[Valmiki]] taught the ''[[Ramayana]]''.
* '''Lankini :''' She was a powerful demoness from the ancient Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. Her name literally means "The woman of Lanka" as she was the female personification of the city itself and was the guardian to the doors of Lanka.

==M==
* '''[[Malyavan]]''': A maternal granduncle of Ravana. He was one of three sons of Sukesha''.'' He had two younger brothers named [[Sumali]] and Mali. Malyavan's wife was Sundari. He had seven sons - Vajramusthi, Virupaksha, Durmukha, Suptaghna, Yajnakopa, Matta, Unmatta, and a daughter named Anala. He was one of the rakshasas who opposed Ravana's abduction of Sita.
* '''[[Mandavi]]''': The daughter of King Kushadhvaja and Queen Chandrabhaga. She was a cousin of Sita and [[Urmila]]. She also had a younger sister named [[Shrutakirti]]. Mandavi was married to Rama's brother Bharata. After the Ramayana, she became the queen of Gandhara and had two sons, Pushkala and Taksha, who founded [[Peshawar]], then called Purushapura, and [[Takshasila|Takshashila]], now called Taxila, respectively.
* '''[[Mandodari]]:''' The chief consort of Ravana. The epic describes her as beautiful, pious, and righteous. Mandodari was the daughter of [[Mayasura]] and an ''[[apsara]]'' named Hema. Mandodari bears two sons: Meghanada (Indrajit) and [[Akshayakumara]]. She was one of the rakshasas who opposed Ravana's abduction of Sita.
* '''[[Manthara]]''': Maid of Kaikeyi. She is said to be hunch-backed, ugly and antagonistic in appearance. She manipulates Kaikeyi into fears that her position would be overshadowed by Kausalya after the coronation of Rama, persuading her mistress to invoke her boons and send Rama into his exile.
* '''[[Maricha]]:''' A rakshasa (demon) who plays a role in the kidnapping of Sita, Rama's wife, by assuming the form of a golden deer. His mother was [[Tataka]] and brother was [[Subahu]], who were killed by Rama earlier in the story.

==N==
[[File:Nila Ramayana.jpg|thumb|upright|Nila]]
* [[Nala (Ramayana)|'''Nala''']]: A vanara who helped Rama during his war with Ravana. He is credited as the engineer of the [[Adam's Bridge|Rama Setu]]. He was a son of [[Vishvakarman|Vishvakarma]], and the twin brother of [[Nila (Ramayana)|Nila]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature : Mani, Vettam, 1921- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|access-date=2020-07-14|via=Internet Archive|year=1975|isbn=9780842608220 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Narantaka-Devantaka|'''Narantaka''']]: A son of Ravana. He was killed by [[Angada]].
* [[Nila (Ramayana)|'''Nila''']]: The commander-in-chief of the vanara army in Rama's battle against Ravana. Along with his twin brother [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]], he is also credited for constructing the Rama Setu. Nila is the son of [[Agni]].
* '''Nirvani:''' A [[yakshini]] and niece of the [[List of Yakshas|yaksha]] king Suketu.

==P==
* '''[[Parashurama]]''': The sixth avatar of Vishnu, present in the Ramayana in his conflict with [[Rama]] over Shiva's broken bow [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|pinaka]], and due to the vow he had made to kill Kshatriya kings. He challenged Rama to bend the bow of Vishnu, and when this was done, accepted that Rama was an incarnation of Vishnu and retired to his penance.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfV5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Parashurama+bow+Rama&pg=PT82 |title=The Book of Avatars and Divinities |date=2018-11-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-362-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Prahasta]]:''' A maternal uncle of Ravana and chief commander of [[Lanka]]'s army. He was a son of [[Sumali]] and Ketumati.
*[[Pulastya]]: A great sage, one of the [[Saptarshis]] of [[Svayambhu]] [[Manvantara]] and the Grandfather of [[Ravana]].

==R==
* '''[[Rama]]:''' The protagonist of the epic. He is an avatar of [[Vishnu]]. He was the son of King [[Dasharatha]] of the [[Kosala Kingdom]] and his eldest consort, [[Kausalya]]. He is regarded to be the embodiment of justice and ''[[dharma]]''. He marries Princess Sita of Mithila. The crux of the epic details his attempts to rescue her from Ravana's clutches at Lanka.
* '''[[Ravana]]:''' The [[rakshasa]] king of Lanka. He is the main antagonist of the epic. He was the son of [[Vishrava]] and [[Kaikashi]]. His kidnapping of Rama's wife Sita is the central event that sparked the conflict of the epic.
* '''[[Rishyasringa]]''': A [[rishi]] (sage) presided over the sacrifice that King [[Dasharatha]] offered in order to get a son. He was married to Dasharatha's daughter Shanta.
* '''[[Rumā]]:''' The wife of [[Sugriva]]. She is mentioned in Book IV (Kishkindha Kanda) of the epic. Ruma and Sugriva fell in love with each other and wanted to marry each other. But Ruma's father did not approve. Hence, Sugriva with the help of Hanuman abducted Ruma and they married each other. Rumā was taken away from Sugriva by Vali following the strife of two royal vanara brothers. Later, the fact of Rumā being withheld by Vali became the primary justification of [[Rama]]'s slaying [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and helping Sugriva to become the sovereign of [[Kishkindha]]. When accused by Vali of lowly, treacherous and unexpected assassination from the shades by Rama's arrow, Rāma says his assassination was a just punishment for the sin Vali committed when he robbed Sugriva of Rumā, his wedded spouse, and used her for his own pleasure.<ref>Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Monier-Williams, (c) 1899</ref><ref>Valmiki Ramayana translated by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]] (1870–1874). Book IV.</ref><ref>Ramayana. William Buck, B. A. van Nooten, Shirley Triest. University of California Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0520227034}}, 9780520227033</ref>

==S==
[[File:Swarn Jain temple, Gwalior - Ram.jpg|thumb|''Sita'' in ''Jain Ramayana.'' (left)]]
* '''[[Sampati]]''': A supporter of Rama. He was the brother of [[Jatayu]] and the son of [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]]. He traced Sita with his divine vision and informed Rama that Sita was in Lanka
* '''[[Shanta]]''': The daughter of a King [[Dasharatha]] and his elder consort [[Kausalya]]. Later she was adopted by King [[Romapada]] and queen [[Vershini]] of Anga. She was married to the sage [[Rishyasringa]].
* '''[[Shabari]]''': An elderly ascetic who was devoted to Rama. As her guru Matanga had instructed her to worship Rama, she waited for him for several years. Sabari finally met Rama after the abduction of Sita. She helped Rama to find Sugriva and Hanuman.
* '''[[Shatrughna]]:''' The youngest son of King Dasharatha. He was born to queen Sumitra and was a twin brother of Lakshmana. He was married to Sita's cousin [[Shrutakirti]] with whom he had two children''.''
* '''[[Shiva]]:''' A part of the [[Trimurti]], the supreme trinity in Hinduism, along with [[Vishnu]] and [[Brahma]]. Both Rama and Ravana were great to devotees of Shiva. Some versions of the epic also describe [[Hanuman]] as one of the avatars of Shiva. His wife is [[Parvati]].
* '''[[Shrutakirti]]''': The daughter of king [[Kushadhwaja|Kushadhvaja]] and queen [[Chandrabhaga (queen)|Chandrabhaga]]. She was a cousin of [[Sita]] and [[Urmila]]. She also had an elder sister [[Mandavi]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RazqpUWg3KYC&pg=PA32 | title=Vālmīkī Rāmāyaṇa | publisher=Dreamland Publications | author=Praśānta Guptā | year=1998 | pages=32 | isbn=9788173012549}}</ref> Shrutakirti was married to [[Rama]]'s brother [[Shatrughna]].
* '''[[Shurpanakha]]:''' The daughter of [[Vishrava]] and Kaikesi; and the younger sister of Ravana. She met Rama during one such visit to the forest of [[Panchavati]] and was instantly smitten by his youthful good looks. Rama meanwhile kindly rejected her advances, telling her that he was faithful to his wife Sita and thus would never take another wife. Rejected, Shurpanakha then approached his younger brother, Lakshmana, who also rejected her, the humiliated and envious Shurpanakha attacked Sita but was thwarted by Lakshmana, who cut off her nose and ears and sent her back to [[Lanka]].
* '''[[Sita]]:''' The reincarnation of [[Vedavati]], Sita was raised by King [[Janaka]] of Mithila as his own daughter. She married Rama of Ayodhya and accompanied him on his exile. She is famed for her virtue and beauty and is regarded as an [[avatar]] of the goddess of prosperity, [[Lakshmi]].
* '''[[Subahu]]:''' A [[rakshasa]]. He and his mother, [[Tataka]], took immense pleasure in harassing the munis of the jungle, especially [[Vishvamitra]], by disrupting their [[yajna]]s with rains of flesh and blood.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 July 2018|access-date=22 January 2019|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/2018/jul/01/rama-brings-ahalya-back-to-her-living-form-1835161.html|author=Gita Jnana Brahmacharini Sharanya Chaitanya|title=Rama Brings Ahalya Back to Her Living Form|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vishvamitra approached [[Dasharatha]] for help in getting rid of these pestilences. Dasharatha obliged by sending two of his sons, Rama and Lakshmana, to the forest with Vishvamitra, charging them to protect both the sage and his [[Sacrificial fire#Indo-European religions|sacrificial fire]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} When Subahu and [[Maricha]] again attempted to rain flesh and blood on the sage's yajna, Subahu was killed by Rama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apamnapat.com/entities/Subahu.html|title=Subahu - Asura Slain by Rama|publisher=Indian Mythology|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref>
* '''[[Sugriva]]:''' A vanara. He was the younger brother of [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]], whom he succeeded as ruler of the [[vanara]] the kingdom of [[Kishkindha]]. [[Rumā]] was his wife. He was the spiritual son of [[Surya]]. Sugriva aided Rama in his quest to liberate his wife Sita from the captivity at the hands of Ravana.
* '''Suketu:''' A yaksha who performed a yajna to get an heir, with the strength equal to thousand elephants. After the ritual, he got a daughter named [[Tataka]].
* '''Sumali:''' The son of rakshasa king Sukesa and gandharva princess Devavati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/src-vrm:ram7-5.|title = Ram7 5 - AncientVoice}}</ref> He had two brothers Malyavana and Mali. Sumali was married to Ketumati with whom he had ten sons ([[Prahasta]], [[Akampana]], Vikata, Kalikamukha, Dhumraksha, Danda, Suprasva, Sanhradi, Praghasa, and Bhaskarna) and four daughters (Raka, Puspotkata, Kaikashi, Kumbhnashi). One of his daughters Kaikashi was married to sage Vishrava who later gave birth to Ravana, Kumbhakarna, Vibhishana, and Shurpanakha.
* '''[[Sumantra (Ramayana)|Sumantra]]''': The prime minister in the court of Ayodhya. He was extremely loyal to the rulers of Ayodhya and was King [[Dasharatha]]'s a most trusted minister. He knew many secrets about the royal family, including what he had heard from the conversation between King Dasharatha and [[Durvasa]]. He helped Rama in his exile.
* '''[[Sumitra]]''': The second consort of King [[Dasharatha]] of Ayodhya. She was the mother of the twins Lakshmana and Shatrughna.
* [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|'''Sunayana''']]: The queen of Mithila, wife of King Janaka, and the mother of Sita and Urmila.
* '''Sanhadaman''': Son of Bhaskarna. Cousin of [[Ravana]]
* '''Sahasramukhravan''': Brother of [[Ravana]]. Father of Chandrabahu.

==T==
* [[Tara (Ramayana)|'''Tara''']]: The wife of Vali, and the mother of Angada. She was the queen of Kishkindha and is regarded as one of the [[panchakanya]]s.
* '''Tataka:''' A beautiful woman who was transformed into a demon ([[rakshasa]]) once she tried to seduce the [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]] [[Agastya]]. As a demon, she used to drink the blood of living creatures and used to kill anything she sees. In one of Rama's great acts, he broke her curse by slaying her.
* '''[[Trijata]]''': A demoness who was assigned the duty of guarding Sita who was kidnapped by the king of Lanka. In later adaptions of ''Ramayana'', she is described as the daughter of Vibhishana.
* '''[[Trishira]]:''' A son of Ravana. He was killed by Hanuman.

==U==
* '''[[Urmila]]:''' The younger daughter of King Janaka and queen Sunayana, and the younger sister of Sita. She married Lakshmana and had two sons, Angada and Chandraketu. In the ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'', she is stated to be an avatar of [[Nagalakshmi]]. Urmila slept continuously for fourteen years, so that her husband could protect Rama and Sita during the exile.

==V==
* '''[[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]''': A vanara king of [[Kishkindha]]. He was a spiritual son of [[Indra]], the biological son of Vriksharaja, the elder brother of [[Sugriva]], husband of [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]], and father of [[Angada]]. He is slain by Rama.
* '''[[Vasishtha]]:''' A [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]] and the [[guru]] of King [[Dasharatha]], offering religious advice to the king and the royal family.
* '''[[Vibhishana]]:''' A younger brother of Ravana. Though a [[rakshasa]] himself, Vibhishana was of a noble character. When Ravana kidnapped Sita, he advised Ravana to return her to her husband Rama in an orderly fashion and promptly which Ravana refused sternly. When Ravana did not heed his advice and threw him out of the kingdom, Vibhishana deserted Ravana and joined Rama's army. Later, when Rama defeated Ravana, Rama crowned Vibhishana as the king of Lanka.
* '''Vidyutjiva:''' A Danava and the husband of Ravana's sister [[Shurpanakha]].
* '''[[Vishrava]]:''' The son of [[Pulastya|Pulatsya]], the brother of the sage [[Agastya]] and the grandson of [[Brahma]]. His first wife was [[Ilavida]] with whom he had a son named [[Kubera]]. Later, he also married the rakshasa princess [[Kaikashi|Kaikasi]] with whom he had three sons (Ravana, Kumbhakarna and Vibhishana) and a daughter (Shurpanakha).
* '''[[Vishvamitra]]:''' A [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]] who was once a king. Through long [[meditation]], he gained a number of spiritual powers. He took Rama on a quest to defeat a demon and to lift the bow of [[Shiva]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ramayana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Characters in Ramayana}}
[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]

Ethiopia

2026-03-14T19:57:22Z

PriscillaNair10: page fix

{{Short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}}
{{About|the country|other uses||the genus of moths|Ethopia}}
{{Patronymic names||Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia}}
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
| common_name = Ethiopia
| native_name = {{native name|am|የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ |italics=no}} {{resize|80%|{{nobold|{{transliteration|gez|Yäʾityop̣p̣yawi Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripäblik}}}}}}

{{collapsible list
| titlestyle = text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%;
| title = in other official languages
| {{Infobox
| subbox=yes
| bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow
| label1 = [[Afar language|Afar]]:
| data1 = {{lang|aa|Itiyoppiya Federalih Demokrasih Ummuno}}
| rowclass2 = mergedrow
| label2 = [[Arabic]]:
| data2 = {{lang|ar|جمهورية إثيوبيا الاتحادية الديمقراطية}}
| rowclass3 = mergedrow
| label3 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]:
| data3 = {{lang|om|Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itoophiyaa}}
| rowclass4 = mergedrow
| label4 = [[Somali language|Somali]]:
| data4 = {{lang|so|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya}}
| rowclass5 = mergedrow
| label5 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]:
| data5 = {{lang|ti|ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}{{Efn|group=lower-alpha|Romanized: ''Nayəʾitəyop̣əya Federalawi Demokərasiyawi Ripsäbəlikə''}}
}}
}}
| p1 =
| flag_p1 = Flag of Ethiopia (1991-1996).svg|
| image_flag = Flag of Ethiopia.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Ethiopia.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_anthem = {{lang|am|ወደፊት ገሥግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ}} "Wedefīt Gesigishī Wid Inat ītiyop'ya" ({{Langx|en|"[[March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia]]"}}) <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Wedefit Gesgeshi Widd Innat Ittyoppya.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Ethiopia AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}}
| capital = [[Addis Ababa]]
| largest_city = Addis Ababa
| coordinates = {{Coord|9|1|N|38|45|E|type:city(2,700,000)_region:ET-AA}}
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Afar language|Afar]]|[[Amharic]]|[[Oromo language|Oromo]]|[[Somali language|Somali]]|[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]<ref name="Ventures">{{cite web |title=Ethiopia to Add 4 more Official Languages to Foster Unity |url=https://venturesafrica.com/ethiopia-to-add-4-more-official-languages-to-foster-unity/ |website=Ventures Africa |date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314003546/https://venturesafrica.com/ethiopia-to-add-4-more-official-languages-to-foster-unity/ |archive-date=14 March 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=2 February 2021 |vauthors=Emi I}}</ref><ref name="Nazret">{{cite web |title=Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts |url=https://www.nazret.com/2020/03/07/ethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts/ |website=Nazret |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817225007/https://www.nazret.com/2020/03/07/ethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts/ |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="africanews.com" />}}
| languages_type = {{nowrap|'''[[Regional language]]s'''}}<ref name="africa.upenn.edu">{{Cite web |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html |title=Ethiopian Constitution |website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|
* 34.5% [[Oromo people|Oromo]]
* 26.9% [[Amhara people|Amhara]]
* 6.2% [[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]]
* 6.1% [[Tigrayans|Tigrayan]]
* 4.0% [[Sidama people|Sidama]]
* 2.5% [[Gurage people|Gurage]]
* 2.3% [[Welayta people|Welayta]]
* 1.7% [[Hadiya people|Hadiya]]
* 1.7% [[Afar people|Afar]]
* 1.5% [[Gamo people|Gamo]]
* 12.6% [[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|others]]}}
| languages_sub = yes
| languages = {{Flatlist|
* [[Harari language|Harari]]
* [[Sidamo language|Sidama]]
* [[Languages of Ethiopia]]

}}
| languages2_type = Foreign languages
| languages2 =
| ethnic_groups_year = 2007<ref name="CSA">{{cite web |title=Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007 |page=16 |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results |publisher=Population Census Commission |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="2007Census" />
| religion = {{ublist
|item_style=white-space;
|{{Tree list}}
* 67.3% [[Christianity in Ethiopia|Christianity]]
** 43.8% [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]]
** 22.8% [[P'ent'ay]]
** 0.7% other [[Christians|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|31.3% [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]]
|0.6% [[Traditional African religion|traditional faiths]]
|0.8% [[Religion in Ethiopia|others]]/[[Irreligion|none]]
}}
| religion_year = 2016<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Ethiopia |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>
| border_p2 = Eritea, Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia
| demonym = [[Ethiopians|Ethiopian]]
| government_type = Federal [[parliamentary republic]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf |title=Zenawism as ethnic-federalism}}</ref> under an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] government<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Ethiopia Democratic? A Bureaucratic Authoritarian Regime |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/a-bureaucratic-authoritarian-regime/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Journal of Democracy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Taye Atske Selassie]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Abiy Ahmed]]
| leader_title3 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Deputy Prime Ministers]]
| leader_name3 = [[Temesgen Tiruneh]] [[Adem Farah]]
| leader_title4 = [[Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia|Chief Justice of the Federal Supreme Court]]
| leader_name4 = [[Tewodros Mihret]]
| legislature = [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]]
| upper_house = [[House of Federation]]
| lower_house = [[House of Peoples' Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Ethiopia|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Ethiopian Empire]]
| established_date1 = 1270
| established_event2 = ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]''
| established_date2 = 7 May 1769
| established_event3 = [[Zemene Mesafint#End of Zemene Mesafint era|Reunification]]
| established_date3 = 11 February 1855
| established_event4 = [[Menelik II#Conquest of neighboring states and defeat of the Italians|Centralisation]]
| established_date4 = 1904
| established_event5 = [[Italian Ethiopia|Occupied and annexed]] into [[Italian East Africa]]
| established_date5 = 9 May 1936
| established_event6 = [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement|Re-establishment of independence]]
| established_date6 = 31 January 1942
| area_km2 = 1,104,300
| area_rank = 26th 
| area_sq_mi = 426,373 
| percent_water = 0.7
| population_estimate = 135,500,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/ET |title=Ethiopia Population 2025 - United Nations Population Fund |publisher=United Nations Population Fund |access-date=February 2, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/231/start/2025/end/2026/table/pivotbylocation?df=89ae8967-12de-4efa-81d2-417484e8a9ef |title=Total Population by Sex: Ethiopia |publisher=United Nations Population Division |access-date=February 6, 2025}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 10th
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 73,750,932<ref name="2007Census" />
| population_census_year = 2007
| population_density_km2 = 92.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 240.1 
| population_density_rank = 123rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $434.44 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ET">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=644,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Ethiopia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 55th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,050<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 159th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $145.03 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 59th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,350<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 159th
| Gini = 35.0 
| Gini_year = 2015
| Gini_change = increase
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=2021-07-17 |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.492 
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2023/24 |language=en |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 176th
| currency = [[Ethiopian birr|Birr]]
| currency_code = ETB
| time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset = +3
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[+251]]
| cctld = [[.et]]
}}


'''Ethiopia'''{{Efn|group=lower-alpha|{{ulist|{{langx|am|ኢትዮጵያ|Ītyōṗṗyā}} {{IPA|am|i.tjo.p'ja|pron}}|{{langx|om|Itiyoophiyaa}}|{{langx|so|Itoobiya}}|{{langx|ar|إثيوبيا}}|{{langx|ti|ኢትዮጵያ|Ítiyop'iya}}|{{langx|aa|Itiyoppiya}}}}}}, officially the '''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia''', is a [[landlocked country]] located in the [[Horn of Africa]] region of [[East Africa]]. It shares borders with [[Eritrea]] to the north, [[Djibouti]] to the northeast, [[Somalia]] to the east, [[Kenya]] to the south, [[South Sudan]] to the west, and [[Sudan]] to the northwest. Ethiopia covers a land area of {{Convert|1,104,300|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |date=8 October 2024 |country=Ethiopia |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, it has around 135 million inhabitants, making it the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|14th-most populous]] country.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Population by Country (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Worldometer |language=en}}</ref> The national capital and largest city, [[Addis Ababa]], lies several kilometres west of the [[East African Rift]] that splits the country into the [[African Plate|African]] and [[Somali Plate|Somali]] tectonic plates.<ref name="CIA2">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Ethiopia |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>

[[Early modern human|Anatomically modern humans]] emerged from modern-day Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessler |first=David F. |title=The Falashas: a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-283-70872-2 |oclc=819506475}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkin |first=Michael |date=16 February 2005 |title=Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of ''Homo sapiens'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news050214-10 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=J.Z. |last2=Absher |first2=D.M. |last3=Tang |first3=H. |last4=Southwick |first4=A.M. |last5=Casto |first5=A.M. |last6=Ramachandran |first6=S. |last7=Cann |first7=H.M. |last8=Barsh |first8=G.S. |last9=Feldman |first9=M. |last10=Cavalli-Sforza |first10=L.L. |last11=Myers |first11=R.M. |year=2008 |title=Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=319 |issue=5866 |pages=1100–04 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1100L |doi=10.1126/science.1153717 |pmid=18292342 |s2cid=53541133}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2008 |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125652/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Karen |date=21 February 2008 |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=16 March 2009 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> In 980 BC, the Kingdom of [[Dʿmt|D'mt]] extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] maintained a unified civilization in the region for 900 years. Christianity arrived to the kingdom in 330 AD,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Dale H. |date=1936 |title=Christianity in Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1936-09_5_3/page/270 |journal=Church History |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=271–284 |doi=10.2307/3160789 |jstor=3160789 |s2cid=162029676 |issn=0009-6407}}</ref> while Islam influenced during the [[Migration to Abyssinia|first Hijra]] in 615.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbink |first=Jon |date=1998 |title=An Historical-Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia: Issues of Identity and Politics |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=109–124 |doi=10.1080/13696819808717830 |jstor=1771876 |hdl=1887/9486 |issn=1369-6815 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> After the collapse of Aksum in 960, the [[Zagwe dynasty]] ruled the north-central parts of Ethiopia. The [[Shewa|Shewan]] usurper, [[Yekuno Amlak]], overthrew the dynasty in 1270 at the [[Battle of Ansata]], inaugurating the [[Ethiopian Empire]] and the [[Solomonic dynasty]] – asserting its lineage through Aksumite legitimacy by the biblical [[Solomon]] and [[Queen of Sheba]], and [[Menelik I]] was the first emperor. By the 14th century, the empire had grown in prestige through territorial expansion and fighting against adjacent territories; most notably, the [[Ethiopian–Adal War]] (1529–1543) contributed to fragmentation of the empire, which ultimately fell under a decentralization known as ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]'' in the mid-18th century. [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Tewodros II]] ended ''Zemene Mesafint'' at the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernization of Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/Vaughanphd.pdf |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225532/https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since the late 19th century, it resisted foreign invasions and [[Menelik II's conquests|expanded its territory]] under Emperor [[Menelik II]], remaining independent during the [[Scramble for Africa]] and forming its current borders. Ethiopia lost its sovereignty in 1936, when [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] under [[Italian fascism|fascism]] invaded and annexed it with former colony of [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]] and [[Italian Somaliland|Somaliland]], later forming [[Italian East Africa]]. In 1941, during [[World War II]], it was [[East African campaign (World War II)|occupied by the British Army]], and its full sovereignty was [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement#Negotiating a new agreement|restored in 1944]]. The [[Derg]], a Soviet-backed military junta, took power in 1974 after [[1974 Ethiopian coup d'état|deposing]] Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] and the Solomonic dynasty, and ruled the country for nearly 17 years amidst the [[Ethiopian Civil War]]. Following the [[Fall of the Derg|dissolution of the Derg]] in 1991, the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF) dominated the country with a [[1995 Constitution of Ethiopia|new constitution]] and [[Ethnic federalism#Ethiopia|ethnic-based federalism]]. Since then, Ethiopia has suffered from prolonged and unsolved [[Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia|inter-ethnic clashes]] and political instability marked by [[authoritarianism]]. From 2018, regional and ethnically based factions carried out armed attacks in [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|multiple ongoing wars throughout Ethiopia]].<ref name=BBC1120>{{Cite news |author=BBC Staff |date=3 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state |language=en |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54787034 |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>

Ethiopia is a [[Multinational state|multi-ethnic state]] with over 80 different [[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|ethnic groups]]. [[Christianity]] is the most widely professed faith in the country, with the largest denomination being the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, followed by [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] and a small percentage of [[Traditional African religion|traditional faiths]]. The country is a founding member of the UN, the headquarters of the [[African Union Commission]], and many other global [[non-governmental organization]]s focused on Africa, also becoming a full member of [[BRICS]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Ethiopia formally join BRICS |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/01/01/egypt-iran-saudi-arabia-uae-ethiopia-formally-join-brics/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=Daily News Egypt |date=1 January 2024}}</ref> Ethiopia is one of the [[least developed countries]] but is sometimes considered an [[emerging power]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/5-reasons-why-ethiopia-could-be-the-next-global-economy-to-watch/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=World Economic Forum |date=6 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Somtribune |date=29 August 2020 |title=Ethiopia Can Be Africa's Next Superpower |url=https://www.somtribune.com/2020/08/29/ethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=SomTribune |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211200601/https://www.somtribune.com/2020/08/29/ethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower/|archive-date=2020-12-11}}</ref> having the [[List of African countries by GDP growth|fastest economic growth]] in [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n countries because of [[foreign direct investment]] in expansion of agricultural and manufacturing industries; [[Agriculture in Ethiopia|agriculture]] is the country's largest economic sector, accounting for over 37% of the [[gross domestic product]] as of 2022. Though the Ethiopian economy has experienced consistent growth, in terms of [[per capita income]] and the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] the country remains among the poorest in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Ethiopia faces numerous challenges, including high rates of [[Poverty in Ethiopia|poverty]], [[Human rights in Ethiopia|human rights]] violations, widespread [[Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia|ethnic discrimination]], and a literacy rate of 60%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAL country profile - Ethiopia |url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/03/GAL%20Country%20profile%20-%20Ethiopia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206214715/https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/03/GAL%20Country%20profile%20-%20Ethiopia.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.uil.unesco.org |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - Ethiopia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=ET |website=World Bank |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Ethiopia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ETH.pdf |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{See also|Aethiopia}}

Tradition holds that the name Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ) comes from the name of the first King of Ethiopia, Ethiop, or [[Ethiopis]].

Ayele Berkerie explains: <blockquote>According to an Ethiopian tradition, the term Ethiopia is derived from the word Ethiopis, a name of the Ethiopian king, the seventh in the ancestral lines. Metshafe Aksum or the Ethiopian Book of Aksum identifies Itiopis as the twelfth king of Ethiopia and the father of Aksumawi. The Ethiopians pronounce Ethiopia እትዮጵያ with a Sades or the sixth sound እ as in incorporate and the graph ጰ has no equivalent in English or Latin graphs. Ethiopis is believed to be the twelfth direct descendant of Adam. His father is identified as Kush, while his grandfather is known as Kam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bekerie |first=Ayele |date=2004 |title=Ethiopica: Some Historical Reflections on the Origin of the Word Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=110–121 |jstor=27828841 |issn=1543-4133}}</ref></blockquote>In the 15th-century Ge'ez ''[[Book of Axum]]'', the name is ascribed to a legendary individual called ''[[Ethiopis|Ityopp'is]]''. He was an extra-biblical son of [[Cush (Bible)|Cush, son of Ham]], said to have founded the city of [[Axum]].<ref name="Agrvt">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAIAAJ |title=Africa Geoscience Review, Volume 10 |date=2003 |publisher=Rock View International |page=366 |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>

The [[Greek language|Greek]] name Αἰθιοπία (from {{lang|grc|Αἰθίοψ}}, "an Ethiopian") is a compound word, later explained as derived from the Greek words {{lang|grc|αἴθω}} and {{lang|grc|ὤψ}} (''eithō'' "I burn" + ''ōps'' "face"). According to the [[A Greek–English Lexicon|Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon]], the designation properly translates as ''burnt-face'' in noun form and ''red-brown'' in adjectival form.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232329&redirect=true |access-date=16 March 2009 |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |contribution=Aithiops |first1=Henry George |last1=Liddell}}</ref> The historian [[Herodotus]] used the appellation to denote those parts of Africa south of the [[Sahara]] that were then known within the [[Ecumene]] (habitable world).<ref name="Herodotus1">For all references to Ethiopia in Herodotus, see: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/nebrowser?query=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&id=tgn%2C7000489 this list] at the [[Perseus Project]].</ref> The earliest mention of the term is found in the works of [[Homer]], where it is used to refer to two people groups, one in Africa and one in the east from eastern Turkey to India.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' 1.22–4.</ref> This Greek name was borrowed into [[Amharic]] as ኢትዮጵያ, ''ʾĪtyōṗṗyā''.

In [[Ancient Greece|Greco]]-[[Roman Empire|Roman]] epigraphs, ''Aethiopia'' was a specific toponym for ancient [[Nubia]].<ref name="Hatke">{{cite book |last1=Hatke |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PA4UCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa |date=2013 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-6066-6 |pages=52–53}}</ref> At least as early as {{Circa|850}},<ref>[[Etymologicum Genuinum]] s.v. Αἰθιοπία; see also [[Aethiopia]]</ref> the name ''Aethiopia'' also occurs in many translations of the [[Old Testament]] in allusion to Nubia. The ancient [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] texts identify Nubia instead as [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]].<ref>Cp. Ezekiel 29:10</ref> However, in the [[New Testament]], the Greek term Aithiops does occur, referring to a servant of the [[Kandake]], the queen of Kush.<ref>Acts 8:27</ref>

Following the Hellenic and biblical traditions, the [[Monumentum Adulitanum]], a 3rd-century inscription belonging to the [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite Empire]], indicates that Aksum's ruler governed an area that was flanked to the west by the territory of Ethiopia and Sasu. The Aksumite King [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]] eventually conquered Nubia the following century, and the Aksumites thereafter appropriated the designation "Ethiopians" for their own kingdom. In the [[Geʽez|Ge'ez]] version of the Ezana inscription, Aἰθίοπες is equated with the unvocalized ''Ḥbšt'' and ''Ḥbśt'' (Ḥabashat), and denotes for the first time the highland inhabitants of Aksum. This new [[demonym]] was subsequently rendered as ''ḥbs'' ('Aḥbāsh) in [[Sabaean language|Sabaic]] and as ''Ḥabasha'' in [[Arabic]].<ref name="Hatke" /> Derivatives of this are used in some languages that use loanwords from Arabic, for example in [[Malay language|Malay]] ''Habsyah''.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

In English, and generally outside of Ethiopia, the country was historically known as [[Abyssinia]]. This toponym was derived from the Latinized form of the ancient ''Habash''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schoff |first1=Wilfred Harvey |url=https://archive.org/stream/periplusoferythr00schouoft#page/62/mode/2up |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean |date=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |page=62 |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Ethiopia}}

{{further|Ethiopian historiography}}

=== Prehistory ===
{{Contains special characters|Ethiopic}}{{Main|Prehistoric Ethiopia}}

[[File:Homo Sapiens Idaltu.JPG|thumb|A ''[[Herto Man|Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' hominid skull]]

Several important finds have propelled Ethiopia and the surrounding region to the forefront of [[Paleontology|palaeontology]]. The oldest [[Hominidae|hominid]] discovered to date in Ethiopia is the 4.2 million-year-old ''[[Ardipithecus|Ardipithecus ramidus]]'' ([[Ardi]]) found by [[Tim D. White]] in 1994.<ref name="OldestHuman">{{cite news |last=Ansari |first=Azadeh |date=7 October 2009 |title=Oldest human skeleton offers new clues to evolution |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/10/01/oldest.human.skeleton/index.html |access-date=2 March 2011 |newspaper=CNN.com/technology}}</ref> The most well-known hominid discovery is ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'' ([[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]]). Known locally as ''Dinkinesh'', the specimen was found in the [[Awash Valley]] of [[Afar Region]] in 1974 by [[Donald Johanson]], and is one of the most complete and best-preserved adult [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] fossils ever uncovered. Lucy's taxonomic name refers to the region where the discovery was made. This hominid is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mother of man – 3.2 million years ago |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/mother_of_man1.shtml |access-date=16 March 2009 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Dinkinesh">{{cite book |last1=Johanson |first1=Donald C. |title=Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins |last2=Wong |first2=Kate |date=2010 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-39640-2 |pages=8–9}}</ref><ref name="iho1">{{cite web |date=15 June 2016 |title=Institute of Human Origins: Lucy's Story |url=https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story |access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328030651/https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story|archive-date=2019-03-28}}</ref>

Ethiopia is also considered one of the earliest sites of the emergence of [[Early modern human|anatomically modern humans]], ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''. The oldest of these local fossil finds, the [[Omo remains]], were excavated in the southwestern [[Omo Kibish Formation|Omo Kibish]] area and have been dated to the [[Middle Paleolithic]], around 200,000 years ago.<ref name="Mcdougall2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Mcdougall |first1=I. |last2=Brown |first2=H. |last3=Fleagle |first3=G. |date=Feb 2005 |title=Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15078/files/PAL_E2238.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=433 |issue=7027 |pages=733–36 |bibcode=2005Natur.433..733M |doi=10.1038/nature03258 |pmid=15716951 |s2cid=1454595}}</ref> Additionally, skeletons of ''[[Herto Man|Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' were found at a site in the [[Middle Awash]] valley. Dated to approximately 160,000 years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of ''Homo sapiens'', or the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=T.D. |last2=Asfaw |first2=B. |last3=Degusta |first3=D. |last4=Gilbert |first4=H. |last5=Richards |first5=G.D. |last6=Suwa |first6=G. |last7=Clark Howell |first7=F. |year=2003 |title=Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia |journal=Nature |volume=423 |issue=6941 |pages=742–47 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..742W |doi=10.1038/nature01669 |pmid=12802332 |s2cid=4432091}}</ref> Archaic ''Homo sapiens'' fossils excavated at the [[Jebel Irhoud]] site in Morocco have since been dated to an earlier period, about 300,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewan |date=7 June 2017 |title=Oldest ''Homo sapiens'' fossil claim rewrites our species' history |url=http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22114 |access-date=5 July 2017 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> while Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia is the oldest anatomically modern ''Homo sapiens'' skeleton currently known (196 ± 5 kya).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Ashley S. |last2=Royer |first2=Danielle F. |last3=Fleagle |first3=John G. |date=Jul 2017 |title=The Omo-Kibish I pelvis |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=108 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004 |issn=1095-8606 |pmid=28552208 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017JHumE.108..199H}}</ref>

According to some anthropologists, the first [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing [[Neolithic]] era from the family's proposed [[Afroasiatic homeland|urheimat]] ("original homeland") in the [[Nile|Nile Valley]],<ref name="Zarins">{{cite journal |last=Zarins |first=Juris |year=1990 |title=Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=280 |issue=280 |pages=31–65 |doi=10.2307/1357309 |jstor=1357309 |s2cid=163491760}}</ref> or the [[Near East]].<ref name="Aane">{{Cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=J. |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |url=http://faculty.bennington.edu/%7Ekwoods/classes/enviro-hist/diamond%20agriculture%20and%20language.pdf |journal=Science |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |citeseerx=10.1.1.1013.4523 |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |jstor=3834351 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> The majority of scholars today propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in northeast Africa because of the higher diversity of lineages in that region, a telltale sign of linguistic origin.<ref name="Blench143144">{{cite book |last1=Blench |first1=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C |title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0466-2 |pages=143–44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Güldemann |first=Tom |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-11-042606-9 |page=311 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=Historical Linguistics, Fourth Edition |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-262-54218-0 |pages=399–400 |language=English}}</ref>

In 2019, archaeologists discovered a 30,000-year-old [[Middle Stone Age]] rock shelter at the [[Fincha Habera, Ethiopia|Fincha Habera]] site in [[Bale Mountains]] at an elevation of {{convert|3469|m|abbr=off}} above sea level. At this high altitude, humans are susceptible both to [[Hypoxemia#Environmental oxygen|hypoxia]] and to extreme weather. According to a study published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', this dwelling is proof of the earliest permanent human occupation at high altitude yet discovered. Thousands of animal bones, hundreds of stone tools, and ancient fireplaces were discovered, revealing a diet that featured giant [[Spalacidae|mole rat]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |date=8 August 2019 |title=In the Ethiopian Mountains, Ancient Humans Were Living the High Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/science/humans-high-altitude-ethiopia.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=Archaeologists Uncover Evidence of an Ancient High-Altitude Human Dwelling |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/found-earliest-evidence-high-altitude-home-humans-180972878/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Kiona N. |date=9 August 2019 |title=The first people to live at high elevations snacked on giant mole rats |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/ethiopia-provides-the-earliest-evidence-of-people-living-at-altitude/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Charles Q. Choi |date=9 August 2019 |title=Earliest Evidence of Human Mountaineers Found in Ethiopia |url=https://www.livescience.com/earliest-evidence-human-mountaineers.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dvorsky |first=George |date=9 August 2019 |title=This Rock Shelter in Ethiopia May Be the Earliest Evidence of Humans Living in the Mountains |url=https://gizmodo.com/this-rock-shelter-in-ethiopia-may-be-the-earliest-evide-1837104167 |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=Gizmodo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earliest evidence of high-altitude living found in Ethiopia |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/08/09/Earliest-evidence-of-high-altitude-living-found-in-Ethiopia/9561565318908/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miehe |first1=Georg |last2=Opgenoorth |first2=Lars |last3=Zech |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Woldu |first4=Zerihun |last5=Vogelsang |first5=Ralf |last6=Veit |first6=Heinz |last7=Nemomissa |first7=Sileshi |last8=Negash |first8=Agazi |last9=Nauss |first9=Thomas |date=9 August 2019 |title=Middle Stone Age foragers resided in high elevations of the glaciated Bale Mountains, Ethiopia |journal=Science |language=en |volume=365 |issue=6453 |pages=583–587 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..583O |doi=10.1126/science.aaw8942 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31395781 |s2cid=199505803}}</ref>

Evidence of some of the earliest known stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of ''Homo sapiens''), the stone tips of javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the Ethiopian site of [[Gademotta]], which date to around 279,000 years ago.<ref name="SahlePLOS1">{{Cite journal |last1=Sahle |first1=Y. |last2=Hutchings |first2=W. K. |last3=Braun |first3=D. R. |last4=Sealy |first4=J. C. |last5=Morgan |first5=L. E. |last6=Negash |first6=A. |last7=Atnafu |first7=B. |year=2013 |editor1-last=Petraglia |editor1-first=Michael D |title=Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |article-number=e78092 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...878092S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078092 |pmc=3827237 |pmid=24236011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2019, additional Middle Stone Age projectile weapons were found at Aduma, dated 100,000–80,000 years ago, in the form of points considered likely to belong to darts delivered by spear throwers.<ref name="Sahle">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sahle Y, Brooks AS |year=2018 |title=Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=5 |article-number=e0216716 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416716S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216716 |pmc=6508696 |pmid=31071181 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Antiquity===
{{Main|Dʿmt|Kingdom of Aksum}}

[[File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg|thumb|[[Aksumite currency]] of the [[Axumite kings|Aksumite king]] [[Endybis]], 227–35, at the [[British Museum]]{{Efn|The inscriptions in [[Ancient Greek]] read {{lang|grc|ΑΞΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ}} ("King of Axum") and {{lang|grc|ΕΝΔΥΒΙϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ}} ("King Endybis"); Greek was the ''[[lingua franca]]'' by that time, so its use in coins simplified foreign trade.}}]]

In 980 BC, [[Dʿmt]] was established in present-day [[Eritrea]] and the northern part of Ethiopia in the Tigray region, and is widely believed to be the successor state to [[Land of Punt|Punt]]. This polity's capital was located at [[Yeha]] in what is now northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native Ethiopian one, although in earlier times many suggested it was [[Sabaeans|Sabaean]]-influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the [[Red Sea]].<ref name="Munro-Hay57">[[#Munro-Hay|Munro-Hay]], p. 57</ref>

Other scholars regard Dʿmt as the result of a union of Afroasiatic-speaking cultures of the Cushitic and Semitic branches; namely, local [[Agaw people]]s and Sabaeans from Southern Arabia. However, [[Geʽez|Ge'ez]], the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is thought to have developed independently from the [[Sabaean language]]. As early as 2000 BC, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea where Ge'ez developed.<ref>Tamrat, Taddesse (1972) ''Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527''. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 5–13.</ref><ref>Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.) (2005) ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', "Ge'ez". Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 732.</ref> Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have been a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Axumite state.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" />
[[File:The Kingdom of Aksum.png|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Aksum|Empire of Axum]] at its peak in the 6th century]]
After the fall of Dʿmt during the 4th century BC, the Ethiopian plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. In the 1st century AD, the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] emerged in what is now Tigray Region and Eritrea. According to the medieval ''[[Book of Axum]]'', the kingdom's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.<ref name="Agrvt" /> Aksum would later at times extend its rule into Yemen on the other side of the Red Sea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillipson |first=David W. |title=Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its Antecedents and Successors |publisher=The British Museum Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7141-2763-7 |pages=7, 48–50}}</ref> The Persian prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his era, during the 3rd century.<ref>[[#Munro-Hay|Munro-Hay]], p. 13</ref> It is also believed that there was a connection between Egyptian and Ethiopian churches. There is faint evidence that the Aksumites were associated with the [[Queen of Sheba]], via their royal inscription.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Solomonic Descent in Ethiopian History |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1875/solomonic-descent-in-ethiopian-history/ |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=18 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Around 316 AD, [[Frumentius]] and his brother Edesius from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] accompanied their uncle on a voyage to Ethiopia. When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, the natives killed all the travellers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court as [[Slavery in Ethiopia|slaves]]. They were given positions of trust by the monarch, and they converted members of the royal court to Christianity. Frumentius became the first bishop of Aksum.<ref name="isbn0-313-32273-2">{{cite book |author=Adejumobi, Saheed A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Un6_LGIEyQC&pg=PA171 |title=The history of Ethiopia |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-32273-0 |location=Westport, CN |page=171}}</ref> A coin dated to 324 shows that Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity (after Armenia did so in 301), although the religion may have been at first confined to court circles; it was the first major power to do so. The Aksumites were accustomed to the Greco-Roman sphere of influence, but they embarked on significant cultural ties and trade connections between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the Roman Empire via the [[Silk Road]], primarily exporting [[Ivory trade|ivory]], tortoise shell, gold and emeralds, and importing silk and spices.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="britishmuseum.org">{{cite web |last1=The British Museum |last2=The CarAf Centre |title=The wealth of Africa – The kingdom of Aksum – Teachers' notes |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104191259/https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019 |website=BritishMuseum.org}}</ref> The country's gold production in 2015 is 9 metric tons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Our World in Data |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{Main|Ethiopia in the Middle Ages}}

The kingdom adopted the name "Ethiopia" during the reign of [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]] in the 4th century. After the conquest of [[Kingdom of Kush]] in 330, the Aksumite territory reached its peak between the 5th and 6th centuries.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" /> This period was interrupted by several incursions into the South Arabian protectorate, including [[Jews|Jewish]] [[Dhu Nuwas]] of the [[Himyarite Kingdom]] and the [[Aksumite–Persian wars]]. In 575, the Aksumites [[Sasanian reconquest of Yemen|besieged and retook Sana'a]] following the assassination of its governor [[Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan|Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan]]. The Red Sea was left to the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] in 646, and the port city of [[Adulis]] was plundered by Arab Muslims in the 8th century; along with irrevocable [[land degradation]], claimed [[climate change (general concept)|climate change]] and sporadic rainfall precipitation from 730 to 760,<ref>Karl W. Butzer, "Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation", ''American Antiquity'' 46, (July 1981), p. 495</ref> these factors likely caused the kingdom to decline in power as part of an important trade route.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Kingdom of Abyssinia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Abyssinia/ |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=9 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Aksum came to an end in 960 when [[Gudit|Queen Gudit]] defeated the last king of Aksum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=A New History Changes the Balance of Power Between Ethiopia and Medieval Europe |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-history-changes-balance-power-between-ethiopia-and-medieval-europe-180978084/}}</ref> In response, the remnant of the Aksumite population to shift into the southern region and establish the [[Zagwe dynasty]], changing its capital to [[Lalibela]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia The Zagwe Dynasty – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System |url=https://photius.com/countries/ethiopia/society/ethiopia_society_the_zagwe_dynasty.html |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=photius.com}}</ref> Zagwe's rule ended when an [[Amhara people|Amhara]] noble man [[Yekuno Amlak]] revolted against King [[Yetbarak]] and established the [[Ethiopian Empire]] (known by exonym "Abyssinia").
[[File:Bete Medhane Alem in Lalibela.JPG|thumb|201x201px|[[Biete Medhane Alem]], built during [[Zagwe dynasty]] in the Middle Ages ]]
The Ethiopian Empire initiated territorial expansion under the leadership of [[Amda Seyon I]]. He launched campaigns against his Muslim adversaries to the east, resulting in a significant shift in the balance of power in favor of the Christians for the next two centuries. After Amda Seyon's successful eastern campaigns, most of the Muslim principalities in the [[Horn of Africa]] came under the suzerainty of the Ethiopian Empire. Stretching from [[Gojjam]] to the Somali Coast in [[Zeila|Zelia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=History of Ethiopian Towns |publisher=Steiner |year=1982 |isbn=978-3-515-03204-9}}</ref> Among these Muslim entities was the [[Sultanate of Ifat]]. During the reign of Emperor [[Zara Yaqob]], the Ethiopian Empire reached its pinnacle. His rule was marked by the consolidation of territorial acquisitions from earlier rulers, the oversight of the construction of numerous churches and monasteries, the active promotion of literature and art, and the strengthening of central imperial authority.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeKwW3vzQMUC&q=amda+seyon+victory+ifat&pg=PA283 |title=UNESCO General History of Africa |date=3 November 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06698-4 |page=283}}</ref><ref name=":3b">{{Cite book |last=Abir |first=Mordechai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region |date=2013-10-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-28090-0 |pages=22–70 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Connel|Killion|2011|p=160}} Ifat's successor, the [[Adal Sultanate]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammed |first1=Abdul Kader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjX_yVT7AoC&q=adal+sultanate&pg=PA170 |title=The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-643-90332-7 |page=170}}</ref> tried to conquer Ethiopia during the [[Ethiopian–Adal War]], but was ultimately defeated at the 1543 [[Battle of Wayna Daga]].<ref>Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour By Martin Meredith, In the Land of Prestor John, chapter 11</ref>

By the 16th century, an influx of migration by ethnic [[Oromo people|Oromo]] into northern parts of the region fragmented the empire's power. Embarking from present-day [[Guji Zone|Guji]] and [[Borena Zone]], the Oromos were largely motivated by several folkloric conceptions—beginning with ''Moggaasaa''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassen |first=Mohammed |title=The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300–1700 |date=2017 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-1-84701-161-9 |language=English |oclc=962017017}}</ref> and ''Liqimssa''—many of whom related to their raids. This persisted until ''gada'' of Meslé.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=301}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the Decline of Imperial Power ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_01_02" |url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_02.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=memory.loc.gov}}</ref> According to [[Bahrey|Abba Bahrey]], the earliest expansion occurred under Emperor [[Dawit II]] ([[Luba Melbah|''luba'' Melbah]]), when they encroached to [[Bale Province, Ethiopia|Bale]] before invading Adal Sultanate.<ref name="Reference">{{Cite web |title=Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |url=http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117133933/http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html|archive-date=2018-01-17}}</ref>

