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Satya (Telugu actor)

2026-05-08T15:01:49Z

Pranjal mishra:

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satya
| image =
| caption = Satya in 2013
| birth_name = Satya Akkala<ref>
| Age =
{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-01-31|title=Naga Shaurya's Aswathama Movie Review & Rating {2.75/5}|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/naga-shauryas-aswathama-movie-review-rating-2755-76912|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-15|website=[[The Hans India]]|language=te}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Amalapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name="sakshi" />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Comedian}}
| yearsactive = 2007{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Satya Akkala''' is an Indian actor and comedian who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He won the [[SIIMA Award]] for [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]] for ''[[Chalo]]'' (2018) and ''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]'' (2024).

==Career==
Satya hails from [[Amalapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="sakshi">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-12-11|title=మాది అమలాపురమండి.. ఆయ్‌!|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/swamy-rara-fame-sathya-akkala-special-interview-960274|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916221039/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/swamy-rara-fame-sathya-akkala-special-interview-960274|archive-date=16 September 2020|access-date=2020-09-15|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|language=te|url-status=live}}</ref> He discontinued his [[Bachelor of Technology|B. Tech]] education at BVC Institute of Technology and Sciences, to pursue a career in films. Initially, he started as an assistant director and worked for films such as [[Drona (2009 film)|''Drona'']] (2009) and TV series ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]].'' He played the role of Pulakesi in the film ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' (2011). Director [[Sudheer Varma]] who liked his mannerisms in the film, cast him in a key role in ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' (2013). The film earned him recognition.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|author=Chowdary|first=Y Sunita|date=22 November 2018|title=Comedian Satya has no qualms about his modest screen time in Telugu cinema|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/comedian-satya-has-no-qualms-about-his-modest-screen-time-in-telugu-cinema/article25565833.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128053257/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/comedian-satya-has-no-qualms-about-his-modest-screen-time-in-telugu-cinema/article25565833.ece|archive-date=28 November 2020|access-date=|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-11-10|title=కమెడియన్ సత్య సినీ జర్నీ : ఆర్టీసీ క్రాస్ రోడ్స్‌లో వేణుమాధవ్ సినిమా కోసం వెళ్తే..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/interesting-things-about-comedian-satya-entry-into-tollywood-ms-369006.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201002456/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/interesting-things-about-comedian-satya-entry-into-tollywood-ms-369006.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=2020-09-15|website=[[Network18 Group|News18 Telugu]]|language=te|url-status=live}}</ref> Satya was also featured in the comedy show [[Jabardasth (TV series)|''Jabardasth'']].<ref name="J">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title='జబర్దస్త్' నుంచి తప్పుకోవడానికి కారణమిదే: కమెడియన్ సత్య|url=https://cinema.suryaa.com/movies-17358-.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127172648/https://cinema.suryaa.com/movies-17358-.html|archive-date=27 November 2020|access-date=2020-09-15|website=[[Suryaa (newspaper)|Suryaa]]|language=te|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Satya played one of the leads in [[comedy thriller]] film ''[[Mathu Vadalara]]'' (2019). One critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted, "Sathya gets some of the best lines" while another critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "Yesu is well-written and Satya outperformed it with ease. He proved how hilarious he can be with a well-crafted character".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/mathu-vadalara-review-a-partly-comic-partly-trippy-thriller-from-a-new-team/article30394845.ece|title='Mathu Vadalara' review: Till 'meth' does us apart|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 December 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225123544/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/mathu-vadalara-review-a-partly-comic-partly-trippy-thriller-from-a-new-team/article30394845.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mathu-vadalara/movie-review/72965795.cms|title=Mathu Vadalara Movie Review: A perfect thriller which makes audience glued to their seats and also spills some laughs.|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917164611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mathu-vadalara/movie-review/72965795.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, he starred as the lead actor in the film [[Vivaha Bhojanambu (2021 film)|''Vivaha Bhojanambu'']].

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' || Pub attendee ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kalavar King]]'' || Satya Darling ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''Kodipunju'' || Abhimanyu's friend ||
|-
|''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' || Pulakesi||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' || Tea shop vendor ||
|-
|''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' || Blind beggar ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2013 || ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]'' || Shyam's friend ||
|-
|''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''
|Drama troupe member
|
|-
|''[[1000 Abaddalu]]'' || Satya's friend ||
|-
|''Vasundhara Nilayam'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'' || Nandu's friend ||
|-
|''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]'' || Hawker ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]'' || Millennium Star's assistant ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Rabhasa]]'' || Karthik's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeya]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Fellow]]'' || Gavaskar ||
|-
| rowspan="8"|2015 || ''[[Surya vs Surya]]'' || Auto Aruna Sai||
|-
| ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || Thief ||
|-
| ''[[Dohchay]]'' || Samba ||
|-
|''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]]'' || Kondababu ||
|-
| ''[[Tiger (2015 film)|Tiger]]'' || Software engineer ||
|-
| ''[[James Bond (2015 film)|James Bond]]'' || Shekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Cinema Choopistha Mava]]'' || Bus conductor ||
|-
| ''Ketugadu'' || Restaurant waiter ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2016 || ''[[Thikka]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Speedunnodu]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Selfie Raja]]'' || Mams's assistant ||
|-
| ''[[Savitri (2016 film)|Savithri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]'' || Kashi ||
|-
| ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' || Dance choreographer ||
|-
|''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'' || Satya ||
|-
| rowspan="13"| 2017 || ''[[Gunturodu]]'' || Kanna's friend ||
|-
| ''Cine Mahal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Lanka (2017 film)|Lanka]]'' || Sai's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]'' || Taxi Driver Malinga ||
|-
| ''[[Andhhagadu]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| ''[[Kathalo Rajakumari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' || Ali ||
|-
| ''[[Oye Ninne]]'' || Vishnu's friend ||
|-
| ''[[C/O Surya]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[London Babulu]]'' || Pandu ||
|-
| ''Snehamera Jeevitham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'' || Satyam ||
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2018 || ''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'' || Constable ||
|-
| ''[[Chalo]]'' || Satya ||[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-17|title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' || Veera Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]'' || Mohan's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]'' || Jacket ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' || Sanju's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]'' || Tenali ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Jr. K. A. Paul ||
|-
| ''[[Idam Jagath]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2019 || ''[[Suryakantham (film)|Suryakantham]]'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''[[Seven (2019 Indian film)|Seven]]'' || Journalist || Simultaneously shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Viswamitra (film)|Viswamitra]]'' || Mitra's lover ||
|-
|''[[Gang Leader (2019 film)|Gang Leader]]'' || Subramanyam ||
|-
| ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' || Chintakkayi ||
|-
|''[[Arjun Suravaram]]'' || Arjun's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Mathu Vadalara]]'' || Yesu Dasu ||Nominated – [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gamattu]]''|| Jojo ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2020 || ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' || Train Passenger ||
|-
| ''[[Disco Raja]]'' || Philip ||
|-
| ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]'' || Gana's cousin ||
|-
| ''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]'' || Uber Driver ||
|-
| ''[[Orey Bujjiga]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
|''[[IIT Krishnamurthy]]'' || Mahesh Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]'' || Murali ||Nominated – [[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="11" |2021
| ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]'' || Bandar Pichai ||
|-
| [[Red (2021 film)|''Red'']] || Vema ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnila Ninnila]]'' || Rajesh ||
|-
| ''[[Sreekaram]]'' || Karthik's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Gaali Sampath]]'' || Gaali Sampath's translator ||
|-
| [[Akshara (film)|''Akshara'']] || Sampath Sarangi ||
|-
| ''[[A1 Express]]'' || Satya ||
|-
|''[[Thellavarithe Guruvaram]]'' || Veeru's uncle ||
|-
| [[Vivaha Bhojanambu (2021 film)|''Vivaha Bhojanambu'']] || Mahesh || Debut as Lead actor
|-
| '' [[Adbhutham]] '' || Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshya (2021 film)|Lakshya]]''||Pardhu's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
| ''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]'' || Arjun's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]'' || Prem ||
|-
| ''[[Ghani (2022 film)|Ghani]]'' || Vijender's servant ||
|-
|''[[F3 (film)|F3]]'' || Thief ||
|-
|[[Happy Birthday (2022 Indian film)|''Happy Birthday'']]
|Max Pain
|
|-
| ''[[Ranga Ranga Vaibhavanga]]'' || Village Sarpanch ||
|-
|''[[Krishna Vrinda Vihari]]'' || Giri ||
|-
|''[[Karthikeya 2]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Highway (2022 film)|Highway]]''
|Samudram
|
|-

| rowspan="10" |2023
|''[[Agent (film)|Agent]]''
|Geetha
|
|-
|''[[Ramabanam]]''
|Ajju
|
|-
|''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]''
|Voscar Gangaraju
|
|-
|''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]''
|Agadham
|
|-
|''[[Changure Bangaru Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhaag Saale]]''
|Promise Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Bhola Shankar]]''
|
||
|-
|''[[Bedurulanka 2012]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Spark Life]]'' || Rakesh ||
|-
|''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]''
|Sastry
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2024
|''[[Hanu-Man]]''
|Gunneswara Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Chaari 111]]'' || Rahul
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/chaari-111/movie-review/108139722.cms?from=mdr|title=Chaari 111 Movie Review : Vennela Kishore shines in spy comedy with missed potential|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ravikula Raghurama]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]''
|Ayaan
|
|-
|''[[Purushothamudu]]''
|Rachit’s friend
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Bachchan]]''
|Dora Babu
|
|-
|''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]''
|Yesu Dasu
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-30 |title=Mathu Vadalara 2’s teaser promises another wild ride of snarky humour, eccentric crime and new-age energy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/30/mathu-vadalara-2s-teaser-promises-another-wild-ride-of-snarky-humour-eccentric-crime-and-new-age-energy |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Zebra (2024 film)|Zebra]]''
|Bob
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|Japanese translator
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2025
|[[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']]
|Ram’s friend
|
|-
|''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''
|Constable
|
|-
|[[Ramam Raghavam|''Ramam Raghavam'']]
|Anji
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcKWhgdonrc |title=Ramam Raghavam Teaser Telugu {{!}} Latest Telugu Teaser {{!}} Samuthirakhani {{!}} Dhanraj Koranani |date=2024-04-26 |last=Slate Pencil Stories |access-date=2024-11-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dilruba (film)|Dilruba]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film)|Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' || Bilal ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-05 |title=Radhan brings a unique sound in ‘Priyamara,’ the new single from Akkada Ammayi Ikkda Abbayi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/05/radhan-brings-a-unique-sound-in-priyamara-the-new-single-from-akkada-ammayi-ikkda-abbayi |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Single (film)|''Single'']]
|Surendra
|
|-
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
|Manish Manjurekar
|Simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]]
|-
| ''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]''
|Satya
|
|-
|''[[Mithra Mandali]]''
|Important Character
|
|-
|''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]''
|Rahul
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]; Extended cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Andhra King Taluka]]''
|Chanti
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2026
|''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''
|Dr. Ling
|
|-
|''[[Vanaveera]]''
|Special Officer
|
|-
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|Warden
|
|-
|''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]''
|Bellam
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi Review: Partly fun, partly familier |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/bhartha-mahasayulaku-wignyapthi-review-partly-fun-partly-familier |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
|Lovekusa
|
|-
|''[[Vishnu Vinyasam]]''
|Satya
|
|-
|''[[Jetlee]]''
|
|
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Peddi]]}}
|
|
|-
|{{Pending film|Korean Kanakaraju}}
|
|
|-
|}

===Voice actor===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Actor
! Notes
|-
|2023||''[[Varisu|Vaarasudu]]''||[[Yogi Babu]] || Telugu dubbed version
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Satya television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' || Ramu || [[Gemini TV]] || Episode: "UN Happy Days Part 2" ||<ref name="A"/>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]'' || Various || [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] || || <ref name="J"/>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|5623923}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Muzaffarpur–Hadapsar (Pune) AC Express

2026-05-07T13:54:18Z

Pranjal mishra: stub

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color =
| name = Muzaffarpur - Hadapsar (Pune)<br/>''AC Express''
| logo =
| image = Muzaffarpur–Hadapsar (Pune) AC Express.jpg
| caption = MFP - HDP AC Express standing at {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
| type = [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]]
| first = * {{start date and age|df=yes|2025|12|08}} (commercial service)<br />
* First special commercial run: {{start date and age|2023|11|03|df=yes}}
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| start = [[Muzaffarpur Junction]] '''''(MFP)'''''
| stops = 25
| end = [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar (Pune)]] '''''(HDP)'''''
| distance = {{convert|1825|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 35h 0m
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2-Tier<br/>AC 3-Tier Economy
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = [[IRCTC|IRCTC E-Catering]]<br/>[[Zomato]]<br/>[[Swiggy]]
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| trainnumber = 15589 / 15590
| speed = 130 km/h (max), 52 km/h (avg) including halts
| map = {{Muzaffarpur–Hadapsar AC Express Route}}
}}

The 15589/15590 '''Muzaffarpur–Hadapsar (Pune) AC Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train operated by [[East Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] which runs between [[Muzaffarpur Junction]] of [[Bihar]] and [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]] ([[Pune]]) of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune: Hadapsar–Muzaffarpur Train Service Regularised, New Numbers 15589/15590 |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-hadapsar-muzaffarpur-train-service-regularised-new-numbers-15589-15590/ |website=Punekar News |date=2025-10-03 |access-date=2025-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=पुणे: मुजफ्फरपुर-हडपसर स्पेशल ट्रेन अब नियमित एक्सप्रेस सेवा के रूप में चलेगी
|url=https://vsrsnews.in/pune-city/pune-muzaffarpur-hadapsar-special-train-will-run-as-a-regular-express-service/
|website=VSRS News
|language=hi
|date=2025-10-04
|access-date=2025-10-04
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पुणे के लिए सीधी ट्रेन, हर मंगलवार को होगी रवानगी, ट्रेन में एसी श्रेणी के होंगे सभी कोच |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/direct-train-to-pune-departure-every-tuesday-all-coaches-in-the-train-will-be-ac-class-2025-10-04 |work=Amar Ujala |date=2025-10-04 |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Overview==
*Originally introduced in 2023 as a Festival Special service with train numbers 05289/05290, it quickly gained popularity, particularly among passengers from [[North Bihar|North Bihar’s]] [[Tirhut Division|Tirhut region]], [[Saran division|Saran Region]], and Mithila region, for providing a comfortable and direct travel option to [[Western India]]
*Due to its growing demand, the service was incorporated into the regular timetable under the Trains at a Glance (TAG) 2025 schedule.
*On October 2, 2025, [[Indian Railways]] issued an official notification renaming the Muzaffarpur–Pune AC Special train to Muzaffarpur–Pune AC Express.
*The train has been assigned new permanent numbers 15589/15590, and this change will come into effect from December 8, 2025, from [[Muzaffarpur Junction railway station|Muzaffarpur]], and from December 10, 2025, from [[Hadapsar railway station|Hadapsar]] ([[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]]).

This train serves a vital role in connecting [[Bihar]] with [[Maharashtra]], catering especially to students, professionals, and migrant workers.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Pune: Muzaffarpur–Hadapsar Special Train To Run As Regular Express Service
|url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-muzaffarpur-hadapsar-special-train-to-run-as-regular-express-service/
|website=Pune Pulse
|date=2025-10-03
|access-date=2025-10-04
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=मुजफ्फरपुर से पुणे के लिए डायरेक्ट ट्रेन सेवा शुरू, रेलवे ने दी सौगात
|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-direct-train-service-from-muzaffarpur-to-pune-launched-by-indian-railways-201759586986799.html
|website=Live Hindustan
|publisher=Hindustan Media Ventures
|language=hi
|date=2025-10-04
|access-date=2025-10-05
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पुणे-मुझफ्फरपूर मार्गावरील रेल्वे प्रवाशांना दिलासा! विशेष एक्स्प्रेस 'या' तारखेपासून नियमित धावणार |url=https://news18marathi.com/pune/indian-railway-administrations-diwali-gift-muzaffarpur-hadapsar-special-train-to-run-regularly-local18-1497210.html |website=News18 मराठी |publisher=Network18 |date=2025-10-06 |access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan="2" | 15589 / 15590 Muzaffarpur–Hadapsar Express Schedule
|-
| '''Train Type''' || Express
|-
| '''Distance''' || 1816 km (15589) / 1816 km (15590)
|-
| '''Average Speed''' || ~50 km/h
|-
| '''Journey Time (MFP → Hadapsar)''' || ~35 hrs 05 min
|-
| '''Journey Time (Hadapsar → MFP)''' || ~36 hrs 00 min
|-
| '''Classes Available''' || 2A & 3A
|-
| '''Operating Days''' || Weekly
|-
| '''Operator''' || [[East Central Railway]]
|}

==Route and halts==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+'''15589 Muzaffarpur–Hadapsar Express''' and '''15590 Hadapsar–Muzaffarpur Express''' Schedule
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sr.
! colspan="4" | 15589 MFP–HDP
! colspan="4" | 15590 HDP–MFP
|-
! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
|-
| 1 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 1 || — || 19:20 || {{rws|Hadapsar}} || 1 || — || 10:00
|-
| 2 || {{rws|Hajipur Junction}} || 1 || 20:05 || 20:10 || {{rws|Daund Chord Line}} || 1 || 11:08 || 11:10
|-
| 3 || {{rws|Sonpur Junction}} || 1 || 20:30 || 20:32 || {{rws|Ahilyanagar}} || 1 || 12:32 || 12:35
|-
| 4 || {{rws|Patliputra}} || 1 || 21:50 || 22:00 || {{rws|Belapur (BAP)}} || 1 || 13:42 || 13:45
|-
| 5 || {{rws|Danapur}} || 1 || 22:13 || 22:15 || {{rws|Kopargaon}} || 1 || 14:54 || 14:57
|-
| 6 || {{rws|Ara Junction}} || 1 || 22:48 || 22:50 || {{rws|Manmad Junction}} || 1 || 16:50 || 16:55
|-
| 7 || {{rws|Buxar}} || 1 || 23:32 || 23:34 || {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}} || 1 || 19:30 || 19:35
|-
| 8 || {{rws|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}} || 2 || 01:43 || 01:50 || {{rws|Khandwa Junction}} || 1 || 22:03 || 22:05
|-
| 9 || {{rws|Prayagraj Chheoki}} || 2 || 03:50 || 03:52 || {{rws|Itarsi Junction}} || 2 || 00:40 || 00:50
|-
| 10 || {{rws|Manikpur Junction}} || 2 || 06:48 || 06:50 || {{rws|Pipariya}} || 2 || 01:28 || 01:30
|-
| 11 || {{rws|Satna}} || 2 || 07:45 || 07:50 || {{rws|Narsinghpur}} || 2 || 02:58 || 03:00
|-
| 12 || {{rws|Maihar}} || 2 || 08:18 || 08:20 || {{rws|Jabalpur Junction}} || 2 || 04:40 || 04:50
|-
| 13 || {{rws|Katni Junction}} || 2 || 09:05 || 09:10 || {{rws|Katni Junction}} || 2 || 05:55 || 06:00
|-
| 14 || {{rws|Jabalpur Junction}} || 2 || 10:35 || 10:45 || {{rws|Maihar}} || 2 || 06:48 || 06:50
|-
| 15 || {{rws|Narsinghpur}} || 2 || 11:43 || 11:45 || {{rws|Satna}} || 2 || 07:10 || 07:15
|-
| 16 || {{rws|Pipariya}} || 2 || 12:43 || 12:45 || {{rws|Manikpur Junction}} || 2 || 09:13 || 09:15
|-
| 17 || {{rws|Itarsi Junction}} || 2 || 14:25 || 14:35 || {{rws|Prayagraj Chheoki}} || 2 || 11:08 || 11:10
|-
| 18 || {{rws|Khandwa Junction}} || 2 || 17:00 || 17:03 || {{rws|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}} || 2 || 14:58 || 15:05
|-
| 19 || {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}} || 2 || 19:00 || 19:05 || {{rws|Buxar}} || 2 || 16:13 || 16:15
|-
| 20 || {{rws|Manmad Junction}} || 2 || 21:35 || 21:40 || {{rws|Ara Junction}} || 2 || 17:08 || 17:10
|-
| 21 || {{rws|Kopargaon}} || 2 || 22:37 || 22:40 || {{rws|Danapur}} || 2 || 17:58 || 18:00
|-
| 22 || {{rws|Belapur (BAP)}} || 2 || 23:27 || 23:30 || {{rws|Patliputra}} || 2 || 18:25 || 18:35
|-
| 23 || {{rws|Ahilyanagar}} || 3 || 02:37 || 02:40 || {{rws|Sonpur Junction}} || 2 || 19:38 || 19:40
|-
| 24 || {{rws|Daund Chord Line}} || 3 || 04:33 || 04:35 || {{rws|Hajipur Junction}} || 2 || 19:50 || 19:55
|-
| 25 || {{rws|Hadapsar}} || 3 || 06:25 || — || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 2 || 22:00 || —
|}

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Category !! Coaches !! Total
|-
| End-on-Generator / Luggage Parcel Van || LPR, LPR || 2
|-
| AC 3 Tier Economy (3E) || M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12 || 12
|-
| AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 || 8
|-
! Total Coaches || || 22
|}

*Primary Maintenance - Muzaffarpur Coaching Depot

==See also==
* [[AC Express (Indian Railways)]]
* [[Muzaffarpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Hadapsar railway station]]
* [[East Central Railway zone]]
* [[Pune–Darbhanga Gyan Ganga Express]]
* [[Muzaffarpur]]
* [[Pune]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]

Macho Mustanaa

2026-05-05T14:48:14Z

Pranjal mishra: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Macho Mustanaa
| image = Macho Mustanaa poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Reshmi Mitra
| producer = P.P Tewari
| writer = Pele <br /> Reshmi Mitra (dialogues)
| screenplay = Pele <br /> Reshmi Mitra
| story = [[Hiranmoy Chatterjee]]
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| music = [[Samidh Mukerjee]]
| cinematography = Kumud Verma
| editing = M. Sushmit
| studio = Remac Filmz
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|3|9|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| gross = {{INRConvert|1.4|c|year=2012}}
}}

'''''Macho Mustanaa''''' is a 2012 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[action film]] co-written and directed by Reshmi Mitra and produced under the banner of Remac Filmz Production. The film features actors [[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran]] (also story writer of the film) and [[Pooja Bose|Pooja]] in the lead roles. Music of the film has been composed by [[Samidh mukerjee|Samidh Mukerjee]].<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Macho Mastana (2012)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/macho-mustafaa-movie/43294|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="cast and crew">{{cite web|title=Macho Mastana cast and crew|url=http://www.gomolo.com/macho-mustafaa-movie-cast-crew/43294|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=10 October 2013}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film commences by showing a happy and united family, consisting of Nabab, his father, grandfather, elder brother and sister-in-law (who was pregnant). One day, Nabab met Diya on the street, and they fell in love. Following this, they had a tough time as Diya's father, Bidhan Chattoraj, hired goons to separate them. Even after spending a lot of time escaping those goons, the goons finally catch them, and Bidhan Chottoraj gets his daughter back. Since that incident, Nabab's life faces a turn as he is accused of false charges and sent to jail. But Bidhan Chattoraj doesn't stop here. In the fire of vengeance, he decides to demolish Nabab's family. He kills Nabab's elder brother and grandfather, paralyses his father, and finally, his sister-in-law lost her unborn child. Nabab becomes furious upon this. The events that occur next, i.e., through which Nabab gets back Diya and takes revenge on Bidhan Chattoraj, form the climax of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran]] as Nabab
* [[Pooja Bose|Pooja]] as Diya
* [[Arun Bannerjee]] as Bidhan Chattoraj
* Rajat Ganguly as Nabab's father
* [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]] as Nabab's grandfather
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as a goon
* [[Dolon Roy]] as Bidisha Mukherjee
* Debdut Ghosh as Nabab's elder brother
* Arpita Dutta Chowdhury as Nabab's sister-in-law

== Title issue ==
The film began production under the title ''Macho Mustafa''. The title was later changed to ''Macho Mustanaa'', to avoid potential objection from Muslim sects, just like the ''[[Ghulam-E-Musthafa|1997 Bollywood film]]'', which was initially titled ''Musthafa''.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Macho Mustanaa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Samidh Mukerjee]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[100% Love (2012 film)|100% Love]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = Om Shanti
| next_year = 2012
}}

[[Samidh mukerjee|Samidh Mukerjee]] composed the film score for ''Macho Mustanaa''. Lyrics are penned by [[Samidh mukerjee|Samidh Mukerjee]], Priyo Chatterjee and Goutam Susmit.<ref name=music>{{cite web|title=Macho Mustanaa songs|url=http://www.gomolo.com/macho-mustafaa-movie-songs/43294|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=10 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Macho Mastanaa (Title Song)
| lyrics1 = [[Samidh Mukerjee]]
| extra1 = Samidh Mukerjee
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Jaane Jaana
| lyrics2 = Priyo Chatterjee, Samidh Mukerjee
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length2 = 5:07
| title3 = Bailmos
| lyrics3 = Priyo Chatterjee, Samidh Mukerjee
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Kunal Ganjawala
| length3 = 4:33
| title4 = Rukega Badal (Duet)
| lyrics4 = Goutam Susmit, Samidh Mukerjee
| extra4 = Samidh Mukerjee, [[Monali Thakur]]
| length4 = 5:53
| title5 = Madhubala
| lyrics5 = Goutam Susmit, Samidh Mukerjee
| extra5 = [[Kalpana Patowary]]
| length5 = 4:47
| title6 = Sawariyaa
| lyrics6 = Goutam Susmit
| extra6 = [[Krishna Beura]]
| length6 = 5:38
| title7 = Rukega Badal Sad (Male)
| lyrics7 = Samidh Mukerjee
| extra7 = Samidh Mukerjee
| length7 = 5:53
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macho Mustanaa}}
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]

2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-05T06:44:31Z

Pranjal mishra: put up new info

{{Short description|Indian union territory election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2001
| previous_mps =
| election_date = 8 May 2006
| elected_mps =
| next_election = 2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2011
| next_mps =
| seats_for_election= All 30 seats to the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| opinion_polls =
| turnout =
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N_Rangaswamy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03|Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]
| seats_before1 = 11
| seats1 = 10
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 1
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=80|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[A. M. H. Nazeem]]
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 = [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]]
| last_election2 =
| seats_before2 = 7
| seats2 = 7
| seat_change2 = {{nochange}}
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| title = Chief Minister
| before_election = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

Elections to the [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] of the Indian Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] took place in May 2006 to constitute the '''Twelfth Assembly of Pondicherry'''. The [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] alliance comprising [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] and [[Communist Party of India]] has won<ref name="TOIArticle2006">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-6-years-pondicherry-is-back-in-coalition-mode/articleshow/1526573.cms|title=After 6 years, Pondicherry is back in coalition mode|date=11 May 2006|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en-IN|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> and [[N. Rangasamy]] of Congress got elected as chief minister.<ref name="RediffArticle2006">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2006/may/13ptn1.htm|title=N Rangasamy appointed Pondicherry CM|date=13 May 2006|publisher=Rediff|language=en-IN|access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances ==
Source:<ref name=TOIArticle2006/><ref name="oneindiaArticle2006">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/04/14/cong-pmk-ink-poll-pact-in-pondy-1145003606.html|title=Cong, PMK ink poll pact in Pondy|date=14 April 2006|work=oneindia|language=en-IN|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="FrontlineArticle2006">{{Cite magazine |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30209588.ece|title=Three in a row |last=S.|first=Viswanathan|date=2 June 2006|publisher=Frontline|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

=== {{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[Secular Progressive Alliance]]+[[United Progressive Alliance]]}} ===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| INC
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
| [[N. Rangasamy]]
|16
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|DMK
|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|41x41px]]
|[[A. M. H. Nazeem]]
|11
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| PMK
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Mango SVG.svg|50px]]
|
|2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|CPI
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|
|1
|-
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|All India Anna DMK-led Alliance]]}} ===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| AIADMK
| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]]
| A. Anbazhagan
|18
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}"|
|[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress]]
|PMC
| [[File:India Election Symbol Temple Bell.jpg|50x50px]]
| P. Kannan
|9
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|MDMK
|[[File: Indian Election Symbol Top.png|50x50px]]
|
|2+1
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|JD(S)
|[[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|30px]]
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|1
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+ List Of Candidates
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[United Progressive Alliance|<span style="color:white;">UPA</span>]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|<span style="color:white;">AIADMK+</span>]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Nandha T. Saravanan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Kasilingam
|-

! 2
| [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| G. Ravichandiran
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| K. Lakshminarayanan
|-

! 3
| [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S.P. Sivakumar
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| P.K. Devadoss
|-

! 4
| [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Annibal Kennedy
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| Anand
|-

! 5
| [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| U.C. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Anbalagan
|-

! 6
| [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Siva
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Anandharaj
|-

! 7
| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R.V. Janakiraman
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Om Sakthi Sekar
|-

! 8
| [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Modeliarpeth]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dr. M.A.S. Subramanian
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| P. Kannan
|-

! 9
| [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| R.K.R. Anantharaman
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| T. Djeamourthy
|-

! 10
| [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalom (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Rajaraman
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Su. Pavanan
|-

! 11
| [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. Vaithilingam
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| V. Muthunarayanan
|-

! 12
| [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Radhakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| B. Navaneetha Kannan
|-

! 13
| [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Kandasamy
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| P. Rajavelu
|-

! 14
| [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Angalane
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Komala S.
|-

! 15
| [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| P. Arulmurugan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Venkateswaran @ Baskaran
|-

! 16
| [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Mathivanan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Arasi
|-

! 17
| [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villenour]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| C. Djeacoumar
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| C. Ramadassou
|-

! 18
| [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Namassivayam
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Natarajan
|-

! 19
| [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Rangasamy
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Gunasekaran
|-

! 20
| [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| R. Viswanathan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A.M. Krishnamurthy
|-

! 21
| [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M.O.H.F. Shahjahan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Anandhamurugesan
|-

! 22
| [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P.R.N. Thirumurugan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Omalingam V.
|-

! 23
| [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A.M.H. Nazeem
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Selvaganapathi
|-

! 24
| [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A.V. Subramanian
| {{party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
| V.K. Ganapathy
|-

! 25
| [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy-Grand Aldee]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V.M.C. Sivakkumar
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Jayabal
|-

! 26
| [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Tirunallar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kamalakkannan R.
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P.R. Siva
|-

! rowspan="2"|27
| rowspan="2"|[[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Neduncadu (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2"| M. Chandirakasu
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Vaithinathan
|-
| {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K.M. Kaliyaperumal
|-
! 28
| [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| E. Valsaraj
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Vijayan
|-

! 29
| [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A.V. Sreedharan
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Sadgamayil K. Lakshmanan
|-

! 30
| [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Malladi Krishna Rao
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Manchala Satya Sai Kumar
|-

|}

==Results==
Source: <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/pondicherry/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html |title=Pondicherry Assembly Election Results in 2006|publisher=Elections |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable Sortable" border="2"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 2006.svg]]
|- valign="top"
!||Parties
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| align="right"|10

|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| align="right"|7

|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| align="right"| 3

|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|  || style="text-align:left;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| align="right"|2

|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}"|  || style="text-align:left;" |[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress]]
| align="right"|3

|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|  || style="text-align:left;" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| align="right"|1

|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|  || style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| align="right"|1

|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
| align="right"|3
|}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]]
|Nandha T. Saravanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|11,658
|58.54
|A. Kasilingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|6,779
|34.04
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,879
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.50

|-
!2
|[[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]]
|K. Lakshminarayanan
|{{Party color cell|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]]
|4,942
|49.05
|G. Ravichandiran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,726
|46.90
!style="background:{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}} ; color:white;"|216
!style="background:{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}} ; color:white;"|2.14

|-
!3
|[[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]]
|S. P. Sivakumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|2,590
|66.07
|P. K. Devadoss
|{{Party color cell|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]]
|1,094
|27.91
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,496
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|38.16

|-
!4
|[[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]]
|Anand
|{{Party color cell|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]]
|2,423
|54.12
|Annibal Kennedy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,952
|43.60
!style="background:{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}} ; color:white;"|471
!style="background:{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.52

|-
!5
|[[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]
|Anbalagan, A.
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|9,200
|58.07
|U. C. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|6,131
|38.70
!style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,069
!style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.37

|-
!6
|[[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]]
|R. Siva
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|8,509
|52.67
|G. Nehru @ Kuppusamy
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|6,549
|40.54
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,960
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12.13

|-
!7
|[[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
|Om Sakthi Sekar @ S. Sekar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|9,933
|51.69
|R. V. Janakiraman
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|8,490
|44.18
!style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,443
!style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.51

|-
!8
|[[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Modeliarpeth]]
|Dr. M. A. S. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|10,783
|37.26
|P. Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]]
|9,379
|32.41
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,404
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4.85

|-
!9
|[[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]]
|R. K. R. Anantharaman
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|13,314
|51.47
|T. Djeamourthy
|{{Party color cell|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]]
|11,512
|44.50
!style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|1,802
!style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|6.97

|-
!10
|[[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalom (SC)]]
|R. Rajaraman
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|7,208
|40.57
|L. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|6,683
|37.62
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|525
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.96
|-

|-
!11
|[[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]]
|V. Vaithilingam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|9,166
|52.24
|V. Muthunarayanan
|{{Party color cell|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]]
|7,830
|44.63
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,336
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.61

|-
!12
|[[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]]
|R. Radhakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|13,020
|74.71
|B. Navaneetha Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|3,557
|20.41
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9,463
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|54.30

|-
!13
|[[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour (SC)]]
|M. Kandasamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|11,164
|60.11
|P. Rajavelu
|{{Party color cell|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]]
|6,888
|37.09
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,276
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23.02

|-
!14
|[[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvana (SC)]]
|Angalane
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10,534
|49.91
|Komala S.
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|6,378
|30.22
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,156
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19.69

|-
!15
|[[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipeth]]
|P. Arulmurugan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|8,193
|42.43
|N. Rajaram
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|6,386
|33.07
!style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|1,807
!style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|9.36

|-
!16
|[[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu (SC)]]
|A. Elumalai
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|6,417
|34.58
|P. Soundiraradjou Ponnas
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|3,755
|20.24
!style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|2,662
!style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|14.35

|-
!17
|[[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villenour]]
|J. Narayanasamy
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|11,950
|49.38
|C. Djeacoumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10,441
|43.14
!style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|1,509
!style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|6.24

|-
!18
|[[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]]
|A. Namassivayam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|14,072
|48.14
|K. Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|12,824
|43.87
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,248
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.27

|-
!19
|[[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]
|N. Rangasamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|27,024
|90.23
|T. Gunasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|2,026
|6.76
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,998
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|83.47

|-
!20
|[[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]]
|R. Viswanathan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|17,314
|50.43
|A. M. Krishnamurthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|13,925
|40.56
!style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|3,389
!style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|9.87

|-
!21
|[[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]]
|M. O. H. F. Shahjahan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|17,944
|43.06
|G. Anandhamurugesan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|10,986
|26.37
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,958
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16.70

|-
!22
|[[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]]
|Omalingam V.
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|10,116
|50.25
|P. R. N. Thirumurugan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|9,094
|45.17
!style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,022
!style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.08

|-
!23
|[[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal]]
|A. M. H. Nazeem
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|5,742
|45.20
|A. J. Assana
|{{Party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|5,551
|43.70
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|191
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.50

|-
!24
|[[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]]
|V. K. Ganapathy
|{{Party color cell|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Puducherry Munnetra Congress|PMC]]
|7,970
|55.06
|A. V. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|6,231
|43.05
!style="background:{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,739
!style="background:{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.01

|-
!25
|[[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy-Grand Aldee]]
|V. M. C. Sivakkumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|4,946
|31.41
|V. M. C. V. Ganapathy
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|4,762
|30.24
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|184
!style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.17

|-
!26
|[[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Tirunallar]]
|P. R. Siva
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|7,237
|49.69
|Kamalakkannan R.
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|6,952
|47.73
!style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|285
!style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.96

|-
!27
|[[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Neduncadu (SC)]]
|A. Marimuthu
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|6,143
|43.47
|Chandirakasu M.
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,306
|37.54
!style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|837
!style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|5.92

|-
!28
|[[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]]
|E. Valsaraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,647
|55.76
|Adv. T. Ashok Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,700
|36.54
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,947
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19.23

|-
!29
|[[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]]
|A. V. Sreedharan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,987
|53.37
|T. K. Gangadharan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|4,512
|40.22
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,475
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13.15

|-
!30
|[[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]]
|Malladi Krishna Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|11,763
|64.93
|Rakshaharikrishna
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|5,457
|30.12
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,306
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|34.81
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Government of Puducherry]]
*[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]]
*[[List of chief ministers of Puducherry]]
*[[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
*[[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:2006 State Assembly elections in India|Puducherry]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry|2006]]
[[Category:2000s in Puducherry]]

Rudra Soni

2026-05-03T05:36:57Z

Pranjal mishra:

{{Short description|Indian Television Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rudra Soni
| image = Rudra Soni child.jpg
| caption = Rudra Soni in 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Baal Veer]]''|''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''}}
| website =
}}
'''Rudra Soni''' (born 10 November 2004) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] television actor known for portraying the role of ''Manav'' in the children fantasy television show, ''[[Baalveer]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-18 |title=Manav's monkey mania on Baal Veer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manavs-monkey-mania-on-baal-veer/articleshow/41598001.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Bajirao I|Bajirao]] in Indian Historical Television series ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]].''<ref>{{Cite news |title=When TV's Bajirao Rudra Soni met Ranveer Singh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/when-tvs-bajirao-rudra-soni-met-ranveer-singh/articleshow/55698574.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Rudra started his career with the show ''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In 2012, he became popular playing Manav in the TV serial ''[[Baal Veer|Baalveer]]''. He also played [[Bajirao I|Bajirao]] in the drama [[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|''Peshwa Bajirao'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=Rudra Soni working on Marathi accent with Ranveer Singh's Bajirao Mastani trainer |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/rudra-soni-working-on-marathi-accent-with-ranveer-singhs-bajirao-mastani-trainer/articleshow/56612445.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> and King Antipas in television series [[Yeshu (TV series)|''Yeshu'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=YESHU: Rudra Soni Exclusive: निगेटिव किरदार निभाने के पीछे रूद्र ने खोला राज़ |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/tv/tv-serial-yeshu-actor-rudra-soni-in-an-exclusive-interview-talks-about-his-character-and-says-why-he-choose-to-do-negative-character-over-positive-character/videoshow/79841006.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2015, he appeared in the Bollywood film ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' featuring [[Ranveer Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: बाजीराव मस्तानी से भंसाली ने क्यों हटाया वो सीन, नन्हे बाजीराव का खुलासा |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-rudra-soni-reveals-why-did-sanjay-leela-bhansali-remove-a-scene-from-bajirao-mastani-15402309.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2007
|[[Kahiin to Hoga|''Kahin Toh Hoga'']]
|Roshan Raheja
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|2009
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|Banti/Yash
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|2011–2013
|[[Balika Vadhu|''Balikha Vadhu'']]
|Varun Singh
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|2012–2016
|''[[Baalveer]]''
|Manav/Baal Mitra
|Main Character
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-18 |title=Manav's monkey mania on Baal Veer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manavs-monkey-mania-on-baal-veer/articleshow/41598001.cms |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|''Peshwa Bhajirao'']]
|Young Pesha Bhajirao
|Lead Character
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: पेशवा बाजीराव बनने के लिए रूद्र को करना पड़ा ये काम |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-rudra-has-to-shake-his-legs-while-sitting-to-express-his-restlessness-15466726.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Karn Sangini]]''
|Young [[Karna]]
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''Achanak Uss Roz''
|Chote Chaudhary
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|''[[Crime Alert]]''
|Episodic Role
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]''
|[[Ekalavya]]
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Yeshu (TV serial)|Yeshu]]''
|King Antipas
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudra turns King Antipas |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rudra-turns-king-antipas-181483 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YESHU: Rudra Soni Exclusive: निगेटिव किरदार निभाने के पीछे रूद्र ने खोला राज़ |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/tv/tv-serial-yeshu-actor-rudra-soni-in-an-exclusive-interview-talks-about-his-character-and-says-why-he-choose-to-do-negative-character-over-positive-character/videoshow/79841006.cms |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Paapnashini Ganga''
|[[Markandeya|Rishi Markandeya]]
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|Rowspan ="2"|2023
|[[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']]
|[[Wazir Ali Khan|Wazir Ali]]
|Episode 19
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|''[[Bekaboo]]''
|Teenage Pratham
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|-
|2024
|''[[Fauji 2]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=Fauji 2 Trailer Out On Shah Rukh Khan's Birthday: Gauahar Khan, Vicky Jain Pay Classic Tribute To SRK |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/fauji-2-trailer-out-on-shah-rukh-khans-birthday-gauahar-khan-vicky-jain-play-classic-tribute-to-srk-article-114881744/amp |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|Harun Malik
|
|{{fact|date=December 2024}}
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2015
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|Young [[Balaji Baji Rao|Nana Saheb]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='बाजीराव मस्तानी' ने छोटे पेशवा को दिलाया ये बड़ा रोल! |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-rudra-soni-who-played-son-of-bajirao-in-bajirao-mastani-to-play-young-bajirao-in-tv-show-15125541.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-01 |title=Latest Marathi News- Breaking News Today {{!}} Read Marathi Batmya from Maharashtra, India ब्रेकींग मराठी न्यूज {{!}} Loksatta |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/rudra-soni-who-played-son-of-bajirao-in-bajirao-mastani-to-play-young-bajirao-in-tv-show-1351672/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|Sadashiv
|
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-17 |title=I feel lucky to be working with superstars at this age: Rudra Soni |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-feel-lucky-to-be-working-with-superstars-at-this-age-rudra-soni/articleshow/63783945.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Laal Kaptaan]]''
|Young Gossain
|
|-
|''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''
|Young [[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy|Narasimha Reddy]]
|Telugu film
|-
|2020
|''[[Torbaaz]]''
|Gulaab
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Shamshera]]''
|Pitamber
|
|
|-
|2026
|[[Raja Shivaji (film)|''Raja Shivaji'']]
|Young [[Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale]]
|Bilingual film
|
|}

===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|[[Chhatrasal (web series)|''Chhatrasal'']]
|Young Maharaja Chhatrasal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=All you need to know about MX Player's 'Chhatrasal' starring Ashutosh Rana as Aurangzeb |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/real-story-of-chhatrasal-series-cast-ashutosh-rana-as-aurangzeb-web-show-streaming-on-mx-player/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |date=29 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Scammy Boys''
|Piyush
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=What To Watch This Weekend: Dunki To Scammy Boys, Heres Your OTT Binge-List |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/what-to-watch-this-weekend-dunki-to-scammy-boys-heres-your-ott-binge-list-2721699.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7807672}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Soni, Rudra}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

Bheem Raj Bhati

2026-04-24T18:27:15Z

Pranjal mishra: put up info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bheem Raj Bhati
| image =
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Pali Assembly constituency|Pali]]
| predecessor1 = [[Gyanchand Parakh]]
| successor1 =
}}

'''Bheem Raj Bhati''' (born 1947)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bheem Raj Bhati(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PALI(PALI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=329 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from Pali Assembly constituency in [[Pali district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pali, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Pali में INC ने BJP कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/pali-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830501-2023-12-03 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live: Pali Election Results 2023 {{!}} Rajasthan Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/pali |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhati is from Pali, Rajasthan. He is the son of late Poonamchandji Bhati. He completed his B.E. in mechanical engineering in 1969 at [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]], Pilani.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Bhati won from [[Pali Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 95,092 votes and defeated his nearest rival and five time MLA, [[Gyanchand Parakh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 7,888 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pali Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Bheem Raj Bhati की हुई जीत, Others के Basti Ram रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/pali-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-2551175 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] as an [[independent candidate]] from the same seat. In the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] he contested as an independent candidate after he was denied a Congress ticket but lost to Parakh again and the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mahaveer Singh Sukarlai finished third.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bheem Raj Bhati, INC Candidate from Pali Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/rajasthan/bheem-raj-bhati-s20aed2008a118e2023c003/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He lost the 2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election as a Congress candidate, also to Parakh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pali Constituency Election Results 2023: Pali Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/pali |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhati, Bheem Raj}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Pali district]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]

Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T17:01:25Z

Pranjal mishra: started some info more to come.

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 195
| map_image = Constitution-Thiruparankundram.svg
| name = Thiruparankundram
| mla = [[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 311,400
| reservation = None
}}
'''Thiruparankundram State Assembly constituency''' ({{langx|ta|திருப்பரங்குன்றம் சட்டமன்றத் தொகுதி}}) is one of the 234 [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the six state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the oldest assembly segments in Tamil Nadu, being in existence since the 1957 election.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
|[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|S. Chinnakaruppa Thevar
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S. Agniraju[https://www.kalaignarseithigal.com/tamilnadu/2020/11/22/dmk-chief-mk-stalin-condoles-to-former-mp-akkinirasu-demise?fbclid=IwdGRjcARNdEhjbGNrBE10PmV4dG4DYWVtAjExAHNydGMGYXBwX2lkDDM1MDY4NTUzMTcyOAABHkRbxs6WJHFzuSiYj8MT-zdJgRtdMKLqZNkOUUxCZWvifxm7MZwBehxyGM S. Agniraju]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan =2|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|C. Kaverimaniam
|-
|[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[M. Marimuthu]]
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[C. Ramachandran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|S. Andi Thevar
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|C. Ramachandran
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[S. M. Seenivel]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[A. K. Bose]]
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[A. K. T. Raja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|S. M. Seenivel
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[2016–21 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2016]]
|A. K. Bose
|-
|[[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly By-election|2019]]
|[[P. Saravanan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055834/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC195.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC195.pdf|access-date= 1 Feb 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.79}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.65}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.32}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|58.70}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.82}}
{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.93}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.75}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.60}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.55}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.47}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.53}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.39}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.41}}
{{bar percent|1967|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.94}}
{{bar percent|1962|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.82}}
{{bar percent|1957|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.71}}
}}

=== 2026 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruparankundram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krithika Thangapandi|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Prof. Sathiya Devi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= CTR Nirmal Kumar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 307783|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]<ref name="2021_TN_Results">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ | title=2021 Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]
|votes = 103,683
|percentage = 43.96
|change = {{increase}}7.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Ponnuthai|votes=74,194|percentage=31.46|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|candidate=R. Revathy|votes=22,722|percentage=9.63|change={{increase}}7.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|candidate=M. Bharanirajan|votes=16,750|percentage=7.1|change={{increase}}1.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|candidate=K. David Annadurai|votes=10,190|percentage=4.32|change={{decrease}}9.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the Above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=2,073|percentage=0.88|change={{decrease}}0.09}}
{{Election box majority|votes=29,489|percentage=12.5|change={{increase}}11.44}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=235,849|percentage=73.36|change={{decrease}}0.83}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}7.23
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2019: Thiruparankundram<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC195.pdf
|access-date= 30 Apr 2022
|archive-date = 30 Apr 2022
|title= Form 21E (Return of Election), 2019 By-Election
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430075940/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC195.pdf
|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in

}}
</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[P. Saravanan]]
|votes = 85,434
|percentage = 37.79
|change = {{increase}}1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Muniyandi
|votes = 83,038
|percentage = 36.73
|change = {{decrease}}18.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam
|candidate = I. Mahendran
|votes = 31,199
|percentage = 13.80
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = P. Sakthivel
|votes = 12,610
|percentage = 5.58
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = R. Revathi
|votes = 5,467
|percentage = 2.42
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,184
|percentage = 0.97
|change = {{decrease}}0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,396
|percentage = 1.06
|change = {{decrease}}17.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,26,078
|percentage = 74.19
|change = {{increase}}4.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}1.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2016: Thiruparankundram<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/%E2%80%9CVictory-due-to-good-work-of-government%E2%80%9D/article16685336.ece|title=Victory due to good work of government|date=2016-11-23|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/newlyelected-tiruparankundram-mla-passes-away/article8643810.ece|title=Newly-elected Tiruparankundram MLA passes away|date=2016-05-25|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. K. Bose]]
|votes = 113,032
|percentage = 55.65
|change = {{increase}}8.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[P. Saravanan]]
|votes = 70,362
|percentage = 36.73
|change = {{increase}}1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,214
|percentage = 1.10
|change = {{decrease}}0.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 42,670
|percentage = 18.92
|change = {{increase}}7.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,03,100
|percentage = 70.89
|change = {{increase}}0.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}8.33
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. M. Seenivel]]
|votes = 93,453
|percentage = 47.32
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Manimaran
|votes = 70,461
|percentage = 35.68
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = K. Kandasamy
|votes = 15,275
|percentage = 7.73
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = S. Arumugam
|votes = 7,698
|percentage = 3.90
|change = {{increase}}1.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 3,111
|percentage = 1.58
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,992
|percentage = 11.64
|change = {{decrease}}18.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 197,650
|percentage = 70.69
|change = {{decrease}}5.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|swing = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. K. T. Raja]]
|votes = 95,469
|percentage = 58.70
|change = {{increase}}43.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = C. R. Sundararajan
|votes = 46,967
|percentage = 28.88
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = R. Kandhan
|votes = 3,543
|percentage = 2.18
|change = {{increase}}0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = P. Selvam
|votes = 1,251
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{increase}}0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = L. Nagamani
|votes = 865
|percentage = 0.53
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 48,502
|percentage = 29.82
|change = {{increase}}25.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 162,630
|percentage = 76.08
|change = {{increase}}5.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}43.85
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. K. Bose]]
|votes = 117,306
|percentage = 42.82
|change = {{decrease}}6.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = S. Venkatesan
|votes = 104,620
|percentage = 38.19
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = G. Rajamanickam
|votes = 40,684
|percentage = 14.85
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = S. Surendran
|votes = 4,482
|percentage = 1.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = V. Mahalingam @ Chittrarasu
|votes = 1,595
|percentage = 0.59
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = G. Eswaran
|votes = 1,348
|percentage = 0.50
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,686
|percentage = 4.63
|change = {{decrease}}0.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 274,018
|percentage = 70.59
|change = {{increase}}14.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}6.11
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. M. Seenivel]]
|votes = 83,167
|percentage = 48.93
|change = {{increase}}25.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = C. Ramachandran
|votes = 74,040
|percentage = 43.56
|change = {{decrease}}17.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = M. D. Chinnachellam
|votes = 4,850
|percentage = 2.85
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = A. Sasikumar
|votes = 1,226
|percentage = 0.72
|change = {{decrease}}1.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,127
|percentage = 5.37
|change = {{decrease}}32.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 169,993
|percentage = 55.98
|change = {{decrease}}7.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}25.72
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[C. Ramachandran]]
|votes = 99,379
|percentage = 60.75
|change = {{increase}}22.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. V. Shanmugam
|votes = 37,970
|percentage = 23.21
|change = {{decrease}}36.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = K. Kandasamy
|votes = 18,192
|percentage = 11.12
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = V. Guruvan
|votes = 3,564
|percentage = 2.18
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = S. Parankundram
|votes = 2,049
|percentage = 1.25
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = V. S. Raju
|votes = 800
|percentage = 0.49
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Shivsena Rashtrawadi
|candidate = R. Raja Guru
|votes = 276
|percentage = 0.17
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 61,409
|percentage = 37.58
|change = {{increase}}15.90
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 170,248
|percentage = 63.52
|change = {{increase}}6.38
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}22.83
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Andi Thevar
|votes = 83,180
|percentage = 59.60
|change = {{increase}}36.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = C. Ramachandran
|votes = 52,923
|percentage = 37.92
|change = {{decrease}}5.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = K. Pohhiah
|votes = 1,660
|percentage = 1.19
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
|candidate = K. Muthuramalingam Pandian
|votes = 358
|percentage = 0.26
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,257
|percentage = 21.68
|change = {{increase}}1.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 142,729
|percentage = 57.14
|change = {{decrease}}12.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}36.25
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[C. Ramachandran]]
|votes = 64,632
|percentage = 43.55
|change = {{increase}}1.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = V. Rajan Chellappa
|votes = 34,656
|percentage = 23.35
|change = {{decrease}}30.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Marimuthu
|votes = 26,521
|percentage = 17.87
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 29,976
|percentage = 20.20
|change = {{increase}}8.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 150,572
|percentage = 69.30
|change = {{increase}}0.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}1.65
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[M. Marimuthu]]
|votes = 58,559
|percentage = 53.47
|change = {{decrease}}7.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Ayyanan Ambalam]]
|votes = 45,886
|percentage = 41.90
|change = {{increase}}3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Congress (J)
|candidate = V. Rajan Chellappa
|votes = 3,658
|percentage = 3.34
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,673
|percentage = 11.57
|change = {{decrease}}10.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 113,690
|percentage = 68.66
|change = {{increase}}5.40
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}7.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. Kalimuthu]]
|votes = 61,247
|percentage = 60.53
|change = {{increase}}19.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = P. Seeni Thevar
|votes = 38,740
|percentage = 38.29
|change = {{increase}}20.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,507
|percentage = 22.24
|change = {{increase}}0.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 102,199
|percentage = 63.26
|change = {{increase}}3.99
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}19.14
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. Kalimuthu]]
|votes = 33,850
|percentage = 41.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = V. Palaniandi Ambalam
|votes = 15,760
|percentage = 19.27
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = C. Kaverimaniam
|votes = 14,834
|percentage = 18.14
|change = {{decrease}}32.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = C. Maharajan
|votes = 12,188
|percentage = 14.90
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,090
|percentage = 22.12
|change = {{increase}}6.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 82,533
|percentage = 59.27
|change = {{decrease}}10.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1971 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = C. Kaverimaniam
|votes = 39,110
|percentage = 50.41
|change = {{decrease}}13.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|candidate = I. Pandythevar
|votes = 26,880
|percentage = 34.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = K. P. Janakiammal
|votes = 10,613
|percentage = 13.68
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,230
|percentage = 15.76
|change = {{decrease}}13.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 84,674
|percentage = 69.56
|change = {{decrease}}8.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}13.53
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Agniraju
|votes = 49,169
|percentage = 63.94
|change = {{increase}}39.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. Sonaimuthu
|votes = 26,792
|percentage = 34.84
|change = {{decrease}}7.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = D. V. Raghavan
|votes = 942
|percentage = 1.22
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,377
|percentage = 29.10
|change = {{increase}}16.66
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 81,596
|percentage = 77.67
|change = {{increase}}0.65
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}39.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thiruparankundram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. Chinnakaruppa Thevar
|votes = 35,491
|percentage = 42.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Janakiammal
|votes = 25,179
|percentage = 30.38
|change = {{decrease}}8.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Muthu
|votes = 20,258
|percentage = 24.44
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,312
|percentage = 12.44
|change = {{increase}}7.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 85,367
|percentage = 77.02
|change = {{increase}}30.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}0.89
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruparankundram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. Chinnakaruppa Thevar
|votes = 19,258
|percentage = 43.71
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = K. P. Janaki
|votes = 16,947
|percentage = 38.47
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = N. Muthu Thevar
|votes = 7,852
|percentage = 17.82
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,311
|percentage = 5.25
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 44,057
|percentage = 46.29
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= July 8, 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= October 5, 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|9.88|78.07|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Government of Madurai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]

Sandeep Tulsi Yadav

2026-04-24T12:15:06Z

Pranjal mishra: started some info added tags.

{{short description|Indian wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
|name = Sandeep Yadav
|image =
|image_size =
|caption = World Wrestling Championships-2013, Budapest-Hungary (Men’s) Wrestling 66kg Greco-Roman Sandeep Yadav won Bronze medal in Budapest on September 22, 2013.
| headercolor =
| birth_name = Sandeep Tulsi Yadav
| nationality = {{flag|India}}
| birth_date = {{ birth date and age|df=yes|1988|01|04}}
| birth_place = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Uttarpradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Wrestler]]
| spouse = [[Priyanka Yadav]]

| medaltemplates =

{{MedalSport | Men's [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FILA Wrestling World Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 World Wrestling Championships|2013 Budapest]]|[[2013 World Wrestling Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 66 kg|66 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition |[[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship ]]}}
{{MedalSilver | 2011 Melbourne| 66kg }}

| show-medals = Yes
}}

'''Sandeep Tulsi Yadav''' is an Indian [[Greco-Roman]] wrestler who competes in the 66 kg division. He became the first Indian to win a medal in Greco-Roman wrestling at the world level when he won bronze at the [[2013 World Wrestling Championships]] in the same division. He defeated [[Aleksandar Maksimović]] of [[Serbia]] in the bronze medal match.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130922/sports-other-sports/article/indian-wrestler-sandeep-tulsi-yadav-creates-history-wins-bronze | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925035613/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130922/sports-other-sports/article/indian-wrestler-sandeep-tulsi-yadav-creates-history-wins-bronze | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 September 2013 |title=Indian wrestler Sandeep Tulsi Yadav creates history, wins bronze in Greco Roman |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/sandeep-tulsi-yadav-earns-a-shot-at-bronze-medal_769179.html |title=Sandeep Tulsi Yadav earns a shot at bronze medal |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref> He also won silver medal in [[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship|2011 Commonwealth Wrestling Championship]] held in Melbourne, Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/Indians-shine-in-Commonwealth-Wrestling-Championships/articleshow/9532013.cms|title=Indians shine in Commonwealth Wrestling Championships|work=Times of India}}</ref> Sandeep Yadav has won gold medal in 2011 and bronze medal in 2015 National Championship.He also won bronze medal in Junior National championships 2006.

Yadav competed in [[Asian championship]] in the year off 2011,2012 and 2013. He also competed in the [[World Wrestling Championships]] in 2011,2013 and 2014.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Sandeep Tulsi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:World Wrestling Championships medalists]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{india-wrestling-bio-stub}}

1990 Gawkadal massacre

2026-04-23T14:06:00Z

Pranjal mishra: put up a info!

{{Short description|1990 mass killing of Kashmiri protesters}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Gawkadal massacre
| location = Gawkadal, [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.0748|74.8092|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1990|1|21}}
| partof = [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| target = Civilians
| type = [[Massacre]], [[Mass shooting]]
| fatalities = 50+<ref name="IE"/><ref name="KL"/>
| perpetrator = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
}}

{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}

The '''Gawkadal massacre''' was named after the Gawkadal bridge in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, where, on 21 January 1990, the [[India]]n paramilitary troops of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] opened fire on a group of Kashmiri protesters in what some have called "the worst massacre in Kashmiri history".{{sfn|Schofield|2003|p=148}} At least 50 people were killed.<ref name=pakistannews>[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/271573-kashmiris-observe-28th-anniversary-of-gawkadal-massacre ""Kashmiris observe 28th anniversary of Gawkadal massacre""], thenews.com.pk. January 22, 2018. Accessed March 31, 2025.</ref><ref name="IE">Mir Ehsan, [https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/kashmirs-first-blood/ Kashmir's first blood], The Indian Express, 1 May 2005.</ref>{{sfn|Schofield|2003|p=148}} The incident occurred two days after the state went under [[Governor's Rule]], with [[Jagmohan]] appointed as the Governor for a second time in the Union government's bid to control mass protests by Kashmiris.<ref name="IE"/>

==Background==
January 1990 was a major turning point for the one-and-a-half year old [[Kashmir insurgency]], having been launched by the Pakistan-based [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) in July 1988 under Pakistani sponsorship.{{sfn|Jamal|2009|loc=pp. 129, 137: "By Spring 1988, Zia regime also started pressing JKLF to begin the armed campaign. JKLF didn't yet think the timing was right. But reluctantly agreed to set the Martyrs' Day, 13 July, as the formal start of the campaign. At this stage, there were 10,000 trained militants, working in some fifty units."}} However, the pro-Independence JKLF was not in Pakistan's interest.{{sfn|Jamal|2009|loc=p. 137: "The ISI initially backed the JKLF only as a way to push its client, the Jamat-i-Islami, into militancy. Moreover, it had planned to replace the JKLF once Jamat-i-Islami could be pushed into the conflict."}} By October 1989, its secret service [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], working with the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir]], brought together some of the key Islamist insurgent groups working in Kashmir under the banner of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]. In a key meeting in [[Kathmandu]] on 14 January 1990, [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]] was persuaded to take control of Hizbul Mujahideen.{{sfn|Jamal|2009|loc=pp. 140–143}}{{sfn|Riedel|2012|loc=pp. 39–40: "By setting up an umbrella group, Hizbul Mujahedeen, to unite the pro-Pakistan elements, the ISI gradually isolated the JKLF, cut off its aid, and took control."}} Henceforth, the Kashmir insurgency was to run along an [[Islamist]] paradigm.{{sfn|Sirrs|2016|loc=pp. 159–160: "Like the JKLF, [Hizbul Mujahideen] was "overwhelmingly Kashmiri" as far as its cadre went, but it rejected the JKLF's nationalist agenda in favor of an Islamist one. What this meant in theory was that the party saw nothing that was doctrinally incorrect in joining and thereby strengthening Pakistan."}} An often-heard slogan was "''Azadi ka matlab kya, La Ilahi lilillah [illallah]''" ("What is the meaning of freedom? It is Islamic State").<ref name="IT">
Shekhar Gupta, [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19900131-militant-movement-holds-kashmir-in-a-state-of-violent-siege-separatism-gets-new-legitimacy-812287-1990-01-31 Militant movement holds Kashmir in a state of violent siege, separatism gets new legitimacy], India Today, 31 Jan 1990.
</ref>{{efn|The slogan itself was an adaptation of that of the [[Pakistan movement]] from the 1940s: ''Pakistan ka matlab kya, La Ilahi illallah''.}}

Concurrent to these developments, the Indian central government was going through a crisis. [[Rajiv Gandhi]] lost the general election held in 1989, and a minority government led by opposition [[Janata Dal]] under [[V. P. Singh]] took power, with external support from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Singh appointed a Kashmiri politician [[Mufti Muhammad Sayeed]] as the Union home minister. A week later, on 8 December 1989, the JKLF [[Kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed|kidnapped his daughter, Rubaiya Sayeed]], demanding the release of jailed JKLF militants in return for her release. The government's capitulation to this demand strengthened JKLF and its ''"azadi"'' ("freedom") movement, while at the same time undercutting the authority of the state government led by [[Farooq Abdullah]].{{sfn|Joshi|1999|loc=pp. 34–35: "Processions and protests gained even greater popular support, till it now seemed that the whole valley was for azadi or independence."}}

Following these events, the Indian government decided to replace Governor [[K. V. Krishna Rao]].{{sfn|Joshi|1999|p=38}} Under the pressure of BJP, the V. P. Singh government chose [[Jagmohan]] to succeed him. Jagmohan had served a previous term as the Governor in the State, during which the chief minister [[Farooq Abdullah]] was dismissed. Abdullah had held it against Jagmohan, and resigned from chief ministership ahead of the appointment.{{sfn|Joshi|1999|pp=38–39}} The state went under [[Governor's rule]] (the imposition of direct Union government rule).<ref name="express_shift">
[https://archive.today/20130122164107/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Focus-shifts-to-Raj-Bhawan-JK-heads-for-Governors-rule/332899/ Focus shifts to Raj Bhawan, J-K heads for Governor's rule], ''[[Express India]]'', 8 July 2008.</ref>{{efn|Farooq Abdullah is said to have resigned on "the midnight of the 18th" {{harv|Joshi|1999|p=39}}. Jagmohan was sworn in as the Governor on the evening of the 19th {{harv|Joshi|1999|p=39}}, which left almost an entire day when the state was run by only officials. Due to weather conditions, Jagmohan was only able to reach Srinagar early on the morning of the 21st to take stock of the situation and issue pertinent orders.}}

Journalist Arif Jamal states that, once Jamaat-e-Islami decided to take over the leadership of the insurgency, it moved into decisive action, activating "a decade of planning".{{sfn|Jamal|2009|loc=p. 143}}

== Events ==
=== 19 January ===
From the night of 19 January 1990 through the early morning hours of 20 January,<ref name="Joshi search" /> Jammu and Kashmir Police and CRPF conducted house-to-house searches in Guru Bazar and Chotta Bazaar, a congested locality in [[Downtown, Srinagar|downtown]] [[Srinagar]], aiming to find illegal weapons or evidence of support for militants.<ref name="HRW">
[https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/09/11/everyone-lives-fear-0 Everyone Lives in Fear: Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir]. Human Rights Watch. 2006.</ref> Some 300 people are said to have been arrested, most of whom were later released.{{sfn|Schofield|2003|p=148}} The daily ''Alsafa News'' quoted locals alleging that security forces had molested women under the guise of search operations.<ref name="KL">{{Cite news |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2013-01-21 |title=Gawkadal A Massacre, A Case |url=https://kashmirlife.net/gawkadal-a-massacre-a-case-17813/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=Kashmir Life}}</ref> Both Jagmohan and Abdullah deny any involvement in the decision to carry out the raid.<ref name="HRW" /> According to [[Manoj Joshi (journalist)|Manoj Joshi]], the search was ordered by the police chiefs.<ref name="Joshi search">{{harvnb|Joshi|1999|loc=pp. 39–40: "The first act was initiated by the state's top police officers, Director-General of Police J.N. Saksena and Inspector-General of the CRPF 'Tiger' Joginder Singh. To 'welcome' the hardline governor, they instituted the long-awaited crackdown with searches in Guru Bazar and Chota Bazar areas on the morning of 20 January and detained some 250 youths for interrogation. That same morning when Saksena arrived in Jammu from Srinagar to brief Jagmohan, he did not mention the searches or their possible fallout. Perhaps he had misjudged the situation."}}</ref>

The events saw the initiation of a mass revolt in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. Various reports indicate that Kashmiri Muslims were out on the streets shouting anti-India, pro-Pakistan and Islamic slogans. Mosques crackled with loudspeakers in the middle of the night, issuing slogans and playing pre-recorded messages.<ref>
{{harvnb|Schofield|2003|loc=p. 148: 'The whole city was out. I was sleeping — it was midnight. I heard people on the road shouting pro-Pakistani slogans and Islamic slogans — "Allah o Akbar", "What do we want? We want freedom!"' recalls Haseeb, a Kashmiri medical student. (p. 149) In defiance of what came to be called 'crackdown' by the authorities, the people continued to come out on the streets: 'There were loudspeakers in the mosques, encouraging people to come out. Everyday, all day people were shouting slogans,' recalls Haseeb. 'Azadi, Azadi, Allah-o Akbar — Freedom, Freedom, God is Great' was broadcast from the minarets.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Chowdhary |first=Rekha |title=Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond: Competitive Politics in the Shadow of Separatism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSGBDwAAQBAJ |year=2019 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5328-232-5 |at=p. 73: 'The use of the religious places for issuing threats and intimidating the minorities was a reality of that time. To quote Wajahat Habibullah who was posted as Special Commissioner in Anantnag in 1990, "... Places of worship, like the one in Anantnag, where the majority went, were being used to issue threats to them [Kashmiri Hindus] over loudspeakers. I learnt later that these inflammatory sermons, and their reverberating public applause, were audio recordings circulated to mosques to be played over loudspeakers at prayer time."}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' described the mood in the Valley as one of open defiance: "mobs challenged the gun, defying policemen to fire at them". They chanted slogans "Indian dogs go back" and "''Azadi ka matlab kya, La Ilahi lilillah [illallah]''" ("What is the meaning of freedom? It is Islamic State").<ref name="IT"/>

=== 20 January ===
As word of the raids spread on 20 January 1990, crowds gathered outside the Divisional Commissioner's office in Srinagar to protest the 'atrocities', and were tear-gassed.<ref name="Mridu Rai">{{citation |first=Mridu |last=Rai |chapter=Narratives from exile: Kashmiri Pandits and their construction of the past |title=Kashmir and the Future of South Asia |editor1=Sugata Bose |editor2=Ayesha Jalal |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6oLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |pages=103–104|isbn=9781000318722 }}</ref> Organisers fanned out through the city and massive processions were initiated by the evening.<ref>
{{harvnb|Joshi|1999|loc=p. 40: "Throughout 20 January, organizers fanned out across the city and from that evening, massive processions took to the streets demanding azadi, and chanting [slogan] 'Death to Indian dogs' and 'Allah-o-Akbar' ('God is great')".}}</ref> A curfew was imposed by nightfall.<ref name="Mridu Rai"/>

=== 21 January ===
On 21 January 1990, as reports of arrests and alleged molestation in the Chotta Bazaar locality spread across Srinagar, thousands of people gathered to protest. Processions marched through various parts of the city, heading toward Chotta Bazaar. When the unarmed crowd reached the Gawkadal bridge, they were fired upon by the CRPF, resulting in the deaths of around 50 people and injuries to dozens of others.{{sfn|Schofield|2003|p=148}}<ref name="KL"/>

According to the Jammu and Kashmir security forces, upon approaching the wooden bridge a large crowd of demonstrators allegedly started pelting stones, after which the security forces fired on the crowd, leading to the death of several protestors.<ref name="IE"/> The police record mentions that "on January 21, a big crowd raising anti-India slogans was heading towards Lal Chowk and the security forces tried to stop the crowd near Gawkadal. Instead of dispersing, the unruly crowd started pelting stones at government buildings and security force personnel. The report ends without mentioning anything about the massacre that became the turning point of militancy in Kashmir."<ref name="IE" />

Indian authorities initially put the official death toll for the massacre initially at between 21 and 28.<ref name="Dalrymple">
{{citation |last=Dalrymple |first=William |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/21310 |title=Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful |newspaper=The New York Review of Books |date=1 May 2008 |volume=55 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201175847/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/05/01/kashmir-the-scarred-and-the-beautiful/ |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> Certain international human rights organisations and scholars, however, estimated that at least 50. Journalist [[Tavleen Singh]] stated that over 100 protesters were killed.{{sfn|Schofield|2003|p=148}} Youth Forum for Kashmir put the number of fatalities as 55.<ref name=pakistannews/>

==Aftermath==
In the aftermath of the massacre, more demonstrations followed, and in January 1990, Indian paramilitary forces are believed to have killed around 300 protesters in total.<ref name=BBC>Mirza, Waheed. [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6947968.stm Growing up in Kashmir's war zone]. "[[BBC News]]", 16 August 2007.</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] reported in May 1991 that, "In the weeks that followed the Gawkadal massacre as security forces fired on crowds of marchers and as militants intensified their attacks against the police and those suspected of aiding them, Kashmir's civil war began in earnest."<ref name=HRW/> [[MJ Akbar]], editor of the ''[[Asian Age]]'' newspaper, said, "January 19 became the catalyst which propelled into a mass upsurge. Young men from hundreds of homes crossed over into [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]] to receive arms and training in insurrection Pakistan came out in open support of secession, and for the first time, did not need to involve its regular troops in the confrontation. In Srinagar, each mosque became a citadel of fervor."<ref name=HRW/>{{Relevance inline|date=May 2025}}

No known actions were taken against the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] forces officials responsible for the massacre, or against the officers present at Gawkadal that night. No government investigation was ordered into the incident.<ref name=HRW/> Fifteen years later, the police case was closed and those involved in the massacre were never held accountable.<ref name="IE"/>

==See also==
* [[Zakoora and Tengpora massacre]]
* [[Sopore massacre]]
* [[Handwara massacre]]
* [[Bijbehara massacre]]
* [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

; Sources
* {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6}}
* {{citation |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist) |title=The Lost Rebellion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pS5uAAAAMAAJ |date=1999 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-027846-0}}
* {{citation |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Riedel |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3DQKuPzAXAC |year=2012 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2283-0}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC}}
* {{citation |last=Sirrs |first=Owen L. |title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19609-9}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gawkadal massacre, 1990}}
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:1990 murders in India]]
[[Category:January 1990 in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of protesters in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1990]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:History of Srinagar]]
[[Category:1990 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims]]

Pride De Goa

2026-04-20T14:01:20Z

Pranjal mishra: new some details more to come

'''Pride De Goa''' was the official [[pride parade]] walk in the state of [[Goa]], India. It was organised by the NGO Goa Rainbow Trust.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/pride-de-goa-marches-again-this-time-legally/|title=Pride de Goa marches again, this time legally|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=28 October 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itsgoa.com/goa-hosts-first-lgbt-parade-later-month/|title=Goa hosts its first LGBT parade - Goa Rainbow Pride Walk 2017|date=2017-10-12|website=ItsGoa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-first-ever-rainbow-pride-walk-to-be-held-in-panaji-today/articleshow/61280619.cms|title=Goa's first-ever rainbow pride walk to be held in Panaji today|date=October 28, 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://goarainbowtrust.com|title=Goa Rainbow Trust|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://facebook.com/grtgoa|title=Goa Rainbow Trust Facebook|website=[[Facebook]] |language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://instagram.com/goarainbowtrust|title=Goa Rainbow Trust Instagram|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

== History ==

=== 2017 ===
The first pride walk in Goa was organised on October 28, 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/goa-to-host-first-lgbt-parade-on-oct-28-4904271/|title=Goa to host first LGBT parade on Oct 28|date=2017-10-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> The walk took place from Old Secretariat to [[Miramar, Goa|Miramar Beach]], an approximate distance of five kilometres.<ref name=":3" /> One of the organisers Alexander Fernandes said, "We hope this walk will get rid of homophobia in some way. We want people to know that we are not harmful or ‘bad people’. We deserve respect like anyone else, and that we too have human rights." The event included [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] parties, a film festival, and a pride walk.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=wtr/>

Another organiser, Diana Dias, talks about taking tips and suggestions from other Indian cities who have previously held pride walks. She said, "We have a large LGBT community in Goa, but most prefer to stay under the scanner since it is a very small place and everyone knows each other. However, we are trying to create more awareness now."<ref name=":2" />

Chris Fernandes (chief executive office and founder of Goa Rainbow Trust), who came out in the open about her sexuality and is proud of it, founded Adhikar to help girls dealing with similar issues in the state. “Among the LGBT, lesbians are the most closeted. Parents force them to get married and when there’s a child involved it gets more complicated,” she said, adding that she comes across a number of school and college going youth who are looking for someone to talk to.<ref name=wtr>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-walk-to-remember-for-the-lgbt-community/articleshow/61313127.cms|title=A walk to remember for the LGBT community|date=October 29, 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

The participants were encouraged to wear masks if they wanted to keep their identities private and steer away from religious and political posters.<ref name=":2" />

=== 2018 ===
In 2018, the second iteration of Pride De Goa was organised on October 27, 2018, by Goa Rainbow Trust.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://lbb.in/goa/pride-de-goas-2nd-edition-5a41d4/|title=Show Some Love: Be A Part Of Pride De Goa's Second Edition This October |website=LBB, Goa|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> The pride walk started from Deltin Royale Jetty on the Panjim side of [[Mandovi river]] and marched towards Miramar Beach.<ref name=":1" /> Marchers were seen holding a 10-metre-long rainbow flag and posters like ‘Mog Kar Dwesh Nai’ and ‘Pyar Ke Sab Rang Hai’, etc.<ref name=":0" />

=== 2019 ===
In 2019, the third iteration of Pride De Goa was organised on November 9, 2019, by Goa Rainbow Trust. The Pride week commenced with a flashmob at Kadamba Bus Stand, Panjim, on November 4, 2019, followed by a flashmob at Mall de Goa on November 5, 2019, [[Porvorim]] and a Pre-Pride party at The Park Hotel, [[Calangute]] on November 6, 2019. The Pride parade on November 9 was officially opened by [[Wendell Rodricks]] and [[Apurva Asrani]], and also had allies in the staff of The Lalit Hotel. The participants assembled at Panjim Promenade and made their way to Miramar Beach. The Pride week concluded with the Post-Pride party at Rudy's Bar & Grill, Chapora on November 9, 2019. Some of the sponsors and partners that helped Goa Rainbow Trust achieve the successful Pride march include The Lalit Hotel, Keshav Suri Foundation, [[It Gets Better Project|It Gets Better]] India, The Park Hotel, Rudy's Bar & Grill, [[Sofar Sounds]] Goa, Stranger & Sons, White Owl and Woodburns Whiskey. <ref name=":4" />

== See also ==

* [[LGBTQ rights in Goa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pride parades in India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2017]]
[[Category:Culture of Goa]]

Kaathal: The Core

2026-04-16T04:09:16Z

Pranjal mishra:

{{Short description|2023 film by Jeo Baby}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaathal: The Core
| image = Kaathal - The Core.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeo Baby]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Adarsh Sukumaran]]
* Paulson Skaria
}}
| producer = [[Mammootty]] 
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Mammootty
* [[Jyothika]]
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Salu K. Thomas
* Viggu
}}
| editing = Francies Louis
| music = Mathews Pulickan
| studio = Mammootty Kampany
| distributor = [[Wayfarer Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}5 crore
| gross = {{Estimation}} ₹14.5 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kaathal-the-core-11-day-box-office-collection-and-share-from-kerala-mammootty-jeo-baby-jyotika-nsn-s55391|title=Kaathal The Core Box Office : മമ്മൂട്ടിക്ക് അടുത്ത ഹിറ്റ്? 'കാതല്‍' കേരളത്തില്‍ നിന്ന് 11 ദിവസം കൊണ്ട് നേടിയ കളക്ഷനും ഷെയറും|website=www.asianetnews.com|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205123133/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment-news/kaathal-the-core-11-day-box-office-collection-and-share-from-kerala-mammootty-jeo-baby-jyotika-nsn-s55391|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kaathal: The Core'''''{{efn|According to Jeo Baby and Mammootty, ''Kaathal'' has the dual meaning of "core" in Malayalam and "love" in Tamil.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-11-29|title=‘Kaathal – The Core’s subject is quite revolutionary,’ says Mammootty ahead of highly-anticipated film’s release|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kaathal-the-cores-subject-is-quite-revolutionary-says-mammootty-ahead-of-highly-anticipated-films-release-9034850/|date=20 November 2023|quote=Discussing the film’s title, which holds distinct meanings in Malayalam and Tamil, Mammootty and Jeo Baby highlighted its dual significance. In Tamil, it signifies love, while in Malayalam, ‘Kaathal’ conveys the meaning of ‘the core’.}}</ref>}} is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Legal drama|courtroom drama]] film<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=Mammootty-Jyothika starrer 'Kaathal' barred in middle east countries |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/11/21/mammootty-movie-kaathal-the-core-banned-middle-east-countries.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121130529/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/11/21/mammootty-movie-kaathal-the-core-banned-middle-east-countries.html |url-status=live }}</ref> directed by [[Jeo Baby]] and written by [[Adarsh Sukumaran]] and Paulson Skaria. Produced by Mammootty Kampany, the film stars [[Mammootty]] and [[Jyothika]] in lead roles. Sudhi Kozhikode, RS Panickar, Joji John, [[Muthumani]], [[Chinnu Chandni]] and [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] played the other supporting roles.