Ethiopia saw major diplomatic contact with Portugal from the 17th century, mainly related to religion. Beginning in 1555,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Leonardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zs3CcC2eLoC&q=the+jesuit+in+ethiopia+1555 |title=The Missionary Strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555–1632) |date=2009 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05892-6 |language=en}}</ref> Portuguese Jesuits attempted to develop Roman Catholicism as the state religion. After several failures, they sent several missionaries in 1603, including the most influential, Spanish Jesuit [[Pedro Páez|Pedro Paez]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Letters of Jesuits -Wendy Laura Belcher |url=https://wendybelcher.com/african-literature/latin-letters-of-jesuits/ |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=wendybelcher.com}}</ref> Under Emperor [[Susenyos I]], Roman Catholicism became the state religion of the Ethiopian Empire in 1622.<ref name="Parfitt2019">{{cite book |last=Parfitt |first=Rose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOeADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |title=The Process of International Legal Reproduction: Inequality, Historiography, Resistance |date=17 January 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-51519-8 |pages=225–}}</ref> This decision caused an uprising by the Orthodox populace.<ref name="berndl2005">{{Cite book |last=Berndl |first=Klaus |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7/page/333/mode/2up |title=National Geographic Visual History of the World |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5 |page=333 |language=en}}</ref>

===Early Modern Period (1632–1855)===
{{Main|Gondarine period|Zemene Mesafint}}

[[File:Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ethiopien d'Abbadie 215, folio 1r.JPEG|thumb|left|A copy of 17th century philosophical and [[ethical]] treatise by [[Ethiopian]] philosopher [[Zara Yaqob]]]]

[[File:Fasil Ghebbi IV (23869587160).jpg|thumb|Fasil Ghebbi, one of the key castles of the [[Gondarine period]]]]
In 1632, Emperor [[Fasilides]] halted Roman Catholic state administration, restoring [[Orthodox Tewahedo]] as the state religion.<ref name="Parfitt2019" /> Fasilides' reign solidified imperial power, relocating the capital to [[Gondar]] in 1636, marking the beginning of the "[[Gondarine period]]".<ref>See Solomon Getamun, ''History of the City of Gondar'' (Africa World Press, 2005), pp.1–4</ref> He reclaimed lands, and exiled [[Jesuits]] to [[Fremona]]. During his rule, Fasilides constructed the iconic royal fortress, [[Fasil Ghebbi]], built forty-four churches,<ref>Getamun, ''City of Gondar'', p. 5</ref> and revived [[Ethiopian art]]. He is also credited with building seven stone bridges over the [[Blue Nile River]].<ref>Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University Press, 1968), pp. 297f</ref>

Gondar's power declined after the death of [[Iyasu I]] in 1706. Following [[Iyasu II]]'s death in 1755, Empress [[Mentewab]] brought her brother, [[Ras (title)|Ras]] Wolde Leul, to Gondar, making him Ras Bitwaded. This led to regnal conflict between Mentewab's ''Quaregnoch'' and the Wollo group led by Wubit. In 1767, Ras [[Mikael Sehul]], a regent in [[Tigray Province]], seized Gondar, killing the child [[Iyoas I]] in 1769, the reigning emperor, and installed 70-year-old [[Yohannes II]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gondar Period |url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Gondar_Period/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=ethiopianhistory.com}}</ref>

Between 1769 and 1855, Ethiopia witnessed the [[Zemene Mesafint]] or "Age of Princes," a period of isolation. Emperors became figureheads, controlled by regional lords and noblemen like ''Ras'' Mikael Sehul, Ras [[Wolde Selassie]] of Tigray, and by the [[Yejju]] Oromo dynasty of the [[Zemene Mesafint#Wara Sheh rulers (Yejju) (1784–1855)|Wara Sheh]], including Ras [[Gugsa of Yejju]]. Before the Zemene Mesafint, Emperor Iyoas I had introduced the Oromo language (''Afaan Oromo'') at court, replacing Amharic.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pankhurst, Richard |title=The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1967 |location=London |pages=139–143}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 1996 |title=Political Program of the Oromo People's Congress (OPC) |url=http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307213227/http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx |archive-date=7 March 2009 |access-date=16 March 2009 |publisher=Gargaaraoromopc.org}}</ref>

=== Age of Imperialism (1855–1916) ===
{{main|British expedition to Abyssinia|Menelik's Invasions|Egyptian–Ethiopian War|First Italo-Ethiopian War|Mahdist War}}

{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Téwodros II - 2.jpg
| caption1 = Emperor [[Tewodros II]] (r. 1855–1868) brought an end to Zemene Mesafint.
| image2 = Menelik - Adoua-2 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = Emperor [[Menelik II]] defended Ethiopia's sovereignty during the age of imperialism.
| total_width = 320
}}Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that concluded with an alliance between the two nations, but it was not until 1855 that the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia (Gondar, [[Gojjam]], and [[Shewa]]) were briefly united after the power of the emperor was restored beginning with the reign of [[Tewodros II]].<ref name="Middleton2015">{{cite book |last=Middleton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 |pages=39–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tibebu |first=Teshale |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |date=June 2018 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.279 |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-279}}</ref> Tewodros II began a process of consolidation, centralisation, and state-building that would be continued by succeeding emperors. This process reduced the power of regional rulers, restructured the empire's administration, and created a professional army. These changes created the basis for establishing the effective sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Ethiopian state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=Edmond J. |url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/keller/papers/SelectedPub/EthiopiaState.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219015314/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/keller/papers/SelectedPub/EthiopiaState.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |title=Borders, Nationalism, and the African State |date=2005 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-58826-340-7 |editor1-last=Laremont |editor1-first=Ricardo René |pages=89–92 |chapter=Making and Remaking State and Nation in Ethiopia}}</ref> In 1875 and 1876, Ottoman and Egyptian forces, accompanied by many European and American advisors, twice [[Egyptian–Ethiopian War|invaded Abyssinia]] but were initially defeated.<ref>[http://vislardica.com/VisImperica/Wars/vi_egypt_abyssinia.htm The Egyptians in Abyssinia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226155100/http://vislardica.com/VisImperica/Wars/vi_egypt_abyssinia.htm|date=26 December 2011}}. Vislardica.com. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> From 1885 to 1889 (under [[Yohannes IV]]), Ethiopia joined the [[Mahdist War]] allied to Britain, the Ottomans, and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State. In 1887, [[Menelik II]], king of [[Shewa]], invaded the [[Emirate of Harar]] after his victory at the [[Battle of Chelenqo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caulk |first1=Richard |year=1971 |title=The Occupation of Harar: January 1887 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–20 |jstor=41967469}}</ref> On 10 March 1889, Yohannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah's army whilst leading his army in the [[Battle of Gallabat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipschutz |first=Mark |title=Dictionary of African historical biography |date=1986 |publisher=University of California Press |others=Rasmussen, R. Kent |isbn=978-0-520-06611-3 |edition=2nd ed., expanded and updated |location=Berkeley |page=1 |oclc=14069361}}</ref>

Ethiopia, in roughly its current form, began under the reign of Menelik II, who was Emperor from 1889 until his death in 1913. From his base in the central province of Shewa, Menelik set out to annex territories to the south, east, and west<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Young |first1=J. |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}</ref> — areas inhabited by the Oromo, [[Sidama people|Sidama]], Gurage, [[Welayta people|Welayta]], and other peoples.<ref name="igg">International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". Issue 153 of ''ICG Africa'' report (4 September 2009) p. 2; Italy lost over 4,600 nationals in this battle.</ref> He achieved this with the help of ''Ras'' [[Gobana Dacche]]'s Shewan Oromo militia, which occupied lands that had not been held since [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]]'s war, as well as other areas that had never been under Ethiopian rule.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Keefer, Edward C. |year=1973 |title=Great Britain and Ethiopia 1897–1910: Competition for Empire |journal=International Journal of African Studies |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=468–74 |doi=10.2307/216612 |jstor=216612}}</ref>

For his leadership, despite opposition from more traditional elements of society, Menelik II was heralded as a national hero. He had signed the [[Treaty of Wuchale]] with Italy in May 1889, by which Italy would recognize Ethiopia's sovereignty so long as Italy could control an area north of Ethiopia (now part of modern Eritrea). In return, Italy was to provide Menelik with weapons and support him as emperor. The Italians used the time between the signing of the treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to expand their territorial claims. This [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] culminated in the [[Battle of Adwa]] on 1 March 1896, in which Italy's colonial forces were defeated by the Ethiopians.<ref name="igg" /><ref>Negash, Tekeste. [https://books.google.com/books?id=txsoS39UplMC Eritrea and Ethiopia : The Federal Experience]. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (2005) {{ISBN|1-56000-992-6}} pp. 13–14</ref> During this time, about a third of the population died in the [[Famines in Ethiopia|Great Ethiopian Famine]] (1888 to 1892),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211211756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966291-3,00.html "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 21 December 1987.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pankhurst |first1=R. |year=1966 |title=The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888–1892: A New Assessment |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=95–124 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/XXI.2.95 |pmid=5326887}}</ref> and the [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|rinderpest]] swept through the area, destroying much of the herd economy. On 11 October 1897, Ethiopia adopted the [[Pan-African colours|colours of the pan-African flag]] with green, yellow and red stripes in representation of [[pan-Africanist]] ideology.

===Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974)===
{{main|Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian Ethiopia|Italian East Africa|Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|Eritrean War of Independence}}

[[File:Ethiopian Soldiers Korean War.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian troops sent by the government under the [[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] during the [[Korean War]] fighting for South Korean independence]]
[[File:Emperor Haile Selassie I with President FDR.jpg|thumb|[[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] with U.S. president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] during the end of World War II]]
The early 20th century was marked by the reign of Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] (''Ras Tafari''). He came to power after [[Lij Iyasu]] was deposed, and undertook [[Modernization under Haile Selassie|a nationwide modernization campaign]] from 1916 when he was made a ''Ras'' and Regent (''Inderase'') for the [[Queen regnant|Empress Regnant]] [[Zewditu]], and became the ''de facto'' ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu's death, on 2 November 1930, he succeeded her as emperor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broich |first=Tobias |date=2017 |title=U.S. and Soviet Foreign Aid during the Cold War – A Case Study of Ethiopia |url=https://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/publications-search/ |website=The United Nations University – Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT) |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915183529/http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/publications-search/}}</ref> In 1931, Haile Selassie endowed Ethiopia with [[1931 Constitution of Ethiopia|its first constitution]] in emulation of Imperial Japan's [[Meiji Constitution|1890 Constitution]].<ref>Asnake Kefale, [[Tomasz Kamusella]] and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. ''Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation''. London: Routledge, pp. 23–34.</ref>
The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], beginning when it was invaded by [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Italy]] in early October 1935, and by subsequent Italian rule of the country (1936–1941) after Italian victory in the war.<ref>Clapham, Christopher (2005) "Ḫaylä Śəllase" in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha''. Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1062–1063.</ref> Italy, however, never managed to secure the country in its totality, due to resistance from the [[Arbegnoch]]; this made Ethiopia, along with [[Liberia]], the only African countries to never be fully colonized.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopians: A History |date=September 24, 2001 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing|Blackwell]] |isbn=0-631-22493-9 |edition=2nd |page=256}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tibebu |first=Teshale |title=The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974 |date=1995 |publisher=[[RedSeaPr]] |isbn=1-56902-001-9 |page=145}}</ref> Following the entry of Italy into [[World War II]], [[British Empire]] forces, together with the Arbegnoch, liberated Ethiopia in the course of the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] in 1941. The country was placed under [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)|British military administration]], and then Ethiopia's full [[sovereignty]] was restored with the signing of the [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement]] in December 1944.<ref>Clapham, "Ḫaylä Śəllase", ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', p. 1063.</ref>

On 24 October 1945, Ethiopia became a founding member of the [[United Nations]]. In 1952, Haile Selassie orchestrated a [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|federation with Eritrea]]. He dissolved this in 1962 and annexed Eritrea, resulting in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=16. Ethiopia/Eritrea (1950-1993) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/ethiopiaeritrea-1950-1993/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Haile Selassie also played a leading role in the formation of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2009 |title=(1963) Haile Selassie, "Towards African Unity" |url=https://blackpast.org/1963-haile-selassie-towards-african-unity |website=BlackPast.org}}</ref> Opinion within Ethiopia turned against Haile Selassie, owing to the worldwide [[1973 oil crisis]] causing a sharp increase in gasoline prices starting on 13 February 1974, leading to student and worker protests.<ref>[[#Valdes Vivo|Valdes Vivo]], p. 115.</ref> The feudal oligarchical cabinet of [[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] was toppled, and a new government was formed with [[Endelkachew Makonnen]] serving as Prime Minister.<ref>[[#Valdes Vivo|Valdes Vivo]], p. 21.</ref>

===Derg era (1974–1991)===
{{see also|Ethiopian Revolution|Derg|People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Civil War|Red Terror (Ethiopia){{!}}Red Terror|1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia}}
[[File:Mengistu Haile Mariam 3.jpg|thumb|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] was sentenced to death [[Trial in absentia|''in absentia'']] for committing [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|crimes during his rule]].|164x164px]]

Haile Selassie's rule ended on 12 September 1974, when he was [[1974 Ethiopian coup d'état|deposed]] by the [[Derg]], a committee made up of military and police officers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 1974 |title=REMOVAL IS QUIET |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/13/archives/removal-is-quiet.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> After the execution of [[Massacre of the Sixty|60 former government and military officials]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 1974 |title=Ethiopia Executes 60 Former Officials, Including 2 Premiers and Military Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/24/archives/ethiopia-executes-60-former-officials-including-2-premiers-and.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> the new [[Provisional Military Administrative Council]] abolished the monarchy in March 1975 and established Ethiopia as a [[Marxist-Leninist state]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 1975 |title=Ethiopia's Military Government Abolishes Monarchy and Titles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/22/archives/ethiopias-military-government-abolishes-monarchy-and-titles.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The abolition of [[feudalism]], increased [[literacy]], [[nationalization]], and sweeping [[land reform]] including the [[Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia|resettlement and villagization]] from the [[Ethiopian Highlands]] became priorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ʼAndārgāčaw Ṭerunah |title=The Ethiopian revolution, 1974–1987: a transformation from an aristocratic to a totalitarian autocracy |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Thomas Leiper Kane Collection |isbn=0-521-43082-8 |location=Cambridge |oclc=25316141}}</ref>

After a power struggle in 1977, [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] gained undisputed leadership of the Derg.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Michael T. |date=15 November 1977 |title=Ethiopian Official Is Believed to Have Been Executed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/15/archives/ethiopian-official-is-believed-to-have-been-executed.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1977, Somalia, which had previously been receiving assistance and arms from the [[USSR]], invaded Ethiopia in the [[Ogaden War]], capturing part of the [[Ogaden]] region. Ethiopia recovered it after it began receiving massive military aid from the Soviet bloc countries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dagne |first=Haile Gabriel |title=The commitment of the German Democratic Republic in Ethiopia: a study based on Ethiopian sources |publisher=Global Lit. |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-8258-9535-8 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact |url=https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html |website=Library of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105051009/https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html|archive-date=2018-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Oberdorfer |first=Don |date=March 1978 |title=The Superpowers and the Ogaden War |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/05/the-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war/00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> By the end of the seventies, Mengistu presided over the second-largest army in all of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], as well as a formidable [[Ethiopian Air Force|air force]] and navy.

In 1976–78, up to 500,000 were killed as a result of the [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror]],<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |date=22 December 1999 |title=US admits helping Mengistu escape |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm |access-date=13 December 2017 |website=BBC}}</ref> a violent [[political repression]] campaign by the Derg against various opposition groups.<ref name="Black Book2">''[[The Black Book of Communism]]'', pp. 687–95</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ottaway |first=David B. |date=21 March 1979 |title=Addis Ababa Emerges From a Long, Bloody War |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/03/21/addis-ababa-emerges-from-a-long-bloody-war/263ac7da-0f96-444c-ab87-03c80bb1632a/ |access-date=13 December 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Katz |first=Donald R. |date=21 September 1978 |title=Ethiopia After the Revolution: Vultures in the Land of Sheba |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/ethiopia-after-the-revolution-vultures-return-to-the-land-of-sheba-19780921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211913/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/ethiopia-after-the-revolution-vultures-return-to-the-land-of-sheba-19780921 |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=13 December 2017 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> In 1987, the Derg dissolved itself and established the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] (PDRE) upon the adoption of the [[1987 Constitution of Ethiopia]].<ref>Asnake Kefale, [[Tomasz Kamusella]] and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. ''Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation''. London: Routledge, pp 35–43</ref> A [[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia|1983–85 famine]] affected around 8 million people, resulting in 1 million dead. Insurrections against [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] rule sprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Eritrea and Tigray. The [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]] (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements in 1989, to form the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF).<ref>{{cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Timothy J. |title=A History of Genocide in Africa |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4408-3052-5 |page=163}}</ref>

The collapse of [[Marxism–Leninism]] during the [[revolutions of 1989]] coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopia altogether in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Policy |url=https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_04_08.html |website=Library of Congress – American Memory: Remaining Collections.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107221459/https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_04_08.html|archive-date=2018-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Crowell Anderson-Jaquest |first=Tommie |date=May 2002 |title=Restructuring the Soviet–Ethiopian Relationship: A Csse Study in Asymmetric Exchange |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2110/1/U613342.pdf |website=London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/hltKrT_5q08 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210325145732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hltKrT_5q08 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation |title=Mengistu Haile Mariam Interview (1990) |date=13 June 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hltKrT_5q08 |access-date=17 June 2021 |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa in May 1991, and Mengistu fled the country and was granted asylum in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tessema |first=Seleshi |date=November 2017 |title=ADDIS ABABA |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopians-follow-zimbabwe-events-with-mengistu-in-mind/968413 |website=Anadolu Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=August 2018 |title=Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

===Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)===
{{main|History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia}}

{{Further|Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict|Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|Tigray war}}{{See also|1993 Eritrean independence referendum}}
[[File:Meles Zenawi - World Economic Forum on Africa 2012.jpg|thumb|Meles Zenawi, a panelist at [[World Economic Forum]] on Africa 2012]]
In July 1991, the EPRDF convened a National Conference to establish the [[Transitional Government of Ethiopia]] composed of an 87-member [[Council of Representatives of Ethiopia|Council of Representatives]] and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution.{{sfn|Lyons|1996|pp=121–23}} In 1994, a new constitution was written that established a parliamentary republic with a bicameral legislature and a judicial system.<ref name="Constitution2">{{cite web |title=Article 5 |url=http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et007en.pdf |access-date=2 July 2015 |work=Ethiopian Constitution |publisher=WIPO}}</ref>

In April 1993, [[Eritrea]] gained independence from Ethiopia after a [[1993 Eritrean independence referendum|national referendum]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 1993 |title=Eritrea Marks Independence After Years Under Ethiopia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/25/world/eritrea-marks-independence-after-years-under-ethiopia.html |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to the [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]], which lasted until June 2000 and cost both countries an estimated $1 million a day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2000 |title=Will arms ban slow war? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/750789.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030127075853/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/750789.stm |archive-date=27 January 2003 |access-date=12 January 2017 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> This had a negative effect on Ethiopia's economy, and a [[Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict|border conflict]] between the two countries would continue [[2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit|until 2018]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2001 |title=War 'devastated' Ethiopian economy |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1476618.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704131529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1476618.stm |archive-date=4 July 2016 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=9 July 2018 |title=Ethiopia and Eritrea declare end of war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44764597 |work=BBC News}}</ref> As of 2018, further [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|civil war in Ethiopia]] continues, mainly due to destabilization of the country.

[[Human rights in Ethiopia#Ethnic violence|Ethnic violence rose]] during the late 2010s and early 2020s,<ref>{{cite journal |date=17 September 2018 |title=At least 23 die in weekend of Ethiopia ethnic violence |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2018/Sep-17/463632-at-least-23-die-in-weekend-of-ethiopia-ethnic-violence.ashx |journal=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002001149/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2018/Sep-17/463632-at-least-23-die-in-weekend-of-ethiopia-ethnic-violence.ashx |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Hadra |last2=Goldstein |first2=Joseph |date=24 September 2018 |title=Thousands Are Arrested in Ethiopia After Ethnic Violence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/world/africa/ethiopia-ethnic-violence-arrests.html |access-date=27 April 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> with various clashes and conflicts leading to millions of Ethiopians being displaced.<ref name="irinnews">{{cite news |date=8 November 2017 |title=Ethnic violence displaces hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians |url=http://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2017/11/08/ethnic-violence-displaces-hundreds-thousands-ethiopians |publisher=irinnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12 killed in latest attack in western Ethiopia |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/12-killed-in-latest-attack-in-western-ethiopia-20201013 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Fano Will Not Lay Down Arms If Demands Are Not Met: Chairman |url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7856/Fano-Will-Not-Lay-Down-Arms-If-Demands-Are-Not-Met-Chairman |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>

The federal government decided that elections for 2020 (later being [[2021 Ethiopian general election|rescheduled to 2021]]) be cancelled, due to health and safety concerns about [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian parliament allows PM Abiy to stay in office beyond term |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/ethiopian-parliament-pm-abiy-stay-office-term-200610195337702.html |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> The [[Tigray Region]]'s TPLF opposed this, and [[2020 Tigray regional election|proceeded to hold elections]] anyway on 9 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=Ethiopia's Tigray region defies PM Abiy with 'illegal' election |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-ethiopia-s-tigray-region-defies-pm-abiy-with-illegal-election-1 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia's Tigray region holds vote, defying Abiy's federal gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/ethiopia-tigray-region-votes-defying-federal-government-pm-200909055237684.html |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Relations between the federal government and Tigray deteriorated rapidly,<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Rockets hit outskirts of Eritrea capital |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54942546 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and in November 2020, Ethiopia began a military offensive in Tigray in response to [[Northern Command attacks (Ethiopia)|attacks on army units stationed]] there, marking the beginning of the [[Tigray war]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Rights commission to investigate 'mass killings' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54941833 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia: Tigray leader confirms bombing Eritrean capital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/15/rockets-fired-from-ethiopias-tigray-region-hit-eritrean-capital |work=Al-Jazeera}}</ref> By March 2022, as many as 500,000 people had died as a result of [[War crimes in the Tigray war|violence]] and [[Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)|famine]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2022 |title=Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-tigray-war-has-seen-up-to-half-a-million-dead-from-violence-and/ |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=The World's Deadliest War Isn't in Ukraine, But in Ethiopia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/the-worlds-deadliest-war-isnt-in-ukraine-but-in-ethiopia/2022/03/22/eaf4b83c-a9b6-11ec-8a8e-9c6e9fc7a0de_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chothia |first1=Farouk |last2=Bekit |first2=Teklemariam |date=19 October 2022 |title=Ethiopia civil war: Hyenas scavenge on corpses as Tigray forces retreat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63291747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022032616/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63291747 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> After a number of [[Tigrayan peace process|peace and mediation proposals]] in the intervening years, Ethiopia and the Tigrayan rebel forces agreed to a [[Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement|cessation of hostilities on 2 November 2022]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Winning |first1=Alexander |last2=Cocks |first2=Tim |date=2022-11-02 |title=Parties in Ethiopia conflict agree to cease hostilities |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-parties-ethiopia-conflict-have-agreed-cease-hostilities-2022-11-02/ |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Coupled with [[OLA insurgency]], the federal government relations with Fano militias, who previously allied to the government in the Tigray War, deteriorated in mid-2023, resulting in a [[War in Amhara|war in the Amhara Region]]. According to reports conducted by the [[Ethiopian Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC), mass human rights violations carried out by ENDF troops including door-to-door searches, extrajudicial killings, massacres and detentions. Notable incident includes the [[Merawi massacre]] in early 2024, which left 50 to 100 residents dead in [[Merawi, Ethiopia|Merawi]] town in Amhara.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-13 |title=Amhara conflict: Ethiopians massacred in their homes by government troops |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68283799 |access-date=2024-05-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Account |date=2024-02-16 |title=Statement on the Indiscriminate Massacre of the Residents of Merawi in Ethiopia |url=https://borkena.com/2024/02/16/ethiopia-statement-on-the-indiscriminate-massacre-of-the-residents-of-merawi/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Borkena Ethiopian News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopia relief location map.jpg|thumb|Relief map of Ethiopia]]
At {{convert|426372.61|sqmi|km2|0|order=flip}},<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{cite web |title=CIA World Factbook – Rank Order – Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2008}}</ref> Ethiopia is the world's 26th-largest country, comparable in size to [[Bolivia]]. It lies between the [[3rd parallel north]] and the [[15th parallel north]] and longitudes [[33rd meridian east]] and [[48th meridian east]].

The major portion of Ethiopia lies in the [[Horn of Africa]], which is the easternmost part of the African landmass. The territories that have frontiers with Ethiopia are Eritrea to the north and then, moving in a clockwise direction, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan. Within Ethiopia is a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the [[Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, [[steppe]]s, or semi-desert. There is a great diversity of terrain with wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation and settlement patterns.

Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical forests in the south to extensive [[Afromontane]] in the northern and southwestern parts. [[Lake Tana]] in the north is the source of the [[Blue Nile]]. It also has many [[endemism|endemic]] species, notably the [[gelada]], the [[walia ibex]] and the [[Ethiopian wolf]] ("Simien fox"). The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, and this has helped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation.

The nation is a land of geographical contrasts, ranging from the vast fertile west, with its forests and numerous rivers, to the world's hottest settlement of [[Dallol, Ethiopia|Dallol]] in its north. The [[Ethiopian Highlands]] are the largest continuous mountain ranges in Africa, and the [[Sof Omar Caves]] contains the largest cave on the continent. Ethiopia also has the second-largest number of [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&search=&searchSites=&search_by_country=&search_yearinscribed=&themes=&criteria_restrication=&media=&description=&order=region |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Ethiopia|Climate change in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Köppen climate types of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Köppen climate classification of Ethiopia]]
The predominant climate type is tropical monsoon, with wide topographic-induced variation. The [[Ethiopian Highlands]] cover most of the country and have a climate which is generally considerably cooler than other regions at similar proximity to the Equator. Most of the country's major cities are located at elevations of around {{convert|2000|–|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level, including historic capitals such as Gondar and Axum. The modern capital, Addis Ababa, is situated on the foothills of [[Mount Entoto]] at an elevation of around {{convert|2400|m}}. It experiences a mild climate year round. With temperatures fairly uniform year round, the seasons in Addis Ababa are largely defined by rainfall: a dry season from October to February, a light rainy season from March to May, and a heavy rainy season from June to September. The average annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|1200|mm}}.

There are on average seven hours of sunshine per day. The dry season is the sunniest time of the year, though even at the height of the rainy season in July and August there are still usually several hours per day of bright sunshine. The average annual temperature in Addis Ababa is {{convert|16|°C|°F|1}}, with daily maximum temperatures averaging {{convert|20|-|25|°C|°F|1}} throughout the year, and overnight lows averaging {{convert|5|-|10|°C|°F|1}}.

Most major cities and tourist sites in Ethiopia lie at a similar elevation to Addis Ababa and have a comparable climate. In less elevated regions, particularly the lower lying [[Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands]] in the east of Ethiopia, the climate can be significantly hotter and drier. [[Dallol, Ethiopia|Dallol]], in the [[Danakil Depression]] in this eastern zone, has the world's highest average annual temperature of {{convert|34|°C|°F|1}}.
[[File:Blue Nile Falls, Ethiopia (51625800835).jpg|thumb|The [[Blue Nile Falls|Blue Nile falls]] during winter provides over 86 percent of the Nile river's water coming from melted snow in the [[Simien Mountains National Park|Simien mountains]] below 0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2023 |title=Does It Snow In Ethiopia [Winter Travel] |url=https://offseasonbackpack.com/does-it-snow-in-ethiopia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926224634/https://offseasonbackpack.com/does-it-snow-in-ethiopia/|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=While Egypt Struggles, Ethiopia Builds over the Blue Nile: Controversies and the Way Forward |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/while-egypt-struggles-ethiopia-builds-over-the-blue-nile-controversies-and-the-way-forward/ |website=Brookings.edu}}</ref>]]

Ethiopia is vulnerable to many of the [[effects of climate change]]. These include increases in temperature and changes in precipitation.<ref name="Misiani2020">{{cite journal |last1=Misiani |first1=Herbert O. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Segele |first3=Zewdu T. |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Tadege |first5=Abebe |last6=Artan |first6=Guleid |last7=Atheru |first7=Zachary |title=Circulation Patterns Associated with Current and Future Rainfall over Ethiopia and South Sudan from a Convection-Permitting Model |journal=Atmosphere |date=12 December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=1352 |doi=10.3390/atmos11121352 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Atmos..11.1352M}}</ref> [[Climate change in Ethiopia]] threatens food security and the economy, which is agriculture based.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gezie |first=Melese |date=1 January 2019 |editor-last=Moral |editor-first=Manuel Tejada |title=Farmer's response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review |journal=Cogent Food & Agriculture |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=1613770 |bibcode=2019CogFA...513770G |doi=10.1080/23311932.2019.1613770 |s2cid=155380174 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many Ethiopians have been forced to leave their homes and travel as far as the Gulf, Southern Africa and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Ethiopia, Climate Change and Migration: A little more knowledge and a more nuanced perspective could greatly benefit thinking on policy – Ethiopia |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-climate-change-and-migration-little-more-knowledge-and-more-nuanced |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref>

Since April 2019, the Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has promoted [[Beautifying Sheger]], a development project that aims to reduce the negative effects of climate change – among other things – in the capital city Addis Ababa.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dahir |first1=Abdi Latif |date=5 March 2019 |title=Ethiopia is launching a global crowdfunding campaign to give its capital a green facelift |url=https://qz.com/africa/1565355/ethiopias-abiy-to-hold-dinner-to-make-addis-ababa-greener-city/ |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=Quartz Africa |language=en}}</ref> In the following May, the government held "Dine for Sheger", a fundraising event in order to cover some of the $1 billion needed through the public.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2019 |title=Ethiopia PM hosts 'most expensive dinner' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48342569 |access-date=23 May 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> $25 million was raised through the expensive event, both through the cost of attending and donations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=14 May 2019 |title=Ethiopia PM raises over $25m for project to beautify Addis Ababa |url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/14/ethiopia-pm-raises-over-25m-for-project-to-beautify-addis-ababa/ |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> Two Chinese railway companies under the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] between China and Ethiopia had supplied funds to develop 12 of the total 56 kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Addisstandard |date=25 April 2019 |title=News: China's reprieve on interest-free loan only |url=https://addisstandard.com/news-chinas-reprieve-on-interest-free-loan-only/ |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=Addis Standard |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Biodiversity===
{{Main|Wildlife of Ethiopia}}

{{see also|Environmental issues in Ethiopia|Deforestation in Ethiopia}}
[[File:Capra walie 87176348.jpg|thumb|A [[Walia ibex|Walia Ibex]] in [[Simien Mountains National Park]], one of the national symbols of Ethiopia, found only in the north of the country]]
Ethiopia is a global centre of avian diversity. To date more than 856 bird species have been recorded in Ethiopia, twenty of which are endemic to the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lepage |first=Denis |title=Bird Checklists of the World |url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=et&list=clements |access-date=6 October 2013 |publisher=Avibase}}</ref> Sixteen species are endangered or critically endangered. Many of these birds feed on butterflies, like the ''[[Bicyclus anynana]]''.<ref>Bicyclus, Site of Markku Savela</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Historically, throughout the African continent, wildlife populations have been rapidly declining due to logging, civil wars, pollution, poaching, and other human factors.<ref>Bakerova, Katarina et al. (1991) Wildlife Parks Animals Africa. Retrieved 24 May 2008, from the [http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/3_0wildlife.html African Cultural Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205045029/http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/3_0wildlife.html|date=5 February 2011}}.</ref> A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively affected Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.<ref>Encyclopedia of Nations. [http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html Ethiopia Environment].</ref> Habitat destruction is a factor that leads to endangerment. When changes to a habitat occur rapidly, animals do not have time to adjust. Human impact threatens many species, with greater threats expected as a result of climate change induced by [[greenhouse gas]]es.<ref>Kurpis, Lauren (2002). [http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Ways_To_Help.htm How to Help Endangered Species] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304003612/http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Ways_To_Help.htm|date=4 March 2011}}. Endangeredspecie.com</ref> With carbon dioxide emissions in 2010 of 6,494,000 tonnes, Ethiopia contributes just 0.02% to the annual human-caused release of greenhouse gases.<ref>United Nations Statistics Division, [http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid= Millennium Development Goals indicators]: Carbon dioxide emissions ({{CO2}}), thousand tonnes of {{CO2}} (collected by CDIAC) Human-produced, direct emissions of carbon dioxide only. Excludes other greenhouse gases; [[land use, land-use change, and forestry]] (LULUCF); and natural background flows of {{CO2}} (See also: Carbon cycle)</ref>

Ethiopia has 31 [[endemic]] species of mammals.<ref name="Massicot">Massicot, Paul (2005). [http://www.animalinfo.org/country/ethiopia.htm Animal Info-Ethiopia].</ref> Ethiopia has many species listed as critically endangered and vulnerable to global extinction. The threatened species in Ethiopia can be broken down into three categories (based on [[IUCN]] ratings): [[critically endangered]], [[endangered species|endangered]], and [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]].<ref name="Massicot" />

Ethiopia is one of the eight fundamental and independent [[centres of origin]] for cultivated plants in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khoury |first1=Colin K. |last2=Achicanoy |first2=Harold A. |last3=Bjorkman |first3=Anne D. |last4=Navarro-Racines |first4=Carlos |last5=Guarino |first5=Luigi |last6=Flores-Palacios |first6=Ximena |last7=Engels |first7=Johannes M.M. |last8=Wiersema |first8=John H. |last9=Dempewolf |first9=Hannes |date=15 June 2016 |title=Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide |journal=Proc. R. Soc. B |volume=283 |issue=1832 |article-number=20160792 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0792 |pmc=4920324}}</ref> However, [[deforestation]] is a major concern for Ethiopia as studies suggest loss of forest contributes to soil erosion, loss of nutrients in the soil, loss of animal habitats, and reduction in biodiversity. At the beginning of the 20th century, around 420,000 km2 (or 35%) of Ethiopia's land was covered by trees, but recent research indicates that forest cover is now approximately 11.9% of the area.<ref>Mongabay.com Ethiopia statistics. (n.d). Retrieved 18 November 2006, from [http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Ethiopia.htm Rainforests.mongabay.com]</ref> The country had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 50th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref>

Ethiopia loses an estimated 1,410 km2 of natural forests each year due to firewood collection, conversion to farmland, overgrazing, and use of forest wood for building material. Between 1990 and 2005 the country lost approximately 21,000 km2 of forests.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 February 2006 |title=Ethiopia: Environmental Profile |url=https://rainforests.mongabay.com/20ethiopia.htm |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=Mongabay}}</ref> Current government programs to control deforestation consist of education, promoting reforestation programs, and providing raw materials which are alternatives to timber. In rural areas the government also provides non-timber fuel sources and access to non-forested land to promote agriculture without destroying forest habitat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iyyer |first=Chaitanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Bls24MgPuMC&pg=PA16 |title=Land Management: Challenges & Strategies |publisher=Global India Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-93-80228-48-8 |page=16}}</ref>

Organizations such as SOS and Farm Africa are working with the federal government and local governments to create a system of forest management.<ref>Parry, J (2003). Tree choppers become tree planters. Appropriate Technology, 30(4), 38–39. Retrieved 22 November 2006, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 538367341).</ref>

==Government and politics==
=== Government ===
{{Main|Government of Ethiopia|Law of Ethiopia|Judiciary of Ethiopia}}

{{See also|Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia}}
[[File:Ethiopian Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[House of Peoples' Representatives]] is the lower house of the Ethiopian [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]].]]
Ethiopia is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[parliamentary republic]], wherein the [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]], and the [[President of Ethiopia|President]] is the [[head of state]] but with largely ceremonial powers. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government and federal [[legislative power]] vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The [[House of Federation]] is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature with 108 seats, and the lower chamber is the [[House of Peoples' Representatives]] (HoPR) with 547 seats. The House of Federation is chosen by the regional councils whereas MPs of the HoPR are elected directly, in turn, they elect the president for a six-year term and the prime minister for a 5-year term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government |url=https://ethiopianembassy.org/government/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Embassy of Ethiopia |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:The Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|The [[Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia|Federal Supreme Court]] is the highest court determining constitutionality of ordeals in the nation.]]
The Ethiopian [[Judiciary of Ethiopia|judiciary]] consists of dual system with two court structures: the federal and state courts. The FDRE Constitution vested federal judicial authority to the [[Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia|Federal Supreme Court]] which can overturn and review decisions of subordinate federal courts; itself has regular division assigned for fundamental [[Error (law)|errors of law]]. In addition, the Supreme Court can perform [[circuit court|circuit hearings]] in established five states at any states of federal levels or "area designated for its jurisdiction" if deemed "necessary for the efficient rendering of justice".<ref>{{Cite book |title=See Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No.322/2003. Federal High Courts have been placed in the following states: Afar, Benshngul/Gumuz, Gambela, Somali, and SNNPR.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996, as amended by Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 138/1998, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 254/2001, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 321/2003, and Federal Courts Proclamation (Reamendment) Proclamation 454/2005 (Federal Courts Proclamation), Article 24(3).}}</ref>

The Federal Supreme Proclamation granted three subject matter principles: laws, parties and place to federal court jurisdiction, first "cases arising under the [[1995 Constitution of Ethiopia|Constitution]], [[federal law]]s and [[international treaties]]", second over "parties specified by federal laws".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996, Article 3}}</ref>

On the basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the judiciary is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/constitutions/ethiopia/constitution_1994.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509194433/http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/constitutions/ethiopia/constitution_1994.htm |title=Constitution of Ethiopia – 8 December 1994 |archive-date=9 May 2008}}</ref> To ensure this, the President and Vice President of the Supreme Court are appointed by Parliament on the nomination of Prime Minister. Once elected, the executive power has no authority to remove them from office. Other judges are nominated by the [[Federal Judicial Administration Council]] (FJAC) on the basis of transparent criteria and the Prime Minister's recommendation for appointment in the HoPR. In all cases, judges cannot be removed from their duty unless they retired, violated disciplinary rules, gross incompatibility, or inefficiency to unfit due to ill health. Contrary, the majority vote of HoPR have the right to sanction removal in federal judiciary level or state council in cases of state judges.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=Ethiopia – Country Governance Profile EN.pdf |publisher=OSGE and OREB |date=March 2009 |page=14 |language=}}</ref> In 2015, the realities of this provision were questioned in a report prepared by [[Freedom House]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2015/ethiopia |title=Ethiopia |date=2015 |website=Freedom House |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118081031/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2015/ethiopia |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref>

===Politics===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[File:Taye Atske Selassie MFA Portrait.jpg|162px]] || style="text-align:left;" | [[File:Abiy Ahmed with LI Yong 2018 (cropped).jpeg|162px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Taye Atske Selassie]] [[President of Ethiopia|President]] (representative head of state)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Abiy Ahmed]] [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] (head of government)
|}

Post-1995, Ethiopia's politics has been liberalized which promotes all-encompassing reforms to the country. Today, its economy is based on [[Mixed economy|mixed]], [[market economy|market-oriented]] principles.<ref name=":7" /> Ethiopia has twelve semi-autonomous administrative regions that have the power to raise and spend their own revenues.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

The [[1995 Ethiopian general election|first multiparty election]] took place in May 1995, which was won by the EPRDF.{{Sfn|Lyons|1996|p=142}} The president of the transitional government, EPRDF leader [[Meles Zenawi]], became the first [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, and [[Negasso Gidada]] was elected its president.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2001 |title=President expelled from ruling party |work=IRIN |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/22561/ethiopia-president-expelled-ruling-party |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Meles' government was consistently re-elected; however, these results were heavily criticized by international observers, and denounced by the opposition as fraudulent.<ref name="FH Ethiopia">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Map of Freedom 2007 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/ethiopia?page=22&year=2007&country=7175 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909123107/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/ethiopia?page=22&year=2007&country=7175 |archive-date=9 September 2013 |access-date=25 December 2007 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref>

Meles died on 20 August 2012 in Brussels, where he was being treated for an unspecified illness.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2012 |title=Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles has died: state television |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-meles-idUSBRE87K04K20120821}}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] was appointed as a new prime minister until the [[Ethiopian general election, 2015|2015 elections]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lough |first=Richard |date=22 August 2012 |title=Ethiopia acting PM to remain at helm until 2015 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-meles-leader-idUSBRE87L0B820120822}}</ref> and remained so afterwards with his party in control of every parliamentary seat.<ref name="AJE HD holds">{{Cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |date=27 May 2015 |title=Profile: Ethiopia's 'placeholder' PM quietly holds on |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/profile-ethiopias-placeholder-pm-quietly-holds-150527172136197.html |access-date=28 July 2015 |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> On 15 February 2018, Hailemariam [[Resignation of Hailemariam Desalegn|resigned]] as Prime Minister, following [[2014–2016 Oromo protests|years of protests]] and a [[2016–2018 Ethiopian state of emergency|state of emergency]].<ref name="Reuters1">{{cite news |last=Maasho |first=Aaron |date=8 August 2016 |title=At least 33 protesters killed in Ethiopia's Oromiya region: opposition |work=Reuters |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN10J0ZJ?sp=true |access-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011946/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN10J0ZJ?sp=true |archive-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 February 2018 |title=Ethiopia declares state of emergency |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43091248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=AfricaNews |title=Ethiopia declares 6 months state of emergency over Oromia protests |work=Africanews |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/10/09/ethiopia-declares-6-months-state-of-emergency-over-oromia-protests// |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107172159/http://www.africanews.com/2016/10/09/ethiopia-declares-6-months-state-of-emergency-over-oromia-protests// |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Abiy Ahmed]] became prime minister following Hailemariam's resignation. He made a historic visit to Eritrea in 2018, ending the state of conflict between the two countries,<ref name=":1" /> and was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=Ethiopian Prime Minister wins the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize |work=CNN News |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2019/10/11/ethiopian-prime-minister-abiy-ahmed-wins-2019-nobel-peace-prize-lon-orig.cnn}}</ref>

According to the [[Democracy Index]] published by the United Kingdom-based [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] in late 2010, Ethiopia was an "authoritarian regime", ranking as the 118th-most democratic out of 167 countries.<ref>[http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010]. (PDF). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> Ethiopia had dropped 13 places on the list since 2008, and the 2010 report attributed the drop to the government's crackdown on opposition activities, media, and civil society before the [[Ethiopian general election, 2010|2010 parliamentary election]], which the report argued had made Ethiopia a [[Dominant-party system|''de facto'' one-party state]].<ref>[http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010]. (PDF). p.17. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref>

Accompanied by pervasive [[Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia|internal and intercommunal conflicts in the 21st century]], the Ethiopian government resorted to authoritarian structure, severing democratic and human rights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ottaway |first=Marina |date=1995 |title=The Ethiopian Transition: Democratization or New Authoritarianism? |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=67–84 |doi=10.1353/nas.1995.0028 |jstor=41931114 |issn=0740-9133}}</ref> [[Freedom House]], who has worked on Ethiopia since 2008, indicates that Ethiopia is "Not Free" state due to very poor [[fundamental rights]] (political and civil liberties) recorded in both [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front|EPRDF]] and [[Prosperity Party]] regimes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Country Profile |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Failure to Stand for Democracy in Ethiopia Has Weakened Democracy Worldwide |url=https://peacediplomacy.org/2021/11/03/failure-to-stand-for-democracy-in-ethiopia/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=The Institute for Peace and Diplomacy - l'Institut pour la paix et la diplomatie |language=en-US}}</ref> Under Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopia is experiencing [[Democratic backsliding in Ethiopia|democratic backsliding]] since 2019 marked by turbulent period of [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|internal conflict]], jailing opposition group members and limiting media freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Velasco |first=Guille |date=2022-04-01 |title=The Ethiopia of Abiy Ahmed and the Pending Transition |url=https://revistaidees.cat/en/the-ethiopia-of-abiy-ahmed-and-the-pending-transition/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=IDEES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gedamu |first=Yohannes |date=2020-06-16 |title=Abiy put Ethiopia on the road to democracy: but major obstacles still stand in the way |url=http://theconversation.com/abiy-put-ethiopia-on-the-road-to-democracy-but-major-obstacles-still-stand-in-the-way-140750 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Subdivisions of Ethiopia|Regions of Ethiopia|List of zones of Ethiopia|Districts of Ethiopia|Wards of Ethiopia}}

Ethiopia is [[Administrative division|administratively divided]] into four levels: [[Regions of Ethiopia|regions]], [[List of zones of Ethiopia|zones]], [[Districts of Ethiopia|districts]] (''woredas'') and [[Wards of Ethiopia|wards]] (''kebele'').<ref name="mula" /><ref name="mappr" /> The country comprises 12 regions and two city administrations under these regions, plenty of zones, woredas and neighbourhood administration: kebeles. The two federal-level city administrations are Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.<ref name="Comparison">{{Cite journal |last1=Vértesy |first1=László |last2=Lemango |first2=Teketel |date=2022 |title=Comparison of local governments in Hungary and Ethiopia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361985359 |journal=De Iurisprudentia et Iure Publico |volume=XIII |issue=1–2 |pages=62–75 |issn=1789-0446 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

[[File:Map of zones of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.6|Map of [[Regions of Ethiopia|regions]] and [[list of zones of Ethiopia|zones]] of Ethiopia]]

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Ethiopia}}

[[File:A Group photo of Leaders of G-8, Outreach five countries and Africa Outreach countries at G 8 Summit in Heiligendamm, Germany on June 08, 2007.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Meles Zenawi]] (bottom row, fourth from left) in G8 Group meeting in 2007]]
Ethiopia was historically a [[trading nation]] that exported goods such as [[gold]], [[ivory]], exotic animals, and [[incense]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land of Punt |url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Land_of_Punt/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=ethiopianhistory.com}}</ref> Modern Ethiopian foreign relations began under [[Tewodros II|Emperor Tewodros II]], who during his reign sought to re-establish a cohesive Ethiopian state, but was thwarted by the [[1868 Expedition to Abyssinia|British expedition of 1868]].<ref>The political history of the Ethiopian community, and their struggle for ownership of this small monastery, is retold in Chris Proutky, ''Empress Taytu and Menelik II'' (Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1986), pp. 247–256</ref> Since then, the country was seen as redundant by world powers until the opening of [[Suez Canal]] due to an influence of [[Mahdist War]].<ref>Although Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'', second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), believes that the Suez Canal brought strategic value to the Red Sea region (p. 73), Sven Rubenson, ''The Survival of Ethiopian Independence'' (Hollywood: Tsehai,1991) argues that only with the Mahdi War did the United Kingdom interest themselves once again in Ethiopia (pp. 283ff).</ref>{{clarify|date=August 2023}}
[[File:African Union Headquarters Addis Ababa.jpg|thumb|The [[African Union Conference Center and Office Complex|African Union Headquarters]] located in [[Addis Ababa]]. Since its conception, Ethiopia is a founding member to the AU.]]
Today, Ethiopia maintains strong relations with [[China–Ethiopia relations|China]], [[Ethiopia–Israel relations|Israel]], [[Ethiopia–Mexico relations|Mexico]], [[Ethiopia–Turkey relations|Turkey]] and [[Ethiopia–India relations|India]] as well as neighboring countries. Ethiopia is a strategic partner of Global [[War on Terrorism]] and [[African Growth and Opportunity Act]] (AGOA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia – Agoa.info – African Growth and Opportunity Act |url=https://agoa.info/profiles/ethiopia.html |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=agoa.info |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203164440/https://agoa.info/profiles/ethiopia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> US. Former [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] was the first incumbent U.S. president to visit Ethiopia in July 2015; the speech he gave to the [[African Union]] during this trip focused on combatting Islamic terrorism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gregory |first1=Warner |title=Obama Becomes First Sitting U.S. President To Visit Ethiopia |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/07/27/426842540/obama-becomes-first-sitting-u-s-president-to-visit-ethiopia |publisher=National Public Radio |access-date=14 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/07/26/obama-visit-highlights-ethiopias-role-fighting-islamic-terrorists/30662123/ |work=USA Today |first=Tonny |last=Onyulo |title=Obama visit highlights Ethiopia's role in fighting Islamist terrorists |date=26 July 2015}}</ref> [[Emigration from Ethiopia]] is primarily directed towards Europe, including [[Ethiopians in Italy|Italy]], the [[Ethiopians in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and [[Ethiopians in Sweden|Sweden]], as well as [[Ethiopian Canadians|Canada]] and [[Ethiopian Australians|Australia]], while emigration to the [[Middle East]] is primarily to [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Israel]]. Ethiopia is founding member of the [[Group of 24]] (G-24), the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Group of 77|G77]]. In 1963, the [[Organization of African Unity]], which later renamed itself the African Union, was founded in Addis Ababa, which today hosts the secretariat of the African Union, the [[African Union Commission]]. In addition, Ethiopia is also a member of the [[Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]], the [[African Standby Force]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/ex-cl-dec-681-xx-e.pdf |title=Decision on the Report of the Fifth Ordinary Session of the Specialized Technical Committee on Defence, Security and Safety Doc. EX.CL/698(XX) |publisher=African Union |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> and many of global [[NGO]]s focused on Africa.
[[File:Abiy Ahmed with Vladimir Putin.jpg|left|thumb|Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2023]]
Ethiopia's foreign relations with both [[Ethiopia–Sudan relations|Sudan]] and [[Egypt–Ethiopia relations|Egypt]] are somewhat fraught owing to the effects the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] project, which was escalated in 2020, would have on [[Water resources law|water rights]] in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2020 |title=An Egyptian cyber attack on Ethiopia by hackers is the latest strike over the Grand Dam |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url=https://qz.com/africa/1874343/egypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam/}}</ref> Despite six upstream countries (Ethiopia, [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], and [[Tanzania]]) signing the Nile Basin Initiative in 2010, Egypt and Sudan rejected a water sharing treaty, citing the reduction of amount of water to the [[Nile Basin]] and the challenge it would pose to their historic connection of [[water rights]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Owns the Nile? Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia's History-Changing Dam |url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/who-owns-nile-egypt-sudan-and-ethiopia-s-history-changing-dam?language_content_entity=en |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Origins |date=15 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed warned that "No force can stop Ethiopia from building a dam. If there is need to go to war, we could get millions readied."<ref>{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}</ref>