The film was officially announced in October 2022 and [[principal photography]] commenced in the same month and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in November 2022. The music was composed by Mathews Pulickan. Francies Louis handled the editing while the cinematography was done by Salu K. Thomas.

''Kaathal: The Core'' was released on 23 November 2023 and opened to positive reviews from critics praising the performances of Jyothika and Mammootty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/060124/kaathal-the-core-review-rating.html|title=Kaathal-The Core Review: Mammootty, Jyothika deliver knock-out performances|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=6 January 2024|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> It emerged as a commercial success at box office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title='Kaathal - The Core' box office collections day 12: Mammootty's film inches close to theatrical hit status; mints more than Rs 14 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaathal-the-core-box-office-collections-day-12-mammoottys-film-inches-close-to-theatrical-hit-status-mints-more-than-rs-10-crores/articleshow/105782893.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="sebastian2023">{{cite web | last=Sebastian | first=Meryl | title=Kaathal: When Malayalam superstar Mammootty plays a gay character | website=[[BBC News]] | date=9 December 2023 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-67634682 | access-date=9 December 2023 | archive-date=9 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209012114/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-67634682 | url-status=live }}</ref> This movie is the final film appearance of Kalabhavan Haneef.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Mathew Devassy, a retired bank manager lives with his family of four - his wife, Omana, daughter, Femy, and father, Devassy, leading a respectable life in his village. Thanks to his father's contribution towards the CR Party, Mathew is given a chance to contest the Local Village Body elections. One evening, he discovers that Omana has filed a [[divorce]] petition against him alleging that he is [[homosexual]]. Upon confronting that it might hinder his election candidature, Omana says that she had filed it two months ago. They approach for a speedy trial in the [[Family court|Family Court]], where Omana had filed the petition alleging that he has not fulfilled her marital obligations, but was perfect in raising a family. The respondent lawyer asks her the number of times they had intercourse, to which she replies four - in their entire twenty years of marital life.

Upon questioning the need for a divorce then, the representing lawyer argues that Mathew would have been accused of committing a crime if she had filed the petition earlier according to the then existing law (IPC 377). Mathew denies his homosexuality and relationship with Thankan, his alleged partner accused in the case, during the cross-checking by the prosecution. Thankan, who owns a driving school, expresses anguish that his sexual orientation is different and that his school is flooded by only women. His nephew, Kuttayi, breaks down facing harassment and bullying in school. Meanwhile, the party is puzzled about Mathew's election campaigning.

As the case proceeds, Devassy is called upon as a direct witness and accepts that his son has been a homosexual since his childhood and the marriage was pressurized by him due to the expectations of the society. That night, Devassy bursts into tears and agrees that he was responsible for the mishappenings of his son's life. Mathew apologises to Omana and implores that he was afraid to come out. Omana says that she wanted a divorce to rescue them both from this meaningless family life; they both shed tears. The next day, as they sign the divorce papers, Mathew comes out as a gay man and proceeds to campaign for the elections.

Post the elections, the victorious Mathew is seeking a potential groom for Omana, with Thankan as his partner.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as Mathew Devassy - a retired bank manager
* [[Jyothika]] as Omana Philip Mathew - Mathew's wife
* Sudhi Kozhikode as Thankan, Mathew's friend
* [[Pooja Mohanraj]] as Thankan's sister
* Anagha Maya Ravi as Femy Mathew, Mathew's and Omana's daughter
* RS Panickar as Devassy, Mathew's father
* Joji John as Tomy, Mathew's brother-in-law
* [[Muthumani]] as Adv. Ameera
* [[Chinnu Chandni]] as Adv. Sajitha
* Alex Alister as Kuttayi
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Judge
* Josey Sijo as Sibin Teekoy
* [[Jeo Baby]] as Kuttayi's stepfather
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In August 2022, [[Jeo Baby]] was rumoured to direct a film starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Jyothika]] in lead roles. However, he denied it as a rumour.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |date=2022-08-12 |title=Is Jeo Baby directing Mammootty in his next? The director reacts - EXCLUSIVE |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-jeo-baby-directing-mammootty-in-his-next-the-director-reacts-exclusive/articleshow/93522239.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-jeo-baby-directing-mammootty-in-his-next-the-director-reacts-exclusive/articleshow/93522239.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In late-September, Baby confirmed that he would be directing Mammootty in a film produced by Mammootty Kampany, for which the pre-production works had already begun. Jyothika was yet to sign the film as the casting process was underway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |date=2022-09-29 |title=EXCLUSIVE! 'The Great Indian Kitchen' director Jeo Baby confirms his next with Mammootty |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-the-great-indian-kitchen-director-jeo-baby-confirms-his-next-with-mammootty/articleshow/94525254.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008233844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-the-great-indian-kitchen-director-jeo-baby-confirms-his-next-with-mammootty/articleshow/94525254.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=2022-09-30 |title=Exclusive! Mammootty-Jeo Baby movie to be a family drama, Jyothika's yet to sign |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-mammootty-jeo-baby-movie-to-be-a-family-drama-jyothika-is-yet-to-sign-the-film/c444083f7d825 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[OTTplay]] |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126153836/https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-mammootty-jeo-baby-movie-to-be-a-family-drama-jyothika-is-yet-to-sign-the-film/c444083f7d825 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 October, the title of the film was announced and Jyothika's inclusion was confirmed, thereby marking her return to [[Malayalam cinema]] after a hiatus of 12 years, since ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' (2009). Jeo said that it was the first time that he was working on a script that was not his own. But when he heard the story, he liked it and then approached Mammotty to play the lead role. While considering options for a leading lady to play the role of the wife, Mammootty suggested casting Jyothika.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=2022-10-22 |title=Exclusive: Mammootty-Jyothika together for first time in Jeo Baby film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-mammootty-jyothika-together-for-first-time-in-jeo-baby-film/articleshow/95028606.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125213450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-mammootty-jyothika-together-for-first-time-in-jeo-baby-film/articleshow/95028606.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The writing team included Adarsh Sukumaran and Paulson Skaria. Jeo retained most of his technicians from his film ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' (2021) including cinematographer Salu K. Thomas, editor Francies Louis and music composer Mathews Pulickan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-19 |title=Mammootty and Jyotika to star in Jeo Baby's 'Kaathal - The Core' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-jyotika-to-star-in-jeo-babys-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/94958013.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107151727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-and-jyotika-to-star-in-jeo-babys-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/94958013.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 20 October 2022 in [[Kochi]] with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=Kaathal: Mammootty suggested Jyotika's name for the film, says Jeo Baby |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaathal-mammootty-suggested-jyotikas-name-for-the-family-drama-says-jeo-baby/d469b32bb1816 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[OTTplay]] |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127205645/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaathal-mammootty-suggested-jyotikas-name-for-the-family-drama-says-jeo-baby/d469b32bb1816 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-20 |title=Mammootty - Jeo Baby's 'Kaathal - The Core' begins with a pooja function, see pics |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-jeo-babys-kaathal-the-core-begins-with-a-pooja-function-see-pics/articleshow/94985330.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125082959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-jeo-babys-kaathal-the-core-begins-with-a-pooja-function-see-pics/articleshow/94985330.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Jyothika joined the sets on 27 October.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-28 |title=Jyotika joins the sets of 'Kaathal - The Core' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jyotika-joins-the-set-of-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/95137762.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112145042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jyotika-joins-the-set-of-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/95137762.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Mammootty completed filming for his portions on 18 November<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-19 |title=Mammootty completes his portions for 'Kaathal - The Core' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-completes-his-portions-for-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/95619700.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418124421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-completes-his-portions-for-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/95619700.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> while Jyothika's was completed on 20 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-21 |title=Jyotika wraps up her portions for 'Kaathal - The Core' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jyotika-wraps-up-her-portions-for-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/95657402.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127073724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jyotika-wraps-up-her-portions-for-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/95657402.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up on 22 November 2022, in a span of 34 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-23 |title=It's a wrap for Mammootty-Jyotika starrer 'Kaathal - The Core' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mammootty-jyotika-starrer-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/95704337.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202234017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mammootty-jyotika-starrer-kaathal-the-core/articleshow/95704337.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
Post-production works began in late-January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-27 |title=Post-production works of 'Kaathal: The Core' starring Mammootty and Jyotika progressing |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/post-production-works-of-kaathal-the-core-starring-mammootty-and-jyotika-progressing/articleshow/97365964.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210020154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/post-production-works-of-kaathal-the-core-starring-mammootty-and-jyotika-progressing/articleshow/97365964.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2023, [[K. S. Chithra]] recorded a song composed by Mathews Pulickan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-03-29 |title=KS Chithra records song for 'Kaathal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/29/ks-chithra-records-song-for-kaathal-2560672.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412151802/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/29/ks-chithra-records-song-for-kaathal-2560672.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released theatrically on 23 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=2023-03-21 |title=Kaathal - The Core: Mammootty and Jyotika's film gets a release date; Read details |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kaathal-the-core-mammootty-and-jyotikas-film-gets-a-release-date-read-details-1213497 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415083208/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kaathal-the-core-mammootty-and-jyotikas-film-gets-a-release-date-read-details-1213497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Kaathal - The Core: Mammootty-Jyothika starrer gets a release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaathal-the-core-mammootty-jyothika-starrer-gets-a-release-date/c1fcd26abb104 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[OTTplay]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324014250/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaathal-the-core-mammootty-jyothika-starrer-gets-a-release-date/c1fcd26abb104 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home Media ===
The digital rights of the film is acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and released on 5 January 2024 in [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Mammootty's 'Kaathal - The Core' now streaming on OTT|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammoottys-kaathal-the-core-streaming-on-ott-prime-video-2484719-2024-01-05|website= India Today|access-date=2026-04-16 |language=en}}</ref> After it's streaming rights on [[Amazon Prime Video]] got expired, the film was acquired by [[ZEE5]] and started streaming from 14 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Mammootty’s Kaathal – The Core Now Streaming on ZEE5|url=https://tracktollywood.com/kaathal-the-core-zee5-streaming/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was praised by some members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of the gay character, but people from anti-LGBT groups commented negatively on Mammootty's social media pages criticising the actor for his role and asking for a boycott of the film. Muslim clerics and Christian priests also criticized the film's representation of homosexuality, suggesting that it would "brainwash the youth".<ref name="sebastian2023" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty receives support amid hateful comments on 'Kaathal' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/11/25/mammootty-social-media-hateful-comments-kaathal-the-core.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217105809/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/11/25/mammootty-social-media-hateful-comments-kaathal-the-core.amp.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=8|average=8|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=28 May 2024}} ''Kathal - The Core'' received mostly positive reviews from critics.<ref name="sebastian2023"/>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Kaathal – The Core'' is a groundbreaking film that should be watched by all, particularly those in the film industry who continue to present recycled age-old narratives, expecting unquestioning acceptance from the audiences."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal The Core movie review: Mammootty and Jyotika outdo themselves in Jeo Baby's landmark film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-rating-mammootty-jyotika-outdo-themselves-jeo-baby-landmark-film-9038231/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212130742/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-rating-mammootty-jyotika-outdo-themselves-jeo-baby-landmark-film-9038231/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "'''Kaathal - The Core''<nowiki/>' is not just about the coming out, it's also about how these characters move on in life after the divorce. The last shot is dedicated to all the LGBTQIA+ members."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal The Core Review: Mammootty's film on homosexuality is path-breaking |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kaathal-the-core-review-mammootty-film-on-homosexuality-is-path-breaking-2466574-2023-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212130718/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kaathal-the-core-review-mammootty-film-on-homosexuality-is-path-breaking-2466574-2023-11-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Kaathal'' is arguably the most daring attempt from Malayalam cinema so far, mainly owing to one of its biggest superstars spearheading a film that asks some much-needed questions about a complex topic that doesn't have to be so."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal- The Core Movie Review: Mammootty and Jeo Baby deliver an emotional juggernaut |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/nov/23/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-mammootty-and-jeo-baby-deliver-an-emotional-juggernaut-49829.html |website=Cinema Express |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212130721/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/nov/23/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-mammootty-and-jeo-baby-deliver-an-emotional-juggernaut-49829.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Good movies can make society think and even initiate change. ''Kaathal - The Core'' might be one such."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal: The Core Movie Review : Mammootty-Jeo Baby tell a bold story well |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kaathal-the-core/movie-review/105445068.cms |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212130722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kaathal-the-core/movie-review/105445068.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sukanya Shaji of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The heart of ''Kaathal - The Core'' is, undoubtedly, the relationship between Mammootty's Mathew Devassy and Jyothika's Omana, and the heartbreaking dignity with which they help each other out of their predicaments."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=Sukanya |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal: Jeo Baby's Mammootty-Jyothika starrer is a brave story of human reconciliations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kaathal-review-jeo-babys-mammootty-starrer-is-a-brave-story-of-human-reconciliations |website=The News Minute |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212130721/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kaathal-review-jeo-babys-mammootty-starrer-is-a-brave-story-of-human-reconciliations |url-status=live }}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Kaathal – The Core'' navigates through a myriad of sensitive subjects and personal choices deeply influenced by the age-old societal concern of "What will people say?"."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar R. |first=Manoj |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal – The Core movie review - Why this modern classic is a must watch? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-why-mammootty-jyothikas-modern-classic-is-a-must-watch/b7588fb4b2310 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124071140/https://www.ottplay.com/review/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-why-mammootty-jyothikas-modern-classic-is-a-must-watch/b7588fb4b2310 |url-status=live }}</ref>

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "'<nowiki/>''Kaathal'<nowiki/>'' beautifully uses a conventional family drama setting to tackle a subject that is still largely a taboo in the industry and the larger society; it is quite a triumph in that sense."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=23 November 2023 |title='Kaathal – The Core' movie review: Mammootty steers a daring attempt that pays off |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-mammootty-steers-a-daring-attempt-that-pays-off/article67566529.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124071133/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-mammootty-steers-a-daring-attempt-that-pays-off/article67566529.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "Just like Nivin Pauly and Geethu Mohandas's ''Moothon'', '''Kaathal The Core''<nowiki/>' will be remembered for its unconventional theme and for lending Mammootty one more praise-worthy character in his illustrious career."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=23 November 2023 |title=Mammootty's 'Kaathal' rides on theme unconventional to 'the core' {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/23/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-mammootty-jyothika-jeo-baby.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124071132/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/23/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-mammootty-jyothika-jeo-baby.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sarath Ramesh Kuniyl of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Kaathal – The Core'' is a watershed moment in Malayalam cinema, much like ''The Great Indian Kitchen''. Both Baby and Mammootty have shattered a glass ceiling, the sound of which, one hopes, will reverberate loudly in the society and for long."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh Kuniyl |first=Sarath |date=23 November 2023 |title='Kaathal – The Core' review: This Mammootty-starrer is revolutionary in every sense |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/11/23/-kaathal---the-core--review--this-mammootty-starrer-is-revolutio.html |website=The Week |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124071209/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/11/23/-kaathal---the-core--review--this-mammootty-starrer-is-revolutio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nikhil Sebastian of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Kaathal'' stands as another masterpiece from Jeo Baby and Mammootty. With a compelling plot and a poignant subject, the movie succeeds in establishing a strong emotional connection with the audience throughout its two-hour runtime."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Nikhil |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal The Core Review: Mammootty's latest film dives into society's perspectives on LGBTQ+ relationships |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/kaathal-the-core-review-mammoottys-latest-film-dives-into-societys-perspectives-on-lgbtq-relationships-1260614 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123154409/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/kaathal-the-core-review-mammoottys-latest-film-dives-into-societys-perspectives-on-lgbtq-relationships-1260614 |url-status=live }}</ref> Harshini S. V. of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "''Kaathal – The Core'' speaks about the struggles of coming out and addresses the need for acceptance in a conventional society. And if that's not bold and progressive, I am not sure what is."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. V. |first=Harshini |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal - The Core Review: The Jeo Baby Film Is A Remarkable Take On The Complexities Of Coming Out |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/kaathal-the-core-review-jeo-babys-most-progressive-drama-addresses-the-complexities-of-coming-out-mammootty-jyotika |website=Film Companion |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123154412/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/kaathal-the-core-review-jeo-babys-most-progressive-drama-addresses-the-complexities-of-coming-out-mammootty-jyotika |url-status=live }}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Joe Baby, the director who also gave us the ''Great Indian Kitchen'' masterfully depicts the life of Omana and Mathew so sensibly and with a sensitive approach. It is rare to see a film so well made when it centers on a relationship — especially one that is forced to stick with heteronormativity."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=24 November 2023 |title=Mammootty and Jyotika's Kaathal: The Core movie review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaadhal-the-core-movie-review-joe-baby-film-starring-mammootty-jyotika-starrer-leaves-you-with-a-heaviness-in-your-heart-for-all-right-reasons-13425562.html |website=Firstpost |language=en |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124071133/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaadhal-the-core-movie-review-joe-baby-film-starring-mammootty-jyotika-starrer-leaves-you-with-a-heaviness-in-your-heart-for-all-right-reasons-13425562.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Analysing the movie, Sajesh Mohan of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "In ''Kaathal - The Core'', Jeo Baby's writers Adarsh Sukumaran and Paulson Skaria occasionally resort to the FAQ format to elucidate the necessity of proper understanding and acceptance of sexual orientation. However, it's not these preaching sessions that drive the point home; it's the characters."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeo Baby's cinematic politics: Decoding pain in 'Kaathal - The Core' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/11/25/jeo-baby-kaathal-the-core-movie-themes-mammootty-jyothika.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212130722/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/11/25/jeo-baby-kaathal-the-core-movie-themes-mammootty-jyothika.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sujatha Narayanan of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote "Kaathal – The Core is a sensitive, dignified, and nuanced film that brings to fore the importance of how big stars like Mammootty and Jyotika (who returned to the big screen after three years) fit into humble places with much grace. With Kaathal, Mammootty also squashes pre written stereotypes for how a hero should be on screen, what kind of roles a megastar can take up, and whether an actor with a good market should do an experimental, bold film at all. Kaathal makes us all want to be better human beings – and that's the most important achievement of Jeo Baby's film."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/south-cinema/kaathal-the-core-mammootty-gay-protagonist-how-heroes-should-be-on-screen|title=Gay and Nuanced: With 'Kaathal', Mammootty Rewrites How Hero Should Be on Screen|website=The Quint}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Kathal - The Core'' recorded an opening of ₹1.05 crore. The film recorded a 19% jump in revenue on its second day in theatres by earing ₹1.25 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=Kaathal – The Core box office collection day 2: Mammootty, Jyotika film sees 19% jump in collections |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kaathal-the-core-box-office-collection-day-2-mammootty-jyotika-film-sees-19-percent-spike-9041684/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On its first weekend, the film grossed ₹1.6 crores on Saturday with a 42.04% occupancy rate and grossed ₹1.75 crores on Sunday. ''Kathal - The Core'' grossed a total of Rs 5 crore within four days of its release. The film reportedly collected ₹16.25 lakhs from Aries Plex Theatre, [[Trivandrum|Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-26 |title='Kaathal - The Core' box office collections day 3: Mammootty's drama film mints more than Rs 4 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaathal-the-core-box-office-collections-day-3-mammoottys-drama-film-mints-more-than-rs-4-crores/articleshow/105508584.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By its first weekend the film grossed ₹1 crore from ROI circuits.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-01 |title='Kaathal - The Core' box office collection day 8: Mammootty's drama mints nears Rs 8 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaathal-the-core-box-office-collection-day-8-mammoottys-drama-mints-nears-rs-8-crores/articleshow/105654176.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The next day, the film grossed around 6.25 crore. By its 8th day it grossed around ₹7.95 crores.<ref name="The Times of India"/> On its 12th day the film grossed ₹13.15 crores and was declared a theatrical hit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title='Kaathal - The Core' box office collections day 12: Mammootty's film inches close to theatrical hit status; mints more than Rs 10 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaathal-the-core-box-office-collections-day-12-mammoottys-film-inches-close-to-theatrical-hit-status-mints-more-than-rs-10-crores/articleshow/105782893.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - [[Jeo Baby]] & [[Mammootty]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-winners-list-aadujeevitham-wins-big-prithviraj-urvashi-beena-chandran-take-top-honours-9517307/|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2024 winners list|website=Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] - [[Adarsh Sukumaran]] & Paulson Skaria
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Score|Best Music Director – Score]] - Mathews Pulickan
*[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]] - Sudhi Kozhikode
; [[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
*[[69th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Malayalam Film]] - [[Jeo Baby]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress (Critics) – Malayalam]] - [[Jyothika]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist – Malayalam]] - [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]] ("Ennum En Kaaval")
; [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
*Best Director - [[Jeo Baby]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/24/vanitha-film-awards-malayalam-cinema-mammootty-mohanlal-joshiy-director.html|title=Vanitha Film Awards: Director Joshiy honoured for lifetime achievement|website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2024/04/24/vanitha-film-awards-2024.html|title=താരത്തിളക്കത്തിൽ വനിത ഫിലിം അവാർഡ്; സമഗ്ര സംഭാവനയ്ക്കുള്ള പുരസ്കാരം ജോഷിക്ക്|website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>
* Best Actor - [[Mammootty]]
* Best Actress - [[Jyothika]]
;Other Awards, recognition & nominations
*It was featured at the [[54th International Film Festival of India|54th IFFI]] Indian panorama section.<ref name="pib:ip">{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1970040|title=Indian Panorama 2023 Announces Official Selection for 54th IFFI, 2023|date=23 October 2023|access-date=21 November 2023|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|via=press release|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121185238/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1970040|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Officially selected at [[Film festival|Imagine India Film Festival]] in [[Madrid]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jeo-babys-kaathal-the-core-starring-mammootty-selected-at-imagine-india-film-festival-in-madrid/articleshow/108303793.cms|title=Jeo Baby's 'Kaathal: The Core', starring Mammootty selected at Imagine India Film Festival in Madrid|date=7 March 2024|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
*Nominated for [[Melbourne International Film Festival|Melbourne International Film Festival for Best Actor]] for [[Mammootty]] & [[Melbourne International Film Festival|Best Actress]] for [[Jyothika]]<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2024-nominations-out-shah-rukh-khan-to-compete-with-kartik-aaryan-diljit-dosanjh-for-best-actor/articleshow/111634519.cms</ref>
*Won [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards for Best Actress - Critics]] - Jyothika
*Won [[3rd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam for Best Actress - Critics]] - Jyothika
*Nominated for best actor & actress category at [[Awards|Koimoi Awards]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.koimoi.com/koimoi-audience-poll-2023/koimoi-audience-poll-2023-from-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-in-ponniyin-selvan-2-to-jyothika-in-kaathal-vote-for-your-best-actress-in-a-south-indian-film/ | title=Koimoi Audience Poll 2023: From Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in Ponniyin Selvan 2 to Jyothika in Kaathal, Vote for Your Best Actress in a South Indian Film | date=13 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.koimoi.com/koimoi-audience-poll-2023/koimoi-audience-poll-2023-rajinikanth-from-jailer-to-mammootty-from-kathal-the-core-vote-for-the-best-actor-south/ | title=Koimoi Audience Poll 2023: Rajinikanth from Jailer to Mammootty from Kathal: The Core - Vote for the Best Actor (South) | date=13 February 2024 }}</ref> and [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards|National Critics Choice Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/critics-choice-awards-2024-vikrant-massey-12th-fail-mammootty-kaathal-the-core-joram-get-nominated-full-nominations-list-1670019/amp | title=Critics' Choice Awards 2024: Vikrant Massey's 12th Fail Gets Nominated - See Full Nominations }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=29 November 2023 |title=Jyotika interview: Diya and Dev were my first audience for 'Kaathal - The Core' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jyotika-interview-diya-and-dev-were-my-first-audience-for-kaathal-the-core/article67585941.ece |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt22818604}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|kaathal_the_core}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaathal - The Core}}
[[Category:2023 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeo Baby]]

Beni Shanker Sharma

2026-04-14T11:13:51Z

Pranjal mishra: put up a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Context|date=November 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1907|01|24}}
| birth_place = [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1971
| predecessor = [[Shakuntala Devi (politician)|Shakuntala Devi]]
| successor = Shiv Chandrika Prasad
| constituency = [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Ganga Devi|1920}}
| children = 1 son
| father = Pandit Baliram Sharma
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]],<br/>[[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[Bhagalpur University]]<br/>[[Calcutta University]]
| source = https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1958.htm
}}

'''Beni Shanker Sharma''' (born 24 January 1907) was an Indian politician from the state of [[Bihar]]. Sharma was elected to [[Lok Sabha]] in 1967 from [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]], [[Bihar]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1958.htm |access-date= |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Beni Shanker Sharma {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/tag/shri-beni-shanker-sharma/ |access-date= |language=}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Beni Shanker}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University alumni]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Phulpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:16Z

Pranjal mishra: new new details w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Phulpur
| map_image = 256-Phulpur.svg
| mla = [[Deepak Patel]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Uttar Pradesh|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,80,837 (2017)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 256
}}

'''Phulpur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of '''Phulpur''' in the [[Prayagraj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> The Delimitation Commission abolished the [[Jhusi Assembly constituency]] and in its place this new constituency came into existence in 2012.<ref name="election2024">{{Cite web |title=Phulpur By Election Result 2024: कांग्रेस की विरासत पर भाजपा का कब्जा, सपा की तमाम कोशिशों के बावजूद लहराया भगवा तिरंगा - Phulpur By Election Result 2024 BJP defeats SP and Congress in up by polls Fall Short in Bastion |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj-phulpur-by-election-result-2024-bjp-defeats-sp-and-congress-in-up-by-polls-fall-short-in-bastion-23836029.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Phulpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 256 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Sayeed Ahamad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Praveen Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|[[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
|[[Deepak Patel]]
|}

^ denotes by-election

==Election results==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin||title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Phulpur<ref name="election2024"/><ref name="Phulpur Assembly constituency By Poll Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Phulpur Assembly constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S24256.htm |accessdate=23 August 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823120702/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S24256.htm |archivedate=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Deepak Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 78,289
|percentage = 44.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Mujtaba Siddiqui|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=66,984|percentage=37.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jitendra Kumar Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=24,791|percentage=13.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shahid Khan|party=Azad samaj party|votes=1,389|percentage=0.78|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=|votes=|percentage=|change='}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,145|percentage=0.65|change={{increase}}0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,305|percentage=6.37|change={{increase}}5.26}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,77,514|percentage=43.46|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulpur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Praveen Patel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103557}}
|percentage = 42.0
|change = +0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mohammad Mujtaba Siddiqui
|votes = {{formatnum:100825}}
|percentage = 40.89
|change = +10.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Tolan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:33036}}
|percentage = 13.4
|change = -9.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1548}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2732}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change = -10.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:246588}}
|percentage = 60.32
|change = +1.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''[[Praveen Patel]]''' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Mansoor Alam''' by a margin of 26,613 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Phulpu<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Praveen Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:93912}}
|percentage = 41.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mansoor Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:67299}}
|percentage = 30.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Masroor Shaikh
|votes = {{formatnum:50421}}
|percentage = 22.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Kishun Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:2048}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1614}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26613}}
|percentage = 11.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223933}}
|percentage = 58.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
* Sayeed Ahamad (SP) : 72,898 votes <ref name="election2012">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2012-election-results.html|title = Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2012}}</ref>
* Praveen Patel (BSP) : 64,998

===1977===
* Padmakar (JNP) : 27,238 votes <ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title = Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1977}}</ref>
* Abul Kalam (INC) : 19,317

===1962===
* [[Muzaffar Hasan]] (INC) : 21,560 votes <ref name="election1962">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|title = Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1962}}</ref>
* Amar Singh (Jana Sangh) : 7,232

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.55|82.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bijawar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:05Z

Pranjal mishra: Starting Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bijawar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 52
| map_image = 52-Bijawar.svg
| mla = [[Rajesh Shukla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Pushpendra Nath Pathak]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Tikamgarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bijawar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=4|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}

==Overview==
Bijawar (constituency number 52) is one of the 6 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Chhatarpur district]]. This constituency covers the Satai and Bijawar [[nagar panchayat]]s and parts of Chhatarpur, Bijawar and Rajnagar [[tehsil]]s of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}</ref>

Bijawar is part of [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Maharajpur (Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Maharajpur]] and [[Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh) Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] in this district and [[Jatara Assembly constituency|Jatara]], [[Prithvipur Assembly constituency|Prithvipur]], [[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]], [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency|Tikamgarh]] and [[Khargapur Assembly constituency|Khargapur]] in [[Tikamgarh district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref name="eci2" />
|Diwan Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Pyare Lal
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="General Elections of MP 1957">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=General Elections of MP 1957 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=10}}</ref>
|Gayatri Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Hansraj (Bijawar)|Hansraj]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Govind Singh Judev
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. Nath
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Yadvendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mukund Sakharam
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Yadvendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Jujhar Singh Bundela
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Manvendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Jitendra Singh Bundela
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=23 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|Asharani
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Pushpendra Nath Pathak]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajesh Kumar (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijawar<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Shukla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:88223}}
|percentage = 52.59
|change = {{increase}}31.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Charan Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:55761}}
|percentage = 33.24
|change = {{increase}}16.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:10443}}
|percentage = 6.23
|change = {{decrease}}0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Amit Bhatnagar
|votes = {{formatnum:4185}}
|percentage = 2.49
|change = {{increase}}1.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Chetram Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:1885}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1433}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32462}}
|percentage = 19.35
|change = {{decrease}}6.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167743}}
|percentage = 72.67
|change = {{increase}}2.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijawar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajesh Shukla (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Shukla]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:67623}}
|percentage = 46.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pushpendra Nath Pathak]]
|votes = {{formatnum:30909}}
|percentage = 21.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shankar Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:23726}}
|percentage = 16.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anupama Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:9318}}
|percentage = 6.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Amit Bhatnagar
|votes = {{formatnum:1943}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deepak Bhaiya
|votes = {{formatnum:1902}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:663}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36714}}
|percentage = 25.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:144543}}
|percentage = 70.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bijawar]]
* [[Satai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chhatarpur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.63|79.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Haidergarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:13Z

Pranjal mishra: Adding Basic Stub And Citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Haidergarh
| map_image = 272-Haidergarh.svg
| mla = [[Dinesh Rawat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,49,784
| constituency_no = 272
}}
'''Haidergarh''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Haidergarh in the [[Barabanki district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>[http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/272_AC_Statistics_English.aspx Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh>Information and Statistics>AC's, PC's Booths>Assembly Constituencies>272-Haidergarh]</ref> [[Bharatiya Janta Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Dinesh Rawat won in the last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].

Haidergarh is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 272 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Political Party
|-
|| 1952 || Bajrang Behari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|| 1957 || Jang Bahadur
|-
|| 1962 || Ram Kishore
|-
|| 1967 || J. Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|| 1969 || Hamida Habibullah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| 1974 || Jang Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
|| 1977 || [[Sunder Lal Dixit|Sunder Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|| 1980 || Shyam Lal Bajpai|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| 1985 || Surendra Nath
|-
|| 1989 || [[Sunder Lal Dixit|Sunder Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=4}}
|-
|| 1991 || Surendra Nath
|-
|| 1993 || [[Sunder Lal Dixit|Sunder Lal]]
|-
|| 1996 || Surendra Nath
|-
|| 2001^ ||rowspan=2|[[Rajnath Singh]]
|-
|| 2002
|-
|| 2003^ || rowspan=2|Arvind Singh Gope || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|| 2007
|-
|| 2012 || Ram Magan
|-
|| 2017 || Baijnath Rawat <ref>[http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/haidergarh.html http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/haidergarh.html]</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || Dinesh Rawat
|}

^By Poll

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Haidergarh<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dinesh Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:117113}}
|percentage = 50.9
|change = +5.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Magan Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:91422}}
|percentage = 39.73
|change = +9.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shri Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:12239}}
|percentage = 5.32
|change = -17.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nirmala Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3993}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2483}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = -0.87
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25691}}
|percentage = 11.17
|change = -4.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230094}}
|percentage = 65.78
|change = +1.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Baijnath Rawat won in Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Ram Magan by a margin of 33,520 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/haidergarh.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Haidergar<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Baijnath Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:97497}}
|percentage = 45.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Magan
|votes = {{formatnum:63977}}
|percentage = 29.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamala Prasad Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:48600}}
|percentage = 22.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4096}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33520}}
|percentage = 15.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214170}}
|percentage = 64.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[Haidergarh]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Barabanki district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.60|81.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Zooni

2026-04-05T00:56:49Z

Pranjal mishra:

{{Short description|Unreleased Indian film}}
{{Distinguish|Zuni (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zooni
| image = Zoonifilmstill.jpg
| caption = Dimple Kapadia at Zooni location
| director = [[Muzaffar Ali]]
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]]<br />[[Dimple Kapadia]]
| music = [[Khayyam (composer)|Khayyam]]
| released =
| country = India
| runtime =
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Zooni''''' is an unreleased Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Muzaffar Ali]], starring [[Vinod Khanna]] and [[Dimple Kapadia]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Supriya|title=Would like to cast Alia Bhatt as Zooni if I remake it today:Muzaffar Ali|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/would-like-to-cast-alia-bhatt-as-zooni-if-i-remake-it-today-muzaffar-ali/story-NooxNpIqXgEmNdbT34mmAP.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=10 May 2017|date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Roshmila|title=Muzaffar Ali: I no longer cosy up to the stars|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Muzaffar-Ali-I-no-longer-cosy-up-to-the-stars/articleshow/47905671.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 May 2017|date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Priya|title=Muzaffar Ali: If I could make Rekha look beautiful, I could also make other women look beautiful|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Muzaffar-Ali-If-I-could-make-Rekha-look-beautiful-I-could-also-make-other-women-look-beautiful/articleshow/48361485.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 May 2017|date=6 August 2015}}</ref> The film was in production from 1988 and was expected to be released in 1990. A [[film restoration]] undertaking was announced in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muzaffar Ali's unreleased film Zooni to be restored |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/muzaffar-alis-unreleased-film-zooni-to-be-restored/articleshow/106715947.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 January 2024}}</ref><ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu-delhi-9WW5/20241108/281732685002855]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/muzaffar-ali-interview-on-reviving-zooni-with-son-shaad-ali-and-his-enduring-love-for-horses/article68862595.ece]</ref>

==Plot==
''Zooni'' is a period film revolving around the sixteenth century Kashmiri poet [[Habba Khatoon]] (1554–1609 CE; also known as Zooni), queen of [[Yousuf Shah Chak]], the ruler of Kashmir. After he was arrested by Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] and banished to Bihar, he remained to be the last ruler of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aborted Zooni, The Film|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/aborted-zooni-the-film-2313/|publisher=kashmirlife|access-date=2014-05-21|date=30 April 2012}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Dimple Kapadia]] as Zooni ([[Habba Khatoon]])
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as [[Yousuf Shah Chak]]

==Music==
All songs were written by Shahryar.

*"Allah Khair Allah Khair Maango Sab Ki" - [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Jaywant Kulkarni]], Sunil Kumar, [[Bhushan Mehta]]
*"Allah Khair Allah Khair Maango Sab Ki" (female) - Asha Bhosle
*"Jeene Ki Koi Raah Dikhayi" - Asha Bhosle
*"Nazar Mein Noor Ki Shamma Jali" - Asha Bhosle
*"Rookh-e-Dildar Deedam Daras Ko" - Asha Bhosle
*"Shah-e-Mardaan, Sher-e-Yajdaan" - Asha Bhosle
*"Tere Bin Yeh Jeevan Kya Hai" - Asha Bhosle
*"Yeh Shamme Yeh Savere Jo Hain" - Asha Bhosle
*"Husn Shaan-e-Dilbaraan Ishq" - [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
*"Jheel Ke Aaine Mein Phir Mujhko" - [[Anwar (singer)|Anwar]]

== Rediscovery and restoration ==
A [[film restoration]] work was announced in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muzaffar Ali's unreleased film Zooni to be restored |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/muzaffar-alis-unreleased-film-zooni-to-be-restored/articleshow/106715947.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/muzaffar-alis-farasnama-in-delhi/ | title=Muzaffar Ali's Farasnama in Delhi | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Nair | first1=Uma }}</ref><ref>[https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/a-40-year-journey-shaad-ali-completes-muzaffar-alis-unfinished-film-zooni-1503515868.html]</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/kashmir-has-everything-muzaffar-alis-message-resonates-as-he-and-shaad-ali-revisit-zooni-at-iffi-2025-ws-kl-9723797.html]</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Muzaffar Ali}}

[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muzaffar Ali]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]
[[Category:Rediscovered Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s rediscovered films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films set in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Films set in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about poets]]
[[Category:Films about queens]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Akbar]]
[[Category:Films about kings]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

Solanki Roy

2026-03-30T06:09:50Z

Pranjal mishra: started a article basic info

{{Short description|Indian Bengali actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Solanki Roy
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Roy in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|09|18|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm8447127/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm |title= Solanki Roy|website= IMDB |access-date=2026-01-13}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bidhannagar]],<br />[[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2013–present
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Ichche Nodee]]''|''[[Montu Pilot]]''|''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]''|''[[Baba Baby O]]''|''[[Gaatchora]]''|''[[Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E]]''}}
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|Shakya Bose<br/>|2018|2023|reason=div}} <ref>{{Cite news|title=Tv actress Solanki Roy gets married - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-actress-solanki-roy-gets-married/articleshow/62788856.cms|access-date=2021-12-11|website=The Times of India|date=5 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-reveals-she-got-divorce-from-shakya-bose-in-2023-talks-about-the-reason-behind-separation-31709144693002.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305153443/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-reveals-she-got-divorce-from-shakya-bose-in-2023-talks-about-the-reason-behind-separation-31709144693002.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2024|title=Solanki Roy Divorce: 'আমার ডিভোর্স হয়ে গেছে', স্কুলের বন্ধু শাক্যর সঙ্গে কেন ভাঙল বিয়ে? প্রথমবার জবাব শোলাঙ্কির|access-date=29 February 2024|website= Bangla Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}

'''Solanki Roy'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=চৌধুরী|first=মধুমন্তী পৈত|title=Solanki Roy: অতিমারির এই সময়টা আমার জীবনদর্শন অনেকটাই বদলে দিয়েছে, কেন এমন বললেন শোলাঙ্কি|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/covid-pandemic-has-changed-the-philosophy-of-my-life-said-actress/cid/1316097|access-date=2021-12-11|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: শোলাঙ্কি রায়) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Cinema]], television and web series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/kotha-dilam-ichhe-nodi-prothoma-kadambinis-solanki-roys-journey-from-the-small-screen-to-big-with-baba-baby-o/cid/1847418|title=Every character I play has a little bit of me in it: Solanki Roy|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> She is best known for her lead roles in the daily soaps ''[[Ichche Nodee]]'', ''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]'' and ''[[Gaatchora]]''. She made her film debut with ''[[Baba Baby O]]'' (2022). For her second film, ''[[Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E]]'' (2023), she was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2024-full-list-out-65100.html|title=Nominations for the Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2024: Full list out|access-date=25 March 2024|website=Filmfare.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Roy was born and raised in [[Kolkata]]. She studied at [[Bidhannagar Municipal School]] and graduated with a degree in [[Political science|Political Science]] from [[Bidhannagar College]] in [[Kolkata]]. Later, she did her post-graduation in International Relations at [[Jadavpur University]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} She married Shakya Bose, a [[New Zealand]]-based banker, in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tv actress Solanki Roy gets married – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-actress-solanki-roy-gets-married/articleshow/62788856.cms|access-date=19 September 2020|website=The Times of India|date=5 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2018|title='মেঘলা'র বিয়ে, পাত্র কে জানেন?|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/photogallery/entertainment/tv-actress-meghla-aka-solanki-roy-gets-married-dgtl-1.751833|access-date=19 September 2020|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> Later, they got divorced in 2023 by mutual decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-reveals-she-got-divorce-from-shakya-bose-in-2023-talks-about-the-reason-behind-separation-31709144693002.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305153443/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-reveals-she-got-divorce-from-shakya-bose-in-2023-talks-about-the-reason-behind-separation-31709144693002.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2024|title=Solanki Roy Divorce: 'আমার ডিভোর্স হয়ে গেছে', স্কুলের বন্ধু শাক্যর সঙ্গে কেন ভাঙল বিয়ে? প্রথমবার জবাব শোলাঙ্কির|access-date=29 February 2024|website= Bangla Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Career ==
Roy made her first television appearance in [[ETV Bangla]]'s ([[Colors Bangla]]) Bengali serial ''Kotha Dilam'' (2014), playing the lead role of Sudha. She then played the lead role of Meghla opposite [[Vikram Chatterjee]] in [[Star Jalsha]]'s TV serial ''[[Ichche Nodee]]'' (2015), which was well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|last=মুখোপাধ্যায়|first=আরুণি|title=ননস্টপ সোলাঙ্কি|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/interview-of-solanki-ray-1.377714|access-date=19 September 2020|website=ebela.in|language=en}}</ref> The success of the show turned her into a household name. She also appeared in the [[Zee Bangla]] serial [[Saat Bhai Champa (TV series)|''Saat Bhai Champa'']]<ref>{{Cite web|title='‌ইচ্ছে নদী'‌র মেঘলা এবার '‌সাত ভাই চম্পা'‌র রানিমা:Exclusive|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/entertainment/solanki-roy-interview-0tah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129025653/http://www.aajkaal.in/news/entertainment/solanki-roy-interview-0tah|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2017|access-date=19 September 2020|website=www.aajkaal.in/|language=bn}}</ref> and the Star Jalsha serial ''[[Phagun Bou]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2018|title=Solanki Roy to enter Vikram starrer 'Phagun Bou', all set to recreate the magic of 'Ichche Nodee'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/solanki-roy-to-enter-vikram-starrer-phagun-bou-all-set-to-recreate-the-magic-of-ichche-nodee/photostory/66734023.cms|access-date=19 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She played the role of [[Kadambini Ganguly|Dr. Kadambini Ganguly]] aka Bini in Star Jalsha's period drama ''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kadambini VS Prothoma Kadambini: Ushasi Ray and Solanki Roy to play the same titular roles – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/kadambini-vs-prothoma-kadambini-ushasi-ray-and-solanki-roy-to-play-the-same-titular-roles/articleshow/74277524.cms|access-date=19 September 2020|website=The Times of India|date=24 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=প্রথমা সে, সে-ই অনন্যা কাদম্বিনী!|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/solanki-roy-plays-the-role-of-kadambini-gangopadhyay-at-star-jalsha-prothoma-kadombini/articleshow/74492056.cms|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Ei Samay|date=4 March 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> opposite [[Honey Bafna]]. The series was based on the biography of India's first practicing female physician [[Kadambini Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanki Roy talks about a dream role|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-talks-about-a-dream-role/cid/1787472|access-date=19 September 2020|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='কাদম্বিনী'র সঙ্গে আমার অনেক মিল রয়েছে, বললেন শোলাঙ্কি|url=https://bangla.popxo.com/ampstory/trending/solanki-roy-shares-her-journey-about-prothoma-kadambini-in-bengali-903974|access-date=26 November 2020|website=bangla.popxo.com|date=17 August 2020 }}</ref>

She played Khori Singha Roy in the Bengali drama ''[[Gaatchora]]''. Her chemistry with [[Gourab Chatterjee]] in the show was popular among the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=Soumitrisha Kundoo- Adrit Roy to Gourab Chatterjee-Solanki Roy: Most popular reel jodis of Bengali TV in recent times|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/soumitrisha-kundoo-adrit-roy-to-gourab-chatterjee-solanki-most-popular-reel-jodis-of-bengali-tv-in-recent-times/photostory/100724715.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=yearender-2022-from-sid-mithai-to-riddhi-khori-here-are-the-top-5-jodi-s-of-bengali-tv|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/yearender-2022-from-sid-mithai-to-riddhi-khori-here-are-the-top-5-jodi-s-of-bengali-tv-31671778665623.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325015232/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/yearender-2022-from-sid-mithai-to-riddhi-khori-here-are-the-top-5-jodi-s-of-bengali-tv-31671778665623.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2023|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> [[Gaatchora|G''aatchora'']] was popular among viewers and consistently topped the TRP charts. The show's success was attributed to her portrayal of a headstrong independent young girl and her onscreen sizzling chemistry with [[Gourab Chatterjee]], who played Riddhiman Singha Roy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=here-is-why-gantchhora-continuously-gaining-top-position-on-trp-list|url=https://ichorepaka.in/here-is-why-gantchhora-continuously-gaining-top-position-on-trp-list/|website=ichorepaka|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date= December 31, 2022|title=Ganthchora Best: বেঙ্গল টপারে নেই অথচ টিআরপি তালিকায় সেরার শিরোপা মাথায় উঠলো 'গাঁটছড়া'র! বছর শেষে সিধাই, জগদ্ধাত্রীকে টপকে সেরার সেরা খড়িদ্ধি জুটি|url=https://www-tollytales-com.translate.goog/entertainment/bangla-serial/in-the-end-of-the-year-gantchara-is-the-highest-topper-of-trp-list-13314?_x_tr_sl=bn&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp}}</ref> The show and her character received the highest number of awards at the [[Star Jalsha]] Parivaar Awards 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=Star Jalsha Parivaar Award 2022: সবচেয়ে বেশি পুরস্কার পেল ঋষি-পিহু আর খড়ি-ঋদ্ধি, দেখুন বিজয়ীদের সম্পূর্ণ তালিকা|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-parivaar-award-2022-complete-winners-list-mon-phagun-and-gaatchora-bag-maximum-awards-31650877167550.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425101809/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-parivaar-award-2022-complete-winners-list-mon-phagun-and-gaatchora-bag-maximum-awards-31650877167550.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2022|website=HindustaTimesBangla|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=Solanki Roy: থাই স্লিট পোশাকে বেলি ডান্স! নোরা ফতেহির গানে নেচে মঞ্চ মাতালেন 'খড়ি' শোলাঙ্কি|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/check-out-solanki-roy-s-super-hot-performance-on-star-jalsha-parivaar-award-2022-31650994372247.html|website=HindustaTimesBangla|language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It was one of the most popular Bengali serials on [[Star Jalsha]] during its airing. Her look in the show produced a new fashion trend for women in [[Bengal]] called the "Khori Look".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022|title=বাহা শাড়ি এখন অতীত, বাংলার নতুন স্টাইল স্টেটমেন্ট 'খড়ি লুক'|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/baha-saree-is-now-a-thing-of-the-past-bengali-s-new-style-statement-khori-look-31654254922800.html}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She later exited the show on account of health problems.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=Solanki Roy: ভুগছেন শারীরিক সমস্যায়… অবশেষে প্রকাশ্যে শোলাঙ্কি 'গাঁটছড়া' ছাড়ার আসল কারণ!|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-talks-about-why-she-leaving-star-jalsha-s-gaatchora-serial-31682300845279.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501031925/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-talks-about-why-she-leaving-star-jalsha-s-gaatchora-serial-31682300845279.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2023|website=HindustantimesBangla|language=bn}}</ref>

In addition to television shows, she has also worked in Bengali web series like ''Dhanbad Blues'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=ওয়েব সিরিজে আসছেন সোলাঙ্কি রায়|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/solanki-roy-is-debuting-on-web-with-dhanbad-blues-dgtl-1.870077|access-date=19 September 2020|website=ebela.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=প্রকাশ্যে পোস্টার, 'ধানবাদ ব্লুজ' কীসের গল্প বলতে চায়?|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/poster-of-upcoming-web-series-dhanbad-blues-is-here-dgtl-1.909820|access-date=19 September 2020|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> [[Paap (web series)|''Paap'']], ''[[Montu Pilot]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Priyanka|date=16 December 2019|title=ভোদবদল শোলাঙ্কির: 'কেরিয়ারের সবচেয়ে বড়ো চ্যালেঞ্জ মন্টু পাইলট'|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-television-actress-solanki-roy-on-her-latest-web-series-montu-pilot-and-more-31576493757594.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025111529/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-television-actress-solanki-roy-on-her-latest-web-series-montu-pilot-and-more-31576493757594.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2021|access-date=19 September 2020|website=bangla.hindustantimes.com|language=bn}}</ref> ''Saarey Saitrish'' and ''Boka Bakshote Bondi'' opposite [[Neel Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/solanki-roy-comes-back-to-bengali-content-pairs-up-with-neel-bhattacharya-for-her-next/articleshow/110671637.cms|title=Solanki Roy Comes Back To Bengali Content; Pairs Up With Neel Bhattacharya For Her Next|access-date=3 June 2024|website= The Times of India}}</ref>

Roy debuted in Bengali films with ''[[Baba Baby O]]'' (2022) opposite [[Jishu Sengupta]], which opened to a good response.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special: Actor Solanki Roy makes an impressive debut in Baba Baby O opposite Jisshu Sengupta |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/feb/11/special-actor-solanki-roy-makes-an-impressive-debut-in-baba-baby-o-opposite-jisshu-sengupta-38935.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=10 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She then appeared in the coming-of-age drama ''[[Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E]]'' (2023)''.'' The film revolves around the lives of Anindita and Ritoban, a PhD student in London who returns to Kolkata after three years and runs into Anindita, who was his college sweetheart and is now a successful RJ.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shohorer Ushnotomo Dine is creating 'moments of magic for the audience' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shohorer-ushnotomo-dine-is-creating-moments-of-magic-for-the-audience/cid/1950632 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film received a positive response upon release.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E Movie Review : A clever coming-of-age story |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shohorer-ushnotomo-din-e/movie-review/101430072.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Solanki Roy on Shohorer Ushnotomo Dine: 'My character's love for Kolkata motivated me to take it up' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-on-shohorer-ushnotomo-dine-my-characters-love-for-kolkata-motivated-me-to-take-it-up/cid/1952905 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Shamayita Chakraborty from ''OTT Play'' praised the freshness of the plot saying, "The overall performance is charming. Watch it for Vikram and Solanki’s sizzling chemistry, very different expressions of love, and the idea of Kolkata that gives us warmth."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shohorer Ushnotomo Dine review: Vikram and Solanki's drama is a fresh tale |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/shohorer-ushnotomo-dine-review-vikram-and-solankis-drama-is-a-fresh-tale-of-dreamers/bdd52f136e393 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Works ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2022
|''[[Baba Baby O]]''
|Brishti Roy
|Debut film
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Sharmistha |title=Special: Actor Solanki Roy makes an impressive debut in Baba Baby O opposite Jisshu Sengupta |language=en |work=www.indulgexpress.com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/feb/11/special-actor-solanki-roy-makes-an-impressive-debut-in-baba-baby-o-opposite-jisshu-sengupta-38935.html |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E]]''
|Anindita
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/solanki-roy-on-shohorer-ushnotomo-dine-my-characters-love-for-kolkata-motivated-me-to-take-it-up/cid/1952905|title=Solanki Roy on Shohorer Ushnotomo Dine: 'My character's love for Kolkata motivated me to take it up'|access-date=18 July 2023|website= The Telegraph India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
|''Bhaggyolokkhi''
|Kaberi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/mainak-bhowmik-ritwick-chakraborty-solanki-roy-film-bhagyolaxmi-shooting-first-look-entertainment-news-tollywood-1100718|title=Tollywood Film: প্রথমবার জুটিতে ঋত্বিক-শোলাঙ্কি, শ্যুটিং ফ্লোর থেকে প্রকাশ্যে 'ভাগ্যলক্ষ্মী'-র প্রথম লুক|access-date=20 October 2024|website=ABP Ananda}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ranna Baati]]''
| Supriya Dasgupta
|
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Channel
! Notes
|-
|2014
|''Kotha Dilam''
|Sudha
|[[ETV Bangla|Etv Bangla]]
|Lead role
|-
|2015 – 2017

|''[[Ichche Nodee]]''
|Meghla Banerjee (née Sen)
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Lead role
|-
|2017
|''[[Saat Bhai Champa (TV series)|Saat Bhai Champa]]''
|Rani Padmavati
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|Side Role
(later
replaced by [[Sonali Chowdhury]])
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Jamai Raja (2017 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
|Tania Sen
|Episodic role
|-
|''[[Phagun Bou]]''
|Dr. Mrinalini Sengupta
| rowspan="4" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|Cameo role
|-
|2020 – 2021
|''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]''
|[[Kadambini Ganguly|Dr. Kadambini Ganguly]] aka Bini
| rowspan="3" |Lead role
|-
|2021 – 2023
|''[[Gantchhora|Gaatchora]]''
| Khori Singha Roy (née Bhattacharya)
|-
|2025–present
|''Milon Hobe Koto Dine''
| Ela Bose
|}

=== Web series ===

{|Class="wikitable sortable" style="background: #F5F5F5;"
|-
! Year
! Series
! Character
! OTT
!Ref
|-
|2018 || ''Dhanbad Blues'' ||Riddhima|| Hoichoi
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2019 || ''[[Paap (TV series)|Paap]]'' || Tiya|| Hoichoi
|
|-
|| ''[[Montu Pilot]]'' || Bhromor|| Hoichoi
|
|-
|2023
|''Saarey Shaitrish''
|
|Hoichoi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sourav Chakraborty's next series, Saarey Shaitrish, is a dystopian drama set in the future |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/sep/18/sourav-chakrabortys-next-series-saarey-shaitrish-is-a-dystopian-drama-set-in-the-future-35633.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=17 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Boka Bakshote Bondi''
|Aupala
|Hoichoi
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/bengali/solanki-roy-is-trapped-between-reel-and-reality-boka-bakshote-bondi-releases-its-trailer/articleshow/110969660.cms|title=Solanki Roy Is Trapped Between Reel And Reality; 'Boka Bakshote Bondi' Releases Its Trailer|access-date=13 June 2024|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Bishohori (web series)|Bishohori]]''
|Rajnandini
|Hoichoi
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rohaan-bhattacharjee-and-solanki-roy-wrap-shooting-for-bishahari-srijit-mukherjis-web-series-to-premiere-later-this-year/articleshow/113263975.cms|title=Rohaan Bhattacharjee And Solanki Roy Wrap Shooting For 'Bishahari'; Srijit Mukherji's Web Series To Premiere Later This Year|access-date=11 September 2024|website= The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

===Mahalaya===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Channel
|-
|2022
|''Ya Chandi''
|Today's Durga (Representation of All Woman on Earth)
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Show
! Result
|-
|2015
|Tele Samman Awards
|Best Actress
|rowspan="4" |''[[Ichche Nodee]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
|rowspan="2" |West Bengal Tele Academy Awards <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wb.gov.in/pdf/Tele%20Award.pdf|title=Tele Academy Awards 2015-16|website= Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
|Best Actress Serial
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best onscreen jodi(along with [[Vikram Chatterjee]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|2016
|Star Parivaar Awards 2016
|Priyo Notun Sodosyo Female
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021
|rowspan="2" |Star Paribaar Awards
|Favourite Style Icon Female<ref>{{Cite web|title=দেখে নিন স্টার জলসা চ্যানেলের কোন কোন ধারাবাহিকের কে কে এবার 'স্টার জলসা পরিবার অ্যাওয়ার্ড' জিতে নিলেন {{!}} Eai Banglai|url=https://www.eaibanglai.com/star-jalsha-paribar-award/|access-date=2021-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Entertainment news in Bengali, Latest Tollywood and Bollywood news, Movie News, বিনোদনের খবর, সিনেমা পর্যালোচনা - HT Bangla|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|rowspan="4" |''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|Banglar Gorbo Award
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2021
| Kolkata Glitz Awards 2021
|KG Icon of the year 2021
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2022
| West Bengal Tele Academy Awards
| Inspiring Character Female<ref>{{cite news |title=Tele Academy Awards 2022: Indrani Halder Wins Award For Playing Most Inspiring Character On TV; Dada Sourav Ganguly Becomes Best Show Host|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tele-academy-awards-2022-indrani-halder-wins-award-for-playing-most-inspiring-character-on-tv-dada-sourav-ganguly-becomes-best-show-host/articleshow/90135888.cms |access-date=11 March 2022|website=The Times of India }}</ref>
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Star Paribaar Awards 2022 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-parivaar-award-2022-complete-winners-list-mon-phagun-and-gaatchora-bag-maximum-awards-31650877167550.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425101809/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-parivaar-award-2022-complete-winners-list-mon-phagun-and-gaatchora-bag-maximum-awards-31650877167550.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2022|title=Star Jalsha Parivaar Award 2022: সবচেয়ে বেশি পুরস্কার পেল ঋষি-পিহু আর খড়ি-ঋদ্ধি, দেখুন বিজয়ীদের সম্পূর্ণ তালিকা
|access-date=25 April 2022|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|Best Meye/daughter
|rowspan="3" |''[[Gaatchora]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|Favourite Style Icon Female
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Stylish Juti/Jodi (along with [[Gourab Chatterjee]])
|{{Won}}
|-
|Kalakriti Awards <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/kalakriti-award-2022-held-at-jw-marriott-kolkata-122022601249_1.html|title=Kalakriti Award 2022 held at JW Marriott, Kolkata|access-date=26 February 2022|website= Business Standard}}</ref>
|Best debutant
|''[[Baba Baby O]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2026
| Star Jalsha Paribar Awards
|Star Bouma
| Milon Hobe Kotodine
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8447127}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Solanki}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses|Bengali]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Ṝ

2026-03-29T14:43:46Z

Pranjal mishra:

{{short description|Letter "Ṝ" in Indic scripts}}
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Ṝ
|mainimg = Devanagari rii.svg
|bengcp = 09E0
|tibtcp = 0F62;ཱ&#x0F80
|mlymcp = 0D60
|sinhcp = 0D8E
|brahcp = 1100C |ashokaimg = Brahmi rii.svg
|devacp = 0960
| hbchar = ר
| grchar = Ρ
| lachar = R
| cychar = Р
|ipa = ɻ̩ː |iast = Ṝ |
}}

'''Ṝ''' is a vowel-like letter of Indic abugidas, often referred to as a "vocalic R̄". In modern Indic scripts, Ṝ is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|ng]]. As an ostensible Indic vowel, Ṝ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The ॄ sign was used to modify a consonant's value {{e|6}}, but the vowel letter ॠ did not have an inherent value by itself.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>

==Historic Ṝ==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ṝ was not found as an independent vowel in Brahmi, only as a vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ṝ [[Image:Tocharian letter rii.gif|18px|Ṝ]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ṝ are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi Ṝ===
The Brahmi letter Ṝ was a simple modification of the [[Ṛ (Indic)#Brahmi Ṛ|Brahmi Ṛ]], and as such is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably ultimately derived]] from the Aramaic [[Resh]] [[File:Resh.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[R]] and Greek [[Rho]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Ṝ vowel sign can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but given the lack of Ṝ vowel signs in early Brahmi, the reference image is normally back-formed to a geometric form of later styles, and the independent letter for Ṝ [[File:Brahmi rii.svg|13px]] is derived from the short Ṛ [[File:Brahmi ri.svg|13px]].

===Tocharian Rii===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter rii.gif|25px|Ṝ]] is derived from the short [[Ṛ (Indic)#Brahmi Ṛ|Brahmi Ṛ]] [[Image:Gupta allahabad ri.svg|13px|]]. The Tocharian Ṝ was very infrequently used, and only appears in the corpus in combination with a few base consonants.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with Ṝ vowel marks
|-
! Kr̄ !! Khr̄ !! Gr̄ !! Ghr̄ !! Cr̄ !! Chr̄ !! Jr̄ !! Jhr̄ !! Nyr̄ !! Ṭr̄ !! Ṭhr̄ !! Ḍr̄ !! Ḍhr̄ !! Ṇr̄
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter krr.gif|37px]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
! Tr̄ !! Thr̄ !! Dr̄ !! Dhr̄ !! Nr̄ !! Pr̄ !! Phr̄ !! Br̄ !! Bhr̄ !! Mr̄ !! Yr̄ !! r̄r !! Lr̄ !! Vr̄
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter trr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thrr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter dhrr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nrr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter prr.gif|37px]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
! Śr̄ !! Ṣr̄ !! Sr̄ !! Hr̄
|-
|<br /><br /> ||  ||  || 
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ṝ===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṝ is indicated with the [[Ṛ (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī Ṛ|Ṛ]] vowel mark [[File:Буква складове R (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi vowel sign vocalic R.svg|15px|Ṛ]] plus the vowel length mark [[File:Довгий голосний (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharosthi vowel length mark.svg|15px]]. As an independent vowel, Ṝ is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari Ṝ==

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari rii.svg
| alt1 = Ṝ vowel
| image2 = Devanagari rr sign.png
| alt2 = Ṝ vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent Ṝ and Ṝ vowel sign.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ॠ''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ૠ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘇.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. {{Dubious span|text=In most of these languages, ॠ is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|riː}}|date=August 2024}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Bengali Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter Vocalic Rr.svg
| alt1 = Ṝ vowel
| image2 = Bengali Rr vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Ṝ vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent Ṝ and Ṝ vowel sign.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ৠ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]], and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ॠ.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, ৠ is pronounced as {{IPA|bn|ṝ|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

==Gujarati Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel Rr.svg
| alt1 = Ṝ vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign Rr.svg
| alt2 = Ṝ vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent Ṝ and Ṝ vowel sign.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ૠ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṝ [[Image:Devanagari rii.svg|13px|rr]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|rr]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ૠ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ṝ|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Telugu Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel Rr.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel Ṝ
| image2 = Telugu Rr vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign Ṝ
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ṝ.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ౠ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]] Ṝ. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ೠ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Ṝ is a non-attaching vowel sign, and does not alter the underlying consonant or contextually shape itself in any way.
[[File:Telugu Rr matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu Ṝ vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kṝ, Khṝ, Gṝ, Ghṝ and Ngṝ.]]

==Malayalam Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel Rr.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel Ṝ
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign Rr.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ṝ
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ṝ.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ൠ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel Rr.svg|x15px|Ṝ]] ''rr''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Some vowel signs, such as Ṝ, can also form a ligature with some consonants, although this is much more common in old-style ''paḻaya lipi'' texts than in the modern [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|reformed]] ''paḻaya lipi'' orthography.
[[File:Malayalam Rr matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ṝ vowel sign on ക, ഖ, ഗ, ഘ, & ങ: Kṝ, Khṝ, Gṝ, Ghṝ and Ngṝ in ''paḻaya lipi''.]]

==Odia Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia vowel rr.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent vowel Ṝ
| image2 = Odia vowel sign rr.svg
| alt2 = Odia vowel sign Ṝ
| footer = Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Ṝ.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ୠ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham rii.svg|x15px|Ṝ]] ''rr''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.

==Tirhuta Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC RR.svg
| alt1 = Tirhuta independent vowel Ṝ
| image2 = TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR.svg
| alt2 = Tirhuta vowel sign Ṝ
| footer = Tirhuta independent vowel and vowel sign Ṝ.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''𑒈''') is a vowel of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham rii.svg|x15px|Ṝ]] ''rr''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Tirhuta usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No consonants are altered in form when adding the ''Ṝ'' vowel mark, although there are some consonant+vowel ligatures in Tirhuta.

{{clear}}

==Comparison of Ṝ==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṝ, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ṝ
|devacp = 0960
|bengcp = 09E0
|telucp = 0C60
|oryacp = 0B60
|kndacp = 0CE0
|mlymcp = 0D60
|gujrcp = 0AE0

|brahcp = 1100C |ashokaimg = Brahmi rii.svg
|siddcp = 11587 |siddimg = Siddham rr.svg
|grancp = 11360
|tibtcp = 0F62;ཱ&#x0F80
|newacp = 11407
|bhkscp = 11C07
|shrdcp = 1118A
|mymrcp = 1053
|sinhcp = 0D8E
|saurcp = A889
|modicp = 11607
|nandcp = 119A7
|tirhcp = 11488
|dogrcp = 11832
| armiimg = Resh.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana rii.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Ṝ==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Ṝ in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṝ from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Ṝ
|devacp = 0960 |devaimg = Devanagari rii.svg
|bengcp = 09E0 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Vocalic Rr.svg
|telucp = 0C60
|oryacp = 0B60
|kndacp = 0CE0
|mlymcp = 0D60
|gujrcp = 0AE0

|brahcp = 1100C |ashokaimg = Brahmi rii.svg
|siddcp = 11587 |siddimg = Siddham rr.svg
|grancp = 11360

|newacp = 11407
|bhkscp = 11C07
|shrdcp = 1118A
|mymrcp = 1053
|khmrcp = 17AC
|sinhcp = 0D8E
|saurcp = A889
|modicp = 11607
|nandcp = 119A7
|tirhcp = 11488
|balicp = 1B0C

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rr (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

K. Radhakrishnan (police officer)

2026-03-29T04:15:16Z

Pranjal mishra: Adding First Article Basic Info

{{short description|Indian Police Service Officer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox police officer
|image = Drkradhakrishnan.jpg

|
|name = Dr. K. Radhakrishnan
|department = [[Indian Police Service]]
|rank = [[Director General of Police]]
|awards = [[Indian military decorations|President's medal for "Meritorious Service"]],<br /> [[Indian military decorations|Chief Minister's medal for "Outstanding Service"]],<br />[[Queen's Police Medal|Queen's Award for Innovation in Police Training and Development, 2002]], <br />[[Queen's Police Medal|Queen's Award for Innovation in Police Training and Development, 2004]], <br />[[International Association of Chiefs of Police|Community Policing Award, 2009]].
}}
{{Promotional|date=February 2026}}{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Director General of Police]] - Civil Supplies CID, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 16 February 2016
| term_end = 31 July 2017
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]] - [[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Civil Supplies, CID]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = June 2011
| term_end1 = February 2016
| office2 = [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]] - [[Law and order (politics)|Law and Order]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = May 2009
| term_end2 = May 2011
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Police Commissioner|Commissioner of Police]], [[Chennai| Chennai City]]
| term_start3 = November 2008
| term_end3 = May 2009
| predecessor3 =
| office4 = [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]]-[[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Civil Supplies, CID]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start4 = September 2008
| term_end4 = November 2008
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| office5 = [[Inspector-General of Police]], [[Law and order (politics)|Law and Order]], North Zone, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start5 = 2006
| term_end5 = 2008
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| office6 = [[Inspector-General of Police]], Vigilance & Anti-corruption, [[Chennai]]
| term_start6 = 2002
| term_end6 = 2006
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| office7 = [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector-General of Police]], Police Training College, [[Chennai]]
| term_start7 = 2001
| term_end7 = 2002
| predecessor7 =
| successor7 =
| office8 = [[Police Commissioner|Commissioner of Police]], [[Coimbatore| Coimbatore City]]
| term_start8 = 1998
| term_end8 = 2001
| predecessor8 =
| successor8 =
| office9 = [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector-General of Police]], [[Trichy]]
| term_start9 = 1997
| term_end9 = 1998
| predecessor9 =
| successor9 =
| office10 = [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Vellore]]
| term_start10 = 1995
| term_end10 = 1997
| predecessor10 =
| successor10 =
| office11 = [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Chengalpattu]]
| term_start11 = 1994
| term_end11 = 1995
| predecessor11 =
| successor11 =
| office12 = [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Dharmapuri]]
| term_start12 = 1993
| term_end12 = 1994
| predecessor12 =
| successor12 =
| office13 = [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Sivagangai]]
| term_start13 = 1991
| term_end13 = 1993
| predecessor13 =
| successor13 =
| office14 = [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Tuticorin]]
| term_start14 = 1990
| term_end14 = 1991
| predecessor14 =
| successor14 =
| office15 = [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Ramanathapuram]]
| term_start15 = 1988
| term_end15 = 1990
| predecessor15 =
| office16 = [[Assistant superintendent|Assistant Superintendent of Police]], [[Dindigul]]
| term_start16 = 1986
| term_end16 = 1988
| predecessor16 =
| successor16 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|7|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Srivilliputhur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India}}
| alma_mater = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]]<br />[[University of Madras]]<br />[[Madurai Kamaraj University|Madurai University]]
}}

Dr. '''K. Radhakrishnan''', IPS (born 21 July 1958) is an [[Indian Police Service]] Officer of the batch of 1983, belonging to the [[Tamil Nadu]] Cadre and former [[Director General of Police]] of the Civil Supplies, CID department of [[Tamil Nadu]] from which he retired in 2017.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tn.gov.in/detail_contact/7133/4| title = Reference at www.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
Dr. K. Radhakrishnan did his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the Department of [[Criminology]] from the [[University of Madras]] for seminal research on 'Tactical and Strategic Police Response to Communal Violence: Coimbatore, a case study', in October 2009. He received the [[Queen's Police Medal|Queen's Award for Innovation in Police Training and Development]] in 2002 and 2004.

==Education==
Growing up in the semi-urban town and municipality of [[Srivilliputhur]], Radhakrishnan was the youngest child of a family of seven. He attended the Government Higher Secondary School in Ammapatti, [[Srivilliputhur]]. He majored in English for his undergraduate study in St. Johns College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli. Later pursued a [[Master of Science]] in Chemistry from [[Madurai Kamaraj University|Madurai University]] and graduated in 1979.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://anjaconline.org/pages/ANJACAlumni| title = ANJAC Alumni {{!}} AYYA NADAR JANAKI AMMAL COLLEGE| access-date = 6 July 2016| archive-date = 13 October 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161013054355/http://anjaconline.org/pages/ANJACAlumni| url-status = dead}}</ref>
He took up a brief stint in teaching in one of the first schools to be established in [[Panaikulam]] (the school is now run by the government under the name Bahurdeen Government Higher Secondary School) while preparing simultaneously for the [[Civil Services Examination|All India Competitive Civil Services Examination]].
Later on in his police career, Radhakrishnan was awarded a [[Doctorate of Philosophy]] for seminal research on "Tactical and Strategic Police Response to Communal Violence: Coimbatore, a case study" by the University of Madras in October 2009.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article224322.ece| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160816213013/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article224322.ece| url-status = dead| archive-date = 16 August 2016| title = ADGP Radhakrishnan gets Phd degree- The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Police career==
Radhakrishnan joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in the batch of 1983.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.svpnpa.gov.in/listofparticipants1983.pdf| title = Reference at www.svpnpa.gov.in}}</ref> He underwent Police Training as Assistant Superintendent of Police at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]] (NPA), [[Hyderabad]] from 1983 to 1984. He was later inducted into the para-military training at [[Indore]], [[Tekhlapur]] and [[New Delhi]]. He also went through army training at [[Kargil]] & [[Leh]] (Indo-Pak border in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]) and [[Chushul]] & [[Sikkim]] (Indo-China border).
Between the two years 1986-1988, he took up position as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] of the [[Dindigul]] District. During this tenure he led a raid into training centers of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, LTTE]] and seized arms and ammunition worth Rs.20,00,000.
Following this, he was promoted to the post of [[Superintendent of Police]] of [[Ramanathapuram district]] (1988-1990) during which he was involved in arranging accommodation of 1,00,000 Tamil refugees from [[Sri Lanka]] who entered the district after the de-induction of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF). In a dramatic midnight encounter with the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] on 18 February 1990, he led the mission that saved lives of [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] (EPRLF) militants and their leader [[K. Pathmanabha]], who were lodged in the [[Mandapam Camp|Mandapam Refugee Camp]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:1940| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101101211208/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:1940| url-status = dead| archive-date = 1 November 2010| title = Reference at repository.forcedmigration.org}}</ref>
His further two year stints in the position of [[Superintendent of Police]] in the Districts of [[Thoothukudi|Tuticorin]], [[Sivagangai]], [[Dharmapuri]], [[Chengalpattu]] and [[Vellore]] for a period of ten years (1988-1997) in six communally sensitive districts of Tamil Nadu yielded results in the maintenance of peace and prevention of communal and caste violence in the regions. During this period he was proven instrumental in the leading to the arrests of two of the assassins of the former [[Rajiv Gandhi|Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] terrorists who escaped from prison in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajiv-killing-the-seven-convicts/| title = Rajiv killing: The seven convicts |work=The Indian Express| date = 20 February 2014}}</ref>
In July 1997, Radhakrishnan was promoted to the function of the Deputy [[Inspector-General of Police]] in the [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] Range, which comprised four districts, during which he successfully held against the [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]], leading to the arrests of 50 [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army|TNLA]] members and its leader.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1717/17170060.htm| title = frontline.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1717/17170100.htm| title = frontline.in}}</ref>

In 1998 Radhakrishnan assumed charge as the [[Commissioner of Police]] of [[Coimbatore|Coimbatore City]] just after the [[1998 Coimbatore bombings|Coimbatore Serial Blasts of 1998]]. In 2002, he was promoted to [[Inspector-General of Police]] in Vigilance & Anti-Corruption, [[Chennai]] and in 2006 moved to the department of Law & Order North Zone, [[Tamil Nadu]].
Against the background of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai blasts of 2008]] when the threat extended to [[Chennai]] as well, Mr. Radhakrishnan was appointed as the [[Commissioner of Police]], [[Chennai| Chennai City]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Two-Indian-cities-at-high-risk-of-terror-strike/articleshow/47378814.cms| title = Two Indian cities at high risk of terror strike {{!}} India News - Times of India| website = [[The Times of India]]| date = 22 May 2015}}</ref>
In September 2008 he was appointed the [[Additional Director General of Police]] Civil Supplies, CID.
Currently he is working as the [[Director General of Police]], Civil Supplies, CID.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/five-adgps-promoted/article8263320.ece| title = Five ADGPs promoted - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 21 February 2016}}</ref>

==Coimbatore Blasts of 1998==
===Background===

[[Coimbatore|Coimbatore City]], popularly known as the "Manchester of South India" due to its booming textile industry, witnessed several debilitating communal riots from 1980, culminating in the [[1998 Coimbatore bombings|serial blasts of 1998]] that claimed more 50 lives and injured hundreds.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.oneindia.com/2007/10/09/35-convicts-sentenced-1998-coimbatore-blasts.html| title = 35 convicts sentenced in Coimbatore blast case - Oneindia News| date = 9 October 2007}}</ref> [[Al Ummah]], a militant, fundamentalist organisation that took birth in the immediate aftermath of [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid destruction]] at Ayodhya, murdered a Hindu Police Constable on 29 November 1997 at Coimbatore in reaction to which, the police constabulary immediately struck work.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1505/15050090.htm| title = frontline.in}}</ref> According to the various investigative reports that emerged post the attacks, Hindu militants of the region exploited the security vacuum by targeting Muslims and their properties; 18 Muslims (and 4 Hindus) lost their lives at Coimbatore. In an apparent retaliation, the Muslim fundamentalist organisation [[Al Ummah]], within 2½ month engineered [[1998 Coimbatore bombings|serial blasts]] on 14 February 1998 in the run-up to the Parliamentary Elections killing 63 (53 Hindus), maiming 245 and destroying properties worth several crores of rupees. The confusion and the communal instability of the region, shattered peace, trade, commerce, industry and people's morale. Fearing a Hindu backlash, the Army and several paramilitary forces moved into Coimbatore leading to a period of unrest and uncertainty.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1712/17120490.htm| title = frontline.in}}</ref>

===Community Policing Strategies===
[[File:Vienna conference.jpg|thumb|Dr. K. Radhakrishnan in a conference in Vienna, presenting his work on Community Policing]]
Stepping in as the Commissioner of Police of Coimbatore City in the immediate aftermath of the serial blasts, K. Radhakrishnan insulated the police force involved in the arrests from the intervention of political parties, by forming a 50-member arrest team, which worked only with the Special Investigation Team in the probe. 167 militants, including 5 suicide bombers and the accused of the November 1997 murders, who were involved in the series of events leading up to the 1998 blasts were arrested. Organising extensive searches that led to the seizure of 684 lethal weapons, 584 bombs, 20 firearms, one lakh detonators, cash, addresses of the benefactors of the accused, fundamentalist literature, incriminating documents and photographs, he and his team made sure that by video-graphing all the raids, there was no violation of code of conduct or human rights.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/echoes-of-bombay/205136| title = Echoes Of Bombay {{!}} Outlook India Magazine| date = 6 February 2022}}</ref>
Upon realising the importance of hard intelligence in dealing with communally active zones, K. Radhakrishnan innovated the proactive concept of community policing aimed for a police force's partnership with the civil society in maintaining a peaceful religious climate. The action plan aimed at involving the community in policing spheres, in resolving the Hindu-Muslim discord and in bringing about a life free of communal violence for the residents of Coimbatore. In April 1998, he established 78 Area Committees (ACs) with 4000 partners in 72 wards with the objective of using the community to resolve conflicts. AC meetings were conducted once in a fortnight in sensitive zones and once in a month in other areas under each local Inspector's supervision.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1921/stories/20021025004503600.htm| title = frontline.in}}</ref> This forum helped the police discuss current problems with the civilians and in exchange, provided them with valuable information on new, emerging communal dimensions. The pro-active focus was expanded with the formation of City Vigilance Committees (CVC) in mid-1998. CVCs were created in every police station limit with 5000 students and youths as members.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/International-policing-award-for-Chennai-cop/articleshow/24893564.cms| title = International policing award for Chennai cop {{!}} undefined News - Times of India| website = [[The Times of India]]| date = 11 October 2002}}</ref> Bestowed with identity cards, caps, batons and taught basic policing methods, these 200 to 250 CVC volunteers patrolled the streets every night along with the police. This augmented safety and security and brought down the incidence of violent property offences by 30 percent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://sureshkhopade.com/career.html| title = Reference at sureshkhopade.com| access-date = 27 January 2017| archive-date = 6 December 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131206184852/http://sureshkhopade.com/career.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> Round the clock vigil was thus maintained by deploying CVC members and police personnel and this new method of involving the civil society in policing proved useful in removing communal biases and false allegations. Besides the student community, CVC volunteers were involved in frisking passengers, checking baggage at important junctions, railway stations and bus stands during turbulent times. CVCs visibly improved the visibility of policing in the documented 'sensitive' zones.

===Honors and Recognitions===

[[File:Community policing.jpg|thumb|K. Radhakrishnan during the IACP conference.]]

The efficiency of community policing as a useful strategy in policing not just communally-sensitive zones but also other areas, was recognised by [[Tamil Nadu Police Academy|TNPA]] and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|NPA]] with the setting up and expansion of community-police trainings under the project: "Communal (Religious) Relations Management Training for the Police through Community Engagement" across the state of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/27/stories/2004052710770600.htm| title = | website = [[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In January 2001 K. Radhakrishnan was invited to make a presentation in the UN Headquarters at Vienna on his work under the topic "Integration with diversity in Policing". His initiatives in Coimbatore won him the [[International Association of Chiefs of Police|Community Policing Award]] 2003, from the [[International Association of Chiefs of Police|International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)]], [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], [[Virginia]], [[United States]], following which, he was honoured at the Annual Conference of IACP at [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/International-policing-award-for-Chennai-cop/articleshow/24893564.cms| title = International policing award for Chennai cop {{!}} undefined News - Times of India| website = [[The Times of India]]| date = 11 October 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/27/stories/2002112700250400.htm| title = The Hindu : Befitting reward| website = [[The Hindu]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030313000401/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/27/stories/2002112700250400.htm| archive-date = 13 March 2003}}</ref> K. Radhakrishnan's project was recognised by the [[Queen's Police Medal|Queen's Award for Innovation in Police Training and Development-2004]], making him the only officer in all of [[Commonwealth Nations]] to have won the award consecutively.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://m.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/23tn.htm| title = rediff.com: TN cop wins prestigious international award}}</ref>

==Women Police Empowerment==
[[File:Women empowerment.jpg|thumb|K. Radhakrishnan during one of the gender sensitisation trainings]]

A significant portion of K. Radhakrishnan's career has been dedicated to empowerment of the women police personnel of Tamil Nadu. Women Police, who were inducted into the Tamil Nadu Police force in 1973 were initially concerned with protection of accused women in police custody and in assisting investigating officers during interrogation and examination of women prisoners/witnesses. However, with the introduction of All Women Police Stations (AWPSs) from 1993, their numbers escalated and correspondingly, the significance of their roles increased too with their duties covering resolution of family disputes and handling of dowry and other domestic-abuse issues. In 2001 when the women police force was integrated into the regular police force, K. Radhakrishnan (then, the Deputy Inspector General of Police, Police Training College, Chennai) was tasked with gender-sensitization of 4200 women police personnel who were in service, through a 42-week long gender sensitization program held at the Police Training College. Upon receiving an excellent reception to the workshops, the Government of Tamil Nadu extended the program to cover the existing police force in its entirety which numbered to a lakh.<ref>Dr. Mangai Natarajan, International Police Training Journal, Issue 3, January 2012, "E-Learning for Police in Developing Nations: What is the Scope?"</ref>
The program proved to be a useful platform through which the various inadequacies of the women police personnel in handling family disputes and other domestic conflicts were thrown into light. Leveraging the experiences of this program, K. Radhakrishnan, upon consultation with experts in the field of mediation, negotiation, arbitration and counseling, kick-started the demonstrative project: "Web-based e-training programs in dispute resolution, interviewing and record keeping for officers in all-women police stations in Tamil Nadu: a Pilot Project". This project was his entry for the [[United Kingdom Home Office|United Kingdom Home Office's]] award: [[Queen's Police Medal|Queen's Award for Innovation in Police Training and Development]]. K. Radhakrishnan's project, competing under the head "The use of new technologies to overcome barriers to deliver training and lifelong learning" amongst entries by officers belonging to 53 member nations of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], was the recipient of the prestigious award in 2002. Awarded with a competitive grant of 15,000 pounds, he successfully implemented the project as a program in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Several DVDs containing interactive modules on dispute resolution, interviewing and record-keeping were released to various police stations during implementation. The project's implementation allowed women officers, access to training materials from their station premises, which eliminated the need to transport large numbers of officers to the state-capital for the purpose of training. Select officers were trained in familiarization workshops that were held in [[Chennai]] and were presided over by K. Radhakrishnan and the [[Queen's Police Medal|Queen's Award]] project director Dr. Mangai Natarajan. Study materials and user-guides were posted on the project website, with access to chat-room and forum facilities for exchange of guidance and support between officials in handling dispute and abuse cases. Computers with keyboards were set up at each station in Tamil Nadu, along with adequate telephone lines and internet connections, making this a pioneering project in online-police training in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/10spec.htm| title = rediff.com Special: Two Indian police officers win Britain's prestigious Queen's Award for innovative police practices}}</ref> In recognition of his efforts, the then [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[Jayalalithaa]] felicitated him with a silver plaque on the occasion of Tamil Nadu Police Medal Parade, 2002 at Chennai. With the project's results garnering acclaim amongst the media and government intelligentsia, it was covered in police educational literature and various research journals. K. Radhakrishnan was invited to discuss the benefits and results of this experiment in conferences both in India and abroad.

==Civil Supplies Department==
K. Radhakrishnan began his long foray into the Civil Supplies Department of Tamil Nadu in June 2001 after the Government introduced the [[Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation|free-rice scheme]] to all family card holders, a noble scheme to eradicate hunger from the midst of the people. This position, he holds until today as the [[Director General of Police]]. Constituted under the [[Essential Commodities Act|Essential Commodities Act 1955]], the Tamil Nadu government pioneered setting up a dedicated [[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Civil Supplies]] Crime Investigation Department of police to act against hoarders and black-marketeers. Immediately a year after K. Radhakrishnan assumed office in 2011, there were taken efforts under his leadership to significantly curb smuggling of essential commodities. These efforts were recognized at the Chief Ministers' conference on Internal Security in 2012 and at the conference of Ministers for Food and Consumers Affairs on Tackling Food Inflation in 2014 held at Delhi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/pr160412_150_0.pdf| title = Reference at cms.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
The effectiveness of the Civil Supplies department post K. Radhakrishnan's ascension to the department's leadership was recognized by the [[Department of Consumer Affairs]], [[Government of India]] in several correspondences to other state governments wherein it proposed the replication of Tamil Nadu's policing system to ensure zero tolerance towards black marketing, hoarding and profiteering in the trade and supply of essential commodities.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/food_e_pn_2016_17.pdf| title = Reference at cms.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

==Post-Retirement Appointments==

In January 2022, The Government of Tamil Nadu appointed the Fifth Police Commission to go into the entire gamut of functioning of the Police Department and make it more responsive to the needs of the public and give a report with recommendations.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fifth-police-commission-report-recommends-major-reforms-in-tn-police/article69056882.ece| title = Fifth Police Commission report recommends major reforms in T.N. police| work = The Hindu| date = 3 January 2025}}</ref> Dr. K.Radhakrishnan was appointed as one of the members of the Commission that was headed by Hon’ble Justice Mr.CT Selvam, a retired Judge of the High Court of Madras. The Commission submitted its 1st Report on 18.03.2023 and its final Report on 03.01.2025 with 965 recommendations aimed at toning up the Police Administration. The report covered the following subjects among others: Recruitment, Training, Pay and Allowances, Manpower, Mobility and Communication, Transfers and Promotions, Procurement, Skill up-gradation, Women Police Empowerment, Management of Police Stations, Modernization of Police Force, Emerging Technologies and Role of Artificial Intelligence in Police, Corruption, Police Accountability, Police Leadership, Police Image, etc.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://suraksha.bharataawaz.com/2025/01/08/fifth-police-commission-calls-for-major-reforms-in-tamil-nadu/| title = Fifth Police Commission Calls for Major Reforms in Tamil Nadu.| date = 8 January 2025}}</ref>

[[File:KRK FifthPoliceCommission.jpg|thumb|Dr.K.Radhakrishnan is part of the panel that submits the final report of the Fifth Police Commission to Chief Minister M.K.Stalin in Chennai on January 3rd, 2025]]

==Promotions==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Indian Police Service]]
! Insignia !! Rank !! Date
|-
|-[[File:Director General of Police.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Director-General of Police]] – DGP||February 2016
|-
|[[File:Director General of Police.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Additional Director-General of Police]] – ADGP||September 2008
|-
|[[File:Insignia of Inspector General of Police in India- 2013-10-02 16-14.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Inspector-General]] – IG||2002
|-
|[[File:Deputy Inspector General of Police.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Deputy Inspector-General]] – DIG||1997
|-
|[[File:Superintendent of Police.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Superintendent of Police]] – SP||1988
|-
|[[File:ASP IPS.png|55px]]||[[List of police ranks in India|Assistant Superintendent of Police]] – ASP||1986
|}

==Positions held==
{{s-start}}
{{s-civ|pol}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director General of Police]] - Civil Supplies CID, [[Tamil Nadu]] |years=16 February 2016 – present}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Additional Director General of Police|Additional Director General of Police (ADGP)]]-[[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Civil Supplies, CID]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|years=June 2011 - February 2016}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Additional Director General of Police|Additional Director General of Police (ADGP)]] - [[Law and order (politics)|Law and Order]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|years=May 2009 – May 2011}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Police Commissioner|Commissioner of Police]], [[Chennai]] |years= November 2008 – May 2009}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]]-[[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Civil Supplies, CID]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|years= September 2008- November 2008}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector-General of Police (IGP)]] -[[Law and order (politics)|Law and Order]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|years= 2006- 2008}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector-General of Police (IGP)]] -Vigilance & Anti-Corruption [[Chennai]]|years=2002-2006}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIG)]] - Police Training College [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|years= 2001- 2002}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Police Commissioner|Commissioner of Police]] - [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|years=1998-2001}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIG)]], [[Trichy]]|years= 1997-1998}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Vellore]]|years=1995-1997}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Chengalpattu]]|years=1994-1995}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Dharmapuri]]|years=1993-1994}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Sivagangai]]|years=1991-1993}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Tuticorin]]|years=1990-1991}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Ramanathapuram]]|years=1988-1990}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Assistant Superintendent of Police#India|Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)]] - [[Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|years=1986-1988}}
{{s-end}}

==Awards and honors==
[[File:Tamilnadu police medal parade.jpg|thumb|Tamil Nadu police medal parade]]
[[File:Community policing award.jpg|thumb|K. Radhakrishnan with his award for "Community Policing".]]
In the course of his duty as [[Superintendent of Police]], [[Vellore| Vellore District]], Dr. K. Radhakrishnan was awarded the [[Indian Military Decorations|Gandhi Adigal Police Medal]] for eradication of illicit liquor menace in his region.
Assuming role as the [[Commissioner of Police]] of [[Coimbatore| Coimbatore City]] in the immediate aftermath of the [[1998 Coimbatore bombings|Serial Blasts of 1998]] and in partnership with civil society, Radhakrishnan employed the philosophy of 'Community Policing', which enlisted the civil society's participation to fight communalism. This resulted in him being conferred with the 'Community Policing Award' in 2002 by the [[International Association of Chiefs of Police]] (IACP), [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], VA, United States.
Later on he developed a model on 'Communal Relations Management' which won him the [[Queen's Police Medal|'Queen's Award for Innovation in Police Training and Development']] in 2004.
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/27/stories/2004052710770600.htm| title = | website = [[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
During his stint as the [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] in the Police Training College Chennai, Radhakrishnan worked on a project report that detailed into enhancing the roles of the women police officers, which won him recognition by the [[Queen's Police Medal|Queen's Award Panel]] once again. He was awarded the [[Queen's Police Medal|'Queen's Award for Innovation in Police Training and Development']] in 2002. This project was then successfully implemented in the Police Training College, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/10spec.htm| title = rediff.com Special: Two Indian police officers win Britain's prestigious Queen's Award for innovative police practices}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/07/05/stories/2002070500930200.htm| title = | website = [[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
<ref>{{ISBN|8177645196}}, 9788177645194 "Criminal Justice India Series", N. R. Madhava Menon, D. Banerjea, West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Allied Publishers</ref>

He was awarded the [[Indian Military Decorations|President's Police Medal]] in 1999 for "Distinguished Service" during his stint as the [[Commissioner of Police]] in [[Coimbatore]], for his efforts towards restoring peace and harmony in the city that was left dilapidated post the blasts.

==Personal life==
[[File:Krkschool1.jpg|thumb|K. Radhakrishnan during the inauguration of his new Higher Secondary School in Srivilliputthur.]]
[[File:Krkschool2.jpg|thumb|The new Higher Secondary School in Srivilliputthur that K. Radhakrishnan built in his hometown.]]
In his personal life, Radhakrishnan enjoys reading, Tamil literature, and academics. Motivated by challenges in his early years, he converted his primary school into a full-fledged Higher Secondary School that provides free education to the impoverished children in the locality.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
He acted as a resource person, delivering lectures for the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]], Tamil Nadu Police Training College, [[University of Madras|Madras University]], [[Anna University]], [[Annamalai University]] and Indian Bank Management Academy for Growth & Excellence.
He also acts as a consultant for the [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]], [[New Delhi]] on [[Community Policing]].
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sascv.org/ijcjs/Mangai.html#_ftnref4| title = Mangai - Dealing with domestic disputes - IJCJS vol 1 issue 1| access-date = 6 July 2016| archive-date = 28 March 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105229/http://www.sascv.org/ijcjs/Mangai.html#_ftnref4| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, K.}}
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]

Hindutva

2026-03-28T04:06:43Z

Pranjal mishra: refined page per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian Hindu nationalist political ideology}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Swatyantra Vir Savarkar.jpg|thumb|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], the founder of Hindutva.]]
{{Conservatism in India|Ideologies}}
'''Hindutva'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en||h|ɪ|n|ˈ|d|ʊ|t|v|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Sumxr-Hindutva.wav}}; {{Translation|Hindu-ness}}}} is a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] [[political ideology]] encompassing the belief in establishing Hindu hegemony within [[India]].<ref name="BrownMcLean2018"/><ref name="Haokip">{{cite book | last=Haokip | first=Jangkholam | title=Can God Save My Village?: A Theological Study of Identity among the Tribal People of North-East India with a Special Reference to the Kukis of Manipur | publisher=Langham Monographs | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-78368-981-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4MuDgAAQBAJ | access-date=2023-05-03 | page=35|quote=Hindutva is a political ideology that does not necessarily represent the view of the majority of Hindus in India.}}</ref><ref name="GregoryJohnston2011">{{cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Derek |last2=Johnston |first2=Ron |last3=Pratt |first3=Geraldine |last4=Watts |first4=Michael |last5=Whatmore |first5=Sarah |title=The Dictionary of Human Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gCHckKszz0C&pg=RA1-PT467 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-4443-5995-4 |pages=1– |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221356/https://books.google.com/books?id=5gCHckKszz0C&pg=RA1-PT467#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OED-online-hindutva">{{citation|chapter=Hindutva, n.|title=Oxford English Dictionary Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/291968?redirectedFrom=Hindutva#eid|year=2011|chapter-url-access=subscription|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016151555/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/291968?redirectedFrom=Hindutva#eid|url-status=live}}</ref> The political ideology was formulated by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] in 1922.<ref name="Ross 2012">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=M.H. |title=Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |series=Book collections on Project MUSE |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8122-0350-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osHNwPkLh30C&pg=PA34 |page=34}}</ref><ref name="Sweetman Malik">{{cite book |last1=Sweetman |first1=W. |last2=Malik |first2=A. |title=Hinduism in India: Modern and Contemporary Movements |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-5150-231-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW02DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |page=109}}</ref> It is used by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), the current ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP),<ref name="The Hindutva Road">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2004 |title=The Hindutva road |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30225920.ece |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604095642/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30225920.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Krishna|2011|p=324}} and other organisations, collectively called the [[Sangh Parivar]].

Borrowing ideas and concepts from [[Fascism in Europe|European fascism]],{{Sfn|Sant|1999|p=85}}{{Sfn|Krishna|Noorani|2003|p=4}} the Hindutva movement was affiliated with [[Italian fascism]] and [[Nazism]] during the [[interwar period]] and the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref name="Leidig" /><ref name=":6" /> Hindutva has been described as a variant of [[right-wing extremism]]<ref name="Leidig">{{Cite journal|last=Leidig|first=Eviane|date=17 July 2020|title=Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=54|issue=3|pages=215–237|doi=10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861|issn=0031-322X|doi-access=free|hdl=10852/84144|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and as "almost [[fascist]] in the classical sense", adhering to a concept of homogenised majority and [[cultural hegemony]].<ref name="j3517631" /><ref>{{harvnb|Frykenberg|2008|pages=178–220}}: "This essay attempts to show how — from an analytical or from an historical perspective — Hindutva is a melding of Hindu fascism and Hindu fundamentalism."</ref> Some scholars have described it as a [[Separatism|separatist ideology]].<ref name="Parel">{{cite book |last=Parel |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Parel |title=Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-rule |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7391-0137-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC |quote=The agendas of Hindutva though strong on the issues of self - identity and self - definition, have tended to be separatist. |page=133 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221355/https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Varadarajan">{{cite book |last=Varadarajan |first=Siddharth |author-link=Siddharth Varadarajan |title=Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-14-302901-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kc9GmFWePUC |page=20}}</ref> Some analysts dispute the identification of Hindutva with fascism and suggest that Hindutva is an extreme form of [[conservatism]] or [[ethno-nationalism]].<ref name="Bhatt & Mukta" />

Proponents of Hindutva, particularly its early ideologues, have used political rhetoric and sometimes misinformation to justify the idea of a Hindu-majority state, where the political and cultural landscape is shaped by Hindu values. This movement has often been criticised for misusing Hindu religious sentiments to divide people along communal lines and for distorting the inclusive and pluralistic nature of Hinduism for political gains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindutuva vs Hinduism |date=8 April 2017 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hinduism-versus-hindutva/story-SYB9a5bwKPqBJxbM4fPg2O.html}}</ref>

==Etymology==
According to [[Julius J. Lipner]], a scholar of [[Hinduism]], ''Hindutva'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word, which connotes "Hinduness", and the term first gained usage among Bengali Indian intellectuals during the [[British Raj|British colonial era]]. The term took roots in light of the description of Indic religions and the "western preconceptions about the nature of religion", which the Indian intellectuals disagreed with. This attempt to articulate what Hinduism is, coupled with emerging political and cultural beliefs, has evolved and contributed to the various meanings of the term.<ref name="Lipner2012p12">{{cite book |author=Julius Lipner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1FIareczEC |title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-135-24060-8 |pages=11–12 }}</ref>

The word Hindutva was used in the late 1890s by [[Chandranath Basu]],<ref name="ThePrint20202">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=30 September 2020 |title=Hindutva and idea that 'Hindus are in danger' were born in Bengal |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/hindutva-and-idea-that-hindus-in-danger-born-in-bengal/513174/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=Chadra Nath Basu's book Hindutva was published in 1892 by Gurudas Chatterjee. The first recorded use of the word Hindutva, at least in print, is believed to have been made in this book. |archive-date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217061214/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/hindutva-and-idea-that-hindus-in-danger-born-in-bengal/513174/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NP|first=Ullekh|date=28 March 2019|title=Will its Hindu revivalist past haunt West Bengal's future?|url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/politics-features/general-election-2019/will-its-hindu-revivalist-past-haunt-west-bengals-future/|access-date=29 October 2019|website=Open The Magazine|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105014340/https://openthemagazine.com/features/politics-features/general-election-2019/will-its-hindu-revivalist-past-haunt-west-bengals-future/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gopal|first=Sangita|date=1 July 2003|title=Hindu Buying/Hindu Being: Hindutva Online and the Commodity Logic of Cultural Nationalism|journal=South Asian Review|volume=24|issue=1|pages=161–179|doi=10.1080/02759527.2003.11978304|s2cid=158146106|issn=0275-9527}}</ref><ref name="Bhatt2001p77">{{cite book|author=Chetan Bhatt|title=Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-85973-343-1|pages=77 (context: Chapter 4)|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221901/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> to merely portray a traditional Hindu cultural view. The term was given a wider meaning in the later political ideology of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amiya P. |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098966.001.0001/acprof-9780198098966-chapter-2 |title=Discourses, Public Addresses, and Informal Talks |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908301-5 |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098966.001.0001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Chetan |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203563397 |title=Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-203-56339-7 |editor-last=Kaufmann |editor-first=Eric P. |location=London |chapter='Majority ethnic' claims and authoritarian nationalism: the case of Hindutva |doi=10.4324/9780203563397 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203563397-15/majority-ethnic-claims-authoritarian-nationalism-chetan-bhatt }}</ref>

===Definitions of the term===
====Savarkar====
For Savarkar, in ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]'', Hindutva is an inclusive term of everything Indic. The three essentials of ''Hindutva'' in Savarkar's definition were the common nation (''rashtra''), common race (''jati''), and common culture or civilisation (''sanskriti'').<ref name="Sharma">{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |title=On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva |journal=Numen |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=22–23, 1–36 |year=2002 |jstor=3270470 |doi=10.1163/15685270252772759}}</ref> Savarkar used the words "Hindu" and "Sindhu" interchangeably.<ref name="Sharma"/><ref name="Jaffrelot2009p86">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=14–15, 86–93|access-date=2 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC|url-status=live}}</ref> Those terms were at the foundation of his Hindutva, as geographic, cultural and ethnic concepts, and "religion did not figure in his ensemble", states Sharma.<ref name="Sharma"/><ref name="NUSSBAUM2009p58"/> His elaboration of Hindutva included all [[Indic religions]], i.e. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Savarkar restricted "Hindu nationality" to "Indian religions" in the sense that they shared a common culture and fondness for the land of their origin.<ref name="Sharma"/><ref name="Jaffrelot2009p86"/> Savarkar had made clear distinction between Hinduism and Hindutva, that they are not same things as Hindutva does not concern religion or rituals but the basis of India's national character.<ref>{{cite web | last=Purandare | first=Vaibhav | title=Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism said Savarkar | website=Telegraph India | date=2019-08-22 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550 | access-date=2023-03-30 | archive-date=20 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420011457/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Noorani2000">{{cite book | author=[[A G Noorani]] | title=The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour | publisher=LeftWord Books | series=Green School Series | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-87496-13-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT106 | page=106 | access-date=30 March 2023 | archive-date=7 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT106#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=A Hindu means a person who regards this land of Bharatvarsha, from the Indus to the seas as his Fater-Land as well as his Holy-Land that is the cradle land of his religion|author=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|title=''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf "Hinditva - Who Is a Hindu"]</ref>}}

In summary, Savarkar's Hinduism is a concept beyond the practice of religion. It encompasses India's cultural, historical, and national identity rooted in Hindu traditions and values. Hindutva is to build a strong Hindu nation, and this is the principle that holds together the customs and culture of this land.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. |url=http://archive.org/details/hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf |title=hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf}}</ref>

According to [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], a political scientist specialising in South Asia, Savarkar – declaring himself as an [[Hindu atheism|atheist]] – "minimises the importance of religion in his definition of Hindu", and instead emphasises an ethnic group with a shared culture and cherished geography.<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p86" /><ref name="NUSSBAUM2009p58">{{cite book|author=Martha Nussbaum|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLMQh4oc38gC|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04156-1|pages=58–59}}, Quote: "Savarkar had long lived abroad, and his Hindutva is a European product from its opening words on. [...] Savarkar was not a religious man; for him, traditional religious belief and practice did not lie at the heart of Hindutva. He did, however, consider the religion's cultural traditions to be key markers of Hindutva, along with geographical attachment to the motherland and a sense of oneself as a part of a "race determined by a common origin, possessing a common blood."</ref> To Savarkar, states Jaffrelot, a Hindu is "first and foremost someone who lives in the area beyond the Indus river, between the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean."<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p86" /> Savarkar composed his ideology in reaction to the "pan-Islamic mobilisation of the [[Khilafat movement]]", where Indian Muslims were pledging support to the [[Istanbul|Istanbul-based]] Caliph of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and to Islamic symbols, his thoughts predominantly reflect deep hostility to Islam and its followers. To Savarkar, states Jaffrelot, "Muslims were the real enemies, not the British", because their Islamic ideology posed "a threat to the real nation, namely [[Hindu Rashtravada|Hindu Rashtra]]" in his vision.<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p86" /> All those who reject this historic "common culture" were excluded by Savarkar. He included those who had converted to Christianity or Islam but accepted and cherished the shared Indic culture, considering them as those who can be re-integrated.<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p86" />

According to Chetan Bhatt, a sociologist specialising in Human Rights and Indian nationalism, Savarkar "distances the idea of Hindu and of Hindutva from [[Hinduism]]."<ref name="Bhatt1997p186"/>{{efn|According to sociologist Aparna Devare, Savarkar distinguishes between Hindutva and Hinduism, but includes it in his definition. Savarkar wrote, "Hinduism is only a derivative, a fraction, a part of Hindutva."<ref>{{cite book|author=Aparna Devare|title=History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1drfCgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-19708-6|pages=195–196|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221940/https://books.google.com/books?id=1drfCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>}} He describes Hindutva, states Bhatt, as "one of the most comprehensive and bewildering synthetic concepts known to the human tongue" and "Hindutva is not a word but a history; not only the spiritual or religious history of our people as at times it is mistaken to be by being confounded with the other cognate term Hinduism, but a history in full."<ref name="Bhatt1997p186">{{cite book|author=Chetan Bhatt|title=Liberation and Purity: Race, New Religious Movements and the Ethics of Postmodernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aap0HaCzrFwC|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-85728-423-2|page=186|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221859/https://books.google.com/books?id=aap0HaCzrFwC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Savarkar's notion of ''Hindutva'' formed the foundation for his [[Hindu nationalism]].<ref name="Sharma"/> It was a form of [[ethnic nationalism]] per the criteria set by [[Clifford Geertz]], [[Lloyd Fallers]], and [[Anthony D. Smith]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=12-13}}<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p86"/>

====Supreme Court of India====
The definition and the use of ''Hindutva'' and its relationship with Hinduism has been a part of several court cases in India. In 1966, [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice]] [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]] wrote for the [[Supreme Court of India]] in ''Yagnapurushdasji (AIR 1966 SC 1127)'', that "Hinduism is impossible to define."<ref name=senewc/>{{efn|Sen writes, "Drawing primarily from English language sources, the Court put forward the view that Hinduism was "impossible" to define [quoting from the case file Yagnapurushdasji at 1121–1128]: "When we think of the Hindu religion, we find it difficult, if not impossible, to define Hindu religion or even adequately describe it. Unlike other religions in the world, the Hindu religion does not claim any one God; it does not subscribe to any one dogma; it does not believe in one philosophic concept; it does not follow any one set of religious rites." Confronted with this amorphous entity, the Court concluded, "[I]t [Hinduism] does not appear to satisfy the narrow traditional features of any religion or creed. It may broadly be described as a way of life and nothing more.<ref>{{cite book|title= Defining Religion: The Indian Supreme Court and Hinduism | author= Ronojoy Sen| year=2006| publisher= South Asia Institute, Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg| url= https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/6936/1/Ronojoy_Sen_Defining_Religion_final_version.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224035515/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/6936/1/Ronojoy_Sen_Defining_Religion_final_version.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-24 |url-status=live |pages=15–16}}</ref>}} The court adopted Radhakrishnan's submission that Hinduism is complex and "the theist and atheist, the sceptic and agnostic, may all be Hindus if they accept the Hindu system of culture and life."<ref name=senewc/> The Court judged that Hinduism historically has had an "inclusive nature" and it may "broadly be described as a way of life and nothing more."<ref name=senewc>{{cite book|title= Legalizing Religion: The Indian Supreme Court and Secularism| author= Ronojoy Sen| year=2007| publisher= East-West Center, Washington| isbn = 978-1-932728-57-6|pages=29–31}}</ref>

The 1966 decision has significantly influenced the judicial interpretation of the term Hindutva in subsequent cases, particularly in the seven rulings delivered by the Supreme Court during the 1990s, collectively referred to as the "Hindutva judgments." These judgments broadly characterised Hindutva as a "way of life" or a "state of mind," rather than as a political ideology or a religious doctrine.<ref name=senewc/><ref name="Chakrabarty2018">{{cite book|author=Bidyut Chakrabarty|title=Constitutional Democracy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-1GDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-37530-6|pages=178–180|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221932/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-1GDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> These judgements have faced widespread criticism. The Indian lawyer [[A. G. Noorani]] states that the Supreme Court in its 1995 ruling gave "Hindutva a benign meaning, calling Hindutva the same as Indianisation, etc." and these were unnecessary digressions from the facts of the case, and in doing so, "the court may have brought down the wall separating religion and politics."<ref>{{cite book | last=Noorani | first=A.G. | title=The Supreme Court on Hindutva | chapter=The Supreme Court on Hindutva1 | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2006 | doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678291.003.0076 | isbn=978-0-19-567829-1 | pages=76–83}}</ref> [[Mukul Kesavan]], a historian and writer, argues that the judgments lend legitimacy to a sectarian vision of India and undermine the secular pluralism enshrined in the constitution. According to Kesavan, the judgements effectively sanitised the ideological project of the Sangh Parivar and enabled political actors to invoke majoritarian themes without transgressing the legal boundaries of religious appeals under electoral law.<ref name="KesavanTG">{{Cite web |last=Kesavan |first=Mukul |date=6 May 2001 |title=Hindutva come to court |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/hindutva-comes-to-court/cid/931575 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=If Hindutva is at all understood as a way of life it is understood as a Hindu way of life. The proposed obliteration of difference and the development of a uniform culture is to be effected by making minorities sacrifice their own identities at the altar of Hindutva, that is, the religious and cultural practice of the majority community, the Hindus.|author=Mukul Kesavan<ref name="KesavanTG"/>}}

Following the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], Shubhra Verma, the daughter of [[J. S. Verma|Justice J.S. Verma]], who had authored the 1995 judgement, said, "He always had a regret about being misunderstood after 1995 and how for their own purposes, a group of politicians had twisted the spirit of his judgment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chishti |first=Seema |date=3 January 2017 |title=Why, 22 years on, the SC's 'Hindutva judgment' remains elephant in room |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gujarat-riot-nhrc-religion-elections-vote-bank-supreme-court-why-22-years-on-the-scs-hindutva-judgment-remains-elephant-in-room-4456258/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103130932/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gujarat-riot-nhrc-religion-elections-vote-bank-supreme-court-why-22-years-on-the-scs-hindutva-judgment-remains-elephant-in-room-4456258/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 2016, the Supreme Court declined a plea seeking a review of the "devastating consequences" arising from its 1995 judgment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Utkarsh |date=26 October 2016 |title=SC declines to reconsider 1995 order on meaning of Hindutva |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sc-declines-to-reconsider-1995-order-on-meaning-of-hindutva/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027035817/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sc-declines-to-reconsider-1995-order-on-meaning-of-hindutva/ |archive-date=27 October 2016 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Ideology and themes ==
In 1923, Savarkar, a radical nationalist and ideologue, wrote ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]'' (later retitled ''Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu?'').<ref name="Sweetman Malik"/><ref name="Johnson2010p142"/> In the book, he outlined his ideology and "the idea of a universal and essential Hindu identity." The term "Hindu identity" is broadly interpreted and distinguished from "ways of life and values of others."<ref name="Johnson2010p142">{{cite book|author=W. J. Johnson|title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MztqQgAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-861026-7|page=142|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221901/https://books.google.com/books?id=MztqQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}, [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095937609 Quote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509052426/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095937609 |date=9 May 2019 }}: "A term that first surfaces in literary form in the mid 1870s in Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's serialization of his novel Ānandamaṭh in the journal, Bangadarshan. It was subsequently employed by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his book Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu? (1923) to convey the idea of a universal and essential Hindu identity. As used by its author, and other right-wing nationalist ideologues, it is predicated on an assumed consensus about what constitutes Hindu identity and distinguishes it from the ways of life and values of other (implicitly 'foreign') people and traditions, especially Indian Muslims."</ref> The contemporary meaning and usage of Hindutva largely derives from Savarkar's ideas, as does the post-1980s nationalism and mass political activity in India.<ref name="Bhatt2001p77"/>

=== Unified Hindu identity and religious nationalism ===
{{See also|Hindu nationalism}}
[[File:M S Golwalkar.jpg|thumb|[[M. S. Golwalkar]] was the second [[List of sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|''Sarsanghchalak'']] (Chief) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. One of the most influential Hindutva thinkers, Golwalkar was among the first to put forward the concept of "''Hindu Rashtra''" (Hindu Nation).]]
According to [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], a political scientist and [[Indology|Indologist]], Hindutva as outlined in Savarkar's writings "perfectly illustrates" an effort at identity-building through the "stigmatisation and emulation of threatening others." In particular, it was [[pan-Islamism]] and similar "Pan-isms" that he assumed made the Hindus vulnerable, as he wrote:

{{blockquote|O Hindus, consolidate and strengthen Hindu nationality; not to give wanton offence to any of our non-Hindu compatriots, in fact to any one in the world but in just and urgent defence of our race and land; to render it impossible for others to betray her or to subject her to unprovoked attack by any of those "Pan-isms" that are struggling forth from continent to continent.|Vinayak Damodar Savarkar<ref name="Jaffrelot1999p25">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC|year=1999|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=25–26|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221902/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC|url-status=live}}</ref>|title=|source=}}

Since Savarkar's time, the "Hindu identity" and the associated Hindutva ideology has been built upon the perceived vulnerability of Indian religions, culture, and heritage from those who, through "orientalist construction," have vilified them as inferior to a non-Indian religion, culture, and heritage.<ref name="Hansen1999p60">{{cite book|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=60–65, 69–70, 77–79|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|url-status=live}}</ref> In its nationalistic response, Hindutva has been conceived "primarily as an ethnic community" concept, states Jaffrelot, then presented as [[cultural nationalism]], where Hinduism along with other Indian religions are but a part.<ref name="Sharma"/><ref name="Jaffrelot1999p30">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC|year=1999|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=25–30|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221902/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|According to [[Gavin Flood]], a scholar of Hinduism, the term "Hindutva" differs from "Hindu dharma." The latter term means Hinduism and its various sub-traditions, while the term Hindutva in Savarkar's ideology meant the "socio-political force to unite all Hindus against foreign influences," states Flood.<ref name="Flood1996p262">{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA262|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=262|quote=The party's most vociferous leader was Vinayak Damodar Savarkar who made a distinction between 'Hindu Dharma', the religion of the various traditions, and 'Hindutva', the socio-political force to unite all Hindus against foreign influences|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221949/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Klaus Klostermaier]], a scholar of Hinduism, Hindutva has become more than the original search for Hinduness during the Indian freedom movement, and has morphed into "Hindutva movement" in the post-Independent India.<ref name=klostermaierp16/> This movement—though reviled by Western and West-oriented Indian scholars—has been ongoing, according to Klostermaier, as a political ideology which "takes elements of Hindu tradition and reshapes them in the light of their own time so as to provide answers to the needs of their contemporaries."<ref name=klostermaierp16/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Bauman | first=Chad | title=Indian Religions: Renaissance and Renewal | journal=Numen | publisher=Brill | volume=55 | issue=2 | year=2008 | pages=343–347| doi=10.1163/156852708X284022 | s2cid=142656106 }}</ref> In this historical and sociological context, Hindutva is an assertion of values and a non-aberrant response to the Indic experiences and memories of Islamic conquests, Christian imperialism, and the abuses of colonialism, according to Klostermaier.<ref name=klostermaierp16>{{cite book|title=Indian Religions: Renaissance and Renewal - The Spalding Papers on Indic Studies|author=Klaus Klostermaier|editor=Anna King|year=2006 |publisher=Equinox| isbn=978-1-845-53169-0|pages=16–18, 3–27, also see comments of Anna King at p. xii}}</ref>}}

According to [[Arvind Sharma]], a scholar of Hinduism, Hindutva has not been a "static and monolithic concept", rather its meaning and "context, text and subtext has changed over time." The struggles of the colonial era and the formulation of [[Hindu reform movements|neo-Hinduism]] by the early 20th century added a sense of "ethnicity" to the original "Hinduness" meaning of Hindutva.<ref name=sharma20>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |title=On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva |journal=Numen |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=20–24, 26–29 |year=2002 |jstor=3270470 |doi=10.1163/15685270252772759}}</ref> Its early formulation incorporated the racism and nationalism concepts prevalent in Europe during the first half of the 20th century, and culture was in part rationalised as a result of "shared blood and race." Savarkar and his Hindutva colleagues adopted the [[social Darwinism]] theories prevalent by the 1930s.<ref name="Hansen1999p77">{{cite book|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=77–79|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[History of India#Independence and partition (1947–present)|post-independence period]], states Sharma, the concept has suffered from ambiguity and its understanding aligned on "two different axes," one of religion versus culture, another of nation versus state. In general, the Hindutva thought among many Indians has "tried to align itself with the culture and nation" axes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |title=On Hindu, Hindustan, Hinduism and Hindutva |journal=Numen |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=26–27 |year=2002 |jstor=3270470 |doi=10.1163/15685270252772759}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|From this standpoint, sanctioned by the experience of shrewd old nations, the foreign races in [[Hindustan|Hindusthan]] must either adopt the Hindu culture and language, must learn to respect and hold in reverence Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i.e., of the Hindu nation and must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu Nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment—not even citizen's rights. There is, at least should be, no other course for them to adopt. We are an old nation; let us deal as old nations ought to and do deal, with the foreign races, who have chosen to live in our country. |author=[[M. S. Golwalkar]]<ref>{{Cite book |first=Dhirendra K. |last=Jha |year=2024 |title=Golwalkar: The Myth Behind the Man, The Man Behind the Machine |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-81-979492-4-1 |pages=78–79}}</ref>}}

=== Upper casteism ===
When Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] launched the [[Mandal Commission]] to broaden [[Reservation in India|reservations]] in government and public university jobs to a significant portion of the [[Shudras]] who were officially branded the [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC), the mouthpiece of the Hindutva organisation RSS, [[Organiser (magazine)|''Organiser'']] magazine, wrote of "an urgent need to build up moral and spiritual forces to counter any fallout from an expected Shudra revolution."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=The farm laws are an assault on Shudra power|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/farmer-protests-caste-modi-shudra-obc|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223651/https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/farmer-protests-caste-modi-shudra-obc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IndianExpress7181746">{{Cite web|date=10 February 2021|title=Rise of Hindutva has enabled a counter-revolution against Mandal's gains|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hindu-nationalism-mandal-commission-upper-caste-politics-modi-govt-7181746/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210050201/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hindu-nationalism-mandal-commission-upper-caste-politics-modi-govt-7181746/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to social scientist and economist [[Jean Drèze]], the Mandal Commission angered the [[Forward caste|upper castes]] and threatened to distance the OBCs, but the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid's destruction]] and ensuing events helped to reduce this challenge and reunified Hindus on an [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] stance. He further claims "The Hindutva project is a lifeboat for the upper castes in so far as it promises to restore the [[Brahminical Hinduism|Brahminical]] social order" and the potential enemies of this ideology is anybody whose acts might hinder the process of restoring the Brahminic social order. Drèze further claims that although Hindutva is known as a majoritarian movement, it can be best expressed as an oppressive minority movement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drèze|first=Jean|date=14 February 2020|title=The Revolt of the Upper Castes|url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/44|journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion|language=en|publisher=[[Brandeis University]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=229–236|doi=10.26812/caste.v1i1.44|issn=2639-4928|doi-access=free|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026075456/https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/44|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Jaffrelot, the Sangh Parivar organisations with their Hindutva ideology have strived to impose the belief structure of the upper caste Hindus.<ref name="IndianExpress7181746" /> According to [[Dalit]] rights activist and political theorist [[Kancha Ilaiah]], "Hindutva Is Nothing But Brahminism" and that only "Dalitisation can effectively counter the danger of Brahminical fascism disguised as Hindutva."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Hindutva Is Nothing But Brahminism'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/hindutva-is-nothing-but-brahminism/215089|website=Outlookindia|date=3 February 2022|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102084628/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/hindutva-is-nothing-but-brahminism/215089|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to sociologist Amritorupa Sen, the privileges of the upper caste and especially Brahmins have become invisible. There has been a cultural norm that Brahmins take care of the lower castes out of a moral responsibility but also out of human kindness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Amritorupa |date=2022-06-29 |title=The surviving power of Brahmin privilege |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00113921221105915 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=72 |issue=5 |language=en |pages=834–852 |doi=10.1177/00113921221105915 |s2cid=250151238 |issn=0011-3921 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509191903/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00113921221105915 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Separatism ===
The Hindutva ideology has also been described as a separatist ideology. [[Siddharth Varadarajan]] writes that Hindutva separatism seeks to depart from the "philosophical, cultural and civilisation mores of the country, including [[Hinduism]] itself".<ref name="Parel"/><ref name="Varadarajan"/>

The [[Hindu Mahasabha]] received funding from various princely states and advocated for their continued independence following India's liberation from British rule. Savarkar, in particular, praised Hindu-majority princely states such as [[Mysore State|Mysore]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Agra and Oudh]], and [[Travancore]], describing them as "progressive." He defended their autocratic authority, referring to these states as "citadels of organised Hindu power."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bapu |first=Prabhu |year=2013 |title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-67165-1 |pages=32–33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhibber |first1=P.K. |last2=Verma |first2=R. |title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT248 |page=248}}</ref>

=== Pseudohistory ===
{{Main|Hindutva pseudohistory}}
According to Jaffrelot, the Hindutva ideology has roots in an era where the fiction in ancient Indian mythology and [[Vedic]] antiquity was presumed to be valid. This fiction was used to "give sustenance to Hindu ethnic consciousness."<ref name="Jaffrelot1996p77"/> Its strategy emulated the Muslim identity politics of the Khilafat movement after [[World War I]], and borrowed political concepts from the West—mainly German.<ref name="Jaffrelot1996p77"/> Hindutva organisations treat events in [[Hindu mythology]] as history.<ref>{{cite web|author=R. Ramachandran|date=1 February 2019|title=Science circus|website=Frontline|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article26004777.ece|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217061205/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article26004777.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ziya Us Salam|title=Age of unreason|website=Frontline|date=20 June 2018|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24200525.ece|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202211212/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24200525.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Meera Nanda|date=2 January 2004|website=Frontline|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30220434.ece|title=Postmodernism, Hindu nationalism and 'Vedic science'|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812120255/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30220434.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Truschke|first=Audrey|date=15 December 2020|title=Hindutva's Dangerous Rewriting of History|url=http://journals.openedition.org/samaj/6636|journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal|language=fr|issue=24/25|doi=10.4000/samaj.6636|issn=1960-6060|doi-access=free|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050347/https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/6636|url-status=live}}</ref> Hindutva organisations have been criticised for their belief in statements or practices that they claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the [[scientific method]].<ref>{{citation |first=Meera |last=Nanda |title=Hindutva's science envy |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/hindutvas-science-envy/article9049883.ece |newspaper=Frontline |date=16 September 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228160257/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/hindutvas-science-envy/article9049883.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/865872/from-dissing-darwin-to-yogic-farming-a-short-history-of-the-bjps-brush-with-pseudoscience|title=From dissing Darwin to yogic farming: A short history of the BJP's brush with pseudoscience|first=Shoaib|last=Daniyal|website=Scroll.in|date=21 January 2018|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102071616/https://scroll.in/article/865872/from-dissing-darwin-to-yogic-farming-a-short-history-of-the-bjps-brush-with-pseudoscience|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Anthony Parel]], a historian and political scientist, Savarkar's ''Hindutva, Who is a Hindu?'' published in 1923 is a fundamental text of Hindutva ideology. It asserts, states Parel, India of the past to be "the creation of a racially superior people, the Aryans. They came to be known to the outside world as Hindus, the people beyond the Indus River. Their identity was created by their race ([[Jāti|Jati]]) and their culture (Sanskriti). All Hindus claim to have in their veins the blood of the mighty race incorporated with and descended from the Vedic fathers. They created a culture—an ensemble of mythologies, legends, epic stories, philosophy, art and architecture, laws and rites, feasts and festivals. They have a special relationship to India: India is to them both a fatherland and a holy land." Savarkar's text presents the "Hindu culture as a self-sufficient culture, not needing any input from other cultures," which is "an unhistorical, narcissistic and false account of India's past," states Parel.<ref name="Parel2006p42">{{cite book|author=Anthony J. Parel|title=Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86715-3|pages=42–43|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224120/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The premises of early Hindu nationalist thought, states Chetan Bhatt, reflected the colonial era European scholarship and [[Orientalism]] of its times.<ref name="Bhatt2001p11"/> The ideas of "India as the cradle of civilisation," or "humanity's homeland and primal philosophy," or "humanism in Hindu values," or of Hinduism offering redemption for contemporary humanity, along with the colonial era scholarship of Frederich Muller, [[Charles Wilkins]], William Jones, Alexander Hamilton, and others were a natural intellectual matrix for Savarkar and others to borrow and germinate their Hindu nationalist ideas.<ref name="Bhatt2001p11">{{cite book|author=Chetan Bhatt|title=Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-85973-343-1|pages=11–12|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221901/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad]], a [[Fellow of the British Academy]] and a scholar of Politics and Philosophy of Religion, states that Hindutva is a form of nationalism that is expounded differently by its opponents and its proponents.<ref name="Ram‐Prasad1993p285"/> The opponents of Hindutva either consider it as a fundamentalist ideology that "aims to regulate the working of civil society with the imperatives of Hindu religious doctrine", or alternatively, as another form of fundamentalism while accepting that Hinduism is a diverse collection of doctrines, is complex and is different from other religions. According to Ram-Prasad, the proponents reject these tags, viewing it to be their right and a desirable value to cherish their religious and cultural traditions.<ref name="Ram‐Prasad1993p285">{{cite journal | last=Ram-Prasad | first=C. | title=Hindutva ideology: Extracting the fundamentals | journal=Contemporary South Asia | volume=2 | issue=3 | year=1993 | doi=10.1080/09584939308719718 | pages=285–309}}</ref> Hindutva, according to Savarkar, is a "geography, race, and culture" based concept. However, the "geography" is not strictly territorial but is an "ancestral homeland of a people", and the "race" is not biogenetic but described as the historic descendants of the intermarriage of [[Aryan]]s, [[Dravidian peoples|native Dravidian peoples]], and "different peoples" who arrived over time.<ref name="Flood2008p527"/> So, "the ultimate category for Hindutva is culture," and this culture is "not strictly speaking religious, if religion is meant a commitment to certain doctrines of transcendence."<ref name="Flood2008p527">{{cite book|author=C. Ram-Prasad|editor=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7|pages=527–528|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224121/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Hostility towards academic freedom ====
Hindutva has been associated with threats and intimidation directed at academics and students, both within India and in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venugopal, Arun|date=21 July 2021|title=At Rutgers, and Beyond, Scholars Are Under Attack For Their Critique of India's Far-Right Government|url=http://gothamist.com/news/at-rutgers-and-beyond-scholars-are-under-attack-for-their-critique-of-indias-far-right-government|access-date=21 July 2021|website=Gothamist|language=en|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224153/https://gothamist.com/news/at-rutgers-and-beyond-scholars-are-under-attack-for-their-critique-of-indias-far-right-government|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Venugopal |first=Arun |date=19 July 2021 |title=American Scholars of India Confront a Rise in Threats |url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/american-scholars-india-confront-rise-threats/ |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=WNYC |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918025437/https://www.wnyc.org/story/american-scholars-india-confront-rise-threats/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A notable instance occurred in 2011, when Hindutva activists successfully campaigned for the removal of an essay discussing the multiple narrative traditions of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', an ancient Sanskrit epic, from the history syllabus at the [[Delhi University]], one of India's most prestigious institutions of higher education.<ref>{{Cite news|last=N|first=Vijetha S.|date=15 October 2011|title=Historians protest as Delhi University purges Ramayana essay from syllabus|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Historians-protest-as-Delhi-University-purges-Ramayana-essay-from-syllabus/article13372074.ece|access-date=11 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711004312/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Historians-protest-as-Delhi-University-purges-Ramayana-essay-from-syllabus/article13372074.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Romila Thapar]], one of India's most eminent historians, has faced sustained criticism and attacks from Hindutva-affiliated groups.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In the battle over India's history, Hindu nationalists square off against a respected historian|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-romila-thapar-dissent/2021/01/02/1a79ca54-4070-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html|access-date=11 July 2021|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209021704/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-romila-thapar-dissent/2021/01/02/1a79ca54-4070-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindu right has also been implicated in efforts to discredit and obstruct scholars of South Asian studies and Hinduism based in North America. Notable figures such as [[Wendy Doniger]] and [[Sheldon Pollock]] have been targets of such campaigns. Doniger's book ceased publication in India following a legal settlement in which the publisher agreed to withdraw the title over claims that it defamed Hinduism. Pollock, similarly, was accused of misrepresenting the country's cultural heritage and of allegedly showing "disrespect for the unity and integrity of India."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scholars who study Hinduism and India face hostile climate|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/04/12/scholars-who-study-hinduism-and-india-face-hostile-climate|access-date=11 July 2021|website=www.insidehighered.com|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710045115/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/04/12/scholars-who-study-hinduism-and-india-face-hostile-climate|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the leadership of the BJP, the Indian state has faced allegations of monitoring academics and restricting access to research resources for scholars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Vinayak |title=The Hindu Right and Attacks on Academic Freedom in the US |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/hindu-right-academic-freedom/ |publisher=The Nation |date=December 2021 |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224220/https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/hindu-right-academic-freedom/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Audrey Truschke]], an American historian of South Asia, remains a frequent target of threats and harassment by those aligned with Hindutva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehindustangazette.com/crime/for-more-than-five-years-i-have-received-hate-mail-from-hindu-nationalists-almost-every-single-day-dr-audrey-truschke-5373|title=For more than five years, I have received hate mail from Hindu nationalists almost every single day - Dr. Audrey Truschke|date=15 September 2021|access-date=1 August 2022|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118202434/https://thehindustangazette.com/crime/for-more-than-five-years-i-have-received-hate-mail-from-hindu-nationalists-almost-every-single-day-dr-audrey-truschke-5373|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Historian Audrey Truschke faces threats, Rutgers University extends support to her|newspaper=Scroll|url=https://scroll.in/latest/988994/abhor-vile-messages-and-threats-directed-at-audrey-truschke-says-rutgers-university|access-date=5 August 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924230525/https://scroll.in/latest/988994/abhor-vile-messages-and-threats-directed-at-audrey-truschke-says-rutgers-university|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, a collective of scholars of South Asia based in North America published the ''Hindutva Harassment Field Manual'' in response to what they characterised as threats to their academic freedom emanating from Hindutva adherents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=Priyali|title='Targeted by hate': Audrey Truschke on why she helped write a 'Hindutva Harassment Field Manual'|url=https://scroll.in/article/999710/targeted-by-hate-audrey-truschke-on-why-she-helped-write-a-hindutva-harassment-field-manual|access-date=28 August 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=10 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902044316/https://scroll.in/article/999710/targeted-by-hate-audrey-truschke-on-why-she-helped-write-a-hindutva-harassment-field-manual|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The manual documented numerous incidents of harassment, dating back to the 1990s, aimed at academics engaged in critical scholarship on South Asia and Hinduism.<ref>{{cite web |last1=SASAC |title=Timeline |url=https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/timeline |website=Hindutva Harassment Field Manual |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205225145/https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Association for Asian Studies]] described Hindutva as a "majoritarian ideological doctrine" distinct from [[Hinduism]] and condemned the increasing attacks on scholars, artists, and journalists who engage critically with its political tenets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2021|title=AAS Statement on the Dismantling Global Hindutva Conference|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/aas-statement-on-the-dismantling-global-hindutva-conference/|access-date=11 September 2021|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910221626/https://www.asianstudies.org/aas-statement-on-the-dismantling-global-hindutva-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several academics and conference participants withdrew from scholarly events due to threats received from ultranationalists and Hindutva-affiliated actors.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Death threats sent to participants of US conference on Hindu nationalism|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/09/death-threats-sent-to-participants-of-us-conference-on-hindu-nationalism|access-date=5 August 2022|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224634/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/09/death-threats-sent-to-participants-of-us-conference-on-hindu-nationalism|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Under fire from Hindu nationalist groups, U.S.-based scholars of South Asia worry about academic freedom|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/03/india-us-universities-hindutva/|access-date=1 August 2022|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810060010/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/10/03/india-us-universities-hindutva/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US Conference on Hindu Nationalism marred by death threats to participants|newspaper=The Siasat Daily|url=https://www.siasat.com/us-conference-on-hindu-nationalism-marred-by-death-threats-to-participants-2190297/|access-date=5 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805084841/https://www.siasat.com/us-conference-on-hindu-nationalism-marred-by-death-threats-to-participants-2190297/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fascism ===
{{Fascism sidebar|variants}}
The Hindutva ideology has significantly borrowed ideas and concepts from [[Fascism in Europe|European fascism]].{{Sfn|Sant|1999|p=85}}{{Sfn|Krishna|Noorani|2003|p=4}} Parallels between Hindutva and European fascism are observed in concepts such as repeated mobilisations, appeals to a mythic past, anti-communism, its purist racial elements, among others.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 34|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ywAAAAIAAJ|page=712|access-date=23 July 2023|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221935/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ywAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/what-is-hindu-nationalism-and-who-are-the-rss |title=What is Hindu nationalism and how does it relate to trouble in Leicester? |first=Hannah |last=Ellis-Petersen |date=20 September 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