Ethiopia is one of the African countries that was a founding member of [[League of Nations]], which served as the predecessor for the [[United Nations]], since 1923. UN taskforces in Ethiopia deal primarily with humanitarian issues and development. Some of its agencies{{which|date=August 2023}} maintain regional ties with [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] and the African Union. The UN prioritizes [[sustainable development]] in Ethiopia, including fighting poverty, sustainable economic growth, [[climate change policy]], educational and healthcare provisions, increasing employment, and environmental protection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The United Nations in Ethiopia |url=https://ethiopia.un.org/en/about/about-the-un |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=United Nations Ethiopia |language=en}}</ref>

===Military===
{{Main|Ethiopian National Defense Force|Military history of Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopian military serving under the African Union Mission in Somalia in sector 4 based at Beletweyne carried out live-fire drills.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) training under [[African Union Mission to Somalia|AMISOM]], 2021]]
The Ethiopian army's origins and military traditions date back to the earliest [[history of Ethiopia]]. Due to Ethiopia's location between the Middle East and Africa, it has long been in the middle of Eastern and Western politics and has been subject to foreign invasions. In 1579, the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s attempt to expand from a coastal base at [[Massawa]] during the [[Ottoman conquest of Habesh]] was defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? |last=Rothchild |first=Donald |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1994 |page=139}}</ref> The [[Army of the Ethiopian Empire]] was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at [[Battle of Gura|Gura]], led by Ethiopian Emperor [[Yohannes IV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/yohannes.htm |title=Ethiopian Treasures - Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema - Ethiopia |website=www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk}}</ref> Ethiopia only has 3 branches inside the military, consisting of the [[Ethiopian Ground Forces|Army]], [[Ethiopian Air Force|Airforce]], and a [[Ethiopian Navy|Navy]] although it is landlocked. With an annual budget of over $1 billion dollars, it is the largest armed force in East Africa, and one of the largest in Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Ethiopia's military spending in 2022 increased by 88% to $1 billion – research |url=https://addisstandard.com/asdailyscoop-ethiopias-military-spending-in-2022-increased-by-88-to-1-billion-research/ |work=[[Addis Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paravicini |first=Giulia |date=April 12, 2024 |title=Somalia refuses to accept Ethiopian naval base in breakaway region |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somalia-says-it-will-never-accept-ethiopian-naval-base-somaliland-2024-04-12/#:~:text=Somalia%20will%20never%20accept%20Ethiopia%27s%20plan%20to%20build,bilaterally%2C%20a%20senior%20Somali%20official%20said%20on%20Friday. |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Law enforcement ===
Ethiopia has two main federal law enforcement agencies at the federal level, to which being the [[Ethiopian Federal Police]], and the [[National Intelligence and Security Service (Ethiopia)|National Intelligence Security Service]]. The [[National Intelligence and Security Service (Ethiopia)|NISS]] serving both as a spy agency and domestic law enforcement agency has national jurisdiction for counterterrorism, and foreign related counter espionage activities and protecting [[national security]]. It also has authority related to international economic crimes related of which to Ethiopia as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2016 |title=National Intelligence and Security Services – Ethiopia |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2016/niss/ |website=Action On Armed Violence (AOAV)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 2024 |title=Ethiopia, Republic Of Korea Agree To Jointly Combat Terrorism, Cross-Border Crimes |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-republic-of-korea-agree-to-jointly-combat-terrorism-cross-border-crimes/ |work=[[Fana Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> It alongside the [[Ethiopian Federal Police|EFP]] (Ethiopian Federal Police) who both enforce federal laws domestically and for the [[National Intelligence and Security Service (Ethiopia)|National Intelligence Security Service]] cooperate internationally and enforce border regulations and peoples and products coming in and out in Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Proclamation No. 804/2013 |url=https://chilot.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/proclamation-no-804-2013-national-intellegence-and-security-services-establishment.pdf}}</ref> The EFP mostly enforcing non-international, and non-espionage crimes, enforcing [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] related subjects of matter and domestic financial crimes. At the regional level Ethiopia has 12 regionals statewide police departments, and 2 federally chartered police forces, those being the Addis Ababa Police, and Dire Dawa Police forces.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=USA |first=IBP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAOuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Federal+Police+Commission+Ethiopia+establishment&pg=PA46 |title=Ethiopia Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws |date=August 2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4387-6981-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Ethiopian Federal Police |url=https://policehumanrightsresources.org/content/uploads/2017/09/Proclamation-720-of-2011-Ethiopian-Federal-Police-Commission.pdf?x96812 |website=FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETA}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Ethiopia|Industrial sector in Ethiopia}}

[[File:GDP per capita development of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Development of GDP per capita]]
Ethiopia registered the fastest economic growth under [[Premiership of Meles Zenawi|Meles Zenawi's administration]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=24 March 2010 |title="One Hundred Ways of Putting Pressure" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/03/24/one-hundred-ways-putting-pressure/violations-freedom-expression-and-association |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>
According to the [[IMF]], Ethiopia was one of the fastest growing economies in the world, registering over 10% economic growth from 2004 through 2009.<ref name="Outlook 2012">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/pdf/text.pdf |publisher=IMF |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> It was the fastest-growing non-oil-dependent African economy in the years 2007 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia: IMF Positive on Country's Growth Outlook |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200706181790.html |publisher=allAfrica |access-date=13 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703045928/http://allafrica.com/stories/200706181790.html|archive-date=2018-07-03}}</ref> In 2015, the World Bank highlighted that Ethiopia had witnessed rapid economic growth with real domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 10.9% between 2004 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/publication/ethiopia-great-run-growth-acceleration-how-to-pace-it |title=With Continued Rapid Growth, Ethiopia is Poised to Become a Middle Income Country by 2025 |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>

In 2008 and 2011, Ethiopia's growth performance and considerable development gains were challenged by high [[inflation]] and a difficult [[balance of payments]] situation. Inflation surged to 40% in August 2011 because of loose [[monetary policy]], large [[civil service]] wage increase in early 2011, and high food prices.<ref name="Ethiopia Overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview |title=Economic Overview |date=23 September 2015 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

In spite of fast growth in recent years, GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and the economy faces a number of serious structural problems. Based on the most recent data from 2019, 68.7% of the population is affected by [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty]] and an additional 18.4% vulnerable to it.<ref name=":2" />

With a focused investment in public infrastructure and industrial parks, Ethiopia is attempting to address its structural problems by becoming a hub for light manufacturing in Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-industrialoutput-idUSL8N1343EO20151109 |title=Ethiopia to launch four more industry parks within two years |date=9 November 2015 |newspaper=Reuters |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> In 2019 a law was passed allowing expatriate Ethiopians to invest in Ethiopia's financial service industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://w7news.com/ethiopia-to-open-banks-for-ethiopian-investors-in-the-diaspora/ |title=Ethiopia to Open Banks for Ethiopian Investors in the Diaspora |last=Sze |first=Mari |website=W7 News |date=12 August 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Ethiopian cargo ship at Port of Djibouti.jpg|thumb|An Ethiopian logistics shipping cargo docked at the Red Sea]]
The Ethiopian constitution specifies that rights to own land belong only to "the state and the people", but citizens may lease land for up to 99 years, but are unable to mortgage or sell. Renting out land for a maximum of twenty years is allowed and this is expected to ensure that land goes to the most productive user.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Land distribution and administration is considered an area where corruption is institutionalized, and facilitation payments as well as bribes are often demanded when dealing with land-related issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Ethiopia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/ethiopia/business-corruption-in-ethiopia.aspx |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406173808/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/ethiopia/business-corruption-in-ethiopia.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> As there is no land ownership, infrastructural projects are most often simply done without asking the land users, which then end up being displaced and without a home or land. A lot of anger and distrust sometimes results in public protests. In addition, agricultural productivity remains low, and frequent droughts still beset the country, also leading to internal displacement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Six_million_children_threatened_by_Ethiopia_drought_UN_999.html |title=Six million children threatened by Ethiopia drought: UN |publisher=Terradaily.com |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref>

=== Energy and hydropower ===
{{see also|Energy in Ethiopia|List of power stations in Ethiopia}}
Ethiopia has 14 major rivers flowing from its highlands, including the Nile. It has the largest water reserves in Africa. {{as of|2012}}, hydroelectric plants represented around 88.2% of the total installed electricity generating capacity.
[[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] constructed between 2011 and 2023, set to be the largest dam in Africa]]
The remaining electrical power was generated from fossil fuels (8.3%) and renewable sources (3.6%).

The electrification rate for the total population in 2016 was 42%, with 85% coverage in urban areas and 26% coverage in rural areas. {{as of|2016}}, total electricity production was 11.15 TW⋅h and consumption was 9.062 TW⋅h. There were 0.166 TW⋅h of electricity exported, 0 kW⋅h imported, and 2.784 GW of installed generating capacity.<ref name="CIA2"/>

Ethiopia delivers roughly 81% of water volume to the Nile through the river basins of the [[Blue Nile]], [[Sobat River]] and [[Atbara]]. In 1959, Egypt and Sudan signed a bilateral treaty, the [[Water politics in the Nile Basin|1959 Nile Waters Agreement]], which gave both countries exclusive maritime rights over the Nile waters. Ever since, Egypt has discouraged almost all projects in Ethiopia that sought to use the local Nile tributaries. This had the effect of discouraging external financing of hydropower and irrigation projects in western Ethiopia, thereby impeding water resource-based economic development projects. However, Ethiopia is in the process of constructing a large 6,450 MW hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile river. Completed in 2023, this [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] is slated to be the largest hydroelectric power station in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/31/business/ethiopia-grand-renaissance-dam/index.html |title=Ethiopia powers on with controversial dam project |first1=Victoria |last1=Eastwood |first2=Nima |last2=Elbagir |website=[[CNN]] |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> The [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|Gibe III]] hydroelectric project is so far the largest in the country with an installed capacity of 1,870 MW. For the year 2017–18 (2010 E.C) this hydroelectric dam generated 4,900 GW⋅h.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html |title=Power generation begins at 1,870-MW Gibe III hydroelectric project in Ethiopia |website=www.hydroworld.com |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815154045/http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Main|Agriculture in Ethiopia}}

Agriculture constitutes around 85% of the labour force. However, the service sector represents the largest portion of the [[gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref name="CIA2"/> Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly by small-scale farmers and enterprises, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include [[coffea|coffee]], [[legume]]s, [[rapeseed|oilseeds]], [[cereal]]s, potatoes, [[sugarcane]], and vegetables. Ethiopia is also a [[Center of origin|Vavilov]] centre of diversity for domesticated crops, including [[Ensete ventricosum|enset]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilkin |first1=Paul |last2=Demissew |first2=Sebsebe |last3=Willis |first3=Kathy |last4=Woldeyes |first4=Feleke |last5=Davis |first5=Aaron P. |last6=Molla |first6=Ermias L. |last7=Janssens |first7=Steven |last8=Kallow |first8=Simon |last9=Berhanu |first9=Admas |title=Enset in Ethiopia: a poorly characterized but resilient starch staple |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=747–766 |language=en |doi=10.1093/aob/mcy214 |pmid=30715125 |pmc=6526316 |year=2019}}</ref> [[Coffee bean|coffee]], okra and [[teff]].

Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities (with the exception of [[gold]] exports), and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia is Africa's second biggest [[maize]] producer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Get the gangsters out of the food chain |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 June 2007 |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2007/06/07/get-the-gangsters-out-of-the-food-chain |access-date=2 February 2008}}</ref> According to UN estimations, the per capita GDP of Ethiopia has reached $357 {{As of|2011|lc=y}}.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates |publisher=The United Nations Statistics Division |url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&f=grID%3a101%3bcurrID%3aUSD%3bpcFlag%3a1 |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

===Exports===
{{Main|Coffee production in Ethiopia}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = ET Addis asv2018-01 img07 Light Rail (cropped2).jpg
| caption1 = The [[Addis Ababa Light Rail]] system carries over 50,000 passengers a day.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tikuye |first=Eyob |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/30044/ |title=Fixing Addis light rail may cost at least $60 million |work=[[The Reporter (Ethiopia)]] |date=21 January 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
| image2 = ET-ASK - Ras Dashen - Ethiopian Airlines - Boeing 777-360ER - MSN 44550 - VGHS.jpg
| caption2 = Ethiopia's biggest company [[Ethiopian Airlines]], which has an annual revenue of 6.1 billion dollars and making it the 14th biggest airlines in revenue, contributes to the country's export business.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mengesha |first=Selamawit |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/34753/ |title=Ethiopian Airlines flies high with 20% increase in earnings despite global challenges |work=[[The Reporter (Ethiopia)]] |date=15 June 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
| image3 = Ethio Telecom (25070216192).jpg
| caption3 = [[Ethio Telecom]] is one of the country's biggest companies which generates over a billion dollars annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/ethio-telecom-forecasts-19-rise-revenue-202324-2023-07-28/ |title=Ethio Telecom forecasts 19% rise in revenue in 2023/24 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 July 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
| width3 = 210
| width1 = 210
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Ethiopia is often considered as the birthplace of [[coffee]] since cultivation began in the 9th century.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Coffee Culture – Legend, History and Customs |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829 |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203175842/https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Exports from Ethiopia in the 2009–2010 financial year totalled US$1.4 billion.<ref>''The Economist'' 22 May 2010, page 49</ref> Ethiopia produces more coffee than any other nation on the continent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6225514.stm |publisher=BBC |date=21 June 2007 |access-date=21 June 2007}}</ref> "Coffee provides a livelihood for close to 15 million Ethiopians, 16% of the population. Farmers in the eastern part of the country, where a warming climate is already impacting production, have struggled in recent years, and many are currently reporting largely failed harvests as a result of a prolonged drought".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-fa38cb91-bdc0-4229-8cae-1d5c3b447337 |title=Coffee under threat |first=Nassos |last=Stylianou |website=BBC News}}</ref>

Ethiopia also has the fifth largest inventory of [[Arado cattle|cattle]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cattlenetwork.com/world-cattle-inventory-ranking-countries-fao |title=World Cattle Inventory: Ranking of countries (FAO) |website=Cattle Network |last=Cook |first=Rob |date=2 September 2015 |publisher=Farm Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131065120/http://www.cattlenetwork.com/world-cattle-inventory-ranking-countries-fao |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> Other main export commodities are [[khat]], gold, leather products, and oilseeds. Recent development of the [[floriculture]] sector means Ethiopia is poised to become one of the top flower and plant exporters in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia's flower trade in full bloom |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/ |quote=Floriculture has become a flourishing business in Ethiopia in the past five years, with the industry's exports earnings set to grow to $100-million by 2007, a five-fold increase on the $20-million earned in 2005. Ethiopian flower exports could generate an estimated $300-million within two to three years, according to the head of the government export-promotion department, Melaku Legesse. |work=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=19 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418195017/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F |archive-date=18 April 2007}}</ref>

Cross-border trade by pastoralists is often informal and beyond state control and regulation. In [[East Africa]], over 95% of cross-border trade is through unofficial channels. The unofficial trade of live cattle, camels, sheep, and goats from Ethiopia sold to [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]] generates an estimated total value of US$250–300 million annually (100 times more than the official figure).<ref name=ODI>Pavanello, Sara 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4997&title=working-across-borders-harnessing-potential-cross-border-activities-improve-livelihood-security-horn-africa-drylands Working across borders – Harnessing the potential of cross-border activities to improve livelihood security in the Horn of Africa drylands] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112224025/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4997&title=working-across-borders-harnessing-potential-cross-border-activities-improve-livelihood-security-horn-africa-drylands |date=12 November 2010}}. London: Overseas Development Institute</ref>

This trade helps lower food prices, increase food security, relieve border tensions, and promote regional integration.<ref name=ODI/> However, the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks, such as allowing disease to spread more easily across national borders. Furthermore, the government of Ethiopia is purportedly unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues.<ref name=ODI/> Recent initiatives have sought to document and regulate this trade.<ref name=ODI/>

With the private sector growing slowly, designer [[Fashion in Ethiopia|fashion]] and leather products like bags are becoming a big export business, with Taytu becoming the first luxury designer label in the country.<ref>{{cite news |first=Victoria |last=Averill |title=Ethiopia's designs on leather trade |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6703551.stm |quote=The label inside the luxuriously soft black leather handbag reads Taytu: Made In Ethiopia. But the embroidered print on the outside, the chunky bronze rings attached to the fashionably short straps and the oversized "it" bag status all scream designer chic. |publisher=BBC |date=31 May 2007 |access-date=21 June 2007}}</ref> Additional small-scale export products include cereals, pulses, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes, and hides. With the construction of various new dams and growing hydroelectric power projects around the country, Ethiopia also plans to export electric power to its neighbours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.people.com.cn/200604/12/eng20060412_257767.html |title=Largest hydro electric power plant goes smoothly |publisher=English.people.com.cn |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=2 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm |title=Hydroelectric Power Plant built |publisher=Addistribune.com |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103085843/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm |archive-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>

Most regard Ethiopia's large water resources and potential as its "white oil" and its coffee resources as "black gold".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 |title=The "white oil" of Ethiopia |access-date=2 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055936/http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 |archive-date=28 September 2007}}. ethiopianreporter.com</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Independent Online |url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=87&art_id=qw1145360700509B231 |date=18 April 2006 |title=Ethiopia hopes to power neighbors with dams |publisher=Int.iol.co.za |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612203747/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=87&art_id=qw1145360700509B231 |archive-date=12 June 2006}}</ref>

===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Ethiopia}}

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Ethiopia: the [[Cairo-Cape Town Highway]] and the [[N'Djamena-Djibouti Highway]]. Ethiopia has 926 km of electrified {{RailGauge|1435mm}} [[standard gauge]] railways, 656 km for the [[Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway]] between Addis Ababa and the [[Port of Djibouti]] (via [[Awash, Ethiopia|Awash]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia–Djibouti electric railway line opens |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/ethiopia-djibouti-railway-inaugurated.html |website=railwaygazette.com |date=5 October 2016 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007214940/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/ethiopia-djibouti-railway-inaugurated.html}}</ref> and 270 km for the [[Awash–Hara Gebeya Railway]] between Addis Ababa and the [[twin cities]] of [[Dessie]]/[[Kombolcha]].<ref name="AKH">{{cite web |url=http://akhrailway.com/index.php/about-project/project-summary |title=Project Summary |date=January 2017 |publisher=AKH Project owners |access-date=13 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170326/http://akhrailway.com/index.php/about-project/project-summary |archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>

Ethiopia had 58 airports {{As of|2012|lc=y}},<ref name="CIA2"/> and 61 {{as of|2016|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://airport-authority.com/browse-ET |title=List of all airports in Ethiopia |website=airport-authority.com |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> Among these, the [[Bole International Airport]] in Addis Ababa and the [[Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport]] in Dire Dawa accommodate international flights.

===Science and technology===
{{Main|Science and technology in Ethiopia}}

{{See also|List of Ethiopian scientists}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg
| width1 = 125
| caption1 = Pathobiologist [[Aklilu Lemma]]. In 1964, he discovered an [[Alternative medicine|alternative]] treatment for [[schistosomiasis]], known as snail fever.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklilu Lemma |url=https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-a-laureate/aklilu-lemma/ |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=Right Livelihood |language=en}}</ref>
| image2 = Zeresenay Alemseged (2013-01).JPG
| width2 = 125
| caption2 = Paleoanthropologist [[Zeresenay Alemseged]] in 2013. He was best known for discovering fossilized [[hominin]] called ''[[Selam (Australopithecus)|Selam]]'' or "Lucy's baby" in December 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeresenay Alemseged – National Geographic Society |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091755/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged}}</ref>
}}

Science and technology in Ethiopia emerging as progressive due to lack of organized institutions. Manufacturing and service providers often place themselves in [[competitive programming]] in order to advance innovative and technological solutions through in-house arenas.{{clarify|date=January 2024}} The [[Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute|Ethiopian Space Science and Technology]] is responsible for conducting multifaceted tasks regarding space and technology. In addition, Ethiopia also launched 70 kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite in December 2019. The President Sahle-Work Zewde told prior in October 2019 that "the satellite will provide all the necessary data on changes in climate and weather-related phenomena that would be used for the country's key targets in agriculture, forestry as well as natural resources protection initiatives." By January 2020, satellite manufacturing, assembling, integrating and testing began. This would also incremented facility built by French company funded by European Investment Bank (EIB). The main observatory Entoto Observatory and Space Science Research Center (EORC) allocated space programmes. The Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute is a part of Scientific Research & Development Services Industry, responsible for environmental and climate conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Science And Technology |url=https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=MICE Ethiopia |language=en-US |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223102515/https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/}}</ref> Numerous profound scientists have contributed degree of honours and reputations. Some are [[Kitaw Ejigu]], [[Mulugeta Bekele]], [[Aklilu Lemma]], [[Gebisa Ejeta]] and [[Melaku Worede]]. Computer scientist [[Timnit Gebru]], named one of [[Time (magazine)|Time's]] most influential people in 2022, was born in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2022 |title=Timnit Gebru: The 100 Most Influential People of 2022 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2022/6177822/timnit-gebru/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606213204/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2022/6177822/timnit-gebru/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ethiopia is known for the use of [[traditional medicine]] since millennia. The first epidemic that occurred in Ethiopia was in 849, causing the Aksumite Emperor Abba Yohannes evicted from place due to "God's punishment for misdeeds". {{Clarification needed|reason=Unclear wording, possibly bad English|date=June 2025}} The first traditional medicinal remedy was claimed to be derived from this catastrophe, but the exact source is debated. Though it differs among ethnic groups, traditional medicine often implements herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor surgical procedures in treating disease.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Traditional Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs |url=https://ethnomed.org/resource/ethiopian-traditional-and-herbal-medications-and-their-interactions-with-conventional-drugs/ |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=EthnoMed |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ethiopia was ranked 134th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/ethiopia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Ethiopia}}

{{See also|Ethiopians|List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia}}
{{bar box
|width=280px|float=right|titlebar=#ddd
|title=[[Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]]
|left1=Ethnic group
|right1=Population
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Oromo people|Oromo]]|Green|100|{{nowrap|25.4 (34.4%)}}}}
{{bar percent|[[Amhara people|Amhara]]|Yellow|78.37|19.9 (27.0%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]] |Red|18.08|4.59 (6.2%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Tigrayans]] |Blue|17.67|4.49 (6.1%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Sidama people|Sidama]]|Purple|11.63|2.95 (4.0%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Gurage people|Gurage]]|Brown|7.32|1.86 (2.5%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Welayta people|Welayta]]|Black|6.60|1.68 (2.3%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Afar people|Afar]]|Orange|5.03|1.28 (1.7%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Hadiya people|Hadiya]]|Teal|5.00|1.27 (1.7%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Gamo people|Gamo]]|Gray|4.33|1.10 (1.5%)}}
{{bar percent|[[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|Others]]|Silver|36.67|9.30 (12.6%)}}
|caption=Population in millions according to 2007 Census<ref name="2007Census" />
}}
Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world.<ref name="ciawfb">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Ethiopia |section=Geography |access-date=30 August 2021 |quote=landlocked – entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world}}</ref> Its total population has grown substantially in recent decades, rising from 38.1 million in 1983 to 135 million in 2025.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> The 2050 Ethiopia population forecast is 225 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ethiopia-population/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Worldometer |language=en}}</ref> According to UN estimations in 2013, life expectancy had improved substantially over time, with male life expectancy reported to be 56 years and for women 60 years.<ref name="auto" />

Ethiopia's population is highly diverse, containing over 80 different ethnic groups, the four largest of which are the [[Oromo people|Oromo]], [[Amhara people|Amhara]], [[Somalis|Somali]] and [[Tigrayans]]. According to the Ethiopian national census of 2007, the [[Oromo people|Oromo]] are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, at 34.4% of the nation's population. The [[Amhara people|Amhara]] represent 27.0% of the country's inhabitants, while [[Somalis]] and [[Tigrayans]] represent 6.2% and 6.1% of the population respectively.<ref name="2007Census" />

[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic-speaking]] communities make up the majority of the population. Among these, Semitic speakers often collectively refer to themselves as the [[Habesha people]]. The [[Arabic]] form of this term (''al-Ḥabasha'') is the etymological basis of "Abyssinia", the former name of Ethiopia in English and other European languages.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 1926 |title=Abyssinia: Ethiopian Protest |url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/selassie/hs260809.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040206124546/http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/selassie/hs260809.html |archive-date=6 February 2004 |access-date=5 June 2005 |work=[[Time Europe]]}}</ref>

In 2009, Ethiopia hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 135,200. The majority of this population came from Somalia (approximately 64,300 persons), Eritrea (41,700) and Sudan (25,900). The Ethiopian government required nearly all refugees to live in refugee camps.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news |date=19 June 2008 |title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502073801/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |archive-date=2 May 2012 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants}}</ref>

===Urbanization===
{{Main|List of cities and towns in Ethiopia|Urbanization in Ethiopia}}

[[File:AddisView.jpg|thumb|[[Sheger Park]] is the largest park in the country, hosting hundreds of thousands of visitors a year since its opening.]]
Population growth, migration, and urbanization are all straining both governments' and ecosystems' capacity to provide people with basic services.<ref>Racin, L. (4 March 2008) [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/future-shock-how-environmental-change-and-human-impact-are-changing-the-global-map "Future Shock: How Environmental Change and Human Impact Are Changing the Global Map"]. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.</ref> Urbanization has steadily been increasing in Ethiopia, with two periods of significantly rapid growth. First, in 1936–1941 during the Italian occupation under Mussolini's fascist government, and then from 1967 to 1975 when the populations of urban areas tripled.<ref name="countrystudies1991">Ofcansky, T and Berry, L. "Ethiopia: A Country Study". Edited by Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. [http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia Countrystudies.us]</ref>

In 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia, building infrastructure to connect major cities, and a dam providing power and water.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008">Shivley, K. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia" [http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Macalester.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html|date=11 February 2017}}. Retrieved 15 May 2008.</ref> This, along with the influx of Italians and labourers, was the major cause of rapid growth during this period. The second period of growth was from 1967 to 1975, when rural populations migrated to towns seeking work and better living conditions.<ref name="countrystudies1991" />

This pattern slowed due to the 1975 Land Reform program instituted by the government, which provided incentives for people to stay in rural areas. As people moved from rural areas to the cities, there were fewer people to grow food for the population. The Land Reform Act was meant to increase agriculture since food production was not keeping up with population growth over the period of 1970–1983. This program encouraged the formation of peasant associations, large villages based on agriculture. The legislation did lead to an increase in food production, although there is debate over the cause; it may be related to weather conditions more than the reform.<ref name="Anderson, Frank 1991. Pages 159-175">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/0169-5150(91)90022-D |title=Development of agriculture in Ethiopia since the 1975 land reform |journal=Agricultural Economics |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=159–75 |year=1991 |last1=Belete |first1=A. |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/172821/files/agec1991-1992v006i002a004.pdf}}</ref> Urban populations have continued to grow with an 8.1% increase from 1975 to 2000.
{{Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia}}As of at least 2024, Ethiopia is one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in the world, although its population is still largely rural.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26690-0 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |page=135 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>

====Rural and urban life====
{{Main|Rural flight in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Addis Ababa sky view.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Over 6 million residents live in [[Addis Ababa]], the financial epicenter of the country.]]
[[File:Elders at health worker training (5762508115).jpg|thumb|240x240px|A group of men gather in a rural village for health training.]]
Migration to urban areas is usually motivated by the hope of better lives. In peasant associations, daily life is a struggle to survive. About 16% of the population in Ethiopia lives on less than one dollar per day (2008). Only 65% of rural households in Ethiopia consume the [[World Health Organization]]'s (WHO's) minimum standard of food per day (2,200 kilocalories), with 42% of children under five years old being underweight.<ref name="Crawley">Crawley, Mike. [http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587 "Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587|date=25 June 2012}}. April 2003. International Development Research Centre. Retrieved on 24 May 2008</ref>

Most poor families (75%) share their sleeping quarters with livestock, and 40% of children sleep on the floor, where nighttime temperatures average 5 degrees Celsius in the cold season.<ref name="Crawley" /> The average family size is six or seven, living in a 30 square metre mud and thatch hut, with less than two hectares of land to cultivate.<ref name="Crawley" />

The peasant associations face a cycle of poverty. Since the landholdings are so small, farmers cannot allow the land to lie fallow, which reduces soil fertility.<ref name="Crawley" /> This [[land degradation]] reduces the production of fodder for livestock, which causes low milk yields.<ref name="Crawley" /> Since the community burns livestock manure as fuel, rather than plowing the nutrients back into the land, the crop production is reduced.<ref name="Crawley" /> The low productivity of agriculture leads to inadequate incomes for farmers, hunger, malnutrition and disease. These unhealthy farmers have difficulty working the land and the productivity drops further.<ref name="Crawley" />

Although conditions are drastically better in cities, all of Ethiopia suffers from poverty and [[Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia|poor sanitation]]. However, poverty in Ethiopia fell from 44% to 29.6% during 2000–2011, according to the World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty in Ethiopia Down 33 Percent Since 2000 |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/01/20/poverty-ethiopia-down-33-percent |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> In the capital city of Addis Ababa, 55% of the population used to live in slums.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" /> Now, however, a construction boom in both the private and the public sector has led to a dramatic improvement in living standards in major cities, particularly in Addis Ababa. Notably, government-built condominium housing complexes have sprung up throughout the city, benefiting close to 600,000 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Condominium housing in Ethiopia |url=http://www.mwud.gov.et/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a27abebf-66ba-473c-a618-89d3c1a180ed&groupId=10136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104064529/http://www.mwud.gov.et/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a27abebf-66ba-473c-a618-89d3c1a180ed&groupId=10136 |archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> Sanitation is the most pressing need in the city, with most of the population lacking access to waste treatment facilities. This contributes to the spread of illness through unhealthy water.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" />

Despite the urban living conditions, residents of Addis Ababa are more financially secure than those living in peasant associations, owing to their increased educational and economic opportunities. Unlike rural children, 69% of urban children are enrolled in primary school, and 35% are eligible to attend secondary school.{{clarify|date=December 2016}}<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" /> Addis Ababa has its own [[Addis Ababa University|university]] as well as its own [[secondary school]]s. The literacy rate in Addis Ababa is 82% as of 2008.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" />

Many NGOs (non-governmental organizations) are working to solve this problem; however, most are far apart, uncoordinated, and working in isolation. The Sub-Saharan Africa NGO Consortium is attempting to coordinate efforts.

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Ethiopia}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = [[Languages of Ethiopia]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} Census:<ref name="2007Census" />
| label1 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]
| value1 = 33.8
| color1 = Green
| label2 = [[Amharic]]
| value2 = 29.3
| color2 = Yellow
| label3 = [[Somali language|Somali]]
| value3 = 6.2
| color3 = Red
| label4 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]
| value4 = 5.9
| color4 = Blue
| label5 = [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]]
| value5 = 4.0
| color5 = Purple
| label6 = [[Wolaytta language|Wolaytta]]
| value6 = 2.2
| color6 = Black
| label7 = [[Gurage languages|Gurage]]
| value7 = 2.0
| color7 = Brown
| label8 = [[Afar language|Afar]]
| value8 = 1.7
| color8 = Orange
| label9 = [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]]
| value9 = 1.7
| color9 = Teal
| label10 = [[Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language|Gamo]]
| value10 = 1.5
| color10 = pink
| other = yes
| other-label = [[Languages of Ethiopia#Overview|Other languages]]
| other-color = grey
}}
According to [[Glottolog]], there are 109 languages spoken in Ethiopia, while ''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists 90 individual languages spoken in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Languages of Ethiopia |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=ET#5/9.532/29.115 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Languages of Ethiopia |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ET |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115153416/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ET |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=9 February 2013 |work=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International}}</ref> Most people in the country speak [[Afroasiatic languages]] of the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] or [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] branches. The former includes the [[Oromo language]], spoken by the [[Oromo people|Oromo]], and [[Somali language|Somali]], spoken by the [[Somalis]]; the latter includes [[Amharic]], spoken by the [[Amhara people|Amhara]], and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], spoken by the [[Tigrayans]]. Together, these four groups make up about three-quarters of Ethiopia's population. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]], [[Afar language|Afar]], [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]] and [[Agaw languages]], as well as the Semitic [[Gurage languages]], [[Harari language|Harari]], [[Silt'e language|Silt'e]], and [[Argobba language|Argobba]] languages.<ref name="2007Census" /> [[Arabic]], which also belongs to the Afroasiatic family, is likewise spoken in some areas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yigezu |first1=Moges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Is2nUM-5UQC&pg=PA143 |title=Language Ideologies and Challenges of Multilingual Education in Ethiopia |date=2012 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-99944-55-47-8 |page=143}}</ref>

English is the most widely spoken foreign language, the medium of instruction in secondary schools and all tertiary education; federal laws are also published in British English in the [[Federal Negarit Gazeta]] including the 1995 constitution.<ref name="FDRE">{{cite web |last1=FDRE |title=Federal Negarit Gazeta Establishment Proclamation |url=https://www.fsc.gov.et/Content/Negarit%20Gazeta/Negarit%20Gazeta/Gazeta-1987/Proc%20No.%203-1995%20Federal%20Negarit%20Gazeta%20Establishment%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104223222/https://www.fsc.gov.et/Content/Negarit%20Gazeta/Negarit%20Gazeta/Gazeta-1987/Proc%20No.%203-1995%20Federal%20Negarit%20Gazeta%20Establishment%20.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019 |access-date=27 May 2021 |publisher=Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia}}</ref>

Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromo, Somali or Tigrinya.<ref name="Llicuv">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNEiAQAAMAAJ |title=Language, literature, and identity |publisher=Cuvillier |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-86537-839-2 |editor1=Mpoche, Kizitus |pages=163–64 |editor2=Mbuh, Tennu}}</ref> All languages enjoy equal state recognition in the [[1995 Constitution of Ethiopia]].<ref name="Constitution2" />

====Script====
Ethiopia's principal orthography is the [[Ge'ez script]]. Employed as an [[abugida]] for several of the country's languages, it first came into usage in the 6th and 5th centuries BC as an [[abjad]] to transcribe the Semitic [[Ge'ez language]].<ref>Fattovich, Rodolfo (2003) "Akkälä Guzay" in von Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C''. Weissbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, p.169.</ref> Ge'ez now serves as the liturgical language of both the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]] and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo]] Churches. During the 1980s, the Ethiopic character set was computerized. It is today part of the [[Unicode]] standard as Ethiopic, [[Ethiopic Extended]], [[Ethiopic Supplement]] and [[Ethiopic Extended-A]].

Other [[writing system]]s have also been used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. The latter include [[Bakri Sapalo]]'s script for [[Oromo language|Oromo]].<ref name="HH-551">{{Cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=R.J. |last2=Hassan |first2=M. |year=2009 |title=The Oromo orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |page=550 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00144209 |jstor=616613 |s2cid=162289324}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Ethiopia}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religions in Ethiopia (ARDA 2020 est.):<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=78c |title=Religions in Ethiopia | Arda |website=www.thearda.com |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Eastern Christianity|Orthodox]]
| value1 = 37.52
| color1 = Light Blue
| label2 = [[Protestant]]
| value2 = 20.39
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = [[Christianity|Other Christian]]
| value3 = 2.96
| color3 = Dark Blue
| label4 = [[Sunni]]
| value4 = 32.47
| color4 = Green
| label5 = [[Shia]]
| value5 = .1
| color5 = Light Green
| label6 = [[African Traditional Religion|Ethnic Religion]]
| value6 = 6.41
| color6 = Brown
| label7 = [[Irreligion|None]]
| value7 = 0.1
| color7 = Black
| label8 = Other
| value8 = .15
| color8 = White
}}

According to the 2007 National Census, Christians make up 62.8% of the country's population, Muslims 33.9%, practitioners of traditional faiths 2.6%, and other religions 0.6%.<ref name="2007Census" /> The ratio of the Christian to Muslim population has largely remained stable when compared to previous censuses conducted decades ago.<ref name="bx">{{Cite web |last=Abegaz |first=Berhanu |date=1 June 2005 |title=Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities |url=http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf |access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> Sunnis form the majority of Muslims with [[non-denominational Muslim]]s being the second largest group of Muslims, and [[Shia Islam|the Shia]] are a minority. Sunnis are largely [[Shafi'i]]s or [[Salafi movement|Salafis]]; there are also many [[Sufism|Sufis]] there.<ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9{{nbsp}}August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref>

Ethiopia has close historical ties with all three of the world's major [[Abrahamic religions]]. In the 4th century, the Ethiopian empire was one of the first in the world to officially adopt Christianity as the state religion. As a result of the resolutions of the [[Council of Chalcedon]], in 451 the [[miaphysitism|Miaphysites]], which included the vast majority of Christians in Egypt and Ethiopia, were accused of [[monophysitism]] and designated as heretics under the common name of [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Christianity]] (see [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]).<ref name="first seven">{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Leo Donald |url=https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/342 |title=The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21) |publisher=Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7 |location=Collegeville, MN |page=[https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/342 342]}}</ref>

The [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] is part of [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]. It is by far the largest Christian denomination, although a number of [[P'ent'ay]] ([[Protestantism|Protestant]]) churches have recently gained ground. Since 1930, a relatively small [[Ethiopian Catholic Church]] has existed in [[full communion]] with Rome, with adherents making up less than 1% of the total population.<ref name="bx" />

[[Islam in Ethiopia]] dates back to the founding of the religion in 622 when a group of Muslims were counselled by [[Muhammad]] to escape persecution in [[Mecca]]. The disciples subsequently [[migrated to Abyssinia]] via modern-day Eritrea, which was at the time ruled by [[Ashama ibn-Abjar]], a pious Christian emperor.<ref name="Ofcansky">{{cite book |last=Thomas P. Ofcansky |first=LaVerle Berry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3M0V0VfgiMC |title=Ethiopia: A Country Study |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4191-1857-9 |pages=130–41}}</ref>

===Health===
{{Main|Health in Ethiopia|Healthcare in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Declining child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia since 1950]]
Only a minority of Ethiopians are born in hospitals, while most are born in rural households. Those who are expected to give birth at home have elderly women serve as midwives who assist with the delivery.<ref>(Kater, 2000).</ref> The "WHO estimates that a majority of maternal fatalities and disabilities could be prevented if deliveries were to take place at well-equipped health centres, with adequately trained staff".<ref>(Dorman et al., 2009, p. 622).</ref> [[Birth rate]]s, [[infant mortality rate]]s, and [[death rate]]s are lower in cities than in rural areas due to better access to education, medicines, and hospitals.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" /> Life expectancy is better in cities compared to rural areas, but there have been significant improvements witnessed throughout the country as of 2016, the average Ethiopian living to be 62.2 years old, according to a [[UNDP]] report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia MDG Report (2014) |url=http://www.et.undp.org/content/ethiopia/en/home/library/mdg/EthiopiaMDG2014.html |access-date=1 July 2016 |website=UNDP in Ethiopia |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729030811/http://www.et.undp.org/content/ethiopia/en/home/library/mdg/EthiopiaMDG2014.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite sanitation being a problem, use of improved water sources is also on the rise; 81% in cities compared to 11% in rural areas.

Ethiopia's main health problems are said to be communicable (contagious) diseases worsened by poor sanitation and [[malnutrition]]. Over 58 million people (nearly half the population) do not have access to clean water as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WaterAid UK – Where we work – Ethiopia |url=http://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/page/ethiopia |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=www.wateraid.org |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810103934/http://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/page/ethiopia |url-status=dead }}</ref> These problems are exacerbated by the shortage of trained doctors and nurses and health facilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia – Health and Welfare |url=http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/75.htm |access-date=16 March 2009 |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]]'s 2006 World Health Report gives a figure of 1,936 physicians (for 2003), which comes to about 2.6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global distribution of health workers in WHO Member States |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/06_annex4_en.pdf |access-date=2 February 2008 |work=The World Health Report 2006 |publisher=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202190732/https://www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/06_annex4_en.pdf|archive-date=2011-02-02}}</ref>

The National Mental Health Strategy, published in 2012, introduced the development of policy designed to improve mental health care in Ethiopia. This strategy mandated that mental health be integrated into the primary health care system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=National Mental Health Strategy of Ethiopia |url=https://www.mhinnovation.net/resources/national-mental-health-strategy-ethiopia |website=Mental Health Innovation Network}}</ref> However, the success of the National Mental Health Strategy has been limited. For example, the burden of depression is estimated to have increased 34.2% from 2007 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=Ethiopia |url=http://www.healthdata.org/ethiopia |website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation}}</ref> Furthermore, the prevalence of stigmatizing attitudes, inadequate leadership and co-ordination of efforts, as well as a lack of mental health awareness in the general population, all remain as obstacles to successful mental health care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hanlon |first1=Charlotte |last2=Eshetu |first2=Tigist |last3=Alemayehu |first3=Daniel |last4=Fekadu |first4=Abebaw |last5=Semrau |first5=Maya |last6=Thornicroft |first6=Graham |last7=Kigozi |first7=Fred |last8=Marais |first8=Debra Leigh |last9=Petersen |first9=Inge |last10=Alem |first10=Atalay |date=8 June 2017 |title=Health system governance to support scale up of mental health care in Ethiopia: a qualitative study |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems |volume=11 |article-number=38 |doi=10.1186/s13033-017-0144-4 |pmc=5465569 |pmid=28603550 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Ethiopia ranks 102nd out of 127 countries and has a score of 26.2, which indicates a serious level of hunger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en}}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Ethiopia}}

{{See also|Higher education in Ethiopia}}
[[File:Parco dell'università di addis abeba, 09.jpg|thumb|Entrance of [[Addis Ababa University]]]]
The current system follows school expansion schemes which are very similar to the system in the rural areas during the 1980s, with an addition of deeper regionalization, providing rural education in students' own languages starting at the elementary level, and with more budgetary financing allocated to the education sector. Public education is free at primary levels and usually offers between age 7 and 12. The sequence of general education in Ethiopia is six years of primary school, then four years of lower secondary school followed by two years of higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Teferra |first1=Damtew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RROdAAAAMAAJ |title=African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook |last2=Altbach |first2=Philip G. |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-253-34186-0 |pages=316–25}}</ref>

The Ethiopian education is governed by the [[Ministry of Education (Ethiopia)|Ministry of Education]] and its cycle consists of a 4+4+2+2 system; elementary education consists of eight years, divided into two cycles of four years, and four years of secondary education, divided into two stages of two years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-15 |title=Education in Ethiopia |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2018/11/education-in-ethiopia |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=WENR |language=en-US}}</ref> National exams are conducted by the [[National Educational Assessment and Examination Agency|National Education Assessment and Examination Agency]] (NEAEA). Since 2018, there are two national exams: the [[Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination]] (EGSECE), also known as Grade 10 national exam and Grade 12 national exam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian National Exam Result 2022–2023 |url=http://www.neaeagovet.com/national-exam/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=NEAEA 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Top floor of the first science museum in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|The [[Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science|Addis Ababa Science Museum of Art and Science]] serves as the country's biggest hub which showcases the country's newest innovations.]]
As of 2022, there are 83 universities, 42 public universities, and more than 35 higher education institutions. Foreign students constitute 16,305 in higher education level. The overall number of tertiary students in both public and private institutions exploded by more than 2,000 percent, from 34,000 in 1991 to 757,000 in 2014, per UIS data.<ref name="stategov">{{Cite web |title=List of Ethiopian Public Universities |url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/ethiopia/956093/PDF%20Files/List%20of%20Ethiopian%20Public%20Universities.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112452/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/ethiopia/956093/PDF%20Files/List%20of%20Ethiopian%20Public%20Universities.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><ref>According to the [https://ewkete.com/2019/05/30/growth-of-education/ UN's UNESCO] and other's a larger number of private higher education institutions are growing in numbers</ref> Access to education in Ethiopia has improved significantly. Approximately three million people were in primary school in 1994–95 but by 2008–09, primary enrolment had risen to 15.5 million – an increase of over 500%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Engel |first1=Jakob |title=Ethiopia's progress in education: A rapid and equitablension of access – Summary |url=http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/ethiopia_web_master_final_summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095615/http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/ethiopia_web_master_final_summary.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=13 May 2015 |website=Development Progress |publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref> In 2013–14, Ethiopia had witnessed a significant boost in gross enrolment across all regions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IIEP-UNESCO |date=2017 |title=Search Result: Ethiopia's plans and policies |url=http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/en/search/site?f[0]=im_field_countries%3A1076 |website=Planipolis}}</ref> The national GER was 104.8% for boys, 97.8% for girls and 101.3% across both sexes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=UNESCO |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002317/231724e.pdf |title=National EFA review, 2015 |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015 |page=8}}</ref>

The literacy rate has increased in recent years: according to the 1994 census, the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 23.4%.<ref name="Ethnologue" /> In 2007 it was estimated to be 39% (male 49.1% and female 28.9%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html |title=Literacy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html |archive-date=24 November 2016 |work=The World Factbook}}</ref> A report by [[UNDP]] in 2011 showed that the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 46.7%. The same report also indicated that the female literacy rate had increased from 27 to 39 per cent from 2004 to 2011, and the male literacy rate had increased from 49 to 59 per cent over the same period for persons 10 years and older.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nations |first1=United |date=January 2015 |title=National Human Development Report 2015 Ethiopia |website=United Nations Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/national-human-development-report-2015-ethiopia |access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> By 2015, the literacy rate had further increased, to 49.1% (57.2% male and 41.1% female).<ref>{{cite web |last=UIS |title=Education |url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en |website=data.uis.unesco.org}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopia IMG 5782 Addis Abeba (25052967317).jpg|thumb|Cultural performance in Addis Ababa]]
The [[culture of Ethiopia]] is diverse, consisting of the local population, an interaction of Semitic, Cushitic and less populous Nilo-Saharan speaking people, which is evolved from first millennium BC. The dominant Semitic-speaking groups such as [[Tigrayans]], [[Amhara people|Amharas]] and [[Gurage people|Gurage]], are distinguished by their feudal tradition, hierarchical structure and agrarian life. This is rooted partly from [[South Arabia]] as a result of back migration, while the southern Cushitic ([[Oromo people|Oromo]] and [[Somalis|Somali]]) are strong adherents to [[egalitarianism]] and pastoral life. Other traditions from the [[Kafficho people|Kafficho]], [[Sidama people|Sidamo]], and [[Afar people|Afar]] peoples are also present.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=I. M. |date=27 August 1976 |title=The peoples and cultures of Ethiopia |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1976.0061 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=194 |issue=1114 |pages=7–16 |bibcode=1976RSPSB.194....7L |doi=10.1098/rspb.1976.0061 |issn=0080-4649 |pmid=11482 |s2cid=46723065 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Holidays ===
{{main|Public holidays in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopian New Year Landscape. Photo Taken on September 11 2010 Ethiopian Calendar. Ethiopian indigenous flower "Adey Abeba" Sheeps seen grazing.jpg|thumb|The Ethiopian New Year or [[Enkutatash]] is celebrated with the [[Bidens macroptera|adey abeba]] flower symbolising a new beginning, each year across the country.]]
Ethiopia has 6 patriotic and public holidays and 9 major religious holidays given government recognition. The year (Gregorian calendar) starts with [[Ethiopian Christmas]] on January 7, it also has [[Timkat|Epiphany]] or Timkat on January 19 or 20 depending on if the year is a leap, which celebrates the baptism of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] by [[John the Baptist]]. Timkat is recognized by the United Nations as part of its "[[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]" which are designated for important cultural and religious holidays.<ref>{{cite web |title=Festivals & Holidays |url=http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101405/http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |website=www.ethioembassy.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Ethiopian epiphany |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ethiopian-epiphany-01491 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> Three holidays are movable like [[Ramadan]], [[Good Friday]] and [[Easter]] of which two are in spring and Ramadan in Islamic celebrations. Other holidays include [[Mawlid]] which begins on the 12th or 17th on the Islamic calendar depending on which Muslim denomination is the celebrator, nonetheless due to the fact that the majority of Ethiopian Muslims are Sunni it is thus celebrated on the 12th day on the third month on the Islamic calendar which is in September. Other include [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] for other Islamic holidays whilst for Christians, the finding of the true cross or otherwise is called [[Meskel]].<ref>[[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]] are traditional trans-national holidays celebrated across the Islam world. Meskel being celebrated in other places but Ethiopia primary giving a huge emphasis on such. [https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-3521 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]</ref><ref name=":05">{{Cite web |last=Abdo |first=Mohammed |title=Legal Pluralism Vs. Human Rights Issues: Sharia Courts and Human Rights Concerns in the Light of the Federal /constitution of Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3160168/file/5874552.pdf}}</ref><ref>[[Ramadan]] is a moveable holiday [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ramadana-moveable-fast-66315554/ <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [https://www.brandeis.edu/spiritual-life/resources/guide-to-observances/ramadan.html#:~:text=Since%20there%20are%2012%20lunar,11%20days%20per%20solar%20year. <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] Good Friday and Easter are included [https://britishonlinearchives.com/posts/category/notable-days/751/good-friday-2024#:~:text=Due%20to%20it%20always%20preceding,calendar%20for%20Eastern%20Orthodox%20Christians. <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35880795 <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>] of which all of whom are celebrated across the Ethiopian Christian and Muslim communities</ref>