After the 1940s and 1950s, a number of scholars have labelled or compared Hindutva to fascism.<ref name=":3">[a] {{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|date=1 January 1993|title=The Fascism of the Sangh Parivar|jstor=4399339|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=5|pages=163–167}}<br />[b] {{cite journal | last=Ahmad | first=Aijaz | title=Fascism and National Culture: Reading Gramsci in the Days of Hindutva | journal=Social Scientist | volume=21 | issue=3/4 | year=1993 | pages=32–68 | doi=10.2307/3517630 | jstor=3517630 }}</ref><ref name=":4">[a] {{Cite book|last=Desai|first=Radhika|title=Theoretical Engagements in Geopolitical Economy |date=5 June 2015|chapter= |url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/53/review-article/hindutva-and-fascism.html |volume=51|doi=10.1108/S0161-7230201530A|isbn=978-1-78560-295-5|access-date=8 May 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718164125/http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/53/review-article/hindutva-and-fascism.html|url-status=live}}<br />[b] {{cite journal | last=Reddy | first=Deepa S. | title=Hindutva: Formative Assertions | journal=Religion Compass | publisher=Wiley | volume=5 | issue=8 | year=2011 | doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00290.x | pages=439–451}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Sen | first=Satadru | title=Fascism Without Fascists? A Comparative Look at Hindutva and Zionism | journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | volume=38 | issue=4 | date=2 October 2015 | doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1077924 | pages=690–711| s2cid=147386523 }}</ref> Many scholars have pointed out that early Hindutva ideologues were inspired by fascist movements in early 20th-century Italy and Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|last=South Asia Scholar Activist Collective|title=What is Hindutva?|url=https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/defininghindutva|access-date=11 July 2021|website=Hindutva Harassment Field Manual|language=en-US|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710045110/https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/defininghindutva|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leidig|first=Eviane|date=26 May 2020|title=Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=54|issue=3|pages=215–237|doi=10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861|issn=0031-322X|hdl=10852/77740|s2cid=221839031|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reddy|first=Deepa|date=2011|title=Capturing Hindutva: Rhetorics and Strategies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00289.x|journal=Religion Compass|language=en|volume=5|issue=8|pages=427–438|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00289.x|issn=1749-8171|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711003616/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00289.x|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC|title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|date=10 January 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|language=en|access-date=2 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2026}} Marzia Casolari is one such scholar who has linked the association and the borrowing of pre-World War II European fascist ideas by early leaders of Hindutva ideology.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last= Casolari|first= Marzia|year= 2000|title= Hindutva's Foreign Tie-Up in the 1930s: Archival Evidence|jstor=4408848 |journal= Economic and Political Weekly|volume=35|issue=4|pages=218–228}}</ref> According to the ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations'', the term Hindutva has "fascist undertones."<ref name="BrownMcLean2018">{{citation|last1=Brown|first1=Garrett W|last2=McLean|first2=Iain|last3=McMillan|first3=Alistair|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3FGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT381|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-254584-8|pages=381–|access-date=9 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223648/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3FGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT381#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian Marxist economist and political commentator [[Prabhat Patnaik]] calls Hindutva "almost fascist in the classical sense." He states that the Hindutva movement is based on "class support, methods and programme."<ref name="j3517631">{{cite journal |title=Fascism of our times |jstor=3517631 |author=Prabhat Patnaik |journal=Social Scientist |volume=21 |issue=3/4|pages=69–77 |year=1993 |doi=10.2307/3517631}}</ref> According to Patnaik, Hindutva has the following fascist ingredients: "an attempt to create a unified homogeneous majority under the concept of "the Hindus"; a sense of grievance against past injustice; a sense of cultural superiority; an interpretation of history according to this grievance and superiority; a rejection of rational arguments against this interpretation; and an appeal to the majority based on [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] and [[masculinity]]."<ref name="j3517631"/>

According to Jaffrelot, the early Hindutva proponents such as Golwalkar envisioned it as an extreme form of "ethnic nationalism", but the ideology differed from fascism and Nazism in three respects.<ref name="Jaffrelot1996p77"/> First, unlike fascism and Nazism, it did not closely associate Hindutva with its leader. Second, while fascism emphasised the primacy of the state, Hindutva considered the state to be a secondary. Third, while Nazism emphasised primacy of the race, the Hindutva ideology emphasised primacy of the society over race.<ref name="Jaffrelot1996p77">{{cite book|author= Christophe Jaffrelot|title= The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2buDDwdgIsC|year= 1996|publisher= Columbia University Press|isbn= 978-0-231-10335-0|page= 77|access-date= 12 June 2019|archive-date= 7 October 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223700/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2buDDwdgIsC|url-status= live}}</ref> According to [[Achin Vanaik]], several authors have labelled Hindutva as fascist, but such a label requires "establishing a fascist minimum." Hindu nationalism, states Vanaik, is "a specific Indian manifestation of a generic phenomenon [of nationalism] but not one that belongs to the genus of fascism."<ref>{{cite journal|title = Situating Threat of Hindu Nationalism: Problems with Fascist Paradigm| author= Achin Vanaik| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 29| number= 28| year= 1994| pages= 1729–1748|jstor=4401457}}</ref>

Sociologists Chetan Bhatt and Parita Mukta have described difficulties in identifying Hindutva with fascism or Nazism, because of Hindutva's embrace of cultural rather than racial nationalism, its "distinctively Indian" character, and "the RSS's disavowal of the seizure of state power in preference for long-term cultural labour in [[civil society]]." They describe Hindutva as a form of "revolutionary conservatism" or "ethnic absolutism."<ref name="Bhatt & Mukta">{{cite journal |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=23 |issue=3|pages=407–441 |date=May 2000 |author1=Chetan Bhatt |author2=Parita Mukta |title=Hindutva in the West: Mapping the Antinomies of Diaspora Nationalism |doi= 10.1080/014198700328935|s2cid=143287533}} Quote: "It is also argued that the distinctively Indian aspects of Hindu nationalism, and the RSS's disavowal of the seizure of state power in preference for long-term cultural labour in civil society, suggests a strong distance from both German Nazism and Italian Fascism. Part of the problem in attempting to classify Golwalkar's or Savarkar's Hindu nationalism within the typology of 'generic fascism', Nazism, racism and ethnic or cultural nationalism is the unavailability of an appropriate theoretical orientation and vocabulary for varieties of revolutionary conservatism and far-right-wing ethnic and religious absolutist movements in 'Third World' countries."</ref> According to Thomas Hansen, Hindutva represents a "conservative revolution" in postcolonial India, and its proponents have been combining "paternalistic and xenophobic discourses" with "democratic and universalist discourses on rights and entitlements" based on "desires, anxieties and fractured subjectivities" in India.<ref name="Hansen1999p4">{{cite book|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=4–5|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Hindutva and Nazism ====
An editorial published on 4 February 1948 in the ''[[National Herald]]'', the mouthpiece of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, stated that "it [RSS] seems to embody Hinduism in a Nazi form" with the recommendation that it must be ended.<ref name="Graham2007">{{cite book|author=Bruce Desmond Graham|title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-05374-7|pages=11–12|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222440/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, in 1956, another Congress party leader compared the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] to the Nazis in Germany.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bruce Desmond Graham|title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-05374-7|page=66 with footnotes|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222440/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Hindutva organisations were not exclusively criticised in the 1940s by Indian political leaders. The Muslim League was criticised as well for "its creed of Islamic exclusiveness, its cult of communal hatred and its practice of terrorism and treachery" and called a replica of the German Nazis.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bruce Desmond Graham|title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-05374-7|pages=1–2|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222440/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Savarkar criticised [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] for condemning Germany and Italy, asserting that "crores of Hindu Sanghatanists in India [...] cherish no ill-will towards Germany or Italy or Japan." In 1938, Savarkar publicly expressed support for the [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|German occupation of Czechoslovakia]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Casolari |first=Marzia |title=Hindutva's Foreign Tie-up in the 1930s: Archival Evidence |publisher=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |year=2000 |page=223}}</ref> Although, at the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], Savarkar and the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] initially advocated a stance of neutrality, his rhetoric became increasingly strident over time. He characterised German Jews as a communal force and endorsed the [[The Holocaust|Nazi persecution of the Jews]]. Moreover, he drew a parallel between German Jews and Indian Muslims, stating, "The Indian Muslims are on the whole more inclined to identify themselves and their interests with Muslims outside India than Hindus who live next door, like Jews in Germany."<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravishankar |first=Ra. |date=20 July 2002 |title=The real Sarvarkar |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30245603.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120203021/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30245603.ece |archive-date=20 November 2023 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> As late as 1961, he spoke favourably of [[Nazi Germany]] and contrasted it with Nehru's "cowardly democracy."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Chetan|title=Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-1-85973-348-6|pages=107–108|language=}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|German race pride has now become the topic of the day. To keep up the purity of the Race and its culture, Germany shocked the world by her purging the country of the semitic Races — the Jews. Race pride at its highest has been manifested here. Germany has also shown how wellnigh impossible it is for Races and cultures, having differences going to the root, to be assimilated into one united whole, a good lesson for us in Hindusthan to learn and profit by.|author=M. S. Golwalkar<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh |first=Bruce |last=Desmond Graham |year=2007 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=46 |isbn=978-0-521-05374-7}}</ref>}}

==History==
===Origins===
According to Prabhu Bapu, a historian and scholar of Oriental Studies, the term and the contextual meaning of Hindutva emerged from the Indian experience in the colonial era, memories of its religious wars as the [[Mughal Empire]] decayed, an era of Muslim and Christian [[proselytisation]], a feeling that their traditions and cultures were being insulted, whereby the Hindu intellectuals formulated Hindutva as a "Hindu identity" as a prelude to a national resurgence and a unified Indian nation against the "foreign invaders."<ref name="Bapu2012p62">{{cite book|author= Prabhu Bapu|title= Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bNzfCgAAQBAJ|year= 2012|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-25500-7|pages= 62–67, 70–71|access-date= 1 May 2019|archive-date= 7 October 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221906/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNzfCgAAQBAJ|url-status= live}}</ref> The development of "religious nationalism" and the [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|demand]] by the Muslim leaders on the [[Indian subcontinent]] for the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] into Muslim and non-Muslim nations (Pakistan and Bangladesh being Muslim-majority, and India being Hindu-majority) during the middle of the 20th century, confirmed its narrative of geographical and cultural nationalism based on Indian culture and religions.<ref name=sharma20/>{{efn|Savarkar's early writings and speeches on cultural nationalism contained an embryonic form of a two-nation theory. This embryo took a more detailed form with the Lahore Resolution of 1940 of the Muslim League, which declared, "India's Muslims were a 'separate nation'."<ref name="Bapup77"/> [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] explained the Indian Muslims demand by asserting a cultural distinctiveness of Islam and this "constituted the rationale for a separate nation-state of 'Pakistan'." Jinnah's speech and rationale confirmed Savarkar's beliefs and his early Hindutva's narrative.<ref name="Bapup77"/> The historian Prabhu Bapu quotes and summarises the ideas of the Muslim leaders in British India around 1940: "there were two nations in India, Hindu and Muslim", said Jinnah, British India should be partitioned into "Pakistan and Hindustan." According to Jinnah, "the differences between Hindus and Muslims in India were not merely religious, but entirely different ways of life and thought. [...] The two communities were distinct peoples, with different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures, and histories. [...] For more than a thousand years, the bulk of Muslims in India had lived in a different world, in a different society, in a different philosophy and a different faith. [...] Muslims must have a state of their own in which they would establish their own constitution and make their own laws."<ref name="Bapup77">{{cite book|author=Prabhu Bapu|title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67165-1|page=77|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221952/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC|url-status=live}}; For additional context on the two-nation theory history based on Hindu-Muslim cultural conflicts and the partition: {{cite book|author=Venkat Dhulipala|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-25838-5|pages=1–24, 25–28, 360–367|chapter=Ch. Introduction; Nationalists, Communalists and the 1937 Provincial Elections|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221937/https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Prabhu, such ideas and rationale fuelled the Hindutva narrative for a radical exclusivist Hindu nation, and became "the apologia for the two-nation theory of the 1940s."<ref>{{cite book|author=Prabhu Bapu|title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-67165-1|pages=77–78|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221952/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{efn|According to the Political Scientist Christophe Jaffrelot, in the pre-1947 period, the two nationalism and separatist movements in South Asia influenced each other. This history is an example of the Ernest Gellner theory of nationalism, states Jaffrelot.<ref name="Jaffrelot2002p10"/> The Gellner theory states that nationalistic movements arise when there exist two groups, one privileged and other under-privileged. When the privilege-power equation is threatened by the social forces of history, "culture, skin pigmentation" and such ethnic markers become a basis to presume inferiority of the other and a pretext to manipulate the situation. Using a language of nationalism, one group tries to maintain the status quo, while the other seeks to overthrow it. In British India, states Jaffrelot, Muslim nationalism and separatism "certainly did not develop" from feelings of having been discriminated against, but their mobilisation came from "the fear of decline and marginalization" of their historic privilege among the Muslim elites in British India.<ref name="Jaffrelot2002p10"/> They deployed Islamic cultural symbols and pressed for Perso-Arabic script-based Urdu language for their separatist and nationalist rationale, while Hindu nationalists deployed Hindu cultural symbols and pressed for the use of Indic script-based (Hindi) language – both languages nearly similar when spoken. The mutual use of identity symbols helped crystallise the other's convictions and fuel each other's fears.<ref name="Jaffrelot2002p10">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Pakistan: Nationalism Without A Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC|year=2002|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-117-4|pages=10–11, context: 10–16|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007225522/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC|url-status=live}}</ref> These identity symbols and the continued mutual use of such ideological statements fuel the nationalistic discourse in contemporary India and Pakistan. They have been and remain central to organisations such as the BJP and the ''Sangh Parivar'' associated with the Hindutva ideology, according to Jean-Luc Racine, a scholar of nationalisms and separatisms with a focus on South Asia.<ref>{{cite book|author= Jean-Luc Racine|editor= Christophe Jaffrelot|title= Pakistan: Nationalism Without A Nation|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC|year= 2002|publisher= Zed Books|isbn= 978-1-84277-117-4|pages= 205–211|access-date= 5 May 2019|archive-date= 7 October 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241007225522/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC|url-status= live}}</ref>}} Professor [[Muqtedar Khan]] has argued that Hindu nationalism further grew because of the religious divisions between Hindus and Muslims that were fomented by post-1947 [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism#India|Pakistani terrorist attacks]] in and [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|military conflicts]] with India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muqtedar Khan on Why Religious Nationalism Is Poisoning South Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/muqtedar-khan-on-why-religious-nationalism-is-poisoning-south-asia/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827200555/https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/muqtedar-khan-on-why-religious-nationalism-is-poisoning-south-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Chetan Bhatt, the various forms of Hindu nationalism including the recent "cultural nationalist" form of Hindutva, have roots in the second half of the 19th century.<ref name="Bhatt2001p3">{{cite book|author=Chetan Bhatt|title=Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-85973-343-1|pages=3–5, 8–14, 77–86|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221901/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> These are a "dense cluster of ideologies" of [[primordialism]],{{efn|Primordialism is the belief that the deep historical and cultural roots of nations is a quasi‐objective phenomenon, by which outsiders identify individuals of an ethnic group and what contributes to how an individual forms a self-identity.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Coakley | first=John | title='Primordialism' in nationalism studies: theory or ideology? | journal=Nations and Nationalism | publisher=Wiley | volume=24 | issue=2 | year=2017 | doi=10.1111/nana.12349 | pages=327, context: 328–347 | s2cid=149288553 | url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/primordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology(28e99592-2d86-421f-9fd3-2c4517aa7278).html | access-date=9 May 2020 | archive-date=17 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217061210/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/primordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ethnic Conflict|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-conflict|year=2012|author=Tina Reuter|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503165521/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-conflict|url-status=live}}</ref>}} and they emerged from the colonial experiences of the Indian people in conjunction with ideas borrowed from European thinkers but thereafter debated, adapted and negotiated. These ideas included those of a nation, nationalism, race, [[Aryanism]], [[Orientalism]], [[Romanticism]] and others.<ref name="Bhatt2001p3"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Deepa Reddy|title=Review: Hindu Nationalism by Chetan Bhatt|journal = American Ethnologist|volume=30|number=1| year=2003|page=170}}</ref>{{efn|For example, the "writings of [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] made a profound impression on Savarkar", states Thomas Hansen.<ref name="Hansen1999p77"/>}} Decades before he wrote his treatise on Hindutva, Savarkar was already famous in colonial India for his version of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. He studied in London between 1906 and 1910. There he discussed and evolved his ideas of "what constituted a Hindu identity", made friends with Indian student groups as well as non-Indian groups such as the [[Sinn Féin]].<ref name="Bhatt2001p3"/><ref name=bhattp185/> He was a part of the underground home rule and liberation movement of Indians, before getting arrested for anti-British activities. While in prison, Savarkar submitted multiple mercy petitions to the British, seeking clemency and promising loyalty to the crown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |date=8 April 2005 |title=Savarkar's mercy petition |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/savarkars-mercy-petition/article64919933.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817232410/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/savarkars-mercy-petition/article64919933.ece |archive-date=17 August 2022 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pooja |title=Did Savarkar write mercy petitions on Gandhi's advice as claimed by Rajnath Singh? |url=https://www.altnews.in/did-savarkar-write-mercy-petitions-on-gandhis-advice-as-claimed-by-rajnath-singh |website=[[Alt News]] |date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> After his release, he moved away from anti-colonial politics and worked to develop Hindutva. His political activities and intellectual journey through European publications, according to Bhatt, influenced him, his future writings, and the 20th-century Hindutva ideology that emerged from his writings.<ref name="Bhatt2001p3"/><ref name=bhattp185>{{cite book|author=Chetan Bhatt|title=Liberation and Purity: Race, New Religious Movements and the Ethics of Postmodernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aap0HaCzrFwC|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-85728-423-2|pages=185–186|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221859/https://books.google.com/books?id=aap0HaCzrFwC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Adoption===
Savarkar's Hindutva ideology reached [[K. B. Hedgewar]] in [[Nagpur]] (Maharashtra) in 1925, and he found Savarkar's ''Hindutva'' inspirational.{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=34}}<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p96">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=15–17, 96–97, 179–183|access-date=2 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC|url-status=live}}</ref> He visited Savarkar in [[Ratnagiri]] shortly after and discussed with him methods for organising the 'Hindu nation'.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelkar |first=D. V. |title=The R.S.S. |journal=Economic Weekly |date=4 February 1950 |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1950_2/4/the_rss.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108154837/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1950_2/4/the_rss.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-08 |url-status=live |access-date=26 October 2014 }}</ref> Discussions between the two led to Hedgewar founding the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS, lit. "National Volunteer Society"), a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Hindutva [[paramilitary]] organisation with this mission, in September of that year.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&pg=PA123 |page=123 |year=2005 |first1=Peter |last1=Davies |first2=Derek |last2=Lynch | publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60952-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=Felix |last2=Chaudhary |first2=Neha |title=Leaving the Hindu Far Right |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=4 March 2023 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=425–444 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2023.2179817|s2cid=257565310 |doi-access=free | issn = 0085-6401}}</ref> This organisation swiftly expanded to become the foremost Hindu nationalist organisation.<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p96"/> However, the term ''Hindutva'' was not used to describe the ideology of the new organisation; it was ''Hindu Rashtra'' (Hindu nation), with one RSS publication stating, "it became evident that Hindus were the nation in [[Names of India#Bhārata|Bharat]] and that ''Hindutva'' was ''Rashtriyatva'' [nationalism]."<ref>{{harvnb|Prakashan|1955|pp=24–25}} quoted in {{harvnb|Goyal|1979|p=58}}</ref>

Hedgewar's RSS not only propagated Hindutva ideology, it developed a grassroots organisational structure (''[[RSS shakha|shakhas]]'') to reform the Hindu society. Village level groups met for morning and evening physical training sessions, martial training and Hindutva ideology lessons.<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p96"/> Hedgewar kept RSS an ideologically active but an "apolitical" organisation. This practice of keeping out of national and international politics was retained by his successor [[M. S. Golwalkar]] through the 1940s.<ref name="Jaffrelot2009p96"/> Philosopher [[Jason Stanley]] states "the RSS was explicitly influenced by European fascist movements, its leading politicians regularly praised [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] in the late 1930s and 1940s."<ref>[[Jason Stanley|Stanley, Jason]] (2018). ''How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them''. New York: Random House. pp. 14–15. {{Isbn|978-0-52551183-0}}</ref> In 1931, [[B. S. Moonje]] met with Mussolini and expressed a desire to replicate the fascist youth movement in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindutva and Dalits |first=Anand |last=Teltumbde |year=2019 |page=38 |publisher=SAGE}}</ref> According to Sali Augustine, the core institution of Hindutva has been the RSS. While the RSS states that Hindutva is different from Hinduism, it has been linked to religion. Therefore "cultural nationalism" is a euphemism, states Augustine, and it is meant to mask the creation of a state with a "Hindu religious identity."{{sfn|Augustine|2009|pp=69-70}} According to Jaffrelot, the regional heads of the RSS have included Indians who are Hindus as well as those who belong to other Indian religions such as [[Jainism]].<ref name="Jaffrelot1999p140">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC|year=1999|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=140–145|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221902/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC|url-status=live}}</ref>

In parallel to the RSS, Savarkar, after his release from the colonial prison, joined and became the president of [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] in 1937. There, he used the terms ''Hindutva'' and ''Hindu Rashtra'' liberally, according to Graham.{{sfn|Graham|1968|pp=350-352}} [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]], who served as its president in 1944 and joined the [[First Nehru ministry|Jawaharlal Nehru Cabinet]] after independence, was a Hindu traditionalist politician who wanted to uphold Hindu values but not necessarily to the exclusion of other communities. He asked for the membership of Hindu Mahasabha to be thrown open to all communities. When this was not accepted, he resigned from the party and founded a new political party in collaboration with the RSS. He understood Hinduism as a nationality rather than a community but, realising that this is not the common understanding of the term ''Hindu'', he chose "Bharatiya" instead of "Hindu" to name the new party, which came to be called the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS or JS; often known as the Jan Sangh), a far-right Hindutva-based political party, which served as the political arm of the RSS.{{sfn|Graham|1968|pp=350-352}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Rural Patterns of Upward Mobility in Eastern Uttar Pradesh (India). |first=Bradley |last=R. Hertel |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |year=1971 |page=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2024|title=Israeli Diplomats Forged Deep Ties With Hindu Right Wing From Early '60s, Documents Reveal|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/israeli-diplomats-forged-deep-ties-with-hindu-right-wing-from-early-60s-documents-reveal#google_vignette|access-date=13 June 2024|website=The Wire}}</ref>

===Growth===
The cabinet of the first prime minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] banned the RSS and arrested more than 200,000 RSS volunteers, after [[Nathuram Godse]], a former volunteer of RSS, [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassinated Mahatma Gandhi]].{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|pp=193–196}} Nehru also appointed government commissions to investigate the assassination and related circumstances. The series of investigations by these commissions, states the political science scholar Nandini Deo, later found the RSS leadership and "the RSS innocent of a role in the assassination."<ref name="Deo2015p55">{{cite book|author=Nandini Deo|title=Mobilizing Religion and Gender in India: The Role of Activism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjzgCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-53067-1|pages=54–55|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222542/https://books.google.com/books?id=GjzgCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The mass arrested RSS volunteers were released by the Indian courts, and the RSS has ever since used this as evidence of "being falsely accused and condemned."<ref name="Deo2015p55"/>

According to the historian Robert Frykenberg specialising in [[South Asian Studies]], the RSS membership enormously expanded in [[independent India]]. In this period, while the RSS remained "discretely out of politics", the Jan Sangh entered the Indian political landscape. The Jan Sangh had limited success in the Indian general elections between 1952 and 1971.<ref>{{harvnb|Frykenberg|2008|pp=193–196}}: "After Independence in 1947, the RSS saw an enormous expansion in numbers of new swayamsevaks and a proliferation of disciplined and drilled shakhas. This occurred despite Gandhi's assassination (January 30, 1948) by Nathuram Vinayak Godse, a former sevak and despite being outlawed. (p. 193) [...] Thus, even as the RSS discretely stayed out of open politics, and continued its campaign to convert more and more people to the cause of Hindutva, its new party [Jan Sangh] engaged in political combat. (p. 194) [...] For the next two decades, the Jan Sangh followed a narrowly focused agenda. [...] In 1971, despite softening its Hindutva voice and joining a grand alliance, it was not successful. (p. 195)"</ref><ref name="Graham2007p196">{{cite book|author=Bruce Desmond Graham|title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-05374-7|pages=196–198, context: Chapter 7|chapter=The Jana Sangh in electoral politics, 1951 to 1967|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222440/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}; Quote: "We have now considered the main factors which worked against the Jana Sangh's attempt to become a major party in Indian politics [between 1951 and 1967]. It was seriously handicapped in electoral competition by the limitations of its organization and leadership, by its inability to gather support through appeals to Hindu nationalist sentiment, and by its failure to establish a broad base of social and economic interests."</ref> This was, in part, because of its poor organisation and leadership; its focus on the Hindutva sentiment did not appeal to the voters, and its campaign lacked adequate social and economic themes.<ref name="Graham2007p196"/> This was also, in part, because Congress party leaders such [[Indira Gandhi]] had co-opted some of the key Hindutva ideological themes and fused it with socialist policies and her father's Soviet-style centrally controlled economic model.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|pp=193–196}}<ref name="Hewitt2007">{{cite book|author=Vernon Hewitt|title=Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6yVyWM4pwC|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-09762-3|pages=2–4|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222442/https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6yVyWM4pwC|url-status=live}}, Quote: "The use of socialism, of ''garibi hatao'' (Indira Gandhi's populist slogan translated as 'out with poverty') and of Hindutva are in the first instance conceptualized as differing state strategies of co-optation, deployed by elites ..."; From Taylor & Francis [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203944967 summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506154127/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203944967 |date=6 May 2019 }}: "[Vernon Hewitt's book] demonstrates how the Internal Emergency of 1975 led to increased support of groups such as the BJS and the RSS, accounting for the rise of political movements advocating Hindu nationalism – ''Hindutva'' – as a response to rapid political mobilization triggered by the Emergency, and an attempt by political elites to control this to their advantage."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sumit Sarkar|editor=Radhika Desai|title=Developmental and Cultural Nationalisms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTSPAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-96821-4|pages=41–45|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222547/https://books.google.com/books?id=fTSPAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The RSS continued its grassroots operations between 1947 and early 1970s, and its volunteers provided humanitarian assistance to Hindu and Sikh refugees from the [[partition of British India]], victims of war and violence, and helped disaster victims to resettle economically.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|pp=193–196}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Subrata Kumar Mitra|author2=Mike Enskat|author3=Clemens Spiess|title=Political Parties in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|pages=57–58|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222444/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1975 to 1977, Indira Gandhi declared and enforced [[The Emergency (India)|a national emergency]], which saw widespread censorship, mass arrests of dissenters and political opponents, the suspension of the constitution, and the nullification of fundamental rights, alongside a rule by decree and an unprecedented centralisation of power. The abuses of Emergency triggered a mass resistance and the rapid growth of volunteers and political support to the Hindutva ideology.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|pp=193–196}}<ref name="Hewitt2007"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=India's First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975 -1977 |last2=Anil |first2=Pratinav |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-757782-0}}</ref><ref>[a] {{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=329–330|access-date=2 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC|url-status=live}};<br />[b] For various sides in the Judiciary versus the Executive authority on Indira Gandhi's government and Hindutva politicians during this period, see {{cite book|author=Gary J. Jacobsohn|title=The Wheel of Law: India's Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ceoc1i1KF8C|year=2003|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-09245-1|pages=189–197 with footnotes; context: Chapter 7|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222550/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ceoc1i1KF8C|url-status=live}}</ref> Indira Gandhi and her party were voted out of power in 1977. The Hindutva ideology-based Jan Sangh members such as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Brij Lal Varma]], and [[L. K. Advani]] gained national prominence, and the Hindutva ideology sympathiser [[Morarji Desai]] became the prime minister of a coalition non-Congress government.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|pp=193–196}} This coalition did not last past 1980, and from the consequent break-up of coalition parties was the founding of the Bharatiya Janata Party in April 1980. This new national political party relied on the Hindutva ideology-based rural and urban grassroots organisations that had rapidly grown across India from the mid-1970s.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|pp=193–196}}

===Hindutva under Modi (2014–present)===
{{Further|Narendra Modi#Hindutva}}
Since the [[2014 Indian general election]] with the BJP winning, the [[premiership of Narendra Modi]] and state based BJP governments have pushed parts of the Hindutva agenda.

====Abrogation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir====
{{Main article|Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown}}
On 5 August 2019, the [[Second Modi ministry|Modi administration]] revoked the special status, or [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India#Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir: Structure and limitations|limited autonomy]], granted to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of [[Constitution of India|India's Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505,|title=Parliament approves Resolution to repeal Article 370; paves way to truly integrate J&K with Indian Union|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310075212/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192505,|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130063447/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-rendered-toothless-article-35a-ceases-to-exist/articleshow/70535292.cms |date=30 November 2021 }}, The Economic Times, 5 August 2019.</ref> The decision was upheld by the Supreme Court.<ref name="z120">{{cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=11 December 2023 |title=SC upholds abrogation of Article 370, says move was part of 70-year-old exercise to integrate J&K to the Union |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-says-move-was-part-of-70-year-old-exercise-to-integrate-jk-to-the-union/article67626914.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="d928">{{cite web |last1=Sebastian |first1=Meryl |last2=Hrishikesh |first2=Sharanya |date=11 December 2023 |title=Article 370: India Supreme Court upholds repeal of Kashmir's special status |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67634689 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=BBC Home}}</ref><ref name="x698">{{cite web |last=Vardhan |first=Anand |date=13 December 2023 |title=Article 370 verdict firms up judicial ground for J&K integration, prioritises national sovereignty |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/12/13/article-370-verdict-firms-up-judicial-ground-for-jk-integration-prioritises-national-sovereignty |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref> The revocation was accompanied by the deployment of thousands of security forces, the detention and arrest of several Kashmiri politicians including a former chief minister, as well as the imposition of [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|a years-long lockdown and communications blackout]] which saw intense government crackdown and the detention of thousands of Kashmiri civilians.{{efn|Sources:<br />{{bulleted list
|{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49234708 |website=[[BBC]]}}
|{{Cite web |last=Yasir |first=Sameer |date=5 August 2019 |title=India Moves to Revoke Kashmir's Special Status Amid Crackdown |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jammu.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805112500/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jammu.html |archive-date=5 August 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}
|{{Cite web |last1=Farooq |first1=Azhar |last2=Ratcliffe |first2=Rebecca |date=23 August 2019 |title=Kashmir city on lockdown after calls for protest march |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/kashmir-city-srinagar-india-lockdown-calls-protest-march |website=[[The Guardian]]}}
|{{Cite magazine |title=At Least 2,300 People Have Been Detained During the Lockdown in Kashmir |url=https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821182839/https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |archive-date=21 August 2019 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}}}}} The government's move was criticised and opposed,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2019 |title=Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2019 |title='Darkest day': Uproar as India strips Kashmir of special status |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/5/darkest-day-uproar-as-india-strips-kashmir-of-special-status |website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> though it was heavily celebrated in nationalist and Hindutva circles across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=Article 370: The Indians celebrating Kashmir's new status |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49250594 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Filkins |first=Dexter |date=2 December 2019 |title=Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi's India |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>

====Ayodhya dispute====
{{Main|Ayodhya dispute}}
{{See also|Ram Rath Yatra|Demolition of the Babri Masjid}}
The [[Supreme Court of India]] delivered [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|a verdict on the construction of Ram Mandir]], a Hindu temple on the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed land of Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/09/ayodhya-verdict-hindus-win-possession-of-site-disputed-by-muslims|title=Ayodhya: India's top court gives Hindus site claimed by Muslims|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=9 November 2019|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222547/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/09/ayodhya-verdict-hindus-win-possession-of-site-disputed-by-muslims|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-court-rules-in-favor-of-hindus-over-ayodhya-temple-mosque-dispute/a-51177838|title=India: Court rules in favor of Hindus over Ayodhya temple-mosque dispute | DW | 09.11.2019|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007222454/https://www.dw.com/en/india-court-rules-in-favor-of-hindus-over-ayodhya-temple-mosque-dispute/a-51177838|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC Ayodhya">{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775|title = Ayodhya verdict: Indian top court gives holy site to Hindus|work = BBC News|date = 9 November 2019|access-date = 14 March 2022|archive-date = 9 November 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191109142205/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court hearing ends in Ayodhya dispute; orders reserved|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece|date=2019-10-16|access-date=2021-04-23|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|language=en|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023101322/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The ruling included a stipulation that a {{Convert|5|acre|m2}} of land at an alternative site be provided to the [[Sunni Waqf Board]] for the construction of a new mosque.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Mandir verdict: Supreme Court verdict on Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case: Highlights|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms|date=2019-11-09|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A report made by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] stating that the remains of a "Hindu structure" were found at the disputed [[Babri Masjid]]/[[Ram Janmabhoomi]] site was considered by the court.<ref name="o629">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Kritika | title=SC verdict refers to ASI report on 'Hindu structure' at Ayodhya site | website=ThePrint | date=9 November 2019 | url=https://theprint.in/india/sc-verdict-refers-to-asi-report-on-hindu-structure-at-ayodhya-site-this-is-what-it-says/318486/ | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="BBC Ayodhya" /> On 5 August 2020, [[Narendra Modi]] performed a ground-breaking ceremony (Bhumi-pujan) to open the construction of [[Ram Mandir]] at the [[Ayodhya]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Modi becomes first PM to visit Ram Janmabhoomi, Hanumangarhi temple in Ayodhya|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/modi-becomes-first-pm-to-visit-ram-janmabhoomi-hanumangarhi-temple-in-ayodhya/2046074/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129155011/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/modi-becomes-first-pm-to-visit-ram-janmabhoomi-hanumangarhi-temple-in-ayodhya/2046074/|url-status=live}}</ref> construction was completed in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babri mosque to Ram temple: A timeline from 1528 to 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/babri-mosque-to-ram-temple-a-timeline-from-1528-to-2024 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122093200/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/babri-mosque-to-ram-temple-a-timeline-from-1528-to-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> Modi gave a speech, declaring, "[[Rama|Ram]] is the faith of India... Ram is the leader and Ram is the policy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Ram Temple inauguration: Advent of a new era, says PM Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/advent-of-a-new-era-says-pm-101705947809336.html |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124171840/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/advent-of-a-new-era-says-pm-101705947809336.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Forced conversion bans====
[[File:Indian states that ban forced conversions map.svg|alt=|thumb|Indian states that prohibit forced conversions (2022)]]
Many BJP-ruled states, such as [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] and [[Karnataka]], have considered laws designed to prevent [[forced conversion]]s from Hinduism to Islam through marriage. Hindutva advocates call this "[[love jihad]]", and it is widely considered to be an Islamophobic conspiracy theory.<ref>Gupta, Charu, "Hindu Women, Muslim Men: Love Jihad and Conversions." ''Economic and Political Weekly'', vol. 44, no. 51, 2009, pp. 13–15. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663907 JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122000118/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663907 |date=22 January 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> In September 2020, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent "religious conversions in the name of love."<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 September 2020|title=Adityanath govt mulls ordinance against 'love jihad'|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/articleshow/78186587.cms|access-date=19 September 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027135411/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/articleshow/78186587.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=18 September 2020|title=Adityanath govt. mulls ordinance against 'love jihad'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article32643089.ece|access-date=19 September 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920022252/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article32643089.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 October, he announced that a law to curb "love jihad"{{Efn|As of November 2020, "love jihad" is a term not recognized by the Indian legal system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adityanath Cabinet Approves Ordinance Against 'Love Jihad' |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/adityanath-cabinet-approves-ordinance-against-love-jihad-law |access-date=25 November 2020 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124140103/https://thewire.in/communalism/adityanath-cabinet-approves-ordinance-against-love-jihad-law |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=|group=}} would be passed by his government. The law, which also includes provisions against "unlawful religious conversion", declares a marriage null and void if the sole intention was to "change a girl's religion" and both it and the one in Madhya Pradesh imposed sentences of up to 10 years in prison for those who broke the law.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 2020|title='Love jihad': Madhya Pradesh proposes 10-year jail term in draft bill|work=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/latest/979497/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-proposes-10-year-jail-term-in-draft-bill|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126043801/https://scroll.in/latest/979497/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-proposes-10-year-jail-term-in-draft-bill|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Seth|first1=Maulshree|date=26 November 2020|title=UP clears 'love jihad' law: 10-year jail, cancelling marriage if for conversion|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-clears-love-jihad-law-10-year-jail-cancelling-marriage-if-for-conversion-7064474/|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126095622/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/up-clears-love-jihad-law-10-year-jail-cancelling-marriage-if-for-conversion-7064474/|url-status=live}}</ref> The ordinance came into effect on 28 November 2020<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 November 2020|title=Jail term, fine for 'illegal' conversions in Uttar Pradesh|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-clears-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article33170627.ece|access-date=25 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124211523/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-clears-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article33170627.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2020|title=UP Governor Anandiben Patel gives assent to ordinance on 'unlawful conversion'|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-governor-anandiben-patel-gives-assent-to-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversion-11606545320071.html|access-date=1 December 2020|website=mint|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128065626/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-governor-anandiben-patel-gives-assent-to-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversion-11606545320071.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as the [[Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020|Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance]]. In December 2020, Madhya Pradesh approved an anti-conversion law similar to the Uttar Pradesh one.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Siddique|first1=Iram|date=27 December 2020|title=MP 'love jihad' Bill tougher, but limits who can file FIR|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mp-love-jihad-bill-tougher-but-limits-who-can-file-fir-7121497/|access-date=13 February 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127024435/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mp-love-jihad-bill-tougher-but-limits-who-can-file-fir-7121497/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 December 2020|title=MP approves 'love Jihad' law; up to 10 years of jail, Rs 1 lakh fine for forced conversion|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/mp-approves-love-jihad-law-up-to-10-years-of-jail-rs-1-lakh-fine-for-forced-conversion/story/426144.html|access-date=13 February 2021|via=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229205609/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/mp-approves-love-jihad-law-up-to-10-years-of-jail-rs-1-lakh-fine-for-forced-conversion/story/426144.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/26/another-bjp-governed-indian-state-plans-anti-conversion-law|title=India's Madhya Pradesh state now plans 'love jihad' law|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228134710/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/26/another-bjp-governed-indian-state-plans-anti-conversion-law|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/madhya-pradesh-to-take-ordinance-route-to-enforce-anti-conversion-law-932653.html|title=Madhya Pradesh to take ordinance route to enforce anti-conversion law|date=28 December 2020|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145022/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/madhya-pradesh-to-take-ordinance-route-to-enforce-anti-conversion-law-932653.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/982365/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-cabinet-approves-anti-conversion-bill|title='Love jihad': Madhya Pradesh Cabinet approves anti-conversion bill|website=Scroll.in|date=26 December 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230015640/https://scroll.in/latest/982365/love-jihad-madhya-pradesh-cabinet-approves-anti-conversion-bill|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mp-to-enforce-love-jihad-ordinance/story-5kgxJqx27sK39zmwoNSB5O.html|title=Madhya Pradesh to enforce 'love jihad' ordinance|website=Hindustan Times|date=27 December 2020|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228224526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mp-to-enforce-love-jihad-ordinance/story-5kgxJqx27sK39zmwoNSB5O.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020|11|25}}, Haryana and Karnataka were still in discussion over similar ordinances.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=25 November 2020 |title=India's Most Populous State Brings Law to Fight 'Love Jihad' |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-25/india-s-most-populous-state-brings-law-to-fight-love-jihad |access-date=25 November 2020 |first1=Upmanyu |last1=Trivedi |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125065307/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-25/india-s-most-populous-state-brings-law-to-fight-love-jihad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title=After MP, Haryana Says a Committee Will Draft Anti-'Love Jihad' Law |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/haryana-draft-anti-love-jihad-law |date=18 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126121032/https://thewire.in/communalism/haryana-draft-anti-love-jihad-law |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2021, the [[Gujarat Assembly]] amended the [[Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act|Freedom of Religion Act, 2003]], bringing in stringent provisions against forcible conversion through marriage or allurement, with the intention of targeting "love jihad."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=2021-04-01|title=Gujarat Assembly passes 'love jihad' law|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-assembly-passes-love-jihad-law/article34217780.ece|access-date=2021-06-06|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060929/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-assembly-passes-love-jihad-law/article34217780.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-02|title=Gujarat passes Bill to stop 'love jihad'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-passes-bill-to-stop-love-jihad-7255067/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606060929/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-passes-bill-to-stop-love-jihad-7255067/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Karnataka state cabinet also approved an anti-conversion bill, making it a law in December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka state cabinet approves anti-conversion 'love jihad' bill |url=https://www.siasat.com/karnataka-state-cabinet-approves-anti-conversion-love-jihad-bill-2244826/ |work=The Siasat Daily |location=Hyderabad |date=20 December 2021 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172815/https://www.siasat.com/karnataka-state-cabinet-approves-anti-conversion-love-jihad-bill-2244826/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Like UP law, Karnataka anti-conversion Bill addresses right wing demands on 'love jihad' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-anti-coversion-bill-right-wing-love-jihad-7684737/ |work=The Indian Express |location=Bangalore |date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123022114/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-anti-coversion-bill-right-wing-love-jihad-7684737/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This law was revoked by the new Government of Karnataka.<ref name="s676">{{cite web | title=Karnataka scraps anti-conversion law; BJP says it is in line with PFI agenda, Archbishop hails decision | website=The Economic Times | date=15 June 2023 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anti-conversion-law-karnataka-govt-repeals/articleshow/101018084.cms?from=mdr | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== Organisations ==
=== Sangh Parivar ===
{{Main|Sangh Parivar}}{{See also|List of Hindu nationalist political parties}}
Hindutva is the guiding ideology of the RSS and its affiliated family of organisations, the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref name="Jaffrelot2009">{{cite book|first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA23|date=10 January 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=2–24|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223038/https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In general, ''Hindutvavadis'' (followers of Hindutva) believe that they represent the well-being of Dharmic religions: [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Most nationalists are organised into political, cultural and social organisations using the concept of Hindutva as a political tool. The first Hindutva organisation formed was the RSS, founded in 1925. A prominent Indian political party, the BJP, is closely associated with a group of organisations that advocate Hindutva. They collectively refer to themselves as the "Sangh Parivar" or family of associations, and include the RSS, [[Bajrang Dal]] and the VHP.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Other organisations include:
* [[Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh]], the overseas branch of the RSS
* [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]], a workers' union
* [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], a students' union
* [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]], a farmers' organisation

Political parties that are independent from the Sangh Parivar's influence but that also espouse the Hindutva ideology include the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], Prafull Goradia's Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/041021/43/2hfvw.html |title=Jana Sangh promises to make India Hindu nation |date=21 October 2004 |work=Yahoo News India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105060336/http://in.news.yahoo.com/041021/43/2hfvw.html |archive-date=5 November 2004}}</ref> and the Marathi nationalist [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Shiv-Sena-for-PM-with-Hindutva-view/Article1-1051070.aspx|title=Shiv Sena for PM with Hindutva view|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=27 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428045316/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Shiv-Sena-for-PM-with-Hindutva-view/Article1-1051070.aspx|archive-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] and the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]. The [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD) is a [[Sikh]] religious party that maintained ties with Hindutva organisations and political parties, as they also represent Sikhism.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990119/01951725.html SAD-BJP Alliance helped bridge Hindu Sikh gap] ''Indian Express'', 19 January 1999 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121142/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990119/01951725.html |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> By September 2020, SAD left the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] over the farms bill.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab's Akali Dal Quits BJP-Led Alliance Over Controversial Farm Bills|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/akali-dal-quits-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-over-controversial-farm-bills-2301550|access-date=26 September 2020|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927063417/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/akali-dal-quits-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-over-controversial-farm-bills-2301550|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Criticism and support}}
=== Vishva Hindu Parishad and the Bharatiya Janata Party ===
{{Main|Vishva Hindu Parishad|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
The RSS established a number of affiliate organisations after [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence]] to carry its ideology to various parts of society. Prominent among them is the Vishva Hindu Parishad, which was set up in 1964 with the objective of protecting and promoting the Hindu religion. It subscribed to ''Hindutva'' ideology, which came to mean in its hands political Hinduism and Hindu militancy.{{sfn|Katju|2013|pp=3-4}}

A number of political developments in the 1980s caused a sense of vulnerability among the Hindus in India. This was much discussed and leveraged by the Hindutva ideology organisations. These developments include the mass killing of the Hindus by the militant [[Khalistan movement]], the influx of [[Illegal immigration in India#Bangladeshi immigrants|undocumented Bangladeshi immigration]] into [[Assam]] coupled with the expulsion of Hindus from Bangladesh, the Congress-led government's pro-Muslim bias in the [[Secularism in India#Shah Bano case|Shah Bano case]] as well as [[Satanic Verses controversy|the Rushdie affair]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|pp=343–345 with footnotes}} The VHP and the BJP utilised these developments to push forward a militant Hindutva nationalist agenda leading to the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] movement. The BJP officially adopted Hindutva as its ideology in its 1989 Palampur resolution.<ref name="The Hindutva Road"/>{{sfn|Krishna|2011|p=324}}

The BJP claims that ''Hindutva'' represents "cultural nationalism" and its conception of "Indian nationhood", but not a religious or theocratic concept.<ref>{{citation |title=BJP PHILOSOPHY: HINDUTVA (CULTURAL NATIONALISM) |publisher=Bharatiya Janata Party |url=http://www.bjp.org/about-the-party/philosophy/?u=hindutva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831081149/http://www.bjp.org/about-the-party/philosophy/?u=hindutva |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref> It is "India's identity", according to the RSS Chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-21 |title=Hindutva is India's identity: RSS chief |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindutva-is-indias-identity-rss-chief/article4937750.ece |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604095642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindutva-is-indias-identity-rss-chief/article4937750.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the anthropologist and South Asia Politics scholar Thomas Hansen, Hindutva in the post-Independence era has emerged as a political ideology and a populist form of Hindu nationalism.<ref name="Hansen1999p166"/> For Indian nationalists, it has subsumed "religious sentiments and public rituals into a larger discourse of national culture (Bharatiya culture) and the Hindu nation, Hindu rashtra", states Hansen.<ref name="Hansen1999p166"/> This notion has appealed to the masses in part because it "connects meaningfully with everyday anxieties of security, a sense of disorder" in modern Indian life.<ref name="Hansen1999p166"/> The BJP has deployed the Hindutva theme in its election campaign since early 1991, as well as nominated candidates who are affiliated with organisations that support the Hindutva ideology.<ref name="Hansen1999p166">{{cite book|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=10–11, 18–20, 165–166|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|url-status=live}}</ref> The campaign language of the Congress Party leader [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in the 1980s mirrored those of Hindutva proponents. The political speeches and publications by Indian Muslim leaders have declared their "Islamic religious identity" being greater than any "political ideology or national identity." These developments, states Hansen, have helped Hindu nationalists spread essentialist constructions per contemporary Hindutva ideology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=148–152|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Concepts and issues==
===Uniform Civil Code===
{{Main|Uniform Civil Code}}

The Hindutva leaders have sought a [[Uniform Civil Code]] for all the [[Indian people|citizens of India]], where the same law applies to all its citizens irrespective of the individual's religion.<ref name="HutchinsonSmith2000p888"/><ref name="Ghosh2012p103">{{cite book|author=Partha S. Ghosh|title=The Politics of Personal Law in South Asia: Identity, Nationalism and the Uniform Civil Code|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwvaaHI8sjEC|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-70511-3|pages=103–111}}</ref> They state that differential laws based on religion violate the [[Indian Constitution]] and have sowed the seeds of divisiveness between different religious communities.<ref name="HutchinsonSmith2000p888"/><ref name="Ghosh2012p103"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=66122|title=BJP calls for Uniform Civil Code|publisher=expressindia.com|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 April 2006|access-date=25 February 2009|archive-date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113064037/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=66122}}</ref> Under the current laws that were enacted in 1955–56, state John Hutchinson and [[Anthony D. Smith]], the constitutionally directive principle of a Uniform Civil Code covers only non-Muslims. The Uniform Civil Code is opposed by the Muslim leaders.<ref name="HutchinsonSmith2000p888">{{cite book|author1=John Hutchinson|author2=Anthony D. Smith|title=Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN0m_c8p6fgC |year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-20112-4|pages=888–890}}</ref> A Uniform Civil Code that applies equally to the Muslims in India is also opposed by political parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/may/03code.htm|title=Uniform civil code will divide the country on communal lines: Congress|publisher=Rediff on the Net|access-date=26 February 2009|archive-date=23 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523194453/http://www.rediff.com/news/may/03code.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Protection of Hindu interests===
{{See also|Muscular Hinduism}}
The followers of Hindutva are known for their criticism of the [[Government of India|Indian government]] as too passive with regard to the [[exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] by Kashmiri Muslim separatists and the [[1998 Wandhama massacre]], and advocates of Hindutva wish a harder stance in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shiv Sena attacks Narendra Modi government on Kashmir, Hindutva issues|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-shiv-sena-attacks-narendra-modi-government-on-kashmir-hindutva-issues-2069428|access-date=18 February 2017|work=[[DNA India]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=16 March 2015|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218233210/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-shiv-sena-attacks-narendra-modi-government-on-kashmir-hindutva-issues-2069428|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Government should deport Kashmiri separatists to Pakistan: RSS|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-should-deport-kashmiri-separatists-to-pakistan-rss/|access-date=18 February 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=24 April 2015|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218144940/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-should-deport-kashmiri-separatists-to-pakistan-rss/|url-status=live}}</ref> The supporters of Hindutva sought to protect the native Hindu culture and traditions especially those that symbolised the Hindu culture. They believe that Indian culture is identical with the Hindu culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith Eugene|first=Donald|title=India as a secular state |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1963}}</ref> These include animals, language, holy structures, rivers and medicine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaffrelot|first=Christopher|title=Religion, Caste & Politics in India |publisher=Primus Boks |isbn= 978-93-80607-04-7 |date=2010 |page=5}}</ref>

They opposed the continuation of Urdu being used as a vernacular language as they associated it with Muslims. They felt that Urdu symbolised a foreign culture. For them, Hindi alone was the unifying factor for all the diverse forces in the country. They even wanted to make Hindi as the official language of India and felt that it should be promoted at the expense of English and the other regional languages, with some Hindutva followers describing this with the slogan "Hindi-Hindu-[[Hindustan]]."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-03 |title=A new kind of discordance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/A-new-kind-of-discordance/article16812293.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029230133/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/A-new-kind-of-discordance/article16812293.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2015-02-12 |title=A yen for Sanskritised Hindi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/A-yen-for-Sanskritised-Hindi/article60435857.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029230134/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/A-yen-for-Sanskritised-Hindi/article60435857.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this caused a state of tension and alarm in the non-Hindi regions. The non-Hindi regions saw it as an attempt by the north to dominate the rest of the country. Eventually, this demand was put down in order to protect the cultural diversity of the country.<ref>{{cite book |last= Graham |first=Bruce |title= Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=1990|isbn=978-0-521-05952-7}}{{Full citation needed|date=March 2021}}</ref>

Hindutva activists have [[Urduwood|boycotted]] several [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] movies in recent years, claiming that they use too much Urdu and are anti-Hindu;<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Is the Hindu Nationalist 'Boycott Bollywood' Campaign Impacting the Box Office? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/is-hindu-nationalists-boycott-bollywood-campaign-impacting-the-box-office/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930204312/https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/is-hindu-nationalists-boycott-bollywood-campaign-impacting-the-box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The siege of Bollywood |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027212316/https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood |url-status=live }}</ref> some activists have called for [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] to be patronised instead, claiming that it is more culturally rooted.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Kaushik |last2=Gurmat |first2=Sabah |date=2022-09-30 |title=Bollywood under siege as rightwing social media boycotts start to bite |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/30/bollywood-under-siege-as-rightwing-social-media-boycotts-start-to-bite |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210254/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/30/bollywood-under-siege-as-rightwing-social-media-boycotts-start-to-bite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Explained: The #BoycottBollywood trend, and its impact on the industry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/boycott-bollywood-trend-impact-on-industry-explained-8115054/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828083414/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/boycott-bollywood-trend-impact-on-industry-explained-8115054/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindutva opposition to Urdu coincides with a desire to spread a [[Sanskritisation (language)|Sanskritised]] Hindi across India.<ref>McCartney, Patrick. [https://www.academia.edu/6274287/The_Sanitising_Power_of_Spoken_Sanskrit "The Sanitising Power of Spoken Sanskrit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007223033/https://www.academia.edu/6274287/The_Sanitising_Power_of_Spoken_Sanskrit |date=7 October 2024 }}. ''Himāl South Asian'' (2014).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Why does India's Hindu right-wing hate the Urdu language so much? |url=https://qz.com/india/2079526/explaining-indian-hindu-right-wings-hate-for-the-urdu-language |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Quartz |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029230133/https://qz.com/india/2079526/explaining-indian-hindu-right-wings-hate-for-the-urdu-language |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Hindutva violence==
{{Further information|Hindu terrorism}}
Since the mid-2010s, there has been a notable increase in violence motivated by Hindutva ideology, particularly towards Muslims,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=S. |date=2020 |title=Hindutva Violence in India: Trends and Implications |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=15–20 |jstor=26918077}}</ref> and includes acts of [[extremism|extremist]] terroristic violence.<ref name="Gatade pawns">{{cite journal |last=Gatade |first=S. |date=2014 |title=Pawns In, Patrons Still Out: Understanding the Phenomenon of Hindutva Terror |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=49 |issue=13 |pages=36–43 |jstor=24479356}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bidwai |first=P. |date=2008 |title=Confronting the Reality of Hindutva Terrorism |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=43 |issue=47 |pages=10–13 |jstor=40278200}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Runa |last=Das |date=2006 |title=Encountering Hindutva, interrogating religious nationalism and (En)gendering a Hindu patriarchy in India's nuclear policies |journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=370–393 |doi=10.1080/14616740600792988 |s2cid=142800345 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616740600792988 |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504120030/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616740600792988 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This has principally been perpetrated by or has implicated members, or alleged members, of Hindu nationalist organisations such as the RSS or [[Abhinav Bharat]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/759508/hindutva-terror-cases-nia-on-the-backfoot-as-apex-court-questions-complicity-charges|title=Hindutva terror cases: NIA on the backfoot as apex court questions complicity charges|first=Vipin|last=Pubby|website=Scroll.in|date=4 October 2015|access-date=17 May 2023|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526191119/https://scroll.in/article/759508/hindutva-terror-cases-nia-on-the-backfoot-as-apex-court-questions-complicity-charges|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="deepsaffron">{{cite news |author=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=A running thread of deep saffron |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=29 January 2009 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-running-thread-of-deep-saffron/416409/ |access-date=2014-11-17 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708193004/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-running-thread-of-deep-saffron/416409 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gatade saffron terror">{{cite news |author=Subhash Gatade |title=Saffron terror |newspaper=Himal |date=October 2007 |url=http://old.himalmag.com/component/content/article/1340-saffron-terror.html |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526191105/http://old.himalmag.com/component/content/article/1340-saffron-terror.html }}</ref> The violence has also been condoned by the BJP politicians and used as an electoral strategy to garner support from the far-right Hindu population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why the BJP Won't – and Can't – Give Up on Hindutva as an Electoral Strategy |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/bjp-hindutva-karnataka-election |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=The Wire |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727162210/https://thewire.in/communalism/bjp-hindutva-karnataka-election |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The politics of Hindutva in India |url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/2020/hindutva-politics-india |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=IISS |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727162209/https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/2020/hindutva-politics-india |url-status=live }}</ref> The veneration of cows as deities and restrictions on meat consumption have also been used by to justify violence against [[Muslim]]s, [[Christian]]s, [[Dalit]]s, and lower-caste Hindus.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shakuntala |first=Banaji |date=2018 |title=Vigilante Publics: Orientalism, Modernity and Hindutva Fascism in India |journal=Javnost - the Public: Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=333–350 |doi=10.1080/13183222.2018.1463349 |s2cid=149962714 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Cow vigilantism===
{{Main|Cow vigilante violence in India}}

There has been a rise in the number of incidents of cow vigilantism since the election of a BJP majority in the [[Parliament of India]] in 2014. The frequency and severity of cow vigilante violence has been described as "unprecedented."<ref name=PRI>{{cite journal|title=Sacred Slaughter: An Analysis of Historical, Communal, and Constitutional Aspects of Beef Bans in India|journal=Politics, Religion & Ideology|volume=17|issue=4|author=Radha Sarkar}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] has reported that there has been a surge in such violence since 2015.<ref name="HRW1">{{cite web|title=India: 'Cow Protection' Spurs Vigilante Violence|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/27/india-cow-protection-spurs-vigilante-violence|date=27 April 2017|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019165525/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/27/india-cow-protection-spurs-vigilante-violence|url-status=live}}</ref> The surge is attributed to the recent rise in [[Hindu nationalism]] in India.<ref name=PRI/><ref name=JobLoss>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-modi-politics-meat-idUSKBN18P129|title=Cattle trade ban to halt beef exports, lead to job losses|date=29 May 2017|access-date=6 July 2019|via=www.reuters.com|newspaper=Reuters|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805104533/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-modi-politics-meat-idUSKBN18P129|url-status=live}}</ref> Many vigilante groups say they feel "empowered" by the victory of the Hindu nationalist BJP in the 2014 election.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|first=Soutik|last=Biswas|work=BBC News|title=Why the humble cow is India's most polarising animal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34513185|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331120935/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34513185|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Risk>{{cite news|author=Ian Marlow and Bibhudatta Pradhan|title=Cow-Saving Vigilantes Are a Sign of Rising Political Risk in India|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-04-19/shuttered-abattoir-a-sign-of-rising-political-risk-in-india|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420144758/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-04-19/shuttered-abattoir-a-sign-of-rising-political-risk-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a [[Reuters]] report, there were 63 attacks in India between 2010 and mid 2017 resulting in 28 deaths, 24 of them Muslim, and 124 injuries. Most attacks occurred after Narendra Modi took office in 2014.<ref name=reuters20102017>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-protests-muslims-beef-idINKBN19J2BV|title=Protests held across India after attacks against Muslims|work=Reuters|date=28 June 2017|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009014122/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-protests-muslims-beef-idINKBN19J2BV}}</ref>

Many BJP states have passed laws against cattle slaughter such as Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-to-punish-cow-slaughter-with-14-year-jail/articleshow/57952691.cms|title=Gujarat to punish cow slaughter with 14-year jail – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401010727/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-to-punish-cow-slaughter-with-14-year-jail/articleshow/57952691.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39454607|title=Gujarat: India state approves life term for killing cows|date=31 March 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402171205/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39454607|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/gujarat-to-tighten-cow-slaughter-law/article17754329.ece|title=Gujarat to tighten cow slaughter law|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603183517/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/gujarat-to-tighten-cow-slaughter-law/article17754329.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/life-term-for-killing-cows-cm-vijay-rupani-says-want-vegetarian-gujarat-slaughterhouses-cow-protection-4594523/|title=Life term for killing cows, Chief Minister Vijay Rupani says want 'vegetarian' Gujarat|date=1 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401182503/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/life-term-for-killing-cows-cm-vijay-rupani-says-want-vegetarian-gujarat-slaughterhouses-cow-protection-4594523/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 June 2017, Uttar Pradesh's Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] directed the state police to take action against cow slaughter and cattle smuggling under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] and the Gangster Act,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/cattle-smuggling-slaughter-to-be-punishable-under-nsa-gangsters-act-in-up/story-y7yzwXPWtMvu8aj0UzPArJ.html|title=Cattle smuggling, slaughter in UP now punishable under National Security Act|date=6 June 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608100135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/cattle-smuggling-slaughter-to-be-punishable-under-nsa-gangsters-act-in-up/story-y7yzwXPWtMvu8aj0UzPArJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and in (2021) [[Assam Assembly]] passed a bill that prohibits the slaughter or sale of beef within a {{Convert|5|km|adj=on}} radius of any temple. The legislation seeks to ensure that permission for slaughter is not granted to areas that are predominantly inhabited by Hindu, Jain, Sikh and other non-beef eating communities or places that fall within a {{Convert|5|km|adj=on}} radius of a temple, satra and any other institution as may be prescribed by the authorities. Exemptions, however, might be granted for certain religious occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-14|title=Assam bans sale of beef within 5 km radius of any temple, passes Cattle Preservation Bill|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/assam-bans-sale-of-beef-within-5-km-radius-of-any-temple-passes-cattle-preservation-bill-2384702.html|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314094331/https://zeenews.india.com/india/assam-bans-sale-of-beef-within-5-km-radius-of-any-temple-passes-cattle-preservation-bill-2384702.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-14|title=Assam Assembly passes cow protection Bill|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-assembly-passes-cow-protection-bill/article35905184.ece|access-date=2021-08-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314092927/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-assembly-passes-cow-protection-bill/article35905184.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Hindutva pop ==
{{Main|Hindutva pop}}
Hindutva pop is a subgenre of [[Indian pop]] promoting Hindutva ideas. It openly calls for violence against many non-Hindu minorities, especially Muslims.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Schultz |first=Kai |date=2019-11-10 |title=India's Soundtrack of Hate, With a Pop Sheen |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/asia/india-hindutva-pop-narendra-modi.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505014721/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/asia/india-hindutva-pop-narendra-modi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindutva pop artists defend their music as neither xenophobic nor Islamophobic, arguing it promotes truth. Popular Hindutva pop artists like Laxmi Dubey and Prem Krishnavanshi mainstream the xenophobic values of the genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rehbar |first=Quratulain |title='Hindutva pop': The singers producing anti-Muslim music in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/2/hindutva-pop-the-singers-producing-anti-muslim-music-in-india |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527115935/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/2/hindutva-pop-the-singers-producing-anti-muslim-music-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":02" />

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Communalism (South Asia)}}
* {{annotated link|Hindutva pseudohistory}}
* {{annotated link|Indian nationalism}}
* {{annotated link|Social conservatism}}
* {{annotated link|Saffronisation}}
* {{Annotated link|NCERT textbook controversies}}
* {{annotated link|Trads (Hindutva)}}
* {{annotated link|Hindutva boycott of Hindi cinema}}
* {{annotated link|Yoga and politics}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist|40em}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |author-link=Walter K. Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |orig-date=Originally published by Westview Press |publisher=Vistaar Publications|location=Delhi |year=1987 }}
* {{cite book |last=Augustine |first=Sali |chapter=Religion and Cultural Nationalism: Socio-Political Dynamism of Communal Violence in India |editor1=Erich Kolig |editor2=Vivienne S. M. Angeles |editor3=Sam Wong |title=Identity in Crossroad Civilisations |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-8964-127-4 |pages=65–83 }}
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Frykenberg |chapter=Hindutva as a Political Religion: An Historical Perspective |editor1=R. Griffin |editor2=R. Mallett and J. Tortorice |title=The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics: Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGOHDAAAQBAJ |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-24163-3 |pages=178–200 |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224810/https://books.google.com/books?id=JGOHDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |first=Des Raj |last=Goyal |author-link=Des Raj Goyal |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh |publisher=Radha Krishna Prakashan |location=Delhi |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8364-0566-8 }}
* {{citation |last=Graham |first=B. D. |chapter=Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the communalist alternative |editor=D. A. Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |publisher=University of California Press |year=1968 |asin=B0000CO7K5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85065-301-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Katju |first=Manjari |title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-250-2476-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Ananth V. |title=India since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-3465-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna |first1=Chaitanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnEMAQAAMAAJ |title=Fascism in India: Faces, Fangs, and Facts |last2=Noorani |first2=A. G |author-link2=A. G. Noorani |publisher=Manak Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7827-067-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |author-link=Gyanendra Pandey (historian) |chapter=Which of Us are Hindus? |editor=Gyanendra Pandey |title=Hindus and Others: The Question of Identity in India Today |publisher=Viking |location=New Delhi |year=1993 |pages=238–272 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Panikkar |first=K. N. |author-link=K. N. Panikkar |title=Culture and Communalism |journal=Social Scientist |volume=21 |pages=24–31 |number=3/4 |year=1993 |jstor=3517629 |doi=10.2307/3517629 }}
* {{cite news |last=Panikkar |first=K. N. |author-link=K. N. Panikkar |title=In the Name of Nationalism |newspaper=Frontline |date=13 March 2004 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2106/stories/20040326005400400.htm |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904095012/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2106/stories/20040326005400400.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Parvathy |first=A. A. |title=Secularism and Hindutva, A Discursive Study |publisher=Codewood Process & Printing |year=1994 |asin=B0006F4Y1A }}
* {{cite book |last=Prakashan | first= Bharat |title=Shri Guruji: The Man and His Mission, On the Occasion of His 51st Birthday |publisher=Bharat Prakashan |location=Delhi |year=1955 |oclc=24593952 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sant |first=Patricia M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JmAAAAAMAAJ |title=Indigeneity: Construction and Re/presentation |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56072-674-6}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
; Articles
* [[Walter K. Andersen|Andersen, Walter K.]], "Bharatiya Janata Party: Searching for the Hindu Nationalist Face", In ''The New Politics of the Right: Neo–Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies'', ed. Hans–Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 219–232. ({{ISBN|0-312-21134-1}} or {{ISBN|0-312-21338-7}})
* {{Cite journal | last = Desai | first = Radhika | title = A latter day fascism | journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]] | volume = 49 | issue = 35 | pages = 48–58 | publisher = Sameeksha Trust (India) | date = 30 August 2014 | url = http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/35/special-articles/latter-day-fascism.html | access-date = 30 November 2017 | archive-date = 1 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081005/http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/35/special-articles/latter-day-fascism.html | url-status = live }}
* [[Ainslie Embree|Embree, Ainslie T.]], 'The Function of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: To Define the Hindu Nation', in ''Accounting for Fundamentalisms, The Fundamentalism Project 4'', ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 617–652. ({{ISBN|0-226-50885-4}})
* Gold, Daniel, "Organised Hinduisms: From Vedic Truths to Hindu Nation" in: ''Fundamentalisms Observed: The Fundamentalism Project Vol. 4'', eds. M. E. Marty, R. S. Appleby, University of Chicago Press (1994), {{ISBN|978-0-226-50878-8}}, pp. 531–593.
* {{cite journal | last = Poonacha | first = Veena | title = Hindutva's Hidden Agenda: Why Women Fear Religious Fundamentalism | journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]] | volume = 28 | issue = 11 | pages = 438–439 | publisher = Sameeksha Trust (India) | date = 13 March 1993 | url = http://www.epw.in/journal/1993/11/commentary/hindutva-s-hidden-agenda-why-women-fear-religious-fundamentalism.html | access-date = 30 November 2017 | archive-date = 1 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042629/http://www.epw.in/journal/1993/11/commentary/hindutva-s-hidden-agenda-why-women-fear-religious-fundamentalism.html | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Project |first=The Polis |title=The Transnational Illicit Finance Funding Hindutva |url=https://thepolisproject.com/research/transnational-illicit-finance-hindutva-corporates/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |language=en-GB}}

; Books
* Banerjee, Partha, ''In the Belly of the Beast: The Hindu Supremacist RSS and BJP of India'' (Delhi: Ajanta, 1998). {{ISBN|978-81-202-0504-8}}
* [[Chetan Bhatt|Bhatt, Chetan]], ''Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths'', Berg Publishers (2001), {{ISBN|1-85973-348-4}}.
* [[Vinayak Chaturvedi|Chaturvedi, Vinayak]], ''Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History '' (Albany: SUNY, 2022).
* Hansen, Thomas Blom; Roy, Srirupa, eds. (2022). Saffron Republic: Hindu Nationalism and State Power in India. Cambridge University Press.
* Desai, Radhika. ''Slouching Towards Ayodhya: From Congress to Hindutva in Indian Politics'' (2nd ed.), New Delhi: Three Essays, 2004.
* [[Meera Nanda|Nanda, Meera]], ''The God Market: How Globalization Is Making India More Hindu'', Noida, Random House India. 2009. {{ISBN|978-81-8400-095-5}}.
* [[Martha C. Nussbaum|Nussbaum, Martha C.]], ''The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence and India's Future'', Harvard University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-674-03059-6}}
* {{cite book | editor-last = Puniyani | editor-first = Ram | title = Religion, power & violence: expression of politics in contemporary times | publisher = Sage | location = New Delhi; Thousand Oaks, Cal. | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-7619-3338-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sampath |first=Vikram |title=[[Savarkar: Echoes from a Forgotten Past]] |publisher=Penguin Viking |edition=First |year=2019 |isbn= 978-0-670-09030-3}}
* Ruthven, Malise, ''Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, USA (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-921270-5}}.
* Sharma, Jyotirmaya, ''Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism'', Penguin Global (2004), {{ISBN|0-670-04990-5}}.
* Smith, David James, ''Hinduism and Modernity'', Blackwell Publishing {{ISBN|0-631-20862-3}}
* Webb, Adam Kempton, ''Beyond the global culture war: Global horizons'', CRC Press (2006), {{ISBN|978-0-415-95313-9}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hindutva}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Hindutva}}

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West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education

2026-03-26T12:13:53Z

Pranjal mishra: minor edit

{{short description|Government education examination organization}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Bengali
| image = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = WBCHSE
| predecessor =
| successor =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Dr. Partha Karmakar <ref>{{citation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/bengal-hs-council-chief-chiranjib-bhattacharya-axed-from-post-partha-karmakar-to-take-over-101772206583554.html }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Dr. Priyadarshini Mallick <ref>{{citation|url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/home/ |title=Official Website of West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education }}</ref>
| parent_organization = [[Education in West Bengal|Government of West Bengal]]
| affiliations = [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|Department of School Education, Gov. of West Bengal]]
| established = {{start date and age|1975|04|03}} <ref>{{citation|url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/annual-working-plan/list-of-holidays/ |title=List of Holidays }}</ref>
| type = [[Government Organisation|Government School Education Board]]
| headquarters = Vidyasagar Bhavan, Salt Lake, Kolkata – 700 091
| website = {{URL|wbchse.wb.gov.in}}
}}

The '''West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education''' ('''WBCHSE''') is an Indian examining authority (School Educational Board), which is responsible for conducting examinations for standard XII for both government and private schools affiliated to this board. The exam is commonly known as [[Uccha Madhyamik Pariksha]] or Higher Secondary Exam ('''HS'''). It came into existence in 1975. It is responsible for improvement and promotion of education in the state. WBCHSE conducts the [[Uccha Madhyamik Pariksha|West Bengal Higher Secondary Examinations]] (Class 12) each year, for which more than 8 Lakh students appear across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wbchse.nic.in/html/ |title=-:: Welcome to the Official Website of West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education ::- |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234302/http://wbchse.nic.in/html/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/west-bengal-class-12-results-pass-percentage-1254962-2018-06-12|title=West Bengal Class 12th results declared: Here's the pass percentage|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/wbchse-hs-result-2018-live-updates-wb-class-12th-result-at-wbresults-nic-in-east-midnapore-tops-districts-1771989.html|title=WBCHSE HS Result 2018 LIVE Updates: WB Class 12th Result at wbresults.nic.in. East Midnapore Tops Districts|date=8 June 2018|website=News18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.results.shiksha/west-bengal/wbchse|title=WB Class 12 Results 2020|website=Results.Siksha|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>

First Higher Secondary examination was conducted by WBCHSE in 1978.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Official Website of West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education |url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/home/#:~:text=first%20Higher%20Secondary%20Examination%20took%20place%20in%20the%20year%201978. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220231644/https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/home/#:~:text=first%20Higher%20Secondary%20Examination%20took%20place%20in%20the%20year%201978. |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Till then, its equivalent exam (known as 'Intermediate' degree) was conducted by [[University of Calcutta]].

== Examination system ==

In the initial years, students had to write answers to essay type questions and long answer type questions. Later, this was considered as 'stressful', 'unscientific' and 'injustice' to students as some single questions used to carry 16 marks and five such questions had to be answered in some subjects. There remained chances of non-uniform evaluation of different students' answer by different examiners.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 4, 2005 |title=HS Closes Chapter of Long Answers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hs-closes-chapter-of-long-answers/cid/850855 |access-date=April 2, 2025}}</ref> Short answer type questions were introduced eventually.

Exams of each subject consisted of two papers. Paper 1 focussed on topics of class XI and Paper 2 of class XII mainly. This existing system of holding the HS exam on the basis of a combined syllabi of both the classes was decided to be replaced by evaluation based on only class 12 from the 2007 HS exam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 27, 2005 |title=Class XI exam in school bag - Higher Secondary split to take effect from 2007 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/class-xi-exam-in-school-bag-higher-secondary-split-to-take-effect-from-2007/cid/872627 |access-date=April 3, 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref> Thereafter, the two-paper system had been done away with. Since then, WBCHSE had been preparing question paper for Annual Exam at the end of class XI and the HS exam at the end of class XII.<ref name=":0" /> Schools were directed to conduct a 'Test Examination' mandatorily at the end of class 12 for qualifying to write in the HS exam. Many schools used to conduct half-yearly exams internally for class XI and XII in the middle of each session.

In 2024, as per Council's direction, schools individually conducted the Annual Exam of class XI strictly following the question structure of the council.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Bishwanath |date=2023-05-25 |title=West Bengal schools to conduct their own Class XI exams |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-schools-to-conduct-their-own-class-xi-exams/article66892640.ece |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The HS exam of 2025 was the last regular one conducted by WBCHSE in Annual system.

Replacing the age-old Annual system, WBCHSE introduced a four phase [[Uccha Madhyamik Pariksha#Semester System|semester system]] from the academic year 2024–25, first in [[Indian education|India]] in Higher secondary level. It consists of two semesters for class XI (Sem-1 and Sem-2) and next two semesters for class XII (Sem-3 and Sem-4). Sem-1 and 3 are MCQ based and Sem-2 and 4 exams have descriptive questions. Semesters 1 and 2 make up the class XI curriculum whereas 3 and 4 for class XII.

In accordance with the State Education Policy of [[Government of West Bengal]], the erstwhile 'HS exam' or 12th board exam is now effectively split into Semester 3 and Semester 4 exams. Students will appear in the HS exam under this system in 2026 for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-20 |title=West Bengal HS council notifies semester system in state-run schools |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/west-bengal-hs-council-notifies-semester-system-in-state-run-schools/articleshow/109438204.cms |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Major changes ==
Since its inception in 1975, the syllabi, course structure, curricula and subjects offered were changed several times. The first major syllabus change was done in 2005 <ref>{{Cite news |date=June 20, 2005 |title=Now, new-look HS |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/now-new-look-hs/cid/876562 |access-date=April 2, 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |location=Kolkata}}</ref> and later in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-04 |title=Expert committee to upgrade HS syllabus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/expert-committee-to-upgrade-hs-syllabus/articleshow/11357443.cms |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The latest change in subject combination, syllabi and exam structure was done in 2024–25.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-16 |title=WBCHSE revises class 11, 12 syllabus for 17 subjects, including English, Bengali, and Commerce & Arts subjects: Check list of changes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/wbchse-revises-class-11-12-syllabus-for-17-subjects-including-english-bengali-and-commerce-arts-subjects-check-list-of-changes/articleshow/116360652.cms |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]
* [[School Education Department, West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education]]
*[[West Bengal Council of Rabindra Open Schooling]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/}}
* [https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/books-for-language-subject/ Books published by WBCHSE in 2024]

{{School education in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education}}
[[Category:Education in West Bengal]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational boards based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:State agencies of West Bengal]]

Krrish 3

2026-03-24T15:16:04Z

Pranjal mishra: adjusted information for clarity

{{short description|2013 superhero action thriller film by Rakesh Roshan}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krrish 3
| native_name =
| image = Krrish 3 (2013 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = 
| director = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| producer = Rakesh Roshan
| story = Rakesh Roshan
| screenplay = Rakesh Roshan<br/>Irfan Kamal<br/>
[[Honey Irani]]<br/>[[Robin Bhatt]]<br/>[[Akarsh Khurana]]
| narrator = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| starring = [[Hrithik Roshan]]<br />[[Vivek Oberoi]]<br />[[Priyanka Chopra]]<br/>[[Kangana Ranaut]]
| music = '''Score:'''<br/>[[Salim–Sulaiman]]<br/>'''Songs:'''<br/>[[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = [[Tirru]]
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| studio = Filmkraft Productions Pvt. Ltd
| distributor = Filmkraft Productions Pvt. Ltd (Domestic)<br>[[Eros International]] (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|01}}<ref name="Release Date">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krrish-3-now-to-release-on-November-1/articleshow/23299420.cms|title=Krrish 3 now to release on November 1|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 September 2013|date=30 September 2013|archive-date=1 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001035339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krrish-3-now-to-release-on-November-1/articleshow/23299420.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/krrish-3-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zodewndm|title=Krrish 3|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153802/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/krrish-3-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zodewndm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|100 crore}}<ref name="Krishhh">{{cite news|title=Krish3|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1711|publisher=Box Office India|archive-date=12 November 2018|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101358/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1711|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=FE Online |date=7 November 2013 |title=Krrish 3 flying high on success, touches Rs 150 crore mark |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/krrish-3-earns-rs-150-crore-216739-2013-11-06#google_vignette |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|393 crore}}<ref name="Hungam">{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/krrish-3/box-office/ | title=Krrish 3 Box Office Collection | India | Day Wise | Box Office - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=November 2013 | access-date=16 October 2019 | archive-date=20 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120064326/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/krrish-3/box-office/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Krrish 3''''' is a 2013 Indian [[superhero film|superhero]] [[action thriller film]] written, produced and directed by [[Rakesh Roshan]],<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web|title=Hrithik: I wanted to play the villain in Krrish 3|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-hrithik-roshan/20120117.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-date=20 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120001941/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-hrithik-roshan/20120117.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> who wrote the screenplay with [[Honey Irani]] and [[Robin Bhatt]]. It is the third film in the [[Krrish (franchise)|''Krrish'' series]], following ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003) and ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Get-ready-for-27-movie-sequels/articleshow/8070646.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523184122/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/news-interviews/29468515_1_sequels-original-movie-carry-on-series |url-status=live |archive-date=23 May 2012 | title=Get ready for 27 movie sequels | date=24 April 2011 | access-date=27 April 2012 | last=Iyer|work=[[The Times of India]] | first=Meena}}</ref> The film stars [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]]. In the film, Krishna Mehra, also known as Krrish, with his wife, Priya Mehra, and his scientist father, Rohit Mehra, face an elaborate conspiracy orchestrated by the [[mad scientist]] Kaal and his gang of mutants, led by the ruthless Kaya.

''Krrish 3'' was initially scheduled to release as a [[3D film]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/personal-tech/computing/3D-movies-Bollywood-gives-a-new-dimension/articleshow/10641197.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034135/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-07/computing/30369386_1_3d-glasses-theatre-owners | url-status=live | archive-date=28 September 2013 | title=3D movies: Bollywood gives a new dimension | date=7 November 2011 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=8 November 2011 }}</ref> However, due to lack of release time to convert the film to 3D, it was released only in the 2D format. ''Krrish 3'' released worldwide on 1 November 2013.<ref name="Release Date"/><ref name="2D">{{cite news | url=http://freepressjournal.in/krrish-3-not-in-3d/ | title=Krrish 3 not in 3D | author=Noel Singh Dias | date=7 August 2013 | access-date=31 October 2013 | archive-date=24 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024224714/http://freepressjournal.in/krrish-3-not-in-3d/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced on a budget of {{INRConvert|100|c}},<ref name="Krishhh"/> the film grossed {{INRConvert|393.37|c}} worldwide.<ref name="Hungam"/> It has received generally positive reviews from critics and is one of the [[List of Indian superhero films|highest-grossing Indian superhero films]].<ref name="rt">{{cite web |title=Krrish 3 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/krrish_3/ |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413094057/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/krrish_3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sumreviews"/> ''Krrish 3'' has consistently maintained a position among [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|the top 50 highest-grossing Indian films]] for over a decade, since its release in 2013.

==Plot==
Rohit Mehra now lives with Krishna in [[Mumbai]] and works in a research institute. Krishna is married to Priya, who now works as a reporter for [[Aaj Tak]]. Krishna, while moonlighting as superhero ''Krrish'', is regularly fired from various day jobs due to lack of attendance. Rohit is researching a device that will bring dead tissues to life using solar energy but the experiment needs a filter which could pass only the amount of sunlight needed.

A deadly virus is spreading in [[Namibia]] whose antidote has not yet been discovered. Rohit's friend Dr. Varun Shetty, and Dr. Alok Sen, a scientist who wants to reveal information about the virus, are murdered by Kaya, a shapeshifting female mutant. She is the secretary of Kaal, a handicapped evil geneticist with telekinetic powers. Kaal creates a team of human-animal hybrids called ''Maanvars'' (a portmanteau of two Hindi words "Maanav" meaning human and "Jaanvar" meaning animal) with distinct physical powers to cure himself but to no avail.

The virus was spread by Kaal himself to incur huge profits by selling its antidote. On Krishna's birthday Priya gives the good news of her pregnancy to Krishna and Rohit. Kaal sends his mutants to India to infect the population. Rohit discovers that the virus, now spreading through Mumbai, has no effect on Krishna, Priya or himself. He decides to test it on Krishna. Rohit makes an antidote with Krishna's blood, which Krishna spreads over the whole city. Kaal sends his mutants to attack Rohit. Krrish saves Rohit but Priya is injured. Carrying out Kaal's instructions, Kaya shapeshifts into Priya while Priya is kidnapped by Kaal.

Posing as Priya, Kaya leads Krishna to believe that Priya miscarried in the attack. While discovering the truth behind the antidote, she starts loving Krishna one-sidedly and often feels guilty for cheating him.

Meanwhile, Kaal plans to have Priya an early childbirth so that he could use the child's bone marrow to cure his disability. Kaya, disguised as Krishna, goes to Rohit's home lab where Rohit reveals that he would travel to Singapore to meet Dr. Mathur, who used to work with Dr. Arya. Rohit hopes this meeting will help solve the mystery behind the virus. At the same as Krishna walks to the lab to meet Rohit, Kaya, still disguised as Krishna then transforms into Priya and lies to the real Krishna, saying Rohit is busy with his research work and shouldn't be disturbed. The next day, Rohit calls Krishna and tells that he had sought every answer from Dr. Mathur.

Krishna, unaware of all these, realizes that something is wrong and finds out that Priya has been kidnapped. He transforms into Krrish and confronts Kaya. Kaya finally agrees to help and leads him to Kaal’s secret lab, where Priya is rescued. It is revealed that Kaal is Rohit's biological son, created by an experiment conducted by Dr. Arya while [[Krrish#Plot|Rohit was held hostage by him years earlier]]. He was born inheriting Rohit's powers but handicapped except his face and index fingers. He gets adopted by a wealthy man who he then kills.

Kaal uses Rohit's bone marrow to cure his disability. Kaya saves Priya but is murdered by Kaal for her disloyalty. Kaal also severely injures Krrish. Rohit re-uses his failed dead tissues experiment to save Krishna. However, the beam of light created by the experiment needs a filter in order to take effect on Krishna. Rohit stands in front of it, allowing only a portion of it to make contact with Krishna. This resurrects Krishna, killing Rohit in the process.

Kaal has returned to Mumbai to threaten its citizens should Priya not be found and taken to him. Priya voluntarily surrenders herself, but Krrish then arrives and a fight between Krrish and Kaal ensues. With the two now capable of flight and super strength, Krrish and Kaal's fighting destroys many buildings across Mumbai, while Krrish is emotionally weakened due to the number of people dying around them. Finally, Krrish manages to kill Kaal using Rohit's solar experiment pen by focusing the unfiltered rays onto him.

Six months later, in the aftermath, Krishna and Priya name their newborn son, Rohit Mehra. The baby also seems to exhibit superpowers.

==Cast==
* [[Hrithik Roshan]] in [[dual role]] as
** [[Krrish (franchise)#Dr. Rohit Mehra|Rohit Mehra]], Krishna's father; Kaal's biological father; Priya's father-in-law and Jr. Rohit's grandfather
** [[Krrish (character)|Krishna Mehra / Krrish]], Dr. Rohit's son; Kaal's biological brother; Priya's husband and Jr. Rohit's father
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as [[Krrish (film series)#Kaal|Kaal]], a handicapped evil scientist; Rohit's scientifically created son by Dr. Arya and Krishna's biological brother <ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |title=Vivek to play villain in Krrish 3|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vivek-to-play-villain-in-Krrish-3/articleshow/7957927.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523184113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/news-interviews/29409657_1_vivek-oberoi-rakesh-roshan-krrish|url-status=live|archive-date=23 May 2012|date=12 April 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref>
** [[Rohan Shah]] as young Kaal
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as [[Krrish (film series)#Priya Mehra|Priya Mehra]], Krishna's wife; Rohit's daughter-in-law and Jr. Rohit's mother
* [[Kangana Ranaut]] as [[Krrish (film series)#Kaya|Kaya]], Kaal's most trusted hench woman and Krishna's one-sided lover
* [[Arif Zakaria]] as [[Krrish (film series)#Dr. Varun Shetty|Dr. Varun Shetty]], Rohit's scientist friend
* [[Asif Basra]] as [[Krrish (film series)#Dr. Alok Sen|Dr. Alok Sen]], a scientist working at Kaal Pharmaceuticals
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Kripal Sharma, Krishna's friend and colleague
* [[Rakhee Vijan]] as Kripal's wife
* Gowhar Khan as [[Krrish (film series)#Striker|Striker the Frogman]]
* Nazia Shaikh as [[Krrish (film series)#Cheetah Woman|Cheetah Woman]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Fashion entrepreneur Nazia Shaikh plays Cheetah Girl in Krrish 3|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/fashion-entrepreneur-nazia-shaikh-plays-cheetah-girl-krrish-3|archive-date=24 October 2013|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024005321/http://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/fashion-entrepreneur-nazia-shaikh-plays-cheetah-girl-krrish-3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Sameer Ali Khan as [[Krrish (film series)#Ant Man|Ant Man]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-Kung-FuKrrish-3-hrithik-roshan/articleshow/24775679.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031004032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-27/news-interviews/43432453_1_martial-arts-krrish-3-cynthia-rothrock |url-status=live |archive-date=31 October 2013 |title=Martial arts action star Sameer Ali in Krrish 3 |date=4 January 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[Shaurya Chauhan]] as [[Krrish (character)#Scorpion Woman|Scorpion Woman]]
* Danniel Kaleb as [[Krrish (film series)#Rhino Man|Rhino Man]]
* Vineet Sharma as Pilot of Air India aircraft
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as [[Chief minister of Maharashtra]] (Special appearance)
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as [[Krrish (film series)#Dr. Siddhant Arya|Dr. Siddhant Arya]] (Special appearance)
* [[Mohnish Behl]] as Kaal's adoptive father (Special appearance)
* [[Raju Kher]] as a scientist in Kaal's lab
* [[Rekha]] and [[Preity Zinta]] appear as [[Krrish (film series)#Sonia Mehra|Sonia Mehra]] and [[Krrish (film series)#Nisha Mehra|Nisha Mehra]] in flashback scenes from the archived footages of ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' and ''[[Krrish]]''
* Suranika Soni as Suranika (an uncredited appearance): The girl asking Rohit about Krrish in their flecitation ceremony

==Production==
The film was referred to as both ''Krrish 2'' and ''Krrish 3'' in media reports. Hrithik Roshan confirmed in an interview to [[Rediff.com]] that on similar lines as with the [[Rambo (film series)|Rambo]] franchise (where the first film was named ''[[First Blood]]'', then came ''[[Rambo: First Blood Part II|Rambo]]'' and then ''[[Rambo III|Rambo 3]]''), the film will be called ''Krrish 3''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-hrithik-roshan/20120117.htm#4 | title=Hrithik: I wanted to play the villain in Krrish 3 | publisher=Rediff | date=17 January 2012 | access-date=15 April 2012 | archive-date=20 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120001941/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-hrithik-roshan/20120117.htm#4 | url-status=live }}</ref> Rakesh Roshan also clarified the title to [[Bollywood Hungama]].<ref name=Diwali>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1399476 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114154127/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1399476 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2012 |title='Krrish 3' in Diwali 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref> In an interview director [[Rakesh Roshan]] said "I can't reveal the budget of the movie, but it has been a very costly film".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-krrish-3-perfect-diwali-treat-for-movie-buffs-1910274 |title=Krrish 3 – perfect Diwali treat for movie buffs |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031060817/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-krrish-3-perfect-diwali-treat-for-movie-buffs-1910274 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was reportedly produced on a budget of {{INR|1.15 billion}} ({{US$|{{To USD|1150|IND|year=2013|round=yes}} million}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krrish-3-gets-a-grand-opening/articleshow/25052713.cms |title='Krrish 3' gets a grand opening |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> [[Red Chillies VFX]], a subdivision of [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s motion picture production banner [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], worked on the special effects worth {{INRConvert|260|m}} for ''Krrish 3''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-krrish-3-gets-grand-opening-1912506|title=Krrish 3 gets grand opening|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=1 November 2013|access-date=3 November 2013|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103181910/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-krrish-3-gets-grand-opening-1912506|url-status=live}}</ref> The filming process was completed in June 2012, and then the VFX team started their work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5767|title='I had finished shooting Krrish 3 in June 2012' - Rakesh Roshan|website=Bollywood Hungama|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118195615/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5767|archive-date=18 November 2013}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[File:Sphinx Observatory.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Sphinx Observatory]] at the [[Alps]], portrayed as Kaal's laboratory in the film]]
{{quote box
| quote = "While shooting in hot and humid conditions in India – in the film studios in Hyderabad, and in Mumbai, the mask [made of wax] would get distorted and start melting. This was because of the high temperature, which would often go up to as high as 44 degrees. At times, it seems it was so hot that in a day, he [Hrithik Roshan] would end up changing five to six masks,"
| source = – ''The Hindustan Times'', who stated that Roshan ended up using 500 masks<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/514940/20131018/krrish-3-hrithik-roshan-500-masks-superhero.htm |title='Krrish 3': Hrithik Roshan Uses 500 Masks in Superhero Flick – International Business Times |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027005905/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/514940/20131018/krrish-3-hrithik-roshan-500-masks-superhero.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
Principal photography began on 1 December 2011 with Vivek Oberoi, Kangana Ranaut and Priyanka Chopra. However, Hrithik Roshan did not participate in the first schedule due to a back injury.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lalwani|first=Vickey|title=No stunts for Hrithik Roshan, advised doctor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/No-stunts-for-Hrithik-Roshan-advised-doctor/articleshow/10901759.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815233412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-28/news-interviews/30449592_1_krrish-stunts-hrithik-roshan|url-status=live|archive-date=15 August 2013|access-date=30 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 November 2011}}</ref> The primary location of filming was [[Filmistan]] Studios at [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan injured on the sets of 'Krrish 3'|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hrithik-roshan-injured-on-the-sets-of-krrish-3/211488-8-130.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208172851/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hrithik-roshan-injured-on-the-sets-of-krrish-3/211488-8-130.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2013|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> Actress [[Shaurya Chauhan]] had an accident while shooting for the film in [[Hyderabad]], due to which the film had to face some delays.<ref name="Shaurya">{{cite news|title=Krrish 3 villain hurt|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Krrish-3-villain-hurt/articleshow/11895750.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130708133008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/news-interviews/31062890_1_villain-rakesh-roshan-s-krrish-shaurya-chauhan|url-status= live|archive-date= 8 July 2013|access-date=15 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 February 2012}}</ref> On 29 August 2012, it was reported that, the makers had decided the superhero to indulge in the action sequences in snowy terrains. So, some part of the film was shot in [[Alps]], Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krrish 3: Next schedule to be shot in Switzerland|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/krrish-3-next-schedule-to-be-shot-in-switzerland/286559-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831064828/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/krrish-3-next-schedule-to-be-shot-in-switzerland/286559-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2012|access-date=7 September 2013|work=IBN Live|date=29 August 2012}}</ref> Filming also took place in Jordan where a song featuring Roshan and Ranaut was shot.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krrish 3: Hrithik-Kangana's romantic song shoot in Jordan|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-27/news-interviews/42458716_1_krrish-3-song-shoot-hrithik-roshan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929081904/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-27/news-interviews/42458716_1_krrish-3-song-shoot-hrithik-roshan|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Rakesh Roshan stated in an interview that the shooting of Krrish 3 was completed by June 2012 with the [[Visual effects|VFX]] took one and half years to complete with the last of them coming on 22 October 2013, just 10 days before the release of the film with each and every VFX action sequence undergoing a revision of 40 to 50 times before inclusion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5767 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118195615/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5767 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2013 |title=I had finished shooting Krrish 3 in June 2012 - Rakesh Roshan | Latest Movie Features |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>

===Casting===
Following the success of the previous instalments, director [[Rakesh Roshan]] planned to develop a second sequel to the franchise, with [[Hrithik Roshan]] playing the protagonist again. He had penned the script, but had to re-work it as the storyline was too similar to the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] blockbuster ''[[Spider-Man 3]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rakesh Roshan reworking on Krrish 3's script|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1194339/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120045303/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1194339|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2013|date=3 February 2010|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> [[Priyanka Chopra]] was later confirmed to reprise the role of Priya. In this film, she will be seen married to Krishna Mehra.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dubey, Rachana |title=Hrithik, Priyanka pair up again |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hrithik-Priyanka-pair-up-again/Article1-641497.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226021859/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hrithik-Priyanka-pair-up-again/Article1-641497.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2010|work=Hindustan Times|date=22 December 2010|access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Body Transformation| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/How-I-got-my-body-back-in-shape-Hrithik-Roshan/articleshow/42439327.cms| work=The Times of India| date=27 April 2017| archive-date=25 April 2018| access-date=25 February 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425064004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/How-I-got-my-body-back-in-shape-Hrithik-Roshan/articleshow/42439327.cms| url-status=live}}</ref>

Next, [[Chitrangada Singh]] announced her inclusion in the project as a [[mutant]] but left the film due to unspecified reasons. Later on, [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] was signed but she, later on, backed out of the film due to a lack of dates. It was reported that actresses [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Esha Gupta]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] were to replace Fernandez.<ref name= Role>{{cite news|title=Esha Gupta to replace Jacqueline?|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-26/news-interviews/30320638_1_esha-gupta-chitrangada-singh-role|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131021155612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-26/news-interviews/30320638_1_esha-gupta-chitrangada-singh-role|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]| date=26 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nargis Fakhri in 'Krrish' Sequel|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/nargis-fakhri-in-krrish-sequel_99041.htm|publisher=zeenews|archive-date=31 January 2012|access-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131023626/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/nargis-fakhri-in-krrish-sequel_99041.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, [[Kangana Ranaut]] was confirmed to play the role, who coincidentally was originally offered the role.<ref name=Role/> Rakesh Roshan had earlier revealed to the media that the main antagonist of the film would be as powerful as the hero.<ref>{{cite news|title=Casting|url=http://www.bollywood.com/node/1857|publisher=Subhash K Jha|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-date=15 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315212537/http://www.bollywood.com/node/1857|url-status=live}}</ref> After talks with [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] fell through, [[Vivek Oberoi]] was eventually cast for the role.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref name=ie/> In an interview with Bollywood News Service, Oberoi said, "Kaal is contrary to my nature. I am very friendly and Kaal isn't," and added, "He has anger and vengeance burning within him; he hates humanity. To express these emotions through my eyes was difficult."<ref>{{cite news |last=Britto |first=Anita |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/enter-the-angry-kaal/article5290775.ece |title=Enter the angry Kaal |work=The Hindu |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=10 November 2013 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103025056/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/enter-the-angry-kaal/article5290775.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2011, [[Lakshmi Manchu]] claimed to have been offered a role in the film as the antagonist's girlfriend.<ref>{{cite news |title=I was approached for Krrish 3: Lakshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-was-approached-for-Krrish-3-Lakshmi/articleshow/7334134.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419032645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-22/news-interviews/28370145_1_krrish-rakesh-roshan-picturised-song|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2012|date=15 April 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref> Its overseas distribution rights were sold to [[Eros International]] while Rakesh Roshan retained rights in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rakesh retains rights of Krrish 3 in Mumbai|url=http://www.zingtv.in/videos/rakesh-retains-rights-of-krrish-2-in-mumbai.html|newspaper=Zingtv|date=26 July 2011|access-date=23 February 2012|archive-date=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015152153/http://www.zingtv.in/videos/rakesh-retains-rights-of-krrish-2-in-mumbai.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There was also initial speculation that [[Rekha]] would play a major role in the film, which was later denied as a rumour.<ref name=ie>{{cite news|title=Rekha not a part of Krrish 3|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rekha-not-a-part-of-krrish-2/779755/|access-date=16 August 2011|last=Sahgal|first=Geety|archive-date=20 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120035921/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rekha-not-a-part-of-krrish-2/779755|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Design and costumes===
For the cast's costumes, Rakesh Roshan involved with designer Gavin Miguel. Roshan wanted a light and flexible costume to allow Kangana Ranaut to do her stunts without any restrictions where he stated "She has a lot of toughness in her personality. So instead of looking at feminine superheroes for reference, I looked at Batman". It took three and half hours to apply Ranaut's makeup every day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Designing Kangana and Vivek's costumes for Krrish 3|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5700|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103194606/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5700|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|work=Screen Weekly|publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> Oberoi is dressed in a metal suit weighing around 28 kilograms, which required about 2–3 hours and 7-8 workers to fix on the body.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Kaal costume in Krrish 3 weighed 28 kgs [sic], says Vivek Oberoi|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-kaal-costume-in-krrish-3-weighed-28-kgs-says-vivek-oberoi-1917402|work=Andre Borges|publisher=DNA Web Team|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111140146/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-kaal-costume-in-krrish-3-weighed-28-kgs-says-vivek-oberoi-1917402|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Krrish 3 (soundtrack)}}
The songs of the film are being composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]] at Krishna Audio; whilst the background score is being composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]]. The music rights of the film were acquired by [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] for {{INRConvert|60|m}}. The full soundtrack album was released on 19 September 2013 with music composed by [[Rakesh Roshan]].<ref name="iTunes release and date-of-release">{{cite web |date=27 September 2013 |title=iTunes Music – Krrish 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Rajesh Roshan |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/krrish-3-original-motion-picture/id710426815 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305233017/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/krrish-3-original-motion-picture/id710426815 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=9 November 2013 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 September 2013 |title=Raghupati Raghav (From "Krrish 3") – Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/raghupati-raghav-from-krrish/id706850548 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131102121512/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/raghupati-raghav-from-krrish/id706850548 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |work=[[Rajesh Roshan]] |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref>

==Marketing==
Promotions for the movie started post-July 2013 and the first look of Krrish 3 was unveiled online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hrithik-roshan-unveils-the-first-look-of-krrish-3/1134652/ |title=Hrithik Roshan unveils the first look of Krrish 3 |work=The Indian Express|date=27 June 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref> Response for the poster was quite enthusiastic from the audience. The first trailer video was published by filmmakers on their official [[YouTube]] channel on 5 August 2013. It received more than 2.3 million views at YouTube within its first day of release and thereby surpassing the record held by ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' of 1 million views in one day. ''Krrish 3'' trailer became the most watched Bollywood trailer on YouTube with 12 million views within two weeks, even eclipsing the trailers for such Hollywood superhero blockbusters as ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' (2011) and ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krrish-3-trailer-gets-more-views-than-Thor-and-Avengers/articleshow/21893098.cms |title='Krrish 3' trailer gets more views than 'Thor' and 'Avengers' |work=The Times of India |date=18 August 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krrish-3-is-the-most-watched-Bollywood-trailer-online/articleshow/22938348.cms |title='Krrish 3' is the most watched Bollywood trailer online |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924133038/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krrish-3-is-the-most-watched-Bollywood-trailer-online/articleshow/22938348.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Press reaction has been positive to the teaser trailer with many stating it echoes the look of recent superhero movies from Hollywood such as ''[[Iron Man 3]]'', ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' and ''[[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]]''. Author of ''Bollywood: An Insider's Guide'', Fuad Omar wrote on his blog that such comparisons were unfair given they were based on comic books and intellectual properties that had been developed over decades. He commented that ''Krrish'' was very much an original character created by [[Rakesh Roshan]] and developed by Filmkraft and so the film and character deserved credit for setting a new standard for an original superhero which has not been seen elsewhere in the world. He also stated that no other filmmaker in India or elsewhere has managed to achieve what Rakesh Roshan and [[Hrithik Roshan]] have in completely creating a new character and comes out with a hugely successful franchise that is original and has fueled a fanfare similar to those of comic book heroes yet with Krrish's story still being written with each film.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Navdeep |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/krrish-3-smashes-avengers-record-183000728.html |title=Krrish 3 smashes Avengers' record |publisher=Yahoo News India |date=18 August 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021063855/http://in.news.yahoo.com/krrish-3-smashes-avengers-record-183000728.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1875973/report-roshans-break-records |title=Roshans break records! – Entertainment |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=18 August 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015091703/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1875973/report-roshans-break-records |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Krrish 3'' was the first Indian film to launch its own official [[Facebook Emoticons]] as part of promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-krrish-3-emoticons-launched-on-facebook-1893372|title=Krrish 3 emoticons launched on Facebook|publisher=DNA India|date=24 September 2013|access-date=25 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201004/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-krrish-3-emoticons-launched-on-facebook-1893372|url-status=live}}</ref> An official ''Krrish 3'' game was launched for Windows smartphones, tablets and PCs. The game was developed by [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] and Gameshastra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/krrish-3-game-announced-for-windows-smartphones-tablets-and-pcs-429973 |title=Krrish 3 game announced for Windows smartphones, tablets and PCs | NDTV Gadgets |publisher=Gadgets.ndtv.com |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103211048/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/krrish-3-game-announced-for-windows-smartphones-tablets-and-pcs-429973 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
The film was previously expected to release on 4 November 2013 but was brought forward to a 1 November, Diwali release.<ref name="Divij Sonak">{{cite news|work=IBN Live Movies|title=Hrithik Roshan-starrer 'Krrish 3' to be released on November 4|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hrithik-roshanpriyanka-chopra-starrer-krrish-3-to-hit-screens-on-no/401847-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629222155/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hrithik-roshanpriyanka-chopra-starrer-krrish-3-to-hit-screens-on-no/401847-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2013|access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> ''Krrish 3'' released in over 4000 screens worldwide (3500 screens in India) and nearly 600 screens in key circuits overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6196&nCat=|title=Krissh 3 Finds It Tough Against Pre-Diwali Phase|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=1 November 2013|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104054021/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6196&nCat=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dhoom-3-trailer-attracts-huge-advance-bookings-113110100712_1.html |title=Dhoom 3 trailer attracts huge advance bookings |work=Business Standard |date=November 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |last1=Malvania |first1=Urvi |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103003606/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dhoom-3-trailer-attracts-huge-advance-bookings-113110100712_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Tamil for release in South Indian states.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6200&nCat= |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104234021/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6200&nCat= |url-status=live }}</ref> The distributors of the film released the film in 150-200 screens in the [[Tamil Nadu|TN]] and [[Kerala]] circuits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-s-krrish-3-gets-the-widest-domestic-release/article1-1145653.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102142900/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-s-krrish-3-gets-the-widest-domestic-release/article1-1145653.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2013 |title=Hrithik Roshan's Krrish 3 gets the widest domestic release? |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/krrish-3-is-it-going-to-be-the-biggest-bollywood-hit-till-date/431550-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031100243/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/krrish-3-is-it-going-to-be-the-biggest-bollywood-hit-till-date/431550-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2013 |title=Krrish 3: Is it going to be the biggest Bollywood hit till date? |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Uday Singh Rajput, a writer from [[Sagar district]] in Madhya Pradesh moved the [[Bombay High Court]] alleging copyright violation of the script of ''Krrish 3'' and seeking a stay on the all India release of the film and claiming {{INR}}20 million compensation.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-28/news-interviews/43461966_1_copyright-row-film-writers-association-two-crore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031010103/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-28/news-interviews/43461966_1_copyright-row-film-writers-association-two-crore |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Hrithik's 'Krrish 3' in copyright row, writer claims Rs 2-cr |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> But, the High Court refused to grant relief to the writer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pti – Mumbai |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Krrish-3-to-release-on-Friday-as-HC-junks-copyright/2013/10/29/article1862662.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084251/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Krrish-3-to-release-on-Friday-as-HC-junks-copyright/2013/10/29/article1862662.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2013 |title='Krrish 3' to release on Friday as HC junks copyright |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=71|count=17|average=5.8|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=November 11, 2018}} Critics directed praise towards cast performances (particularly Hrithik Roshan, Kangana Ranaut and Vivek Oberoi), [[visual effects|VFX]], cinematography, background score, direction and entertainment value, but criticism has been directed towards the film's lack of originality, soundtrack and writing.<ref name="sumreviews">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-krrish-3-entertains-but-lacks-originality/story-IXdtmKJEbxrDuC2edbHMAK.html |title=Movie review: Krrish 3 entertains, but lacks originality |work=Hindustan Times |date=November 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510113057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-krrish-3-entertains-but-lacks-originality/story-IXdtmKJEbxrDuC2edbHMAK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===India===
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and stated that "the film has all the ingredients that make a splendid superhero film, besides being Rakesh Roshan's most accomplished work so far."<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Taran Adarsh review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/525408|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421045941/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/525408|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> Madhureeta Mukherjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 4.5 stars while commenting "For sheer vision, bravado and superlative execution, this one soars to new orbits. Latch on to this cape for an exhilarating ride."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Madhureeta|title=Madhureeta Mukherjee review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/krrish-3-krrish-3-movie-review/movie-review/24993490.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 October 2013|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031113011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Krrish-3-Krrish-3-movie-review/movie-review/24993490.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Raedita Tandan of ''[[Filmfare]]'' awarded it 4 out of 5 stars, remarking "Hats off to Rakesh Roshan for dreaming big and actually pulling off this risky proposition. It's not perfect. But it has all the elements a good, entertaining film must have. All you Marvel superheroes, better watch out. Krrish is here to stay."<ref>{{cite web|last=Tandan|first=Raedita|title=Raedita Tandan review|url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/movie-review-krrish-3_-4553.html|publisher=Filmfare.com|access-date=31 October 2013|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031140854/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/movie-review-krrish-3_-4553.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anupama Chopra of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 3.5 stars and said, "Filmmaker Rakesh Roshan deserves a round of applause for giving us a homegrown superhero. Krrish 3 is ambitious and exciting."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-krrish-3-by-anupama-chopra/article1-1146252.aspx?htsw0023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109041522/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-krrish-3-by-anupama-chopra/article1-1146252.aspx?htsw0023 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2014 |title=Film review HT |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> Sarita Tanwar of ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' gave it 3.5 stars and wrote, "Krrish 3 is fast-paced and the VFX effects are smashing."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-krrish-3-is-an-entertaining-mix-of-spectacle-and-human-scale-drama-1912095 |title=Film review: Krrish 3 is an entertaining mix of spectacle and human-scale drama – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103194055/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-krrish-3-is-an-entertaining-mix-of-spectacle-and-human-scale-drama-1912095 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rohit Khilnani of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 3.5 stars noting, "The only part where the movie dips are during the songs. The music sounds too dated for this action-packed film."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/krrish-3-review-starring-hrithik-roshan-priyanka-chopra-kangana-ranaut-216085-2013-10-30 |title=Movie Review: Krrish 3 : Reviews, News |work=India Today |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101085058/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/krrish-3-review-starring-hrithik-roshan-priyanka-chopra-kangana-ranaut/1/321092.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 and stated "I'm going with two-and-a-half stars for the film, and an additional half star just for Hrithik Roshan, which makes it three out of five for Krrish 3. The film is ambitious but flawed. It is, however, consistently watchable for its terrific lead star who you can't take your eyes off, even for a moment".<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajeev Masand review|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/man-in-the-mask/|work=rajeevmasand.com|access-date=1 November 2013|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103051642/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/man-in-the-mask/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars, while adding, "Krrish 3 is an outrageous mishmash of Bollywood sentimentality meets E.T. meets Superman meets X-Men with set pieces, sound design and screenplay structure liberally borrowed from Hollywood's imagination."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-krrish-3-is-a-superhero-mashup/20131101.htm |title=Krrish 3 Review: Hrithik to the rescue again! |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-krrish-3-is-heartbreakingly-unoriginal/20131101.htm |title=Review: Krrish 3 is heartbreakingly unoriginal |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034847/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-krrish-3-is-heartbreakingly-unoriginal/20131101.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Aparna Mudi of ''[[Zee News]]'' rated the film 3 stars saying, "'Krrish 3' has all the elements of an entertainer and a lot of potential to have given some serious competition to Hollywood flicks."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/krrish-3-movie-review-891 |title=Krrish 3 Movie Review Zee News |publisher=Zee News |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225060005/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/krrish-3-movie-review-891 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars stating, "Krrish 3 is, for the most part, impressively ambitious and dazzlingly competent, if not always riveting."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/krrish-3-movie-review-891 |title=Krrish 3 movie review | NDTV Movies.com |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225060005/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/krrish-3-movie-review-891 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Karan Anshuman]] of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' gave it 2.5 stars and stated that Krrish 3 is a film for kids.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Krrish-3/articleshow/25063733.cms |title=Film review: Krrish 3 |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103194843/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Krrish-3/articleshow/25063733.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it 2 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-hrithik-roshans-krrish-3/1189895/ |title='Krrish 3' Movie Review |work=The Indian Express |date=November 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101063416/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-hrithik-roshans-krrish-3/1189895/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mihir Phadnavis of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated that "Krrish 3 is the most superficial components of X-Men, Batman, Superman, Spiderman and even Shaktimaan stuffed together."<ref>{{cite web|last=Fadnavis |first=Mihir |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/krrish-3-review-krraash-landing-for-hrithik-vivek-priyanka-and-kangana-1205619.html |title=Krrish 3 review: Krraash landing for Hrithik, Vivek, Priyanka and Kangana |date=November 2013 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> Paloma Sharma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' panned the film, and gave it "no stars" saying, "''Krrish 3'' is astonishingly eager to entertain with its stock of doodads that should amuse if not endear".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-krrish-3-is-heartbreakingly-unoriginal/20131101.htm |title=Review: Krrish 3 is heartbreakingly unoriginal |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103231520/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-krrish-3-is-heartbreakingly-unoriginal/20131101.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Overseas===
Mohammad Kamran Jawaid of the ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' gave Krrish 3 a rating of 3/5 stars stating that "so most of it is tiringly clichéd, ripped off from [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] and [[DC Comics|DC]] comics (Krrish's [[Superman]] worship is rather blatant) and stick-glued together, it is startling when director Rakesh Roshan's underlying Bollywood-emotionalism compensates the flimsiness of the awkward superhero element from his last film". He closes by saying that the film "is family-friendly stereotypical entertainment".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mohammad Kamran|first=Jawaid|title=Krrish 3 – Movie Review|url=http://dawn.com/news/1055013/movie-review-krrish-3|work=Dawn|date=8 November 2013|location=Pakistan|access-date=8 November 2013|archive-date=8 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108213320/http://dawn.com/news/1055013/movie-review-krrish-3|url-status=live}}</ref>

David Chute for the ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', applauded ''Krrish 3'' as "a charming Bollywood superhero movie" from a different perspective and applauded the heart and upbeat spirit of the movie for "not being an audience-pummeling industrial product like most of Hollywood's superhero films." He loved the way ''Krrish 3'' "has the off-hand, anything-is-possible spirit of a children's book or fairy tale."<ref>{{cite news |author=David Chute @davidchute |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/krrish-3-review-1200786415/ |title='Krrish 3' Review: A Charming Bollywood Superhero Movie |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104233510/http://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/krrish-3-review-1200786415/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lisa Tsering writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' gave the film a negative review saying that "the musical superhero extravaganza is too scary for young viewers and too long-winded for everybody else". She continues that the "effort is admirable and the effects are certainly adequate, but can't compensate for uninteresting, drawn-out action scenes; childish logic and uneven acting, especially by Hrithik Roshan, who as Rohit mouth-breathes and toddles around with his head cocked to one side. Worst of all, the movie is devoid of that one secret ingredient that makes audiences love superhero films: It just isn't cool."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lisa|first=Tsering|title=Krrish 3: Film Review|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/krrish-3-film-review-652776|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=9 November 2013|date=2 November 2013|archive-date=6 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106052814/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/krrish-3-film-review-652776|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Krrish 3'' had a final worldwide gross of {{INR|393 crore}} ({{US$|{{To USD|2920|IND|year=2013|round=yes}} million}}).<ref name="Hungam"/>

===India===
''Krrish 3'' opened across the country in multiplexes to more than 80 percent occupancy as well as around 90-100 percent attendees at single screens. According to [[Box Office India]], first day collections of all versions were estimated at {{INRConvert|20.4|c}}.<ref name=opening>{{cite web|title=Krrish 3 Takes Fantastic Start|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6194&nCat=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204062916/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6194&nCat=|archive-date=4 December 2013|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> The film nett. grossed around {{INRConvert|18.8|c}}, with its ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]) and ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]) dubbed versions have collected approximately {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} nett on the first day.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Krrish 3 First Day Business|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6200&nCat=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104234021/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6200&nCat=|archive-date=4 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> ''Krrish 3'' ([[Hindi]]) grossed {{INRConvert|15.1|c}} nett on its second day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6203&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Second Day Business |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107061729/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6203&nCat= |url-status=live }}</ref> Box Office India estimated the first weekend collection of {{INRConvert|53|c}}, with around {{INRConvert|49.5|c}} nett for its original version,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6246&nCat=|title=Top Weekends 2013: Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram Leela 3rd|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=18 November 2013|archive-date=21 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121050923/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6246&nCat=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6207&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Weekend Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107061827/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6207&nCat=|archive-date=7 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> while the dubbed versions grossed another {{INRConvert|4.5|c}} nett approx.<ref name="boiweekend">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6206&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Weekend Hit By Pre-Diwali Period|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107061756/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6206&nCat=|archive-date=7 November 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> The film also recorded the sixth highest opening weekend worldwide as it collected {{INRConvert|92|c}} gross.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6247&nCat=|title=Top Worldwide Weekends 2013: Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram Leela 3rd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122194114/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6247&nCat=|archive-date=22 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |date=19 November 2013 |access-date=20 November 2013}}</ref> The first Monday business of the Hindi version was estimated at {{INRConvert|31.5|c}}, taking its four-day total to {{INRConvert|80.5|c}} and set a new record for the highest single day collection ever, overtaking the previous record held by ''[[Chennai Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6212&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Has Record Breaking Monday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108181355/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6212&nCat=|archive-date=8 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6211&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Doubles Its Business on Monday in Many Circuits|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108181333/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6211&nCat=|archive-date=8 November 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6209&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 May Create Single Day Record on Monday|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107062126/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6209&nCat=|archive-date=7 November 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> ''Krrish 3'' (Hindi) collected around {{INRConvert|20.5|c}} nett on Tuesday to take five-day total past {{INRConvert|100|c}} to {{INRConvert|101.25|c}} nett.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6214&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Tuesday Business|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109092424/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6214&nCat=|archive-date=9 November 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> The film nett. grossed around {{INRConvert|13|c}} on Wednesday taking the 6-day Hindi version total to {{INRConvert|114.25|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6216&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Wednesday Business|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110024201/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6216&nCat=|archive-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=8 November 2013}}</ref> The film (along with its [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed versions nett.) grossed around {{INRConvert|130.25|c}} in the first week.<ref name="weekoneall">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6225&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Week One Territorial Breakdown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115065151/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6225&nCat=|archive-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6218&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Has Third Highest First Week |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111144420/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6218&nCat= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6231&nCat= |title=Multiplexes Keep Krrish 3 Behind Chennai Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116184803/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6231&nCat=|archive-date=16 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>

The film nett. grossed {{INRConvert|7.5|c}} on the second Friday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6223&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Holds Strong on Day 8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112064421/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6223&nCat=|archive-date=12 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> ''Krrish 3'' collected around {{INRConvert|10.5|c}} nett on second Saturday, and {{INRConvert|13|c}} on second Sunday to take the Hindi version nett. total to around {{INRConvert|153|c}} in ten days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6226&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Second Weekend Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115065156/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6226&nCat=|archive-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6224&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Has Huge Jump on Second Saturday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113001020/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6224&nCat=|archive-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The film's Hindi version earned around {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} nett on its second Monday, {{INRConvert|3.75|c}} on Tuesday, {{INRConvert|3.5|c}} on Wednesday and {{INRConvert|3.55|c}} on Thursday to take its two-week domestic total to {{INRConvert|165|c}} nett.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6236&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Unlikely To Hit 200 Crore |publisher=Box Office India |date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118053408/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6236&nCat= |archive-date=18 November 2013 }}</ref> The second week thus collected {{INRConvert|42.9|c}} for the Hindi version of ''Krrish 3''.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6243&nCat=|title=Krrish 3 Week Two Territorial Breakdown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123115324/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6243&nCat=|archive-date=23 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India|date=18 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6237&nCat=|title=Goliyon Ka Raasleela Ram – Leela Opens Very Well Krissh 3 Has Strong Second Week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119002404/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6237&nCat=|archive-date=19 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India|date=16 November 2013}}</ref>{{efn|While Box Office India confirms that the film did not hit the {{INRConvert|200|c}} nett mark in India even if its dubbed Telugu and Tamil versions earnings are included,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> other trade analysts like [[Taran Adarsh]] and reputed trade magazines claimed that ''Krrish 3'' has lifetime nett collections of all its versions at {{INRConvert|244|c}} and that the film had emerged as 'the highest grosser of Hindi cinema'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top5-hindi-movies/id/1014/date/2013-11-18%2013:19:06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124041627/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top5-hindi-movies/id/1014/date/2013-11-18%2013:19:06|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2013|title=Midweek: 'Ram-Leela' scores, collects Rs 52 cr+|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=18 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5926|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223025215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5926|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2013|title=Records Dhoom 3 intends to break|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/277|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104211554/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/277|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2013|title=BO Report Card: Worldwide collections of Krrish 3|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=20 November 2013}}</ref> }}

''Krrish 3'' grossed around {{INRConvert|7|c}} nett in third weekend to take its Hindi-version total to almost {{INRConvert|172|c}} nett in 17 days. The Tamil and Telugu versions added a further {{INRConvert|10|c}} nett approx in 17 days to take overall total to {{INRConvert|182|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6245&nCat=|title=Krrish 3 Drops in Third Weekend|publisher=Box Office India|date=18 November 2013|access-date=18 November 2013|archive-date=21 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121050919/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6245&nCat=|url-status=live}}</ref>
''Krrish 3'' grossed {{INRConvert|174|c}} nett with its Hindi version after the third week.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6266&nCat=|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=29 November 2013|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129144302/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6266&nCat=|archive-date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6261&nCat=|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=28 November 2013|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128045044/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6261&nCat=|archive-date=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6256&nCat=|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=27 November 2013|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127234222/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6256&nCat=|archive-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> The fourth week collections were {{INRConvert|2.54|c}} taking the Hindi version's total to around {{INRConvert|176|c}}.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6281&nCat=|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=5 December 2013|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205163318/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6281&nCat=|archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref> According to [[Box Office India]], the three versions together earned {{INRConvert|188|c}} nett lifetime with the dubbed versions of the film contributing {{INRConvert|12|c}}.<ref name="Box Office India"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6287&nCat= |title=Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani v Chennai Express v Krrish 3 Comparison |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=2013-12-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207055502/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6287&nCat= |archive-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> The lifetime domestic distributor share of the Hindi version was {{INRConvert|98.5|c}}.<ref name="web.archive.org"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/>

Critics claimed that the domestic collections were inflated by almost {{INR}} 60 crore.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Box-Office-column-discontinued/articleshow/26211585.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Box Office column discontinued – The Times of India | archive-date=11 September 2018 | access-date=2 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911105910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Box-Office-column-discontinued/articleshow/26211585.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bollywoods-krrish-3-chennai-express-box-office-collections-focus-puts-entire-industry-under-spotlight/1204143 |title=Bollywood's Krrish 3, Chennai Express box office collections put industry under spotlight |work=The Financial Express |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213073655/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bollywoods-krrish-3-chennai-express-box-office-collections-focus-puts-entire-industry-under-spotlight/1204143 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some reputed trade analysts stated that the collections published in trade websites like [[Bollywood Hungama]] and Koimoi, which were being shown as nett, were actually gross (including [[Entertainment tax]]).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krrish-3-collections-have-crossed-Rs-500-crores/articleshow/26203045.cms? | work=The Times of India | title='Krrish 3 collections have crossed Rs. 500 crores' – The Times of India | archive-date=23 November 2013 | access-date=27 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123005357/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krrish-3-collections-have-crossed-Rs-500-crores/articleshow/26203045.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-industry-insiders-say-collections-figures-of-krrish-3-are-exaggerated-1922365|title=Industry insiders say collections figures of 'Krrish 3' are exaggerated & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=21 November 2013|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-date=23 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123184257/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-industry-insiders-say-collections-figures-of-krrish-3-are-exaggerated-1922365|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Box Office India]] stated that the domestic nett of the film including Tamil and Telugu versions was {{INRConvert|188|c}}.<ref name="Box Office India">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6351&nCat=|title=DHOOM 3 Week One v KRRISH 3 Lifetime Comparison|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=30 December 2013|access-date=30 December 2013|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103082622/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6351&nCat=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="languagetotal">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/krrish_3 |title=KRRISH 3 Profile-BoxOfficeIndia.com |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-date=24 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124124607/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/krrish_3 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 January 2014, after being miffed over the alleged inflated collections, [[Hrithik Roshan]] maintained that ''Krrish 3'' had done a business of about {{INRConvert|244|c}} in India and around {{INRConvert|55|c}} overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-roshan-issues-statement-rubbishing-rumours-of-manipulating-krissh-3-business-hints-at-friends-sabotaging-him-1947316|title=Hrithik Roshan issues statement rubbishing rumours of manipulating 'Krissh 3' business; hints at 'friends' sabotaging him}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hrithik-roshan-angry-with-rumours-around-krrish-3-warns-bollywood-insiders/1216406/|title=Hrithik Roshan hurt by speculations over 'Krrish 3' earnings, warns Bollywood insiders|access-date=8 January 2014|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108121439/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hrithik-roshan-angry-with-rumours-around-krrish-3-warns-bollywood-insiders/1216406/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/krrish-3-figures-aren-t-fudged-hrithik-roshan/article1-1170592.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109035206/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/krrish-3-figures-aren-t-fudged-hrithik-roshan/article1-1170592.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2014|title=Krrish 3 figures aren't fudged: Hrithik Roshan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-miffed-krrish-3-collection-talks-176010-2014-01-07|title=Hrithik Roshan miffed over Krrish 3 collection talks|date=8 January 2014|access-date=8 January 2014|archive-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108132159/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-miffed-krrish-3-collection-talks/1/335058.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2372497/Hrithik-reacts-to-Krrish-3-collections-controversy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108180646/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2372497/Hrithik-reacts-to-Krrish-3-collections-controversy|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2014|title=Hrithik reacts to Krrish 3 collections controversy|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Hrithik-Roshan-gets-angry-over-Krrish-3-business-rumours/articleshow/28549243.cms?|title=Hrithik Roshan gets angry over 'Krrish 3' business rumours|work=The Times of India|archive-date=9 January 2014|access-date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109111355/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Hrithik-Roshan-gets-angry-over-Krrish-3-business-rumours/articleshow/28549243.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Overseas===
''Krrish 3'' did well overseas as it collected around $3.85 million in its first weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6215&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Does Well Overseas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109094304/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6215&nCat=|archive-date=9 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> The film grossed $6.9 million overseas in ten days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6230&nCat= |title=Krrish 3 Grosses $6.9 Million in Ten Days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116191331/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6230&nCat=|archive-date=16 November 2013|publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> It grossed [[US$]]7.8 million abroad after seventeen days. The film earned $8.5 million overseas, as of 26 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gori Tere Pyaar Mein And Singh Saab The Great Fail Overseas|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6270&nCat=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204140810/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6270&nCat=|archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Science fiction films in India]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 2013]]
* [[List of Indian superhero films]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1029231|Krrish 3}}
* {{Mojo title|krrish3}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|krrish_3}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203122944/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/52967e5cbd6da Krrish 3] at [[British Film Institute]]
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|krrish-3}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood|Speculative fiction}}

{{Rakesh Roshan}}
{{Krrish |state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s superhero films]]
[[Category:2013 controversies]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Cyberpunk films]]
[[Category:Fiction about brain–computer interface]]
[[Category:Films about mind control]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about viral outbreaks]]
[[Category:Films adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rakesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Robin Bhatt]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

Hindi Belt

2026-03-23T21:14:23Z

Pranjal mishra: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Linguistic region of India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hindi Belt
| image_map = File:Hindi belt.png
| map_caption = Area (red) where various languages considered by the census as Hindi are spoken natively
| native_name = 
| type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Major urban agglomerations (2011 census)
| subdivision_name1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Jaipur]]
* [[Kanpur]]
* [[Lucknow]]
* [[Indore]]
*[[Patna]]
}}
| parts_type = States and Union Territories
| parts_style = list
| p1 = [[Bihar]]
| p2 = [[Chandigarh]]
| p3 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| p4 = [[Delhi]]
| p5 = [[Haryana]]
| p6 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| p7 = [[Jharkhand]]
| p8 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| p9 = [[Rajasthan]]
| p10 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| p11 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| area_total_km2 = 1,355,456
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 563,766,118
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank1_name = Scheduled Languages
| blank1_info = {{hlist|[[Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]}}
| timezone1 = [[UTC]]+5:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42526/download/46152/A-1_NO_OF_VILLAGES_TOWNS_HOUSEHOLDS_POPULATION_AND_AREA.xlsx |title=A-1 No of Villages, Towns, Households, Population and Area |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=3 March 2024}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/largest-state-in-india-check-list-of-all-states-by-area-and-population-1619423868-1 | title=Largest State in India 2022: Check the list of all states by area and population | date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
| native_name_lang = hi
| population_demonym = Hindi Bhashi
}}
[[File:Language Map of India.jpg|thumb|320px|States and union territories of India by the most commonly spoken (L1) first language<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226150914/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2014}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">Some languages may be over- or underrepresented as the census data used is at the state-level. For example, while Urdu has 52 million speakers (2001), in no state is it a majority as the language itself is primarily limited to Indian Muslims.</ref>|class=skin-invert-image]]

The '''Hindi Belt''', also known as the '''Hindi Heartland''', the '''Hindi-speaking states''', and sometimes more broadly referred to as the '''Hindi–Urdu Belt''' or '''Hindustani Belt''',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&q=urdu+belt&pg=PA313 |title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism|last=Khan |first=Abdul Jamil |date=2006 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=9780875864389 |page=313 |quote=In the 'Hindi-Urdu belt' also these variations are visible}}</ref> is a linguistic region encompassing parts of [[North India|northern]], [[Central India|central]], [[East India|eastern]], and [[West India|western]] [[India]] where various [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]], [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]], [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]] and [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]] [[Indo-Aryan languages]] are spoken, which in a broader sense is termed as ''Hindi languages'', with [[Modern Standard Hindi]] (a Sanskritised version, based on [[Khari Boli]]) serving as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the region. This belt includes all the Indian states whose official language is [[Hindi|Modern Standard Hindi]].<ref name="sukhwal1985">{{Citation | title=Modern Political Geography of India | author=B.L. Sukhwal | year=1985 | publisher=Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division | isbn=9780865906082 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HemAAAAAIAAJ | quote=... In the Hindi heartland ...}}</ref><ref name="allan2004">{{Citation | title=Reporting war: journalism in wartime | author=Stuart Allan, Barbie Zelizer | year=2004 | isbn=0-415-33998-7 | publisher=Routledge | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skdoYDs1e8AC | quote=''... located in what is called the "Hindi heartland" or the "Hindi belt" of north and central India ...''}}</ref><ref name="kesavan1997">{{Citation | title=Origins of printing and publishing in the Hindi heartland (Volume 3 of History of printing and publishing in India : a story of cultural re-awakening) | author=B.S. Kesavan | year=1997 | isbn=81-237-2120-X | publisher=National Book Trust | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JDgAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/battle-for-the-hindi-heartland-will-it-favour-the-bjp-again-50031/?amp|title=Battle for the Hindi heartland: Will it favour the BJP again?|website=www.orfonline.org}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/congress-revival-in-hindi-patti|title=Congress' revival in Hindi patti|work=The National Herald|date=8 February 2019}}</ref>

The term "Hindi Belt" is sometimes also used to refer to the nine Indian states whose official language is ''[[Modern Standard Hindi]]'', namely [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]], as well as to the union territory of [[Chandigarh]] and the National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]].<ref name="fulllangdatacensus 2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html|title=How languages intersect in India|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=22 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/iframes/language_probability_interactive/index.html|title=How many Indians can you talk to?|website=www.hindustantimes.com|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/hindi-and-north-south-divide-696931.html|title=Hindi and the North-South divide|work=Deccan Herald|date=9 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Pillalamarri|first=Akhilesh|date=27 July 2018|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/indias-evolving-linguistic-landscape/|title=India's Evolving Linguistic Landscape|magazine=The Diplomat|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>

== Hindi as a dialect continuum ==
{{Refimprove section|date=February 2021}}

Hindi is part of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[dialect continuum]] that lies within the cultural Hindi Belt in the northern plains of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Hindi {{!}} Department of Linguistics {{!}} Illinois |url=https://linguistics.illinois.edu/languages/hindi/about-hindi |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=linguistics.illinois.edu |language=en}}</ref> This definition of Hindi is one of the ones used in the [[Indian census]], and results in more than forty per cent of [[demographics of India|Indians]] being reported to be speakers of Hindi, though Hindi-area respondents vary as to whether they call their language Hindi or the actual name of their language. As defined in the 1991 census, Hindi has a broad and a narrow sense. The term "Hindi" is thus ambiguous. Before being identified as a separate language, [[Maithili language|Maithili]] was identified by the census as a Hindi dialect. Many such languages still struggle for recognition.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Mithilesh Kumar |title=Introduction: Language Politics in India and the ‘Hindi Heartland’—The Status of Maithili |date=12 April 2018 |work=Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India |pages=1–38 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32339/chapter/268583106 |access-date=26 December 2025 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199479344.003.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-947934-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The broad sense covers a number of [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central]], [[East Central Indo-Aryan languages|East-Central]], [[List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]], and [[List of Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]] Indo-Aryan languages, including the [[Bihari languages]] except [[Maithili language|Maithili]], all the [[Rajasthani languages]], the [[Central Pahari languages]] and most [[Western Pahari]] languages.<ref name="auto"/> This is an area bounded on the west by [[Panjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]; on the south by [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Odia language|Odia]]; on the east by [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]; and on the north by [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Tibetic languages]]. The varieties of this belt are usually considered separate languages, as opposed to dialects of a single language as considered by the Indian census.

In a middle sense, Hindi is equated with the [[Central Indo-Aryan languages]]. Based on their linguistic features, these are divided into [[Western Hindi|Western]] and [[Eastern Hindi|Eastern]] Hindi languages. The narrowest definition of Hindi is that of the official language, [[Modern Standard Hindi]], a [[Standard language|standardised]] [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] a Western Hindi language spoken around [[Delhi]] and [[Western UP]]. Standardised Hindustani—including both Standard Hindi and Urdu—is historically based on the [[Dehlavi dialect|Khariboli]] of 17th-century [[Delhi]].

===Number of speakers===
Population data from 2011 Indian Census is as follows:
*[[Central Indo-Aryan]]
**[[Western Hindi languages]]
***240 M [[Hindi]]
***9.8 M [[Haryanvi]]
***1.5 M [[Braj Bhasha]]
***9.5 M [[Kanauji]]
***5.6 M [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]
**[[Eastern Hindi languages]]
***4.5 M [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
***18.2 M [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
***2.6 M [[Bagheli]]
***1.7 M [[Surgujia]]
*[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]]
**[[Bihari languages]], excluding [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
***51 M: [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
***13 M: [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
***8 M: [[Khortha language|Khortha]]
***5.1 M: [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]
***0.5 M: [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]
*[[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western Indo-Aryan]]
**[[Rajasthani languages]]
***7.8 M [[Marwari language|Marwari-Merwari]]
***5.2 M [[Malvi language|Malvi]]
***2.3 M [[Nimadi language|Nimadi]]
***4.8M [[Lambadi language|Lambadi]]
***2.9 M [[Harauti language|Harauti]]
***3 M [[Godwari]]
***2 M [[Bagri language|Bagri]]

According to the 2001 Indian census,<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|url-status=dead|title=Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001|archive-date=29 October 2013|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> 258 million people in India (25% of the population) regarded their [[first language|native language]] to be "Hindi", however, including other languages considered by the census as Hindi, this figure becomes 422 million Hindi speakers (41% of the population). These figures do not count 52 million Indians who considered their mother tongue to be "Urdu", which is informally mutually intelligible with Hindi. The numbers are also not directly comparable to the table above; for example, while independent estimates in 2001 counted 37 million speakers of Awadhi,<ref>USCWM</ref> in the 2001 census only 2½ million of these identified their language as "Awadhi" rather than as "Hindi".