For public holidays the first of which falls on the calendar is [[Adwa Victory Day]] on 2 March, commemorating [[Menelik II|Emperor Menelik II]]'s victory over the attempted but failed colonization efforts of Italy in 1896. Others follow, such as the [[International Workers' Day]] on the 1st of May, the [[Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day]] for celebrating the return of Emperor Haile Selassie I and thus the liberation of fascist Italian occupation on the 5th of May and the [[Downfall of the Derg (holiday)|Downfall of the Derg]] on the 28th of May, a recent holiday promoted to a public status by the ruling government after 1991. And the most prominent of public holidays is [[Enkutatash]] which is the largest, celebrating the [[Enkutatash|Ethiopian new year]] on September 11 or 12, which is approximately 7–8 years behind the rest of the world, depending on if the year is a leap, and thus behind ultimately the Georgian calendar by several years. [[Defense Day (Ethiopia)|Defense Day]] also exists for celebrating service men on the 26th of October the last holiday in the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://et.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S Embassy in Ethiopia}}</ref>

Nonetheless other festivals and holidays like the honoring of Saint Yohannes and others are celebrated across the country including [[Irreechaa|Irrecha]] celebrated by the [[Oromo people|Oromo community]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Festival |url=https://www.evisa.gov.et/ethiopianfestival |website=eVISA}}</ref><ref>[[Irreechaa|Irrecha]] celebrated by the Oromo ethnic group is a huge holiday attracting large portions of the population and is given government de-facto recognition as a holiday. [https://addisstandard.com/irreecha-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt/#:~:text=Irrecha%20and%20its%20rituals%20are%20performed%20based%20on%20natural%20cycle <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/en_38770 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>]</ref>

=== Art and architecture ===
{{main|Ethiopian art|Architecture of Ethiopia}}

[[File:The Last Judgement by Afewerk Tekle at St. George's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[Afewerk Tekle]]'s "The Last Judgment" at [[St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa|St. George's Capel]]]]
[[Ethiopian art|Arts of Ethiopia]] were largely influenced by Christian iconography throughout much of its history. This consisted of [[illuminated manuscripts]], [[painting]], [[Ethiopian cross|crosses]], [[icon]]s and other [[metalwork]] such as crowns. Most historical arts were commissioned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the state religion for a millennium. The earlier Aksumite period arts were stone carvings as evidenced in their stelae, though there is no surviving Christian art from this era. As Christianity was introduced, its iconography was partly influenced by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine art]]. Most remaining arts beyond the early modern period were ruined as a result of invasion of the [[Adal Sultanate]] in the [[Ethiopian Highlands]], but were revived by Catholic emissaries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} The [[Western art|Western]] intervention in Ethiopian art began in the 20th century, while also maintaining traditional Ethiopian character. Some notable contemporary Ethiopian artists include [[Afewerk Tekle]], [[Lemma Guya]], [[Martha Nasibù]], [[Ale Felege Selam]] and others.<ref>The 20th century has resulted in Ethiopia connecting towards the world with students of art learning the styles of western art, most notably [[Afewerk Tekle]] a laureate and others during the end of Menelik's reign and other monarchs right after</ref><ref>Ethiopia has produced many reputable contemporary painters and muralists, most notable among whom is Laureate [[Afewerk Tekle]]</ref>
[[File:Stelae, Aksum, Ethiopia (7158408756).jpg|left|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite Steles]] served as official markers for the [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperors of Ethiopia]] during the time of the [[Aksumite Empire]].]]
Ethiopian architecture like the "Bete Medhane Alem" or "House of our Saviour" is one of the 12 churches in [[Lalibela]] built under Emperor [[Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)|Lalibela I]]. [[Gebre Meskel Lalibela|Emperor Lalibela I]] commissioned large portions of the Lalibela church complex promptly named after him. This was largely attested to the inspiration for Ethiopia during the medieval times due to blockage from Jerusalem by Muslim conquests to replicate its own form of a "new Jerusalem" at a national level. Perhaps one of the most notable architectures in antiquity was founded during the Dʿmt period. [[Ashlar masonry]] was an archetype of [[South Arabia]]n architecture with the most architectural structure similarity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2015 |title=The Use of DMT in Early Masonic Ritual |url=https://realitysandwich.com/the-use-of-dmt-in-early-masonic-ritual/ |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=Reality Sandwich |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[[Lalibela]] was mainly built as a 'new Jerusalem' for Ethiopian pilgrims set to go to Jerusalem nonetheless barred from by Muslim conquests [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-rock-churches-of-lalibela/articleshow/34769471.cms <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170817-ethiopias-miraculous-underground-churches <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lalibela-11-churches-each-sculpted-out-of-a-single-block-of-stone-800-years-ago-60-minutes-2019-12-01/ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]</ref>

The Aksumite continued to flourish its architecture around the 4th century CE. Aksumite stelae commonly used single block and rocks. The Tomb of the False Door built for Aksumite emperors used monolithic style.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Aksumite architecture: Architecture of Ethiopia |url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-styles/a3377-aksumite-architecture-architecture-of-ethiopia/ |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=Rethinking The Future |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Lalibela]] civilization was largely of Aksumite influence, but the layer of stones or wood is quite different for some dwellings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Architecture of Aksun and Lalibela |url=http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116/architecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102060408/http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116/architecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634/index.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au}}</ref>

In the Gondarine period, the architecture of Ethiopia was influenced by Baroque, Arab, Turkish and Gujarati Indian styles independently taught by Portuguese emissaries in the 16th and 17th centuries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Examples include the imperial fortress [[Fasil Ghebbi]], which is influenced by a mix of these styles. The medieval architecture also affected the later 19th- and 20th-century era.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alòs-Moner |first1=Andreu Martínez |title=Gondarine Art and Architecture (HaAh 523) – Course Syllabus |url=https://www.academia.edu/11314717}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{main|Ethiopian literature|Ethiopian philosophy}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Baalu Girma.jpg
| caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Baalu Girma]] (1939–1984), novelist and critic; author of ''[[Oromay|The End]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Teweldebirhan |first=Seble |url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3442/Remembering-Baalu-Girma |title=Remembering Baalu Girma |work=Ezega |date=21 April 2013 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref>}}
| image2 = Haddis Alemayehu.png
| caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Haddis Alemayehu]] (1910–2003), foreign minister and novelist; author of ''[[Love to the Grave]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ayele |first=Tesfaye |title=Haddis Alemayehu's Vision of the Old World: Literary Realism and the Tragedy of History in the Amharic Novel Fikir iske Mekabir |journal=[[Cambridge University]] |date=1 September 2023 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=353–376 |doi=10.1017/pli.2023.26 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
}}

[[Ethiopian literature]] traces back to the Aksumite period in the 4th century, mostly religious motifs. In royal inscriptions, it employed both [[Geʽez script|Ge'ez]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] language, but the latter was discontinued in 350.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Unlike most Sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia has an ancient distinct language, the Ge'ez, which dominated political and educational aspects. In spite of the current political instability in the country endangering cultural heritage of these works, preservation has improved in recent years.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Nosnitsin |first=Denis |date=2012 |title=Ethiopian Manuscripts and Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. A brief Overview and Evaluation |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/galim_0753-5015_2012_num_58_1_1993 |journal=Gazette du livre médiéval |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.3406/galim.2012.1993}}</ref>

During and the approximate time of the [[Middle Ages]] composers such as [[Abba Gorgoryos]] and [[Giyorgis of Segla]] have influenced Ethiopian languages such as writing one of the earliest instances of [[Amharic]] and dictionaries of Ge'ez and such. Also encompassing religious hymns and doctrine justifications regarding issues in the Ethiopian Orthodox church and practices.<ref name="HeldmanSeyon">{{cite book |author1=Marilyn Eiseman Heldman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmTQt--tqjMC&pg=PA75 |title=The Marian Icons of the Painter Frē Ṣeyon: A Study of Fifteenth-century Ethiopian Art, Patronage, and Spirituality |author2=Frē Ṣeyon |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1994 |isbn=978-3-447-03540-8 |page=75}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Smidt |first=Wolbert G.C. |date=2015 |title=Gorgoryos and Ludolf: The Ethiopian and German Fore-Fathers of Ethiopian Studies: An Ethiopian scholar's 1652 visit to Thuringia |url=http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-Extra_files/ityopis-extra-smidt1.pdf |journal=ITYOP̣IS: Northeast African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810125109/http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-Extra_files/ityopis-extra-smidt1.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-10}}</ref>

The Ethiopian literary works mostly consisted of handwritten [[codex]] (branna, or ብራና in Amharic). It is prepared by gathering parchment leaves and sewing to stick together. The codex size varies considerably depending on volumes and preparation. For example, pocket size codex lengthens 45 cm, which is heavier in weight. Historians speculated that archaic codex existed in Ethiopia. Today manuscripts resembling primitive codex are still evident for existence where parchment leaves are convenient for writing.<ref name=":4" />

Another notable writing book is protective (or magic) [[scroll]], serving as written amulet. Some of these were intended for magical purpose, for example ''ketab'' is used for magical defence. Scrolls were typically produced by ''[[debtera]]'', non-ordained clergy expertise on [[exorcism]] and healings. About 30 cm scroll is portable whereas 2 cm is often unrolled and hanged to the walls of houses. Scrolls emulating original medium of Ethiopia literature is highly disputed, where there is overwhelming evidence that Ge'ez language books were written in codex. In lesser, Ethiopia used accordion books (called ''sensul'') which were dated to late 15th or 16th century, made up of folded parchment paper, with or without cover. Those books usually contain pictorial representation of life and death of religious figures, or significant texts have also juxtaposed.<ref name=":4" />

[[Baalu Girma]] and [[Haddis Alemayehu]] have been noted as the most influential novelist in Ethiopian history. Girma giving a critique of the communist government in the 80s in Ethiopia in his works. Haddis Alemayehu giving rise to one of the first examinations of [[Realism (international relations)|realism]] and a [[Romance novel|romance]] tragedy in his works of novel and having influenced the sphere of Ethiopian intellectual community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adera |first=Taddesse |date=1995 |title=From Apologist to Critic: The Dilemma of Bealu Girma |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1353/nas.1995.0030 |jstor=41931195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Getachew |first=Fitsum |date=March 2, 2015 |title=Ethiopia: Haddis Alemayehu - the Unique Personality in Ethiopian Literature |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201503030351.html#:~:text=Evaluated%20from%20the%20point%20of%20view%20of%20the%20person's%20exceptionally |work=[[The Ethiopian Herald]]}}</ref>

Ethiopia is highly popularized in [[poetry]]. Most poets recount past events, social unrests, poverty and famine. ''[[Qene]]'' is the most used element of Ethiopian poetry – regarded as a form of Amharic poetry, though the term generally refers to any poems. True qene requires advanced ingenious mindset. By providing two metaphorical words, i.e. one with obvious clues and the other is too convoluted conundrum, one must answer parallel meanings. Thus, this is called ''sem ena work'' (gold and wax).<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Aga |first=Mark T. |title=20 Of The Best Poets And Poems of Ethiopia (Qene included) — allaboutETHIO |url=https://allaboutethio.com/20-must-read-poems-of-ethiopia-best-ethiopian-poetry.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=allaboutethio.com |language=en}}</ref> The most notable poets are [[Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin|Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsegaye gebre medhin - Wendy Laura Belcher |url=https://wendybelcher.com/african-literature/tsegaye-gebre-medhin/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=wendybelcher.com}}</ref> [[Kebede Michael]] and [[Mengistu Lemma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mengistu Lemma |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poet/mengistu-lemma/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Poetry Translation Centre |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ethiopian philosophy has been superlatively prolific since ancient times in Africa, though offset of [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek]] and [[Patristic]] philosophy. The best known philosophical revival was in the early modern period figures such as [[Zera Yacob (philosopher)|Zera Yacob]] (1599–1692) and his student [[Walda Heywat]], who wrote ''[[Hatata]]'' (''Inquiry'') in 1667 as an argument for the [[existence of God]].

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Ethiopia}}

{{See also|Ethiopian Golden Age of music}}
[[File:Yared.jpg|thumb|[[Yared]] in a piece of 15th century Ethiopian sacred art holding a mequamia (prayer stick)]]
The [[music of Ethiopia]] is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a distinct [[Musical mode|modal system]] that is [[Pentatonic scale|pentatonic]], with characteristically long intervals between some notes. As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition, tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighbouring Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and Sudan.<ref name="Abdullahi">{{cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA170 |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |page=170 |quote=Somali music, a unique kind of music that might be mistaken at first for music from nearby countries such as Ethiopia, the Sudan, or even Arabia, can be recognized by its own tunes and styles.}}</ref><ref name="Tekle">{{cite book |last=Tekle |first=Amare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA197 |title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation |publisher=The Red Sea Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-932415-97-4 |page=197 |quote=Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan have significant similarities emanating not only from culture, religion, traditions, history and aspirations ... They appreciate similar foods and spices, beverages and sweets, fabrics and tapestry, lyrics and music, and jewellery and fragrances.}}</ref> Traditional singing in Ethiopia presents diverse styles of [[polyphony]] ([[heterophony]], [[drone (music)|drone]], imitation, and [[counterpoint]]). Traditionally, lyricism in Ethiopian song writing is strongly associated with views of patriotism or national pride, romance, friendship, and a unique type of memoire known as ''[[tizita]]''.

Saint [[Yared]], a 6th-century Aksumite composer, is widely regarded as the forerunner of traditional music of Eritrea and Ethiopia, creating liturgical music of the Ethiopian and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About St. Yared – St. Yared Ethiopian Cuisine & Coffeehaus – Indianapolis IN |url=https://www.styaredcuisine.com/about.html |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=www.styaredcuisine.com}}</ref>

Modern music is traced back to the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, where 40 Armenian orphans called [[Arba Lijoch]] arrived from [[Jerusalem]] to Addis Ababa. By 1924, the band was almost established as orchestral; but after World War II, several similar bands emerged such as Imperial Bodyguard Band, Army Band, and Police Band.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aga |first=Mark T. |title=Music in Ethiopia — allaboutETHIO |url=https://allaboutethio.com/tmusic.html |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=allaboutethio.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, traditional infused modern Ethiopian music was revived in what is known as the "[[Ethiopian Golden Age of music|Golden Age]]". Several notable musical artists emerged thereafter, for example, [[Tilahun Gessesse]], [[Alemayehu Eshete]], [[Bizunesh Bekele]], [[Muluken Melesse]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmed]]. It also employed tradition style called ''tizita''. During the Derg regime, these artists were prohibited to perform in the country and often forced into exile in North America and Europe, mixing with jazz and funk influences. For example, Roha Band, [[Walias Band]], and Ethio Stars. By this time, [[Neway Debebe]] was critical of the Derg government.<ref name=":9" />

Modern music became developed shortly in the 1990s and 2000s. In this period, the most popular artists were [[Aster Aweke]], [[Gigi (singer)|Gigi]] and [[Teddy Afro]]. Ethiopian music further modernized in the next decade, employing electronic type and more popular. DJ [[Rophnan]] was renowned for pioneering EDM after releasing his debut album ''Reflection'' in 2018.<ref name=":9" />

===Calendar===
{{Main|Ethiopian calendar|Oromo calendar}}

Ethiopia has several local calendars. The most widely known is the [[Ethiopian calendar]], also known as the Ge'ez calendar, and written with the ancient [[Ge'ez script]], one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world.<ref name="Wilfpag">{{cite book |last=Page |first=Willie F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gK1aAAAAYAAJ |title=Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), Volume 2 |publisher=Facts on File |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8160-4472-6 |page=230}}</ref> It is based on the older Alexandrian or [[Coptic calendar]], which in turn derives from the [[Egyptian calendar]]. Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopian calendar has twelve months of exactly 30 days each plus five or six [[epagomenal]] days, which form a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge'ez.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tamrat |first=Tadesse |date=2008 |title=Ethiopian Calendar & Millennia Highlights |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=177–88 |jstor=27828897}}</ref>

Like the [[Julian calendar]], the sixth epagomenal day—which in essence is a [[leap day]]—is added every four years without exception on 29 August of the Julian calendar, six months before the Julian leap day. Thus, the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1{{nbsp}}Mäskäräm, for years between 1901 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually 11 September ([[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]]), but falls on 12 September in years before the Gregorian leap year. It is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar because of an alternate calculation in determining the date of the [[Annunciation]] of Jesus.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |date=2021-09-10 |title=Ethiopia: The country where a year lasts 13 months |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57443424 |access-date=2022-09-17 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Another calendrical system was developed around 300 BC by the [[Oromo people]]. A lunar-stellar calendar, this [[Oromo calendar]] relies on astronomical observations of the moon in conjunction with seven particular stars or constellations. Oromo months (stars/lunar phases) are ''Bittottessa'' (Iangulum), ''Camsa'' (Pleiades), ''Bufa'' (Aldebarran), ''Waxabajjii'' (Belletrix), ''Obora Gudda'' (Central Orion-Saiph), ''Obora Dikka'' (Sirius), ''Birra'' (full moon), ''Cikawa'' (gibbous moon), ''Sadasaa'' (quarter moon), ''Abrasa'' (large crescent), ''Ammaji'' (medium crescent), and ''Gurrandala'' (small crescent).<ref>{{cite web |last=Doyle |first=Lawrence R |title=The Borana Calendar Reinterpreted |url=http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029073246/http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |archive-date=29 October 2008 |work=tusker.com}}</ref>

===Media===
{{main|Communications in Ethiopia|Media in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopian Television.JPG|thumb|The [[ETV (Ethiopia)|Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]], former headquarters in Addis Ababa|left]]

The [[Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]] (EBC), formerly known as ETV, is the [[state media]]. Radio broadcasting was commenced earlier in 1935 before the television service began in 1962 with assistance of British firm Thomson and Emperor Haile Selassie.<ref name="africanews.com" /> Since 2015, EBC has upgraded its studios with modernized transmission.

[[Kana TV]] is the most popular TV channel in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jeffrey |first=James |date=21 December 2017 |title=Ethiopia's New Addiction – And What It Says About Media Freedom |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2017/12/ethiopias-new-addiction-says-media-freedom/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CKana%E2%80%9D%20translates%20as%20something%20between,of%20the%20prime%20time%20market |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=Inter Press Service News Agency}}</ref> It is mainly known for [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign content into [[Amharic]]. Over several decades, the state television has served as the major mass media until in the late 2000s, when [[EBS TV (Ethiopia)|EBS TV]] launched as the first private television channel. Moreover, numerous private channels were commenced in 2016, culminating in the growth of privately owned media companies in the country. As an example, [[Fana TV]] has been the largest TV network since its launch in 2017.

The most widely circulated newspapers in Ethiopia are [[Addis Fortune]], [[Capital Ethiopia]], [[Ethiopian Reporter]], Addis Zemen (''Amharic'') and [[Ethiopian Herald]].<ref>There are only a few newspapers with high circulation, these include the [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349401 Reporter, Addis Fortune, the Capital and the state-owned Ethiopian Herald] Although statistical data regarding Ethiopian newspapers are readily available their noteworthy presence in Ethiopia and such is attested for.</ref>

The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm [[Ethio telecom]]. A large portion of users in the country access the internet through mobile devices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Gaffey |first=Conor |date=1 June 2017 |title=Why has Ethiopia pulled its mobile internet access again? |url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-internet-blocked-618806 |access-date=14 August 2017 |work=Newsweek}}</ref> {{as of|2016|July}}, there are around 4.29 million people who have internet access at their home as compared to a quarter of a million users a decade before that.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2016 |title=Ethiopia Internet Users |url=http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/ethiopia/ |website=Internet Live Stats}}</ref> The Ethiopian government has at times intentionally shut down internet service in the country or restricted access to certain social media sites during periods of political unrest. In August 2016, following protest and demonstration in the Oromia Region, all access to the internet was shut down for a period of two days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2016 |title=What is behind Ethiopia's wave of protests? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36940906 |access-date=14 August 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In June 2017, the government shut down access to the internet for mobile users during a period that coincided with the administration of university entrance examination. Although the reason for the restriction was not confirmed by the government,<ref name=":3" /> the move was similar to a measure taken during the same period in 2016, after a leak of test questions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=Ethiopia blocks social media sites over exam leak |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-sites-exam-leak-160711183939642.html |access-date=14 August 2017 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharkov |first=Damien |date=12 July 2016 |title=Ethiopia has shut down social media and here's why |url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-facebook-twitter-instagram-scandal-479581 |access-date=14 August 2017 |work=Newsweek}}</ref>

===Cinema===
{{main|Cinema of Ethiopia}}

{{Multiple image
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| alt1 =
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| caption1 = [[Ruth Negga]] is an Ethiopian-born actress.
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The first cinema was introduced in 1898, three years after the first world film was projected. Cinematic artifacts ascribed by Italian minister {{ill|Federico Ciccodicola|it}} which then offered to Emperor Menelik II. The early 20th century appearance with spectacle was around 1909 and embraced by documentary or biographical films. ''Au de Menilek'' was the first film directed by Charles Martel. The first 16mm black-and-white film dedicated to coronation of Emperor [[Zewditu]], then coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie was filmed. The 1990s saw international booming of Ethiopian films. The most influential people in this era were [[Haile Gerima]], [[Salem Mekuria]], Yemane Demissie, and [[Teshome Gabriel]]. Films began modernized in the 2000s and implemented [[Amharic]] language. The most internationally grossed films are ''[[Selanchi]]'', ''[[Difret]]'', ''[[Lamb (2015 Ethiopian film)|Lamb]]'', ''[[Prince of Love]]'' and ''[[Lambadina]]''. The modern era saw several reoccurring actors including [[Selam Tesfaye]], [[Fryat Yemane]], [[Hanan Tarik]], [[Mahder Assefa]], [[Amleset Muchie]] and [[Ruth Negga]].

One of the most prestigious film award is [[Gumma Film Awards]] held in Addis Ababa. The award, which was started in 2014, broadcast on live television in some stations.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=Gumma Film Awards |url=https://addisstandard.com/the-gumma-film-award/?amp=1 |website=Addis Standard |vauthors=Standard A}}</ref> Festivals including [[Addis International Film Festival]] and the [[Ethiopian International Film Festival]] showcase amateur and professional filmmakers works; the latter being voted by judges. They were established in 2007<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis International Film Festival |website=Human Rights Film Network |url=https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival |access-date=2022-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806193600/https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival|archive-date=2018-08-06}}</ref> and 2005 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopian International Film Festival |url=https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=ethiopianfilminitiative.org |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705210553/https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Ethiopian cuisine}}

{{See also|List of Ethiopian dishes and foods}}
[[File:Injera with eight kinds of stew.jpg|thumb|This meal consisting of {{transliteration|am|[[injera]]}} and several kinds of {{transliteration|am|[[Wat (food)|wat]]}} (stew) is typical of Ethiopian cuisine.]]
The best-known [[Ethiopian cuisine]] consists of various types of thick meat [[stew]]s, known as {{transliteration|am|[[wat (food)|wat]]}} in Ethiopian culture, and vegetable side dishes served on top of [[injera]], a large [[sourdough]] [[flatbread]] made of [[teff]] flour. This is not eaten with utensils, but instead the injera is used to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Almost universally in Ethiopia, it is common to eat from the same dish in the middle of the table with a group of people. It is also a common custom to feed others with one's own hands—a tradition referred to as {{transliteration|am|gursha}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2011 |title=The Simpsons Episode Well-Received by Ethiopians On Social Media |url=http://www.tadias.com/12/01/2011/the-simpsons-episode-well-received-by-ethiopians-on-social-media-elsewhere/ |work=Tadias Magazine}}</ref> Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no [[pork]], as it is forbidden in [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] Christian and Islamic faiths; Ethiopian Orthodox Christians also [[Fasting and abstinence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|fast from meat]] on Wednesdays, Fridays, and the daysleading up to Easter and Christmas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seleshe |first1=Semeneh |last2=Jo |first2=Cheorun |last3=Lee |first3=Mooha |date=2014 |title=Meat Consumption Culture in Ethiopia |journal=Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |doi=10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.1.7 |issn=2234-246X |pmc=4597829 |pmid=26760739}}</ref>

{{transliteration|om|[[Fit-fit#Kitcha fit-fit|Chechebsa]]}}, {{transliteration|om|[[marqa]]}}, {{transliteration|om|[[chukko]]}}, {{transliteration|om|[[michirra]]}}, and {{transliteration|om|[[dhanga]]}} are the most popular dishes from the [[Oromo people]]. [[Kitfo]], which originated among the [[Gurage people]], is one of the country's most popular delicacies. In addition, {{transliteration|am|[[Wat_(food)#Doro_wat|doro wat]]}} ({{langx|am|ዶሮ ወጥ}}) and {{transliteration|ti|[[tsebehi derho]]}} ({{langx|ti|ጽብሒ ድርሆ}}), are other popular dishes, originating from northwestern Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffrey |first=James |date=2019-02-06 |title=Ethiopian food: The 15 greatest dishes |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ethiopian-food-best-dishes-africa |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> {{transliteration|ti|[[Tihlo]]}} ({{lang|am|ጥሕሎ}}), a type of [[dumpling]] prepared from roasted barley flour and originating from the [[Tigray Region]], is now very popular in [[Amhara Region|Amhara]] and spreading further south.<ref>{{cite web |title=Culture of the people of Tigrai |url=http://www.tigraionline.com/bahlina.html |access-date=3 January 2013 |publisher=Tigrai Online}}</ref>

===Sport===
{{Main|Sport in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Abebe Bikila 1968c.jpg|thumb|[[Abebe Bikila]], Ethiopia's first [[Olympic gold medalist]]|246x246px]]
The main sports in Ethiopia are [[track and field]] (particularly [[long distance running]]) and football. Ethiopian athletes have won many [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medals in track and field, most of them in long distance running.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopian Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/ethiopia |access-date=3 January 2013 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> [[Abebe Bikila]] became the first athlete from a [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan]] country to win an Olympic gold medal when he won the [[Marathon]] at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games in a world record time of 2:15:16.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bloor |first=Steven |date=25 April 2012 |title=50 stunning Olympic moments: Abebe Bikila's 1960 marathon victory – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2012/apr/25/athletics-olympics-2012 |access-date=14 October 2019 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title=Athletics – Abebe Bikila (ETH) |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/barefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph |access-date=14 October 2019 |website=International Olympic Committee |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Ethiopia national football team]] was one of four founding members of the [[Confederation of African Football]] and won the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] in [[1962 African Cup of Nations|1962]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehrish |first1=Akshat |date=31 October 2022 |title=History makers: Ethiopia's role in the creation of CAF, AFCON |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/history-makers-ethiopias-role-in-the-creation-of-caf-afcon |access-date=1 January 2024 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Ethiopia has Sub-Saharan Africa's longest basketball tradition as it established a [[Ethiopia national basketball team|national basketball team]] in 1949.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Ethiopia|Africa}}
* [[Outline of Ethiopia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
<references>
<ref name="mappr">{{cite web |url=https://www.mappr.co/political-maps/ethiopia/ |title=Ethiopia Political Map and Regions | Mappr |date=January 14, 2019 |website=www.mappr.co}}</ref>
<ref name="mula">{{cite journal |title=Ethnic Identity Politics and the Restructuring of Administrative Units in Ethiopia |author=Mulatu Wubneh |year=2017 |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=105–138 |jstor=26586251}}</ref>
<ref name="2007Census">{{cite web |title=Country Level |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208061518/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |archive-date=8 February 2019 |work=2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|CSA]] |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="africanews.com">{{cite news |last1=Shaban |first1=Abdurahman |title=One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |agency=Africa News |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231030/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref>
</references>

===General sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |ref=Abir |author=Abir, Mordechai |title=Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855) |location=London, England |publisher=Longmans |year=1968}}
* {{cite book |ref=Beshah |author1=Beshah, Girma |author2=Aregay, Merid Wolde |title=The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632) |location=Lisbon |publisher=Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos |year=1964}}
* {{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |last1=Connel |first1=Dan |last2=Killion |first2=Tom |year=2011 |publisher=The Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-5952-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Terrence |year=1996 |title=Closing the Transition: the May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia |url=https://www.academia.edu/9622394 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–42 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00055233 |s2cid=155079488}}
* {{cite book |ref=Munro-Hay |author=Munro-Hay, Stuart |year=1991 |url=http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |title=Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-19-6 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |ref=Valdes Vivo |author=Valdes Vivo, Raul |title=Ethiopia's Revolution |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York, NY |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-7178-0556-3}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Gwyn |last2=Miers |first2=Suzanne |last3=Miller |first3=Joseph |title=Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgm69dJt4DcC&pg=PA219 |year=2007 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-1723-2}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abyssinia | volume= 1 |last2= Gleichen |first2= Albert Edward Wilfred |author2-link= Lord Edward Gleichen |last1= Cana |first1= Frank Richardson | pages = 82–95 |short= 1 }}
* Deguefé, Taffara (2006). ''Minutes of an Ethiopian Century'', Shama Books, Addis Ababa, {{ISBN|99944-0-003-7}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |year=2004 |publisher=Shama Books |isbn=978-1-931253-28-4}}
* Hoskins, G. A. (1835), ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74151 Travels in Ethiopia]'', above the second cataract of the Nile: exhibiting the state of that country, and its various inhabitants, under the dominion of Mohammed Ali.
* Hugues Fontaine, ''Un Train en Afrique. African Train'', Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes / Shama Books. Édition bilingue français / anglais. Traduction : Yves-Marie Stranger. Postface : Jean-Christophe Belliard. Avec des photographies de Matthieu Germain Lambert et Pierre Javelot. Addis Abeba, 2012, {{ISBN|978-99944-867-1-7}}. English and French. [http://www.africantrain.org/ UN TRAIN EN AFRIQUE]
* {{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=Edmond |title=Revolutionary Ethiopia From Empire to People's Republic |date=1991 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20646-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913 |year=1975 |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford}} Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. {{ISBN|1-56902-009-4}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=A History of Ethiopia |edition=updated |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-22479-7}}
* Mauri, Arnaldo (2010). ''Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia'', Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, VI, n. 1/2010, pp. 5–16. [http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica/article/view/337-319 Monetary Developments and Decolonization in Ethiopia] and WP [http://ideas.repec.org./p/mil/wpdepa/2010-15.html Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia]
* {{Cite book |last=Mockler |first=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |location=New York}} Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. {{ISBN|0-902669-53-2}}.
* [[Dervla Murphy|Murphy, Dervla]] (1968). ''[[In Ethiopia with a Mule]]''. London: Century, 1984, cop. 1968. ''N.B''.: An account of the author's travels in Ethiopia. 280 p., ill. with a b&w map. {{ISBN|0-7126-3044-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rubenson |first=Sven |title=The Survival of Ethiopian Independence |edition=4th |year=2003 |publisher=Tsehai |location=Hollywood, CA |isbn=978-0-9723172-7-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Selassie I. |first=Haile |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I |author-link=Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |others=Translated by Edward Ullendorff |year=1999 |publisher=Frontline |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-948390-40-1}}
* Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2003). ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Vol. 1: A–C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2005). ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', Vol. 2: D–Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2007). ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', Vol. 3: He–N. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* Siegbert Uhlig & Alessandro Bausi, et al. (eds.) (2010). ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Vol. 4: O–X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* Alessandro Bausi & S. Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2014). ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Vol. 5: Y–Z and addenda, corrigenda, overview tables, maps and general index. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* {{Cite book |last=Zewde |first=Bahru |title=A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991 |edition=2nd |year=2001 |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=978-0-8214-1440-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr}}
* {{Country study}}
* {{CIA World Factbook}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|n=Category:Ethiopia|s=Category:Ethiopia|v=no|voy=Ethiopia|species=no|m=no|mw=no|collapsible=collapsed}}
{{Scholia|topic}}
* {{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Ethiopia}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349398 BBC Ethiopia Profile]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ETH/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Ethiopia Summary Trade Statistics]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ET Key Development Forecasts for Ethiopia] from [[International Futures]].
* [https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/ethiopia Ethiopia pages – U.S. Dept. of State] (which includes current State Dept. press releases and reports on Ethiopia)

{{Coord|9|N|39|E|display=title}}

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Mohan Acharya

2026-03-14T01:45:16Z

PriscillaNair10: updated references for accuracy

{{Short description|Nepali politician and businessman}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohan Acharya
| native_name = मोहन आचार्य
| office = [[Pratinidhi Sabha|Member of Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 March 2018
| constituency = [[Rasuwa 1]]
| predecessor = Janardhan Dhakal
| party = [[Nepali Congress]]
| nationality = [[Nepal]]i
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|4|11|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/uploads/attachments/z3qljvte6vwen2cy.pdf |title=संघीय संसद सदस्य, २०७४ परिचयात्मक पुस्तिका |publisher=Federal Parliament Secretariat |year=2021 |location=Nepal |pages=270 |language=ne |trans-title=Federal Parliament Members 2017 Introduction Booklet}}</ref>
| honorific_prefix = Honourable
| honorific_suffix = MP
}}

'''Mohan Acharya''' is a Nepali businessman, politician and member of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] of the [[Federal Parliament of Nepal|federal parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/32303/|title=Democratic Alliance clean-sweep in Rasuwa|author=Devkota, Him Nath|work=[[República (newspaper)|My Republica]]|date=2017-12-09|accessdate=2019-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/thousands-of-people-pay-homage-to-deceased-relatives/|title=Thousands of people pay homage to deceased relatives|date=2019-01-07|work=[[The Himalayan Times]]|accessdate=2019-11-05}}</ref> He was elected under the [[first-past-the-post]] system to represent the [[Rasuwa]]-1 constituency as the [[Nepali Congress]] representative. He defeated his nearest rival Janardan Dhakal by more than 4,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://election.ekantipur.com/pradesh-3/district-rasuwa?lng=eng|title=Rasuwa : Province 3 - Nepal Election Latest Updates and Result for Federal Parliament|website=election.ekantipur.com|accessdate=2019-11-05}}</ref> He is also a member of the House Public Accounts Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hr.parliament.gov.np/en/committees/Public-Account-Committee/members|title=Public Account Committee|website=hr.parliament.gov.np|accessdate=2019-11-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Mohan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nepali Congress politicians from Bagmati Province]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Rasuwa District]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 2022–2025]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 2026–]]

{{Bagmati-politician-stub}}

Rajendra Kumar Rai (Nepalese politician, born 1964)

2026-03-14T01:42:18Z

PriscillaNair10: Starting New Bio W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Nepalese politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Kumar Rai
| native_name = राजेन्द्र कुमार राई
| image =
| caption = Official portrait, 2023
| office = [[Ministry of Water Supply|Minister of Water Supply of Nepal]]
| termstart = 6 March 2024
| termend = 3 July 2024
| president = [[Ram Chandra Poudel]]
| primeminister = [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]
| predecessor = [[Mahindra Ray Yadav]]
| successor = [[Pradeep Yadav (Nepalese politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation (Nepal)|Minister of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation of Nepal]]
| term_start1 = 26 December 2022
| term_end1 = 27 February 2023
| president1 = [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]]
| primeminister1 = [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]
| predecessor1 = [[Shashi Shrestha]]
| successor1 = [[Ranjeeta Shrestha]]
| office3 = [[Pratinidhi Sabha|Member of Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 4 March 2018
| predecessor3 = Tika Ram Chemjong
| constituency3 = [[Dhankuta 1]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|9|13|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hr.parliament.gov.np/uploads/attachments/z3qljvte6vwen2cy.pdf |title=संघीय संसद सदस्य, २०७४ परिचयात्मक पुस्तिका |publisher=Federal Parliament Secretariat |year=2021 |location=Nepal |pages=270 |language=ne |trans-title=Federal Parliament Members 2017 Introduction Booklet}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pakhribas]], [[Dhankuta District]]
| party = [[CPN (UML)]]
}}

'''Rajendra Kumar Rai''' ({{langx|ne|राजेन्द्र कुमार राई}}) is a Nepalese politician who formerly served as a Cabinet Minister in the Government of Nepal. He was a two-time member of the [[Pratinidhi Sabha|House of Representatives]] representing [[Dhankuta 1]] and belongs to the [[CPN (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Siddharaj |title=Rajendra Rai of UML wins in Dhankuta |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/32332/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> He also served as the deputy chair of [[Pakhribas Municipality|Pakhribas VDC]] from 1994 to 1999.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Rajendra Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Dhankuta District]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 2022–2025]]
[[Category:Land management ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 2026–]]

{{Nepal-politician-stub}}

Bhattiprolu

2026-03-13T22:53:26Z

PriscillaNair10: minor update

{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhattiprolu
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Maha Stupa at Bhattiprolu 01.jpg
| image_caption = Buddhist Maha Stupa at Bhattiprolu
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16.1026|N|80.7807|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhattiprolu mandal|Bhattiprolu]]
| parts_type = Wards
| parts =
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2017 |page=98 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Bhattiprolu [[Gram Panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| Ravi Kiranmai.Dara =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=2 June 2019 |pages=14,474 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 2515
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668837 |website=Census of India |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 11092
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522256
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AP]]
}}

[[File:Holy relic sites map of Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|255px|Bhattiprolu is one of the Holy relic sites of Andhra Pradesh]]

'''Bhattiprolu''' is a village in [[Bapatla district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of [[Bhattiprolu mandal]] in [[Repalle revenue division]].<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=3 June 2019 |pages=5,782–783 |date=2011}}</ref> The ''Buddhist stupa'' in the village is one of the centrally protected [[Monuments of National Importance|monuments of national importance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Centrally Protected Monuments|url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|website=Archeological Survey of India|access-date=27 May 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626104454/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|archive-date=2017-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> One of the earliest evidence of [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script in [[South India]] comes from Bhattiprolu.<ref name=":0" /> The script was written on an urn containing Shakyamuni Buddha's relics. The script has been named [[Bhattiprolu script]].

== History ==
Among the renowned Buddhist centers in Andhra Pradesh, Bhattiprolu is one of the oldest, with its roots tracing back to ancient times. Originally known as Pratipalapura, this flourishing Buddhist town was part of the ancient Sala kingdom that predates the Andhra [[Satavahanas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=P. R. Ramachandra |title=The Splendour of Andhra Art |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |year=2005 |location=Michigan |publication-date=8 December 2009 |pages=176 |language=English}}</ref> Inscriptional evidence suggests that King Kuberaka ruled over Bhattiprolu around 230 BC, highlighting its significance during that era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Bahadur Chand |title=Svasti Śrī |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |date=13 March 2007 |location=Michigan |pages=65 }}</ref> Bhattiprolu is particularly famous for its Buddha stupa, known as ''Vikramarka Kota Dibba'', believed to have been constructed between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Dr. Bindeshwar Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2c9EAAAQBAJ |title=A Handbook of Sociology |date=14 August 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=296 }}</ref> Excavations conducted at the site have revealed important linguistic evidence, showcasing the early use of the Telugu language dating back to the 3rd century BC. In 1870, three mounds were discovered in Bhattiprolu, leading to further explorations. Notably, in 1892, archaeologist [[Alexander Rea]] unearthed three inscribed stone relic caskets that contained crystal relics, the remains of the Buddha, and precious jewels. The stupa was identified as having a diameter of 148 feet, and has a dome of 132 feet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rea |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42VBAQAAIAAJ&q=Alexander+Rea+Bhattiprolu |title=South Indian Buddhist Antiquities |publisher=Government Press, ASI |year=1894 |isbn=9788120605121 |edition=1st |location=Madras |pages=2}}</ref>

One of the most significant findings was a crystal relic casket believed to contain the sarira dhatu (relics) of the Buddha, accompanied by an inscription referring to the Buddha as ''Sarerani Mahaniyani Sarmane'', upon which the Mahachaitya (great stupa) was built.<ref name="Dharmamrutham">{{Cite book| last1=Rao| first1=Dr. P. Purnachandra | title=Chronicle of Guntur District Tourism| year=2023| publisher=[[Acharya Nagarjuna University]]| edition= 1| location=Guntur| page=29}}</ref> Further excavations uncovered remnants of a large pillared hall and a group of ruined votive stupas, along with several images of the Buddha. Among the finds was a stone receptacle containing copper vessels that held a silver casket, which in turn contained a gold casket enclosing beads made of bone and crystal. Importantly, Bhattiprolu is home to one of the earliest examples of Brahmi script in South India, found on an urn that denotes it as containing Buddha's relics. This script has been referred to as the "Bhattiprolu alphabet", which historians believe played a crucial role in the evolution of the brahmi script. Additionally, the [[Jain literature]] known as "Dharmamrutham" refers to Pratipalapuram as a prominent Buddhist center in the ancient [[Solar dynasty|Ikshvaku empire]], underscoring the significance of Bhattiprolu in the region's cultural and religious history.<ref name="Dharmamrutham"/>

=== The stupa and the script ===
{{Main|Bhattiprolu script}}
Three mounds were discovered in Bhattiprolu in 1870. In 1892 when excavations were undertaken by Alexander Rea, three inscribed stone relic caskets containing crystal caskets, relics of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and jewels were found.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sajnani|first1=Manohar|title=Encyclopaedia of tourism resources in India|date=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-018-9|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&q=Repalle+railway+station&pg=PA66|access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref> The [[stupa]] was found to be 40 meters in diameter with an additional basement of 2.4 meters wide running all around. The most significant discovery is the crystal relic casket of [[Śarīra|Sarira Dhatu]] of the Buddha from the central mass of the stupas. The Mahachaitya (great stupa) remains of a large pillared hall, a large group of ruined votive stupas with several images of Buddha, a stone receptacle containing copper vessel, which in turn, contained two more, a silver casket and within it, a gold casket enclosing beads of bone and crystal were found.

One of the earliest evidence of [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script in [[South India]] comes from Bhattiprolu.<ref name=":0">[http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm Ananda Buddha Vihara] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930085421/http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> The script was written on an urn containing Buddha's relics. The script has been named [[Bhattiprolu script]].

The Bhattiprolu script is related to the Tamil-Brahmi, and is found in nine early inscriptions on stupa relic caskets discovered at Bhattiprolu (Andhra Pradesh). According to Richard Salomon, the Bhattiprolu script reflects innovations in a Dravidian language context, rather than Indo-Aryan languages. Both the Bhattiprolu and Tamil Brahmi share common modifications to represent Dravidian languages. The Bhattiprolu was likely a provincial offshoot of early southern Brahmi script, states Salomon.

"A Manual of the Krishna District in the Presidency of Madras" (1883) mentions Public Works Department at that time having demolished beautiful marble pillars, central casket and used the remains in the sluice flowing 2 miles east of Bhattiprolu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=430nAMZz8LwC|title=A Manual of the Kistna District in the Presidency of Madras|last=Mackenzie|first=Gordon|date=1883-01-01|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120605442|language=en}}</ref> Bhattiprolu Union Panchayat was established in 1892 under Madras local boards act.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1915 |title=Notification 1306|journal=Fort St George Gazette}}</ref>

== Geography ==

It is spread over an area of {{Convert|2515|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Government and politics ==

Bhattiprolu [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes|url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf|website=Saakshar Bharat Mission|access-date=5 July 2016|page=97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705114613/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf|archive-date=2016-07-05|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gunbhattibhattigp.appr.gov.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020083805/https://www.gunbhattibhattigp.appr.gov.in/|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2020|title=Bhattiprolu Village Panchayat|website=National Panchayat Portal|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> The village forms a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] and is under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].<ref name="apcrda">{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] |publisher=[[Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511092238/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archive-date=11 May 2019 |page=5 |url-status=dead |date=30 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Transport ==

The village has connectivity with [[National Highway 216 (India)]] which passes through the village. [[APSRTC]] operates buses from [[Tenali]] and [[Repalle]] via Bhattiprolu. Bhattiprolu railway station is located on [[Tenali–Repalle branch line]] and administered under [[Guntur railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Map of Bhattiprolu|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/3515?|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 14 schools. These include 4 [[Mandal Parishad Primary School|MPP]], one other type and 9 private schools and famous school is T.M.RAO HIGH SCHOOL<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls# |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Bhattiprolu alphabet]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Guntur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Articles expanded in Collaboration with ANU, Guntur]]

Seva Teerth metro station

2026-03-11T18:14:37Z

PriscillaNair10: starting basic data initial version

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Seva Teerth
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = HBGX2S-akAAzbez.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Marg, Rajpath Area, Central Secretariat, New Delhi, 110001
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Island platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|9|3|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Yellow|left=Central Secretariat|right=Lok Kalyan Marg}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Seva Teerth'''<ref name=ANI1>{{Cite news |title=Delhi: Udyog Bhawan Metro Station renamed to "Seva Teerth" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-udyog-bhawan-metro-station-renamed-to-seva-teerth20260214105306/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |agency=ANI News | date=14 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-02-13 |title=PM Modi inaugurates new Prime Minsters Office at Seva Teerth complex |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-seva-teerth-complex-new-prime-minsters-office/article70627766.ece |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> (formerly '''Udyog Bhawan''') metro station is located on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|title=Station Information|access-date=2010-09-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Information |date=2026-02-14 |title=Udyog Bhawan metro station gets new name in Delhi: Details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/seva-teerth-bhawan-metro-station-renamed-from-udyog-bhawan-delhi-2868143-2026-02-14 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Motilal Nehru Place and the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum, Janpath]] are located nearby.

The station name was changed from Udyog Bhawan to Seva Teerth effective 14 February 2026, following the relocation of the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] to that area.<ref name=ANI1 />

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''C'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Lok Kalyan Marg}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Central Secretariat}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}''
|}

===Facilities===

==Entry/exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Yellow}};"| Udyog Bhawan station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-4
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|}

==Connections==

===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 433, 433CL, 460, 460CL, 480, 500, 520, 540, 548, 604, 610, 610A, 620, 630, 632, 680, 720, 725, 770ALT, 780, 781, AC-620, AC-781, serves the station from nearby Uduog Bhawan bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |website=delhi.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002134451/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |archive-date=2009-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |title=NextBus Delhi |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814201040/http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[Central Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Udyog+Bhawan/@28.6110187,77.2111498,315m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x390ce2b9fb8dd521:0x1aa2dcdea3505170!2sUdyog+Bhawan!8m2!3d28.611014!4d77.2122442!3m4!1s0x390ce2b757b99451:0x16fdb450627500cc!8m2!3d28.6110606!4d77.2119637|title=Udyog Bhawan metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in New Delhi district]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

Kaamya Karthikeyan

2026-03-11T17:26:31Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating new stub.

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''Kaamya Karthikeyan''' is an Indian climber who lives in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. At 17 years of age, she became the youngest female in the world to complete the [[Seven Summits]] challenge in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai's 16 Year-old Kaamya Karthikeyan becomes youngest girl to scale seven highest peaks in the world |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/mumbais-16-yr-old-kaamya-karthikeyan-becomes-youngest-girl-to-scale-seven-highest-peaks-in-the-world-3334855 |access-date=2025-07-20 |newspaper=Deccan Herald | first=Mrityunjay | last=Bose | date=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-10 |title=Mumbai girl becomes youngest in world to climb South America's highest peak |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-girl-becomes-youngest-girl-in-world-to-climb-south-america-highest-peak-6259969-6259969/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Mumbai girl Kaamya Karthikeyan becomes youngest Indian to summit Mt Everest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kaamya-karthikeyan-youngest-indian-mt-everest-9346883/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This record was broken by Emma Schwerin who summited Everest, her last of the seven summits, on May 15, 2025 at the age of 17 years, 2 months, and 24 days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Youngest American Woman to Climb Everest and Seven Summits|url=https://gripped.com/profiles/youngest-american-woman-to-climb-everest-and-seven-summits/|website=Gripped Magazine|date=2025-06-03|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en-US|last=gripped}}</ref> However, Emma substituted Mont Blanc for Elbrus due to the geopolitical conditions, meaning Kaamya is still youngest to complete the list with Elbrus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emma Schwerin Becomes Youngest Woman to Complete the Seven Summits|url=https://climbingthesevensummits.com/emma-schwerin-becomes-youngest-woman-to-complete-the-seven-summits/|website=Climbing the Seven Summits|date=2025-05-20|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en-US|first=CTSS|last=Team}}</ref> At 16 years of age, she also became the youngest Indian mountaineer and second youngest girl in the world to summit [[Mount Everest]] from the Nepal side.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaikh |first=Ateeq |date=2024-05-23 |title=At 16, Kaamya Karthikeyan scales Mt. Everest to become youngest Indian to achieve the feat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/16-year-old-indian-summits-mt-everest-becomes-youngest-indian-to-achieve-the-feat/article68207503.ece |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2021, she was awarded the [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar]] the highest civilian award for Indian citizens under the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=16-year-old mountaineering star Kaamya Karthikeyan triumphs MT Everest |url=https://www.tatasteel.com/newsroom/press-releases/india/2024/16-year-old-mountaineering-star-kaamya-karthikeyan-triumphs-mt-everest/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.tatasteel.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kaamya's father S. Karthikeyan is a Commander in the [[Indian Navy]] and her mother Lavanya Karthikeyan is an early childhood educator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Kaamya Karthikeyan, 16, becomes youngest Indian, 2nd youngest girl in the world to scale Mt. Everest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kaamya-karthikeyan-16-becomes-youngest-indian-2nd-youngest-girl-in-the-world-to-scale-mt-everest-101716443436492.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525194735/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kaamya-karthikeyan-16-becomes-youngest-indian-2nd-youngest-girl-in-the-world-to-scale-mt-everest-101716443436492.html |archive-date=2024-05-25 |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="I am feeling extremely proud": Proud mother of Kaamya Karthikeyan, youngest Indian to climb Mt Everest |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/i-am-feeling-extremely-proud-proud-mother-of-kaamya-karthikeyan-youngest-indian-to-climb-mt-everest20240525231933/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> She is currently a student at Mumbai's [[Navy Children School]].