There have been demands to include [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Bundeli]], [[Chhattisgarhi]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Kurmali language|Kudmali/Kurmali]], [[Magahi]], [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule]]; these are otherwise regarded as dialects of Hindi by the government, although they have varying levels of mutual intelligibility with standard Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/38-languages-stake-claim-to-be-in-eighth-schedule/|title=38 languages stake claim to be in Eighth schedule|website=www.dailyexcelsior.com|date=15 August 2013}}</ref> Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Don%E2%80%99t-add-Hindi-dialects-in-Eighth-Schedule-say-academics/article17064058.ece/|title=Don't add Hindi dialects in Eighth Schedule, say academics|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 January 2017|last1=Pathak|first1=Vikas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/linguists-divided-over-inclusion-of-bhojpuri-in-8th-schedule-877480-2017-02-17|title=Linguists divided over inclusion of Bhojpuri in 8th Schedule|website=www.indiatoday.in|date=17 February 2017 }}</ref>

===Outside the Indian subcontinent===
{{Refimprove section|date=February 2021}}
Much of the Hindi spoken outside of the subcontinent is distinct from the Indian standard language. [[Fiji Hindi]] is a derived form of Awadhi, Bhojpuri, and including some English and very few native [[Fijian language|Fijian]] words.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abel |date=22 April 2025 |title=Hindi, Fiji |url=https://accentnetwork.com/hindi-fiji/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=Accent Network |language=en-US}}</ref> It is spoken by majority of [[Indo-Fijians]]. In Mauritius, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is the most commonly spoken Indian language. Once widely spoken as a mother tongue at 31.7% in 1972,<ref>{{cite web |title=Housing and Population Census of Mauritius 1972 |url=https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/Documents/Census_and_Surveys/Archive%20Census/1972%20Census/Table%20Reports/1972-HPC-Volume%20V%20-%20Population%20General%20Tables%20-%20Island%20of%20Mauritius.pdf |work=Ministry of Economic Planning and Development |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> it has become less commonly spoken over the years. According to the 2022 census,<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Population Census - Main Results |url=https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/Documents/Statistics/ESI/2022/EI1687/2022%20Population%20Census_Main%20Results_18112022.pdf |website=Government of Mauritius |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> Bhojpuri was the most commonly spoken language at home for only 5.1% of the population, though the per cent of the population fluent in the language is likely still around 36.7%, according to Anjani Murdan of the Mauritius Times.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murdan |first1=Anjani |date=10 June 2022 |title=Is the Bhojpuri language spoken by only 5.3% of the Mauritian population, as stated by the 2011 Census report? |url=http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/is-the-bhojpuri-language-spoken-by-only-5-3-of-the-mauritian-population-as-stated-by-the-2011-census-report/ |work=Mauritius Times |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>

==Geography and demography==
{{Refimprove section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Indo-Gangetic Plain.png|thumb|300px|The [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]]]
The highly fertile, flat, alluvial [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic Plains]] occupies the northern portion of the Hindi Heartland, the [[Vindhyas]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] demarcate the southern boundary and the hills and dense forests of [[Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] lie in the east. The region has a predominantly subtropical climate, with cool winters, hot summers and moderate monsoons. The climate does vary with latitude somewhat, with winters getting cooler and rainfall decreasing. It can vary significantly with altitude, especially in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

The Hindi Heartland supports about a third of India's population and occupies about a quarter of its geographical area. The population is concentrated along the fertile Ganges plain in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Chhattisgarh]], Jharkhand and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Belt |url=https://www.lonweb.org/links/hindi/lang/006.htm |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=www.lonweb.org}}</ref>

Although the vast majority of the population is rural, significant urban cities include [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]], [[Raipur]], [[Prayagraj]] (formerly and colloquially known as Allahabad), [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Agra]], [[Varanasi]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Patna]], [[Jamshedpur]] and [[Ranchi]]. The region hosts a diverse population, with various dialects of Hindi being spoken along with other Indian languages, and multi-religious population including [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]] along with people from various castes and a significant [[adivasi|tribal]] population.

== Political sphere ==

Political development and climate in these states since Indian independence has been dominated by [[Caste system in India|caste]] and [[Religion|creed]] based politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2019 |title=“2019 elections may have no precedent in terms of past elections” |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/2019-elections-may-have-no-precedent-in-terms-of-past-elections/article26230444.ece |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Politically these states has been mostly been dominated by mainstream [[List of political parties in India|national parties]] like [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] for the past few decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |date=9 November 2018 |title=Why BJP is staring at a loss of nearly 100 seats from 2014 tally |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/hindi-heartland-holds-key-to-bjp-2019-electoral-fortunes-once-again/147096/ |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> They also have been crucial for winning [[Lok Sabha|national elections]] due to their relatively large population size and political influence.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2658585|title=The Rise of the Other Backward Classes in the Hindi Belt|first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|date=1 January 2000|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=59|issue=1|pages=86–108|doi=10.2307/2658585|s2cid=162845558}}</ref> States of the Hindi belt well as [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Odisha]] form so called ''Cow Belt'' in [[Politics of India|Indian politics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |date=2018-11-09 |title=Why BJP is staring at a loss of nearly 100 seats from 2014 tally |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/hindi-heartland-holds-key-to-bjp-2019-electoral-fortunes-once-again/147096/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Devanagari]]
* [[Indian literature]]
* [[Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
* [[Western Indo-Aryan languages]]

==Bibliography==
*[[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson, G. A.]] ''Linguistic Survey of India'' Vol I-XI, Calcutta, 1928, {{ISBN|81-85395-27-6}}
*{{Citation
| last= Masica
| first= Colin
| author-link= Colin Masica
| year= 1991
| title= The Indo-Aryan Languages
| place= Cambridge
| publisher= Cambridge University Press
| isbn= 978-0-521-29944-2
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Shapiro
|first=Michael C.
|year=2003
|chapter=Hindi
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250
|editor1-last= Cardona
|editor1-first= George
|editor2-last= Jain
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
|pages=250–285
}}.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pd.cpim.org/2005/0403/04032005_nalini.htm On The Problems Of The Hindi Belt: A Seminar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218073748/http://pd.cpim.org/2005/0403/04032005_nalini.htm |date=18 February 2012 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120601014029/http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/hindi/hindi_intro.htm Bhatele, Abhinav: Introduction To Hindi] (Archived 1 June 2012)

{{coord missing|India}}
{{Hindi topics}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Language varieties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi}}
[[Category:Belt regions]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages| ]]
[[Category:Language geography]]

Down (Jay Sean song)

2026-03-23T16:28:50Z

Pranjal mishra: general fixed information after review further and improved wording

{{Short description|2009 song by Jay Sean featuring Lil Wayne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Down
| cover = Jay Sean Ft. Lil Wayne - Down.jpg
| alt =
| border = yes
| type = single
| artist = [[Jay Sean]] featuring [[Lil Wayne]]
| album = [[All or Nothing (Jay Sean album)|All or Nothing]]
| released = 31 May 2009
| recorded = 2008–2009
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Electropop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}}
| length = {{ubl|3:32 (single version)|3:17 (without rap)}}
| label = {{hlist|Jayded|[[2Point9 Records|2Point9]]|[[Cash Money Records|Cash Money]]|[[Universal Republic Records|Universal Republic]]}}
| writer = {{hlist|[[Jay Sean|Kamaljit Jhooti]]|[[Lil Wayne|Dwayne Carter]]|[[Jared Cotter]]|[[Orange Factory Music|J-Remy]]|[[Orange Factory Music|Bobby Bass]]|[[Orange Factory Music|Jonathan Perkins]]}}
| producer = {{hlist|[[Orange Factory Music]]}}
| chronology = [[Jay Sean]]
| prev_title = [[Tonight (Jay Sean song)|Tonight]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Written on Her]]
| next_year = 2009
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Lil Wayne]]
| type = singles
| prev_title = [[Maybach Music 2]]
| prev_year = 2009
| title = Down
| year = 2009
| next_title = [[Every Girl (Young Money song)|Every Girl]]
| next_year = 2009
}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|oUbpGmR1-QM|"Down"}}}}
}}

"'''Down'''" is a song by British singer [[Jay Sean]] featuring American rapper and labelmate [[Lil Wayne]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/7514155/Jay-Sean-and-Taio-Cruz-wowing-America.html | location=New York | work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] | title=Jay Sean and Taio Cruz wowing America | first=Neil | last=McCormick | date=24 March 2010|access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> The song was released in North America as his debut single from his first album there, ''[[All or Nothing (Jay Sean album)|All or Nothing]]''. In other markets, including the United Kingdom, the song serves as Jay Sean's lead single from his third studio album. Produced by [[Orange Factory Music|J-Remy and Bobby Bass]], "Down" is the seventh-best selling single of 2009<ref name=Caulfield>{{cite magazine|title=Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle For 2009's Top-Selling Album|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=6 January 2010|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960801/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009s-top-selling-album|access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> and has been certified [[List of music recording certifications|Platinum]] in several countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.universalmusic.com/artist-news/cash-moneyuniversal-republic-newcomer-jay-sean-hits-one-million-platinum-single-mileston |title=Cash Money/Universal Republic Newcomer Jay Sean Hits One Million Platinum Single Milestone with Smash Debut 'Down' |publisher=Universalmusic.com |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> The song went on to sell ten million copies in the United States.<ref name="riaa"/><ref>{{citation|first=Silvio|last=Pietroluongo|title=Jay Sean Sends Peas Packing From Hot 100 Penthouse|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=7 October 2009|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267156/jay-sean-sends-peas-packing-from-hot-100-penthouse|access-date=1 November 2009}}</ref>

The track was released to US radio on 31 May 2009 and digital retailers on 30 June 2009. "Down" hit number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart in the issue dated 17 October 2009, unseating "[[I Gotta Feeling]]" by [[The Black Eyed Peas]] after their 14-week reign at number one. This made Jay Sean the first British act to score a ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number-one single since [[Coldplay]]'s "[[Viva la Vida]]" in 2008, and the fourth British act overall in the 2000s decade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhansali |first=Akshay |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1609331/20090415/lil_wayne.jhtml |title=Lil Wayne Gives A Boost To British R&B Star Jay Sean |work=Mtv |date=15 April 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423104444/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1609331/20090415/lil_wayne.jhtml |archive-date=23 April 2009}}</ref> The song also made him "the first UK urban act ever to top ''Billboard''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Hot 100",<ref>{{citation|title=Jay Sean's the Urban US legend|work=Daily Mirror |location=UK|date=10 October 2009|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/10/10/jay-sean-s-the-urban-us-legend-115875-21736136/|access-date=30 September 2009}}</ref> and the first British act to have reached number one in the United States and not in the United Kingdom with a song since [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]'s "[[Kiss from a Rose]]" in 1995. It was also the best-selling single by a British and European male artist in North America since [[Elton John]]'s "[[Candle in the Wind 1997|Candle in the Wind]]" in 1997,<ref>{{cite news|title=Jay Sean: Ahead of the race|first=Nick|last=Duerden|work=The Independent |location=UK|date=6 December 2009|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/jay-sean-ahead-of-the-race-1832823.html|access-date=6 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=[[Live from Studio Five]], Episode #1.38|publisher=[[Five (TV channel)|Channel 5]]|date=4 November 2009}} (see {{YouTube|id=tvb4D3Aha0M|title=Jay Sean's Interview live from Studio 5 on Channel 5 – 04 / 11 / 2009}})</ref><ref name=streettalkin/> and the first by a [[British Asian]] artist since [[Freddie Mercury]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title= Freddie's the champion of Indian communities|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Robin|last=Millard|date=1 December 2009|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/music/freddies-the-champion-of-indian-communities/2009/12/01/1259429371254.html|access-date=6 December 2009}}</ref>

==History==

===Development===
On 15 October 2008, at the [[MOBO Awards]], Jay Sean announced that he had signed with the American [[hip hop music|hip hop]] record label [[Cash Money Records]]. He explained, "It's always been a dream for me to sign to an American label. And it's great to be accepted by the best in the game."<ref>{{cite web |first=Shuhel |last=Miah |url=http://www.insidedesi.com/2008/10/16/jay-sean-cash-money/ |title=Jay Sean to take on the U.S |publisher=Insidedesi.com |date=16 October 2008 |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019055217/http://www.insidedesi.com/2008/10/16/jay-sean-cash-money/ |archive-date=19 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was rumoured that his first single in the US would be a remix of the single, "[[Tonight (Jay Sean song)|Tonight]]" featuring Lil Wayne. In fact, a remix had not been produced, but the song "Down" which originally began recording in December 2008. Jay Sean and Lil Wayne co-wrote the song with [[Jared Cotter]], [[Orange Factory Music|Jonathan Perkins, J-Remy, and Bobby Bass]]. It was also produced by J-Remy and Bobby Bass. The track was originally for ''[[My Own Way (album)|My Own Way: Deluxe Edition]]'' without Lil Wayne, alongside "War". The CEO of Cash Money [[Ronald "Slim" Williams]] liked the track, played it to Wayne and wanted Wayne to be on the track; Wayne loved it and added a new verse on the track.

Sean told MTV News that he recorded this song in 90 minutes, after which he received a call from Ronald "Slim" Williams. He recalled: "Slim called me up and was like, 'Yo, man, there's something wrong on the second verse that just doesn't sound right.' I was like, 'Really? What?' He played the song. All of a sudden I heard Wayne's [[Auto-Tune]] stuff, and I'm like, 'OK. What's going on? Right! That's Lil Wayne on my song right now!' That day was brilliant."

"The news was on, everything was depressing and we were like 'look at this man – everything's so down in the dumps. Why don't we write a song to take everyone's mind away from being down?'" explains Sean about how the track came about during a late night recording session in Miami's [[Hit Factory]] studio. According to Sean, "Wayne heard it, fell in love and dropped a verse on it," which resulted in the up-tempo summer record peppered with Wayne's gritty pipes.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267673/breaking-and-entering-jay-sean Breaking and Entering: Jay Sean]</ref>

===After the release===
The BBC reported in 2009 that Jay Sean became "The Most Successful Male U.K. Urban artist in U.S chart history". "I want to do my best to represent the UK in America and let people really understand that it doesn't matter if we're from a little place called [[Hounslow]]. As long as you work hard and strive to do you best and make good music, and of course with a bit of luck, it is possible," Jay told the BBC.<ref>{{cite news|last=Youngs |first=Ian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8269400.stm |title=British R&B star conquers America |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> The success of "Down" has also led to Sean being considered the most successful European urban artist in North America.<ref name=streettalkin>{{cite web|title=Jay Sean Live Interview with Jessie Jordan Q102 Philadelphia Jingle Ball|publisher=StreetTalkin|date=14 December 2009|url=http://streettalkin.com/streettalkin-video-jay-sean-live-interview-with-jessie-jordan-q102-philadelphia-jingle-ball|access-date=15 December 2009}}</ref>

When the track topped the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], Jay Sean was on stage with labelmate Lil Wayne, on the first night of the US rapper's London concert tour. Before he returned to the US, Jay Sean was asked, "How does it feel to have the top song of the week?", and replied, "This is insane. It's just incredible to have reached number one with my first release in America. It's difficult for me to put into words. My head is spinning. I've been grinding hard for the last seven years releasing records independently and now to have the biggest record in the USA this week. It's just a dream come true."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaysean.com/news.shtml?116 |title=Jay Sean hits No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the UK Top 40 Chart |publisher=Jaysean.com |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071629/http://www.jaysean.com/news.shtml?116 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The second time the song hit number one, he was performing at ''"The Justin Timberlake and Friends Concert Benefiting Shriners Hospitals For Children"'' on 17 October 2009 with [[Justin Timberlake]].

==Music video==
The music video for "Down" was produced alongside the video for "[[Written on Her]]". The "Down" video was first shot in London on 24 April 2009, with Cash Money crew without Lil Wayne. The video was shot over two days. The Buckinghamshire mansion featured is [[Hedsor House]], an enormous private mansion and park where [[Mark Ronson]] hosted his 33rd birthday and where scenes for the feature film ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'' were filmed.<ref>{{cite web|author=18 mei 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNNA1dPz-64 |title=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne – Down "Behind The Scenes" |work=Youtube |access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> The video was completed in Miami, with Jay Sean heading to the US to finish the video with Lil Wayne on 20 May 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/05/21/lil-wayne-jay-sean-rock-the-down-video-shoot-in-miami/ |title=Lil Wayne, Jay Sean Rock The 'Down' Video Shoot In Miami |publisher=Newsroom.mtv.com |date=21 May 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-date=22 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822035923/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/05/21/lil-wayne-jay-sean-rock-the-down-video-shoot-in-miami |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newlilwayne.com/2009/06/video-jay-sean-lil-wayne-are-down-down-down-down-down/ |title=Jay Sean & Lil Wayne Are "Down, Down, Down, Down, Down" |publisher=Newlilwayne.com |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220014035/http://www.newlilwayne.com/2009/06/video-jay-sean-lil-wayne-are-down-down-down-down-down/ |archive-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The video features [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic American]] model Korrina Rico as the lead lady, dancers, bright blue lights and bottles. The video was produced by Shurwin Beckford and directed by Richard Pengelley for Jayded Entertainment/Guerilla Hype/Hey Buddy and edited by Jamie Mac and Adam Wood. During the rap break, Lil Wayne is seen wearing a red T-shirt with the word 'COMMUNIST' in white capitalized letters. The prelude of his previous single "[[Ride It (Jay Sean song)|Ride It]]" can be heard in the music video as the introduction to this song.

On 23 July 2009, the video premiered on Jay Sean's YouTube page; it was the number one most viewed music video on YouTube for its first two weeks and had over 5 million views as of 24 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 July 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_8V_RyijlI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/M_8V_RyijlI |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|title=Jay Sean – "Down" feat. Lil Wayne – OFFICIAL VIDEO HD |publisher=YouTube |access-date=24 December 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During the week of 10 August 2009, the music video was featured as [[iTunes]]' Free Music Video of the Week. The video was added to MTV's rotation on 5 August 2009 include MTV Hits and MTV U.S.A. The video was also added to the Universal Music Group's channel where the video had more than 20 million views as of 23 November 2009.<ref>{{YouTube|id=m34xyw8E-Qs|title=Jay Sean – Down: Closed-Captioned – Clean Version}}</ref> The video was added to the Island Records channel where his UK fans can see the video, which had around 5 million views as of 20 December 2009.<ref>{{YouTube|id=pgA09CaCmB8|title=Jay Sean ft. Lil Wayne – Down}}</ref> The video was also added to the Jay Sean [[Vevo]] channel, where it has more than 300 million views as of November 2021.<ref>{{YouTube|oUbpGmR1-QM|Jay Sean – Down ft. Lil Wayne}}</ref> [[Chipmunk (rapper)|Chipmunk]] and [[Tinie Tempah]] make cameo appearances in the video.

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
The song received generally favorable reviews. Ginger Clements from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' gave the song a positive review, stating that Jay Sean's "melodic vocals [...] resonate with impressive tonal clarity".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Jay Sean Featuring Lil Wayne, "Down" – Preview|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/review/1071086/jay-sean-featuring-lil-wayne-down|access-date=7 November 2009}}</ref> ''Billboard'' gave the song a score of 91/100.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Down|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=jay sean|chart=all}}|access-date=7 November 2009}}</ref> Alex MacGregor of UK Mix gave the song 4 out of 5 stars, stating that it "is actually a creditable offering of world beating R&B-pop that reminds the listener of some of the better moments in [[Usher (singer)|Usher]]'s back catalogue."<ref>{{cite web|first=Alex|last=MacGregor|title=Jay Sean: "Down"|publisher=UK Mix|date=October 2009|url=http://www.ukmix.org/reviews/release.php?release_id=13871|access-date=5 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517200310/http://www.ukmix.org/reviews/release.php?release_id=13871|archive-date=17 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===In pop culture===
The song was in the "[[List of Melrose Place (2009) episodes|Canon]]" episode of ''[[Melrose Place (2009 TV series)|Melrose Place]]''.<ref>{{IMDb name|id=1915047|name=Jay Sean}}</ref> [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] covered "Down" as part of "[[Polka Face]]," the polka medley from his 2011 album ''[[Alpocalypse]]''.

"Down" has been used and covered in numerous user videos on YouTube, including a [[Breast Cancer Awareness Month|breast cancer awareness]] video by the [[Providence St. Vincent Medical Center]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospital Gets 'Down' For Good Cause|publisher=[[DesiHits]]|date=19 November 2009|url=http://www.desihits.com/blog/article/hospital-gets-down-for-breast-cancer-awareness-20091119|access-date=19 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123202004/http://www.desihits.com/blog/article/hospital-gets-down-for-breast-cancer-awareness-20091119|archive-date=23 November 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hospital Gets Down In "Pink Glove Dance" For Breast Cancer Awareness|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=18 November 2009 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/18/hospital-gets-down-in-pin_n_362403.html|access-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> A cover version of the song was also performed on the episode 2 of ''[[The Sing-Off]]'' by the [[a cappella]] group [[Nota (group)|Nota]]. After Nota went on to win the contest during the finale, Sean himself made an appearance, performing "Down" with the group in the show's ending.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-surprises-a-cappella-group-nota-on-nbc-s-the-sing-off-20091223 |title=Jay Sean Surprises A Cappella Group Nota on NBC's The Sing-Off |publisher=Desihits.com |date=23 December 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305091939/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-surprises-a-cappella-group-nota-on-nbc-s-the-sing-off-20091223 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> DJ Bikram Keith and DJ Vix made a "Desi Remix" to "Down".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/dj-bikram-keith-remixes-jay-seans-down-20091105 |title=Jay Sean's DJ Bikram Keith and DJ Vix Remix 'Down' |publisher=Desihits.com |date=5 November 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305092520/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/dj-bikram-keith-remixes-jay-seans-down-20091105 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the [[52nd Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards 2010]], where Jay Sean was,<ref>{{YouTube|L3MnqvcN0vM|Akon, Kelly Rowland and Brandy attend Grammy party}}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> [[Taylor Swift]] stated that "Down" was her favorite song of 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/video-country-starlet-taylor-swift-gets-down-to-down-20100202 |title=Video: Country Starlet Taylor Swift Gets Down to 'Down' |publisher=Desihits.com |date=2 February 2010 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305094111/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/video-country-starlet-taylor-swift-gets-down-to-down-20100202 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In early December 2009, the song appeared at number 20 on the [[Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2009|''Billboard'' Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2009]]. As a result, the single was also included on [[DJ Earworm]]'s [[Mashup (music)|mash-up]] of all the top 25 ''Billboard'' hits of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-in-united-state-of-pop-2009-20091228 |title=Jay Sean's 'Down' Makes 'United State of Pop 2009' Mash-Up |publisher=Desihits.com |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305093027/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-in-united-state-of-pop-2009-20091228 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The song also appeared at number 14 on the ''Billboard'' Year-End Pop Songs of 2009.<ref name="Year-End">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/hot-100-songs?begin=11&order=position |title=Year End Charts – Year-end Singles – The Billboard Hot 100 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=11 December 2009}}</ref> Later in the month, it appeared at number 4 on [[WHTZ|Z100]]'s Top 100 Songs of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Z100's Top 100 Songs of 2009|publisher=[[WHTZ|Z100]]|url=http://www.z100.com/pages/top100/2009.html?article=6485011|access-date=25 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104110950/http://www.z100.com/pages/top100/2009.html?article=6485011|archive-date=4 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also appeared on VH1's Top 40 Music Videos of 2009 List at number 20. Having sold more than three million digital copies in the United States alone, "Down" is the seventh-best-selling single of 2009,<ref name=Caulfield/> in a year noted for having the highest record sales of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overall music sales hit an all-time high in 2009; Taylor Swift's 'Fearless' is the year's top-selling album|work=Los Angeles Times|date=6 January 2010|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/01/overall-music-purchases-hit-an-alltime-high-in-2009.html|access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref>

The song has been made into a playable track on the [[Kinect]] game ''[[Dance Central]]'' for the [[Xbox 360]] which was released on 4 November 2010.

==Live performance==
After the track was leaked on the Internet on 21 May 2009, Jay Sean performed the "Without Rap" version of the track for the first time live in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/video-of-jay-sean-performing-down-and-ride-it-in-chicago-20090527 |title=Jay Sean Performs 'Down' and 'Ride It' in Chicago |publisher=Desihits.com |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305094625/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/video-of-jay-sean-performing-down-and-ride-it-in-chicago-20090527 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also performed the track on [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-at-the-macy-s-thanksgiving-day-parade-20091126 |title=Jay Sean at Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade |publisher=Desihits.com |date=26 November 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305095130/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-at-the-macy-s-thanksgiving-day-parade-20091126 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Toronto]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-to-perform-in-toronto-20091201 |title=Jay Sean to Perform in Toronto on 19 December |publisher=Desihits.com |date=1 December 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305095636/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-to-perform-in-toronto-20091201 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/video-jay-sean-performs-down-on-jimmy-kimmel-live-20091210 |title=Video: Jay Sean Performs 'Down' on Jimmy Kimmel Live |publisher=Desihits.com |date=10 December 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305100138/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/video-jay-sean-performs-down-on-jimmy-kimmel-live-20091210 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on [[Madison Square Garden]], alongside "[[Do You Remember (Jay Sean song)|Do You Remember]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/video-jay-sean-wows-crowd-at-madison-square-garden-20091214 |title=Video: Jay Sean Wows Crowd at Madison Square Garden |publisher=Desihits.com |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305100650/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/video-jay-sean-wows-crowd-at-madison-square-garden-20091214 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/behind-the-scenes-video-jay-sean-performs-do-you-remember-at-madison-square-garden-20091229 |title=Behind the Scenes Video: Jay Sean Performs 'Do You Remember' at Madison Square Garden |publisher=Desihits.com |date=29 December 2009 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305101203/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/behind-the-scenes-video-jay-sean-performs-do-you-remember-at-madison-square-garden-20091229 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on ''[[The Wendy Williams Show]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-brings-down-the-house-at-the-wendy-williams-show-20100127 |title=Video: Jay Sean Brings 'Down' the House on The Wendy Williams Show |publisher=Desihits.com |date=27 January 2010 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305101707/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jay-sean-brings-down-the-house-at-the-wendy-williams-show-20100127 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on BBC 1Xtra Live 2009, an "acoustic version" for ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' and [[Yahoo! Music]],<ref name="billboard.com"/><ref>[http://new.music.yahoo.com/programs/pepsi-music/jay-sean/311/20091020/?vid=218598153 Watch Jay get "Down" in New York City's High Line Park.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026181630/http://new.music.yahoo.com/programs/pepsi-music/jay-sean/311/20091020/?vid=218598153 |date=26 October 2009 }}</ref> and the "Candle Light Remix" for [[BBC Radio 1]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abmp3.com/download/7964936-down.html |title=Jay Sean performing 'DOWN' piano version Live on BBC Radio 1 live lounge |publisher=Abmp3.com |access-date=11 January 2012}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmsVxpD_ysY Youtube.com]</ref> On 21 December 2009, he performed the song on ''[[The Sing-Off]]'' with the winning group [[Nota (group)|Nota]].

==Chart performance==
"Down" debuted at number 72 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] for the chart week of 6 August 2009, and stayed at number two for three weeks. After fourteen weeks on the chart, the song reached number one for the chart week ending 17 October 2009, making Jay Sean the first [[India]]n-origin solo artist to achieve a number-one single in the US. "Down" ended [[The Black Eyed Peas]]' 26-week reign at the number-one spot on the Hot 100.<ref name="billboard.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267156/jay-sean-sends-peas-packing-from-hot-100-penthouse|title=Jay Sean Sends Peas Packing From Hot 100 Penthouse|website=billboard.com}}</ref> Furthermore, "Down" had managed to top one of the most competitive weeks in the US charts this decade, with the top five titles (Sean's "Down", [[Miley Cyrus]]' "[[Party in the U.S.A.]]", [[Jay Z]]'s "[[Run This Town]]", [[Jason Derulo]]'s "[[Whatcha Say]]", and Black Eyed Peas' "[[I Gotta Feeling]]") being "separated by the tightest point margin in more than six years."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Jay Sean Leads Packed Hot 100 Top Five|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Silvio|last=Pietroluongo|date=8 October 2009|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267143/jay-sean-leads-packed-hot-100-top-five|access-date=4 November 2009}}</ref> After spending a week at the top spot, "Down" was succeeded by [[Britney Spears]]' "[[3 (Britney Spears song)|3]]", but the following week, it returned to number one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaysean.com/news.shtml?120 |title="Down" continues to break records Stateside |publisher=Jaysean.com |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071649/http://www.jaysean.com/news.shtml?120 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On the [[Canadian Hot 100]], it debuted at number 40 for the week of 17 August 2009, and peaked at number three for the week of 15 October 2009. The song also peaked at number one on ''Billboard''{{'}}s Pop Songs, [[Billboard Hot 100 Airplay|Radio Songs]] (airplay), and [[Rhythmic Top 40]] charts, and number two on the [[Hot Digital Songs|Digital Songs]] (sales) chart. Since its release, it has sold over 4,000,000 downloads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/74329/week-ending-feb-6-2011-songs-katy-stands-alone/|title=Week Ending Feb 6, 2011: Songs: Katy Stands Alone – Yahoo! Chart Watch|publisher=New.music.yahoo.com|date=9 February 2011|access-date=11 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004054636/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-feb-6-2011-songs-katy-stands-alone.html|archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>

Internationally, the song was an instant success.
On the [[Recorded Music NZ]], "Down" debuted at number 18, and after six weeks the song peaked at number two (where it spent four weeks) for the week of 5 November 2009. On Sweden's ''[[Sverigetopplistan]]'', "Down" debuted at number 52 and, in its second week, and peaked at number 29, beginning on 5 November 2009, where it spent ten weeks at that position. In Switzerland, for the week of 8 October 2009, the song debuted on the [[Swiss Music Charts]] at number 65 and peaked at number 57 five weeks later. The single debuted at number nine on 22 October 2009, on the [[Norwegian Singles Chart]] and peaked at number five two weeks later. In the UK, "Down" entered and peaked at number three on the [[UK Singles Chart]] and spent one week at number one on the [[UK R&B Chart]]. It is his highest-charting single in the UK since "[[Stolen (Jay Sean song)|Stolen]]" charted at number four in 2004.

On the [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]], "Down" debuted at number 70 for the week beginning of 5 November 2009, and peaked at number 52. On the Australian [[ARIA Charts]], the song debuted at number nine that same week and peaked at number two three weeks later. On the [[Ultratop 50|Belgian Singles Chart]], the song peaked at number two. The song debuted at number nine on the [[European Hot 100]] and number 94 on the [[Japan Hot 100]] during the week dated 9 November 2009,<ref name="Japan-Billboard">{{cite web|title=Japan Billboard Hot 100|publisher=[[Billboard charts]]|date=2009-11-09|url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/system/jp_charts/hot100/51-100/page:6|access-date=15 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513085610/http://www.billboard-japan.com/system/jp_charts/hot100/51-100/page:6|archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> and peaked at number 79 on the week dated 6 March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jay Sean|publisher=[[Billboard charts]]|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=jay sean|chart=all}}|access-date=26 February 2010}}</ref> The song debuted on the French [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]] chart at number 19 on 27 February 2010 then peaked at number 17, becoming Sean's second top twenty and Lil Wayne's fourth in France.

==Track listing==
;iTunes digital download
# "Down" (featuring [[Lil Wayne]]) – 3:32

;Promo US CD
# "Down" (Clean featuring Lil Wayne) – 3:32
# "Down" (Clean Without Rap) – 3:17
# "Down" (Instrumental) – 3:32
# "Down" (Bobbybass Dance Remix) – 4:00

;UK single CD
# "Down" (featuring Lil Wayne) – 3:32
# "Down" ([[Jason Nevins]] Edit) – 3:39
# "Down" ([[Roll Deep]] Mix) – 4:05
# "Down" (K-Warren Remix) – 5:45
# "Down" (Chasing Pluto Remix) – 3:47

==Charts==
Jay Sean's first single with [[Cash Money Records]] and [[Universal Music Group]] (and his American-debut single), became his first number one single on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and first single to sell more than two million copies in America,<ref name=Akbar>{{cite news|title=After 2,000 gigs, Hounslow singer tops the US charts|first=Arifa|last=Akbar|work=The Independent |location=UK|date=30 October 2009|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/after-2000-gigs-hounslow-singer-tops-the-us-charts-1811724.html|access-date=30 October 2009}}</ref> and the second for featured artist Lil Wayne who first topped the chart for five weeks the previous year with "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" on the Hot 100.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267143/jay-sean-leads-packed-hot-100-top-five|title=Jay Sean Leads Packed Hot 100 Top Five|website=billboard.com}}</ref>

"Down" entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] on 1 November 2009 at number 3, and number one on the [[UK R&B Chart|R&B Chart]], becoming Sean's highest-charting positions on both charts.<ref name="musicweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/MusicWeekWeb/DisplayChart.aspx?chartname=&title=down&artist=jay%20sean&chartFamilyId=family-2&sectionHeader=Sales&artistId=8471&titleId=18876&search=2&selArtist=Jay+Sean+feat.+Lil+Wayne&selTitle=Down&selRecordLabel=Island&menuname=promoCharts&pageName=&chartId=&rid=108&groupBy=chartName |title=Music Week |publisher=Music Week |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Chart (2009–2011)
! scope="col"|Peak<br />position
|-
{{single chart|Australia|2|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|Australiaurban|1|url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20091204130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20091205-0000/issue1031.pdf|access-date=18 November 2021}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|-
{{single chart|Austria|8|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|Flanders|32|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|Wallonia Tip|2|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|Canada|3|artist=Jay Sean}}
|-
{{single chart|CIS|35|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down|songid=18800|access-date=6 May 2022}}
|-
{{single chart|Czech Republic|20|year=2010|week=2}}
|-
{{single chart|Denmark|7|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
| Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles]])<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hits of the World: European Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=121|issue=45|page=51|date=14 November 2009}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|9
|-
{{single chart|France|17|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down|date=20100206}}
|-
{{single chart|Germany|9|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down|songid=601917}}
|-
{{single chart|Hungaryradio|33|year=2009|week=43}}
|-
{{single chart|Ireland2|10|artist=Jay Sean featuring Lil Wayne|access-date=18 January 2020}}
|-
| Italy ([[FIMI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/ricerca#/type:artists/show:charts/keyword:Jay+Sean+Feat.+Lil+Wayne/page:0|title=FIMI – Database Top of the music – FIMI|website=www.fimi.it}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|30
|-
{{single chart|Billboardjapanhot100|79|artist=Jay Sean|artistid=623772}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch40|17|artist=Jay Sean|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch100|31|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|New Zealand|2|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|Norway|5|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
| Russia Airplay ([[TopHit]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/weekly/20091016-20091022|title=Top Radio Hits Russia Weekly Chart: Oct 22, 2009|publisher=[[TopHit]]|access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 22
|-
{{single chart|Scotland|4|date=20091107}}
|-
{{single chart|Slovakia|1|year=2009|week=49}}
|-
{{single chart|Sweden|25|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|Switzerland|8|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down}}
|-
{{single chart|UKrandb|1|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down|date=2009-11-07}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|3|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|song=Down|date=20091107}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Jay Sean|artistid=623772}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardadultpopsongs|26|artist=Jay Sean|artistid=623772}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardpopsongs|1|artist=Jay Sean|artistid=623772}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardrhythmic|1|artist=Jay Sean|artistid=623772}}
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (2009)
!Position
|-
|Australia (ARIA)<ref name="news.com.au">{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26561471-16601,00.html | work=The Advertiser | title=Top 100 singles of the noughties | date=7 January 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|34
|-
|Brazil ([[Crowley Broadcast Analysis|Crowley]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maistocadas.mus.br/2009/|title=Brazilian Top 100 Year-End 2009|date=April 3, 2018|publisher=[[Crowley Broadcast Analysis]]|accessdate=January 30, 2022}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|46
|-
|Canada (Canadian Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/canadian-hot-100|title=Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2009|magazine=Billboard|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|40
|-
|Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2009|title=Éves összesített listák – MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 (súlyozott)|publisher=Mahasz}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|153
|-
|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)<ref>{{cite web|title=New Zealand Top 50 Singles of 2009 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] |url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp |access-date=1 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915190126/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|12
|-
| Russia Airplay (TopHit)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2009|title=Top Radio Hits Russia Annual Chart: 2009|publisher=[[TopHit]]|access-date=29 April 2024|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427163412/https://tophit.com/chart/top/radio/hits/ru/annual/2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 149
|-
|UK Singles (Official Charts Company)<ref name="UK2009year">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusYE2009.pdf |title=Charts Plus Year end 2009 |publisher=Charts Plus|access-date=19 July 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|64
|-
|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/hot-100-songs|title=Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2009|magazine=Billboard|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|20
|-
|US Mainstream Top 40 (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/pop-songs|title=Pop Songs – Year-End 2009|magazine=Billboard|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|14
|-
|US Rhythmic (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2009/rhythmic-songs|title=Rhythmic Songs – Year-End 2009|magazine=Billboard|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|12
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2010)
!scope="col"|Position
|-
|Australia (ARIA)<ref name="AUSendofyear">{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2010.htm |title=ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2010 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=8 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205172929/http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2010.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|66
|-
|Brazil ([[Crowley Broadcast Analysis|Crowley]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maistocadas.mus.br/2010/|title=Brazilian Top 100 Year-End 2010|date=April 3, 2018|publisher=[[Crowley Broadcast Analysis]]|accessdate=January 30, 2022}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|47
|-
|France (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?categorie=Top%20Single%20de%20l%E2%80%99ann%C3%A9e&annee=2010|title=Top de l'année Top Singles 2010|publisher=SNEP|language=fr|access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|81
|-
|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2010|title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2010|publisher=Dutch Top 40|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|100
|-
|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/hot-100-songs|title=Billboard Year End Chart 2010|work=[[Billboard.com]]|access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|41
|-
|US Mainstream Top 40 (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/pop-songs|title=Pop Songs – Year-End 2010|magazine=Billboard|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|46
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" | Chart (2011)
! scope="col" | Position
|-
|Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-2011|title=Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts|language=de|work=[[GfK Entertainment]]|publisher=offiziellecharts.de|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|97
|}

===All-time charts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart (1992–2017)
!Position
|-
| US [[Pop Songs]] (''Billboard'')<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-of-all-time-pop-songs|title=GREATEST OF ALL TIME POP SONGS|magazine=Billboard|access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|28
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chart (1958–2018)
! Position
|-
| US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100-60th-anniversary|title=Billboard Hot 100 60th Anniversary Interactive Chart|magazine=Billboard|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|128
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=2009|certyear=2010}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Brazil|title=Down|artist=Jay Sean|award=Gold|type=single|certyear=2024|relyear=2009|access-date=25 June 2024}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne| title=Down|award=Platinum|id=10291|relyear=2009|certyear=2021}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|type=single|award=Gold|relyear=2009|certyear=2018|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|title=Down|access-date=1 May 2018}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|type=single|award=Platinum|number=4|relyear=2009|certyear=2025|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|source=radioscope|access-date=2026-01-30|title=Down}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Sweden|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=2009|certyear=2011|artist=Jay Sean feat. Lil Wayne|title=Down|access-date=July 26, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=2009|certyear=2024|artist=Jay Sean ft Lil Wayne|title=Down|access-date=13 December 2024|id=9786-2827-1}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|award=Diamond|relyear=2009|certyear=2026|artist=Jay Sean|title=Down|access-date=23 March 2026|refname=riaa}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true|nosales=true}}

==Release history==
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Region
!Date
!Format
!Label
|-
| United States
| rowspan="2"|31 May 2009
| rowspan="2"|[[Music download|Digital download]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Cash Money Records|Cash Money]]
|-
| Canada
|-
| United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more! |url=https://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101141712/https://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239 |archive-date=2009-11-01 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.fmqb.com}}</ref>
|27 July 2009
|[[Contemporary hit radio]]
|-
| Norway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thevoice.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=249&Itemid=7 |title=Jay Sean ft. Lil' Wayne – Down |publisher=Thevoice.no |access-date=8 October 2009}}</ref>
| 18 August 2009
| Airplay
| rowspan="5"|[[Universal Republic Records|Universal Republic]]
|-
| Belgium
| rowspan="4"|24 August 2009
| rowspan="4"|Digital download
|-
| France
|-
| Sweden
|-
| New Zealand
|-
| United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaysean.com/news.shtml?111 |title="Down" sells 1 million units in the USA |publisher=Jaysean.com |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922213938/http://www.jaysean.com/news.shtml?111 |archive-date=22 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 10 September 2009
| Airplay
| {{hlist|Jayded|[[2Point9 Records|2Point9]]}}
|-
| Switzerland
| 23 September 2009
| rowspan="2"|Digital download
| rowspan="2"|Universal Republic
|-
| Norway
| 13 October 2009
|-
| United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaysean.com/news.shtml?113 |title=The UK prepares to get "Down" |publisher=Jaysean.com |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929080401/http://www.jaysean.com/news.shtml?113 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 25 October 2009
| {{hlist|CD|digital download}}
| {{hlist|Jayded|2Point9}}
|-
| Worldwide
| 31 October 2009
| Digital download
| Universal Republic
|}

==Destine version==
{{Infobox song
| name = Down
| cover = Destine - Down.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Destine]]
| album = [[Lightspeed (Destine album)|Lightspeed]] (2011 Japan release)
| released = 1 October 2010
| recorded = 2010
| studio =
| genre = [[Pop punk]]
| length = 3:19
| label = [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| writer = {{hlist|[[Jay Sean|Kamaljit Jhooti]]|[[Lil Wayne|Dwayne Carter]]|[[Jared Cotter]]|[[Orange Factory Music|J-Remy]]|[[Orange Factory Music|Bobby Bass]]|[[Orange Factory Music|Jonathan Perkins]]}}
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Spiders (Destine song)|Spiders]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Stay (Destine song)|Stay]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

The Dutch [[pop punk]] band [[Destine]] released a cover version of "'''Down'''" as a stand-alone single on 1 October 2010 and as an [[iTunes Store|iTunes]] download on 4 October. The official music video was meant to debut on EFM on 8 October, but was released through the band official YouTube page three days earlier on 5 October 2010, although it was deleted the next day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://destinemusic.com/blog/ |title=Destine | The Official Website » Blog |publisher=Destinemusic.com |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110709015700/http://destinemusic.com/blog/ |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their debut album, ''[[Lightspeed (Destine album)|Lightspeed]]'', was released on 3 August 2011 in Japan, and included "Down" as a bonus track.

===Digital single===
{{Track listing
| title1 = Down
|length1 = 3:19
| title2 = Down (Instrumental Version)
|length2 = 3:19
}}

==Breathe Carolina version==
{{Infobox song
| name = Down
| cover = Bc single 400x400.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Breathe Carolina]]
| album = [[Punk Goes Pop 3]]
| released = 16 September 2010
| recorded = 2010
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Electronicore]]
| length = 3:42
| label = [[Fearless Records|Fearless]]
| writer = {{hlist|[[Jay Sean|Kamaljit Jhooti]]|[[Lil Wayne|Dwayne Carter]]|[[Jared Cotter]]|[[Orange Factory Music|J-Remy]]|[[Orange Factory Music|Bobby Bass]]|[[Orange Factory Music|Jonathan Perkins]]}}
| producer = Mike Green
| prev_title = [[I.D.G.A.F. (Breathe Carolina song)|I.D.G.A.F.]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Blackout (Breathe Carolina song)|Blackout]]
| next_year = 2011
}}
American [[electronicore]] band [[Breathe Carolina]] covered the track for the [[compilation album]] ''[[Punk Goes Pop 3]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=428048118&blogId=539482888 |title=Punk Goes Pop 3 Now Available For Pre-Order van Punk Goes... op Myspace |publisher=Blogs.myspace.com |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207065936/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view |archive-date=7 February 2009}}</ref> which was released on 2 November 2010. It was available for [[music download|digital download]] on 16 September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6FYdQ4YRibbiB69pi2ZRcj|title=Down (Jay Sean Cover) - Single by Breathe Carolina|website=[[Spotify]]|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> A music video including live footage of the band performing the song was released on 2 February 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Andrea Holmes |url=http://music.aol.com/blog/2011/02/02/breathe-carolina-down-video/ |title=Breathe Carolina, 'Down' – Video Premiere – AOL Music Blog |publisher=Music.aol.com |date=2 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204210825/http://music.aol.com/blog/2011/02/02/breathe-carolina-down-video/ |archivedate=February 4, 2011 |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> Singer David Schmitt explained why the group chose the song to cover for the album as it "appealed to the band on a technical level" and how it "struck a chord with the way the duo talks."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/bbfede/breathe-carolina-jay-sean-down-pop-goes-pun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027170521/https://www.mtv.com/news/bbfede/breathe-carolina-jay-sean-down-pop-goes-pun|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2022|title=Video: Breathe Carolina On Their 'Punk Goes Pop 3' Cover Of Jay Sean's 'Down'|website=[[MTV]]|author=Chris Ryan|date=November 2, 2010|access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Alternative Press (magazine)|Alternative Press]]'' named their version of the song as the 41st best "Top 50 Punk Goes Pop covers of all time".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.altpress.com/best-punk-goes-pop-covers-ranked/|title=Here are the top 50 Punk Goes Pop covers of all time|magazine=[[Alternative Press (magazine)|Alternative Press]]|author=Ariana Leo|date=January 7, 2021|access-date=November 25, 2022}}</ref>

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for "Down"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2010)
! scope="col"| Peak<br /> position
|-
! scope="row"| US [[Billboard charts|Rock Digital Song Sales]] ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/breathe-carolina/chart-history/rkt/|title=Breathe Carolina Chart History (Rock Digital Song Sales)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
| 31
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of number-one R&B hits of 2009 (UK)]]
*[[List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2009 (U.S.)]]
*[[List of Mainstream Top 40 number-one hits of 2009 (U.S.)]]
*[[List of Billboard Rhythmic number-one songs of the 2000s#2009|List of Billboard Rhythmic number-one songs of the 2000s]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jay Sean}}
{{Lil Wayne singles}}
{{Destine}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2009 songs]]
[[Category:2009 singles]]
[[Category:Jay Sean songs]]
[[Category:Lil Wayne songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Drumma Boy]]
[[Category:Cash Money Records singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Drumma Boy]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jay Sean]]
[[Category:Songs written by Lil Wayne]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jared Cotter]]
[[Category:Breathe Carolina songs]]
[[Category:Songs containing the I–V-vi-IV progression]]
[[Category:Electropop songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Slovakia]]

Nilgiri-class frigate (2019)

2026-03-22T03:59:34Z

Pranjal mishra: improved article

{{Short description|Indian stealth guided-missile frigates}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the [[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|Nilgiri-class frigates]] – a class of specifically modified-[[Leander-class frigate]]s which served in the Indian Navy from 1972 to 2013.}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Nilgiri (F33), Himgiri (F34) and Udaygiri (F35) sailing in unison.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Nilgiri'' (F33), ''Himgiri'' (F34) and ''Udaygiri'' (F35) sailing in formation
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Nilgiri'' class
| builders = *[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE)
*[[Mazagon Dock Limited]] (MDL)
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_before = {{sclass|Shivalik|frigate|4}}
| class_after = {{sclass2|Project 17B|frigate|4}}
| subclasses =
| cost = *{{INRConvert|4000|c|year=2020|lk=on}} per frigate (Estimated)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/keel-laid-for-the-third-project-17-stealth-frigate/|title=Keel laid for the third Project 17 stealth frigate|website=indiastrategic.in|date=September 2020|access-date=13 February 2022|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203065528/https://www.indiastrategic.in/keel-laid-for-the-third-project-17-stealth-frigate/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{INRConvert|45000|c|year=2020}} (Total deal)<ref name=iex>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Navy-seals-45-000-cr-deal--seven-warships/479132 |title=Navy seals 45,000-cr deal: seven warships |work=The Indian Express |date=20 June 2009 |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115032307/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Navy-seals-45-000-cr-deal--seven-warships/479132 |archive-date=15 January 2011 }}</ref>
| built_range = 2017 – ''present''
| in_service_range =
| in_commission_range = 2025 – ''present''
| total_ships_building = 2
| total_ships_planned = 7
| total_ships_completed = 5
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 3
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type = [[Guided-missile frigate]]
| tonnage =
| displacement = {{cvt|6670|t|LT|lk=on}}
| length = {{convert|149|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|17.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught =
| draft = {{convert|5.22|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|9.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power = *2 × [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] - [[General Electric LM2500]]+ (30,200 kW each)
*2 × [[MAN Diesel]] 12V28/33D STC (6,000 kW each)
| propulsion = [[Combined diesel or gas|CODOG]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2160573&reg=3&lang=1|title = Nilgiri-Class (Project 17A) Guided-Missile Frigates, India|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{cvt|32|kn|km/h}}
| range = *{{cvt|2500|nmi|km}} at {{cvt|28|kn|km/h}}
*{{cvt|5500|nmi|km}} at {{cvt|16|–|18|kn|km/h}}
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats = 2 × [[Rigid inflatable boat|RHIB]]
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 226 (35 officers + 191 sailors)
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *'''Radar :-'''
*[[Israel Aerospace Industries|IAI]] - [[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]] [[S band|S-Band]] [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|AESA]] [[radar]]
* [[Indra Sistemas|Indra]] - [[Tata Advanced Systems|TASL]] [[:es:Radar LANZA|Lanza-N]] [[L-band]] air surveillance radar
*'''Sonar :-'''
*[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] HUMSA-NG active/passive [[sonar]]
*'''Combat Suite :-'''
*"Combat Management System" (CMS-17A)
| EW = * [[DRDO]] "Shakti" [[Electronic warfare|EW suite]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister to Formally Handover DRDO Designed and Developed Advanced Electronic Warfare Suite ‘Shakti’ for Indian Naval Ships to Chief of Naval Staff |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1773020 |access-date=14 February 2025 |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=18 November 2021}}</ref> (equipped with [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] and "Radar Finger Printing System" (RFPS))
*'''Decoys :-'''
*4 × [[Kavach (anti-missile system)|Kavach]] decoy launchers
*2 × [[Maareech ATDS|NSTL Maareech]] [[Torpedo defence|torpedo-countermeasure]] systems
| armament = *'''Anti-air warfare :-'''
*4 × 8-cell [[Vertical launching system|VLS]], for 32 [[Barak 8]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s
*'''Anti-surface warfare :-'''
*1 × 8-cell [[Vertical launching system|VLS]], for 8 [[BrahMos]] [[anti-ship missile]]s
*'''Anti-submarine warfare :-'''
*2 × [[Torpedo tube|triple-tube torpedo launchers]] for [[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena]]
*2 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine weapon|anti-submarine rocket launchers]] (72 rockets)
*'''Guns :-'''
*1 × [[BHEL]] - [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] [[OTO Melara 76 mm#Strales System|Strales]] [[Naval artillery|naval gun]]
*2 × [[AK-630]]M [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]
*Multiple [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Dhruv]] (or) [[Westland Sea King|Sea King Mk. 42B]] helicopters
| aircraft_facilities = Enclosed helicopter [[hangar]] capable of accommodating one multi-role helicopters.
| notes = First major class of Indian-designed warships to be built using [[Modular building|integrated modular construction]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/indian-project-17a-frigate-programme-moves-forward/|title=Indian Project 17A frigate programme moves forward|website=shephardmedia.com|date=3 October 2019}}</ref>
}}
}}

The '''''Nilgiri''-class frigates''', formally classified as the '''Project-17 Alpha frigates (P-17A)''', are a series of multi-mission<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1964948002595840027 |user=IN_HQENC |title=Multi-Mission stealth frigates... |date=2025-09-08 |access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref> stealth [[Frigate|guided-missile frigates]] currently being built by [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]] (MDL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) for the [[Indian Navy]] (IN).<ref name="MDL">{{Cite web|url=https://mazagondock.in/Naval-Ships.aspx|title=Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited – Products – Naval Ships|website=mazagondock.in}}</ref><ref name="GRSE">{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/index.php/product-profile/shipbuilding/2-uncategorised/81-frigate.html|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd. – Product Profile – Frigate|website=grse.in}}</ref>

Designed by the [[Indian Navy|Warship Design Bureau]], the class is intended to serve as a complement to the currently-serving {{sclass|Shivalik|frigate|1}}s (P-17) with improved design portfolios, such as low [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) and reduced [[infrared signature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1948340|title=LAUNCH OF Y3024 (VINDHYAGIRI) ON 17 AUGUST 2023|website=pib.gov.in|date=13 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="ForceIndia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.forceindia.net/NovFeatureReport7.aspx|title=CCNS finally kickstarts Indian Navy's Project 17A|last=Sengupta|first=Prasan K.|date=September 2012|publisher=ForceIndia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218093318/http://www.forceindia.net/NovFeatureReport7.aspx|archive-date=18 February 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

With a total of seven vessels, the construction of the frigates are currently divided between MDL and GRSE.<ref name="MDL"/><ref name="GRSE"/> As of 2024, all seven frigates have been launched and are intended to enter service with the IN between 2024 and 2027.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Mohanan |first1=Kalesh |title=Indigenous Warship Building |magazine=Indian Defence Review |date=April–June 2012 |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/indigenous-warship-building/}}</ref> The frigates will form a part of the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] as well as the future [[Carrier battle group|Carrier Battle Group]] (CBG) of {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}.<ref name="delh-rebase">{{cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Sumit |date=2021-12-04 |title=Eastern Fleet will have Carrier Battle Group: Vice Admiral |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/eastern-fleet-will-have-carrier-battle-group-vice-admiral/article37833874.ece/ |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-06-22 |title=INS Nilgiri joins Eastern Naval Commamd in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-nilgiri-joins-eastern-naval-commamd-in-visakhapatnam/article69724479.ece |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Upon entering service, the class is to be complemented by an additional series of seven or eight frigates, under the codename the [[Project 17B-class frigate|Project-17B]] series.<ref name="P-17B">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-07-18 |title=Mazagon, Garden Reach Shipbuilders lead race for Defence Ministry's ₹70,000 crore warships order |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-set-to-clear-70000-crore-frigates-order/articleshow/111817259.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="Follow">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2023-08-13 |title=India Proceeds with New Submarines, Surface Ships Development |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/08/india-proceeds-with-new-submarines-surface-ships-development/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Design ==
===Development===
[[File:P17A design 1.png|thumb|left|An animated depiction of the ''Nilgiri''-class frigate, showing its [[Port and starboard|starboard]].]]
The [[frigate]]s were designed by the Warship Design Bureau (formerly Directorate of Naval Design).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/project-17-a-nilgiri-class-frigates/|title=Project 17-A Nilgiri-Class Frigates|website=naval-technology.com|date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

The class' design was finalised by the DND in 2013; it was later unveiled to the public in April 2018, when MDL displayed a scale model of the frigate at the DefExpo 2018 military exhibition, held at [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c4defence.com/en/p-17a-frigate-unveiled/|title=P-17A Frigate Unveiled|website=c4defence.com|date=26 April 2018}}</ref> The P17A ships are geo-symmetrically larger by 4.54 % vis-à-vis P17, or the ''Shivalik''-class frigates,<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=Project 17A Indigenous Stealth Frigate Udaygiri delivered to Indian Navy |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2141259 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> and also features 75% indigenous content.<ref name=":9" />

On 5 September 2018, [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]] (MDL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) awarded [[Bharat Electronics]] (BEL) with a {{INRConvert|9200|c|lk=on|year=2018}} contract to supply seven [[Barak 8]] LR-SAM air defence systems for ''Nilgiri''-class frigates. In October 2018, Bharat Electronics signed a $777 million deal with Israel Aerospace Industries to help fulfil the Barak-8 order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=BEL Order Book Crosses 50,000 Crore landmark |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1545019 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="iai-bel-order2">{{cite news |last1=Dominguez |first1=Gabriel |date=24 October 2018 |title=IAI wins USD777 million contract to supply additional Barak-8 LRSAM systems for Indian Navy |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84016/iai-wins-usd777-million-contract-to-supply-additional-barak-8-lrsam-systems-for-indian-navy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024175410/https://www.janes.com/article/84016/iai-wins-usd777-million-contract-to-supply-additional-barak-8-lrsam-systems-for-indian-navy/ |archive-date=24 October 2018 |work=Jane's Defence Weekly}}</ref>

On 28 November 2023, [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL) received a contract worth {{INRConvert|2956.89|c|lk=on|year=2023}} to manufacture 16 Upgraded [[OTO Melara 76 mm|Super Rapid Gun Mounts]] (SRGMs) or Strales Systems for in-service ships as well as the under construction ''Nilgiri''-class frigates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-28 |title=Defence ministry inks Rs 2,956 cr contract with BHEL to procure 16 super rapid gun mount for Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-inks-rs-2956-cr-contract-with-bhel-to-procure-16-super-rapid-gun-mount-for-navy/articleshow/105570635.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Naval News |date=2023-11-29 |title=India procures 16 Upgraded Super Rapid Naval Gun Systems for Indian Navy |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/11/india-procures-16-upgraded-super-rapid-naval-gun-systems-for-indian-navy/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The state-owned firm [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL) is supplying around 4,000 tonnes of steel for each of these ships. The steel is being manufactured in [[Bokaro Steel Plant|Bokaro]], [[Bhilai Steel Plant|Bhilai]], and [[Rourkela Steel Plant|Rourkela]] plants.<ref name=":9" />

=== Features ===
====Stealth====
The frigate's design incorporates a significant degree of stealth and low radar-observability – through the utility of composite materials, radar-absorbent coatings and low-observable/radar-transparent technologies; the usage of the aforementioned materials assists the vessel in maintaining a low [[radar cross-section]] (RCS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2020/12/indias-second-project-p17a-nilgiri.html|title=India's second Project P17A Nilgiri-class guided missile frigate launched|website=asiapacificdefensejournal.com|date=31 December 2020}}</ref>

The vessel's physical profile also features a substantial level of stealth through the application of different physical forms – including an enclosed [[Mooring|mooring deck]], [[flush deck]]-mounted weapon systems and a reduced number of antennae.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/ins-himgiri-indian-navys-advanced-p17a-class-stealth-frigate-launched-at-grse-yard-heres-all-you-need-to-know|title=INS 'Himgiri', Indian Navy's advanced P17A-class stealth frigate, launched at GRSE yard – here's all you need to know|website=freepressjournal.com|date=14 December 2020}}</ref>

The frigate's [[infrared signature]], most specifically emissions from its propulsion exhaust and power generation machinery, are reduced through the application of [[Venturi effect]] and fluid injection, which helps to reduce the plume and hot metal temperatures of exhaust.<ref name="MDL P17A">{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/MDL-Augmented-To-Build-11-Submarines-And-10-Ships-At-Any-Given-Time-RAdmiral-AK-Saxena-Director-Mazagon-Dock-/31-10-2020-337764/|title=MDL Augmented To Build 11 Submarines And 10 Ships at Any Given Time: R-Admiral AK Saxena, Director, Mazagon Dock|website=businessworld.com|date=31 October 2020}}</ref> To maintain acoustic silence, the frigate is equipped with [[Propeller|propellers]] designed to have onset of cavitation at higher speeds to reduce hydrodynamic noise.<ref name="MDL P17A"/> In addition to the propellers, the vessel's hull also features special acoustic enclosures for some of the machinery to reduce the emission air-borne noise.<ref name="MDL P17A"/>

====Modular profile====
The P-17A frigates are the first major class of Indian-designed warships to be built using the methodology of [[Modular building|integrated modular construction]] – a manufacturing process in which multiple modules (or "blocks") of a vessel's hull are pre-assembled/pre-outfitted independently, before being aggregated for final assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28535/Indian_Navy___s_Project_17A_Stealth_Frigate_Launched#.YgUKu-pBzIU|title=Indian Navy's Project 17A Stealth Frigate Launched|website=defenseworld.net|date=14 December 2020}}</ref>

In December 2015, MDL contracted [[Fincantieri S.p.A.]] to provide technical assistance and essential expertise in the construction of the seven frigates using the "modular construction" methodology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fincantieri.com/en/media/press-releases/2015/000701/|title=Fincantieri To Collaborate with the Indian Shipyards MDL and GRSE for the Navy's Frigates|website=fincantieri.com|date=21 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/15673/Mazagon_Dock_Teams_Up_With_Italian_Fincantieri_To_Build_Stealth_Frigates_For_Indian_Navy#.YgUzHepBzIU|title=Mazagon Dock Teams Up With Italian Fincantieri To Build Stealth Frigates For Indian Navy|website=defenseworld.net|date=24 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Naming ===
The P-17A frigates were named after the former-{{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||1972}}s, which served in the IN between 1972 and 2013; the first six ships of the series were allotted the names utilised by the older class, namely – {{INS|Nilgiri|2019|2}}, {{INS|Himgiri|2020|2}}, {{INS|Taragiri|2022|2}}, {{INS|Udaygiri|2022|2}}, {{INS|Dunagiri|2022|2}}, and {{INS|Vindhyagiri|2023|2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2019/09/21/elx1-navy-frigate-name.html|title=Navy to name 7th frigate in P17A series as 'Mahendragiri'|website=theweek.in|date=4 April 2020}}</ref> The seventh and final vessel of the P-17A series, which did not have a namesake from the older class, was given the new name of ''Mahendragiri''. The ships are given names of mountain ranges in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-to-name-7th-frigate-in-p17a-series-as-mahendragiri/articleshow/71235000.cms|title=Indian Navy to name 7th frigate in P17A series as 'Mahendragiri'|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

== Instrumentation ==
===Armament===
====Anti-surface warfare====
[[File:INS Nilgiri firing Brahmos.jpg|thumb|left|INS ''Nilgiri'' firing a Brahmos]]
As part of its [[anti-surface warfare]] (ASuW) capabilities, the class features eight [[Vertical launching system|VLS]]-launched [[BrahMos]] [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship cruise missiles]], capable of speeds of up to [[Mach number|Mach 3]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/defence/indigenously-designed-brahmos-to-equip-talwar-class-frigates-118120100769_1.html|title='Indigenously designed' BrahMos to equip Talwar-class frigates|website=business-standard.com|date=1 December 2018}}</ref> The BrahMos is widely regarded as one of the most formidable anti-ship missiles currently in service, given the missile's extreme versatility and manoeuvrability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/bull%E2%80%99s-eye-the-5-most-deadly-anti-ship-missiles-all-time-12411|title=Bullseye: The 5 Most Deadly Anti-Ship Missiles of All Time|website=nationalinterest.com|date=13 March 2015}}</ref>

The vessels are equipped with one upgraded [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] [[Naval artillery|naval gun]] for anti-missile/anti-aircraft roles. The upgraded guns manufactured by [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL) features the [[OTO Melara 76 mm#Strales System|Strales system]] with [[OTO Melara 76 mm#DART|DART]] ammunition firing capability.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence and Aerospace {{!}} Official Website of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, New Delhi, India |url=https://www.bhel.com/defence-and-aerospace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930085122/https://www.bhel.com/defence-and-aerospace |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.bhel.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0232">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2025-01-15 |title=Indian Navy Inducts New Destroyer, Frigate and Submarine |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/01/indian-navy-inducts-new-destroyer-frigate-and-submarine/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> However, INS ''Udaygiri'' features the original, older Compact variant of the gun as noted during its commissioning.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2025-08-27 |title=Indian Navy inducts two more Nilgiri-class frigates to Eastern Fleet |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/08/indian-navy-inducts-two-more-nilgiri-class-frigates-to-eastern-fleet/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Originally, there were plans to install the [[5-inch/54-caliber Mark 45 gun|Mk 45 {{cvt|127|mm|0}}]] naval gun, manufactured by [[BAE Systems Platforms & Services|BAE]]; however, this plan was later scrapped in 2021 on account of financial constraints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/navy-to-scrap-plans-to-procure-guns-from-us-considering-make-in-india-route-now/706730/|title=Navy to scrap plans to procure guns from US, considering 'Make in India' route now|website=theprint.in|date=2 August 2021}}</ref>

====Anti-air warfare====
As part of its anti-air warfare (AAW) capabilities, the class features thirty-two [[Barak 8]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s, with eight missiles present in four 2×4 VLS configurations – with two placed at the [[Bow (watercraft)|bow]] and two placed aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indo-israeli-barak-8-missile-indian-navy-to-test-long-range-sam-soon/articleshow/47478457.cms?from=mdr|title=Indo-Israeli Barak 8 missile: Indian Navy to test long-range SAM soon|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

The LR-SAM is an extended-range variant of the original Barak 8 and is designed to neutralize various aerial threats, including [[fighter aircraft]], [[helicopter]]s, [[anti-ship missile]]s, [[cruise missile]]s, [[ballistic missile]]s and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAV). This variant has a range of about {{cvt|100|km|mi}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/barak-8-missile-test-indian-navy-279676-2015-12-30|title=Indian Navy successfully tests Barak 8 interceptor missile: All you need to know|website=indiatoday.in|date=30 December 2015}}</ref>

The ships are also equipped with two [[AK-630]] each for [[close-in weapon system]] (CIWS) roles as well as multiple [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]]-manufactured 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]].<ref name=":9" />

====Anti-submarine warfare====
[[File:Shyena.png|thumb|TAL Shyena Torpedo]]
As part of its [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) capabilities, the class features two 324 mm triple-tube lightweight [[Torpedo tube|torpedo launchers]] for firing [[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena|TAL Shyena]] torpedoes.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

The class also features two [[RBU-6000]] (RPK-8) [[Anti-submarine weapon|anti-submarine rocket launchers]], capable of firing ASW projectiles to depths of up to {{cvt|1000|m|ftin}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2018/04/india-reveals-p-17a-frigate.html|title=India Reveals P-17A Configuration|website=indiandefensenews.in|date=27 April 2018}}</ref> The launchers, designated Indigenous Rocket Launchers, have been manufactured indigenously by [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref name=":9" />

====Decoys====
During the class' unveiling in 2018, the frigate's design was noted to possess two anti-torpedo decoy systems and four decoy launchers – which presumably may be the [[Maareech ATDS|NSTL Maareech torpedo-countermeasure system]] and the [[Kavach (anti-missile system)|Kavach anti-missile decoy launchers]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldnavalnews.com/india-revealed-p-17a-frigate-configuration/|title=India Revealed P-17A Frigate Configuration At Defexpo 2018|website=worldnavalnews.com|date=30 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2024-08-29 |title=India's First P17A Nilgiri-class Frigate Starts Sea Trials |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/08/indias-first-p17a-nilgiri-class-frigate-starts-sea-trials/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Aviation facilities====
[[File:Nilgiri class Frigate.webm|thumb|left|An animation of helicopter landing on frigate.]]
As part of its aviation facilities, the class is equipped with a flight-deck and an enclosed aviation hangar, capable of accommodating a single [[Military helicopter|naval helicopter]] – most likely the [[HAL Dhruv|ALH Dhruv MK-III]] maritime-reconnaissance helicopters, or the [[Westland Sea King|Westland Sea King Mk. 42B]] ASW/ASuW helicopters – both of which are operated by the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/sandeepunnithan/status/1174015087079649281?lang=en|title=Very Significant About The P-17A Frigates – Sandeep Unnithan|via=Twitter|date=17 September 2019}}</ref>

=== Sensors ===
====Radar====
The class features the [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]] [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar as its primary radar suite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardingindia.com/india/navy/indian-launches-new-project-17a-class-frigates/|title=Indian launches new Project 17A class frigates|website=guardingindia.com|date=14 December 2020}}</ref> The EL/M-2248 is a multi-function, phased-array radar system featuring an azimuth of 360<sup>o</sup>, with the capability to track both aerial and surface targets, at a range of over {{cvt|450|km|mi}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iai.co.il/p/elm-2248-mf-star|title=ELM-2248 MF-STAR Multi-Function Digital AESA Radar|website=iai.co.il}}</ref>

The class also features the [[Indra Sistemas|Indra LTR-25 'Lanza']] [[surface-search radar]], as its [[secondary surveillance radar|secondary radar]] suite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/11/kolkata-shipbuilder-to-launch-high-tech-stealth-warship-next-week.html|title=Kolkata shipbuilder to launch high-tech stealth warship next week|website=theweek.in|date=11 December 2020}}</ref> The LTR-25 is a solid-state, three-dimensional (3D), long-range radar capable of operating in a dense electronic environment and features a range of over {{cvt|250|nmi|lk=in}}, with the capability to track various aerial targets – including [[fighter aircraft]] and [[ballistic missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indracompany.com/sites/default/files/indra_ltr-25_radar_en_03_2021_0.pdf|title=Lanza Radar LTR-25|website=indracompany.com}}</ref>

The frigates are also equipped with an advanced combat management system, classified as "CMS-17A", which is reportedly equipped with sophisticated [[data link]]s for high, efficient interoperability with other naval vessels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/project-17-a-know-about-ambitious-project-to-indigenously-build-advanced-stealth-frigates/1712609/|title=Project 17 A: Know about ambitious project to indigenously build advanced stealth frigates|website=financialexpress.com|date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

====Sonar====
The class is equipped with the [[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] HUMSA-NG [[sonar]], developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]. The HUMSA-NG is a hull mounted "active cum passive" integrated sonar system capable of detecting, localizing, classifying and tracking sub-surface targets in both active and passive modes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/humsa-ng|title=HUMSA NG|website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Fortifying Fleet: Significance of Nilgiri Class Frigates in Indian Naval Defence |url=https://bharatshakti.in/fortifying-fleet-significance-of-nilgiri-class-frigates-in-indian-naval-defence/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Electronic warfare====
The frigates feature the ''Shakti'' [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite – developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]] (DLRL), for defense against anti-ship missiles and for the interception, detection, classification, identification and jamming of conventional radars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vajiramias.com/current-affairs/shakti/6196f3791d5def39ad1669c1/|title=SHAKTI|website=vajiramias.com|date=29 November 2019}}</ref> ''Shakti'' is equipped with wide-band [[Electronic warfare support measures|electronic-support measures]] (ESM), [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM), an integrated "Radar Finger Printing System (RFPS)" and a data-recording replay feature for "post-mission analysis".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1773020|title=Prime Minister to Formally Handover DRDO Designed and Developed Advanced Electronic Warfare Suite 'Shakti' for Indian Naval Ships to Chief of Naval Staff|website=pib.gov.in|date=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pm-modi-to-handover-drdo-designed-advanced-electronic-warfare-suite-to-navy-today20211119054330/|title=PM Modi to handover DRDO designed advanced electronic warfare suite to Navy today|website=aninews.in|date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Propulsion ===
Each frigate is powered by two [[General Electric LM2500]] [[gas turbine]]s – manufactured by [[GE Aviation]] and two [[MAN Diesel|MAN]] 12V28/33D STC four-stroke engines – manufactured by [[MAN Energy Solutions|MAN Diesel & Turbo]], arranged in a [[combined diesel and gas]] (CODAG) propulsion configuration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/nilgiri-class-project-17a-frigates/|title=Nilgiri-Class (Project 17A) Frigates|website=naval-technology.com|date=17 December 2020}}</ref>

In December 2016, the IN contracted GE Aviation to supply fourteen LM2500 gas turbines for the seven frigates, which were [[Licensed production|license-assembled]] in India by the Industrial & Marine Gas Turbine Division (IMGT) of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navaltoday.com/2016/12/08/lm2500-marine-gas-turbines-to-power-indian-navys-p17a-stealth-frigate/|title=LM2500 marine gas turbines to power Indian Navy's P17A stealth frigate|website=navaltoday.com|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Under the deal, HAL was additionally sanctioned to provide comprehensive services – including the supply of spare parts, maintenance inspections and equipment overhauls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turbomachinerymag.com/view/ge-marine-to-provide-lm2500-gas-turbines-for-indian-navys-p17a-frigate|title=GE Marine to provide LM2500 gas turbines for Indian Navy|website=turbomachinerymag.com|date=1 January 2017}}</ref>

At the time of the order, HAL had already delivered eleven LM2500 turbines to the IN; the turbines are specifically used on multiple Indian warships, most notably on the ''Shivalik''-class frigates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=35|title=LM 2500|website=hal-india.com}}</ref>

In February 2019, MDL contracted GE to supply an assortment of auxiliary equipment to the IN to support the fourteen engines; under the agreement, GE also handled the design work of the frigate's auxiliary system and its fuel supply system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seapowermagazine.org/ge-to-supply-lm2500-gas-turbine-auxiliary-equipment-for-indian-navys-p17a-frigates/|title=GE to Supply LM2500 Gas Turbine Auxiliary Equipment for Indian Navy's P17A Frigates|website=seapowermagazine.org|date=8 February 2022}}</ref>

In May 2016, the IN contracted MAN Diesel & Turbo to supply fourteen MAN 12V28/33D STC four-stroke engines for the seven frigates; under the deal, the requisite parts needed for the engines were sourced from India, while the engines' final assembly and testing were conducted at MAN's facility in [[Aurangabad]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/16091/Indian_Navy_Orders_MAN_Medium_Diesel_Engines_For_Stealth_Frigates#.YgHStOpBzIU|title=Indian Navy Orders MAN Medium Diesel Engines For Stealth Frigates|website=defenseworld.net|date=18 May 2016}}</ref>

== History ==

===Background===
[[File:P17A Nilgiri Class Frigate Design of Indian Navy.jpg|thumb|A rendering of the frigate's design]]
On 19 June 2009, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) — the main acquisition panel subordinate to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) and chaired by the then [[Defence Minister of India]] [[A. K. Antony]] — cleared a proposal for the procurement of seven stealth frigates at a cost of {{INRConvert|45000|c|lk=on|year=2009}} under the designation Project 17A, as an advanced variant of {{Sclass|Shivalik|frigate}}s. The ships were to be constructed by [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]] (MDL), Mumbai and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE), Kolkata. The DAC also rejected the Navy's proposal of building two of the warships abroad. The construction of the warships will incorporate modular shipbuilding where 300-tonne prefabricated blocks would be put together similar to the construction style of {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}. Earlier, on 4 December 2006,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-04 |title=Indian Navy on modernisation drive, to build stealth frigates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20061204-indian-navy-to-build-seven-stealth-frigates-to-shipyards-in-europe-and-russia-2006-784197-2006-12-03 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> the Navy had sent out a pre-tender [[Request for Information]] (RFI) to French [[DCNS (company)|DCNS]], Italian [[Fincantieri]], American firms [[Lockheed Martin]] and [[Northrop Grumman]] besides shipyards in Russia and Korea for the construction of the first two ships by one of the foreign shipyards so as to ensure the timely absorption of the technology by the Indian shipyards. The project is expected to start in 2011 after both MDL and GRSE completes an upgrade to allow the modular construction. The deliveries were to begin 3–4 years after start of construction. All the firgates are to be inducted by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-20 |title=Navy seals 45,000-cr deal: seven warships |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/navy-seals-45000cr-deal-seven-warships/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721083701/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/navy-seals-45000cr-deal-seven-warships/?ref=archive_pg |archive-date=2025-07-21 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As reported on 5 August 2013, the design of the Project 17A frigates along with Project 15B destroyers (now, {{Sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer}}s) were completed by the Directorate of Naval Design (DND) of the Indian Navy. Additionally, the cost negotiations for the construction of the seven vessels had been completed. As part of the project, MDL and GRSE will construct four and three frigates, respectively. Now, the Navy was awaiting clearance from the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-05 |title=Navy designs India's largest ever ship, focuses on stealth and futuristic frigates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-directorate-of-naval-design-ak-antony-talwar-class-shivalik-class-172819-2013-08-04 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 February 2015, the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) — India's top decision-making institution on matters related to defense and national security chaired by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] — green-lighted the proposal for the Project 17A frigates at a cost of {{INRConvert|45381|c|lk=|year=2015}}. The contract would be signed in the same month with an initial payment of {{INRConvert|4000|c|lk=|year=2015}}. The project is the follow-on of the ''Shivalik''-class or Project 17 frigates and the first ship by each the shipyards is expected to be delivered in 2022.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=18 February 2015 |title=Rs 50k-cr naval project gets Cabinet nod |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rs-50k-cr-naval-project-gets-cabinet-nod-115021800042_1.html |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-approves-construction-of-7-stealth-frigates-6-nuclear-powered-submarines/articleshow/46281364.cms|title=Government approves construction of seven stealth frigates, 6 nuclear-powered submarines|website=The Times of India|date=18 February 2015}}</ref>

===Construction===
====Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers====
[[File:INS Himgiri.jpg|thumb|The sea trials of {{INS|Himgiri|2020|6}}, the first ship of the batch being built by GRSE.]]
On 20 February 2015, the Indian Navy signed the contract with the [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE), a [[Kolkata]]-based public-sector shipyard, to build three frigates under Project 17 Alpha at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|19294|c|lk=on|year=2015}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-04-22 |title=GRSE wins $3.17bn Indian Navy contract to build three new stealth frigates |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsgrse-wins-317bn-indian-navy-contract-to-build-three-new-stealth-frigates-4560669/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the terms of the contract, GRSE is slated to deliver the three frigates in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-23 |title=GRSE Wins $3.1 Billion Indian Navy’s Frigate Order |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/12774/GRSE_Wins__3_1_Billion_Indian_Navy___s_Frigate_Order |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.defensemirror.com}}</ref> The frigates would be constructed with "Integrated Construction Methodology" in partnership with Italy's [[Fincantieri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frigate - Official website of Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited - A Government of India undertaking, Ministry of Defence |url=https://grse.in/frigate/index.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721165817/https://grse.in/frigate/index.php |archive-date=2025-07-21 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=grse.in}}</ref> In preparation for the order, GRSE re-augmented its infrastructure by establishing newer, modular shipyards along with a [[Samson and Goliath (cranes)|Goliath gantry crane]], meant for enabling the construction of the frigates in a short time frame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-finalizing-mega-stealth-frigates-project-for-over-rs-50000-crore/articleshow/14783631.cms|title=India finalizing mega stealth frigates' project for over Rs 50,000 crore|website=The Times of India|date=9 July 2012}}</ref>

A significant proportion of the hull's blocks needed for the vessel's construction was procured from smaller shipyards and metal fabrication shops in and around Kolkata, while the construction/fabrication of additional infrastructure was done at GRSE's [[Rajabagan]] shipyard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/first-grse-built-p17a-frigate-enters-water|title=First GRSE-built frigate enters water|website=janes.com|date=15 December 2020}}</ref>

Construction reached a hiatus in April 2018, when the shipyard's Goliath crane, having failed to withstand strong cyclonic winds which had been travelling at around {{cvt|100|km/h|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/accident-at-psu-ship-builder-grse-hits-operations-company-says-work-not-affected-297465|title=Accident at PSU ship-builder GRSE hits operations, company says work not affected|website=milleniumpost.in|date=2 May 2018}}</ref> The accident rendered the crane permanently inoperable, whilst the module hall - which was to have fabricated the modular blocks for the future frigates, was rendered unusable.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/accident-at-psu-ship-builder-grse-hits-operations-company-says-work-not-affected-118050200292_1.html|title= Accident at PSU ship-builder GRSE hits operations, company says work not affected|website=business-standard.com|date=2 May 2018}}</ref> However, no damage was reported to have been inflicted on the vessels that were being built by the shipyard, according to representatives from the IN and GRSE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatdefencekavach.com/news/avi_ation/accident-at-psu-ship-builder-grse-hits-operations-company-says-work-not-affected/65000.html|title=Accident at PSU ship-builder GRSE hits operations, company says work not affected|website=bharatdefencekavach.com|date=2 May 2018}}</ref>

The mishap forced GRSE to modify the project's timeline, by prioritizing the construction of the modular blocks at its other facilities, rather resuming constructing post-repairs to the shipyard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-despite-major-shipyard-mishap-new-frigate-to-be-delivered-on-time-1849718|title=Exclusive : Despite Major Shipyard Mishap, New Frigates To Be Delivered On Time|website=ndtv.com|date=9 May 2018}}</ref> With the loss of the crane, GRSE resorted to building smaller 50 t and 100 t blocks (instead of the regular 250 t blocks) with the shipyard’s smaller cranes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/crane-collapse-at-grse-may-hurt-warship-work/article23740931.ece|title=Crane collapse at GRSE may hurt warship work|website=thehindubusinessline.com|date=1 May 2018}}</ref> In 2021, GRSE installed a Goliath crane that had purchased from [[South Korea]], with a lifting capacity of 250 t, thus resuming regular construction operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeromagonline.com/2021/06/22/grse-commissioned-new-250-ton-goliath-crane/|title=GRSE Commissioned New 250 Ton Goliath Crane|website=aeromagonline.com|date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

The construction of the first frigate began in November 2018, while work on the second and third frigates began in January 2020 and March 2021, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navaltoday.com/2018/11/13/grse-starts-construction-of-their-first-project-17a-frigate-for-indian-navy/|title=GRSE Starts Construction of Their First P17A Frigate for the Indian Navy|website=navyrecognition.com|date=13 November 2018}}</ref> The first of the three frigates, {{INS|Himgiri|2020|2}}, was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 14 December 2020, with its delivery slated to occur in August 2023.<ref name="himgirilaunch" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-14 |title=GRSE-built stealth frigate Himgiri launched; General Bipin Rawat calls it a 'historic moment' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/grse-built-stealth-frigate-himgiri-launched-general-bipin-rawat-calls-it-a-historic-moment-927390.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The second frigate, ''{{INS|Dunagiri|2022|2}}'', was launched on 15 June 2022, with its delivery expected in 2024.<ref name="Dunagiri">{{Cite press release |title=Raksha Mantri launches Y3023 Dunagiri, Project 17A frigate at GRSE Ltd, Kolkata |date=2022-07-15 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1841774 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> The final frigate, ''{{INS|Vindhyagiri|2023|2}}'', was launched in August 2023.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Launch of Y3024 (Vindhyagiri) |date=2023-08-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1949974 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref>

On 3 March 2025, GRSE completed the Contractor Sea Trials (CST) of INS ''Himgiri'' was completed by GRSE along with [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft|INS ''Androth'']]. As per a press release, "CST is considered the final stage of construction, when a vessel’s seaworthiness is tested".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-17 |title=GRSE completes Contractor Sea Trials of two warships simultaneously |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2112067 |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

''Himgiri'' was delivered to the Indian Navy on 31 July 2025<ref name=X-310725>{{cite tweet|url=https://x.com/OfficialGRSE/status/1950858469550276705|number=1950858469550276705|title=GRSE Delivers its 801st Vessel—‘Himgiri’, an Advanced P17A Frigate to Indian Navy|user=OfficialGRSE|date=2025-07-31}}</ref> and was commissioned simultaneously with MDL's ''Udaygiri'' on 26 August 2025.<ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |title=Multi-mission stealth frigates - INS Udaygiri & INS Himgiri - commissioned into Indian Navy in the presence of Raksha Mantri in Vizag |date=2025-08-26 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2160941 |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-26 |title=Maritime milestone: Indian Navy commissions INS Udaygiri and Himgiri; twin induction for first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maritime-milestone-indian-navy-commissions-twin-stealth-frigates-ins-udaygiri-and-himgiri-why-is-it-important/articleshow/123522962.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

====Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited====
[[File:INS Udaygiri during sea trials.jpg|thumb|INS ''Udaygiri'', the second ship from MDL, during sea trials]]
In February 2015, the IN contracted Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), a [[Mumbai]]-based public-sector shipyard, to build four P-17A frigates at an estimated cost of over ₹21,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hdfcsec.com/hsl.research.pdf/Mazagon_Final.pdf|title=Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited|website=hdfcsec.com|date=15 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1595028|title=More than 180 contracts valued over Rs 1,96,000 crore signed with Indian Defense Industry since 2014|website=pib.gov.in|date=5 December 2019}}</ref> According to the terms of the contract, MDL is to deliver the four frigates in 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/a-tale-of-2-navies-india-and-chinas-current-carrier-and-escort-procurement/|title=A Tale of Two Navies: India and China's Current Carrier and Escort Procurement|website=thediplomat.com|date=4 August 2021}}</ref>

The four frigates were built at different locations, namely, at MDL's main shipbuilding facility in Mumbai, at MDL's subordinate facility in [[Navi Mumbai|Nhava]], at a smaller shipbuilding facility also operated by MDL in Mumbai, at an MSE shipyard in [[Gujarat]] and at another shipyard in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maritimeindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Making-Waves_26-Oct-01-Nov-2020_Web-Upload_OLIVER.pdf|title=Making Waves|website=maritimeindia.org|date=31 October 2020}}</ref> Similarly to GRSE, MDL also upgraded its existing infrastructure; the shipyard augmenting its existing facilities with newer equipment, including a "Goliath" gantry crane, a module workshop, a [[Retention basin|wet basin]] and a "cradle assembly" shop, meant to facilitate modular construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136912|title=Modernization and Security of Shipyards|website=pib.gov.in|date=26 February 2016}}</ref>

The construction of the first frigate began in December 2017, while work on the second, third and fourth frigates began in May 2019, September 2020 and June 2022, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Construction Begins on Indian Navy's Third P17A Class Stealth Frigate |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/construction-begins-on-indian-navys-third-p17a-class-stealth-frigate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811043628/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/construction-begins-on-indian-navys-third-p17a-class-stealth-frigate/ |archive-date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=naval-technology.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=MDL commences production of Y-12654, fourth ship of P17A |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/corporate-corner/mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-limited-mdl/mdl-commences-production-of-y-12654-fourth-ship-of-p17a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811043611/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-limited-mdl/mdl-commences-production-of-y-12654-fourth-ship-of-p17a |archive-date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=freepressjournal.in}}</ref> The first of the four frigates, ''Nilgiri'', was launched on 28 September 2019, and began its sea trials five years later, in August 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=IADN Editorial |date=2024-08-25 |title=INS Nilgiri Undergoes Sea-trials - IADN |url=https://iadnews.in/ins-nilgiri-undergoes-sea-trials/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=- IADN |language=en-GB}}</ref> The second frigate, ''Udaygiri'', was launched on 17 May 2022, in a ceremony coinciding with the launch of {{INS|Surat|D69|6}}, a {{sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ins-surat-ins-udaygiri-ready-to-protect-india/20220517.htm|title=INS Surat, INS Udaygiri Ready To Protect India|website=rediff.com|date=17 May 2022}}</ref> The third frigate, ''Taragiri'', was launched on 11 September 2022, and is scheduled to be delivered by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-navy-launches-stealth-frigate-taragiri/article65878683.ece|title=Third stealth frigate of project 17A 'Taragiri' launched|website=www.thehindu.com|date=12 September 2022}}</ref>

''Nilgiri'' was commissioned into the Indian Navy service on 15 January 2025.<ref name=":2" /> The second ship, ''Udaygiri'', was delivered to the Indian Navy on 1 July 2025<ref name="TW-010725">{{cite tweet |number=1940013079590576578 |user=indiannavy |title=Udaygiri, the second warship of the Project P17A Nilgiri Class stealth frigates... |date=2025-07-01 |access-date=2025-07-01 |url=https://x.com/indiannavy/status/1940013079590576578}}</ref><ref name=":32" /> and was commissioned simultaneously with GRSE's ''Himgiri'' on 26 August 2025.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

The third ship, ''Taragiri'', was delivered to the Indian Navy on 28 November 2025.<ref name=":10">{{Cite press release|title=Delivery of 'Taragiri', the fourth Nilgiri class (Project 17A) indigenous advanced stealth frigate|date=2025-11-29|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2196229&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=2025-11-29}}</ref>

== Ships in the class ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Pennant
!Yard Number
!Builder
!Laid Down
!Launched
!Commissioning
!Status
|-
!colspan='8'|{{navy|India}}
|-
|[[INS Nilgiri (2019)|''Nilgiri'']]
|F33
|12651
| rowspan="4" |[[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders|Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited]] (MDL)
| 28 December 2017<ref name="mdl_p17a">{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/construction-of-p17a-class-stealth-frigates-begins/18867199 |title=Construction of P17A class stealth frigates begins |work=Mid Day |date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229110312/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/construction-of-p17a-class-stealth-frigates-begins/18867199 |archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref>
|28 September 2019<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajnath Singh launches warship Nilgiri in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajnath-singh-launches-warship-nilgiri-in-mumbai/articleshow/71347085.cms|work=The Times of India|agency=Asian News international|date=28 September 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=Indian Navy has launched first stealth P-17A Nilgiri-class frigate INS Nilgiri |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2019/navy-of-india-has-launched-its-first-stealth-p-17a-nilgiri-class-frigate-ins-nilgiri |website=navyrecognition.com}}</ref>
| 15 January 2025<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2025 |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi dedicates frontline naval combatants INS Surat, INS Nilgiri & INS Vaghsheer to the nation |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2092999 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Active
|-
|''[[INS Udaygiri (2022)|Udaygiri]]''
|F35
|12652
|7 May 2019<ref name="mod-2019-review-report">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=196160|title=Year End Review – 2019 Ministry of Defence|date=2019-12-27|quote=Keel laying ceremony of Yard 12652 (Second ship of Project 17A at M/s MDL) was held on 7 May at M/s MDL, Mumbai.}}</ref>
|17 May 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/rajnath-singh-launches-frontline-warships-ins-surat-ins-udaygiri-333915-2022-05-17|title=Rajnath Singh launches frontline warships INS Surat, INS Udaygiri|website=businesstoday.in/|date=17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2022 |title=CURTAIN RAISER: LAUNCH OF YD 12707(SURAT) & YD 12652 (UDAYGIRI) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1825683 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|26 August 2025<ref name=":5" />
|-
|''[[INS Taragiri (2022)|Taragiri]]''
|F41
|12653
|10 September 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1653068|title= Keel laid for the third stealth frigate of Project 17A|publisher=PIB|access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref>
|11 September 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=India Launches Stealth Frigate "Taragiri" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-navy-launches-stealth-frigate-taragiri-3335050 |access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref>
|{{font color||#ADE2B8|3 April 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=India’s latest homegrown stealth frigate INS Taragiri to join Navy next month |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Mar/13/indias-latest-homegrown-stealth-frigate-ins-taragiri-to-join-navy-next-month |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=The New Indian Express |language=English|last=Rana|first=Javier|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Delivered<ref name=":10" />
|-
|''[[INS Mahendragiri|Mahendragiri]]''
|F38
|12654
|28 June 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1837625|title= KEEL LAYING – SEVENTH PROJECT 17A (P17A) SHIP|publisher=PIB|access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
|1 September 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/warship-mahendragiri-with-advanced-weapons-sensors-launched-all-you-need-to-know-11693566582282.html|title=Warship Mahendragiri with advanced weapons, sensors launched: Top points|publisher=Livemint|date=1 September 2023|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1693938529116782709|user=MazagonDockLtd|title=Let the countdown begin as we sail closer to the historic launch of the fourth frigate of P17A by #MDL|date=2023-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Indian Navy's stealth frigate Mahendragiri launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navys-stealth-frigate-mahendragiri-launched/articleshow/103273894.cms |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|{{font color||#ADE2B8|Q1 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2ad54JxYiE|title=Final Stealth Frigate INS Mahendragiri to boost Navy’s edge in Indian Ocean with advanced firepower|date=2025-07-09}}</ref>
|Launched
|-
|{{INS|Himgiri|2020|2}}
| F34
| 3022
| rowspan="3" |[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE)
|10 November 2018<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dominguez |first1=Gabriel |title=GRSE lays keel for Indian Navy's second Project 17A frigate |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84579/grse-lays-keel-for-indian-navy-s-second-project-17a-frigate |work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114194943/https://www.janes.com/article/84579/grse-lays-keel-for-indian-navy-s-second-project-17a-frigate |archive-date=14 November 2018}}</ref>
|14 December 2020<ref name="himgirilaunch">{{Cite press release |title=Launch of 2nd Project 17A Ship ‘Himgiri’ |date=2020-12-14 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1680561 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
| 26 August 2025<ref name=":5" />
|Active
|-
|''{{INS|Dunagiri|2022|2}}''
|F36
| 3023
|24 January 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psuwatch.com/project-17a-grse-starts-building-2nd-advanced-stealth-frigate/|title=Project 17A: GRSE starts building 2nd Advanced Stealth Frigate
|website=psuwatch.com|date=24 January 2020}}</ref>
|15 July 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grse.in/images/press_news/EQUITYBULL20S.jpg|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers – Q4FY21 – ICICI Securities|publisher=GRSE|access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref><ref name="Dunagiri" />
|{{font color||#ADE2B8|Q1 2026}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=21 March 2024 |title=GRSE Analyst meet-March 2024 |url=https://www.grse.in/investor-presentations/files/Transcript_of_Analyst_Meet_Con_Call_for_Q3FY_23_24_GRSE.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Launched
|-
|''{{INS|Vindhyagiri|2023|2}}''
|F42
|3024
|5 March 2021<ref>{{cite tweet|user=OfficialGRSE|number=1367777711096164358|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE) achieved a major milestone with 'laying of the Keel' of Yard 3024 a ship of the Advanced Stealth Frigate Project, P 17A.|date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
|17 August 2023<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Vavasseur |first=Xavier |date=2023-08-17 |title=Indian Navy’s 6th Nilgiri-class P17A Frigate Launched by GRSE |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/08/indian-navys-6th-nilgiri-class-p17a-frigate-launched-by-grse/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{font color||#ADE2B8|Q3 2026}}<ref name=":0" />
|}
{{legend|#ADE2B8|either scheduled or estimated dates}}


==Export==
In August 2024, the Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders offered to the [[Brazilian Navy]], the project for a joint construction of up to six Project-17 Alpha frigates, to attend the [[Future Brazilian Destroyer concept|requirement]] of Brazil for a new class of 6,000 tons vessels, to operate in conjunction with the newest [[Tamandaré-class frigate|''Tamandaré''-class]] frigates.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4966972/marina-brasilena-conexion-india-pakistan-tecnologias-navales-criticas-compartidas|title=La Marina de Brasil y la conexión India-Pakistán: tecnologías navales críticas compartidas|date=23 August 2024|website=Infodefensa|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4934808/acerca-botadura-primera-fragata-clase-tamandare-legado-clase-niteroi|title=El legado de la Clase Niterói: Brasil está a un paso de la botadura de la primera fragata clase Tamandaré|date=19 July 2024|website=Infodefensa|language=es}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:INS Nilgiri in Mumbai on September 28, 2019.jpg|The launch of INS ''Nilgiri'', the lead vessel of the class.
File:INS Nilgiri, INS Surat and INS Vagsheer during commissioning ceremony.jpg|INS ''Nilgiri'' during commissioning ceremony
File:INS Udaygiri (F35) during sea trials.jpg|''Udaygiri'' during sea trials
File:INS Udaygiri, the second ship of Project 17A stealth frigate.jpg|INS ''Udaygiri'' during commissioning ceremony in July 2025
File:INS Taragiri top view.jpg|INS Taragiri top view
</gallery>

==See also==
===Frigates of comparable configurations and capabilities===
* [[FREMM multipurpose frigate]] – A series of multi-purpose frigates, operated by the [[French Navy]], the [[Italian Navy]], the [[Royal Moroccan Navy]], the [[Egyptian Navy]] and currently being built for the [[United States Navy]] and the [[Indonesian Navy]].
* [[Type 054B frigate]] – A class of multi-purpose frigates operated by the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] of [[China]].
* [[Type 26 frigate]] – A class of frigates ordered by the [[Royal Navy]], the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and the [[Royal Australian Navy]].
* [[MKS 180 frigate]] – A planned class of frigates that are to be built for the [[German Navy]].
* {{sclass|Mogami|frigate|1}} – A class of multi-mission frigates currently being built for the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]].
* {{sclass2|F110|frigate|1}} – A planned class of multi-purpose frigates that are to be built for the [[Spanish Navy]].
* {{sclass|Admiral Gorshkov|frigate|1}} – A class of guided-missile frigates operated by the [[Russian Navy]].
* {{sclass|Constellation|frigate|1}} – A series of multi-purpose frigates currently being built for the [[United States Navy]].

===Other references to the Indian Navy===
*[[Future ships of the Indian Navy]]
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/190-Project-17.html Project 17A frigate at Bharat-rakshak.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202114032/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/190-Project-17.html |date=2 February 2012 }}

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Frigates of the Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Nilgiri-class frigates (2019)|*]]
[[Category:Frigate classes]]

Kaun Banega Crorepati

2026-03-21T22:21:34Z

Pranjal mishra: correct details also and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|Indian game show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = KAUN BANEGA CROREPATI SEASON 11.jpg
| image_size =
| director = Arun Sheshkumar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mr-amitabh-bachchan-is-kbc-says-show-director-arun-sheshkumar/article29280912.ece|title=Mr. Amitabh Bachchan is KBC, says show director Arun Sheshkumar|website=The Hindu|date=28 August 2019|last1=Rathi|first1=Vasundhara|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427073608/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mr-amitabh-bachchan-is-kbc-says-show-director-arun-sheshkumar/article29280912.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| presenter = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (season 1–2, 4–17)<br/>[[Shah Rukh Khan]] (season 3)
| music = [[Keith Strachan]] and [[Matthew Strachan]] (starting on season 1)<br />[[Ramon Covalo]] and [[Nick Magnus]] (starting on season 4)<br/>[[Sawan Dutta]] (starting on season 5)<br/>[[Ajay–Atul]] (starting on season 11)<br/>[[Rohan-Vinayak]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (starting on season 15)
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 17
| num_episodes = 1,454 
| runtime = 38–96 minutes 
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[BIG Synergy]] (seasons 1–10)
* [[Culver Max Entertainment#Studio NEXT|Studio NEXT]] (seasons 10–16){{efn|name=SPTVI|Co-produced season 10 uncredited, credited since 11.}}
* [[Siddhartha Basu|Tree of Knowledge (Digi TOK)]] (seasons 11–16){{efn|name=DigiTOK|Co-producing uncredited since season 1; as a consulting producer only, credited since season 11.}}
}}
| network = [[Star Plus]] (seasons 1–3)<br />[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] (seasons 4–present)
| first_aired = {{Start date|2000|07|03|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| based_on = ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''''Kaun Banega Crorepati''''' (simply '''''KBC'''''; [[English language|English]]: ''Who Will Become a Millionaire'') is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[television game show]]. It is the official Hindi adaptation of the ''[[International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' franchise. It is presented by actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]], who has hosted the show for its entire run except for its third season, during which [[Shah Rukh Khan]], another actor, replaced Bachchan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati mesmerises people as STAR TV bets Rs 75 crore on Amitabh Bachchan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000717-kaun-banega-crorepati-mesmerises-people-as-star-tv-bets-rs-75-crore-on-amitabh-bachchan-779071-1999-11-30|website=India Today|date=30 November 1999 |access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002162919/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000717-kaun-banega-crorepati-mesmerises-people-as-star-tv-bets-rs-75-crore-on-amitabh-bachchan-779071-1999-11-30|url-status=live}}</ref> The programme aired on [[Star Plus]] for its first three seasons from 2000 to 2007, and was commissioned by the programming team of [[Sameer Nair]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KBC reinvented Mr Bachchan's image|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/kbc-the-first-20-years/20200708.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=14 August 2020|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425180714/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/kbc-the-first-20-years/20200708.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Way We Were: A screen test for a new India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/the-way-we-were-a-screen-test-for-a-new-india/story-ufxKFFsv5vRCa5JpTkd0BO.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=19 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804222418/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/the-way-we-were-a-screen-test-for-a-new-india/story-ufxKFFsv5vRCa5JpTkd0BO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, it started airing on [[Sony Entertainment Television India|Sony Entertainment Television]] and was produced by [[BIG Synergy]] (under various names over periods of time) from season 1 till season 10. Afterwards, the credited production companies co-producing are [[Culver Max Entertainment#Studio NEXT|Studio NEXT]] since season 10{{efn|name=SPTVI}} and Tree of Knowledge (Digi TOK) since season 11{{efn|name=DigiTOK}} respectively.

The format is similar to other shows in the ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' franchise: contestants are asked multiple choice questions and must select the correct answer from four possible choices, and are provided with lifelines that may be used if they are uncertain. Starting in season 7 in 2013, the top prize was ₹7 [[crore]] and was increased to ₹7.5 crore in Season 14 in 2022 to celebrate 75 years of [[Indian independence movement|India's Independence]].

==Season overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2"| Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally aired
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|1
|315
|3 July 2000
|31 December 2001
|-
|2
|61
|5 August 2005
|13 January 2006
|-
|3
|53
|22 January 2007
|19 April 2007
|-
|4
|36
|11 October 2010
|9 December 2010
|-
|5
|56
|15 August 2011
|17 November 2011
|-
|6
|58
|7 September 2012
|26 January 2013
|-
|7
|39
|6 September 2013
|1 December 2013
|-
|8
|50
|18 August 2014
|16 November 2014
|-
|9
|52
|28 August 2017
|7 November 2017
|-
|10
|61
|3 September 2018
|26 November 2018
|-
|11
|75
|19 August 2019
|29 November 2019
|-
|12
|85
|28 September 2020
|22 January 2021
|-
|13
|85
|23 August 2021
|17 December 2021
|-
|14
|106
|7 August 2022
|30 December 2022
|-
|15
|100
|14 August 2023
|29 December 2023
|-
|16
|152
|12 August 2024
|11 March 2025
|-
|17
|105
|11 August 2025
|2 January 2026
|-
|18
|TBA
|2026
|TBA
|}

===Season 1: 2000–2001===
KBC premiered on 3 July 2000 and was hosted by [[Amitabh Bachchan]], his first appearance on Indian television.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I'm just one anchor: Amitabh|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/i-m-just-one-anchor-amitabh/story-ArXaxKXD2WVWPHnCrpP07K.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=13 August 2005}}</ref> ''KBC'' initially offered contestants the chance to win [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 1 [[crore]]. The declining ratings of KBC paved way for reformatting the series immediately as Junior KBC with kids as contestants which started airing from 6 May 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee TV, Sony rejig program in bid to win back viewers they lost to rival Star TV|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/20010423-zee-tv-sony-rejig-program-in-bid-to-win-back-viewers-they-lost-to-rival-star-tv-775237-2001-04-23|website=India Today |date=23 April 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Junior KBC has what it takes|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/may/may10.htm?amp|website=Indian Television dot com|date=7 May 2001|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123100531/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/may/may10.htm?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> The season ended on 31 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star to relaunch KBC soon|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/star-to-relaunch-kbc-soon-105021701077_1.html|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422083845/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/star-to-relaunch-kbc-soon-105021701077_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The show was well received in its premiere season.<ref name=ht1>{{cite web|last=Arora |first=Siddharth |title=Five crore question: What makes KBC work? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Five-crore-question-What-makes-KBC-work/Article1-771297.aspx |format=Article, Interview with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 November 2011 |date=19 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122034514/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Five-crore-question-What-makes-KBC-work/Article1-771297.aspx |archive-date=22 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mega Star Show |url=http://www.screenindia.com/jul14/tele2.htm |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819000144/http://www.screenindia.com/jul14/tele2.htm |archive-date=19 August 2000}}</ref> It is the ''longest season'' of the show.

===Season 2: 2005–2006===
On 5 August 2005, the show was restarted after a four-year hiatus, and renamed '''''Kaun Banega Crorepati Dwitiya''''' or '''''KBC 2'''''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=And the winner is... KBC 2|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/and-the-winner-is-kbc-2-105080801050_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=8 August 2005|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723111045/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/and-the-winner-is-kbc-2-105080801050_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During this season, the top prize amount was doubled to Rs. 2 crore. It was abruptly ended by [[STAR Plus]] after Amitabh Bachchan fell ill in 2006 after he shot his last episode on 13 January 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New KBC's first man faced Big B too|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/new-kbcs-first-man-faced-big-b-too-256504.html|website=[[CNN News18]]|date=18 January 2007|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422083844/https://www.news18.com/news/india/new-kbcs-first-man-faced-big-b-too-256504.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bachchan had shot 61 of the 85 scheduled episodes when he fell ill.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4648470.stm |work=BBC News |title=India scraps millionaire TV show |date=25 January 2006 |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=4 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204185226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4648470.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> He announced he would return after he recovered, but when his health prevented him from filming the remaining 24 episodes, Star TV took the decision to stop production.<ref>{{Cite news|title=No lifeline, Star pulls KBC-2 off air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-lifeline-Star-pulls-KBC-2-off-air/articleshow/1386080.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2006 }}</ref>

===Season 3: 2007===
Star Television recruited [[Shah Rukh Khan]] to host the third season of the show when Bachchan declined.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KBC: Big B out, Shah Rukh in|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/26kbc.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123020001/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/26kbc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The grand prize remained Rs. 2 crore. The third season of the show began airing on 22 January 2007 with the first contestant as Prasenjit Sarkar who was the last contestant dropped from season two midway owing to Bachchan's health.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Last with Big B, first with Shah Rukh|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/last-with-big-b-first-with-shah-rukh/story-0lR7zklDf068eJ6ahjnZcO.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 January 2007}}</ref> The show started well but the show's ratings dropped significantly due to the change of the host.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/should-bollywoods-charmerinchief-stick-to-films-why-shah-rukh-khan-cant-crack-tv-game-shows/490232-8-66.html |title=Should Bollywood's Charmer-in-Chief stick to films? Why Shah Rukh Khan can't crack TV game shows - IBNLive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806033354/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/should-bollywoods-charmerinchief-stick-to-films-why-shah-rukh-khan-cant-crack-tv-game-shows/490232-8-66.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The season ended on 19 April 2007 with a special finale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's a question of crores...|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-a-question-of-crores/story-gxy6vDEFRAolV8HAIOQczK.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=3 July 2011}}</ref>

===Season 4: 2010===
The show was restarted after a three-year and half hiatus. The fourth season (called ''KBC 4'') was hosted by the returning Amitabh Bachchan and started on 11 October 2010. This season was telecast four days a week, Monday through Thursday evenings. The tagline of the season was "Koi Bhi Sawaal Chota Nahi Hota" ({{translation|''Every question is important''}}; literally: ''No question is small''). The show moved from [[STAR Plus]] to [[Sony Entertainment Television India|Sony TV]]. The new logo designed for the fourth season incorporated the new [[Indian rupee symbol|Indian Rupee symbol]], which was unveiled earlier in the year. The contestant tryout for the fourth season opened on 2 August 2010 at 9 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amitabh Bachchan-hosted KBC 4 to go on air from Oct 1|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_amitabh-bachchan-hosted-kbc-4-to-go-on-air-from-oct-11_1418189|work=DnaIndia|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=20 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820233215/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_amitabh-bachchan-hosted-kbc-4-to-go-on-air-from-oct-11_1418189|url-status=live}}</ref> The total prize money for this season was ₹1 crore, and a jackpot question for ₹5 crore. The fourth season of the show was highly successful due to the return of former host Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/news/2010/kbc4-beats-bigg-boss4-131210.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714010039/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/top-stories/news/2010/kbc4-beats-bigg-boss4-131210.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title=KBC 4 beats Bigg Boss 4 in its final episode |work=One India |access-date=13 December 2010 }}</ref> The season ended on 9 December 2010.

During this season, much like its international counterparts, there were various rule changes made to the show. The number of questions was reduced from 15 to 13 and, as in the United States version of the show, a timer was added to each question.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k10/sep/sepmam82.php|title=KBC to give away Rs 50 MN in 60 minutes|work=Business Standard|date=28 September 2010|access-date=28 September 2010|archive-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410012753/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k10/sep/sepmam82.php|url-status=live}}</ref> There was a 30-second time limit for questions 1 and 2, and a 45-second time limit for questions 3 to 7. Questions 8 to 13 were not timed. Any time not used was voided and not banked (unlike the United States version which banked the time for the final question).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-server.com/news/kbc-4-will-be-presented-in-a-changed-30071.html|title=KBC 4 Will Be Presented in a Changed Format|work=India Server|access-date=14 July 2010|archive-date=19 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719214922/http://www.india-server.com/news/kbc-4-will-be-presented-in-a-changed-30071.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/kbc-waiting-forfacelift/402440/ |title=KBC: Waiting for a facelift |work=Business Standard |date=26 July 2010 |access-date=26 July 2010 |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Swarup |archive-date=29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729003330/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/kbc-waiting-forfacelift/402440/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Much like other countries' version of the game, the clock stops whenever a lifeline is used and if the time limit expired, the contestant was forced to walk away with their current winnings. This season introduced the "Double Dip" and "Ask the Expert" lifelines (similar to the United States counterpart from the Millionaire clock format). Also from this season onwards, Fastest Finger First Contestants earlier who used to come for one episode has now been allowed to stay for one week.

==== Hot Seat ====
This Hot Seat version was started at the Diwali time from 1 to 4 November 2010. All contestants were celebrities on this version. This version was just like [[Millionaire Hot Seat]]. For questions 1–5, 30 seconds were available. For questions 6–10, 45 seconds were available. For questions 11–15, 60 seconds were available. It had only one lifeline, named Pass.

===Season 5: 2011===
[[File:Amitabh Bachchan KBC5 Press.jpg|thumb|upright|Amitabh Bachchan at KBC-5 Press Meet]]

[[Amitabh Bachchan]] returned to host the fifth season which premiered on 15 August 2011 on [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]] and ended on 17 November 2011. It was again aired four days a week. Compared to the previous season, there was only one major gameplay change: there was only a single milestone (the Padao) that the contestant chose. The tagline used for the season was "Koi Bhi Insaan Chota Nahi Hota" ({{translation|''No human is small''}} Literally: ''No person is inferior''). This season was generally viewed as the most popular show on Indian television in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Television KBC 5 ends, leaves behind poignant memories|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/KBC-5-ends-leaves-behind-poignant-memories/Article1-770946.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119195618/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/KBC-5-ends-leaves-behind-poignant-memories/Article1-770946.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2011|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 November 2011}}</ref>

This season introduced a play at home segment called "Ghar Baithe Jeeto Jackpot". This contest allowed home viewers to send an answer to a question via SMS during the show, with 1 Lakh Rupees going to the randomly picked winner, who can double or triple this amount by correctly answering a jackpot question.

===Season 6: 2012–2013===
The registration (contestant tryout) for the season started on 28 May 2012. This sixth season (labeled as ''KBC 6'') was also hosted by Amitabh Bachchan and premiered on 7 September 2012. It aired from Friday to Sunday evenings on [[Sony TV]]. The season ended on 26 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=42 kids perform at KBC 6 finale|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/42-kids-perform-at-kbc-6-finale/story-ADtpAndtpVeXGpO8GlKjMM.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=23 January 2013}}</ref> The tagline used for the season was "Sirf Gyaan Hi Aapko Aapka Haq Dilata Hai" (''It is only knowledge that gives you your right''). This season retained the 13 question format of the previous season.

This season, ''KBC'' started a new tradition of giving an advantage to socially excluded people, known as "Dusra Mauka" ''(Second Chance)''. [[Sonali Mukherjee]], a victim of acid throwing, appeared along [[Lara Dutta]] in the first such special. On 13 January 2013, another special aired in which Manoj Kumar, a Mahadalit was accompanied by Indian actor [[Manoj Bajpayee]]. The winner of season 6 was Sunmeet Kaur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://auditionsdekho.com/sony-tv-kaun-banega-crorepati/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422202622/https://auditionsdekho.com/sony-tv-kaun-banega-crorepati/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/goczAtbQhaI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130312210047/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goczAtbQhaI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goczAtbQhaI| title = KBC 6 - Sunmeet Kaur Sawhney 5 Crore Winning Moment... | website=[[YouTube]] | date = 6 January 2013 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Season 7: 2013===
Rehearsals for the show began on 26 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title='Kaun Banega Crorepati' rehearsals begin|url=http://badhil.com/kaun-banega-crorepati-rehearsals-begin/|publisher=Badhil|access-date=27 June 2013|archive-date=28 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628041328/http://badhil.com/kaun-banega-crorepati-rehearsals-begin/|url-status=live}}</ref> Registration started from 8:30{{spaces}}p.m. on 27 May 2013.

The seventh season (called ''KBC 7'') was also hosted by Bachchan entitled "Seekhna Bandh Toh Jeetna Bandh" ({{translation|''If Learning stops, winning stops''}} or simply: ''Learn to Win'') was used as the tagline for the season. The total prize money was increased to {{INR}}7 crore, and the number of questions increased from 13 to 15. The season was commenced on 6 September 2013.

The season had a few changes, including a new lifeline called Power Paplu. This lifeline allowed the contestant to reuse a lifeline that was already used on a previous question (but not one that was used by the contestant in attempting to answer the current question). Double Dip and Ask the Expert were discontinued while 50:50 and Flip the Question (also known as "Switch" or "Switch the Question") were revived. The Phone-a-Friend was extended to 45 seconds. The prize for the jackpot question was increased to {{INR}}7 crore. The ''Kaun Banega Crorepati 2013'' set was a 360-degree multimedia stage. The final four questions were a part of ''Sapta Koti Sandook ''({{translation|''The Seven Crore Jackpot''}}). The system of Fastest Finger First was also altered. Instead of playing one question, the winner of the leader board formed at the end of three questions sits on the ''Hot Seat.'' (i.e. the player who answered the most questions correctly in the shortest amount of time).[[File:KBC 8 2014.jpg|The [[Surat International Exhibition and Convention Centre]] (SIECC) in 2014<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kapil-sharma-on-kaun-banega-crorepati-hot-seat/articleshow/39355162.cms|title=Kapil Sharma on 'Kaun Banega Crorepati' hot seat|last=Tiwari|first=Vijaya|date=2014-07-31|work=Times of India|agency=TNN|access-date=16 November 2023|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116125039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kapil-sharma-on-kaun-banega-crorepati-hot-seat/articleshow/39355162.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>|thumb|220x220px]]

===Season 8: 2014===
The highest winning prize of this season was also {{INR}}7 crore. The registrations of ''KBC 8'' were commenced on 22 July 2014 and the shooting started on 2 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati to shoot an episode in Surat!|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/kaun-banega-crorepati-to-shoot-an-episode-in-surat-140725|work=Indian Television|date=25 July 2014|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729164820/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/kaun-banega-crorepati-to-shoot-an-episode-in-surat-140725|url-status=live}}</ref> Shooting of some episodes was held in [[Raipur]] and other in [[Gujarat]], [[Surat]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan in Surat Gujarat for Shooting of KBC 2014 - Kaun Banega Crorepati Season 8 |url=http://ingujarat.net/amitabh-bachchan-surat-gujarat-shooting-kbc-2014-kaun-banega-crorepati-season-8/ |website=In Gujarat |date=21 July 2014 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114093724/http://ingujarat.net/amitabh-bachchan-surat-gujarat-shooting-kbc-2014-kaun-banega-crorepati-season-8/ |url-status=live }}</ref> at The Surat International Exhibition and Convention Centre (SIECC) in Sarsana,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati to shoot an episode in Surat! |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/kaun-banega-crorepati-to-shoot-an-episode-in-surat-140725 |website=www.indiantelevision.com |language=en |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116115016/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/kaun-banega-crorepati-to-shoot-an-episode-in-surat-140725 |url-status=live }}</ref> photography was done by Ashvin Borad.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarkar |first1=Prarthna |title='Kaun Banega Crorepati 8': Big B Thanks Kapil, Says he Made the Show Look Incredible |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaun-banega-crorepati-8-big-b-thanks-kapil-says-he-made-show-look-incredible-606056 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |date=4 August 2014 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209094859/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaun-banega-crorepati-8-big-b-thanks-kapil-says-he-made-show-look-incredible-606056 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan arrives at Surat by road for KBC shooting |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2014/08/01/amitabh-bachchan-arrives-in-surat-by-road-for-kbc-shooting/ |website=DeshGujarat |date=1 August 2014 |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116110031/https://deshgujarat.com/2014/08/01/amitabh-bachchan-arrives-in-surat-by-road-for-kbc-shooting/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kbc-8-amitabh-bachchan-to-shoot-launch-episode-in-surat-201688-2014-07-25|title=KBC 8: Amitabh Bachchan to shoot launch episode in Surat|last=IANS|date=2014-07-25|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=2023-03-08|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308103244/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kbc-8-amitabh-bachchan-to-shoot-launch-episode-in-surat-201688-2014-07-25|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first time that ''KBC'' was shot outside [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amitabh Bachchan to start shooting for KBC 8|url=http://www.patrika.com/article/amitabh-bachchan-to-start-shooting-for-kbc-8/48193|access-date=2 August 2014|work=Patrika Group|issue=2 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804114004/http://www.patrika.com/article/amitabh-bachchan-to-start-shooting-for-kbc-8/48193|archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The format underwent minor changes for the season, with the number of questions reduced to 14, the Double Dip replacing the 50:50, as well as the Flip being replaced by the Triguni (Three Wise Men) lifeline. The Phone-a-Friend was shortened down to 30 seconds and the original Fastest Finger First system (as used for seasons 1 to 6) was reinstated.
[[File:KBC 8A 2014.jpg|thumb|The [[Surat International Exhibition and Convention Centre]] (SIECC) in 2014 on stage (from L-R) [[Aditya Srivastava]], [[Kapil Sharma]], [[Dayanand Shetty]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] photography was done by Ashvin Borad-[[Surat]]]]
The grand premiere episode of the series premiered on 17 August 2014 (Sunday) at 8:30 PM IST for 3 hours. The season aired from Monday through Thursday evenings. Initially running for 1.5 hours, the program reduced to an hour. The season ended on 6 November 2014 and aired its two grand finale episodes on 9 November and on 16 November 2014. The tagline for the season was "Yahan Sirf Paise Nahi, Dil Bhi Jeete Jate Hain" ({{translation|''Not only money here, but hearts are also won''}}). Special guests appeared in the grand premiere episode: television comedian, [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Kapil Sharma's Jugalbandi on KBC 8 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-kapil-sharmas-jugalbandi-on-kbc-8-641540 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116122137/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-kapil-sharmas-jugalbandi-on-kbc-8-641540 |url-status=live }}</ref> from [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors TV]]'s television series ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''; [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Dayanand Shetty]] and [[Aditya Shrivastava]] from Sony TV's television series ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|CID]]''; and finally [[Rajput]] hero, Maharana Pratap a.k.a. Faisal Khan from Sony TV's television series ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' gave a stellar dance performance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigger, better and deep-rooted – KBC Season 8!|url=http://www.adgully.com/bigger-better-and-deep-rooted-kbc-season-8-58545.html|access-date=5 August 2014|work=Adgully|archive-date=12 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212707/http://www.adgully.com/bigger-better-and-deep-rooted-kbc-season-8-58545.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Among others the [[Shillong Chamber Choir]] led by [[Neil Nongkynrih]] performed a medley of evergreen songs of Bollywood followed by a patriotic song at the opening ceremony of ''KBC8''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shillong Chamber Choir performs at Kaun Banega Crorepati – season 8!|url=http://www.india-north-east.com/2014/09/Shillong-Chamber-Choir-performs-at-KBC-8.html|access-date=2 September 2014|work=India-North-East.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905234406/http://www.india-north-east.com/2014/09/Shillong-Chamber-Choir-performs-at-KBC-8.html|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Season 9: 2017===
After a gap of 2 years, KBC returned to the air with Bachchan resuming hosting duties as it premiered on 28 August 2017 airing on Sony TV. The tagline of this season was "Jawaab dene ka Waqt aa Gaya Hai" ({{translation|''The time has come to answer''}}). The show aired from Monday to Friday at 9:00 pm and the Friday episode has been titled as ''Nayi Chaah Nayi Raah'' . The season introduced a 16 question format, where the first 10 questions are timed (45 seconds for the first five questions and 60 seconds for the following five questions). The 50:50 lifeline was restored replaced Double Dip and the Three Wise Men lifeline was replaced by the Plus One (from the United States version). Phone-a-Friend (now sponsored by [[Jio]]) introduced video calls. In case the contestant reaches the 16th question (Jio Jackpot Question), then the contestant cannot use the remaining lifelines. The last episode of the show was aired on 7 November 2017 titled as ''Abhinandan Aabhar''.

===Season 10: 2018===
The show started registration on 6 June 2018 and started airing on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] from 3 September 2018. The tagline for the tenth season is ''Kab Tak Rokoge'' ({{translation|''How long will you stop''}}).<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-10-whats-new-amitabh-bachchan-5336752/lite/|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 10: What's new in Amitabh Bachchan's game show|date=4 September 2018|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903082417/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-10-whats-new-amitabh-bachchan-5336752/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> In this particular season, the Phone-a-friend lifeline was replaced with the Ask The Expert lifeline.

===Season 11: 2019===
Season 11 of ''KBC'' premiered on Sony TV on 19 August 2019, with Bachchan resuming hosting duties for the tenth time. The show aired on weeknights from 9:00 p.m. to 10:30 pm IST, with Karamveer Special episodes airing every Friday until 11 p.m. IST.<ref>{{URL|1=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/singer-armaan-malik-recalls-on-the-kapil-sharma-show-the-time-when-his-father-was-to-sell-house-for-his-education/articleshow/70188959.cms|2=Kaun Banega Crorepati Season 11 promo launched}}</ref><ref>{{URL|1=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaun-banega-crorepati-11-teaser-featuring-amitabh-bachchan-written-by-dangal-director-nitesh-tiwari-released-6979851.html|2=KBC teaser launched}}</ref>
<ref>{{URL|1=https://www.bizasialive.com/sony-tv-begins-registration-process-for-kbc-11-launch/|2=KBC 11 registration begins}}</ref><ref>{{URL|1=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-11-new-promo-release-amitabh-bachchan-seen-with-new-style-and-new-moral-2067912|2=Kaun Banega Crorepati 11 new promo released with new style and new moral}} Retrieve on 11 July 2019</ref> The show's tagline for the season was "Ade Raho" ({{lit}} "keep standing"). In this season, the Plus One lifeline was replaced by Switch, with optional categories for the switched question. The final episode of the season aired on 29 November 2019, which featured [[Sudha Murthy]] as the Karamveer Special contestant.

===Season 12: 2020–2021===
On 2 May 2020, Sony TV released a short video via social media featuring Bachchan, stating that the audition process for season 12 will run from 9 to 23 May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-12-registrations-to-start-from-may-9-6390920/lite/#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 12 registrations to begin from 9 May|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504055719/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-12-registrations-to-start-from-may-9-6390920/lite/#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-kaun-banega-crorepati-12-registration-for-kbc-12-begins-from-may-9-auditions-to-be-done-online-watch-promo-3190132.html|title=अमिताभ बच्चन लेकर आ रहे हैं KBC 12, जानें कबसे शुरू होंगे रजिस्ट्रेशन|language=hi|newspaper=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508205557/https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-kaun-banega-crorepati-12-registration-for-kbc-12-begins-from-may-9-auditions-to-be-done-online-watch-promo-3190132.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.naidunia.com/entertainment/television-kbc-12-kaun-banega-crorepati-registration-to-start-from-9-may-know-the-process-5530904|title=KBC 12 : फिर आ रहा Kaun Banega Crorepati, 9 मई से शुरू होगा रजिस्ट्रेशन, जानिए पूरी प्रोसेस|language=hi|website=www.naidunia.com|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510182744/https://www.naidunia.com/entertainment/television-kbc-12-kaun-banega-crorepati-registration-to-start-from-9-may-know-the-process-5530904|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], filming and airing was delayed. Filming began on 7 September. Bachchan posted the first look of the updated set on his official [[Twitter]] handle.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amitabh-bachchan-begins-shooting-kaun-banega-crorepati-12-shares-glimpses-of-first-day-on-set/articleshow/77990846.cms|title=Amitabh Bachchan begins shooting Kaun Banega Crorepati 12; shares glimpses of the first day on set|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=9 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909032712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amitabh-bachchan-begins-shooting-kaun-banega-crorepati-12-shares-glimpses-of-first-day-on-set/articleshow/77990846.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Season 12 premiere was aired on 28 September, with the tagline "jo bhi ho, har setback ka jawab comeback se do" ({{lang|hi|जो भी हो, हर सेटबेक का जवाब कमबेक से दो}}).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=3 crorepatis till now, why KBC 12 seems phenomenal for women|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/3-crorepatis-till-now-why-kbc-12-seems-phenomenal-for-women-1744246-2020-11-26|website=India Today|date=26 November 2020 |access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426110255/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/3-crorepatis-till-now-why-kbc-12-seems-phenomenal-for-women-1744246-2020-11-26|url-status=live}}</ref>

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, filming occurred without a studio audience. Consequently, the Audience Poll lifeline was replaced by the Video a Friend lifeline, which is similar to the Phone a Friend lifeline, except via video call.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 years,12th Season: Kaun Banega Crorepati makes a comeback on Sept 28 - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/20-years12th-season-kaun-banega-crorepati-makes-a-comeback-on-sept-28-107784.html|access-date=2 October 2020|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=21 September 2020 |language=en|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022041655/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/20-years12th-season-kaun-banega-crorepati-makes-a-comeback-on-sept-28-107784.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the first time in ''KBC'' history, a contestant (Runa Saha from [[Kolkata]]) came to the hot seat without playing Fastest Finger First, as there were no other contestants left.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KBC 12: Runa Saha is first contestant ever to reach hot seat without playing fastest fingers first, all thanks to Amitabh Bachchan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kbc-12-runa-saha-is-first-contestant-ever-to-reach-hot-seat-without-playinkbg-fastest-fingers-first-all-thanks-to-amitabh-bachchan/story-Py6AGc6BFFf1PhgAdZyDoK.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=16 October 2020|access-date=3 November 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018230536/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kbc-12-runa-saha-is-first-contestant-ever-to-reach-hot-seat-without-playinkbg-fastest-fingers-first-all-thanks-to-amitabh-bachchan/story-Py6AGc6BFFf1PhgAdZyDoK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 November, Nazia Nasim became the season's first {{INR|1 crore}} winner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-12-winner-nazia-nasim-7043893/|publisher=Indian Express|title=It was a Slumdog Millionaire moment for me: KBC 12 winner Nazia Nasim|date=12 November 2020|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011248/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-12-winner-nazia-nasim-7043893/|url-status=live}}</ref> The final episode of the season aired on 22 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati season 12 final episode to air on 22 January, pay tribute to Kargil war veterans|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaun-banega-crorepati-season-12-final-episode-to-air-on-22-january-pay-tribute-to-kargil-war-veterans-9220601.html|website=Firstpost|date=20 January 2021|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426110255/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaun-banega-crorepati-season-12-final-episode-to-air-on-22-january-pay-tribute-to-kargil-war-veterans-9220601.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Season 13: 2021===
Registration for season 13 began on 10 May 2021. The format of digital auditions was continued, and the entire process was divided into four parts: registration, screening, online auditions, and personal interviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan announces Kaun Banega Crorepati 13 open, registration begin from May 10|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/amitabh-bachchan-announces-kaun-banega-crorepati-13-open-kbc-registration-begin-from-may-10-7302992/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 May 2021|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505151137/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/amitabh-bachchan-announces-kaun-banega-crorepati-13-open-kbc-registration-begin-from-may-10-7302992/|url-status=live}}</ref> The show's promos were titled ''Sammaan'' and were directed by [[Nitesh Tiwari]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/nitesh-tiwari-unveils-sammaan-1st-part-of-3-part-short-film-for-kbc-13-watch-1829012-2021-07-16|title= Nitesh Tiwari unveils Sammaan, 1st part of 3-part short film for KBC 13.|work= [[India Today]]|date= 16 July 2021|access-date= 19 August 2021|archive-date= 19 August 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210819071951/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/nitesh-tiwari-unveils-sammaan-1st-part-of-3-part-short-film-for-kbc-13-watch-1829012-2021-07-16|url-status= live}}</ref> They were released in three parts with the last part revealing the show's air date and time.

The show premiered on 23 August on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] and the [[SonyLIV]] app. The Friday special episode was titled ''Shaandaar Shukravaar''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 13's Shaandaar Shukravaar: When Kriti Sanon gushed about receiving a handwritten letter from Amitabh Bachchan for her work - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-13s-shaandaar-shukravaar-when-kriti-sanon-gushed-about-receiving-a-handwritten-letter-from-amitabh-bachchan-for-her-work/articleshow/87282606.cms |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=26 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927050245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-13s-shaandaar-shukravaar-when-kriti-sanon-gushed-about-receiving-a-handwritten-letter-from-amitabh-bachchan-for-her-work/articleshow/87282606.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The studio audience returned for this season; consequently, the audience poll lifeline was reinstated.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-13-introduces-5-big-changes-no-fastest-finger-first-audience-poll-returns-in-amitabh-bachchan-show-7459979/|title= Big Changes introduced in KBC 13|newspaper= [[The Indian Express]]|date= 19 August 2021|access-date= 21 August 2021|archive-date= 21 August 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210821140013/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-13-introduces-5-big-changes-no-fastest-finger-first-audience-poll-returns-in-amitabh-bachchan-show-7459979/|url-status= live}}</ref> However, the Fastest Finger First was removed and the Triple Test was introduced, in which contestants took three general knowledge questions with four options similar to the season 7 version, and the contestant answering all three in the shortest time headed to the hot seat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 13: Know About Fastest Finger First Triple Test, Live Audience; When and Where to Watch |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/kaun-banega-crorepati-13-know-triple-test-fastest-finger-when-where-to-watch-4907681 |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=india.com |date=23 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929004147/https://www.india.com/entertainment/kaun-banega-crorepati-13-know-triple-test-fastest-finger-when-where-to-watch-4907681/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kbc-13-returns-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-some-updates-celebrity-guests-every-friday-and-more-101629297561566.html|title = KBC 13 returns with Amitabh Bachchan and some updates: Celebrity guests every Friday and more|date = 18 August 2021|access-date = 4 September 2021|archive-date = 4 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210904144923/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kbc-13-returns-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-some-updates-celebrity-guests-every-friday-and-more-101629297561566.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

On 31 August, Himani Bundela became the season's first ₹1 crore winner and the first ever blind contestant to win a crore.
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-13-winner-himani-bundela-amitabh-bachchan-kbc-1-crore-7478923/|title=Himani Bundela wins Rs 1 crore on Kaun Banega Crorepati 13: 'Still feels like a dream to me'|date=30 August 2021|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=31 August 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831101656/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-13-winner-himani-bundela-amitabh-bachchan-kbc-1-crore-7478923/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 October, Sahil Aditya Ahirwar became the season's second winner of ₹1 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-13-winner-sahil-ahirwar-amitabh-bachchan-kbc-7583850/|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 13 winner Sahil Ahirwar: The fame and money will not shake my beliefs and ambition|date=21 October 2021|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021165058/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-13-winner-sahil-ahirwar-amitabh-bachchan-kbc-7583850/|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1000th episode of the show aired on 3 December. The final week of season was titled ''Shaandaar Shukriya'', and the final episode was aired on 17 December.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cyril |first1=Grace |title=KBC 13 ends today. 10 best moments from the show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kbc-13-ends-today-10-best-moments-from-the-show-1888940-2021-12-17 |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927050246/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kbc-13-ends-today-10-best-moments-from-the-show-1888940-2021-12-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Season 14: 2022 ===
The first episode of Season 14 premiered on Sunday, 7 August 2022. The "Triple Test" was continued for this season and the lifelines were reduced from 4 to 3. The "expert advice" and "flip the question" lifelines were removed, and [[Videotelephony|video call]] a friend replaced these lifelines. The number of questions had increased to 17 for this season. On account of India's 75th year of independence, the final amount was increased to ₹7.5 crore, an increase of ₹50 lakhs and a new threshold at ₹75 lakhs was added to prevent the player from going down if they did incorrectly answer the ₹1 crore question, which was the value of the 16th/penultimate question. Two people answered the ₹1 crore question incorrectly in the season.

Kavita Chawla was the only 1 crore winner.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kbc-season-14-gets-its-1st-crorepati-homemaker-kavitha-chawla-wins-rs-1-cr-will-she-take-home-rs-7-5-cr/articleshow/94270127.cms|title='KBC Season 14' gets its 1st crorepati! Homemaker Kavita Chawla wins Rs 1 cr, will she take home Rs 7.5 cr?|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=20 September 2022|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201183514/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kbc-season-14-gets-its-1st-crorepati-homemaker-kavitha-chawla-wins-rs-1-cr-will-she-take-home-rs-7-5-cr/articleshow/94270127.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shashwat Goel is the first and only contestant to have attempted Question 17 worth ₹7.5 crores.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-kaun-banega-crorepati-14-shashwat-goel-becomes-amitabh-bachchan-hosted-show-s-second-crorepati-2990423|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 14: Shashwat Goel becomes Amitabh Bachchan hosted show's second crorepati|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=10 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110071426/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-kaun-banega-crorepati-14-shashwat-goel-becomes-amitabh-bachchan-hosted-show-s-second-crorepati-2990423|url-status=live}}</ref> After winning INR 1 crore, he had very logically explained the rationale that if he got it right then it would be an increment of 650% to INR 7.5 crore vs getting it wrong would reduce his prize winnings by 25% only, back down to INR 75,00,000. Goel answered the final question incorrectly and won ₹75,00,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-14-contestant-shashwat-goel-attempts-rs-7-5-crore-question-after-winning-rs-1-crore-takes-home-rs-75-lakh/articleshow/94793847.cms|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 14: Contestant Shashwat Goel attempts Rs 7.5 crore question after winning Rs 1 crore; takes home Rs 75 lakh|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=10 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110071418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-14-contestant-shashwat-goel-attempts-rs-7-5-crore-question-after-winning-rs-1-crore-takes-home-rs-75-lakh/articleshow/94793847.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The final episode aired on 30 December 2022.

=== Season 15: 2023 ===
[[Sony Entertainment Television]] announced the 15th season of KBC on 18 April 2023. The promo for registration was also released on the same day. Registration started on 29 April 2023 at 9:00 PM IST.

The first episode aired on 14 August 2023. A new rule was introduced wherein when the player crosses the first threshold, a question would be asked from a person from anywhere in India and the audience would answer it using their voting devices; the audience member who answered correctly in the least time would be given a prize.

A new mini-game, "Super Sandook" ({{translation|Super Chest}}) was introduced: after crossing the second threshold, players attempt a rapid-fire 10-question round lasting 90 seconds, with each correct answer giving them ₹10,000. If they won ₹50,000 or more, the contestant could either bank the amount or revive a lifeline used earlier.

The 50:50 lifeline was replaced with the Double Dip. The Triple Test was replaced with Fastest Finger First. The Double Dip and Video Call a Friend lifelines were replaced by Flip the Question and Ask the Expert during the Kids Week specials.

Jaskaran Singh, a man aiming for the [[Indian Administrative Service]], became the first Rs. 1 crore winner of the season on 5 September. Jasnil Kumar became the second Rs. 1 crore winner on 21 September. On 28 November, a boy named Mayank became the youngest ever crorepati on the show. The final episode aired on 29 December.

===Season 16: 2024–2025===
Sony Entertainment Television announced the 16th season of KBC on 16 April 2024. Registration began on 26 April. The season premiered on 12 August.

A new segment called 'Super Sawaal' was started. After crossing the first threshold of Rs. 10,000, a question is presented without any options. The contestant has to answer it without options. If the answer is correct, a power-up called 'Dugnaastra' is activated. The contestant can use this power-up only once between questions 6 and 10. The contestant presses a buzzer before the options are presented. On pressing the buzzer, the power-up is activated. It doubles the prize amount for that particular question. If the answer is correct, the contestant wins a bonus of the same amount of prize money. The contestant answers this question without any lifeline.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/web-stories/kaun-banega-crorepati-16-premiere-date-time-whats-new/slideshow/112424922.cms|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 16: premiere date, time & what's new|date=10 August 2024|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> The 'Super Sandook' segment was continued from the previous season.

Unlike the previous seasons, in which KBC Play Along contestants used to get a chance to be on the hot seat every Friday, this time a whole week, generally the last week of the month is dedicated to KBC Play Along contestants and is called 'India Challenger Week'. The top two winners of the Fastest Finger First round come for a 'Jaldi 5' round, where questions will be put up, and the one who presses a buzzer first and answers it correctly wins a point. The first one to get 5 correct answers gets on the hot seat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-16-the-amitabh-bachchan-hosted-show-introduces-the-new-indias-challenger-week-segment/articleshow/112763809.cms|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 16: The Amitabh Bachchan hosted show introduces the new 'India's Challenger Week' segment|date=24 August 2024|work=Times of India}}</ref>

In December 2024, registrations were opened again to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the show. On 20 January 2025, The show began its 25th-anniversary celebrations and began a new segment ''Kahaani Jeet Ki'' where all the crorepatis of previous seasons came into the show and talked about how KBC changed their lives. The final episode aired on 11 March 2025.