== Mountaineering ==
Kaamya has summited the highest peak on all continents and became the youngest female to complete the seven summits challenge when she summited [[Mt. Vinson]] in [[Antarctica]] at 1720 hrs on 24 Dec 2024 (UTC -03:00). Kaamya had earlier summited [[Mount Everest]] on 20 May 2024, becoming the youngest Indian and the second youngest female in the world to climb the peak from Nepal side. She summited [[Mount Denali]] in 2022 (becoming the youngest non-American to do so),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=Kaamya Karthikeyan Becomes Youngest Indian To Scale Summit Of North America's Mt Denali |url=https://news.abplive.com/offbeat/mumbai-girl-kaamya-karthikeyan-becomes-youngest-to-scale-summit-of-north-america-mt-denali-1540750 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Mt. Aconcagua]] in 2020 (becoming the youngest girl in the world to climb the peak) and [[Mount Elbrus]] in 2018 (becoming the youngest to complete a ski-descent from the peak).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Nivedita |date=2018-06-06 |title=Kaamya, the explorer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/kaamya-the-explorer/article24095311.ece |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She scaled [[Kilimanjaro]] in 2017 and [[Mount Kosciuszko]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indianembassysantiago.gov.in/uploads/2024/Mountaineering%20&%20Skiing%20Experience%20-%20Kaamya%20Karthikeyan.pdf | title=Mountaineering & Skiing Experience - Ms Kaamya Karthikeyan | website=www.indianembassysantiago.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title=Navy Officer's Daughter Scales Highest Peaks In All Seven Continents Of The World |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/ncs-student-completes-seven-summit-challenge-enn24122803967 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karthikeyan, Kaamya}}
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Climbing-bio-stub}}

Murder of Snehal Gaware

2026-03-09T10:08:05Z

PriscillaNair10: added references

{{Short description|Murder in India on 20 July 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Snehal Gaware
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dombivli]]
| death_date = 20 July 2007 (aged 21)
| death_place = [[Andheri]]
| body_discovered = 21 July 2007
| occupation = student
| father =
| mother =
| partner =
}}

'''Snehal Gaware''', a resident of [[Dombivli]], [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], in India, was murdered on 20 July 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Police-find-dead-girls-cell-phone/articleshow/15725803.cms|title=Police find dead girl's cell phone|date=22 July 2007|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924185754/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Police-find-dead-girls-cell-phone/articleshow/15725803.cms|archive-date=24 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> allegedly by her boyfriend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Boyfriend-arrested-for-murdering-21-yr-old-and-stuffing-the-body-in-her-beds-cavity/articleshow/16011987.cms|title=Boyfriend arrested for murdering 21-yr-old and stuffing the body in her bed's cavity|date=27 April 2010|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924182719/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Boyfriend-arrested-for-murdering-21-yr-old-and-stuffing-the-body-in-her-beds-cavity/articleshow/16011987.cms|archive-date=24 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Murder ==
Gaware was studying at the Sardar Patel College of Engineering, [[Andheri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeweller booked, search now on for contractor |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/jeweller-booked-search-now-on-for-contractor/articleshow/15725538.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror |accessdate=29 May 2019 |language=en |date=22 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529083532/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/jeweller-booked-search-now-on-for-contractor/articleshow/15725538.cms |archive-date=29 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> She lived with her parents in Dombivli, at the Ninad Society where she had been recuperating from a leg injury in June 2007.<ref name="indiatv">{{cite web |title=The unsolved murder mystery of Snehal Gaware |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/crime/news/the-unsolved-murder-mystery-of-snehal-gaware-2530.html |publisher=India TV |accessdate=29 May 2019 |language=en |date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529083529/https://www.indiatvnews.com/crime/news/the-unsolved-murder-mystery-of-snehal-gaware-2530.html |archive-date=29 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 July 2007, she was missing from home when her mother returned. The following day, Gaware's body was found with her mouth gagged, and her hands and legs tied in the drawer of her bed.<ref name=MM>{{cite news | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/articleshow/16011987.cms | title=Boyfriend arrested for murdering 21-yr-old and stuffing the body in her bed's cavity | date=27 April 2010 | newspaper=Mumbai Mirror | accessdate=1 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211075551/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/articleshow/16011987.cms | archive-date=11 February 2016 | url-status=live}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Gaware's boyfriend was arrested and charged with her murder in April 2010. He had continued his education in the United States in the meantime.<ref name="indiatv"/> Police dropped the charges the following year, citing a lack of evidence.<ref name=TI>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Cops-do-a-U-turn-in-student-murder-case-say-no-proof-against-murder-accused/articleshow/7356643.cms | title=Cops do a U-turn in student murder case, say no proof against murder accused | date=25 January 2011 | access-date=1 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129165123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-25/mumbai/28365827_1_narco-analysis-kalyan-court-crime-branch | archive-date=29 November 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/unsolved-crimes-11-years-on-kalyan-crime-branch-yet-to-find-murder-accused-5176859/|title=Unsolved Crimes: 11 years on, Kalyan Crime Branch yet to find murder accused|date=2018-05-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927030227/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/unsolved-crimes-11-years-on-kalyan-crime-branch-yet-to-find-murder-accused-5176859/|archive-date=27 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2008 Noida double murder case]]
*[[List of unsolved murders (2000–present)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaware, Snehal}}
[[Category:2000s missing person cases]]
[[Category:2007 murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Formerly missing people]]
[[Category:July 2007 in India]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in India|Gaware, Snehal]]
[[Category:People murdered in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Female murder victims]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Women in Mumbai]]

Soukhyam

2026-03-06T00:59:07Z

PriscillaNair10:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Soukhyam
| image = Soukhyam (2015 film).jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| screenplay = [[Kona Venkat]] [[Gopimohan]]
| story = Sridhar Seepanna
| producer = V. Anand Prasad
| director = A. S. Ravi Kumar Chowdary
| starring = [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] [[Regina Cassandra]]
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cinematography = [[Prasad Murella]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Bhavya Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|12|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INRConvert|15|c}}
| gross =
}}

'''''Soukhyam''''' ({{translation|Comfort}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]] produced by V. Anand Prasad on [[Bhavya Creations]] banner and directed by A.S. Ravi Kumar Chowdary. The film stars [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] and [[Regina Cassandra]] and also features [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] and [[Brahmanandam]] in the supporting roles. the music composed by [[Anup Rubens]]. [[Kona Venkat]] and [[Gopimohan]] provided the screenplay, written by Sridhar Sepanna. [[Prasad Murella]] is the cinematographer, Gautham Raju is the editor and the film was released on 24 December 2015 on [[Christmas Eve]]. The film was a disaster at the box office.

==Plot==
Srinivas is a happy-go-lucky guy who has a happy family. He falls in love with a beautiful girl named Sailaja on a train journey from [[Hyderabad]] to [[Tirupati]] and woos her. By the time Shailu agrees to Seenu's proposal, however, the obstacle in the story comes in the form of her father PR, who is an influential political broker in [[Kolkata]] and [[West Bengal|Bengal]] and who wants his daughter to marry the Chief Minister's son. Because of this, he kidnaps his daughter. The second issue is that Seenu's father Krishna Rao is a modest man who wants to stay away from influential and violent people, so he asks his son to stay away from this mess and move on with his life. On the other hand, unknowingly, Seenu promises Bavuji, a local goon, to rescue a girl whom he wants his son, Arjun to marry because Bavuji has saved his father from an accident. Shockingly, Shailu turns out to be that girl, and now Seenu has to save Shailu from the clutches of Bavuji and PR and also ensure that she is not forcibly married to anyone. After some routine fights with goons, Seenu gets his girlfriend Shailu and lives happily after.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] as Srinivas Rao ("Seenu")
*[[Regina Cassandra]] as Sailaja (Shailu)
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Krishna Rao, Seenu's father
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Bavuji
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as PR, Shailu's father
*[[Bramhanandam]] as Daya
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Pellikoduku
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Tirupathi Train Passenger
*[[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]] as Shivudu
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Deva, Seenu's uncle
*[[Satya Krishnan]] as Deva's wife
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Dr. Sidhappa
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Modern Bamma
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Sujatha, Seenu's mother
*[[Naramalli Sivaprasad]] as Perfume Prasad
*[[Saptagiri (Telugu actor)|Saptagiri]] as Giri
*[[Krishna Bhagawan]] as Akuvakkala Ananda Rao, Seenu's friend-in-law
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Seenu's brother-in-law
*Surekha Vani as Seenu's sister
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Train Passenger
*[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Bavuji's henchman
*Ambati Arjun as Arjun, Bavuji's son
*Chanti as Constable
*C. V. Subbareddy
*Sarika Ramachandra Rao
*Ramachandra
*Tarzan Laxminarayana
*[[Rajitha]]
*Apoorva
*Jyothi
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Soukhyam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|12|13}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 18:55
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = [[Anup Rubens]]
| prev_title = [[Akhil: The power of Jua]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

The music was composed by [[Anup Rubens]] and was released on Zee Music Company.

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:55
| title1 = Nakem Tochade
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length1 = 4:06

| title2 = You Are My Honey
| lyrics2 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| length2 = 3:40

| title3 = Alare Aala
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = [[Manisha Eerabathini]], [[Rahul Pandey (singer)|Rahul Pandey]]
| length3 = 3:46

| title4 = Jigi Jigi Jindagi
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = Raman
| length4 = 3:20

| title5 = Lollipop
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar
| extra5 = [[Geeta Madhuri]]
| length5 = 4:00
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Soukhyam'' has neither has novelty nor does it innovate in anyway".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/soukhyam/movie-review/50312753.cms |title=Soukhyam Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Soukhyam by Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508005236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/soukhyam/movie-review/50312753.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Soukhyam'' has all that’s considered essential for a box office success — a lead pair with good screen presence, romance, action and comedy and yet, it all ends up being bland".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/soukhyam-dont-go-by-the-title/article8025639.ece |title=Soukhyam: Don't go by the title - the Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 December 2015 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508005236/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/soukhyam-dont-go-by-the-title/article8025639.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
Soukhyam grossed over ₹10 crore in its opening weekend and minted a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor's share]] of ₹7 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2015 |title=Weekend box office collection: Bhale Manchi Roju turns big money spinner, beating Soukyam, MMAK |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/weekend-box-office-collection-bhale-manchi-roju-turns-big-money-spinner-beating-soukyam-mmak-661158 |access-date=March 5, 2026 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5295664}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kona Venkat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]

Beedi Basavanna

2026-03-03T22:27:11Z

PriscillaNair10: typo fix

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Beedi Basavanna
| image = Beedi Basavanna.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| producer = B. R. Panthulu
| writer = Rajashree
| screenplay = Padmini Pictures Sahithya Vibhaga
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] B. Vijayalakshmi [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| cinematography = P. L. Nagappa
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Padmini Pictures
| distributor = Padmini Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1967|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Beedi Basavanna''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಬೀದಿ ಬಸವಣ್ಣ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Kannada language]] film, directed and produced by [[B. R. Panthulu]]. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]], Vandana (B. Vijayalakshmi) and [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]. The film has musical score by [[T. G. Lingappa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Beedhi-Basavanna/18483|title=Beedi Basavanna|accessdate=2014-12-22|publisher=knowyourfilms.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/beedi-basavanna-1967|title=Beedi Basavanna|accessdate=2014-12-22|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref> [[B. R. Panthulu]] remade the movie in Tamil in 1970 as ''[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]'' with minor changes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=27 December 2019 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 54 {{!}} An Overview of the Final 31 movies of 1970s |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005730/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
*[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]]
*B. Vijayalakshmi
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*[[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]]
*Hanumantha Rao
*Krishna Shastry
*Basappa
*Guggu
*Shivaji
*L. N. Swamy
*Narayan
*Keshavamurthy
*Shyam
*Rama Rao
*Puttaswamy
*Nagappa
*Bangalore Nagesh
*[[B. R. Panthulu]]
*Papamma
*[[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
*Shanthamma
*Hema
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by T. G. Lingappa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/beedhi-basavanna-K0000692|title=Beedhi Basavanna Songs|accessdate=2014-12-22|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Love Love Love Andre Prema" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || [[G. V. Iyer]] || 03:07
|-
| 2 || "Angaile Aagasa Thoro" || Madhavapeddi Sathyam, [[S. Janaki]] || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] || 03:20
|-
| 3 || "Bhale Chanside" || Madhavapeddi Sathyam || rowspan=2|Vijaya Narasimha || 03:09
|-
| 4 || "Beda Beda Baagilu Haakabeda" || Nageswara Rao, [[Bangalore Latha]] || 02:33
|-
| 5 || "Daadig Eppattu Ninage Ippattu" || || || 03:11
|-
| 6 || "Ekanthavvagi Maathade Bande Naanu" || P. B. Shrinivas, S. Janaki || || 03:11
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|0250251}}
{{B. R. Panthulu}}

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]
[[Category:1960s action drama films]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Eeswar

2026-03-03T18:04:44Z

PriscillaNair10: added new details - done

{{short description|2002 Telugu film directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Eeswar
| image = Eeswar film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]
| producer = Kolla Ashok Kumar
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] (dialogues)
| story = Deena Raj
| screenplay = Jayanth C. Paranjee
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prabhas]] [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cinematography = Jawahar Reddy
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Art Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002|11|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹2 Crore (Distributor Share)
}}
'''''Eeswar''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama]] film directed by [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]], starring debutant [[Prabhas]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/prabhas-launch.html| title = Launch on new hero Prabhas| work= [[Idlebrain.com]]| date = 20 March 2000| accessdate = 12 March 2011| archive-date = 14 May 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150514125147/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/prabhas-launch.html| url-status = live}}</ref> and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]. Siva Krishna and [[Revathi]] played supporting roles. It marked the debut of [[Prabhas]], nephew of popular Telugu actor [[Krishnam Raju]].<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-eeswar.html|title=Of love and crime|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=Idlebrain.com|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Prabhas]] as Eeswar
*[[Sridevi Vijaykumar]] as Indu
*Dheeraj Krishna Nori as Desi Dheeraj
*[[Revathi]] as Eeswar's stepmother
*[[Ravi Prakash|Ravikanth]]
*Hanumanthu
*N. Hari Krishna
*Siva Krishna as Eeshwar's father
*Kolla Ashok Kumar as Indu's father
*[[Abhinaya Krishna]] as Eeswar's friend
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Priest
*[[Allari Subhashini]]
*[[Pavala Syamala]]
*C Kalyan as Police Officer<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_jayant1.html|title=Interview with Jayant |last=Jeevi|work=Idlebrain.com|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
*Krishna as GK<ref name="I"/>
*Rambabu<ref name="I"/>
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film marked the debut of [[Prabhas]] and lead debut of [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]], who previously worked as a child actress.<ref name="A"/> This is the fastest film that [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]] made and the production was completed in 45 days. Hanumanthu, N. Hari Krishna, and Rambabu were cast in the film after Paranjee met them at a cultural festival.<ref name="I"/>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Eeswar
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|2002}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 27:58
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-eeswar.html|title=Juke Box - Eeswar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021030104543/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-eeswar.html|archive-date=30 October 2002|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> All songs were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. Music was released by [[Aditya Music]] company. In an audio review, Sreya Sunil of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'', wrote "While most of the tunes can be termed as above average, some songs stand out mainly because of Sirivennela's lyrics that convey a lot of emotions in simple words".<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/eeswar.html|title=Audio review of Eeswar - Above average|last=Sunil|first=Sreya|work=Idlebrain.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021126084422/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/eeswar.html|archive-date=26 November 2002|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:58
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ameerpet
| extra1 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| length1 = 4:30

| title2 = Olammo Olammo
| extra2 = R. P. Patnaik, Usha
| length2 = 3:47

| title3 = Gundelo Valava
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], [[Singer Usha|Usha]]
| length3 = 4:57

| title4 = Dhindhirana
| extra4 = Rajesh, Usha
| length4 = 4:30

| title5 = Innallu
| extra5 = Rajesh, Usha
| length5 = 4:14

| title6 = Kotaloni Rani
| extra6 = Usha, Rajesh, Nihal, Lenina, [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length6 = 4:21

| title7 = Thillana (Theme Music)
| extra7 = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| length7 = 1:39
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' said that "Over all, it's an average flick and worth watching for all curious people to see how Prabhas fared".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-eeswar.html|title=Movie review - Eeswar|work=Idlebrain.com|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101225853/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-eeswar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "On the whole ''[[Takkari Donga]]'' director Jayant C Paranji’s new film ''Eeswar'' is lacklustre".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/19south.htm|title=Eeswar is boring!|work=[[Sify]]|via=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101225846/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/19south.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "A little more care in streamlining the climax part of the story would have made the drama look sensible and different. The film has been unnecessarily stretched too far and beyond the three-hour limit too".<ref name="H"/>

== Box office ==
The 100 day celebration for the film was held in Guntur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news233.html|title=Eeswar celebrates 100 days at Guntur|work=Idlebrain.com|date=22 February 2003|access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0924219|Eeshwar}}

{{Jayanth C. Paranjee}}

[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 action drama films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jayanth C. Paranjee]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Erikuthi

2026-02-19T19:41:15Z

PriscillaNair10:

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox place
| name = Erikuthi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu#India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|56|00|N|78|43|05|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gudiyatham]]
| area_total_km2 = 3.23
| elevation_m = 369
| population_total = 8057
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635810
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 04171
| registration_plate = TN-23
}}

'''Erikuthi''' is a village in [[PERNAMBUT]] Taluk, [[Vellore district|Vellore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It lies near the state boundary with [[Andhra Pradesh]], about 16 kilometres west of the subdistrict capital [[Gudiyatham]], and 45 kilometres west of the district capital [[Vellore]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 8,057.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Erikuthi is situated in a mountainous and forested region. It has an total land area of 323.35 hectares.

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], there were 1,723 households within the village. Among the population, 3,908 are male and 4,149 are female. The overall literacy rate was 55.84%, with 2,363 of the male population and 2,136 of the female population being literate. Its census location code was 630285.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Vellore district]]

Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 8

2026-02-05T22:30:59Z

PriscillaNair10: put up some data more to come

{{Short description|2024 television show season}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #7600EC
| season_number = 8
| image = Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Logo.png
| caption = Season 8 Logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Akkineni Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna]]
|num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 22
| runner_up = Gautham Krishna
| winner = Nikhil Maliyakkal
}}
| network = [[Star Maa]] [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|9|1|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|12|15|df=yes}}
| next_season = [[Bigg Boss Agnipariksha|Agnipariksha]]
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 8''''', also known as '''''Bigg Boss 8: Limitless''''', is a reality show and the eighth season of the Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[reality television]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss]],'' produced by [[Banijay]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-22 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Check release date, contestant list, new rules of Nagarjuna-hosted reality show |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bigg-boss-telugu-8-check-release-date-contestant-list-new-rules-of-nagarjuna-hosted-reality-show/articleshow/111917467.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The show premiered on 1 September 2024, on [[Star Maa]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]], with [[Akkineni Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna]] returning as a host for the sixth time in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Contestants: బిగ్ బాస్ తెలుగు 8 కంటెస్టెంట్స్ లిస్ట్ ఇదే.. 10 మంది కన్ఫర్మ్! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-confirmed-contestants-list-of-10-celebrities-bigg-boss-8-telugu-confirmed-contestants-nagarjuna-121724303036047.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Grand Premiere Date, Time, Host, Contestants And Other Streaming Details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-telugu-8-grand-premiere-date-time-host-contestants-list-and-other-streaming-details-article-112710615 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Times Now News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Grand Launch: బిగ్ బాస్ తెలుగు 8 ప్రారంభమయ్యేది ఆ రోజే.. డేట్, టైమ్ రివీల్ చేసిన స్టార్ మా |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-grand-launch-on-september-1st-7-pm-star-maa-channel-reveals-the-date-akkineni-nagarjuna-121724230557940.html |access-date=28 August 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times Telugu}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naresh |date=2024-08-30 |title=బిగ్‌బాస్‌తో రీచార్జ్ అవుతున్న నాగ్- ఈసారి మరింత ఉల్లాసంగా ఉత్సాహంగా! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/king-nagarjuna-is-ready-to-host-bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-177633 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>

The season's finale took place on 15 December 2024 with Nikhil Maliyakkal winning the title along with ₹55 [[lakh]] prize money and a car, while Gautham Krishna emerged as the first runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-15 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Winner: Nikhil Takes Home The Coveted Trophy Of Nagarjuna-Hosted Show |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-winner-nikhil-takes-home-the-coveted-trophy-of-nagarjuna-hosted-show-disney-plus-hotstar-10207007 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Logo ===
The logo of the season was revealed on 21 July 2024 representing [[infinity]] theme by symbolising the digit eight as an infinitum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-21 |title=Big Boss Telugu season 8 logo revealed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-logo-revealed |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-22 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 logo unveiled; Nagarjuna is back with his swag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-8-logo-unveiled-nagarjuna-is-back-with-his-swag/articleshow/111921773.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Teasers ===
The teation with teaser was released on 11th Aug 2024 in which the concept of infinity, twists and turns was explained.<ref name="BB 8 Promo">{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 New Promo: బిగ్‍బాస్ సీజన్ 8 కొత్త ప్రోమో వచ్చేసింది.. 'ట్విస్టులకు లిమిటే లేదు': వీడియో |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-new-promo-released-nagarjuna-hits-limitless-twists-and-turns-this-season-watch-now-121723381961979.html |access-date=13 August 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Concept ===
Infinite/limitless possibilities.<ref name="BB 8 Promo" />

=== 24x7 streaming ===
The show is scheduled to be streamed 24/7 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and an hour-long episode every day on [[Star Maa]]. The episodes will be shown on a 24-hour live stream, from Monday to Friday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Watch live from September 1, all details inside! |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-watch-live-september-1-all-details-inside-325657 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Sakshi Post}}</ref>

==Housemates Status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!#
! scope="col" style="background: #0000Z0;color: black" |Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#0000Z0;color: black" |Day entered
! scope="col" style="background: #0000Z0;color: black" |Day exited
! scope="col" style="background: #0000Z0;color: black" |Status
!Ref.
|-
!1
|Nikhil
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{Won|Winner}}
|
|-
!2
|Gautham
|Day 35
|Day 105
|{{Runner up| 1st runner-up}}
|
|-
!3
|Nabeel
|Day 1
|Day 105
|style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |2nd Runner-up
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=richa |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Grand Finale: Nabeel misses golden chance, got eliminated |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-grand-finale-nabeel-misses-golden-chance-got-eliminated-rba-sojolz |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!4
|Prerana
|Day 1
|Day 105
|style="background:#DDA0DD;"|{{nowrap|3rd Runner-up}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-12-15 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: How much Prerana earn from the show? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bigg-boss-telugu-8-how-much-prerana-earn-from-the-show-1847062 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!5
|Avinash
|Day 35
|Day 105
| style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |4th Runner-up
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Finale LIVE: బిగ్ బాస్ 8 గ్రాండ్ ఫినాలే లైవ్ అప్డేట్స్.. విజేతగా నిఖిల్, గౌతమ్ రన్నర్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/nagarjuna-bigg-boss-8-telugu-grand-finale-title-winnerliveupdates/liveblog/116336108.cms |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
!6
|Vishnupriya
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|
|-
!7
|Rohini
|Day 35
|Day 97
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|
|-
!8
|Prithvi
|Day 1
|Day 91
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|
|-
!9
|Teja
|Day 35
|Day 90
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!10
|Yashmi
|Day 1
|Day 84
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keval |first=Varun |date=2024-11-25 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 - 13th Week Nominations: Intense Fights and Key Contestants Nominated |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bigg-boss-telugu-8-13th-week-nominations-intense-fights-and-key-contestants-nominated-924366 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!11
|Hariteja
|Day 35
|Day 70
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|
|-
!12
|Gangavva
|Day 35
|Day 69
|{{Quit|Walked }}
|
|-
!13
|Nayani
|Day 35
|Day 63
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Nayani Pavani Eliminated |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bbt8-nagarjuna-evicts-nayani-pavani-from-bigg-boss-house-1834999 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!14
|Mehaboob
|Day 35
|Day 56
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Mehboob eliminated |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/nagarjuna-evicts-this-contestant-from-bigg-boss-house-1833452 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!15
|Manikanta
|Day 1
|Day 49
|{{Quit|Walked }}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhawana |date=2024-10-19 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: In an Unexpected Turn, THIS actor gets eliminated |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bigg-boss-telugu-8-in-an-unexpected-turn-this-actor-gets-eliminated-1831393 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Manikanta's Interview Reveals Shocking Truths |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-manikantas-interview-reveals-shocking-truths-342863 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!16
|Seetha
|Day 1
|Day 42
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu: Kirrak Seeta gets eliminated in a SHOCKING manner |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-8-telugu-kirrak-seeta-gets-eliminated-in-a-shocking-manner/b5a1f061d9651 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!17
|Nainika
|Day 1
|Day 35
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Reload Event Live Updates: Exciting Ex-Housemates As Wild Cards; Celebrity Guests & More |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2024/bigg-boss-telugu-8-reload-event-live-updates-exciting-ex-housemates-as-wild-cards-celebrity-guests-421731.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!18
|Aditya
|Day 1
|Day 32
|style="background:#BFF000;" | {{nowrap|Evicted By Housemates}}

|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu: Time for a crazy elimination and 8 wild card entries |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bigg-boss-8-telugu-yet-another-elimination-and-crazy-wild-card-entries-to-be-unleashed/f85e458056926 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!19
|Soniya
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akula Evicted From Bigg Boss|url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/sonia-akula-eliminate-bigg-boss8-1387095 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Tupaki English|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!20
|Abhay
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu: Abhay Naveen gets eliminated? |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/bigg-boss-8-telugu-abhay-naveen-gets-eliminated.html/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=123telugu.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!21
|Shekar
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Shekar Basha ELIMINATED From Nagarjuna's Show |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-telugu-8-shekar-basha-eliminated-from-nagarjunas-show-article-113381467 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!22
|Bebakka
|Day 1
|Day 7
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=BB8: Day 7: First Elimination Along With 'Old' Trend |url=https://www.m9.news/what-to-watch-on-ott/bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-day-7-first-elimination-along-with-old-trend/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== Housemates ==
The participants in the order of appearance and entered to the house are:

=== Original entrants ===

* Yashmi Gowda – Actress. She is known for her appearances in the fantasy television series ''[[Naga Bhairavi]]'' and the drama series ''[[Krishna Mukunda Murari]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2024-09-01 |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu {{!}} బిగ్‌ బాస్‌ 8 తెలుగు షురూ.. తొలి కంటెస్టెంట్‌ ఎవరంటే..? |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/yashmi-gowda-first-contestant-bigg-boss-8-telugu-1713507 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te}}</ref>
* Nikhil Maliyakkal – Actor. He is known for his appearances in the television dramas [[List of programs broadcast by Star Maa|''Gorintaku'']], Oorvasivo Raakshasivo and ''[[Ammaku Teliyani Koilamma]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Telugu |first1=10TV |last2=Nill |first2=Saketh |date=2024-09-01 |title=బిగ్ బాస్ 8 మొదలు.. సెకండ్ కంటెస్టెంట్ ఇతనే.. నిఖిల్ గురించి తెలుసా? |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-started-second-contestant-nikhil-malyakkal-861269.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=10TV Telugu |language=Telugu}}</ref>
* Abhay Bethiganti – Actor and filmmaker. He is best known for his role as Vishnu in the film ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Bigg Boss 8 -This actor-director confirmed to grace the show {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/bigg-boss-8-this-actor-director-confirmed-to-grace-the-show.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Prerana Kambam – Actress. She is best known for the drama series ''[[Krishna Mukunda Murari]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8: నాలుగో కంటెస్టెంట్‌గా రష్మిక క్లోజ్‌ ఫ్రెండ్‌ {{!}} Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Contestants: Prerana Kambam Entered As 4th Contestant {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-8-contestants-prerana-kambam-entered-4th-contestant-2170187 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>
* Madhoo Nekkanti – Internet celebrity. Popularly known as "Bezawada Bebakka", she is popular for her short comedy videos.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-09-02 |title=Who is Bezawada Bebakka Social Media Star who entered BBT8 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bezawada-bebakka-enters-bigg-boss-telugu-8-house-1820796 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shekar Basha]] – Radio jockey and activist. He is popular for his stint as a radio jockey in the [[92.7 Big FM]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-09-02 |title=Meet the most controversial contestant in Bigg Boss Telugu 8 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/who-is-shekar-basha-in-bigg-boss-telugu-8-1820806 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Aditya Om]] – Actor and filmmaker. He is best known for his performance in the films ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]'' (2002) and ''[[Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-01 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Aditya Om and Vishnupriya step in |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/bigg-boss-telugu-8-aditya-om-and-vishnupriya-step-in |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Remuneration: బిగ్ బాస్ నుంచి హీరో ఆదిత్య ఓం ఎలిమినేట్.. 33 రోజుల సంపాదన ఇదే.. మిగతా వారికంటే చాలా ఎక్కువ! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-this-week-elimination-contestant-aditya-om-remuneration-in-33-days-bigg-boss-8-telugu-remuneration-121727922351072.html |access-date=5 October 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times Telugu}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Soniya Akula]] – Actress. She has debuted with [[George Reddy (film)|''George Reddy'']] (2019) and is best known for her role as Aasha in the 2022 docudrama ''[[Aasha Encounter]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-09-02 |title=RGV's heroine enters Bigg Boss house |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/coronavirus-actress-in-bigg-boss-telugu-8-1820803 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Kirrak Seetha – Actress. She is best known for her role as Seetha in the film [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']] (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirrak Seetha: సీతతో అంత ఈజీ కాదు.. బిగ్‌బాస్ హౌస్‌లోకి జంటగా కిరాక్ సీత, నాగ మణికంఠ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/kirrak-seetha-naga-manikanta-enters-into-bigg-boss-telugu-season-8/articleshow/112973348.cms |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
* Naga Manikanta – Actor. He is known for his appearances in the television drama [[List of programs broadcast by Star Maa|''Kasthuri'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-01 |title=Nagarjuna's Bigg Boss Telugu 8 BEGINS! Know full contestants list, timings here |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-grand-premiere-full-contestants-list-timings-where-to-watch-2678827 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Prithviraj Shetty – Actor. He is known for his appearances in the television fantasy series [[List of programs broadcast by Star Maa|''Nagapanchami'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Telugu |first1=10TV |last2=Nill |first2=Saketh |date=2024-09-01 |title=బిగ్ బాస్ సీజన్ 8.. పదకొండో కంటెస్టెంట్.. పృథ్విరాజ్ శెట్టి గురించి తెలుసా? |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-started-eleventh-contestant-prithviraj-shetty-861325.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=10TV Telugu |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu Season 8: Who Is Contestant Prithviraj Shetty? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-who-is-contestant-prithviraj-shetty-9040519.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* Vishnupriyaa Bhimeneni – Actress and television presenter. She is best known as television presenter in the game show ''[[Pove Pora]]''. She is also known her appearances in the film ''[[Wanted Pandugod]]'' (2022) and the crime thriller series ''[[Dayaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anchor vishnu Priya: మడతెట్టేసిన విష్ణుప్రియ.. నాగపంచమి మోక్షతో కలిసి హౌస్‌లోకి |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/vishnupriya-bhimeneni-prithvi-prince-shetty-enters-into-bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-house/articleshow/112973600.cms |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
* Nainika Anasuru – Choreographer. She is popular for her performance in the reality dance competition shows ''[[Dance India Dance]]'' and [[Dhee (TV series)|''Dhee'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8: పదమూడో కంటెస్టెంట్‌గా ఢీ డ్యాన్సర్‌ {{!}} Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Nainika Anasuru Entered As 13th Contestant {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-8-nainika-anasuru-entered-13th-contestant-2170207 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>
* Nabeel Afridi – Internet celebrity. Founded the YouTube channel "Warangal Dairies" and popular for his comedy and parody videos. He has also appeared in ''[[Sharathulu Varthisthai]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Telugu |first1=10TV |last2=Nill |first2=Saketh |date=2024-09-01 |title=బిగ్ బాస్ సీజన్ 8.. పద్నాలుగో కంటెస్టెంట్.. నబీల్ ఆఫ్రిది.. ఎవరితను? |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-started-fourteenth-contestant-nabeel-afridi-861336.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=10TV Telugu |language=Telugu}}</ref>

=== Wildcard entrants in Reloaded event ===
In week 4 and week 5, original entrants housemates had to take part in Survival of the Fittest Task to stop the number of wildcards to enter the house. They were successful to stop four of the twelve wild card entries. Eight housemates entered the house as part of the Royal Clan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Weekend: Nagarjuna to introduce not one but multiple wild card entries following a mid-week elimination |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-8-telugu-weekend-nagarjuna-to-introduce-not-one-but-multiple-wild-card-entries-following-a-mid-week-elimination-1352212 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Reload Event: List of Wild Card Entrants With Photos
|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2024/bigg-boss-telugu-8-reload-event-list-of-wild-card-entrants-with-photos-421587.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

* [[Hari Teja]] — Actress. She was the second runner-up in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 1|season 1]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Wild Card Entrants in Bigg Boss: బిగ్‌బాస్‌ సీజన్‌-8 వైల్డ్‌ కార్డ్‌ ఎంట్రీస్‌ వీళ్లే.. రెండు గ్రూప్‌లుగా హౌస్‌మేట్స్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-wild-card-entry-2024/0210/124182277 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu: These wild card entries to be unleashed today {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/bigg-boss-8-telugu-these-wild-card-entries-to-be-unleashed-today.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Tasty Teja – Internet celebrity and comedian. He is known for his food vlogs on [[YouTube]]. Teja has also appeared in the television comedy show [[Jabardasth (TV series)|''Jabardasth'']]. He was evicted on Day 63 in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 7|season 7]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Nayani Pavani – Internet celebrity. She was evicted on Day 42 in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 7|season 7]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Mehaboob Shaikh – Internet celebrity. He is known as "Mehaboob Dilse". He was evicted on Day 70 in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 4|season 4]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Rohini Noni Reddy – Actress. She is known for the comedy show ''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]''. She was evicted on Day 28 in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 3|season 3]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Gautham Krishna – Actor and doctor. He is known for his leading role in the film ''Aakasa Veedhullo''. He was evicted on Day 91 in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 7|season 7]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Avinash – Actor and comedian. He is best known for his appearance in the television comedy show ''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]''. He was evicted on Day 91 in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 4|season 4]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* [[Gangavva]] – Internet celebrity and actress. She is best known for [[web series]] ''My Village Show Comedy'' with her grandson. She walked on Day 34 in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 4|season 4]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Twists ==
===Buddy twist===
14 housemates have entered the house as pairs. Later 8 housemates have entered the house as pairs during the wildcard reload event.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:20px;"
!Buddy No.
!Pairs
|-
!1
| style="background:#B5FF56;" |Yashmi and Nikhil
|-
!2
| style="background:#00CED1;" |Abhay and {{Nowrap|Prerana}}
|-
!3
| style="background:#FFEB56;" |Aditya and Sonia
|-
!4
| style="background:#FFA556;" |Bebakka and Sekhar
|-
!5
| bgcolor="tomato" |Seetha and Manikanta
|-
!6
| style="background:#E0B0FF;" |Prithviraj and Vishnupriyaa
|-
!7
| style="background:#56C9FF;" | Nainika and Nabeel
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Wildcard reload'''
|-
!8
| style="background:#FFE4C4 ;" |Hariteja and Teja
|-
!9
| style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Nayani and Mehaboob
|-
!10
| style="background:#98FB98 ;" |Rohini and Gautham
|-
!11
| style="background:#E9967A ;" |Avinash and Gangavva
|}

=== Launch bad news ===
On launch day, three bad news were revealed to the housemates <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nill |first1=Nill |last2=B |first2=Satya |date=2024-09-02 |title=Bigg Boss 8 Launched: No Ration, No Captaincy, No Prize Money |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/313909/bigg-boss-8-launched-no-ration-no-captaincy-no-prize-money |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Gulte.com |language=English}}</ref>

* '''No captain:''' This season there will be no captaincy and no immunity.
* '''No ration:''' This season, housemates have to earn their ration each week.
* '''Zero cash prize:''' This season's winner cash prize is zero, but the housemates will get chances to make the prize money limitless.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
! colspan="2" |Week
!Prize money
|-
! rowspan="3" |Week 1
!Day 1
|₹0
|-
! rowspan="2" |Day 7
|₹5,00,000▲
|-
|₹3,00,000 ▼{{efn|All the housemates lost {{INR}}2,00,000 for breaking the house rules.}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 2
!Day 11
|₹5,45,000▲{{efn|Housemates from Keratam Clan won {{INR}}2,45,000 in various tasks.}}
|-
!Day 14
|₹5,60,000▲{{efn|Housemates from Shakti Clan won {{INR}}15.000 in the "Sunday Funday" game task.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Week 3
|₹11,60,000▲{{efn|Each female housemate from Shakti and Kantara Clan won {{INR}}1,00,000 for their performance in the "Contender" task.}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 4
!Day 25
|₹14,60,000▲{{efn|Housemates from Shakti and Kantara Clan won {{INR}}2,00,000 and {{INR}}1,00,000 respectively in the "Survival Of The Fittest" task.}}
|-
!Day 28
|₹15,00,000▲{{efn|Housemates from Kantara Clan won {{INR}}40,000 in the "Sunday Funday" game task.}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 5
!Day 31
|₹18,00,000▲{{efn|Housemates from Shakti Clan won {{INR}}3,00,000 in Round 2 of the "Survival Of The Fittest" task.}}
|-
!Day 35
|₹38,00,000▲{{efn|Hariteja and Teja from Royal Clan won {{INR}}20,00,000 in the "Reload Event" task.}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 6
!Day 37
|₹37,50,000 ▼{{efn|Housemates spent {{INR}}50,000 for extra ration.}}
|-
!Day 41
|₹38,66,500▲{{efn|Housemates from Royal Clan won {{INR}}1,16,500 in the "BB Hotel" task.}}
|-
!Week 7
!Day 47
|₹39,16,500▲{{efn|Avinash from Royal Clan won {{INR}}50,000 in the "Haircut" task.}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |Week 8
!Day 50
|₹38,16,500 ▼{{efn|Hariteja had the nominations shield from which she can be immune from nominations. Each nomination vote by a housemate deducts {{INR}}50,000 from the prize money. {{INR}}1,00,000 was thus deducted due to two nomination votes.}}
|-
!Day 54
|₹40,16,000▲{{efn|Vishnupriyaa from OG Clan won {{INR}}2,00,000 in the "Mega Chief" task.}}
|-
!Day 56
|₹41,16,000▲{{efn|Nikhil and Yashmi from OG Clan won {{INR}}1,00,000 in the "Deepawali Special" task.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Week 9
|₹42,16,000▲{{efn|Nikhil won {{INR}}1,00,000 in the "Sunday Funday" game task.}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 10
!Day 66
|₹49,12,000▲{{efn|Rohini won {{INR}}1,80,000; Nabeel won {{INR}}1,25,000, Prithviraj won {{INR}}99,000, Prerana won {{INR}}2,12,000 and Yashmi won {{INR}}75,000 in the "Mega Chief contender" task.}}
|-
!Day 70
|₹49,07,000 ▼{{efn|{{INR}}1,80,000 were deducted for taking extra ration even after the allotted time is completed, but they bargained Biigg Boss and only {{INR}}5,000 was deducted.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Week 11
|₹50,30,000▲{{efn|Housemates' family members raised a total of {{INR}}1,23,000 during the "Family Week" task.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Week 13
|₹54,30,000▲{{efn|Housemates had to bet on Ticket to Finale contenders, they bet {{INR}}4,00,000 on Avinash.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Week 14
|₹54,99,999▲{{efn|Housemates won all the tasks in the "BB vs Maa Parivaram" task and raised {{INR}}69,000 to the winner's prize money.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Week 15
|₹55,00,000▲{{efn|Gautam won the final task and raised {{INR}}1.}}
|}

; Notes
{{notelist}}

=== Clans ===
This season each Chief had a clan. The biggest clan had privileges like luxurious room with special treats exclusively for them and didn't have to do any of the household duties. From Day 58 of Week 9 onwards there is only one clan named "BB".

'''Key:'''
{{col-begin|width=95%}}
|-
|
: {{Color box|yellow|border=silver}} indicates Anthuleni Veerulu Clan (Week 1{{ndash}}2)
: {{Color box|lightblue|border=silver}} indicates Keratam Clan (Week 1{{ndash}}2)
: {{Color box|red|border=silver}} indicates Akhanda Clan (Week 1{{ndash}}2)
: {{Color box|purple|border=silver}} indicates Shakti Clan (Week 3{{ndash}}5)
: {{Color box|orange|border=silver}} indicates Kantara Clan (Week 3{{ndash}}5)
|
: {{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} indicates OG Clan (Week 6{{ndash}}9)
: {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} indicates Royal Clan (Week 6{{ndash}}9)
: {{Color box|#FED8B1|border=silver}} indicates BB Clan (Week 9{{ndash}}15)
: {{Color box|lightgrey|border=silver}} indicates no Clan
{{col-end}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:20px;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Week 1
! colspan="3" |{{nowrap|Week 2}}
! rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|Week 3}}
! colspan="2" |{{nowrap|Week 4}}
! rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|Week 5}}
! rowspan="2" |{{Nowrap|Week 6}}
! rowspan="2" |Week 7
! rowspan="2" |Week 8
! rowspan="2" |Week 9-15
|-
!Day 3
!Day 5
!{{nowrap|Day 12}}
!{{nowrap|Day 13}}
!{{nowrap|Day 14}}
!{{nowrap|Day 23}}
!Day 26
|-
! colspan="14" style="background:#000;" |
|-
!Nikhil
| colspan="3" style="background:lightblue" | '''Chief'''
| colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Chief'''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen" |''OG''
| rowspan="13" style="background:#FED8B1" |''BB''
|-
!Gautham
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |
| colspan="3" style="background:gold" |''Royal''
|-
!Nabeel
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow" |''Anthuleni Veerulu''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |{{nowrap|''No Clan''}}
| colspan="4" style="background:orange" |''Kantara''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |{{nowrap|''No Clan''}}
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |''OG''
|-
!Prerana
| colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white " |''Akhanda''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="4" style="background:orange" |''Kantara''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen" |''OG''
|-
!Avinash
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |
| colspan="3" style="background:gold" |''Royal''
|-
!Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow" |''Anthuleni Veerulu''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| colspan="2" style="background:orange" |''Kantara''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen" |''OG''
|-
!Rohini
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |
| colspan="3" style="background:gold" |''Royal''
|-
!Prithviraj
| colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white " |''Akhanda''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="4" style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen" |''OG''
|-
!Teja
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="3" style="background:gold" |''Royal''
|-
!Yashmi
| colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white " | '''Chief'''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="2" style="background:orange" |''Kantara''
| colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen" |''OG''
|-
!Hariteja
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |
| colspan="3" style="background:gold" |''Royal''
|-
!Gangavva
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |
| colspan="3" style="background:gold" |''Royal''
|-
!Nayani
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |
| colspan="3" style="background:gold" |''Royal''
|-
!Mehaboob
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5" |
| colspan="3" style="background:gold" |''Royal''
| style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Manikanta
| colspan="3" style="background:lightblue" |''Keratam''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="2" style="background:orange" |''Kantara''
| style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| style="background:orange" |''Kantara''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen" |''OG''
| colspan="2" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Seetha
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow" |''Anthuleni Veerulu''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="2"style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| colspan="2" style="background:orange" |'''Chief'''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| style="background:lightgreen" |''OG''
| colspan="3" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Nainika
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow" | '''Chief'''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| colspan="2" style="background:orange" |''Kantara''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="4" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Aditya
| colspan="3" style="background:yellow" |''Anthuleni Veerulu''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="3" style="background:orange" |''Kantara''
| style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="4" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Soniya
| style="background:lightblue" |''Keratam''
| colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white " |''Akhanda''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| colspan="4" style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| colspan="5" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Abhay
| colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white " |''Akhanda''
| colspan="3" style="background:orange" |'''Chief'''
| colspan="7" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Shekar
| colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white " |''Akhanda''
| style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Clan''
| style="background:purple; color:white" |''Shakti''
| colspan="8" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
!Bebakka
| colspan="3" style="background:lightblue" |''Keratam''
| colspan="10" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|}

=== Bedroom allotment ===
This season's house had three bedrooms: Dragonfly Bedroom, Peacock Bedroom and Zebra Bedroom with different privileges.

'''Key:'''

: {{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} indicates Dragonfly Room
: {{Color box|purple|border=silver}} indicates Peacock Room
: {{Color box|black|border=silver}} indicates Zebra Room

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:20px;"
!
!Week 1
!{{nowrap|Week 2}}
!{{nowrap|Week 3}}
!{{nowrap|Week 4}}
!{{nowrap|Week 5}}
!{{Nowrap|Week 6}}
!Week 7
!Week 8
!Week 9
!Week 10
!{{nowrap|Week 11}}
!{{nowrap|Week 12}}
!{{nowrap|Week 13}}
!{{nowrap|Week 14}}
!{{nowrap|Week 15}}
|-
! colspan="16" style="background:#000;" |
|-
!Nikhil
| colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |{{nowrap|'''Dragonfly Room'''}}
| colspan="12" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
|-
!Gautham
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="10" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
|-
!Nabeel
| colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| colspan="12" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
|-
!Prerana
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
| style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| colspan="12" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
|-
!Avinash
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="10" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
|-
!Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| colspan="12" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{nowrap|'''Dragonfly Room'''}}
| style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Rohini
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="9" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Prithviraj
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
| colspan="10" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| colspan="2" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Teja
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="8" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| colspan="2" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Yashmi
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
| colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{nowrap|'''Dragonfly Room'''}}
| colspan="3" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Hariteja
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| colspan="5" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Gangavva
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="5" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| colspan="5" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Nayani
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="4" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| colspan="6" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Mehaboob
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |
| colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| colspan="7" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Manikanta
| colspan="4" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{nowrap|'''Dragonfly Room'''}}
| colspan="8" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Seetha
| colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
| colspan="9" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Nainika
| colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
| colspan="10" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
!Aditya
| style="background:black; color:white" |'''Zebra Room'''
| colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |{{nowrap|'''Dragonfly Room'''}}
| style="background:purple; color:white" |{{nowrap|'''Peacock Room'''}}
| colspan="10" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Soniya
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
| style="background:purple; color:white" |'''Peacock Room'''
| colspan="11" style="background:darkgrey;" |
|-
!Abhay
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Dragonfly Room'''
| style="background:purple; color:white" |{{nowrap|'''Peacock Room'''}}
| colspan="12" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Shekar
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{nowrap|'''Dragonfly Room'''}}
| colspan="13" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|-
!Bebakka
| style="background:purple; color:white" |{{nowrap|'''Peacock Room'''}}
| colspan="14" style="background: darkgrey;" |
|}

=== Infinity Room ===
On day 42, the Infinity Room was opened where special housemates will get to ask any request from Bigg Boss until the Bigg Boss Universe.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
! colspan="2" |Week
!Housemate
!Request
|-
!Week 7
!Day 42
|Nabeel
|Extra time to take ration.
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 14
!Day 93
|Prerana
| rowspan="4" |Vote appeal to win the season.
|-
!Day 94
|Nabeel
|-
!Day 95
|Vishnupriyaa
|-
!Day
96
|Nikhil
|}

== Guest appearances ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
! style="background:#0000A0; color:white; " |Week
! style="background:#0000A0; color:white; " |Day
! style="background:#0000A0; color:white; " |Event
! style="background:#0000A0; color:white; " |Guest(s)
! style="background:#0000A0; color:white; " |Purpose of visit
! style="background:#0000A0; color:white; " |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''Week 1'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''Day 0'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''Premiere'''
|[[Rana Daggubati]], [[Nivetha Thomas]] and Vishwadev Rachakonda
|To promote their film [[35 (film)|''35'']].
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattnaik |first=Ananya |date=2024-09-02 |title=Nagarjuna Akkineni returns as host of Bigg Boss Telugu 8 |url=https://pragativadi.com/nagarjuna-akkineni-returns-as-host-of-bigg-boss-telugu-8/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=[[Pragativadi]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Priyanka Mohan]]
|To promote their film ''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]''.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu Season 8: When And Where To Watch, Full List Of Contestants |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/nagarjuna-akkineni-bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-full-list-of-contestants-when-and-where-to-watch-1714467 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=[[ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anil Ravipudi]]
|To conduct a game related to the "third bad news".
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-01 |title=Watch: First teaser of Bigg Boss 8, Surprise Inside |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/watch-first-teaser-bigg-boss-8-surprise-inside-328390 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''Week 5'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''Day 35'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |'''Reload Event'''
|[[Sree Vishnu]], [[Ritu Varma]] and [[Daksha Nagarkar]]
|To promote their film [[Swag (film)|''Swag'']].
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Reload Event: Full Guests List; Here's Who'll Arrive Besides Wildcard Entrant |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2024/bigg-boss-telugu-8-reload-event-full-guests-list-heres-wholl-arrive-besides-wildcard-entrants-421687.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]], [[Dil Raju]], Sandeep Reddy Bandla and Sangeerthana Vipin
|To promote their film ''[[Janaka Aithe Ganaka]]''.
|-
|[[Sudheer Babu]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] and Aarna Vohra
|To promote their film ''[[Maa Nanna Superhero]]''.
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |'''Week 6'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |'''Day 42'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |'''Dasara Special'''
|[[Amritha Aiyer]]
|Dance performance.
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-13 |title=బిగ్ బాస్ 8: దసరా స్పెషల్ గా నేటి ఎపిసోడ్ కంటెస్టెంట్ల గేమ్స్, డ్యాన్సులతో హౌజ్ లో ఫుల్ రచ్చ రచ్చ! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/bigg-boss-8-telugu-dasara-special-episode-promo-and-latest-updates-of-bigg-boss-8-telugu-telugu-news-ten24101301951 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarjuna Bigg Boss: దసరా విజేతలుగా రాయల్ క్లాన్.. నాగార్జున బంపర్ ఆఫర్.. ఏకంగా ఆ ట్రోఫీ ఇచ్చేశారుగా |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-today-episode-royal-clan-won-the-chief-contender-trophy/articleshow/114195010.cms |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mangli]]
|Special performance and [[Bathukamma]] celebrations with housemates.
|-
|[[Sreenu Vaitla]] and [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]
|To promote their film ''[[Viswam (film)|Viswam]]''.
|-
|[[Dimple Hayathi]]
|Dance performance.
|-
|[[Faria Abdullah]]
|Dance performance.
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center" |'''Week 8'''
| style="text-align:center" |'''Day 55'''
| style="text-align:center" |'''{{Ndash}}'''
|[[Suriya]], [[Siva (director)|Siva]] and [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
|To promote their film ''[[Kanguva]]''.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=Suriya to promote Kanguva with Nagarjuna and Balakrishna {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/suriya-to-promote-kanguva-with-nagarjuna-and-balakrishna.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center" |'''Day 56'''
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center" |'''Deepawali Special'''
|[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
|Dance performance.
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2024 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 : 27th Oct Highlights, Avinash's self elimination |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/tv/bigg-boss-telugu-8-27th-oct-highlights-avinashs-self-elimination-344761 |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=దీపావళి ధమాకా - సూపర్ ఎంటర్ టైనింగ్ గా సండే ఎపిసోడ్ - అలరించిన తారలు! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/bigg-boss-8-telugu-diwali-special-episode-and-latest-updates-of-bigg-boss-8-telugu-telugu-news-ten24102703030 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Day 56: అప్పుడూ అంతే.. ఇప్పుడూ ఇంతే.. స్టేజ్ మీద మెహబూబ్ ఎమోషనల్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-episode-57-day-56-mehaboob-eliminated-on-diwali-special-episode/articleshow/114661935.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kiran Abbavaram]], Nayan Sarika, [[Tanvi Ram]]
|To promote their film [[KA (film)|''KA'']].
|-
|[[Mehreen Pirzada]]
|Dance performance.
|-
|Sameera Bharadwaj
|Parody song performance.
|-
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], [[Venky Atluri]]
|To promote their film ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''.
|-
|Saanve Megghana
|Dance performance.
|-
|[[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Sai Pallavi]], Rajkumar Periasamy
|To promote their film [[Amaran (2024 film)|''Amaran'']].
|-
|[[Hyper Aadi]]
|Special commentary.
|-
| style="text-align:center" |'''Week 10'''
| style="text-align:center" |'''Day 70'''
| rowspan="37" style="text-align:center" |'''{{Ndash}}'''
|[[Varun Tej]]
|To promote his film ''[[Matka (film)|Matka]]''.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Promo Today: రేయ్ ఎవర్రా మీరంతా.. వాలకాలు చూసి వరుణ్‌ తేజ్‌ హడల్.. గెటప్స్‌తో చంపేశారు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-8-day-70-promo-avinash-tasty-teja-unlimited-fun-with-varun-tej/articleshow/115139441.cms |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="20" |'''Week 11'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 72'''
|Nusrat, Nabeel's mother
| rowspan="10" |Family reunion week.
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyotsna |date=2024-11-13 |title=రోహిణి మదర్ ఎంత స్పోర్టివ్‌గా ఉన్నారో... ఫ్యామిలీ ఎపిసోడ్‌లో నవ్వులు... బుడ్డోడితో తేజ అల్లరి |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-8-telugu-episode-73-day-72-written-review-family-week-nabeel-and-rohini-mother-in-the-house-187017 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Govindamma, Rohini's mother
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Day 73'''
|Sulekha, Nikhil's mother
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Day 73: 'గౌతమ్‌తో గొడవలొద్దు.. యష్మీని కంట్రోల్‌లో పెట్టు.. అలానే ఆ ప్రేరణని'.. నిఖిల్‌కి గట్టిగానే క్లాసు తీసుకున్న తల్లి |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-november-13-written-updates-nikhil-mother-advices-him-to-control-yashmi/articleshow/115266003.cms?story=5 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Ramesh, Yashmi's father
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyotsna |date=2024-11-14 |title=యష్మీకి నాన్న సలహాలు.. నిఖిల్‌కు అమ్మ సూచనలు.. భార్యతో అవినాష్ కామెడీ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-8-telugu-episode-74-day-73-written-review-family-week-yashmi-father-nikhil-mother-and-avinash-wife-in-the-house-187124 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Anuja, Avinash's wife
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Day 74'''
|Mohan, Vishnupriyaa's father
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Day 74: మాటలు తప్ప ఏం చేసుకోలేం.. తండ్రితో విష్ణుప్రియ తిక్క మాటలు.. ప్రేరణకి షాకిచ్చిన భర్త శ్రీపద్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-november-14-written-updates-vishu-priya-opposes-his-fathers-advice-in-family-week/articleshow/115309932.cms?story=9 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-14 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Vishnu Priya's father enters the house |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-vishnu-priyas-father-enters-house-349743 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Satyabhama, Pritiviraj's mother
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=అందరికంటే విష్ణుప్రియ ఎక్కువ ఇష్టం: పృథ్వీ తల్లి {{!}} Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Promo: Prithviraj Shetty Mother Enter into BB House {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-8-promo-prithviraj-shetty-mother-enter-bb-house-2254498 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Jagadeesh, Gautham's brother
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gautham Krishna Brother: గౌతమ్ కృష్ణ కోసం బిగ్ బాస్ హౌస్‌లో రాబోతున్న డాక్టర్ జగదీష్.. ‘తమ్ముడూ లెట్స్ డూ కుమ్ముడూ’ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/gautham-krishna-brother-dr-jagadeesh-entered-the-bigg-boss-house/articleshow/115260196.cms |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 75'''
|Shripad Deshpande, Prerana's husband
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyotsna |date=2024-11-16 |title=తేజని హీరో చేసిన బిగ్ బాస్.. ఫ్యామిలీ ఎపిసోడ్‌ సంపూర్ణం.. అవినాష్‌కు కలిసొచ్చిన లక్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-8-telugu-episode-76-day-75-written-review-surprise-to-tasty-teja-and-avinash-become-mega-chef-once-again-187364 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Lakshmi, Teja's mother
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''Day 76'''
|Roopa (Prerana's mother), Prakruthi Kambam (Prerana's sister), [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]]
|To support Prerana.
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Day 76: టాప్-5లో ఆ ముగ్గురూ కన్ఫార్మ్.. డిసైడ్ చేసిన ఫ్యామిలీ మెంబర్స్.. టేస్టీ తేజ కూడా ఉన్నాడయ్యో |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-november-16-written-updates-nikhil-gautham-nabeel-are-likely-to-be-in-top-5-says-family-members/articleshow/115369427.cms |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Pavani (Vishnupriyaa's sister), Anchor Ravi
|To support Vishnupriyaa.
|-
|Simhadri (Rohini's father), [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]
|To support Rohini.
|-
|Vikram (Pritiviraj's brother), Darsini Gowda
|To support Prithviraj.
|-
|Manga Devi (Gautham's mother), Syed Sohel Ryan
|To support Gautham.
|-
|Sharjeel Ali (Nabeel's brother), Bhole Shavali
|To support Nabeel.
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Day 77'''
|Sri Satya, Samyuktha VJ
|To support Yashmi.
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Day 77: రేయ్ బావా వస్తే కప్పుతోనే రా.. విష్ణుకి నంబర్ 1 ఎట్టా ఇచ్చావయ్యా అమరదీపం.. దండాలయ్యా నబీల్ భయ్యా |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-november-17-written-updates-amardeep-great-words-about-his-freindship-with-nikhil/articleshow/115391767.cms?story=9 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyotsna |date=2024-11-18 |title=మామా ఏక్ పెగ్ లా అంటోన్న యష్మీ... విష్ణు ప్రియకు ‘బత్తాయి’, పృథ్వీకి బలుపు - బతికిపోయిన అవినాష్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-8-telugu-episode-78-day-77-written-review-nabeel-used-eviction-shield-to-avinash-187550 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Srinivasa Reddy (Teja's father), [[VJ Sunny]]
|To support Teja.
|-
|Ashok, [[Kona Venkat]]
|To support Avinash.
|-
|Shashi (Nikhil's father), Amardeep Chowdary
|To support Nikhil.
|-
|'''Week 12'''
|'''Day 81'''
|[[Vishwak Sen]]
|To promote his film ''[[Mechanic Rocky]]''.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Vishwak Sen as Mechanic Rocky in the house! |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-vishwak-sen-mechanic-rowdy-house-351848 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=Bigg Boss Vishwak Sen: బిగ్ బాస్ హౌజ్‌లోకి విశ్వక్ సేన్ ఎంట్రీ.. టైమ్ పెంచే పవర్.. జబర్దస్త్ రోహిణికి పంచ్‌లు (వీడియో) |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-vishwak-sen-entry-over-mechanic-rocky-promotions-in-bigg-boss-8-telugu-today-episode-highlights-121732183587207.html |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Week 13'''
|'''Day 86'''
|Akhil Sarthak, Alekhya Harika
| rowspan="4" |To conduct "Ticket to Finale" tasks.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-11-25 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Ex-Contestants Akhil Sarthak & Harika Enter House For Ticket To Finale Special Tasks |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bigg-boss-telugu-8-ex-contestants-akhil-sarthak-harika-enter-house-for-ticket-to-finale-special-tasks-1841222 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Day 87'''
|Maanas Nagulapalli, Priyanka Jain
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Day 87: కమెడియన్ దెబ్బకి నబీల్ ఖేల్ ఖతం.. ఆత్రం ఎక్కవ ఆలోచన తక్కువ.. క్లైమాక్స్‌లో ఓ ఊపు ఊపేసిన మానస్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-november-27-written-updates-nabeel-is-out-from-ticket-to-finale-race-because-of-black-badge/articleshow/115742527.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|'''Day 88'''
|[[Punarnavi Bhupalam]], [[Vithika Sheru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyotsna |date=2024-11-29 |title=సంచాలక్‌లకు తడిసిపోయిందే.. అసలు ఆట ఆ ముగ్గురి మధ్యే |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-8-telugu-episode-89-day-88-written-review-vithika-and-punarnavi-sanchalak-and-nikil-won-as-3rd-ttf-task-contender-188764 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|'''Day 89'''
|[[Sreemukhi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyotsna |date=2024-11-30 |title=అవినాష్ దెబ్బకు ఖంగుతిన్న కన్నడ బ్యాచ్... పృథ్వీ విషయంలో విష్ణుకి తలంటిన శ్రీముఖి |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-8-telugu-episode-90-day-89-written-review-avinash-on-ttf-and-sreemukhi-suggests-vishnu-priya-about-pruthvi-188899 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Week 14'''
|'''Day 93'''
|[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]]
|To promote his song "[[Peelings]]" from the film ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyotsna |date=2024-12-04 |title=ఎవ్వరూ పర్ ఫెక్ట్ కాదు.. నేనూ తప్పులు చేశా - ఓటు వేయండని వేడుకున్న ప్రేరణ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-8-telugu-episode-94-day-93-written-review-prerana-vote-appeal-189326 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|'''Day 94'''
|[[Sanjay Thumma]]
|Special dinner for the housemates.
|
|-
|'''Day 95'''
|Band Jammers
|Special performance for the housemates.
|
|-
|'''Day 96'''
|[[Ohmkar]]
|To promote the third season of his television show ''Ismhart Jodi.''
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |'''Week 15'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 99'''
|Arjun Kalyan, Anumita Datta
|To promote their television show ''Nuvvunte Naa Jathaga'' and participate in "BB vs Maa Parivaram" task
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Star Maa Serial: స్టార్ మాలో బిగ్‌బాస్ అర్జున్ క‌ళ్యాణ్ కొత్త సీరియ‌ల్ - టైటిల్ ఇదే! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-fame-arjun-kalyan-new-telugu-serial-nuvvunte-naa-jathagaa-to-telecast-on-starmaa-channel-soon-121732235505679.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|Prabhakar Podakandla, [[Aamani]]
|To promote their television show ''Illu Illalu Pillau'' and participate in "BB vs Maa Parivaram" task
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Day 99: హౌస్‌లో మరోసారి నిఖిల్ లవ్ టాపిక్.. ఫ్యామిలీని ఒప్పించే పెళ్లి చేసుకుంటా.. ఇరికించేసిన ప్రభాకర్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-december-09-written-updates-nikhil-says-love-marriage-is-best-for-him/articleshow/116149457.cms?story=2 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 100'''
|Deepika Rangaraju
| rowspan="4" |To participate in "BB vs Maa Parivaram" task
|
|-
|Akarsh Byramudi, [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 101'''
|Vaishnavi, Krishna
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 8 Telugu Day 101: బాసూ ఏంది మాకీ కర్మ! ఫినాలే వారం అంతా తుస్సే.. ఏం లేదు మొత్తం డొల్లే |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-telugu/bigg-boss-8-telugu-december-11-written-updates-vantalakka-maguva-o-maguva-serial-teams-came-into-the-house/articleshow/116226001.cms?story=3 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|Shravan Kumar, Kruthika Umashankar
|-
|'''Day 104'''
|[[Suma Kanakala]]
|To conduct special games
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఆ బాధతో 18వ అంతస్తు నుంచి దూకేద్దామనుకున్న గౌతమ్‌.. {{!}} Bigg Boss Telugu 8, Dec 14th Episode Review: Anchor Suma Entertains Top 5 Finalists {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-8-dec-14th-episode-review-anchor-suma-entertains-top-5 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''Day 105'''
| rowspan="6" |'''Grand Finale'''
|[[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
|Music performance.
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-15 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Grand Finale Live Updates: Nikhil is the winner of Nagarjuna’s show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-season-8-grand-finale-live-updates-9725844/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-12-15 |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8 Finale: Star-Studded Lineup Adds to the Excitement |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bigg-boss-telugu-8-finale-star-studded-lineup-adds-to-the-excitement-1847058 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
|To promote his film [[UI (film)|''UI'']].
|-
|[[Nabha Natesh]]
|Dance performance.
|-
|[[Raai Laxmi]]
|Dance performance.
|-
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Manju Warrier]]
|To promote their film [[Viduthalai Part 2|''Vidudala Part 2'']].
|-
|[[Ram Charan]]
|To announce the winner.
|}

== Nomination table ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 1
! colspan="4" style="width: 5%;" |Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 3
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" |Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Week 15'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Day 8
! colspan="2" |Day 14
! colspan="2" |Day 22
!Day 28
!Day 85
!Day 90
|-style="background:#C2DFFF;"
! colspan="2" |Nominees For House Chief(s)/ Mega Chief
| colspan="4" |Bebakka Nabeel Nainika Nikhil Shekar Yashmi
| colspan="3" |Abhay Aditya Manikanta Nabeel Prerana Prithviraj Seetha Shekar Soniya Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="2" |Nikhil Soniya
| colspan="2" |Aditya Manikanta Nabeel Nainika Prerana Prithviraj Seetha Soniya Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
| colspan="2" |Nabeel Prithviraj
|Avinash Gautham Hariteja Manikanta Mehaboob Nayani Rohini
|Avinash Gangavva Gautham Hariteja Manikanta Mehaboob Nayani Prerana Rohini Teja VIshnupriyaa Yashmi
|Prithviraj Nikhil Prerana Rohini Teja Vishnupriyaa 
|Avinash Nikhil Hariteja Teja Nabeel Prerana
|Nabeel Prerana Prithviraj Rohini Yashmi
|Avinash Gautham Nabeel Nikhil Prerana Prithviraj Rohini Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
| colspan="2" |Prithviraj Rohini Teja Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Mega Chief''
|- style="background:navajowhite;"
! colspan="2" |'''House Chief(s)/ Mega Chief'''
| colspan="4" |'''Nikhil'''
----'''Nainika'''
----'''Yashmi'''
| colspan="3" |'''Nikhil'''
----'''Abhay'''
| colspan="2" |'''Nikhil'''
| colspan="2" |'''Nikhil'''
----'''Seetha'''
| colspan="2" |'''Nabeel'''
|'''Mehaboob'''
|'''Gautham'''
|'''Vishnupriyaa'''
|'''Avinash'''
|'''Prerana'''
|'''Avinash'''
| colspan="2" |'''Rohini'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Chiefs' Nominations
| colspan="2" |Prithviraj Shekar Soniya
----{{nowrap|Manikanta (x2)}} Bebakka
----Bebakka {{nowrap|Manikanta (x2)}} Shekar Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="2" |Prerana Prithviraj
----Prerana Prithviraj
----Prerana (to save) Vishnupriyaa (to evict)
| colspan="2" |Aditya (to save)
----Aditya (to save)
|Abhay (to evict)
----Abhay (to evict)
| colspan="2" |Nainika (to save)
|Soniya (to save)
----Manikanta (to save)
|Vishnupriyaa Manikanta
----Manikanta Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="2" |Mehaboob Gangavva
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Hariteja (to save)
|Gautham Prerana Teja Nayani Nabeel
|Rohini (to save) Nikhil (to evict)
|Gautham
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Vishnupriyaa Nabeel
| style="background:#FF0000; color:white" |''Lost TTF''
|-
| colspan="26" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Vote to:
! colspan="5" |Evict
!Save
! colspan="3" |Evict
!Save
! colspan="5" |Evict
!Save/Evict
! colspan="4" |Evict
!Ticket to Finale
!Evict
! colspan="2" |none
|-
| colspan="26" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Nikhil
| bgcolor="lightblue" |
| style="background:navajowhite;" |''House Chief''
| bgcolor="orange" |
| colspan="8" style="background:navajowhite;" |''House Chief''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |
|Mehaboob Gangavva
|<s>Teja</s> <s>Teja</s> Teja
|Mehaboob Prerana
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Gautham
|Teja
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Gautham Prerana
| style="background:#FF0000; color:white" |''Lost TTF''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Rohini
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" |'''''Winner''''' {{nowrap|(Day 105)}}
|-
| style="background:gold" |
!Gautham
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''Not in house''
| bgcolor="gold" |
|Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
|<s>Vishnupriyaa</s> Nabeel
| style="background:navajowhite;" |''Mega Chief''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Yashmi
|Prithviraj
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Nikhil Prerana
| style="background:darkblue; color:white" |''Out of the race''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Nikhil
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" |'''''1st Runner-up''''' {{nowrap|(Day 105)}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Nabeel
| bgcolor="yellow" |
|Manikanta <s>Bebakka</s>
| bgcolor="yellow" |
|Nikhil Prithviraj
| bgcolor="orange" |
|Aditya
|Yashmi Prerana
| bgcolor="orange" |
|Soniya Prithviraj
|Manikanta
|Vishnupriyaa Nainika Nikhil
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |
| style="background:navajowhite;" |''Mega Chief''
|<s>Teja</s>
|Prerana Hariteja
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Vishnupriyaa
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Gautham Vishnupriyaa
| style="background:black; color:white" |''Black Star''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |'''''2nd Runner-up''''' {{nowrap|(Day 105)}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Prerana
| bgcolor="red" |
|<s>Manikanta</s> Soniya
| bgcolor="red" |
|Nikhil Seetha
| bgcolor="orange" |
|Aditya
|Seetha Vishnupriyaa
| bgcolor="orange" |
|Manikanta Nainika
|Manikanta
|Manikanta Aditya Nikhil
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |
|Mehaboob Gangavva
|Gautham Prithviraj Nabeel
|Vishnupriyaa Prithviraj
|Prithviraj (to save) Teja (to evict)
|Hariteja
| style="background:navajowhite;" |''Mega Chief''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Vishnupriyaa Gautham
| style="background:black; color:white" |''Black Star''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |'''''3rd Runner-up''''' {{nowrap|(Day 105)}}
|-
| style="background:gold" |
!Avinash
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''Not in house''
|Bgcolor=gold|
|Prithviraj Yashmi
|Manikanta
|style="background-image: linear-gradient( #fcf 50%, white 50%);" |''Walked '' (Day 56)
----Prithviraj Nikhil
|Teja (to save) Yashmi (to evict)
|style="background:navajowhite;" |''Mega Chief''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|style="background:navajowhite;" |''Mega Chief''
|Prithviraj Vishnupriyaa
| style="background:#097969; color:white" |''Won TTF''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |'''''4th Runner-up''''' {{nowrap|(Day 105)}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Vishnupriyaa
| bgcolor="yellow" |
|Shekar <s>Soniya</s>
| bgcolor="yellow" |
|Manikanta Soniya
| bgcolor="purple" |
|Aditya
|Prerana Yashmi
| bgcolor="orange" |
|Aditya Prerana
|Manikanta
|Nainika Nabeel Nikhil
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |
|Mehaboob Gangavva
|Nayani
|Prerana Nikhil
| style="background:navajowhite;" |''Mega Chief''
|Prerana
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Teja Prerana
| style="background:black; color:white" |''Black Star''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Gautham
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 98)
|-
| style="background:gold" |
!Rohini
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''Not in house''
|Bgcolor=gold|
|Yashmi Vishnupriyaa
|Gautham
|Nikhil Prithviraj
|Avinash (to save) Prithviraj (to evict)
|Yashmi
|Vishnupriyaa
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="2" style="background:navajowhite;" |''Mega Chief''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 97)
|-
! colspan="2" |Prithviraj
| bgcolor="red" |
|<s>Bebakka</s> Manikanta
| bgcolor="red" |
|Manikanta Nainika
| bgcolor="purple" |
|Aditya
|Seetha Nainika
| bgcolor="purple" |
|Nabeel Manikanta
|Soniya
|Nainika Manikanta Seetha
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |
|Mehaboob Gangavva
|Avinash
|Prerana Rohini
|Nabeel (to save) Avinash (to evict)
|Rohini
|Avinash
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Avinash Gautham
| style="background:darkblue; color:white" |''Out of the race''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
| style="background:gold" |
!Teja
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''Not in house''
| bgcolor="gold" |
|Seetha Manikanta
|Yashmi
|Vishnupriyaa Prithviraj
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Prithviraj
|Yashmi
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Vishnupriyaa Prithviraj
| style="background:#FF0000; color:white" |''Lost TTF''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 90)
|-
! colspan="2" |Yashmi
|Bgcolor=red|
| colspan="3" style="background:navajowhite;" |''House Chief''
|Bgcolor=orange|
|Aditya
|Manikanta Nainika
|Bgcolor=purple|
|Manikanta Soniya
|Manikanta
|Manikanta Aditya Seetha
|Bgcolor=lightgreen|
|Mehaboob Gangavva
|<s>Teja</s>
|Vishnupriyaa Mehaboob
|Prerana (to save) Hariteja (to evict)
|Gautham
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FA8072;" |Gautham
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
| style="background:gold" |
!Hariteja
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''Not in house''
|Bgcolor=gold|
|Yashmi Prithviraj
|Nikhil Manikanta Yashmi Teja Avinash
|Prerana Mehaboob
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Prerana
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
| style="background:gold" |
!Gangavva
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''Not in house''
|Bgcolor=gold|
|Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
|Prithviraj
|Nikhil Vishnupriyaa
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Yashmi
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#fcf" |''Walked'' (Day 69)
|-
| style="background:gold" |
!Nayani
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''Not in house''
|Bgcolor=gold|
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vishnupriyaa Seetha
|<s>Vishnupriyaa Vishnupriyaa</s>
|Mehaboob Nikhil
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="8" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
| style="background:gold" |
!Mehaboob
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''Not in house''
|Bgcolor=gold|
|Seetha Yashmi
| style="background:navajowhite;" |''Mega Chief''
|Hariteja Nayani
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! colspan="2" |Manikanta
|Bgcolor=lightblue|
|Vishnupriyaa <s>Shekar</s>
|Bgcolor=lightblue|
|Aditya Shekar
|Bgcolor=orange|
|Aditya
|Yashmi Prithviraj
|style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right , purple 50%, orange 50%);" |
|Prithviraj Aditya
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|Nainika Yashmi Nikhil
|Bgcolor=lightgreen|
|Mehaboob Gangavva
|Nikhil
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#fcf" |''Walked'' (Day 49)
| style="background:lightblue;" |Nikhil Nabeel
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#fcf" |
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Seetha'''
|Bgcolor=yellow|
|<s>Prerana</s> Bebakka
|Bgcolor=yellow|
|Nikhil Prerana
|Bgcolor=purple|
|Shekar
|Yashmi Prithviraj
|Bgcolor=orange|
|Prerana Manikanta
| colspan="2" style="background:navajowhite;" |''House Chief''
|Bgcolor=lightgreen|
|Mehaboob Gangavva
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
| style="background:lightblue;" |Prerana Yashmi
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Nainika
|Bgcolor=yellow|
| colspan="3" style="background:navajowhite;" |''House Chief''
|Bgcolor=purple|
|Aditya
|Soniya Prerana
|Bgcolor=orange|
|Manikanta Aditya
|Soniya
|Nabeel Vishnupriyaa Nikhil
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
| style="background:lightblue;" |Nabeel Yashmi
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Aditya
|Bgcolor=yellow|
|<s>Prithiviraj</s> Shekar
|Bgcolor=yellow|
|Abhay Shekar
|Bgcolor=orange|
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|Vishnupriyaa Manikanta
|Bgcolor=purple|
|Prithviraj Soniya
|Manikanta
|Nainika Vishnupriyaa Nikhil
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 32)
| style="background:lightblue;" |Yashmi Prerana
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Soniya
|Bgcolor=lightblue|
|Bebakka <s>Prerana</s>
|Bgcolor=red|
|Nainika Seetha
|Bgcolor=purple|
|Aditya
|Nainika Yashmi
|Bgcolor=purple|
|Nabeel Aditya
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="8" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #FA8072 50%, #FA8072 50%);" | {{nowrap|''Evicted''}} (Day 28)
| style="background:lightblue;" |Prerana Nikhil
| colspan="5" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #FA8072 50%, #FA8072 50%);" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Abhay
|Bgcolor=red|
|Manikanta <s>Bebakka</s>
|Bgcolor=red|
|Vishnupriya Aditya
|Bgcolor=purple|
| colspan="2" style="background:navajowhite;" |''House Chief''
| colspan="17" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
! colspan="2" |Shekar
|Bgcolor=red|
|Manikanta <s>Bebakka</s>
|Bgcolor=red|
|Manikanta Aditya
|Bgcolor=purple|
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="12" bgcolor="#BFFF00" |{{nowrap|''Evicted by Housemates''}} (Day 14)
| style="background:lightblue;" |Prerana Yashmi
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#BFFF00" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Bebakka
|Bgcolor=lightblue|
|Prithviraj <s>Nabeel</s>
| colspan="16" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 7)
| style="background:lightblue;" |Prithviraj Nikhil
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
| colspan="26" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Notes
| colspan="3" |[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 2|2]]
|[[#endnote 3|3]], [[#endnote 4|4]]
| colspan="2" |[[#endnote 5|5]]
|[[#endnote 6|6]]
| colspan="2" |[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 7|7]]
|[[#endnote 8|8]]
|[[#endnote 9|9]], [[#endnote 10|10]]
| colspan="2" |[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 11|11]], [[#endnote 12|12]]
|[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 13|13]], [[#endnote 14|14]], [[#endnote 15|15]]
|[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 16|16]], [[#endnote 17|17]], [[#endnote 18|18]]
|[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 19|19]]
|[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 20|20]], [[#endnote 21|21]]
|[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 22|22]], [[#endnote 23|23]]
|[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 24|24]]
| colspan="2" |[[#endnote 1|1]], [[#endnote 25|25]], [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 8#endnote 26|26]]
|[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 8#endnote 26|26]], [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 8#endnote 27|27]]
| colspan="2" | -
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"
! colspan="2" |Against Public Vote
| colspan="3" |Bebakka Manikanta Prithviraj Shekar Soniya Vishnupriyaa
|Aditya Manikanta Nainika Nikhil <s>Prerana</s> Prithviraj Seetha Shekar Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="2" |Aditya Shekar
|Abhay Manikanta Nainika Prerana Prithviraj Seetha Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
| colspan="2" |Aditya Manikanta <s>Nainika</s> Soniya Prerana Prithviraj Nabeel
|Manikanta Soniya
|Aditya Manikanta Nabeel Nainika Nikhil Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="2" |Gangavva Mehaboob Prithviraj Seetha Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
|<s>Avinash</s> Gautham Hariteja Manikanta Nabeel Nikhil Prerana Prithviraj Teja Yashmi
|<s>Hariteja</s> Mehaboob Nayani Nikhil Prerana Prithviraj Vishnupriyaa
|Gautham Hariteja Teja Yashmi Nayani
|Gautham Hariteja Nikhil Prerana Prithviraj <s>Rohini</s> Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
|Avinash Gautham Prithviraj Teja Vishnupriyaa Yashmi
|Nabeel Nikhil Prerana Prithviraj Yashmi
| colspan="2" |<s>Avinash</s> Gautham Nabeel Nikhil Prerana Prithviraj Teja Vishnupriyaa
|Gautham Nabeel Nikhil Prerana Rohini Vishnupriyaa
| colspan="2" |Avinash Gautham Nabeel Nikhil Prerana
|-bgcolor=#fcf
! colspan="2" |Walked
| colspan="13" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|'''Manikanta'''
|'''Avinash'''
|style="background:#E5E5E5;"|''None''
|'''Gangavva'''
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-style="background:#DAFF99;"
! colspan="2" |Re-entered
|style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|'''Avinash'''
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|- bgcolor="salmon"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Evicted
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |'''Bebakka'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#BFFF00" |'''Shekar'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Abhay'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |'''Soniya'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Aditya'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Seetha'''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" |'''Mehaboob'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Nayani'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Hariteja'''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ccc" |''Eviction Cancelled''
| rowspan="3" |'''Yashmi'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Teja'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Rohini'''
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''Avinash'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Prerana'''
|-
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Nabeel'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Gautham'''
|- bgcolor="salmon"
|'''Nainika'''
| colspan="2" |'''Prithviraj'''
|'''Vishnupriyaa'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76; |'''Nikhil'''
|}
: {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} indicates the returning housemate from previous season
: {{Color box|lightblue|border=darkgray}} indicates that the contestant was a guest entrant.
: {{color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction.
: {{color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate was immune prior to nominations.
: {{color box|salmon|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been evicted.
: {{color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate walked out due to emergency.
: {{color box|Navajowhite|border=darkgray}} indicates the chief.

=== Nomination notes ===
* {{note|1|1}}: Chiefs housemates were immune from this week's nominations.
* {{note|2|2}}: In week 1, housemates had to nominate two housemates each, but the Chiefs had the power to decide which one of their two nominations to be accepted.
* {{note|3|3}}: Chief, was immune from this week's nominations and had the power to save one nominated housemate and directly nominate one housemate.
* {{note|4|4}}: In week 2, housemates had to nominate two housemates from any other two clans.
* {{note|5|5}}: Based on the public vote, the bottom two nominated housemates faced the housemates' eviction vote.
* {{note|6|6}}: Housemates were not eligible to nominate Chiefs in this week's nominations. But the two Chiefs had to mutually decide to nominate one of them, they chose Abhay.
* {{note|7|7}}: Chief Nikhil had the power to save one nominated housemate. He chose Nainika.
* {{note|8|8}}: Based on the Hero & Zero task, Manikanta received the most votes as Zero and was directly in the Bottom two. Based on the public vote, Soniya was in the bottom two. Those two nominated housemates faced the housemates' eviction vote.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Soniya Eliminated: మణికి ఆరుగురు: సోనియాకు ముగ్గురే.. హౌస్‍ నుంచి ఆమె ఔట్.. నిఖిల్ కన్నీరు.. ఓ ట్విస్ట్ రివీల్ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-soniya-akula-eliminated-from-bigg-boss-8-telugu-after-housemates-voting-nikhil-gets-emotional-121727630629376.html |access-date=5 October 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times Telugu}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{note|9|9}}: In this week's nomination, each housemate had to nominate one of the two Chiefs, Nikhil received more votes and was nominated.
* {{note|10|10}}: This week one housemate was evicted in mid-week eviction.
* {{note|11|11}}: On day 35, Royal Clan housemates won the Nomination Shield and had to mutually decide to give it to one of them. They chose Nayani and she was immune from nominations.
* {{note|12|12}}: In week 6, each Royal clan housemate had to nominate two housemates from the OG clan and OG clan housemates had to mutually nominate two housemates from the Royal clan.
* {{note|13|13}}: In this week's nomination, Hariteja and Prerana were chosen as killer girls by Bigg Boss. Other housemates had to race to the platforms, two housemates had to nominate one housemate, and killer girls had to race to grab the cowboy hat first. Then the killer girl had to accept one nomination and cancel one nomination. As Hariteja grabbed the cowboy hat more time, Prerana was nominated.
* {{note|14|14}}: On day 43, Royal Clan housemates used their Immunity Shield. They had to mutually decide to swap one nominated housemate from their clan. They chose to save Avinash and nominated Hariteja.
* {{note|15|15}}: On Day 49, Manikanta decided to voluntary exit, which canceled that week's eviction.
* {{note|16|16}}: In this week's nomination, Royal Clan housemates had the Nomination Shield and Mega Chief Gautam had to decide to give it to one of them. He chose Hariteja. And for every nomination vote, 50 thousand would be deducted from prize money.
* {{note|17|17}}: Mega Chief Gautam had the power to save one nominated housemate. He chose Hariteja.
* {{note|18|18}}: On Day 56, Avinash left the house for a medical check up and returned the same day.
* {{note|19|19}}: Mega Chief Vishnupriyaa had the power to nominate five housemates and lock them in the Jail. Then the save housemates had to race to grab the Jail key, in five rounds the housemate with the key saved one housemate from the Jail and nominated one housemate to replace in the Jail.
* {{note|20|20}}: In this week's nomination, housemates could nominate only one housemate. Mega Chief, Avinash had the power to save one nominated housemate and directly nominate one housemate.
* {{note|21|21}}: On Day 69, due to a medical issue Gangavva left the house.
* {{note|22|22}}: In this week's nomination, housemates had to race to grab the paintbrush, in five rounds the housemate with the paintbrush to nominate one housemate.
* {{note|23|23}}: On Day 77, Nabeel used Eviction Shield on Avinash. As Avinash received the least votes in the public vote, eviction was canceled.
* {{note|24|24}}: In this week's nomination, evicted housemates returned to nominate two housemates.
* {{note|25|25}}: On Day 84, Evicted housemate Yashmi received the ''Bigg Bomb Power'' to nominate either Gautam or Nikhil before leaving (this counted as one nomination vote in next week’s nominations).
* {{note|26|26}}: Avinash winning the ticket to finale task went directly to finale * {{note|27|27}}: In this week's nomination, all housemates except Finalist Avinash were nominated. Later Finalist Avinash had to choose to keep one nominated housemate unsafe, then that housemate choosing another nominated until two housemates remain. Nabeel and Prerana were given a chance to buy the second spot in the Final by bidding money from the winner's cash prize, but both decided to cancel their bid and remained nominated.

== Related shows ==

=== ''Bigg Boss 8 Buzzz'' ===
''Bigg Boss 8 Buzzz'' is an Indian Telugu-language television talk show in which the host interviews the eliminated contestants. The show premiered on 9 September 2024 on Star Maa Music and unaired portions of episodes are streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and aired on Star Maa Music.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |date=September 2022 |title=Former Bigg Boss Telugu contestants Ariyana Glory and Shiva team up for 'BB Cafe'; watch promo - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/former-bigg-boss-telugu-contestants-ariyana-glory-and-shiva-team-up-for-bb-cafe-watch-promo/articleshow/93924618.cms |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Bigg Boss Telugu}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) seasons|08]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Howrah–Delhi Janata Express

2026-02-04T21:00:47Z

PriscillaNair10: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Express train belonging to the Indian railways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{No footnotes|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah Delhi Janata Express
| image= Howrah Delhi Janata Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Express train|Express]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1946|10|01}}
| last = 1 September 2014 [http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=311&id=0,4,268]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}}
| stops = 116 in both directions
| end = [[Old Delhi railway station|Delhi Junction]]
| distance = {{convert|1538|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 39 hours 25 minutes as 13039 Howrah–Delhi Janata Express, 38 hours 35 minutes as 13040 Delhi–Howrah Janata Express
| frequency = Daily
| class = 2nd Class seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached
| observation = Carried about 8 High Capacity Parcel Van. Replaced by 13131/32 [[Kolkata Anand Vihar Express]].
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 13039 / 13040
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|39.44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 13039 / 40 '''Howrah–Delhi Janata Express''' was an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Eastern Railway zone]] that ran between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and [[Old Delhi railway station|Delhi Junction]] in India.

It operated as train number 13039 from Howrah Junction to Delhi Junction and as train number 13040 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]].

==Coaches==

The 13039 / 40 Howrah–Delhi Janata Express had 2 Second Class seating, 7 General Unreserved, 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches and up to 8 High Capacity Parcel Vans. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 13039 Howrah–Delhi Janata Express covered the distance of 1538 kilometres in 39 hours 25 mins (39.02 km/h) and in 38 hours 35 mins as 13040 Delhi–Howrah Janata Express (39.86 km/h).

As the average speed of the train was below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not included a Superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 13039 / 40 Howrah–Delhi Janata Express ran from Howrah Junction via {{stnlnk|Bardhaman Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mokama Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}} to Delhi Junction.

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, an [[Electric Loco Shed, Asansol|Asansol]]-based [[WAM-4]] or a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]]-based [[WAP-4]] had powered the train for its entire journey.

==Timings==

13039 Howrah–Delhi Janata Express leaves Howrah Junction on a daily basis at 20:20 hrs IST and reaches Delhi Junction at 11:45 hrs IST on the 3rd day.

13040 Delhi–Howrah Janata Express leaves Delhi Junction on a daily basis at 15:30 hrs IST and reaches Howrah Junction at 06:05 hrs IST on the 3rd day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TSmA8vVNXs|title=Howrah–Delhi Janata Express – YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://pnrstatuslive.com/2013/07/10/howrah-delhi-jn-janta-express-train-cancelled-on-10-07-2013/|title=Howrah–Delhi Jn. Janta Express train cancelled on 10.07.2013 | PNR Status Live : Indian Railways PNR Status Enquiry|publisher=pnrstatuslive.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/02/24/delhi-howrah-janta-express-looted-in-bihar.html|title=Delhi–Howrah Janta express looted in Bihar – News Oneindia|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://liveindia.tv/india/howrah-new-delhi-janata-express-derails-in-bihar-no-casualties/ |title=Howrah–New Delhi Janata Express derails in Bihar, no casualties | Liveindia |publisher=liveindia.tv |accessdate=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529152642/http://liveindia.tv/india/howrah-new-delhi-janata-express-derails-in-bihar-no-casualties/ |archivedate=29 May 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=87360|title=Press Information Bureau English Releases|publisher=pib.nic.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2303&id=0,4,268|title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal|publisher=nr.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/25-trains-cancelled-due-to-yamuna-flood-situation-81833-2010-09-10|title=25 trains cancelled due to Yamuna flood situation : North, News – India Today|publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2014-05-30}}
* http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=311&id=0,4,268
*{{cite web|url=https://www.pnrstatus.site/index.php|title=Howrah–Delhi Jn. Janta Express train cancelled on 10.07.2013 | PNR Status Live : Indian Railways PNR Status Enquiry|publisher=pnrstatuslive.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.onlinepnrstatus.co.in/|title=How To Get Current PNR status; PNR Status Live : Indian Railways PNR Status Enquiry|publisher=onlinepnrstatus.co.in}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Delhi Janta Express}}
[[Category:Delhi–Kolkata trains]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]

India women's national basketball team

2026-02-04T19:38:01Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating new post

{{Short description|Women's national basketball team representing India}}
{{About||the men's team|India men's national basketball team|3x3 women's team|India women's national 3x3 team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox national basketball team
| country = India
| nickname = Indian Cagers
| fiba_ranking = {{FIBA Women's World Rankings|IND}}
| fiba_zone = FIBA Asia
| joined_fiba = 1936
| logo = Indian Basketball.png
| logo_width = 250px
| national_fed = [[Basketball Federation of India]]
| oly_appearances = None
| oly_medals =
| wc_appearances = None
| wc_medals =
| zone_championship = [[FIBA Women's Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| zone_appearances = 21
| zone_medals = None
| zone_championship2 = [[Basketball at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| zone_appearances2 = 5
| zone_medals2 = None
| zone_championship3 = [[SABA Women's Championship|South Asian Championship]]
| zone_appearances3 = 1
| zone_medals3 = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2025 SABA Women's Championship|2025]])
| coach = Baskar Sappaniambalam
| h_pattern_b = _royalbluesides
| h_body = FFFFFF
| h_shorts = 0000FF
| h_pattern_s = _blanksides2
| a_pattern_b = _thinwhitesides
| a_body = 0000FF
| a_shorts = 0000FF
| a_pattern_s = _whitesides
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCount
| total = yes
| [[SABA Women's Championship|SABA Championship]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| [[Basketball at the Lusofonia Games|Lusofonia Games]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| [[Basketball at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Basketball at the Lusofonia Games|Lusofonia Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Basketball at the 2014 Lusofonia Games|2014 Goa]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Basketball at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Basketball at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SABA Women's Championship|SABA Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 SABA Women's Championship|2025 New Delhi]]|}}
}}

The '''India women's national basketball team''' represents [[India]] in international [[women's basketball]]. It is governed by the [[Basketball Federation of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-pip-kazakhstan-in-fiba-asia-cup/articleshow/59825155.cms|title=India pip Kazakhstan in Asia Cup}}</ref> At the [[2017 FIBA Women's Asia Cup]], India was promoted to Division A after beating [[Kazakhstan women's national basketball team|Kazakhstan]] 75–73 in the Final.<ref>{{cite news |title= Which teams will be fighting for promotion at FIBA Women's Asia Cup Division B?|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensasiacup/2021/divisionb/news/which-teams-will-be-fighting-for-promotion-at-fiba-womens-asia-cup-division-b |accessdate=29 November 2021 |work=[[FIBA]]|date=11 October 2021}}</ref>

==Performance record==
===Asia Cup===
{{Main|FIBA Women's Asia Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Year
! Rank
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! PF
! PA
! PD
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}}''' [[1970 ABC Championship for Women|1970]]'''
|10th
| 9
| 0
| 9
| 402
| 906
| −504
|-
|{{flagicon|HKG|1959}}''' [[1980 ABC Championship for Women|1980]]'''
|7th
| 5
| 2
| 3
| 323
| 360
| −37
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}}''' [[1982 ABC Championship for Women|1982]]'''
|9th
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 191
| 306
| −115
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}}''' [[1984 ABC Championship for Women|1984]]'''
|7th
|6
|2
|4
|376
|458
|−82
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}}''' [[1986 ABC Championship for Women|1986]]'''
|7th
|6
|2
|4
|391
|483
|−92
|-
|{{flagicon|HKG|1959}}''' [[1988 ABC Championship for Women|1988]]'''
|8th
|8
|1
|7
|444
|736
|−292
|-
|{{flagicon|SGP}}''' [[1990 ABC Championship for Women|1990]]'''
|7th
|5
|4
|1
|262
|296
|−34
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR}}''' [[1992 ABC Championship for Women|1992]]'''
|6th
|6
|1
|5
|299
|603
|−304
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}}''' [[1997 ABC Championship for Women|1997]]'''
|9th
|4
|3
|1
|293
|216
|77
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}}''' [[2001 ABC Championship for Women|2001]]'''
|8th
|5
|3
|2
|452
|388
|64
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}}''' [[2004 FIBA Asia Championship for Women|2004]]'''
|7th
|3
|2
|1
|236
|217
|19
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}}''' [[2005 FIBA Asia Championship for Women|2005]]'''
|10th
|5
|3
|2
|383
|315
|68
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR}}''' [[2007 FIBA Asia Championship for Women|2007]]'''
|7th
|6
|6
|0
|568
|342
|226
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}''' [[2009 FIBA Asia Championship for Women|2009]]'''
|6th
|6
|1
|5
|371
|553
|–182
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}}''' [[2011 FIBA Asia Championship for Women|2011]]'''
|6th
|6
|1
|5
|307
|461
|–154
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}}''' [[2013 FIBA Asia Championship for Women|2013]]'''
|'''5th'''
|6
|2
|4
|334
|493
|–159
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}}''' [[2015 FIBA Asia Championship for Women|2015]]'''
|6th
|6
|0
|6
|314
|593
|–279
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}''' [[2017 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2017]]'''
|9th
|5
|5
|0
|427
|311
|116
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}''' [[2019 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2019]]'''
|8th
|4
|0
|4
|225
|379
|–154
|-
|{{flagicon|JOR}}''' [[2021 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2021]]'''
|8th
|4
|0
|4
|234
|426
|–192
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}}''' [[2025 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2025]]'''
|13th
|5
|3
|2
|381
|376
|5
|-
! Total !! 21/31 !! 114 !! 41 !! 73 !! 7,213 !! 9,218 !! -2,005
|}

===Asian Games===
{{Main|Basketball at the Asian Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Rank
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! PF
! PA
! PD
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Basketball at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]
|5th||4||0||4||203||449||-246
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Basketball at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]]
|7th||3||0||3||137||267||-130
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Basketball at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]]
|6th||3||1||2||152||188||-36
|-
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Basketball at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]]
|9th||4||0||4||242||336||-94
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Basketball at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]]
|6th||4||2||2||244||315||-71
|-
! Total !! 5/13 !! 18 !! 3 !! 15 !! 978 !! 1,555 !! -577
|}

===Commonwealth Games===
{{Main|Basketball at the Commonwealth Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Year
!Host
!Rank
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! PF
! PA
! PD
|-
|[[Basketball at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
|6th
|5
|2
|3
|285
|379
|–94
|-
|[[Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]]
|8th
|3
|0
|3
|184
|241
|–57
|-
! colspan=2| Total !! 2/2 !! 8 !! 2 !! 6 !! 469 !! 620 !! -151
|}

===South Asian Championship===
{{Main|SABA Women's Championship}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Year
!Host
!Rank
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! PF
! PA
! PD
|-
|[[2016 SABA Women's Championship|2016]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
|rowspan=2 colspan=7|''Did not participate''
|-
|[[2022 SABA Women's Championship|2022]]
|{{flagicon|MDV}} [[Malé]], [[Maldives]]
|- bgcolor=gold
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2025 SABA Women's Championship|2025]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|'''1st'''
|2
|2
|2
|226
|57
|169
|-
|}

===South Asian Games===
{{Main|Basketball at the South Asian Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Host
! Rank
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! PF
! PA
! PD
|- bgcolor=gold
|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/south-asian-games-2019-india-wins-gold-in-all-formats-and-categories-sweeps-basketball-event/4q1i30i47pk1z8vdnthq64u3|title=South Asian Games 2019: India wins gold in all formats and categories of basketball event}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
|'''1st'''
|4
|4
|0
|553
|156
|397
|-
|[[2027 South Asian Games|2027]]
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]
|colspan=7|''TBD''
|}

===Lusofonia Games===
{{Main|Basketball at the Lusofonia Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Year
!Host
!Rank
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! PF
! PA
! PD
|- bgcolor=#CFAA88
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[Basketball at the 2014 Lusofonia Games|2014]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Goa]], [[India]]
|'''3rd'''
|3
|1
|2
|214
|203
|11
|}

===William Jones Cup===
{{Main|William Jones Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Rank
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! PF
! PA
! PD
|-
|{{flagicon|TWN}} [[2011 William Jones Cup|2011]]
| 4th||4||1||3||235||325||-90
|-
|{{flagicon|TWN}} [[2017 William Jones Cup|2017]]
| 6th||5||0||5||245||416||-171
|-
|{{flagicon|TWN}} [[2018 William Jones Cup|2018]]
| 6th||5||0||5||232||509||-277
|-
! Total !! 3/41 !! 14 !! 1!! 13 !! 712 !! 1250 !! -538
|}

==Results and fixtures==
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixture|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

===2025===
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 SABA Women's Championship|2025 SABA Championship]]
|date=23 February
|time=16:00
|arena=KD Jadhav Indoor Stadium
|place=[[New Delhi]]
|teamA= '''{{bkw-rt|IND}}'''
|scoreA= '''113'''
|teamB= {{bkw|NEP}}
|scoreB= 32
|Q1= '''23'''–6
|Q2= '''19'''–4
|Q3= '''36'''–9
|Q4= '''35'''–13
|report = [https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624275/ Report]
|result=W
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 SABA Women's Championship|2025 SABA Championship]]
|date=25 February
|time=16:00
|arena=KD Jadhav Indoor Stadium
|place=[[New Delhi]]
|teamA='''{{bkw-rt|IND}}'''
|scoreA='''113'''
|teamB={{bkw|MDV}}
|scoreB=25
|Q1='''26'''–8
|Q2='''30'''–5
|Q3='''24'''–7
|Q4='''33'''–5
|report=[https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/ Report]
|result=W
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 SABA Women's Championship|2025 SABA Championship]]
|date=26 February
|time=19:00
|arena=KD Jadhav Indoor Stadium
|place=[[New Delhi]]
|teamA='''{{bkw-rt|IND}}'''
|scoreA='''107'''
|teamB={{bkw|MDV}}
|scoreB=32
|Q1='''19'''–10
|Q2='''30'''–7
|Q3='''27'''–5
|Q4='''31'''–10
|report=[https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624278/ Report]
|result=W
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2025 FIBA Asia Cup Div B]]
|date=13 July
|time=14:00
|arena=[[Shenzhen Bay Sports Center]]
|place=[[Shenzhen]]
|teamA={{bkw-rt|KAZ}}
|scoreA=68
|teamB={{bkw|IND}}
|scoreB='''85'''
|Q1='''20'''–14
|Q2=13–'''25'''
|Q3=14–'''30'''
|Q4='''21'''–16
|report={{FIBA game|125125}}
|result=W
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2025 FIBA Asia Cup Div B]]
|date=14 July
|time=14:00
|arena=[[Shenzhen Bay Sports Center]]
|place=[[Shenzhen]]
|teamA={{bkw-rt|IND}}
|scoreA=39
|teamB={{bkw|TPE}}
|scoreB='''83'''
|Q1=10–'''19'''
|Q2=9–'''20'''
|Q3=10–'''18'''
|Q4=10–'''26'''
|report={{FIBA game|125126}}
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2025 FIBA Asia Cup Div B]]
|date=16 July
|time=11:00
|arena=[[Shenzhen Bay Sports Center]]
|place=[[Shenzhen]]
|teamA={{bkw-rt|IND}}
|scoreA='''78'''
|teamB={{bkw|TAH}}
|scoreB=55
|Q1='''25'''–14
|Q2='''21'''–12
|Q3=15–15
|Q4='''17'''–15
|report={{FIBA game|125129}}
|result=W
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2025 FIBA Asia Cup Div B]]
|date=18 July
|time=11:00
|arena=[[Shenzhen Bay Sports Center]]
|place=[[Shenzhen]]
|teamA={{bkw-rt|IND}}
|scoreA=76
|teamB={{bkw|THA}}
|scoreB='''93'''
|Q1=18–'''20'''
|Q2=15–'''19'''
|Q3=18–'''29'''
|Q4=25–25
|report={{FIBA game|125137}}
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2025 FIBA Asia Cup Div B]]
|date=19 July
|time=13:30
|arena=[[Shenzhen Bay Sports Center]]
|place=[[Shenzhen]]
|teamA={{bkw-rt|IND}}
|scoreA='''103'''
|teamB= {{bkw|KAZ}}
|scoreB=77
|Q1='''26'''–22
|Q2='''32'''–12
|Q3=21–'''26'''
|Q4='''24'''–17
|report={{FIBA game|125139}}
|result=W
}}

==Team==

===2025 roster===
Roster for the [[2025 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2025 FIBA Women's Asia Cup Div B]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-asiacup-2025-division-b/teams/india#roster|title=India|access-date=6 July 2025|publisher=FIBA}}</ref>

{{FIBA roster header|team=India women's national basketball team
| color1 = blue | bg1 = #FFA500 | color2 = white | bg2 = blue}}

{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 1 | name = Siya Deodhar | pos = PG | m = 1.66 | year = 2003 | month = 4 | date = 28 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Maharashtra women's basketball team|Maharashtra]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 3 | name = Sreekala Rani | pos = PF | m = 1.75 | year = 2001 | month = 1 | date = 19 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Kerala women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND | note = C }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 6 | name = Sathya Krishnamurthi | pos = PG | m = 1.70 | year = 2004 | month = 5 | date = 25 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 7 | name = Priyanka Prabhakara | pos = SG | m = 1.77 | year = 1998 | month = 10 | date = 3 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Karnataka women's basketball team|Karnataka]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 9 | name = Dharshini Thirunavukkarasu | pos = PG | m = 1.69 | year = 2000 | month = 3 | date = 27 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 10 | name = Susan Florentina | pos = SF | m = 1.81 | year = 1999 | month = 2 | date = 18 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Kerala women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 11 | name = Aneesha Cleetus | pos = C | m = 1.82 | year = 1999 | month = 10 | date = 11 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Kerala women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 13 | name = Anmolpreet Kaur | pos = C | m = 1.85 | year = 1999 | month = 11 | date = 24 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Yamanashi Queenbees]] | nat = JAP }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 14 | name = Sanjana Ramesh | pos = C | m = 1.79 | year = 2001 | month = 4 | date = 12 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Karnataka women's basketball team|Karnataka]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 18 | name = Pushpa Senthil Kumar | pos = C | m = 1.77 | year = 2001 | month = 9 | date = 18 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Indian Railways women's basketball team|Indian Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 24 | name = Krithika Sureshbabu | pos = C | m = 1.80 | year = 2002 | month = 11 | date = 12 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Tamil Nadu women's basketball team|Tamil Nadu]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 27 | name = Sruthy Rathinavel | pos = C | m = 1.81 | year = 2001 | month = 10 | date = 27 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 13 | clublink = [[Tamil Nadu women's basketball team|Tamil Nadu]] | nat = IND }}

{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} Baskar Sappaniambalam
| asst_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisha Dange]]
| otherlegend =
* '''(C)''' Team captain
*'''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
*'''Age''' – describes age on 13 July 2025
}}

===Past rosters===

[[2025 SABA Women's Championship]]
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2025 SABA Women's Championship}}
{{FIBA roster header|team=India women's national basketball team
| color1 = blue | bg1 = #FFA500 | color2 = white | bg2 = blue}}

{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 3 | name = Sreekala Rani | pos = SG | m = 1.75 | year = 2001 | month = 1 | date = 19 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Kerala women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND | note = C }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 6 | name = Sathya Krishnamurthi | pos = PG | m = 1.70 | year = 2004 | month = 5 | date = 25 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 9 | name = Dharshini Thirunavukkarasu | pos = PG | m = 1.69 | year = 2000 | month = 3 | date = 27 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 10 | name = Susan Florentina | pos = SF | m = 1.81 | year = 1999 | month = 2 | date = 18 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Kerala women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 11 | name = Aneesha Cleetus | pos = C | m = 1.82 | year = 1999 | month = 10 | date = 11 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Kerala women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 12 | name = Manmeet Kaur | link = Manmeet Kaur (basketball) | pos = C | m = 1.81 | year = 2005 | month = 11 | date = 11 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Punjab women's basketball team|Punjab]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 14 | name = Sanjana Ramesh | pos = SF | m = 1.79 | year = 2001 | month = 4 | date = 12 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Karnataka women's basketball team|Karnataka]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 15 | name = Harshitha Bopaiah | pos = PF | m = 1.77 | year = 2000 | month = 7 | date = 31 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 24 | name = Krithika Sureshbabu | pos = C | m = 1.80 | year = 2002 | month = 11 | date = 12 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Tamil Nadu women's basketball team|Tamil Nadu]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 27 | name = Sruthy Rathinavel | pos = C | m = 1.81 | year = 2001 | month = 10 | date = 27 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Tamil Nadu women's basketball team|Tamil Nadu]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 45 | name = Harima Sundhari | pos = SG | m = 1.77 | year = 2005 | month = 10 | date = 25 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Tamil Nadu women's basketball team|Tamil Nadu]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 77 | name = Divyani Gangwal | pos = SG | m = 1.70 | year = 2000 | month = 6 | date = 2 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 23 | clublink = [[Madhya Pradesh women's basketball team|Madhya Pradesh]] | nat = IND }}

{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} Baskar Sappaniambalam
| asst_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisha Dange]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Rohit Kumar
| otherlegend =
* '''(C)''' Team captain
*'''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
*'''Age''' – describes age on 23 February 2025
}}
{{hidden end}}

[[Basketball at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|2022 Asian Games]]

{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2022 Asian Games}}
{{FIBA roster header|team=India women's national basketball team
| color1 = blue | bg1 = #FFA500 | color2 = white | bg2 = blue}}

{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 8 | name = Pushpa Senthil Kumar | pos = C | m = 1.77 | year = 2001 | month = 9 | date = 18 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Indian Railways women's basketball team|Indian Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 9 | name = Anmolpreet Kaur | pos = C | m = 1.85 | year = 1999 | month = 11 | date = 24 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Yamanashi Queenbees]] | nat = JAP }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 11 | name = Sreekala Rani | pos = F | m = 1.72 | year = 2001 | month = 1 | date = 19 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Kerala women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 12 | name = Manmeet Kaur | link = Manmeet Kaur (basketball) | pos = F | m = 1.85 | year = 2005 | month = 11 | date = 11 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Punjab women's basketball team|Punjab]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 14 | name = Shireen Limaye | pos = C | m = 1.87 | year = 1995 | month = 2 | date = 13 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Indian Railways women's basketball team|Indian Railways]] | nat = IND | note = C }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 15 | name = Poonam Chaturvedi | pos = C | m = 2.04 | year = 1995 | month = 7 | date = 1 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Indian Railways women's basketball team|Indian Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 16 | name = Sahana Shivamogga Mohan | pos = G | m = 1.75 | year = 2002 | month = 8 | date = 17 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Karnataka women's basketball team|Karnataka]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 18 | name = Bhandavya Mahesha | pos = F | m = 1.63 | year = 1998 | month = 4 | date = 18 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Karnataka women's basketball team|Karnataka]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 19 | name = Madhu Kumari | pos = G | m = 1.65 | year = 1995 | month = 7 | date = 9 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Indian Railways women's basketball team|Indian Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 20 | name = Kavitha Jose | pos = G | m = 1.65 | year = 1996 | month = 1 | date = 10 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Kerala SEB women's basketball team|Kerala SEB]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 21 | name = Sruthy Rathinavel | pos = F | m = 1.80 | year = 2001 | month = 10 | date = 27 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Tamil Nadu women's basketball team|Tamil Nadu]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 24 | name = Sanjana Ramesh | pos = F | m = 1.83 | year = 2001 | month = 4 | date = 12 | compyear = 2023 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Northern Arizona Lumberjacks women's basketball|Northern Arizona Lumberjacks]] | nat = USA }}

{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} Baskar Sappaniambalam
| asst_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Meenalatha Mohan]]
| otherlegend =
* '''(C)''' Team captain
*'''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
*'''Age''' – describes age on 27 September 2023
}}
{{hidden end}}

[[2021 FIBA Women's Asia Cup]]

{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2021 FIBA Women's Asia Cup}}
Roster for the [[2021 FIBA Women's Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensasiacup/2021/news/sister-act-out-to-help-india-survive-in-top-tier-at-fiba-womens-asia-cup|title=Sister act out to help India survive in top tier at FIBA Women's Asia Cup|date=15 September 2021|publisher=FIBA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Team Roster India|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensasiacup/2021/team/India#tab=roster|website=fiba.basketball|access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>

{{FIBA roster header|team=India women's national basketball team
| color1 = blue | bg1 = #FFA500 | color2 = white | bg2 = blue}}

{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 4 | name = Vaishnavi Yadav | pos = SG | m = 1.72 | year = 2001 | month = 10 | date = 10 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Uttar Pradesh women's basketball team|Uttar Pradesh]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 5 | name = Shruthi Arvind | pos = SG | m = 1.71 | year = 1996 | month = 2 | date = 21 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 6 | name = Stephy Nixon | pos = C | m = 1.85 | year = 1992 | month = 6 | date = 6 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[KSEB women's basketball team|KSEB]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 8 | name = Sathiya Senthil | pos = PF | m = 1.80 | year = 1997 | month = 6 | date = 12 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 10 | name = Navaneetha Pattemane | pos = PF | m = 1.78 | year = 1994 | month = 7 | date = 28 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 11 | name = Sreekala Rani | pos = SF | m = 1.75 | year = 2001 | month = 1 | date = 19 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[KSEB women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 13 | name = Anumaria Chenganamattathil | pos = C | m = 1.82 | year = 2001 | month = 5 | date = 15 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[KSEB women's basketball team|Kerala]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 14 | name = Shireen Limaye | pos = F | m = 1.78 | year = 1995 | month = 2 | date = 13 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 16 | name = Sahana Shivamogga | pos = SF | m = 1.75 | year = 2002 | month = 8 | date = 17 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Karnataka women's basketball team|Karnataka]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 18 | name = Pushpa Senthil | pos = SG | m = 1.78 | year = 2001 | month = 9 | date = 18 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 19 | name = Madhu Kamari | pos = PG | m = 1.64 | year = 1995 | month = 7 | date = 9 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player|df=y| num = 25 | name = Nishanthi Masilamani | pos = PG | m = 1.69 | year = 1999 | month = 10 | date = 14 | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 27 | clublink = [[Railways women's basketball team|Railways]] | nat = IND }}

{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Zoran Višić]]
| asst_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Meenalatha Mohan]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Hiranya Murthy
| otherlegend =
*'''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
*'''Age''' – describes age on 27 September 2021
}}
{{hidden end}}

[[2011 FIBA Asia Championship for Women]]
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2011 FIBA Asia Championship for Women}}
{| class="wikitable" width=70%
|-
!|[[Jersey number]]
!|Position
!|Name
!|Year of birth
!|Height (cm)
!|State<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx?Women=1&Year=2011|title=2011 Roster}}</ref>
|-
|4 || FORWARD || [[Akanksha Singh]] || 1982 || 168 || Delhi
|-
|5 || CENTER || Kiranjit Kaur || 1988 || 182 || Punjab
|-
|6 || CENTER || [[Geethu Anna Jose]] || 1985 || 185 || Railways
|-
|7 || GUARD || Anitha Pauldurai || 1985 || 170 || Railways
|-
|8 || GUARD || Pushpa || 1989 || 173 || [[Railways]]
|-
|9 || GUARD || Sonika olhyan || 1989 || 168 || Delhi
|-
|10 || FORWARD || Kritika Laxman || 1990 || 175 || Karnataka
|-
|11 || FORWARD || Smriti || 1991 || 175 || Railways
|-
|12 || FORWARD || Shireen Limaye || 1996 || 175|| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|13 || FORWARD || Raspreet Sidhu || 1989 || 168 || [[Delhi]]
|-
|14 || GUARD || [[Prashanti Singh]] || 1984 || 173 || [[Delhi]]
|-
|15 || FORWARD || Kokila || 1990 || 168 || [[Tamil Nadu]]
|}

'''Coaching Staff'''
* {{flagicon|India}} Pete Guadet – Head Coach women team 2011
* Abdul Hamid Khan – Asstt. Coach
* Trainer – Zack
{{hidden end}}

[[2009 FIBA Asia Championship for Women]]
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2009 FIBA Asia Championship for Women}}
{| class="wikitable" width=70%
|-
!|[[Jersey number]]
!|Position
!|Name
!|Year of birth
!|Height (cm)
!|State<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx?Women=1&Year=2009|title=2009 Roster}}</ref>
|-
|4 || FORWARD || [[Akanksha Singh]] || 1989 || 174 || Delhi
|-
|5 || CENTER || Kiranjit Kaur || 1988 || 182 || Punjab
|-
|6 || CENTER || [[Geethu Anna Jose]] || 1985 || 185 || Railways
|-
|7 || GUARD || Varun Bahl || 1985 || 170 || Slums
|-
|8 || GUARD || Pratima Singh || 1990 || 173 || [[Delhi]]
|-
|9 || GUARD || Sonika olhyan || 1989 || 168 || Delhi
|-
|10 || FORWARD || Kritika Laxman || 1990 || 175 || Karnataka
|-
|11 || GUARD || Anju Lakra || 1983 || 164 || Railways
|-
|12 || GUARD || Harjeet Kaur || 1986 || 186|| [[Delhi]]
|-
|13 || FORWARD || Raspreet Sidhu || 1989 || 168 || [[Delhi]]
|-
|14 || GUARD || [[Prashanti Singh]] || 1984 || 173 || [[Delhi]]
|-
|15 || FORWARD || [[Shiba Maggon]] || 1976 || 173 || [[Delhi]]
|}

'''Coaching Staff'''
* {{flagicon|India}} Jay Prakash Singh – Head Coach women team 2009
{{hidden end}}

[[2007 FIBA Asia Championship for Women]]

{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2007 FIBA Asia Championship for Women}}
The following is the Indian women squad that participated in the 2007 FIBA Asia Championship for Women in Korea.<ref>[https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx?Women=1&Year=2007 Indian Women National Team 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054557/http://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.asp?Women=1&Year=2007 |date=4 March 2016 }}.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width=70%
|-
!|[[Jersey number]]
!|Position
!|Name
!|Year of birth
!|Height (cm)
!|State
|-
|4 || FORWARD || [[Divya Singh]] || 1982 || 174 || Delhi
|-
|5 || CENTER || Kiranjit Kaur || 1988 || 182 || Punjab
|-
|6 || CENTER || [[Geethu Anna Jose]] || 1985 || 185 || Railways
|-
|7 || GUARD || Anitha Pauldurai || 1985 || 170 || Railways
|-
|8 || GUARD || [[Manisha Dange| Manisha Kaprekar]] || 1979 || 170 || Railways
|-
|9 || GUARD || [[Akanksha Singh]] || 1989 || 168 || Delhi
|-
|10 || FORWARD || Rashmi Channegowda || 1986 || 176 || Maharashtra
|-
|11 || GUARD || Anju Lakra || 1983 || 164 || Railways
|-
|12 || GUARD || Bharti Netam || 1986 || 165 || Chhattisgarh
|-
|13 || FORWARD || Raspreet Sidhu || 1989 || 168 || Delhi
|-
|14 || GUARD || [[Prashanti Singh]] || 1984 || 173 || Delhi
|-
|15 || FORWARD || Seema Singh || 1983 || 176 || Railways
|}

'''Coaching staff'''
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Sat Prakash Yadav]] – Head Coach women team
* {{flagicon|India}} Dimal C Mathew – Asst Coach
{{hidden end}}

==Former players ==
* [[Geethu Anna Jose]]
* [[Prashanti Singh]]
* [[Akanksha Singh]]
* Shireen Limaye<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/192038-shireen-vijay-limaye|title=Shireen Vijay Limaye}}</ref>
* [[Manisha Dange]]
* [[Anitha Pauldurai]]

==See also==
*[[India men's national basketball team]]
*[[India women's national under-19 basketball team]]
*[[India women's national under-17 basketball team]]
*[[India women's national 3x3 team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*[https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/India FIBA profile]

{{Basketball in India}}
{{FIBA Asia women's teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India Women's National Basketball Team}}
[[Category:India women's national basketball team| ]]
[[Category:Basketball teams in India| ]]
[[Category:Women's national basketball teams]]
[[Category:Women's basketball in India|national]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]
[[Category:National sports teams established in 1970]]

Phoolchandra Shastri

2026-01-28T13:40:01Z

PriscillaNair10:

{{Short description|Indian jain scholar (1901–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = Siddhantacharya Pandit
| image = Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri in 70s.jpg
| caption = Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri in 70s
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1901|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Lalitpur district, India|Silawan]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|8|31|1901|4|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Roorkee]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]]), [[India]]
| pseudonym =
| subject = [[Jainism]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Bundelkhandi]], [[Apabramsha]]
| occupation = Author
| notableworks = [[Satkhandagama]], [[Kasayapahuda]], ''Varna, Jati aur Dharma, Jain Tattvamimansa''
| awards = Awarded the title of ''Siddhantacharya''
}}

Siddhantacharya Pandit '''Phoolchandra Shastri''' (11 April 1901 – 31 August 1991) was a Jain scholar, writer, editor, freedom fighter, social reformer and an intellectual giant in the field of [[Jainism]].<ref name=Satish>Jain, Satish Kumar (1975), p. 93</ref><ref>Jain, Prakash (2011), p. 156</ref><ref>Jaini, Padmanabh (2000), p. 24</ref> He is best known for dedicating a major part of his life in translating to Hindi the foremost and the oldest [[Digambara]] Jain Canon, ''[[Shatkhandagama|Shatkhandāgama]]'' and ''[[Kasayapahuda]]'', and its commentaries, ''Dhavala'', ''Maha-Dhavala'' and ''Jai-Dhavala''.<ref name=Wiley>Wiley, Kristi (2006), p. 194</ref><ref name=Prakash67>Jain, Prakash (2020), p. 67</ref> He was also an active member of the Indian National Congress during the Indian struggle for freedom.<ref name=Wiley/> Panditji was a strong advocate and proponent of abolishing many evils within the Jain community <ref name=Prakash67/> and was the founding member of many institutes of learning and scholarship. As a recognition of his contribution to [[Jain philosophy]], he was conferred a title of ''"Siddhantacharya"'' at Jain Siddhant Bhavan, Ara (Bihar) in 1962 by the Governor of Bihar [[M. A. Ayyangar|Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]].<ref name=Wiley/><ref name=Prakash67/>

==Early life==
Panditji was born in the village of Silawan, [[Lalitpur district, India|District Lalitpur]] which is part of [[Bundelkhand]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] on 11 April 1901.<ref name=Prakash66>Jain, Prakash (2020), p. 66</ref> Singhai Daryavlal Jain and his wife Jankibai were his parents.<ref name=Satish/> He completed his studies in 1920 from Shri Mahavir Digambar Jain Pathshala in Sadhumal, Lalitpur.<ref name=Prakash66/> Despite financial constraints, Panditji ensured that he completed his education. He was motivated and financially helped by Sheth Laxmichand Jain (1856–1920) a [[zamindar]] and businessman of Lalitpur.<ref>Jain, Prakash (2020), p. 55</ref> He did his graduation from Shri Gopal Digambara Jain Sanskrit Vidyalaya, [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]] in 1922.<ref>Jain, Prakash (2020), p. 62</ref> He got married in 1923 at the age of 22 years. He migrated from Silawan to Bina and from there he migrated and settled in [[Varanasi]].<ref>Jain, Prakash (2020), p. 70</ref> He lectured in [[Jain Philosophy]] at [[Banaras Hindu University]] and Syadvad Digamabara Jain Mahavidyalaya, Varanasi from 1924 to 1928.

==Career as a Jain Pandit==

As noted by Prakash Jain in his book Jain Community of Bundelkhand,<ref name=Prakash66/> one of the main objectives of ''Jain Sanskrit Vidyalayas''—many of them set up by ''Kshullaka'' [[Ganeshprasad Varni]]—was to produce a large number of Jain Pandits or lay scholars well versed in the ancient languages of Prakrit and Sanskrit as well as Jain doctrine to study and conduct research on the vast body of untapped ancient texts preserved in temple complexes and ''shastra bhandars'' for centuries. However, the life of these Pandits was a difficult one due to the irregular source of income and constant migration in search of work. They were also expected to live a simple, austere and conservative lifestyle befitting a Jain Pandit. Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri was one such quintessential Jain Pandit who led a simple and austere life and left behind a vast legacy of works by translating, editing and writing books.<ref name=Prakash66/>

Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri had an excellent understanding of Jain philosophy and was considered as one of the greatest exponents of the [[Karma in Jainism|Jain theory of Karma]].<ref>Jain, Duli Chandra (1989), p. 2</ref> He enunciated on philosophical and controversial topics in Jainism such as caste, ''stri-mukti'' (the liberation of women) and the inherent purity of souls. These topics were a matter of great debate between Digambara Pandits of Varanasi during the first few decades of the [[Independence of India|post-independence]] era.<ref>Jain, Padmanabh (2019), p. 52</ref> As noted by the Jain scholar, Prof. [[Padmanabh Jaini]], Panditji's publishing of his research on ''niyativada'' based on various ancient Jain texts resulted in a great deal of debate amongst the Jain scholars. His interpretation of the philosophical concept of ''niyati'' or pre-destination, opened up a new field of research for the comparative study of [[Ajivika]] and Jain doctrines of bondage and salvation.<ref>Jaini, Padmanabh (2000), p. 108-09</ref> He, along with his close friends and colleagues Pandit Kailash Chandra Shastri and Pandit Jaganmohan Lal Shastri, were famously known as the ''Ratnatrayi'', that is, the three jewels of Jainism. He was a protégé of the noted Jain scholar and philosopher [[Ganeshprasad Varni]].<ref name=Cort>Cort, John (2006), p. 269</ref> While he belonged to the [[Digambara Terapanth]] tradition, his ecumenical and non-sectarian approach helped him in reducing tensions between the Samaiya community of [[Taran Panth]] and his own [[Parwar (Jain community)|Parvar community]] of [[Digambara Terapanth]] to which he belonged.<ref name=Wiley/><ref name=Cort/>

Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri is best known for editing and translating the ''[[Shatkhandagama]]'' and the ''[[Kasayapahuda]]''.<ref name=Wiley/><ref name=Prakash67/> These texts represent the most important [[Digambara]] [[Jain literature|Jain canonical literature]] which was made accessible to modern society through the efforts of Panditji and a team of eminent Jain scholars like Dr. Hiralal Jain, Dr. [[A.N. Upadhye]], Pt. Kailash Chandra Shastri, Pt. Hiralal Shastri, Pt. [[Balachandra Shastri]], Pt. [[Nathuram Premi]] and Pt. Devakinandan Nayak. The entire work was carried on the basis of ancient palm leaf manuscripts. It continued from 1939 to 1985. Padmanabh Jaini notes that the ''Shatkhandagama'' and the ''Kasayapahuda'' along with their commentaries ''Dhavala'', ''Mahadhavala'' and ''Jayadhavala'', which were translated into Hindi by Pandit Phoolchandra, were of epic proportions consisting of 172,000 ''shlokas''.<ref>Jaini, Padmanabh (2000) p. 139</ref> He has also authored numerous books on Jainism like ''Varna, Jati Aur Dharma'' and ''Jain Tattvamimamsa.'' Besides the translation of ''Shatkhandagama'' and ''Kasayapahuda'', he edited and translated numerous Jain ancient texts like the ''[[Tattvarthasutra]]'', the ''Ratnakaranda Shravakachara'' and the ''Sarvarthasiddhi''.<ref name=Prakash67/> He also edited Journals like ''Shanti-Sindhu'' published by Acharya Shanti Sagar Sarasvati Bhawan, Natepute (Solapur) from 1935 to 1937 and another journal ''Jnanodaya'' published by Bharatiya Jnanpith, Kashi from 1949 to 1952.

==Freedom Fighter and other Social Causes==
Along with his career as a lecturer and Jain Scholar, Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri took part in the [[Indian independence movement|freedom struggle of India]]. He became an active member of the [[Indian National Congress]] during the [[British Raj|British rule in India]]. He volunteered as an office bearer at Bina, Sagar, [[Solapur]] and [[Amravati]], District Congress Committees. At the Amravati Congress Committee, he held the post of Joint Secretary. He also took part in various Congress conventions held at [[Yavatmal]], [[Poona]] and Natepute. Panditji took an active part in the [[Quit India movement]] for which he was jailed.<ref name=Wiley/> Panditji wore only [[Khadi]] clothes and was a strong proponent of the [[Swadeshi movement]].<ref name=Prakash67/><ref name=Cort/>

Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri also took an active part in social issues. He opposed many evil practices and customs prevalent in Jain society. He championed the cause of right of entry for untouchables into Jain temples. He supported the widely opposed Harijan Temple Entry Bill, 1949 on the grounds of the Jain doctrine which does not believe in the caste system. He also opposed unnecessary expenditure in the name of religion, especially on ''Gajraths'', the processions of elephant-drawn chariots.<ref name=Prakash67/>

Panditji was a founding member of many institutions. He was one of the founding members and the first working joint-secretary of All India Digambara Jain Vidvat Parishad held in 1944. He was also instrumental in founding the Shri Ganesh Varni Inter College, Lalitpur, U.P. in 1946 which was funded by Seth Jineshvardas Taraiya of Lalitpur. In 1946 he became the founding member and secretary of Shri Sanmati Jain Niketan, Naria, Varanasi. He later founded the Shri Ganesh Varni Digamber Jain (Research) Institute, Varanasi in 1971. He was also a founding member and Joint Secretary and Editor of Shri Ganesh Prasad Varni Jain Granthmala in Varanasi.<ref name=Prakash67/>

{{Gallery
|width=200
|height=200
|align=center
|File:Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri German scholars.jpg|Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri with visiting German scholars studying Jainism
|File:Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri Ganesh Varni Granthamala.jpg|Panditji at the Shri Ganesh Prasad Varni Granthmala
|File:Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri Sanmati Jain Niketan.jpg|Panditji coming out of the Sanmati Jain Niketan, Varanasi
}}

==Awards and Accolades==

Panditji was conferred the title of ''Siddhantacharya'' at the Jain Siddhant Bhavan, Arrah (Bihar) in 1962 by the Governor of Bihar [[M. A. Ayyangar|Dr. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]].<ref name=Wiley/> Panditji was given the honorific ''Siddhantaratna'' by the Vice-President of India [[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Jatti]] in 1974 on the occasion of the 2500th [[Nirvana]] celebrations of Bhagavan [[Mahavira]].
A felicitation volume was presented to him in 1985 in the presence of Acharya Vidyanand Muni.<ref name=Prakash67/> A silver plaque was presented to him in 1987 by the All India Digambar Jain Mahasangha. He was honoured with the ''Prakrit Jnan Bharti'' award by Svasti Shri Charukirti Bhattaraka at the First National Prakrit Conference, Bengaluru, 1990.

==Personal life==
[[File:Pandit_Phoolchandra_Shastri_with_his_wife_Putlibai.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri with his wife Smt. Putlibai in the 80s]]
Panditji's wife's name was Putlibai. They had four children. The eldest was a daughter, late Dr. Shanti Jain (M.B.B.S., M.D.), who was married to Late Dr. Gyan Chand Jain (Computer Science). Their second daughter, Smt. Sushila Jain, MSc, (retd Principal, Government College, Bhopal), is married to a renowned advocate and former judge, Mr. Vijay Kumar Choudhary, Bhopal. Their third daughter Mrs. Pushpa Jain is married to Prof. Nemi Chand Jain, living in Arizona, USA. Their youngest is son Prof. Ashok Kumar Jain, PhD a nuclear scientist and formerly professor of Physics at IIT Roorkee. Dr. Ashok is married to Mrs. Neerja Jain, MSc, BEd Currently, Dr. Ashok Jain looks after the institutions created by Panditji and has been trying to preserve his writings. The Pandit Phool Chandra Shastri Foundation has been established in Panditji's honour. It publishes books on Jainism.

==Works and Publications==
{{Jainism}}

===Books Authored===
Books authored by Panditji:<ref name=Wiley/><ref name=Premchandra>Jain, Dr. Premchandra; Jain, Asha (2018)</ref>
* Jain Dharma Aur Varna Vyavastha – Bharatvarshiya Digamber Jain Parishad, Delhi, 1945.
* Vishvashanti Aur Aparigrahvaad – Shri Ganesh Varni Granthmala, Varanasi, 1946.
* Jain Tattvamimansa – Ashok Prakashan Mandir, Varanasi, 1960.
* Jain Tattvamimansa (revised and extended edition) – Ashok Prakashan Mandir, Varanasi, 1978; (third revised edition), – Siddhantacharya Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri Foundation, Roorkee, 1996.
* Varna, Jati Aur Dharma – Bhartiya Jnanpeeth, 1963;
* Jain Tatva Samiksha ka Samadhan – Pandit Todarmal Smarak Trust, Jaipur, 1987.
* Akinchitkar, Ek Anushilan – Ashok Prakashan Mandir, Varanasi, 1990.
* Parvar Jain Samaj ka ltihaas – Bharatvarshiya Digamber Jain Parvar Sabha, Jabalpur, 1992.

===Translator and Editor===
In addition to above, Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri also edited or translated the following texts:<ref name=Wiley/><ref name=Prakash67/><ref name=Premchandra/>
*Ratnakarandaka Shravakacara of Acarya Samantabhadra, Shri Jain Sahitya Hindi Prasarak Karyalay, Mumbai (1935)
*[[Shatkhandagama]] (Dhavala) (translator and editor) published by S.S.L.C. Jain S. Fund, Vidisha, M.P. and J.S.S. Sangha, Solapur in the years 1939–1959 and 1973–1985.
*[[Kasayapahuda]] (Jai-Dhavala) Bharatvarshiya Digamber Jain Sangha, Mathura, U.P.(1941–86)
*Mahabandha, Bhartiya Jnanapeeth, New Delhi. (1944–70)
*Prameyaratnamala – Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Banaras, 1928.
*Aalap Paddhati, Shri Sakal Digamber Panchan Natepute ( Solapur), 1934.
*Saptatikaprakarana (Edited with Hindi commentary)- Aatmanand Jain Pracharak Pustakalaya, Agra,1948.
*Tattvarth Sutra (Edited with Hindi commentary) Ganesh Prasad Varni Jain Granthamala, Varanasi,1950, Shri Ganesh Varni Sansthan, Varanasi, 1981
*Panchadhyayi (Hindi commentary) – Ganesh Prasad Varni Granthamala, Varanasi, 1950.
*Jnanpeeth Pujanjali – Bhartiya Jnanpeeth Prakashan, Kashi, (second edition) 1957, 1977, 1982.
*Sarvarthasiddhi – ( edition and translation) – Bhartiya Jnanpeeth, New Delhi, 1960, 1985.
*Samayasaarakalasha (with meanings) – Shri Digambar Jain Svadhyay Madir Trust, Songarh, 1964.
*Shri Kahanji Swami Abhinandan Granth (Editor) – Digamber Jain Mumukshu Mandal, Mumbai, 1964.
*Khaniya Tattva-Charcha (Book One) – Acharyakalp Pandit Todarmal Granthmala, Jaipur, 1967.
* Khaniya Tattva-Charcha (Book Two) – Acharyakalp Pandit Todarmal Granthmala, Jaipur, 1967.
* Samyagyan-Dipika (Edited and translated) – Shri Digambara Jain Mumukshu Mandal, Bhavnagar, 1970.
* Labdhisaar-Kshapanasaar – Shrimad Rajchandra Aashram, Agaas, 1980.

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last= Cort |first= John |editor= Peter Flügel |date= 2006 |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture |url= |location= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page= |isbn=9781134235520 |chapter=A fifteenth century Digambara Jain mystic and his followers }}
*{{cite journal |last1= Jain|first1=Duli Chandra |date=April 1989 |title=Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness in Jainism |url=https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf6TIlIRDU2LH0rCWZHFSxBp8cqF9VaAQ6a1-LAO08cfHVtjH2MrUevQ39a0sI2Kfo9P535kNjTIdbVA3S9OlFxztURarFkmXux4x5JxQsuoknfVkIh6ybfXtHNPkN45f77wVqQCkr0fIt5W_AehS7E3lOC_PNO0OJIZW-CyXhGkaRtEp0Nw7pDvh3uXi9yQ9IX-IW6ZY7dC-c07VlygiKhVYOYC-DN0lTpfvi1MxmSN_i4kgw |journal=Darshan |volume=VI |issue= 4 |pages= |doi= |access-date=13 June 2021}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Prakash |author-link= |date=2011 |title=Jains in India and Abroad: A Sociological Introduction |url= |location=Delhi |publisher=Shipra Publications |page= |isbn=978-93-88691-41-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Prakash |author-link= |date=2020 |title=Jain Community of Bundelkhand: Socio-economic and Cultural Change |url= |location=New Delhi |publisher=International School for Jain Studies |page= |isbn=978-81-86715-79-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Dr. Premchandra |last2=Jain |first2=Asha |author-link= |date=2018 |title=Vidvat-trayi: Trio of Scholars |url= |location=Varanasi |publisher=Shri Ganesh Varni Digambar Jain Sansthan |page= |isbn=978-8186957530}}
* {{cite book |last= Jain|first= Satish Kumar |author-link= |date=1975 |title=Progressive Jains of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dm0AAAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Shraman Sahitya Sansthan |page= |isbn=}}
*{{cite book | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh |author-link= | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | date =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =81-208-1691-9 }}
*{{cite book | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh |author-link= | title =Coincidences (Yogayoga): Memoirs of Padmanabh S. Jaini| publisher =Hindi Granth Karyalaya | date =2019 | location =Mumbai | isbn =978-81-88769-72-8 }}
*{{cite book | last =Wiley | first =Kristi | title =The A to Z of Jainism | publisher =Vision Books (originally published by Scarecrow Press) | date =2006 | location =Delhi | isbn =81-7094-690-5 | oclc =422763446 }}

===Websites===

*{{cite web |url= https://www.jainsamaj.org/content.php?url=Pandit_Phoolchandraji_Shastri |title=Pt. Phoolchandraji Shastri |author= |date=|website=Jain Samaj |publisher=Ahimsa Foundation |access-date=13 June 2021|quote=}}
* {{cite web |url= https://en.encyclopediaofjainism.com/index.php/PT._PHOOL_CHANDRA_SIDHANTASHAS1RI|title=Pt. Phool Chandra Siddhantashastri |author= |date= |website=ENCYCLOPEDIA OF JAINISM |publisher= |access-date=13 June 2021|quote=}}

{{Modern Jain writers}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Scholars of Jainism]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]

Outline of Uttarakhand

2026-01-19T14:17:49Z

PriscillaNair10: general enhanced information per sources further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

[[File:IN-UT.svg|thumb|200px|Location of [[Uttarakhand]]]]

The following [[outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Uttarakhand:

'''[[Uttarakhand]]''' – state in the northern part of [[India]]. It is often referred to as the Devabhumi (literally: "Land of the Gods") due to many [[Hindu temple]]s and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for its natural environment of the [[Himalayas]], the [[Bhabar]] and [[Terai]].
{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

== General reference ==

=== Names ===
* Common English name(s): [[Uttarakhand]]
** [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʊ|t|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|ʌ|n|d}}
* Official English name(s): [[Uttarakhand]]
* Nickname(s): Devabhumi ("Land of the Gods")
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Indian states and territories|Adjectival]](s): [[Uttarakhandi people|Uttarakhandi]]
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Indian states and territories|Demonym]](s): [[Uttarakhandi people|Uttarakhandi]]

=== Rankings (amongst States and Union Territories of India) ===

* [[List of states and union territories of India by area|by area]]: 19th
* [[List of Indian states and territories by highest point|by elevation]]: 2nd
* [[List of states and union territories of India by population|by population]] (2011): 21st
* by population density (2011): 27th
* [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|by gross domestic product (GDP nominal)]] (2017–18): 19th
* [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|by gross domestic product (GDP nominal) per capita]]: 9th
*[[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|by Human Development Index (HDI)]] (2017): 19th
* [[List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth|by life expectancy at birth]] (2010–2014): 3rd
* [[List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio|by sex ratio]]: 14th
* [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|by literacy rate]] (2011): 17th

== Geography of Uttarakhand ==

* [[Geography of Uttarakhand]]
** Uttarakhand is: a [[State of India]]
** Population of Uttarakhand: 10,116,752
** Area of Uttarakhand: 53,483 km2
** [[:commons:Atlas of Uttarakhand|Atlas of Uttarakhand]]

=== Environment of Uttarakhand ===

* [[Uttarakhand Forest Department]]

==== Ecoregions of Uttarakhand ====

* [[Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]
* [[Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]]
* [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]
* [[Western Himalayan broadleaf forests]]
* [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]]
* [[Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands]]
* [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]

==== Natural geographic features of Uttarakhand ====

* [[Great Himalaya]]s
* [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s
* [[Sivalik Hills]]
* [[Bhabar]]
* [[Terai]]
* [[Doab]]
* [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
* [[Ganges Basin]]
* [[List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand|Mountains peaks of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Lakes of Kumaon hills]]

=== Location of Uttarakhand ===
* Uttarakhand is situated within the following regions:
** [[Northern Hemisphere]]
** [[Eastern Hemisphere]]
*** [[Eurasia]]
**** [[Asia]]
***** [[South Asia]]
****** [[Indian subcontinent]]
******* [[India]]
******** [[North India]]
* [[Time zone]]: [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Uttarakhand
|North = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{flag|China}}
|Northeast =
|East = [[Sudurpashchim Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}
|Southeast =
|South = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Southwest = [[Haryana]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
}}

=== Regions of Uttarakhand ===

==== Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand ====

* [[Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand]]
** [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|Districts of Uttarakhand]]
*** [[List of tehsils of Uttarakhand|Tehsils of Uttarakhand]]
*** [[List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand|Community development blocks of Uttarakhand]]
**** [[List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand|Urban local bodies of Uttarakhand]]

===== Districts of Uttarakhand, by division =====

* [[Kumaon division]]
** [[Almora district]]
** [[Bageshwar district]]
** [[Champawat district]]
** [[Nainital district]]
** [[Pithoragarh district]]
** [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
* [[Garhwal division]]
** [[Chamoli district]]
** [[Dehradun district]]
** [[Haridwar district]]
** [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
** [[Rudraprayag district]]
** [[Tehri Garhwal district]]
** [[Uttarkashi district]]

===== Districts of Uttarakhand, by division =====

* [[Kumaon division]]
** [[Almora district]]
** [[Bageshwar district]]
** [[Champawat district]]
** [[Nainital district]]
** [[Pithoragarh district]]
** [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
* [[Garhwal division]]
** [[Chamoli district]]
** [[Dehradun district]]
** [[Haridwar district]]
** [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
** [[Rudraprayag district]]
** [[Tehri Garhwal district]]
** [[Uttarkashi district]]

===== Districts of Uttarakhand, by division =====

* [[Kumaon division]]
** [[Almora district]]
** [[Bageshwar district]]
** [[Champawat district]]
** [[Nainital district]]
** [[Pithoragarh district]]
** [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
* [[Garhwal division]]
** [[Chamoli district]]
** [[Dehradun district]]
** [[Haridwar district]]
** [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
** [[Rudraprayag district]]
** [[Tehri Garhwal district]]
** [[Uttarkashi district]]

===== Municipalities of Uttarakhand =====

* [[List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand|Municipal Corporations of Uttarakhand]]
** [[Dehradun]]
** [[Haridwar]]
** [[Haldwani]]
** [[Roorkee]]
** [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
** [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]]
** [[Rishikesh]]
** [[Kotdwar]]

== Demographics of Uttarakhand ==

*[[List of cities in Uttarakhand by population]]

=== People of Uttarakhand ===

* [[List of people from Uttarakhand|People from Uttarakhand]]
* [[Indo-Aryan people]]
** Pahari people
*** [[Garhwali people]]
*** [[Kumaoni people]]
*** [[Jaunsari people]]
*** [[Khas people]]
** [[Bhoksa people|Buksa people]]
** [[Tharu people]]
* [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman people]]
** [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya people]]
** [[Raji people]]
** [[Jad people]]
** [[Ban Rawats|Banrawat people]]

=== Languages of Uttarakhand ===

* [[Indo-Aryan languages]]
** [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
*** [[Garhwali language]]
*** [[Kumaoni language]]
*** [[Jaunsari language]]
** [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
*** [[Tharu languages]]
* [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]
** [[West Himalayish languages]]
*** [[Rongpo language]]
*** [[Byangsi language]]
*** [[Chaudangsi language]]
*** [[Darmiya language]]
** [[Greater Magaric languages]]
*** [[Raji language]]
*** [[Rawat language]]
** [[Bodish languages]]
*** [[Jad language]]

== Government and politics of Uttarakhand ==

* [[Form of government]]: [[State governments of India|state government]] ([[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]])
* [[Capital city|Capitals]] of Uttarakhand:
** [[Gairsain]] (Summer)
** [[Dehradun]] (Winter)
* [[Elections in Uttarakhand]]
** [[Uttarakhand State Election Commission]]
** [[Local body elections in Uttarakhand]]

=== Branches of the government of Uttarakhand ===

* [[Government of Uttarakhand]]

==== Executive branch of the government of Uttarakhand ====

* [[Head of state]]: [[List of governors of Uttarakhand|Governor of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Head of government]]: [[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]
** [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]]: [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers]]
** [[List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand|Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand]]

==== Legislative branch of the government of Uttarakhand ====

* [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
** [[List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
** [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
** [[List of constituencies of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]

==== Judicial branch of the government of Uttarakhand ====

* [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
** [[List of Chief Justices of the Uttarakhand High Court|Chief Justice of the Uttarakhand High Court]]
** [[List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court|Judges of the High Court]]
** Seat: [[Nainital]]

=== Law and order in Uttarakhand ===

* [[Uttarakhand Police]]

===Government agencies in Uttarakhand===

* [[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission]]
* [[Uttarakhand Human Rights Commission]]

== History of Uttarakhand ==

* [[History of Uttarakhand]]

=== History of Uttarakhand, by period ===

==== Ancient Uttarakhand ====
* [[Uttarakuru|Uttarakuru Kingdom]]
* [[Pauravas|Paurava Kingdom]]
* [[Khasas|Khasa Kingdom]]
* [[Kirata Kingdom]]
* [[Nanda Empire]]
* [[Maurya Empire]]
* [[Kushan Empire]]
* [[Kuninda Kingdom]]
* [[Gupta Empire]]

==== Medieval Uttarakhand ====
* [[Karkota Empire]]
*
* [[Garhwal Kingdom]]
* [[Kumaon Kingdom]]
** [[Katyuri kings|Katyuri dynasty]]
** [[Chand kings|Chand dynasty]]
* [[Doti|Raika Kingdom]]
* [[Khas Kingdom|Malla Kingdom]]
* [[Gorkha Kingdom]]
** [[Shah dynasty]]
* [[Anglo-Nepalese War]]
* [[Treaty of Sugauli]]

==== Colonial Uttarakhand ====
* [[Company rule in India|Company rule]]
** [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]]
** [[North Western Provinces]]
** [[Agra Presidency]]
* [[British rule in India|British rule]]
** [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
** [[United Provinces of British India]]
** [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]
* [[Coolie-Begar movement]]

==== Contemporary Uttarakhand ====
* [[Uttarakhand movement]]
* [[Chipko movement]]
* [[Rampur Tiraha firing case]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]] – law that led to the formation of the State of Uttarakhand.

=== History of Uttarakhand, by region ===

* [[History of Dehradun]]

== Culture of Uttarakhand ==

* Monuments in Uttarakhand
** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand|Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand]]
** [[List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand|State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand]]
* World Heritage Sites in Uttarakhand
** [[Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks]]

=== Art in Uttarakhand ===
* [[Music of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Cuisine of Uttarakhand]]

=== Sports in Uttarakhand ===

* [[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand|Cricket in Uttarakhand]]
** [[Uttarakhand cricket team]]
* [[Uttarakhand State Football Association|Football in Uttarakhand]]
** [[Uttarakhand football team]]
** [[Uttarakhand Super League]]

=== Symbols of Uttarakhand ===

* [[List of Uttarakhand state symbols|Symbols of Uttarakhand]]
** [[List of Indian state emblems|state emblem]]: [[Emblem of Uttarakhand|Diamond Shield]]
** [[List of Indian state songs|state song]]: [[Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi]]
** [[List of Indian state animals|state animal]]: [[Alpine Musk Deer]]
** [[List of Indian state birds|state bird]]: [[Himalayan Monal]]
** [[List of Indian state flowers|state flower]]: [[Brahma Kamal]]
** [[List of Indian state trees|state tree]]: [[Burans]]

== Economy and infrastructure of Uttarakhand ==

* [[Economy of Uttarakhand]]
** [[Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
*** [[Chota Char Dham]]
** [[State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand]]

=== Infrastructure of Uttarakhand ===
* [[Uttarakhand Transport Corporation]]
* [[Char Dham Highway]]
* [[Char Dham Railway]]
* [[Urban Development Directorate (Uttarakhand)|Urban Development Directorate]]

== Education in Uttarakhand ==

* [[Education in Uttarakhand]]
** [[List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand|Institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand]]
** [[Uttarakhand Board of School Education]]

== See also ==

* [[Outline of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand}}
{{wikiatlas|Uttarakhand}}
*{{Official website|www.uk.gov.in}} of Uttarakhand government
*{{Official website|uttarakhandtourism.gov.in}} of Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board
*[http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/uttaranchal-uttarakhand Resources on Uttarakhand – news, policies, documents, articles]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/csepictures/with/9084501178/ Photos of the massive destruction due to floods, Uttarakhand]
*[http://eragenx.com/2016/08/03/uttarakhand-tourism-places-visit-trip-guide/ Uttarakhand Tourism, a comprehensive guide]

{{Outline footer}}

[[Category:Uttarakhand|.]]
[[Category:Outlines of Indian states|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Outlines|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand-related lists| ]]

Vasudhara Falls

2026-01-19T03:10:49Z

PriscillaNair10: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Waterfall in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

'''Vasudhara Falls''' is a waterfall situated near [[Badrinath]], in [[Uttarakhand]], India.

== Geography ==
[[File:Vasudhara Waterfall, Uttrakhand, Feburary 2025.png|thumb|378x378px|Vasudhara Fall, Feb 2025]]
[[Uttarakhand]] is surrounded by waterfalls. Vasudhara waterfall is set in the background of a 145 m cliff. Nearby mountains are [[Chaukhamba]], [[Nilkantha (mountain)|Nilkantha]] and [[Balakun]].<ref name="harsh" />

The falls flow into the river [[Alaknanda]], flowing towards Badrinath Temple. The distance from Badrinath to Vasudhara is 9 km.

The height of this waterfall is {{Cvt|400|ft}}.<ref name="harsh">{{cite book|last=Bisht|first=Harshwanti|title=Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya : with special reference to mountaineering and trekking in Uttarkashi and Chamoli Districts|year=1994|publisher=Indus Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173870064|pages=41, 43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC&q=vasudhara+fall&pg=PA43}}</ref>

[[Satopanth Glacier|Satopanth glacier]] sits near the bottom of Vasudhara.<ref name="harsh" /> [[Satopanth Tal]] is 25 km from Badrinath. Laxmi van (forest) is on the way to Satopanth glacier from Vasudhara.

== History ==
[[File:Vasudhara Falls.JPG|thumb|Vasudhara Falls, Uttarakhand]]
'Vasu' refers to [[Lord Vishnu]]'s [[Vasudeva]]. [[Dharā|Dhara]] (river in Sanskrit) means "path of the river", so "the path of [[Lord Vishnu]]".

In Hinduism, the legend says that lewania is a 2 person soul. It is also the place where Sage Vedavyasa not only divided the Vedas into four Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva, but also did the a lot of Meditation (usually named as tappasya in hindi literature).

The water of this spring does not touch the body of sinners. For this reason, [[Hindu]]s take the water of this spring with them. Sinners should stay away. It is said that if the holy water of this spring starts falling on you, then you are a virtuous soul. The one on whom it falls is considered to be entitled to salvation and because of this, devotees stand under this holy waterfall. This spring is considered to have a flavor like [[nectar]] because its water has been enriched by [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] herbs, such that the person on which its water falls becomes healthy. [[Hindus]] keep holy water at their homes to use in religious practices.

The [[Pandavas]] passed through Ehi on their way to Swargarohini Yatra. [[Sahadeva]] gave up his life near Vasudhara.In Mana village, they reached two hills, but could not cross them. Mahabali Bhima was the most powerful among them, so he picked up a boulder and threw it between the two hills, making an enormous bridge, allowing them to continue towards heaven. From Tawi the bridge is called Bhempul Currently Situated in Mana. Near this bridge, the trek for Vasudhara falls starts.

Asthavasu was described in the [[Puranas]], one of whom meditated there. He received [[Shri Krishna]] as his son. He became Nand Baba in [[Dvapara Yuga]], Vasudhara is Nand Baba's favorite meditation place.

== Access ==
Mana Village and Vasudhara Fall are usually accessible to tourists from the second week of May to October or November when [[Badrinath temple]] is open to the general public. Badrinath is accessible by motor vehicles from [[Rishikesh]], the nearest railway station.

== Trekking ==
[[File:Valley to Vasudhara.jpg|thumb|Valley to Vasudhara]]
The three-hour trek starts from Mana village. After passing Saraswati Mandir, the trek becomes very steep, allowing views of Vasudhara river valley.

The route is stony with some grass and shrubs in the sides. Even on a bright sunny day, the weather is mildly cool and breezy (during June to August). Sometime mist and fog may appear.

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India by height]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Vasudhara Falls}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamoli district]]

Comedian Marcus

2026-01-13T21:07:58Z

PriscillaNair10: added new entry

{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (died 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Comedian Marcus
| image = Comedian Marcus at Tiatr KUMSAR (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fernandes singing at the ''tiatr Kumsar'', 2013
| birth_name = Marcus Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Cortalim, Goa]], India
| other_names = {{hlist|Comedian Marcus de Cortalim|Comedian Marcos}}
| education = Our Lady of Perpetual High School, Cortalim
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actor|singer|playwright}}
| death_date = {{Death date|2020|2|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], Bambolim, Goa, India
| years_active = {{circa|1996}}–2019
| children = 1
| spouse = Fatima Fernandes
}}

'''Marcus Fernandes''' (unknown – 21 February 2020), known professionally as '''Comedian Marcus''', was an Indian comedian, playwright, director, actor, and singer known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. He began his career as a drummer, co-founding the band Key Notes. Fernandes made his debut on the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage as a [[child actor]] in ''Tem Tujem''. He was particularly known for his humorous [[One-line joke|one-liner]]s and gestures.

==Early life==
Marcus Fernandes hailed from the [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] of [[Cortalim#History|Thana]] in the village of [[Cortalim]] in [[Goa]]. Despite his parents, Caetano Fernandes and Fransqina D'Silva,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live }}</ref> not being involved in the realm of ''[[tiatr]]'', Fernandes displayed a fervent passion for stage performances. This passion was evident even during his formative years at Our Lady of Perpetual High School in Cortalim, where he actively engaged in school programs, lending his vocal talents to various performances. Furthermore, Marcus's musical prowess extended to playing the drums, as he became a member of Key Notes, a band he co-founded with his close companions.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Fernandes first showcased his comedic abilities as a [[child actor]] in the ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Tem Tujem'' (That is yours), directed by Sunny de Cortalim. Despite originally portraying a serious character, Fernandes received advice from an experienced individual who recognized his potential to bring laughter to audiences. Encouraged by this feedback, Fernandes joined Anthony de Velsao's troupe for [[Goa Carnival|carnival shows]], where he honed his comedic skills and established himself as a proficient comedian. JP Pereira of ''[[The Navhind Times]]'' writes, over a span of more than two decades, Fernandes entertained enthusiasts of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr'' with his humorous [[One-line joke|one-liners]] and gestures. Known for his ability to generate genuine laughter without resorting to [[vulgarity]], Fernandes collaborated with esteemed directors within the Konkani theater community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-06-02 |title=Beyond the funny {{!}} The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times {{pipe}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/02/magazines/buzz/beyond-the-funny/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154045/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/02/magazines/buzz/beyond-the-funny/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Comedian Marcus at ASSON NAM.jpg|thumb|Fernandes during a performance at the ''tiatr Asson Nam'' in 2012]]
During his involvement in carnival shows, Fernandes caught the attention of Pascoal Rodrigues, who invited him to act in the play ''Matiechem Aidonn'' (Vessels of Clay). This marked Fernandes's debut on the professional stage, which led to subsequent collaborations with Rodrigues in productions like ''Nimanno Brestar'' (Maundy Thursday) and ''Koxtta Kantte''. Fernandes also joined forces with Inacio de Canacona in performances of ''He Goenche Put'' (The Sons of Goa) and ''Tumkam Zai Toxem'' (What they want), among others. Directors such as [[Roseferns]], Elvis-Carmen, Jr. Reagan, and Sr. Agnes also sought Fernandes's acting prowess for their respective projects.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Comedian Marcus singing at ASUMDHI tiatr.jpg|thumb|Fernandes during a performance at the ''tiatr Asumdhi'' in 2013]]
In 2016, Fernandes made his mark in the Konkani music scene by featuring in the inaugural Konkani [[audio album]] titled ''Rinn'', produced by Bonifacio and Romitha Productions. He showcased his vocal prowess by lending his voice to various tracks, including the album's eponymous [[title song]] "Rinn." Fernandes also collaborated with Valensha on a duet called "Bhav Bhoinn," and joined forces with Ignatius de Xelvon and Rons for a trio performance titled "108." Additionally, he delivered a solo performance titled "Tondd Lipoita."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-04-13 |title=Audio Reviews JP Pereira – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/04/13/magazines/buzz/audio-reviews-jp-pereira/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154006/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/04/13/magazines/buzz/audio-reviews-jp-pereira/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from his musical endeavors, Fernandes actively participated in the Kala Academy Tiatr Competition 2014–2015, where he competed in Group B with his play ''Tumi Kori Nakat'' (Y'all don't do it). His talent and dedication were recognized through several individual accolades he received during the competition. Furthermore, Fernandes demonstrated his acting skills by working with figures such as Cyril Almeida and the award-winning director Alfie Fernandes, appearing in productions like ''Pacharem'' (The Cage) and ''Paanz''.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Comedian Marcus and Comedian Seby at Aqua Goa 2015.jpg |thumb|Fernandes during a performance at the 2015 Aqua Goa Mega Festival]]
In March 2018, Fernandes was enlisted by Jr. Reagan to join the cast of the theatrical production ''Happy Easter'', a ''tiatr'' performance. ''[[O Heraldo]]'' writes, within the production, Fernandes collaborated with Joana, Saby, and Sally to form a comedic [[quartet]], delivering entertaining performances on stage. Moreover, Fernandes participated in various musical arrangements, including trio performances alongside Joana and Saby, as well as engaging in quartet and duet compositions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Goodness will always be rewarded |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Goodness-will-always-be-rewarded/128622 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=oHeraldo |date=25 March 2018 |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154047/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Goodness-will-always-be-rewarded/128622 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2018, Fernandes garnered recognition for his contribution to the DVD production titled ''Paduacho St Anton'' (Vol. 95), masterminded by Edwin D'Costa. The DVD featured a diverse collection of 12 songs, encompassing solos, duos, duets, trios, and quartets. One of the featured duets, "Suseg Na," showcased Fernandes' collaboration with Reza, focusing on portraying the challenges encountered by a husband when facing disturbances from his spouse, even during leisurely occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life lessons through song |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=139024 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154047/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=139024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2019, Fernandes became part of Comedian Sally's troupe, contributing to productions including ''Maim Paichem bessaum'' (The blessings of Mother and Father), ''Tumi Konank Zai'' (Who do y'all want?), and the 2019 show ''Eke Sunecho Kaido''. Throughout his career, Fernandes remained dedicated to entertaining audiences and delivering performances in the realm of Konkani ''tiatr''. In the same year, Fernandes participated in the ''tiatr'' production ''Eke Sunecho Kaido'' (The Daughter-in-law's Rule).<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes also established himself as a proficient writer, contributing to the vibrant tradition of [[Goa Carnival|Carnival shows]] for a span of 15 years. Noteworthy among his creations were three plays that held a special place in his heart: ''Kalli Angostram'' (The Black Clothes), ''Tuka Lagon'' (Because of You), and ''Amkam Meulim'' (We Got Them). Unfortunately, his involvement in the Carnival performance of Comedian Sally's ''Mai Paichem Bessaum'' was marred by a [[stroke]] that necessitated his admission to the [[Goa Medical College]] (GMC). He made a successful recovery and later resumed collaborating with the same director on subsequent productions. Regrettably, due to his health setback, the Carnival shows had to be discontinued. In addition to his accomplishments in music and theater, Fernandes expanded his artistic portfolio by releasing four [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] [[VCD]] films showcasing his talent in comedy sketches and songs. These films, titled ''Goodbye'', ''Thank You Brother'', ''Stop It'', and ''Piso'', further solidified his creative versatility. Furthermore, Fernandes nurtured his drumming skills under the mentorship of Assumption Nunes, a drummer from the ex-band INDIA, often finding joy in playing the drums for leisurely pursuits.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
In addition to his involvement in the entertainment industry, Fernandes had a career at a school. He entered into matrimony with Fatima, and together they had a son named Anson. Under Fernandes's guidance, Anson pursued drumming and intended to receive formal music lessons. Throughout Fernandes's journey, his wife provided invaluable support to him.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes expressed his admiration for the director duo Elvis and Carmen, highlighting Elvis as one of the industry's top directors. According to Fernandes, Elvis possessed strong scriptwriting abilities, selects fitting titles for his projects, and assigns roles that showcase the talents of his actors. Additionally, Fernandes spoke highly of Comedian Sally, describing him as a skilled writer and director. He praised Sally's kind and understanding nature, emphasizing his respectful treatment of the entire group. Fernandes expressed his enjoyment of working under Sally's leadership.<ref name=":0" />

On 21 February 2020, Fernandes died at [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]], Goa.<ref name=":1" />

==Awards==
Fernandes has been recognized and honored for his contributions to the field of comedy and singing in the ''[[tiatr]]'' (a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]). At the 31st Tiatr Competition (2005–2006) organized by the [[Kala Academy|Kala Academy Goa]], he received a merit certificate for his portrayal of Ded Foot in the ''tiatr Zoitachi Ek Bhuk'' (A hunger for justice). Similarly, at the 37th Tiatr Competition (2011–2012), he was awarded a merit certificate for his comedic role as Poscoto in the ''tiatr Pojisanv'' (The Position). In addition, Fernandes received further recognition at the 38th Tiatr Competition (2012–2013) for his involvement in the ''tiatr Asson Nam'' (There was not). Here, he was presented with a merit certificate for his comedic portrayal of Marcus, as well as a merit certificate for his lyrics in his solo performance of "Padr Agnelo." Furthermore, at the 39th Tiatr Competition (2013–2014), he was honored with a merit certificate in the male category for his role as Jak Piedad in the ''tiatr Assumdhi'' (Forget It).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=1974–1975 |title=KALA ACADEMY GOA 1st Tiatr 'A' Group Competition 1974–1975 |url=https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Kala Academy Goa |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055954/https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Continuing his success, Fernandes was recognized with a merit certificate in the male category for his performance as Marcus in the ''tiatr Tumi Kori Nakat'' (Y'all don't do it) at the 1st Tiatr B Group Competition 2014–2015. Additionally, he received another merit certificate in the male category for singing in the ''tiatr Inam'' (The Award) by Sunny De Cortalim at the 3rd Tiatr B Group Competition 2016–2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018–2019 |title=KALA ACADEMY GOA 1st Tiatr 'B' Group Competition 2014-2015 |url=https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tiatr-B-Group-Competition-Programme-Results2020.pdf |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Kala Academy Goa}}</ref> Moreover, he received the Best Comedy Kantar award for his song "Bhattkaralem Cheddum" in the ''tiatr Girest Bhikari'' (The Rich Beggar) during the 6th Popular Tiatr Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-26 |title='Pai' bags top honours at TAG's 6th Popular Tiatr Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pai-bags-top-honours-at-tags-6th-popular-tiatr-festival/articleshow/46374851.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103092742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pai-bags-top-honours-at-tags-6th-popular-tiatr-festival/articleshow/46374851.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, Fernandes, together with Comedian Cedric, was honored with the Best Duo award for their song "Novech Kazari" in the album "''Pai''" at the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]'s annual Konkani song and music awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-12 |title='Viva Don Bosco' is Konkani audio album of the year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/viva-don-bosco-is-konkani-audio-album-of-the-year/articleshow/46534039.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925194130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/viva-don-bosco-is-konkani-audio-album-of-the-year/articleshow/46534039.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Select filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2007
|''Good Bye''
|Writer/director
|
|rowspan="3"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2008
|''Thank You Brother''
|Writer/director
|Credited as Comedian Marcos
|-
|rowspan="3"|2009
|''Stop It''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|{{Plainlist|
* ''Adeus''
* ''Korchea Adim''
* ''Poieat Mhaka''}}
|Writer/director
|
|
|-
|''Lakhpoti Zanvoi''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Merces |first=Felix |date=14 June 2009 |title=Konkani VCD "Lakhpoti Zanvoi" |url=http://www.goa-world.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=Goa World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624225947/http://www.goa-world.com/ |archive-date=2009-06-24 }}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''Piso''
|Writer/director
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2016
|''Azun Kainch Choilonam''
|
|
|
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|
|''Tem Tujem''
|Serious character
|Debut as child artiste
|rowspan="11"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Matiechem Aidonn''
|
|Professional debut
|-
|
|''Nimanno Brestar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Koxtta Kantte''
|
|
|-
|
|''Tumkam Zai Toxem''
|
|
|-
|
|''Nimnno Poddo''
|
|
|-
|
|''Ghirest Bhikari''
|
|
|-
|
|''Tumi Konank Zai''
|
|
|-
|
|''Kalli Angostram''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Tuka Lagon''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Amkam Meulim''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Atam Maka Disti Poddta''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''Fullam''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''Khotte Poixe''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''Mhaka Soeg Diat''
|
|
|
|-
|2003
|''Paanz''
|
|
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|2005
|''Zoitachi Ek Bhuk''
|Ded Foot
|
|-
|2006
|''Tumchea Moga Pasot''
|
|
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |date=2022-08-27 |title=The century show from Goa's Roseferns |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/the-century-show-from-goas-roseferns |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|''He Goenche Put''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Christmas Week Celebration |url=http://www.unitedclubofutordagoa.com/UCU_past_activities_report.pdf |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=United Club of Utorda}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Plainlist|
*''Tin Vorsanni''
*''Porot Iello''
*''Pollounk Ieat''}}
|Director
|Credited as Comedian Marcus de Cortalim
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menezes |first=Ulysses |date=2008-01-23 |title=Khell Tiatrs announced for Carnival 2008 in Goa |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210100925/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |archive-url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg23227.html |archive-date=23 January 2008 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Goa World}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2010
|''Pacharem''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-09 |title=36th tiatr festival attracts a record number of 21 entries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/36th-tiatr-festival-attracts-a-record-number-of-21-entries/articleshow/6522355.cms |access-date=2024-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|''Chukleleank Bhogxitam''
|
|
|
|-
|''Hanv Patki Kiteak''
|Comedian
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sequeira |first=Elvis |date=2010-09-24 |title=Tiatr Review Hanv Patki Kiteak |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/24_sept |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''Pojisanv''
|Poscoto
|
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|''Asson Nam''
|Marcus
|
|-
|''Voir Marlolo Fator''
|
|
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''Asumdhi''
|Jak Piedad
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''Match Fixing''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-17 |title='Tumchinch Bhurghim' opens tiatr festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tumchinch-bhurghim-opens-tiatr-festival/articleshow/18536576.cms |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''Tumi Kori Nakat''
|Marcus
|Also writer
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2015
|''Danv Re Ghoddea Danv''
|Panch
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-02 |title=There's no horsing around in 'Dhanv Re Ghoddea Dhanv' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/theres-no-horsing-around-in-dhanv-re-ghoddea-dhanv/articleshow/47126408.cms |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2016
|''Inam''
|Singer
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|''Maim Paichem Bessaum''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-12-15 |title=Tiatr Review – J P Pereira – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times {{pipe}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/12/15/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-j-p-pereira-26/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124163255/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/12/15/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-j-p-pereira-26/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|''Kallem Mazor''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch unique Goan theatre |url=https://www.thegoan.net//watch-unique-goan-theatre/9641.html |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Happy Easter''
|Comedian/singer
|
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2019
|''Eke Sunecho Kaido''
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=14890819}}
*[https://tiatr.in/tiatrist/comedian-marcus/ Comedian Marcus at Tiatr.in]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marcus, Comedian}}
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]

Kottappadi Football Stadium, Malappuram

2026-01-02T01:50:13Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating a entry.

{{Short description|Football stadium in Malappuram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| logo_image =
| image =
| caption =
| owner =
| operator = Malappuram District Sports Council
| broke_ground =
| opened =
| location = Down Hill, [[Malappuram]]
| coordinates =
| surface = [[Grass]]
| dimensions =
| architect = KITCO India
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| main_contractors =
| construction_cost = [[$]] 3 million
| capacity = 8,000
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| tenants = {{ubl|[[Kerala Premier League]]}}
}}

'''Kottappadi Football Stadium''', also known as Malappuram Stadium, is a historic [[association football|football]] stadium in [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fwdbusiness.com/2017/04/rediscovering-football-glory%E2%80%8B-of-kerala%E2%80%8B/|title=Rediscovering Football Glory of Kerala {{!}} Eyeing to make Gokulam FC the first professional club in Kerala|date=12 April 2017|access-date=26 January 2022|website=fwdbusiness.com|publisher=FWD Business (March – April 2017 issue)|first=FWD|last=Media|location=Kerala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704065411/https://fwdbusiness.com/2017/04/rediscovering-football-glory%E2%80%8B-of-kerala%E2%80%8B/|archive-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> It is under the management of Malappuram District Sports Council, located right at the heart of CBD of Malappuram. Malappuram is unequivocally considered to be the cradle of Indian football, and this stadium owns much of credit.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/dec/29/where-malappuram-learned-to-play-football-699171.html| title = Where Malappuram Learned to Play Football- The New Indian Express| access-date = 3 January 2018| archive-date = 4 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073237/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/dec/29/Where-Malappuram-Learned-to-Play-Football-699171.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

==History==
The historic Kottapadi Maidan or ''Kavathu Parambu'' as it was called back then, saw the elders playing barefoot with the [[British Army]], eventually going on to become a symbol of Malappuram’s football-centric culture.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/dec/29/where-malappuram-learned-to-play-football-699171.html| title = Where Malappuram Learned to Play Football- The New Indian Express| access-date = 3 January 2018| archive-date = 4 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073237/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/dec/29/Where-Malappuram-Learned-to-Play-Football-699171.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Late Irumban Moideen who started playing at Kottappadi joined Royal Indian Air Force and represented India.

==Events==
Post Independence, the first official tournament reported to have been hosted by the stadium was the Moidu Memorial All-Kerala Football Tournament held in 1952. All-India Civil Service Tournament, [[Kerala Premier League]], [[Kerala State Club Football Championship]], were notable competitions organised at the stadium.

==Coaching & practice==
Currently [[Kerala Blasters FC]] coaching center is stationed here,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://kbfc.co.in/register|title = KBFC ISL Matches 2022, Team, Players || Kerala Blasters Football Club|date = 25 February 2022|access-date = 3 January 2018|archive-date = 7 March 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180307125003/http://kbfc.co.in/register|url-status = live}}</ref> along with city level coaching provided by municipality. The stadium is home ground for Malappuram FC and was the practice turf for [[Gokulam FC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/gokulam-fc-brews-a-hope-for-keralas-soccer-fans.html|title=In Malappuram, Gokulam FC brews a hope for Kerala's soccer fans|website=www.onmanorama.com|publisher=[[Onmanorama]]|first=Paul|last=Abraham K|date=20 February 2017|location=[[Kottayam]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007052904/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/gokulam-fc-brews-a-hope-for-keralas-soccer-fans.amp.html|archive-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> In the 2019–20 [[Kerala Premier League]], the stadium served as home ground for Real Malabar FC & Luca Soccer Club.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Stadiums in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Football venues in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Event venues with year of establishment missing]]

Bastar rebellion

2025-12-11T08:52:28Z

PriscillaNair10: general adjust page for accuracy additionally and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|1910 tribal rebellion in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bastar Rebellion
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1910
| place = [[Bastar State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| result = Rebellion suppressed
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj]]
| combatant2 = [[Adivasi]]s of [[Bastar State]]
| commander1 =
| commander2 = [[Gunda Dhur]] Lal Karendra Singh
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| partof = The [[Indian independence movement]]
}}
{{portal|India|size=tiny}}
The '''Bastar Rebellion''', also known as the '''Bhumkal Movement''' was an [[Adivasi]] rebellion in 1910 against the [[British Raj]] in the [[princely state]] of [[Bastar state|Bastar]]. Its central part is located on a plateau North of this plateau is chhattisgarh plain and South of this plateau is godavari plain.<ref name="MoC">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?219|title=Shahid Gundadhur|publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India}}</ref> It was primarily led by [[Gunda Dhur]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/badgaon/news/111-years-ago-from-today-gundadhur-sent-a-message-of-revolt-against-the-british-by-tying-chillies-in-mango-twigs-128211279.html|title=आज भूमकाल दिवस:111 साल पहले आज ही के दिन से आम की टहनियों में मिर्च बांधकर अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ विद्रोह का संदेश गुंडाधुर ने गांव-गांव में भेजा था|lang=hi |trans-title=Today is Earth Day: 111 years back, by tying chillies in mango twigs, the message of rebellion against the British was sent by Gundadhur to every village |date=10 February 2021}}</ref> a tribal leader, as well as by a ''diwan'' and cousin of the king, Lal Karendra Singh. The tribals mobilized, which led to the entire state rising in revolt against the British colonial government, overwhelming the small 250-strong police force in the state, and was marked by widespread rioting, looting and arson. By the end of February, however, additional troops from neighbouring [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] had quelled the revolt and arrested the leaders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=VERGHESE|first=AJAY|date=2015-08-19|title=British Rule and Tribal Revolts in India: The curious case of Bastar|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000687|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=50|issue=5|pages=1619–1644|doi=10.1017/s0026749x14000687|s2cid=143195919|issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The primary cause of the rebellion, as was later discovered by several government reports examining the cause of the riots, were British colonial policies regarding usage of the forests. The British colonial government had begun reserving forests, which only allowed certain corporations to exploit forest resources. This resulted in the barring of tribals from using the forests for their livelihoods, and oftentimes, the displacement of tribal villages, which led to widespread resentment against the colonial government.<ref name=":0" />

However, the British, and the post-independence Indian governments, continued to reserve forests, which led to the further displacement of tribals from their lands. The continuation of these policies, which have had a detrimental impact on Adivasi livelihood, has been a powerful factor for the intense [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite insurgency]] in the Bastar division of Chhattisgarh and the continuing tribal support to it.<ref name=":0" />

== Background ==
Bastar was a princely state in central India, administered under the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. In ancient times it was known as ''[[Dandakaranya]]'' (lit. stick forest), and was mentioned in the [[Ramayana]]. Today, it corresponds to the [[Bastar division]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The state covered an area of {{Convert|33830|km2|mi2|abbr=in}} and had its capital at [[Jagdalpur]]. In 1901, it had a population of 306,501. It is a tribal-dominated region, the main tribes being the [[Madia Gond|Madia]], [[Muria people|Muria]], [[Dorla people|Dorla]], [[Duruwa]], [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]] and Bhatra. The Madia, Muria and Dorla are part of the larger [[Gondi people|Gond]] tribe formerly dominant in central India from the 14th to 18th centuries. However, the Bastar princely state was ruled by Rajputs who claimed descent from Annamaraja, a brother of the last [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] King [[Prataparudra|Prataparudra II]], who fled to the region after the Delhi Sultanate conquered [[Warangal]] in the early 14th century. The state was tributary to the Mughals and Marathas, and after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], Bastar became a tributary of the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Shukla|first=Hira Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOVHAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhumkāl, the Tribal Revolt in Bastar: The Story of Gundādhūr and His Movement|date=1991|publisher=Sharada Prakashan|location=Delhi|language=en}}</ref>

Bastar is a land rich in natural resources, and the tribals have made the best use of their terrain to exploit that. Traditionally, the tribals practiced ''jhum'' agriculture, and so had an intimate relationship with the forest. Even after adopting settled agriculture, the tribals still relied heavily on collecting minor forest products such as ''tendu'' to supplement their livelihoods. However, starting in 1871, the British colonial government began interfering in this procedure by establishing [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserve forests]] in areas especially rich in natural resources. This meant forest which had previously been in tribal hands became directly under state control, allowing the state to decide who was allowed to use the forest and its resources. Oftentimes the British colonial government, in order to exploit the valuable deposits of iron, rubber, ''tendu'', timber, and precious minerals, would give corporations monopolies on exploiting the forest while imposing fees on the adivasis for collecting produce or grazing there. In many cases entire villages within reserve forest bounds were forcibly relocated.<ref name=":0" /> This was extended in 1908, when the reserve forest policy was expanded.<ref name=":1" /> Forest produce collected from this system was frequently sold at subsidised rates, meaning very little money would return to the forest or its labourers. Additionally, the British government refused to help diversify the tribal economy to make up for this difference. Thus the tribals became exploited labourers at the mercy of oftentimes-corrupt forest officials. In addition, tribal land was slowly being lost as the ''thekadari'' system was implemented: where tribals now became tenants on their own land and whole villages were leased. These policies caused significant hardship to tribals, who were now unable to supplement their incomes from farming.<ref name=":1" /> Therefore British forest policies would cause significant resentment in tribal communities.

The tribals of Bastar have a close relationship with their rulers. Since the [[Raja|rajas]] are the high priests of [[Danteshwari Temple|Maa Danteshwari]], a goddess sacred to the Adivasis, there is a much closer relationship between the tribals and their rulers than a typical princely state. This is exemplified by the Bastar Dusshera celebrations, where the king is 'abducted' by the tribals on the 11th day and on the 12th is returned to the throne. This level of socioreligious significance held by the king meant any changes to the monarchy would be resisted by the tribals. The British began interfering with the administration by replacing officials, especially the ''diwan''. In 1876, the resentment over changes to the monarchy boiled over when the ''diwan'' attempted to organize a meeting between the Prince of Wales, who had arrived in India, and the Raja of Bastar. The tribals feared this was an attempt at abduction, and so mobilized to prevent the raja from leaving the state. The people demanded the raja dismiss the current ''diwan'' and high court judge since they were oppressive and not leave them in charge of administration if he left. The "rebellion" was relatively bloodshed-free and died down. In 1891, after the death of Raja Pratap Deo and the succession of his 6 year-old son Rudra Pratap Deo, the British colonial government took the opportunity to start governing the princely state directly. Even after the raja gained maturity in 1908, Extra Commissioner Panda Bajinath, who had served as superintended for the past four years, became ''diwan'' and essentially forced the raja to follow his advice. Therefore the raja no longer had any real authority over his kingdom, and it was later remarked that the ''diwan'' was the de facto ruler.<ref name=":0" />

Other hardships for the tribals included: an influx of outside traders into adivasi lands, such as Telugu and Chhattisgarhi moneylenders, who had exploitative relationships with the communities in which they worked, the exploitative system of ''begar'', or forced labour, implemented by officials, suppression of their ''ghotul'' culture in the education system, and suppression of their traditional religion by banning home-brewing of alcohol.<ref name=":1" />

== Rebellion ==
In 1908, troops attacked a Duruwa community near the capital of [[Jagdalpur]], killing the inhabitants and committing acts of [[Wartime sexual violence|rape]] against the village women. The attack caused significant anger among the tribals, and for a year, the talk was all about their anger towards the colonial government, particularly in regards to their forest policies. Preparations were being made: weapons were collected and prepared and ''ghotul'' meetings were taking place, for 9 months, unnoticed by the administration. The rebellion had two forms of leadership. Covertly, the rebellion was led by Lal Karendra Singh, a former ''diwan'' who was very popular with the tribals. He was a cousin to the royal family, and wished to be ruler. He was supported by the senior ''rani'', Kumari Devi, once questions about Rudra Pratap Deo's legitimacy were raised, and the tribals' faith in the ''raja'' was further reduced by the propaganda they led. On 22 October 1909, Singh held a meeting with the ''majhis'' of the tribals and they agreed to overthrow the colonial government. The council formed an overt leadership headed by Gunda Dhur, a Duruwa leader. For each region of the state they organized a group of tribal leaders. The plan was to set up an "Independent revolutionary government" led by Gunda Dhur that would take over once the foreign administration was deposed. The preparations were so secret that all the non-leaders knew was they should prepare for a ''bhumkal'' (earthquake). They would implement a surprise attack on the government, cut off communications with the outside, and capture as many officers as possible for hostages.<ref name=":1" />

In January symbolic messages, consisting of red chilis, bows and arrows, mango leaves, lumps of earth, were sent all around the state to alert people to the coming war. On 31 January, the ''diwan'' came to know that "chilis were being circulated," and while the agent he was with continued towards Chanda, he attempted to return towards Jagdalpur. But on hearing about a Madia demonstration there, he went to Bijapur instead. On 6 February 1910, the date of the start of the rebellion, an assault group prepared to capture the ''diwan'' and destroy the state bureaucracy, but the Diwan escaped. Instead, the force killed his officers and searched the entire southern area for the ''diwan''. The same day, violence erupted throughout the state. This violence was directed towards the forest officials and the "outsiders," especially moneylenders and traders. Their shops and houses were burnt and they were beaten and kicked out of the area. Until 13 February, the tribals practically ruled Bastar when government troops entered Jagdalpur and captured Singh.

Meanwhile the ''diwan'', who had been alerted to the general rising of the Madias throughout south Bastar, fled to the neighbouring princely state of Chanda. The colonial government were alerted on 7 February of the uprising by Rudra Pratap Deo, who requested their assistance to deal with Madias and Murias who were "rioting". Also on 7 February, an assembly was held in [[Geedam]] near [[Dantewada]] by many of the Madia Gond leaders, as well as Gunda Dhur. The conclave captured Geedam and recaptured Barsur. The rebels mounted a week-long siege of Kutru. Overall, the rebels managed to take over most of the southeast of Bastar, helped by the mountainous terrain.<ref name=":1" />

In the northwest of the state, rebel leaders began killing forest officials and moneylenders and arming their followers with guns. One Madia Gond leader, Aytu Para, who compared himself with ''Lingo'', had taken over the [[Antagarh]] region. On 9 March, the Abhuj Madias attacked a [[British Indian Army]] force near Chhote Dongar led by Commander Drury. In a series of skirmishes and sieges, Drury was driven from the region into Narayanpur. Infuriated, he ordered a [[Scorched earth|scorched-earth]] policy against the Abhujmarias, which proved successful in subduing them.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastar rebellion}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1910]]
[[Category:1910 in India]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

The Royal Bengal Tiger (film)

2025-10-03T08:24:58Z

PriscillaNair10: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[The Royal Bengal Tiger]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Keleghai River

2025-09-09T11:59:26Z

PriscillaNair10: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Keleghai River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map = Damodar Map.jpg
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|121|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Kangsabati River|Kasai]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = Baminigram, Jhargram District, Sankrail PS, [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
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}}

'''Keleghai River''' originates at Baminigram, near Dudhkundi, under Sankrail police station of [[Jhargram subdivision|Jhargram]] [[Paschim Medinipur district|district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It flows past [[Keshiari]], Narayangarh, Sabang and Patashpur to join the [[Kangsabati River|Kangsabati]] at Dheu bhanga under Moyna police station of [[Purba Medinipur district]]. The combined stream is called [[Haldi River|Haldi]]. It is {{convert|121|km}} long. The steep slope of the river in Guptamani and Sankrail causes floods. The river has been so named by the [[Lodha people|Lodhas]].<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.midnapore.in/river/medinipur_rivers_keleghai.html
| title = Rivers of Medinipur district – Keleghai | access-date = 2009-10-06 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Environment|Ecology}}
*[[List of rivers of India]]
*[[List of major rivers of India|Rivers of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

R. Malsawmtluanga

2025-08-27T13:51:17Z

PriscillaNair10:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Distinguish|Malsawmtluanga}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = R Malsawmtluanga
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|09|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.71}}
| currentclub = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| clubnumber = 23
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2015–2016
| clubs1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps1 = 8
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2016–2020
| clubs2 = [[Chhinga Veng FC|Chhinga Veng]]
| caps2 = 1
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2020–
| clubs3 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps3 = 21
| goals3 = 3
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 19:34, 9 April 2022 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''R Malsawmtluanga''' (born 12 September 1992) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed squads of all I-League teams for the 2021-22 season|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-all-teams-squads|date=25 December 2021|website=KhelNow}}</ref>

==Career==
Malsawmtluanga started his career for [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]] in the [[Mizoram Premier League]], earning player the year honours in 2014, and the [[Mizoram football team]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian News 2015|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indian_football_news_live_score_2015/23rd_july_2015_indian_football_news.html|accessdate=9 January 2016|work=Kolkata Football}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=P.K. Ajith|title=Bright start by Mizoram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/35th-national-games-bright-start-by-mizoram/article6849554.ece|accessdate=9 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

Malsawmtluanga made his professional debut for Aizawl in the I-League on 9 January 2016 against the reigning champions, [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. He played the full match as Aizawl lost 3–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan 3-1 Aizawl|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/09/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/aizawl-fc/2176875/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>
best player in MPL 2017

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|9 April 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|r-malsawmtluanga/431528}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|8||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||8||1
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Chhinga Veng FC|Chhinga Veng]]
|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||1||0
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{nowrap|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]}}
| rowspan="2" |I-League
|12||3||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||3
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!30!!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!30!!4
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://zofooty.com/player/30-r-malsawmtluanga ZoFooty Profile].

{{Aizawl F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malsawmtluanga, R}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:I-League players]]

Manampoondi

2025-08-17T20:47:22Z

PriscillaNair10: New

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Manampoondi''' is a village in [[Kandachipuram taluk]] of [[Villupuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MANAMPOONDI PIN CODE|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/villupuram/manampoondi-pincode-605759.html|publisher=ABP Live}}</ref>

==Temples==
Manampoondi is also notable for the Brindavana of [[Raghuttama Tirtha]], a [[Hindu]] saint and pontiff of [[Uttaradi Matha]] of [[Dvaita|Dvaita Order of Vedanta]], who went alive into Brindavana in the year 1596 on the bank of the river [[Ponnaiyar River|South Pennar]] in this village.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC&pg=PA512|title=History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature: From the Earliest Beginnings to Our Own Time|page=463|author=B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma|author-link=B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2000|isbn=978-8120815759}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kallakurichi District}}

[[Category:Villages in Viluppuram district]]

Dhireswar Kalita

2025-07-29T23:33:05Z

PriscillaNair10: added a biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

'''Dhireswar Kalita''' (22 April 1922 – 14 January 1997) was an Indian politician who was a leader in the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=33&lsno=4|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=Loksabha.nic.in|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> He represented the [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency]] from 1967 to 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1804.htm|title=Members Bioprofile|website=Loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

Kalita had previously been associated with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] as a student up to 1943, and was a member of the Gauhati Local Board. He was a member of the Gauhati University Court for six years. As Student Federation volunteer he served in Burma refugee camps in Pandu and in Gauhati in 1941. During the [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal famine]], he managed a destitute home at Gauhati from 1943 to 1944.

Kalita died in [[Guwahati]] on 14 January 1997, at the age of 74.<ref>{{cite book |title=Com. Dhireswar Kalita passes away |date=1997 |publisher=Trade Union Record |pages=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2ztAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Dhireswar+Kalita%22+%22assam%22+%22passed%22 |access-date=23 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalita, Dhireswar}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Jharkhand Lok Adalat

2025-07-02T20:06:50Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating a article.

{{refimprove|date=January 2022}}

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Jharkhand Legal Services Authority
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| mission =
| formed = 1987
| preceding1 =
| employees =
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| country = India
| federal = No
| map =
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| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = THE Hon'ble Chief Justice SHRI. Dr. Ravi Ranjan.<ref name="jh ref1">{{cite web |title=Jharkhand State Legal Services Authority (Jhalsa) |url=https://www.jhalsa.org/ |website=www.jhalsa.org |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
| chief1position = Chief Justice, High Court of Jharkhand-cum-Patron-in-Chief, JHALSA, Ranchi.
| parentagency =
| website = https://www.jhalsa.org/
| child1agency =
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'''Jharkhand Lok Adalat''' or Jharkhand State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Jharkhand]]. The Jharkhand Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[Constitution|constitutional]] protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably. It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat|Lok Adalats]] award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties. Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate [[jurisdiction]], litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award.

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-12-23|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==

Jharkhand Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Jharkhand Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.

*High Court.

*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.

*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.

* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.

* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.

* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.<ref name="aru lokad ref3">{{cite news |title=APSLSA introduced mobile Legal Services cum Lok Adalat Van |url=https://arunachal24.in/apslsa-introduced-mobile-legal-services-cum-lok-adalat-van/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

SHRI. Ravi Ranjan is the Chief Justice and patron-in-chief of the Jharkhand Lok Adalat.<ref name="jh ref6">{{cite news |title=Country’s First Insurance E-Lok Adalat Conducted by Jharkhand State Legal Services Authority (JHALSA) [READ REPORT] |url=https://lawstreet.co/judiciary/jhalsa-insurance-elok-adalat?refuid=MTE4ODh8NTAuNjMuMTYwLjIxN3xzb29sZWdhbC5jb20%3D |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=lawstreet.co |date=22 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<ref name="Lok Ref2" />

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="jh ref2">{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Sanjay |title=Jharkhand: Over 3,300 cases settled in first e-lok adalat since lockdown {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/over-3300-cases-settled-in-first-e-lok-adalat-since-lockdown/articleshow/78726953.cms |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=18 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.

* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.

* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.<ref name="jh ref5">{{cite news |title=More than 55,000 cases, over Rs 108 cr settled at Lok Adalat |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/more-than-55-000-cases--over-rs-108-cr-settled-at-lok-adalat.html |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=The Pioneer |date=12 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.

* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.<ref name="jh ref7">{{cite news |title=National Lok Adalat on September 11 |url=https://lagatar24.com/national-lok-adalat-on-september-11/61501/ |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=Lagatar English |date=7 August 2021}}</ref>

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.

* Issues relating to recovery of money.

* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.

* Issues relating to labour disputes.

* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.

* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.<ref name="jh ref3">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand: First virtual lok adalat to settle 9,000 pre-litigation insurance cases {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/first-virtual-lok-adalat-to-settle-9k-pre-litigation-insurance-cases/articleshow/78304315.cms |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=25 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.

* Cases relating to recovery of money.

* Issues relating to labour disputes.

* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.

* General Maintenance related disputes.

* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.<ref name="Loka Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat disposes of 8.5 lakh cases in a day across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/lok-adalat-disposes-of-8-5-lakh-cases-in-a-day-across-maharashtra-101632673899685.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Jharkhand Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="and lok ref15">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

In year 2020, Jharkhand Lok Adalat conducted first insurance E-Lok Adalat.<ref name="jh ref6" />

== Details of cases Resolved ==

1. Jharkhand Lok Adalat solved 3300 cases in the first Lok Adalat conducted post Covid lockdown in year 2020.<ref name="jh ref2" />

2. Jharkhand Lok Adalat awarded monetary compensation and compassionate pay off for the deceased employees of Central Coalfields Limited(CCL) as part of pre-Litigated issues listed before it during National Lok adalat organised in the state.<ref name="jh ref4">{{cite news |title=27 dependents get appointment letters in National Lok Adalat |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/27-dependents-get-appointment-letters-in-national-lok-adalat.html |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=The Pioneer |date=12 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jhalsa.org/ Official Website]

{{Lok Adalat}}



[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

List of educational institutions in Taliparamba

2025-06-24T18:14:08Z

PriscillaNair10: clean up

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Vjec1.jpg|thumb|Vimal Jyothi Engineering College, Chemperi]]
'''Taliparamba''' (''Perimchellur'') is an area that is part of [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]] state, south India.

== Major educational organizations ==
[[File:Sir Syed College, Taliparamba.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sir Syed College, Taliparamba]]
[[File:Gcek-main.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Govt. College of Engineering near Taliparamba]]
*[[National Institute of Fashion Technology Kannur]]
*[[Government College of Engineering, Kannur]]
*[[Pariyaram Medical College]]
* [[Vimal Jyothi Engineering College]], Chemperi
* [[Sir Syed College (Taliparamba)|Sir Syed College]]
* [[Tagore Vidyaniketan Higher Secondary School, Taliparamba]]
* [http://tasceducation.com/#!/page_home Taliparamba Arts and Science College]

===Other schools and colleges===
* [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Taliparamba]]
* National College, Taliparamba
* [[Moothedath High School, Taliparamba]]
* [[Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Taliparamba]]
* [[Seethi Sahib Higher Secondary School]]

== See also ==
* [[Taliparamba]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Educational institutions in Taliparamba}}
[[Category:Kerala education-related lists|Taliparamba]]
[[Category:Schools in Kannur district|Taliparamba]]
[[Category:Taliparamba]]

Hanspukuria

2025-05-20T00:27:39Z

PriscillaNair10: Creating new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hanspukuria
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4479|N|88.2903|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 3887
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700104
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hanspukuria''' is a [[Village]] the [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|26|30|N|88|12|35|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Budge Budge I & II, Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Bakrahat is in Bishnupur II CD block, but Lakshmibala Rural Hospital at Bakrahat serves Budge Budge II CD block and so it is included here.

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|8|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Pujali | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Pujali]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|28|0|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2=Budge Budge| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Budge Budge]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|28|8|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Uttar Raypur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Uttar Raypur]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|28|37|N|88|12|51|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4=Balarampur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Balarampur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Buita| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Buita]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|27|37|N|88|10|27|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Benjanhari Acharial| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Benjanhari Acharial]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|27|38|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Abhirampur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Abhirampur]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|27|20|N|88|10|22|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Nischintapur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|25|40|N|88|9|18|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birlapur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Birlapur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|48|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Chak Kashipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Chak Kashipur]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|24|56|N|88|9|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Chak Alampur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Chak Alampur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|24|30|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Bowali| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bowali]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|24|15|N|88|9|4|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Dakshin Raypur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Dakshin Raypur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|55|N|88|8|51|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Poali| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Poali]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|24|5|N|88|10|41|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Nodakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Nodakhali]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|23|55|N|88|10|5|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Dongaria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Dongaria]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|6|40|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Burul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Burul]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|13|15|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Bakrahat| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|30|43|N|88|15|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Maheshtala| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Maheshtala]] (M)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|28|55|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Chata Kalikapur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chata Kalikapur]] (CT)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Rameswarpur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|28|19|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Ganye|labela22= Gangadharpur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Ganye Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|27|35|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Asuti| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Asuti]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|26|52|N|88|17|25|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Hanspukuria| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= Hanspukuria (CT) |shape-color24=black| label-size24=13|label-color24=black 
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|25|1|N|88|15|47|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Samali| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Samali]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|29|50|N|88|13|17|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Nungi| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Nungi]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|30|47|N|88|12|47|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Batanagar| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Batanagar]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|6|5|E}} |label28=Hooghly | label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-75| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|6|45|E}} |label29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=-45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Area overview===
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Hanspukuria is located at {{coord|22.4479|N|88.2903|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

Hanspukuria, [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]], [[Kalua, Maheshtala|Kalua]] and [[Ramchandrapur, Maheshtala|Ramchandrapur]] form a cluster of census towns bordering areas of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]], as per map of Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block on page 153 of District Census Handbook 2011 for South 24 Parganas. Since publication of this map Joka I and Joka II gram panchayats have been added to Kolkata Municipal Corporation area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 153 – Map of Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 3 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150528/jsp/calcutta/story_22540.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150724224718/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150528/jsp/calcutta/story_22540.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 24 July 2015|title = Assembly clears borough bill | newspaper= The Telegraph | date=28 May 2015| access-date = 3 November 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hanspukuria had a total population of 3,887, of which 1,888 (49%) were males and 1,999 (51%) were females. There were 317 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Hanspukuria was 3,127 (87.59% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 5 November 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook'' 2011, Hanspukuria covered an area of 1.6228 km2. [[Majerhat railway station]] is 8 km away. Among the civic amenities it had 3 km of roads with open drains. The source of protected water supply was borewell tank and overhead tank. It had 815 domestic electric connections and 96 road light points. Among the medical facilities it had were a hospital 1 km away, a charitable hospital/nursing home 1 km away and 20 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 3 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 3 secondary schools, 3 senior secondary schools and the nearest general degree college was at [[Thakurpukur]] 2.5 km away. It had 1 management institute/ college and had 1 recognised typewriting, shorthand and vocational training institute. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had 2 auditoriums/ community halls. The nearest cinema theatre was at Khanbena 3 km away. Three commodities produced were x-ray films, fabricated items and chemicals.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Hanspukuria is on the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Majerhat railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Education==
[[Vivekananda Mission School]] is an English-medium institution affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]. It prepares students for the ICSE/ ISC examinations.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/vivekananda-mission-school-56zy7l | title = Vivekananda Mission School| publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 11 December 2019}}</ref>

St. Gregorius School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class VIII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://directory.edugorilla.com/school/st-gregorios-school-thakurpukur-maheshtala-south-24-parganas-fee-structure-syllabus-address-admission-form-contact-number/ | title = St. Gregorious School | publisher = EduGorilla | access-date = 11 December 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Sarsuna Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds, at [[Sarsuna]], is the major government medical facility in the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =5 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Abdullah Sahib

2025-02-15T01:04:39Z

PriscillaNair10: basic enhance lead per sources per standard format

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Unreferenced|date=November 2024}}
'''Abdullah Sahib''' was the Governor of [[Gilgit Agency]] during [[Dogras|Dogra]] rule and was one of the earliest graduates of [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]]. He was the father of Pakistani writer and civil servant [[Qudrat Ullah Shahab]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Early life==
He was born{{When|date=August 2022}} in an [[Arain]] family of [[Chamkaur|Chamkor Sahib]] village, in [[Ambala district]] [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} At age six he was orphaned. After losing his father's property in loan servicing, he dedicated his life to education—something that could not be taken away from him—and became the first [[Muslim]] student to top the [[matriculation]] examination in [[Ambala District]], Punjab province during the early period of the [[Aligarh Movement]], led by [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]. Abdullah Sahib soon joined [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] where he excelled in English, [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Philosophy]] and [[Mathematics]]. When he finished his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] he was one of the earliest graduates of [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]].

== Career ==
Sir Syed arranged a scholarship for Sahib to take the [[Indian Civil Service]] exam in England, which he refused following his mother's request. This upset Sir Syed greatly, who expelled Abdullah from Aligarh and asked him not to show his face again. Abdullah Sahib honoured his words and became a [[Clerk (position)|clerk]] in remote [[Gilgit]]. He was soon made [[governor]] of the province. He spent eighteen to twenty years there and his three sons and three daughters were born there. He was a close associate of [[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Maharaja Pratap Singh]] of Kashmir, and was an expert on international relations, especially with Russia and China.

==See also==
*[[Qudrat Ullah Shahab]], his son
*[[Aligarh Muslim University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}
* ''[[Shahab Nama]]'', by [[Qudrat Ullah Shahab]]
{{Refend}}

{{Aligarh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahib, Abdullah}}
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Gilgit]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:People from Ambala district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{Pakistan-politician-stub}}