=== Season 17: 2025–2026 ===
Sony Entertainment Television announced the 17th season of KBC on 8 April 2025. Registration began on 14 April. The first episode aired on 11 August. The tagline used for the season was ''Jahan Akal Hai Wahan Akad Hai'' ({{translation|''Where there is wisdom, there is confidence''}}).

In this season, the Fastest Finger First format was changed. The top two contestants of the Fastest Finger First round qualify for a 'Jaldi 5' round, where questions will be put up, and the one who presses a buzzer first and answers it correctly wins a point. The first one to get 5 correct answers gets on the hot seat. This was introduced in the previous season as part of the India Challenger Week for KBC Play Along contestants, but this time, it has been incorporated for the full season. but This was removed after first 3 weeks and the normal format was reinstated.

On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the show, for the first time, The Whole Money Tree has changed and is now named the Maha Money Tree. The First Question is now at ₹5000 instead of ₹1000, and the first threshold is increased from ₹10,000 to ₹25,000, and the second threshold is increased from ₹3,20,000 to ₹5,00,000.

The contestants who play Jaldi 5 will directly play from the 6th question onwards and has guaranteed winnings of ₹25,000.

A new lifeline has been introduced, which is known as Sanket Suchak. In this lifeline, the contestant can get to see a hint about the answer. The Double Dip lifeline was removed and the 50:50 lifeline was restored. The Super Sandook segment was continued from the previous season but the Super Sawaal and Dugnaastra have been discontinued.

This season of KBC ended on 2nd January 2026.

===Season 18: 2026===
Sony Entertainment Television announced the 18th season of KBC on 4 March 2026. Registration will begin on 9 March.

==Gameplay==

===Qualification===
Similar to the original series in the United Kingdom, members of the public completed a qualification quiz which opened at the start of each series at various times in the year (also known as "registration"). Applicants would send a premium-rate SMS to a designated number, and answer a question by responding.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=How to apply for KBC: A step-by-step guide for Kaun Banega Crorepati registration|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/how-to-apply-for-kbc-step-by-step-guide-for-kaun-banega-crorepati-registration-1616636-2019-11-07|website=India Today|date=7 November 2019 |access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918220733/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/how-to-apply-for-kbc-step-by-step-guide-for-kaun-banega-crorepati-registration-1616636-2019-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref> Contestants would complete a series of interviews before being randomly selected from a pool of other hopeful contestants and appearing on the set in Fastest Finger First. In order to be eligible, contestants must be residents and citizens of India and at least 18 years of age.<ref name=":5"/> Even if the contestants are below 18 years of age (only in the junior special episodes), the prize money they earn will be called points and deposited in their fixed deposit but will be converted to rupees when they cross 18 years of age.

===Fastest Finger Contest winner===
The selected contestants are then brought to the studio to play Fastest Finger First where they will be asked to arrange four answers into the designated order in the shortest amount of time. In Season 7, contestants would play three questions and the one who answered the most correctly in the shortest amount of time will get selected to sit in the hot seat. In the 13 & 14 season, Triple Test replaced Fastest Finger Contest in which contestants have to answer three questions with four options like the ones in the game. One who has the most correct answers in the least time (added for the three questions) came in the hotseat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-19|title='KBC 13': Fastest Finger First Triple Test, Dhuk Dhuk ji - know all about new additions to Amitabh Bachchan show|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-kbc-13-fastest-finger-first-triple-test-dhuk-dhuk-ji-know-all-about-new-additions-to-amitabh-bachchan-show-kaun-banega-crorepati-2906683|access-date=2021-08-31|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831175047/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-kbc-13-fastest-finger-first-triple-test-dhuk-dhuk-ji-know-all-about-new-additions-to-amitabh-bachchan-show-kaun-banega-crorepati-2906683|url-status=live}}</ref> Fastest Finger Contest was re-introduced in Season 15.

In Season 17, the Fastest Finger First format was changed. The top two contestants of the Fastest Finger First round qualify for a 'Jaldi 5' round, where questions will be put up, and the one who presses a buzzer first and answers it correctly wins a point. The first one to get 5 correct answers gets on the hot seat, but this format was discontinued after 1st 3 weeks and the normal format was reinstated.

===Main gameplay===
After determining the winner of Fastest Finger First, they would join the host in the "Hot Seat" to start answering a series of multiple-choice questions on their way to win the top cash prize as outlined in the table below. Along the way, the contestant is free to walk away from the game with their winnings but if they got a question wrong, they would walk away with nothing unless they correctly answered a milestone question (highlighted in yellow) that would guarantee some winnings.

To help them along the way, much like its counterparts, the contestant had a set of lifelines available for them to use. Which lifelines were available was dependent on the format being used.

* '''Audience Poll''' ('''Ask The Audience'''): The studio audience would dial into a keypad what they believed was the correct answer to the question. The results of the poll are shown to the contestant. This lifeline was there in almost all the seasons, but it was removed in Season 12 as there was no studio audience due to COVID-19 guidelines. In Season 13, this lifeline was reinstated due to the relaxing of COVID-19 lockdowns across India.
* '''50:50''': The computer would remove two wrong answers from the game, leaving the contestant one right and one wrong answer.
* '''Video A Friend (Phone-A-Friend)''': The contestant could call a pre-selected friend or family member of their choosing to aid them in answering the question. Once connected, the aiding party and the contestant had 30 seconds (45 in season 7) to talk it out among themselves. In 2017, this became a video call instead of a voice call. For season 10, this lifeline was removed in favor of reinstating Ask the Expert,<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 September 2018|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 10: What's new in Amitabh Bachchan's game show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-10-whats-new-amitabh-bachchan-5336752/|access-date=27 July 2020|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727123311/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kaun-banega-crorepati-10-whats-new-amitabh-bachchan-5336752/|url-status=live}}</ref> but later returned in season 12 as a replacement of Audience Poll due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was removed for a second time in season 13, but then reinstated for a second time since Season 14.
* '''Flip The Question''' ('''Switch The Question'''/'''Switch'''): The current question would be thrown out and replaced with a new question. Any lifelines expended on the original question remained expended. It was introduced in season 2, removed after season 3, and reinstated for season 7 and 11. During seasons 2 and 3 it could only be used after the 5th question, while it was available from the beginning in season 7. In season 11, a new question would be from a contestant's pre-selected category out of a given choice of 11 categories. This lifeline was removed in season 15 but it was used for Juniors Special Episodes under the name '''Gyanastra'''.
* '''Double Dip''': As featured on the US ''Super Millionaire'', this granted the contestant two chances to answer the question. However, invoking this lifeline removed the ability to walk away from the question. The contestant must answer twice with no further usage of lifelines. (They may use other lifelines before invoking Double Dip but not during the resolution of the lifeline.) In the event of a clocked game, the timer would stop for the first guess only. After that, if the first guess was wrong, the timer resumed counting down. If the contestant did not make their second guess before the time limit or if it was wrong, the contestant would walk away from the game with the lower threshold amount, if any. It was reinstated in Season 15.
* '''Expert Advice''' ('''Ask the Expert'''): In season 4, the "Expert Advice" lifeline was added to the pool of lifelines available. The producers would invite certain general knowledge experts to come to the studio to aid the contestant. This lifeline was restored for season 10 in 2018.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> This was discontinued in Season 14. This lifeline was used for Juniors Special Episodes.
* '''Power Paplu''': Introduced in the season 7, this lifeline allowed the contestant to reuse a lifeline that was previously used on another question. It could not be a lifeline that was used on the current question.
* '''Triguni''' ({{literally|'''Three Wise Men'''}}): Similar to its US counterpart, the producers would invite certain general knowledge experts or celebrities to come to the studio to aid the contestant. When invoked, the "Three Wise Men" were granted 30 seconds to discuss the question and the possible choices among themselves to come up with a consensus answer to relay back to the contestant who was often within earshot of the conversation. Once the time expired, the "Three Wise Men" were instructed to stop discussing the question, and play resumed as normal.
* '''Jodidaar''' ({{literally|'''Partner'''}}): Introduced in 2017, similar to the United States' '''Plus One''' lifeline, in addition to having 3 Phone-a-Friends, the contestant can also bring a designated family member or friend in to aid them in answering the question. (This person is designated by the contestant prior to the show.)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 9: Here is everything you want to know about the new season of Amitabh Bachchan's show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kaun-banega-crorepati-9-things-to-know-about-amitabh-bachchan-show-lifetv-1031198-2017-08-24|website=India Today|date=24 August 2017 |access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727133635/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kaun-banega-crorepati-9-things-to-know-about-amitabh-bachchan-show-lifetv-1031198-2017-08-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Sanket Suchak:''' Introduced in Season 17, The contestant can get a hint about the answer for a particular question.

Additionally, starting in season 4, the contestant would have to answer these questions within a certain amount of time. Contestants were allotted 30 seconds to respond up to and including the first threshold question (in 2017, this was increased to 45 seconds).<ref>{{Cite news|title=KBC: Waiting for a facelift|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/kbc-waiting-for-a-facelift-110072600073_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=26 July 2010|last1=Chakraborty|first1=Swarup|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727133700/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/kbc-waiting-for-a-facelift-110072600073_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The following question up to and including the next threshold contestants were allotted 60 seconds to give their "final answer". For the final set of questions (the question following the second threshold) the questions were not timed. Using a lifeline paused the timer temporarily until it resolved. If the contestant used Flip The Question, the timer would restart from the base value of the question.

The total number of questions varied over the multiple seasons of the show's run. As the number of questions changed, so did the total prize money available. In 2017, KBC introduced a jackpot question. For the Jackpot Question, the contestants were not allowed to use any of the remaining lifelines.

In seasons 5 and 6, the contestants had to select a threshold or "Padao" themselves. They were allowed to choose any one question on the tree and designate that as a threshold amount, meaning that if they cross the threshold, they were guaranteed that amount of cash winnings. Getting a question wrong before the Padao is reached would result in zero winnings.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 |Question number
! colspan="9" |Payout structure<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gameshows.ru/wiki/Kaun_Banega_Crorepati|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati|website=GameSHOWS.ru}}</ref>
|-
! Season 1<br />(2000–01)
! Seasons 2 & 3<br />(2005–2007)
! Season 4<br />(2010)
! Seasons 5 & 6<br />(2011–2013)
! Season 7<br />(2013)
! Season 8<br />(2014)
! Seasons 9–13, 15–16<br />(2017–2021, 2023–2025)
! Season 14<br />(2022)
!Season 17<br />(2025)
|-
|'''17'''
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| style="background: #FFE600"|{{big|'''₹7.5 Crore'''}}
|
|-
|'''16'''
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| style="background: #FFE600"|{{big|'''₹7 Crore'''}}
|₹1 Crore
| style="background: #FFE600"|{{big|'''₹7 Crore'''}}
|-
| '''15'''
| style="background: #FFE600"|{{big|'''Rs. 1 Crore'''}}
| style="background: #FFE600"|{{big|'''Rs. 2 Crore'''}}
| –
| –
| style="background: #FFE600"|{{big|'''₹7 Crore'''}}
| –
| ₹1 Crore
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹7,500,000'''
|₹1 Crore
|-
| '''14'''
| Rs. 5,000,000
| Rs. 1 Crore
| –
| –
| ₹5 Crore
| style="background: #FFE600"|{{big|'''₹7 Crore'''}}
|₹5,000,000
|₹5,000,000
|₹5,000,000
|-
| '''13'''
| Rs. 2,500,000
| Rs. 5,000,000
| style="background: #FFE600" |{{big|'''₹5 Crore'''}}
| style="background: #FFE600" |{{big|'''₹5 Crore'''}}
| ₹3 Crore
| ₹3 Crore
|₹2,500,000
|₹2,500,000
|₹2,500,000
|-
| '''12'''
| Rs. 1,250,000
| Rs. 2,500,000
| ₹1 Crore
| ₹1 Crore
| ₹1 Crore
| ₹1 Crore
|₹1,250,000
|₹1,250,000
|₹1,250,000
|-
| '''11'''
| Rs. 640,000
| Rs. 1,250,000
| ₹5,000,000
| ₹5,000,000
| ₹5,000,000
| ₹5,000,000
| ₹640,000
| ₹640,000
|₹750,000
|-
| '''10'''
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''Rs. 320,000'''
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''Rs. 640,000'''
| ₹2,500,000
| ₹2,500,000
| ₹2,500,000
| ₹2,500,000
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹320,000'''
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹320,000'''
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹500,000'''
|-
| '''9'''
| Rs. 160,000
| Rs. 320,000
| ₹1,250,000
| ₹1,250,000
| ₹1,250,000
| ₹1,250,000
|₹160,000
|₹160,000
|₹300,000
|-
| '''8'''
| Rs. 80,000
| Rs. 160,000
| ₹640,000
| ₹640,000
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹640,000'''
| ₹640,000
|₹80,000
|₹80,000
|₹200,000
|-
| '''7'''
| Rs. 40,000
| Rs. 80,000
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹320,000'''
| ₹320,000
| ₹320,000
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹320,000'''
|₹40,000
|₹40,000
|₹100,000
|-
| '''6'''
| Rs. 20,000
| Rs. 40,000
| ₹160,000
| ₹160,000
| ₹160,000
| ₹160,000
| ₹20,000
| ₹20,000
| ₹50,000
|-
| '''5'''
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''Rs. 10,000'''
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''Rs. 20,000'''
| ₹80,000
| ₹80,000
| ₹80,000
| ₹80,000
|style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹10,000'''
|style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹10,000'''
|style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹25,000'''
|-
| '''4'''
| Rs. 5,000
| Rs. 10,000
| ₹40,000
| ₹40,000
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹40,000'''
|₹40,000
|₹5,000
|₹5,000
|₹20,000
|-
| '''3'''
| Rs. 3,000
| Rs. 5,000
| ₹20,000
| ₹20,000
| ₹20,000
|₹20,000
|₹3,000
|₹3,000
|₹15,000
|-
| '''2'''
| Rs. 2,000
| Rs. 3,000
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹10,000'''
| ₹10,000
| ₹10,000
| style="background: #FFE600"|'''₹10,000'''
|₹2,000
|₹2,000
|₹10,000
|-
| '''1'''
| Rs. 1,000
| Rs. 1,000
| ₹5,000
| ₹5,000
| ₹5,000
|₹5,000
|₹1,000
|₹1,000
|₹5,000
|}

==Celebrity guests==

===Season 1===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Guest(s)
!Year
!Amount won
!Notes
|-
|[[Sonali Bendre]]
|2000
| Rs. 25,00,000/-
|Played in the Diwali special
|-
|[[Aamir Khan]]
|2000
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
| First celebrity guest to play the game, played during the [[Diwali]] special
|-
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
| 2000
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
| Played in the New Year special.
|-
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| 2001
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|Played in the New Year special.
|-
|[[Sanjay Dutt]]
|2001
| Rs. 25,00,000/-
|
|-
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|2001
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|Played KBC host in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|-
|[[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Madhuri Dixit]]
|2001
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|Won Rs. 50,00,000/- each in a special episode to raise funds for victims of the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]
|-
|[[Amar Upadhyay]], [[Smriti Irani]]
|2001
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|To celebrate the first anniversary of the show
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
|2001
| Rs. 3,20,000/-
|
|-
|}

===Season 2===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Year
!Amount won
!Notes
|-
|[[Kajol]], [[Ajay Devgn]]
| 2005
| Rs. 1,00,00,000/-
|Biggest celebrity winners on KBC with Bachchan
|-
|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Bipasha Basu]]
| 2005
| Rs. 25,00,000/-
|
|-
|[[Sania Mirza]], [[Lara Dutta]]
| 2005
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|Appeared on Children's day.
|-
|[[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Preity Zinta]]
|2005
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|To promote their film "Salaam Namaste"
|-
|[[Smriti Irani]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
|2005
| Rs. 6,40,000/-
|Second Time On The Show
|}

===Season 3===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
!Notes
|-
|[[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Malaika Arora]]
|14 February 2007
| Rs. 12,50,000/-
|Valentine's Day
|
|-
|[[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Zoya Akhtar]]
|14 February 2007
| Rs. 25,00,000/-
|Valentine's Day
|
|-
|[[Karan Johar]], [[Farah Khan]]
|14 February 2007
| Rs. 25,00,000/-
|Valentine's Day
|Johar's Second Appearance on the Show
The first time he appeared in the audience with Bachchan in 2000 to support Shahrukh Khan
|-
|[[Preity Zinta]], [[Rani Mukerji]]
|27 February 2007
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|Holi Special
|Both Zinta and Mukerji's second time on the show
|-
|[[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Boman Irani]]
|29 March 2007
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|
|Dutt's second time on the show
|-
|[[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Kareena Kapoor]]
|19 April 2007
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|Series Finale
|
|-
|[[Salman Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]]
|19 April 2007
| Rs. 50,00,000/-
|Series Finale
|
|}

===Season 4===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Notes
|-
|[[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Dharmendra]]
|6,7,8,9 December 2010
|
|Appeared in the Grand Finale
Dutt's third time on show and Dixit's Second time in the Show.
|}

===Season 4 Hot Seat===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Qualified Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Notes
|-
|[[Aditya Roy Kapoor]], [[Vipul Shah]], [[Neha Dhupia]],
[[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]], [[Shefali Shah]]
|[[Akshay Kumar]]
|1 November 2010
| ₹50,00,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Action Replayy]]''
|-
|[[Leander Paes]], [[S. Sreesanth]], [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Niket Kulshreshtha]],
[[Jwala Gutta]], [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
|[[Manoj Kumar (boxer)|Manoj Kumar]]
|2 November 2010
| ₹25,00,000/-
|Diwali Special
|-
| [[Pooja Gor]], [[Aashka Goradia]], [[Bharti Singh]],
[[Aishwarya Sakhuja]]
|[[Ragini Khanna]]
|3 November 2010
| ₹12,50,000/-
|Diwali Special
|-
|[[Arshad Warsi]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Rohit Shetty]],
[[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Kunal Khemu]]
|[[Ajay Devgn|Ajay Devgan]]
|4 November 2010
| ₹25,00,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Golmaal 3]].'' Devgan's second time on the show.
|}

===Season 5===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Notes
|-
|[[Deepika Padukone]], [[Saif Ali Khan]]
|18 August 2011
|–
|For the promotion of ''[[Aarakshan]]''
Both Padukone And Khan's Second Time On Show.
|-
|[[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Sonam Kapoor]]
|1 September 2011
|₹12,50,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]''
Both Sonam & Shahid's First Appearance on the Show.
|-
|[[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]]
|8 September 2011
|₹12,50,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''
Kaif's Second Time On The Show KBC
|-
|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]
|15 September 2011
|₹12,50,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|-
|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]
|October 2011
|–
|For the promotion of ''[[Desi Boyz]]''
John's Third Time On The Show.
|-
|[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]
|20 October 2011
|₹50,00,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Ra.One]]''
Shahrukh's Second Time On The Show As a Participant.
|-
|[[Ram Kapoor]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=KBC's Jodi Special' episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KBCs-Jodi-Special-episodes/articleshow/10508285.cms|website=The Times of India|date=28 October 2011 }}</ref>
|27 October 2011
|₹25,00,000/-
|In Diwali Special Episode.
Sakshi Tanwar 3rd Time On The Show KBC
|-
|[[Vidya Balan]]
|10 November 2011
| ₹12,50,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
Balan's First time on the Show.
|-
|[[Harbhajan Singh]]
|15 November 2011
|–
|For The promotion of [[Pepsi]] Ad
|-
|[[Ranveer Singh]], [[Anushka Sharma]]
|16 November 2011
|–
|For the promotion of ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''.
|}

===Season 6===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Notes
|-
|[[Sridevi]], [[Gauri Shinde]]
|7 October 2012
| ₹6,40,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[English Vinglish]]''
Both Sridevi And Shinde's First Appearance on the Show.
|-
|[[Karan Johar]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]]
|14 October 2012
| ₹6,40,000/-
|For the promotion of [[Student of the Year]]
Johar's Third Appearance On Alia Bhatt, Dhawan & Malhotra's First Appearance on the Show.
|-
|[[Falguni Pathak]]
|20 October 2012
| –
|For Giving Special Performance during [[Navratri]]
|-
|[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]]
|4 November 2012
|₹25,00,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
Shahrukh's Third while Kaif's Third Time on the Show.
|-
|[[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
|18 November 2012
|₹3,20,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Son of Sardaar]]''
Devgn's Third while Sinha's First Time on the Show.
|-
|[[Lara Dutta]] and [[Sonali Mukherjee]]
|25 November 2012
|₹25,00,000/-
|For the show special segment ''Doosra Mauka''
|-
|[[Ram Kapoor]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]], [[Amrita Mukherjee]]
|16 December 2012
|₹12,50,000/-
|For the [[Christmas]] Special Episode
Sakshi's Fourth while Kapoor's Second Time on the Show.
|-
|[[Sharad Kelkar]], [[Kritika Kamra]]
|16 December 2012
|₹6,40,000/-
|For the [[Christmas]] Special Episode
Both Kelkar and Kamra's First Appearance on the Show.
|-
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|13 January 2013
|
|For the show special segment ''Doosra Mauka''
|-
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|20 January 2013
|₹6,40,000/-
|For the promotion of ''[[Race 2]]''
|}

===Season 7===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Guest(s)
!Year
!Amount won
!Episode
|-
|[[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh]]
|22 September 2013
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 9
|-
|[[Sumit Awasthi]]
|6 October 2013
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 14
|-
|[[Sangita Ghosh]] and [[Ruslaan Mumtaz]]
| rowspan="2" |13 October 2013
|₹3,20,000/-
| rowspan="2" |Episode 17
|-
|[[Dilip Joshi]] and [[Disha Vakani]]
|₹6,40,000/-
|-
|[[Kajol]]
|10 November 2013
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 28
|-
|[[Ranveer Singh]]
|15 November 2013
|–
|Episode 29
|-
|[[Kareena Kapoor]] and [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]]
|23 November 2013
|–
|Episode 33
|-
|}

===Season 8===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
!Notes
|-
|[[Rani Mukherjee]]
|21 August 2014
| ₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 4
|For the promotion ''[[Mardaani]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=8 August 2014|title=Rani Mukherjee on the set of KBC|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaun-banega-crorepati-season-8-rani-mukerji-promotes-mardaani-photos-606419|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=IBTimes|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810093630/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaun-banega-crorepati-season-8-rani-mukerji-promotes-mardaani-photos-606419|url-status=live}}</ref> Rani's second time on the show.
|-
|[[Aditya Roy Kapoor]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]]
|28 August 2014
| –
|Episode 8
|For the promotion ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Parineeti Chopra and Aditya Roy Kapoor on the sets of KBC|url=https://kbcalert.in/parineeti-chopra-aditya-roy-kapur-sets-kbc-amitabh-bachchan/|access-date=5 August 2014|website=Celebsguru|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050231/https://kbcalert.in/parineeti-chopra-aditya-roy-kapur-sets-kbc-amitabh-bachchan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Priyanka Chopra]]
|4 September 2014
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 12
|For the promotion'' [[Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=TNN|title=Priyanka Chopra to be on the hot seat in Kaun Banega Crorepati|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/priyanka-chopra-to-be-on-the-hot-seat-in-kaun-banega-crorepati-203127-2014-08-07|access-date=7 August 2014|website=India TV|date=7 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810081332/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/priyanka-chopra-to-be-on-the-hot-seat-in-kaun-banega-crorepati/1/375909.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Priyanka's second time on the show.
|-
|[[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Deepika Padukone]]
|11 September 2014
| –
|Episode 16
|For the promotion of their film [[Finding Fanny]]
|-
|[[Fawad Khan]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]]
|18 September 2014
| –
|Episode 20
|For the promotion ''[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]''
|-
| [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Aditya Srivastava]], [[Dayanand Shetty]] and [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]]
|24 September 2014
|₹6,40,000/-
|Episode 23
| For the promotion of [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]
|-
|[[Anuj Sachdeva]] and [[Smriti Kalra]]
| rowspan="2" |25 September 2014
|₹1,60,000/-
| rowspan="2" |Episode 24
|For the promotion of serial ''Itti Si Khushi''
|-
|[[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
|₹3,20,000/-
|For the promotion of their film [[Haider (film)|Haider]]
|-
|[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Vivaan Shah]], [[Farah Khan]]
|21 October 2014
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode
|For the promotion of their film ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
Shahrukh's fourth time on the show.
|-
|[[Anup Soni]]
|6 November 2014
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 48
|
|-
|[[Ravi Kishan]], [[Kamya Panjabi]], [[Jamnadas Majethia]], [[Anita Hassanandani]], [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]], [[Shweta Tiwari]], [[Karan Tacker]], [[Shaleen Malhotra]]
| rowspan="2" |9 November 2014
|–
| rowspan="2" |Episode 49
|For the promotion of Box Cricket League
|-
|[[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]] and [[Prabhu Deva]]
| –
|For the promotion of ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]''
Devgn's fourth and Sinha's second time on the show.
|-
|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Ali Zafar]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]]
|16 November 2014
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 50
|For the promotion of ''[[Kill Dil]]''
|}

===Season 9===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
|-
|[[Mithali Raj]], [[Smriti Mandhana]], [[Punam Raut]], [[Harmanpreet Kaur]], [[Veda Krishnamurthy]], [[Jhulan Goswami]] and [[Deepti Sharma]]
|1 September 2017
|₹6,40,000
|Episode 5
|-
|[[Anand Kumar]]
|8 September 2017
|₹25,00,000
|Episode 10
|-
|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]
|15 September 2017
|₹25,00,000
|Episode 15
|-
|[[Gauri Sawant]] and [[Usha Uthup]]
|22 September 2017
|₹25,00,000
|Episode 20
|-
|[[Shilpa Shetty]]
|29 September 2017
|₹25,00,000
|Episode 25
|-
|[[P.V. Sindhu]]
|6 October 2017
|₹25,00,000
|Episode 30
|-
|[[Sonam Wangchuk (engineer)|Sonam Wangchuk]]
|13 October 2017
|₹50,00,000
|Episode 35
|-
|[[Ayushmann Khurana]]
|20 October 2017
|₹50,00,000
|Episode 40
|-
|[[Taapsee Pannu]]
|27 October 2017
|₹25,00,000
|Episode 45
|-
|[[Kailash Satyarthi]] and [[Sumedha Satyarthi]]
|6 November 2017
|₹50,00,000
|Episode 51
|-
| [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Vidya Balan]]
| 7 November 2017
| ₹25,00,000
| Episode 52
|}

===Season 10===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
|-
| [[Kajol Devgan]]
| 14 September 2018
| ₹6,40,000
| Episode 10
|-
| [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Varun Dhawan]]
| 21 September 2018
| ₹25,00,000
| Episode 15
|-
| [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
| 26 October 2018
| ₹25,00,000
| Episode 40
|-
| [[Aamir Khan]]
| 2 November 2018
| ₹25,00,000
| Episode 45
|-
| [[Anurag Basu]]
| 23 November 2018
| ₹25,00,000
| Episode 60
|-
| [[Kapil Sharma]]
| 26 November 2018
| ₹25,00,000
| Episode 61
|-
|}

===Season 11===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
|-
| [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
| 20 September 2019
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 25
|-
|[[Randeep Hooda]]
|27 September 2019
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 30
|-
|[[Dutee Chand]] and [[Virender Sehwag]]
|1 November 2019
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 55
|-
|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
|8 November 2019
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 60
|-
|[[Taapsee Pannu]]
|15 November 2019
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 65
|-
|[[Emraan Hashmi]]
|22 November 2019
|₹6,40,000/-
|Episode 70
|-
| [[Sudha Murthy]]
| 29 November 2019
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 75
|-
|}

===Season 12===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
|-
|[[Sunil Shroff]] and [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
|9 October 2020
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 10
|-
|[[Anup Soni]]
|30 October 2020
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 25
|-
|[[Ratna Pathak Shah]]
|6 November 2020
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 30
|-
|[[Leander Paes]] and [[Dipa Karmakar]]
|13 November 2020
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 35
|-
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]
|20 November 2020
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 40
|-
|[[Boman Irani]]
|18 December 2020
|₹50,00,000/-
|Episode 60
|-
|[[Anurag Basu]]
|25 December 2020
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 65
|-
|[[Sonu Sood]]
|1 January 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 70
|-
|[[Raveena Tandon]]
|8 January 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 75
|-
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|15 January 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 80
|-
|[[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] and [[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Sanjay Kumar]]
|22 January 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 85
|-
|}

===Season 13===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
|-
| [[Sourav Ganguly]] and [[Virender Sehwag]]
| 3 September 2021
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 10
|-
| [[Farah Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]]
| 10 September 2021
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 15
|-
|[[Neeraj Chopra]] and [[P. R. Sreejesh]]
|17 September 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 20
|-
|[[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Suniel Shetty]]
|24 September 2021
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 25
|-
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]] and [[Pratik Gandhi]]
|1 October 2021
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 30
|-
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Genelia D'souza]]
|8 October 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 35
|-
|[[Hema Malini]] and [[Ramesh Sippy]]
|15 October 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 40
|-
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Sonu Nigam]]
|22 October 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 45
|-
|[[Rajkumar Rao]] and [[Kriti Sanon]]
|29 October 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 50
|-
|[[Akshay Kumar]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Rohit Shetty]]
|5 November 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 55
|-
|[[Sonu Sood]] and [[Kapil Sharma]]
|12 November 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 60
|-
| [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Rani Mukherji]], [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], [[Sharvari Wagh]]
| 19 November 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 65
|-
| [[John Abraham]], [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] and [[Nikkhil Advani]]
| 26 November 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 70
|-
| [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]] and [[Navya Naveli Nanda]]
| 3 December 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 75
|-
| [[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah#Cast and characters|Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah - Cast]]
| 10 December 2021
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 80
|-
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Vaani Kapoor]] and [[Abhishek Kapoor]]
| 13 December 2021
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 81
|-
| [[Manish Paul]], [[Disha Parmar]], [[Chandni Sharma]] and [[Additi Gupta]]
| 14 December 2021
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 82
|-
|[[Neha Kakkar]] and [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| 15 December 2021
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 83
|-
|[[Neena Gupta]] and [[Gajraj Rao]]
| 16 December 2021
| ₹12,50,000/-
| Episode 84
|-
|[[Irfan Pathan]] and [[Harbhajan Singh]]
| 17 December 2021
| ₹25,00,000/-
| Episode 85
|}

===Season 14===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
|-
|[[Aamir Khan]], [[D. P. Singh (runner)|Major D. P. Singh]], [[Mitali Madhumita|Col. Mitali Madhumita]]
|rowspan="2" | 7 August 2022
|₹50,00,000/-
|rowspan="2" | Episode 1
|-
|[[Mary Kom]], [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|₹12,50,000/-
|-
|[[Nikhat Zareen]], [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu|Mirabai Chanu]]
|5 September 2022
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 22
|-
|[[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Jaya Bachchan]]
|11 October 2022
| -
|Episode 48
|-
|[[Neena Gupta]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Boman Irani]]
|7 November 2022
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 67
|-
|[[Kajol Devgan]], [[Revathi]], [[Sujatha Kolvenu]]
|5 December 2022
|₹6,40,000/-
|Episode 87
|-
|[[Garima Arora]], [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Ranveer Brar]]
|26 December 2022
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 102
|-
|[[Prakash Singh]], [[Akshay Kumar]]
|27 December 2022
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 103
|-
|[[Anupam Mittal]], [[Piyush Bansal]], [[Vineeta Singh]], [[Aman Gupta]], [[Amit Jain]], [[Namita Thapar]]
|28 December 2022
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 104
|-
|[[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Kiara Advani]]
|29 December 2022
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 105
|}

===Season 15===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
|-
|[[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Saiyami Kher]], [[R Balki]]
|18 August 2023
|₹12,50,000
|Episode 5
|-
|
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaun-banega-crorepati-15-amitabh-bachchan-played-hockey-with-neeru-yadav-on-the-sets-of-the-show/articleshow/103606525.cms Neeru Yadav]
|11 September 2023
|₹6,40,000
|Episode 21
|-
|[[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Manushi Chhillar]]
|15 September 2023
|₹12,50,000
|Episode 25
|-
|[[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]]
|25 September 2023
|₹12,50,000
|Episode 31
|-
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|16 October 2023
|₹25,00,000
|Episode 46
|-
|[[Sumeet Raghavan]], [[Pariva Pranati]], [[Bharati Achrekar]]
|3 November 2023
|₹12,50,000
|Episode 60
|-
| [[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Agastya Nanda]], [[Khushi Kapoor]], [[Suhana Khan]], [[Vedang Raina]], [[Mihir Ahuja]], [[Aditi "DOT" Saigal]], [[Yuvraj Menda]]
|14 December 2023
|₹25,00,000
|Episode 89
|-
|[[Smriti Mandhana]] and [[Ishan Kishan]]
|25 December 2023
|₹12,50,000
|Episode 96
|-
|[[Vidya Balan]], [[Sheetal Devi]]
|rowspan="2" |29 December 2023
|₹12,50,000
|rowspan="2" |Episode 100
|-
|[[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Sara Ali Khan]]
|₹12,50,000
|}

===Season 16===
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
!Notes
|-
|[[Aman Sehrawat]], [[Manu Bhaker]]
|5 September 2024
|₹29,10,000
|Episode 19
|Includes a bonus of ₹3,20,000 using Dugnaastra and ₹90,000 from Super Sandook
|-
|[[Abhay Bang]], [[Rani Bang]]
|13 September 2024
|₹28,20,000
|Episode 25
|Includes a bonus of ₹3,20,000 using Dugnaastra
|-
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|20 September 2024
|₹26,60,000
|Episode 30
|Includes a bonus of ₹1,60,000 using Dugnaastra
|-
|[[Navdeep Singh (athlete)|Navdeep Singh]], [[Sumit Antil]], [[Avani Lekhara]]
|4 October 2024
|₹26,60,000
|Episode 40
|Includes a bonus of ₹1,60,000 using Dugnaastra
|-
|[[Aamir Khan]], [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]]
|11 October 2024
|₹27,60,000
|Episode 45
|Includes a bonus of ₹1,60,000 using Dugnaastra and ₹1,00,000 from Super Sandook
|-
|[[Vidya Balan]], [[Kartik Aryan]]
|18 October 2024
|₹28,20,000
|Episode 50
|Includes a bonus of ₹3,20,000 using Dugnaastra
|-
|[[Farah Khan]], [[Boman Irani]]
|25 October 2024
|₹27,30,000
|Episode 55
|Includes a bonus of ₹1,60,000 using Dugnaastra and ₹70,000 from Super Sandook
|-
|[[Varun Dhawan]], [[Raj Nidimoru]], [[Krishna DK]]
|30 October 2024
|₹12,50,000
|Episode 58
|
|-
|[[Manoj Kumar Sharma]], [[Vikrant Massey]]
|8 November 2024
|₹16,00,000
|Episode 65
||Includes a bonus of ₹3,20,000 using Dugnaastra and ₹30,000 from Super Sandook
|-
|[[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Shoojit Sircar]], [[Arjun Sen]], [[Ahilya Bamroo]]
|22 November 2024
|₹26,60,000
|Episode 75
|Includes a bonus of ₹1,60,000 using Dugnaastra
|-
|[[Vishwas Nangre Patil]] and [[Sanjay Govilkar]]
|26 November 2024
|₹25,80,000
|Episode 77
|Includes a bonus of ₹80,000 using Dugnaastra
|-
|[[Nana Patekar]]
|13 December 2024
|₹15,70,000
|Episode 90
|Includes a bonus of ₹3,20,000 using Dugnaastra
|-
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Gurdas Maan]]
|31 December 2024
|₹15,70,000
|Episode 102
|Includes a bonus of ₹3,20,000 using Dugnaastra
|-
|[[Samay Raina]], [[Tanmay Bhat]], [[Bhuvan Bam]], [[Kamiya Jani]]
|31 January 2025
|₹12,50,000
|Episode 125
|
|-
|}

===Season 17===
{|class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Amount won
!Episode
!Notes
|-
|[[Prerna Deosthalee]], [[Vyomika Singh]], [[Sofiya Qureshi]]
|15 August 2025
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 5
|
|-
|[[India women's national ice hockey team]]
|29 August 2025
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 15
|
|-
|[[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Javed Akhtar]]
|13 October 2025
|₹50,00,000/-
|Episode 46
|
|-
|[[Rishab Shetty]]
|17 October 2025
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 50
|
|-
|[[Sunil Grover]] and [[Krushna Abhishek]]
|24 October 2025
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 55
|
|-
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|31 October 2025
|₹50,60,000/-
|Episode 60
|Includes a bonus of ₹60,000 using Super Sandook
|-
|[[Anubhav Singh Bassi]], [[Ravi Gupta]], [[Harsh Gujral]], [[Abhishek Upmanyu]]
|14 November 2025
|₹13,00,000/-
|Episode 70
|Includes a bonus of ₹50,000 using Super Sandook
|-
|[[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Shilpa Rao]]
|20 November 2025
|₹13,40,000/-
|Episode 74
|Includes a bonus of ₹90,000 using Super Sandook
|-
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Sharib Hashmi]]
|21 November 2025
|₹13,20,000/-
|Episode 75
|Includes a bonus of ₹70,000 using Super Sandook
|-
|[[Kiku Sharda]] and [[Sudesh Lehri]]
|28 November 2025
|₹7,50,000/-
|Episode 80
|
|-
|[[India women's national cricket team]]
|5 December 2025
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 85
|
|-
|[[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Ananya Panday]]
|18 December 2025
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 94
|
|-
|[[Ranveer Brar]]
|25 December 2025
| -
|Episode 99
|
|-
|[[Kumar Mangalam Birla]]
|29 December 2025
|₹25,00,000/-
|Episode 101
|
|-
| [[Agastya Nanda]], [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]], [[Navya Naveli Nanda]], [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], Simar Bhatia, [[Sriram Raghavan]]
|31 December 2025
|₹12,50,000/-
|Episode 103
|
|-
|[[Vir Das]], [[Mona Singh]], [[Mithila Palkar]], [[Sharib Hashmi]]
|1 January 2026
|
|Episode 104
|
|-
|}

== Top prize winners ==
=== Harshvardhan Navathe (19 October 2000) ===
{{WWTBAM question
| float = center
| value = Rs. 1 crore/- (15 of 15) – no time limit
| question = Who among these does the [[Constitution of India|{{color|white|Indian Constitution}}]] permit to take part in the proceedings of [[Parliament of India|{{color|white|Parliament}}]]?
| a = [[Solicitor General of India|{{color|white|Solicitor General}}]]
| b = [[Attorney-General for India|{{color|white|'''Attorney General'''}}]]
| bstyle = correct
| c = [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|{{color|white|Cabinet Secretary}}]]
| d = [[Chief Justice of India|{{color|white|Chief Justice}}]]
| caption = Navathe's Rs. 1 crore/- Question}}
'''Harshvardhan Navathe''' became the first top prize winner of KBC when he won Rs. 1 crore/- on 19 October 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Everybody loves a winner|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Q5iWQGvRFAacSRf2W67W5O/Everybody-loves-a-winner.html|website=Live Mint|date=22 January 2009|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210083343/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Q5iWQGvRFAacSRf2W67W5O/Everybody-loves-a-winner.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Vijay Raul and Arundhati (2 May 2001)===
'''Vijay Raul''' and '''Arundhati''' appeared in Season 1 and won Rs. 1 crore/- on 2 May 2001.

===Ravi Mohan Saini (14 May 2001)===
{{WWTBAM question
| float = center
| value = Rs. 1 crore/- (15 of 15) – no time limit
| question = In 1992, who became the first sportsperson to be honored with the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna|{{color|white|Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna}}]] award?
| a = [[Vishwanathan Anand|{{color|white|'''Vishwanathan Anand'''}}]]
| astyle = correct
| b = [[Sachin Tendulkar|{{color|white|Sachin Tendulkar}}]]
| c = [[Geet Sethi|{{color|white|Geet Sethi}}]]
| d = [[Leander Paes|{{color|white|Leander Paes}}]]
| caption = Saini's Rs. 1 crore/- Question
}}
'''Ravi Mohan Saini''' appeared on ''Kaun Banega Crorepati Junior'' at 14 and won Rs. 1 crore/- on 14 May 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A crorepati at 14|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010701/main6.htm|website=The Tribune}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Sushil Kumar (2 November 2011)===
{{WWTBAM question
| float = center
| value = ₹5 crore/- (13 of 13) – no time limit
| question = Which colonial power ended its involvement in India by selling the rights of the [[Nicobar Islands|{{color|white|Nicobar Islands}}]] to the British on 18 October 1868?
| a = [[Belgian Empire|{{color|white|Belgium}}]]
| b = [[Italian Empire|{{color|white|Italy}}]]
| c = [[Danish India|{{color|white|'''Denmark'''}}]]
| cstyle = correct
| d = [[French India|{{color|white|France}}]]
| caption = Kumar's ₹5 crore/- Question
}}
Hailing from a small village in [[Bihar]], '''Sushil Kumar''', who appeared in Season 5, is the first contestant to win ₹5 crore/-. He was a computer instructor under [[MNREGA]] earning a meagre ₹6,000/- (roughly $121) per month before his entry to KBC. For this reason, Kumar has been dubbed as the real "[[Slumdog Millionaire]]".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/fickle-fame-the-jobless-kbc-winner-with-little-cash/story-iWQaYHI1SSqheVa2VtYytK.html| title=Sushil Kumar wins 5 crores| work=www.hindustantimes.in| date=5 February 2015| access-date=1 November 2015| archive-date=22 October 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022051549/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/fickle-fame-the-jobless-kbc-winner-with-little-cash/story-iWQaYHI1SSqheVa2VtYytK.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Sunmeet Kaur Sawhney (12 January 2013)===
{{WWTBAM question
| float = center
| value = ₹5 crore/- (13 of 13) – no time limit
| question = Who is the first woman to successfully climb [[K2|{{color|white|K2}}]], the world's second-highest mountain peak?
| a = [[Junko Tabei|{{color|white|Junko Tabei}}]]
| b = [[Wanda Rutkiewicz|{{color|white|'''Wanda Rutkiewicz'''}}]]
| bstyle = correct
| c = [[Tamae Watanabe|{{color|white|Tamae Watanabe}}]]
| d = [[Chantal Mauduit|{{color|white|Chantal Manduit}}]]
| caption = Sawhney's ₹5 crore/- Question
}}
'''Sunmeet Kaur Sawhney''' appeared in Season 6 and won ₹5 crore/-.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://imnj.in/news/2013/01/sunmeet-kaur-sawhney-wins-5-crore-in-kaun-banega-crorepati-6/| title=Sunmeet Kaur Sawhney wins 5 crore| work=imNJ.in| access-date=5 January 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108211350/http://imnj.in/news/2013/01/sunmeet-kaur-sawhney-wins-5-crore-in-kaun-banega-crorepati-6/| archive-date=8 January 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> She was the second ₹5 crore/- winner.
{{Clear}}

===Achin and Sarthak Narula (9 October 2014)===
{{WWTBAM question
| float = center
| value = ₹7 crore/- (14 of 14) – no time limit
| question = Who commanded the '[[HMS Hector|{{color|white|Hector}}]]', the first British trading ship to land at Surat?
| a = Paul Canning
| b = [[Sir William Hawkins|{{color|white|'''William Hawkins'''}}]]
| bstyle = correct
| c = [[Thomas Roe|{{color|white|Thomas Roe}}]]
| d = [[James Lancaster|{{color|white|James Lancaster}}]]
| caption = The Narula brothers' ₹7 crore/- Question
}}
'''Achin and Sarthak Narula''' appeared in Season 8 and won ₹7 crore/-, making them the first and, as of now, only ₹7 crore/- winners. They are one of the biggest winners in Asian WWTBAM franchises. This particular scene was later used as an [[internet meme]], due to Amitabh Bachchan shouting "7 crore!" and Achin and Sarthak jumping out of their seats and celebrating.
{{Clear}}

==In popular culture ==

[[Danny Boyle]]'s 2008 film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' was loosely based on the show.<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jan/14/amitabh-bachchan-rubbishes-slumdog-millionaire|title=Bollywood icon Amitabh Bachchan rubbishes Slumdog Millionaire|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 January 2009|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429183507/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jan/14/amitabh-bachchan-rubbishes-slumdog-millionaire|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie's host, based loosely on the actual host Amitabh Bachchan, was portrayed by [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref name=":4" /> Kapoor himself has appeared on a celebrity version of the show.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anil Kapoor reschedules MI4 shoot for KBC|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anil-kapoor-reschedules-mi4-shoot-for-kbc/715398/|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

''KBC - The Game'', a [[mobile video game]] developed by [[Vroovy]] (a joint venture of [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]] and Gameshastra) was developed as a [[tie-in]] release for the show.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KBC - The Game|url=http://vroovy.com/Vroovywebsite/v8/kbc-the-game.html|access-date=2023-09-27|website=vroovy.com|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102053236/http://vroovy.com/Vroovywebsite/v8/kbc-the-game.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Indiagames]] and Glu has also released a mobile video game based on the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j31272 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009033332/https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j31272 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, [[Sony Entertainment Television]] released a question book based on the show that featured [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and his signature in the book cover, called '''Kaun Banega Crorepati: 110 Crore Hindustani'''. The book have 1000 questions (for 110 Crore Hindustani), including Fastest Finger First and 12 question levels from ₹5,000 to ₹1 Crore.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Siddhartha |title=Kaun banega crorepati : the official book |url=https://archive.org/details/kaunbanegacrorep0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up |website=[[Internet Archive]] |date=2010 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-1686-4 }}</ref>

==Production==
===Development===
After [[Sameer Nair]] became the programming head of [[StarPlus]] in February 1999, he came across a clip from ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' in July 1999 through Steve Askew, the Australian programming head of the region and got the rights to produce here from ECM who had the Asian version rights.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title='Like Michael Jackson's Thriller': How 'Kaun Banega Crorepati' changed Star India's fortunes|url=https://scroll.in/reel/933309/like-michael-jacksons-thriller-how-kaun-banega-crorepati-changed-star-indias-fortunes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712154013/https://scroll.in/reel/933309/like-michael-jacksons-thriller-how-kaun-banega-crorepati-changed-star-indias-fortunes|archive-date=12 July 2020|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=10 August 2019 }}</ref> Then, [[Siddhartha Basu]] who earlier worked in the show ''A question of answers'' was roped to produce the show with his company [[BIG Synergy|Synergy communications]]. The show was then titled ''Kaun Banega Lakhpati'' with the maximum price amount decided to be Rs. 1 Lakh/-.<ref name=":1" /> In January 2000, Nair had a choice for [[Amitabh Bachchan]] to host the show. [[Rupert Murdoch]], chairman of [[Star TV (Asian TV networks)|Star TV]]'s parent firm [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]], in the next month, ordered to change the maximum amount to Rs. 1 crore/- and the series was accordingly retitled ''Kaun Banega Crorepati''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=How Rupert Murdoch saved KBC from being merely Kaun Banega Lakhpati|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/rupert-murdoch-saved-kbc-being-071842639.html|website=Yahoo News|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723103745/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/rupert-murdoch-saved-kbc-being-071842639.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bachchan who was initially skeptical later agreed to host it. The sets were constructed in Mumbai's [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in June 2000 and the series was launched in July 2000 during the time when the channel was in a revamp along with conversion into a full Hindi language channel from Bilingual English and Hindi language channel.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Reception==
===Impact===
The series which aired on [[StarPlus]] for three seasons is the first show that took the channel's viewership to a greater height, being one of the tops viewed Hindi GEC show in that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Will Big B be able to do for Colors what he did for Star?|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NvFOgAqBOIfsgiNaHdcu9K/Will-Big-B-be-able-to-do-for-Colors-what-he-did-for-Star.html|website=Live Mint|date=7 September 2009|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117101321/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/NvFOgAqBOIfsgiNaHdcu9K/Will-Big-B-be-able-to-do-for-Colors-what-he-did-for-Star.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 April 2007, [[Delhi High Court]] on becoming suspicious in the amount won by the actors and VVIPs (Very very important persons) being high unlike ordinary KBC contestants and ordered Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (MRTPC) to investigate into it. However, Star denied it and stated, "KBC-2 is purely a game of skill and not a game of chance; each and every question posed by KBC-2 requires certain ‘thinking’ and ‘exercise of intellect’ to win any sum of money." The case was soon stayed by the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC comes to the rescue of KBC|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/sc-comes-to-the-rescue-of-kbc/story-UdRnQ1y2dNSIKtlveFAG5H.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=4 May 2007|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104072937/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sc-comes-to-the-rescue-of-kbc/story-UdRnQ1y2dNSIKtlveFAG5H.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the third season, in 2008, Star Plus and the show sponsor Airtel were penalized with Rs. 1 Crore by the National Consumer Commission on violating the Consumer Protection Act when they charged R.2.5 per SMS rather than R.1, earning a huge profit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/star-plus-airtel-penalised-rs-1-crore-for-kbc-29720-2008-09-11|title=Star Plus, Airtel penalised Rs 1 crore for KBC|website=India Today|date=11 September 2008 |access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422085348/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/star-plus-airtel-penalised-rs-1-crore-for-kbc-29720-2008-09-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, after the third season, the show was shifted from Star Plus to [[Sony Entertainment Television]] who held the format, as the former did not renew their contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/kbc-moves-to-sony/story-sbiddpEibpCakjJKtfKseM.html|title=KBC moves to Sony|website=Hindustan Times|date=11 June 2010|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104072932/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kbc-moves-to-sony/story-sbiddpEibpCakjJKtfKseM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ratings===
The overall average rating of the first season was 14.1 TVR while the second and third got 11.1 and 6.8 TVRs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bachchan magic pays again for Sony|url=https://www.rediff.com/business/report/bachchan-magic-pays-again-for-sony/20101213.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723140242/https://www.rediff.com/business/report/bachchan-magic-pays-again-for-sony/20101213.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first season started with 22% of viewership garnering 8.96 TVR in the debut week and soon increased to 54% in the last week of July 2000 making it most watched television program and pushing the position of [[StarPlus]] to number one for the first time then and also reinvented Bollywood actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s career.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati: Star TV's megahit game show sparks off its own mania|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20000828-kaun-banega-crorepati-star-tvs-megahit-game-show-sparks-off-its-own-mania-777933-2000-08-28|website=India Today|date=28 August 2000 |access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723100548/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20000828-kaun-banega-crorepati-star-tvs-megahit-game-show-sparks-off-its-own-mania-777933-2000-08-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan: KBC redefined the Bachchan aura, KBC 11 tagline defines actor's 50-year-long career|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amitabh-bachchan-kbc-redefined-the-bachchan-aura-kbc-11-tagline-defines-actor-s-50-year-long-career/story-OMTcAiH7NO9aWPdOwkFGaI.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=December 2019|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723100544/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amitabh-bachchan-kbc-redefined-the-bachchan-aura-kbc-11-tagline-defines-actor-s-50-year-long-career/story-OMTcAiH7NO9aWPdOwkFGaI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The following seven days it gradually increased and got 9.57, 11, 12.6, 12.4, 12.9, 13.2 and 14.7 TVRs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Television ratings for KBC 3 out, it's mixed bag for Shah Rukh Khan, Amitabh Bachchan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20070226-shah-rukh-khan-hosts-kbc-3-749159-2007-02-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728100448/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20070226-shah-rukh-khan-hosts-kbc-3-749159-2007-02-26|archive-date=28 July 2020|website=India Today |date=26 February 2007 }}</ref> Maintaining the viewership with around more than 10 TVR until November 2000, it dipped to 8–9 TVR in December 2000 and further to 6–7 TVR in January 2001 while in week ending 3 February 2001 it garnered 7.2 TVR, despite continued to hold its number one position throughout.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overkill poser for Crorepati|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/overkill-poser-for-crorepati/cid/936144|website=The Telegraph|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724105956/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/overkill-poser-for-crorepati/cid/936144|url-status=live}}</ref> The highest rating ever achieved by the series in that time was 27.13 TVR during October 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life after KBC|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/life-after-kbc/cid/1552212|website=The Telegraph|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728102603/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/life-after-kbc/cid/1552212|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second season opened with 19.75 TVR in the launch day occupying the top position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Big B magic works a second time too|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/big-b-magic-works-a-second-time-too/135018/|website=The Financial Express|date=27 August 2005|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728133202/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/big-b-magic-works-a-second-time-too/135018/|url-status=live}}</ref> In analysis of its viewership in specific regions of India, it had the highest viewership from [[Madhya Pradesh]] with 38 TVR during the premiere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When 'KBC' did a Dviteeya ... !!|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k5/kbc_dviteeya.htm|website=Indian Television dot com|date=12 August 2005|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809073121/https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k5/kbc_dviteeya.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The third season hosted by Shah Rukh Khan received ratings lesser than the previous seasons which were hosted by Amitabh Bachchan and declined through its progress. The season opened with 12.33 TVR on 22 January 2007 with a reach of 23 million while the following days it declined to 10.44 and 7.36 TVRs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=KBC slipping, King Khan needs a lifeline |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/kbc-slipping-king-khan-needs-a-lifeline/story-647ukWbxbosXkI0Umao0xK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722145015/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/traffic-crawling-back-to-pre-covid-level-highway-construction-may-decline-overall-report/story-imrjGlRcOboz2DOda0eONP.html |archive-date=22 July 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 25 January, it increased to 9.24 TVR however not being able to match like previous seasons of Star Plus.<ref name=":0" /> The following week after premiere it improved and got 8.8, 9, 8.4 and 10 TVR from Monday to Thursday.<ref>{{Cite news|title=KBC moves up in RATe race|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/companies/kbc-moves-up-in-rate-race/articleshow/1590429.cms|website=The Economic Times|last1=Krishna|first1=Sonali|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072838/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/companies/kbc-moves-up-in-rate-race/articleshow/1590429.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fourth season which began airing on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] opened with 6.24 TVR while it averaged 5.2 TVR in the debut week and ended with an average rating of about 4 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=KBC 6 gets record registrations|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kbc-6-gets-record-registrations-112053000064_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=30 May 2012|last1=Bhat|first1=Varada|access-date=4 January 2024|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427095504/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kbc-6-gets-record-registrations-112053000064_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Will KBC 5 repeat last season's success? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/will-kbc-5-repeat-last-seasons-success/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727133950/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/will-kbc-5-repeat-last-seasons-success/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The fifth season opened with 5.2 TVR and averaged 4.52 TVR in the week.<ref>{{Cite news|title=KBC opens to highest TRPs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KBC-opens-to-highest-TRPs/articleshow/9661737.cms|website=The Times of India|date=19 August 2011 |access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/KBC-opens-to-highest-TRPs/articleshow/9661737.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=KBC 5 continues to pull audiences ahead of other reality shows|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kbc-5-continues-to-pull-audiences-ahead-of-other-reality-shows-111090100001_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=September 2011|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Sharmistha|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728131149/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kbc-5-continues-to-pull-audiences-ahead-of-other-reality-shows-111090100001_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In week 35, it was at the second position with 5.2 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Never say die|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/never-say-die/845845/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426105053/https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcT_vTeAl6NcV7lfsMVaQqpaXczAprlQ6YazNQ&usqp=CAU|archive-date=26 April 2021|website=The Financial Express|date=13 September 2011}}</ref> The highest rating of the season was 7.2 and 8 TVR for the two episodes aired on 1 and 2 November 2011, where contestant Sushil Kumar won ₹5 crores, being the highest rating achieved in last two years by any Hindi GEC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Record viewership for Kaun Banega Crorepati on Rs 5 cr win day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Record-viewership-for-Kaun-Banega-Crorepati-on-Rs-5-cr-win-day/articleshow/10672723.cms|website=The Times of India|date=10 November 2011 |access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104072937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Record-viewership-for-Kaun-Banega-Crorepati-on-Rs-5-cr-win-day/articleshow/10672723.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KBC 5 ends, leaves behind poignant memories|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/kbc-5-ends-leaves-behind-poignant-memories/story-qWeqkRnreXq0dIuxUSGYbO.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 November 2011|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104072930/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kbc-5-ends-leaves-behind-poignant-memories/story-qWeqkRnreXq0dIuxUSGYbO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The overall average rating of the series was about 4 TVR.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The secret behind making millions|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/kaun-banega-crorepati-the-secret-behind-making-millions/articleshow/10788197.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501001153/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/kaun-banega-crorepati-the-secret-behind-making-millions/articleshow/10788197.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first episode of sixth season became the most watched Hindi GEC garnering 6.1 TVR making it the best television launch of the year and garnered 5.3 TVR the following day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan powers KBC debut to top rating|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/T4gSShgxKgkhmmPHNId0ON/Amitabh-Bachchan-powers-KBC-debut-to-top-rating.html|website=Live Mint|date=13 September 2012|access-date=22 July 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125022917/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/T4gSShgxKgkhmmPHNId0ON/Amitabh-Bachchan-powers-KBC-debut-to-top-rating.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The stupendous ratings of Kaun Banega Crorepati KBC 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-stupendous-ratings-of-Kaun-Banega-Crorepati-KBC-2012-this-week-makes-it-the-biggest-opening-on-television-this-year-The-show-has-broken-all-previous-record-s-and-has-had-the-highest-opening-out-of-all-three-seasons-on-the-channel-KBC-has-emerged-a-clear-winner-amongst-the-viewers-with-6-1-TVR-and-5-3-TVR-respectively-for-the-iconic-opening-episodes-aired-on-September-7-and-8-/articleshow/16368264.cms|website=The Times of India|date=12 September 2012 |access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104072906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-stupendous-ratings-of-Kaun-Banega-Crorepati-KBC-2012-this-week-makes-it-the-biggest-opening-on-television-this-year-The-show-has-broken-all-previous-record-s-and-has-had-the-highest-opening-out-of-all-three-seasons-on-the-channel-KBC-has-emerged-a-clear-winner-amongst-the-viewers-with-6-1-TVR-and-5-3-TVR-respectively-for-the-iconic-opening-episodes-aired-on-September-7-and-8-/articleshow/16368264.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The launch episode of season eight had 8.96 million viewers and that week it averaged 5.2 million viewers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=With KBC's millions, Sony soars to number four on TAM ranking|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/with-kbc-s-millions-sony-soars-to-number-four-on-tam-ranking-114090400901_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=5 September 2014|last1=Malvania|first1=Urvi|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514121117/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/with-kbc-s-millions-sony-soars-to-number-four-on-tam-ranking-114090400901_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ninth season opened with 6.2 million impressions being second most-watched Hindi GEC in urban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan's Kaun Banega Crorepati makes a smashing debut; rakes in ratings|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/amitabh-bachchans-kaun-banega-crorepati-makes-a-smashing-debut-rakes-in-ratings-lifetv-1040544-2017-09-08|website=India Today|date=8 September 2017 |access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723104652/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/reality-tv/story/amitabh-bachchans-kaun-banega-crorepati-makes-a-smashing-debut-rakes-in-ratings-lifetv-1040544-2017-09-08|url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, the season was the most-watched Hindi GEC occupying first position for months.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After topping rating charts, Amitabh Bachchan's Kaun Banega Crorepati to return with a new season|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/after-topping-rating-charts-amitabh-bachchan-s-kaun-banega-crorepati-to-return-with-a-new-season-1222340-2018-04-28|website=India Today|date=28 April 2018 |access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723100547/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/after-topping-rating-charts-amitabh-bachchan-s-kaun-banega-crorepati-to-return-with-a-new-season-1222340-2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb title|0250875|Kaun Banega Crorepati}}
* KBC Online Game at [https://playkbc.com Play KBC Game]

{{Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?}}
{{BIG Synergy}}
{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]
[[Category:2000 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]

Mazibur Rahman

2026-03-14T01:58:00Z

Pranjal mishra: refine formatting and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Mazibur Rahman (Bangladeshi politician)}}
{{more refs|date=November 2024}}
[[File:MLA MAZIBUR RAHMAN.jpg|thumb|318x318px]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

'''Mazibur Rahman''' is an Indian politician and a [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], representing the constituency of [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]], Assam in the [[15th Assam Assembly]].<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>

He graduated with an LL.B. in 2001 from [[Gauhati University]].

From the [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]] constituency, Mazibur Rahman ran for the Assam Assembly three times between 2006 and 2016, however he was defeated by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] politician Ilias Ali each time. In 2006, he garnered 36186 votes, while in 2011 and 2016, he got 58616 and 74287, respectively. He contested election in the Assam Assembly in 2021 for the fourth time on an [[All India United Democratic Front|All India United Democratic Front (AIUDF)]] ticket from the Dalgaon Constituency. He received [https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/2021/dalgaon/ 55.2%]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} of the vote overall. This time, he defeated Congress politician Ilias Ali by a margin of 55383 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Mazibur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India United Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:People from Darrang district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aqidah

2026-03-13T23:08:38Z

Pranjal mishra: general corrected lead per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Islamic term for denominational practice or theology}}
{{About||the story of the binding of Isaac|Binding of Isaac|East African administrators|Akida}}
{{Expand Arabic|date=July 2024|عقيدة إسلامية}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Aqidah|all}}
{{Islam|beliefs}}

'''''Aqidah''''' ({{Langx|ar|عَقِيدَة|ʿaqīdah}}, {{IPA|ar|ʕɑˈqiːdæ|IPA}}, pl. {{Langx|ar|عَقَائِد|ʿaqāʾid|label=none}}, {{IPA|ar|ʕɑˈqɑːʔɪd|}}) is an [[Islam]]ic term of [[Arabic]] origin that means "[[creed]]".<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Abdel-Haleem |author-first=M. A. S. |author-link=Muhammad Abdel-Haleem |year=2008 |chapter=Part I: Historical perspectives - Qur’an and hadith |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1IiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |editor-last=Winter |editor-first=Timothy |editor-link=Timothy Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=19–32 |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.002 |isbn=9781139001816}}</ref> It is also called '''Islamic creed''' or '''Islamic theology'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buang |first1=Sa’eda |last2=Chew |first2=Phyllis Ghim-Lian |title=Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian perspectives |date=9 May 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81500-6 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2-LAwAAQBAJ&dq=aqidah++theology&pg=PA97 |access-date=9 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbas |first1=Tahir |title=Islamic Political Radicalism: A European Perspective |date=22 January 2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3086-8 |page=257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ueqBgAAQBAJ&dq=aqidah++theology&pg=PA257 |access-date=9 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

''Aqidah'' goes beyond concise statements of faith and may not be part of an ordinary Muslim's religious instruction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guillaume |first1=Alfred |title=Islam |publisher=Penguin |date=1978 |orig-date=1954 |pages=134 |ref=AGI1978}}</ref> It has been distinguished from ''[[Iman (Islam)|iman]]'' in "taking the aspects of Iman and extending it to a detail level" often using "human interpretation or sources".<ref name="FAROOQ-content-2020">{{cite web |last1=FAROOQ |first1=MOHAMMAD OMAR |title=Let's Be Content With Iman, Not Aqeedah |url=https://www.islamicity.org/22471/lets-be-content-with-iman-not-aqeedah/ |website=Islamicity |access-date=26 June 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref> Also, in contrast with ''iman'', the word ''aqidah'' is not explicitly mentioned in the [[Quran]].

Many [[schools of Islamic theology]] expressing different ''aqidah'' exist. However, this term has taken a significant technical usage in the Islamic theology, and is a branch of [[Islamic studies]] describing the beliefs of Islam.

==Etymology==
''Aqidah'' comes from the [[Semitic root]] ''[[:wikt:ع ق د|ʿ-q-d]]'', which means "to tie; knot".<ref>and hence the class VIII verb ''iʿtaqada'' "to firmly believe", verbal noun ''iʿtiqād'' "belief, faith, trust, confidence, conviction; creed, doctrine", participle ''muʿtaqad'' "creed, doctrine, dogma, conviction, belief, opinion". (Source: Wehr, Hans, “عقد” in: J. Milton Cowan (ed.), ''A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'', 4th edition (1979)).</ref> ("Aqidah" used not only as an expression of a school of Islamic theology or belief system, but as another word for "theology" in Islam, as in: "Theology (Aqidah) covers all beliefs and belief systems of Muslims, including sectarian differences and points of contention".)<ref name="Madina Institute">{{cite web |title=Theology (Aqidah) |url=https://www.madinainstitute.com/studies_programs/aqidah-theology |website=Madina Institute |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814171953/https://www.madinainstitute.com/studies_programs/aqidah-theology |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Introduction==
According to Muslim scholar Cyril Glasse, "systematic statements of belief became necessary, from early [on in the history of] Islam, initially to refute heresies, and later to distinguish points of view and to present them, as the divergences of schools of theology or opinion increased."<ref name=Glasse/>

The "first" creed written as "a short answer to the pressing heresies of the time" is known as ''Fiqh Akbar'' and ascribed to [[Abu Hanifa]].<ref name=Glasse/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Abu Hanifah An-Nu^man|title=Al- Fiqh Al-Akbar|url=http://www.aicp.org/SupportingDocs/Al__Fiqh__Akbar_English.pdf|publisher=aicp.org|access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> Two creeds were the ''Fiqh Akbar II''{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} "representative" of the [[Ash'ari]], and ''Fiqh Akbar III'', "representative" of the [[Shafi'i]].<ref name=Glasse/> [[Al-Ghazali]] also had an ''aqidah''.<ref name=Glasse/>

According to Malcolm Clark, while Islam "is not a creedal religion", it has produced some detailed creeds, "some containing 100 or more belief statements" that summarized "the theological position of a particular scholar or school."<ref name="Clark-believe">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Malcolm |title=Islam for Dunnies |date=2003 |publisher=Wiley |chapter=4. What Muslims believe. Rejecting formal creeds}}</ref>

===Six articles of belief===
The six articles of faith or belief (Arkan al-Iman) derived from the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]],<ref name=Interfaith>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68 |editor=Joel Beversluis |year=2011 |isbn=9781577313328}}</ref> are accepted by all Muslims. While there are differences between [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam]] and other schools or sects concerning issues such as the attributes of God and the purpose of angels, the six articles are not disputed.

The six Sunni articles of belief are:
#Belief in [[God in Islam|God]] and ''[[tawhid]]''
#Belief in the [[Islamic view of angels|angels]]
#Belief in the [[Islamic holy books]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://al-quran.info/#&&sura=2&aya=177&trans=en-arthur_arberry&show=both,quran-uthmani&format=rows&ver=1.00|title=The Quran|others=contributors Iman Mohammad Kashi, Uwe Hideki Matzen, and Online Quran Project |website=The Quran}}</ref>
#Belief in the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets and messengers]]
#Belief in the [[Last Judgment]] and [[Resurrection]]
#Belief in [[Predestination in Islam|predestination]]

The first five are based on several Qurʾanic beliefs:
:...righteous is he who believeth in God and the Last Day and the angels and the scripture and the prophets (2:177)
:...believer believes in God and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers (2:285)
:Whoever disbelieveth in God and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers and the Last Day, he verily wandered far stray (4:136)
:Who is an enemy of God, His Angels, His Messengers, Gabriel and Michael! Then, lo! God is an enemy to the disbelievers (2:98)

In Sunni and Shia views, having ''[[Iman (concept)|Iman]]'' literally means believing in the six articles. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

===Tawhid===
{{Allah}}
{{See also|Rabb|Ilah|Names of God in Islam}}
''[[Tawhid]]'' ("doctrine of Oneness") is the religion's most fundamental concept and holds that ''Allah'' (the Arabic word for God) is one (''aḥad''), unique (''wāḥid''), and the only being worthy of worship. The Quran teaches the existence of a single, absolute truth that transcends the world—a unique, independent, and indivisible being, independent of the entire creation.<ref name="EncRel">Vincent J. Cornell, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol 5, pp. 3561-3562.</ref> God, according to Islam, is a [[Universalism|universal]] God, rather than a local, tribal, or parochial one, and is an absolute who integrates all affirmative values.<ref name="Barlas96">[[Asma Barlas]] (2002), p. 97.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Kitab Al Tawheed|last = Wahhab|first = Abd Al|publisher = Darussalam|chapter = Chapter 4, Fear of Shirk}}</ref>

===Iman===
Iman, in Islamic theology, denotes a believer's faith in the metaphysical aspects of [[Islam]].<ref>Farāhī, Majmū‘ah Tafāsīr, 2nd ed. (Faran Foundation, 1998), 347.</ref><ref>Frederick M. Denny, ''An Introduction to Islam, 3rd ed., p. 405''</ref> Its most simple definition is the belief in [[Iman (concept)#The six articles of faith|the six articles of faith]], known as ''arkān al-īmān''.

==Hadith of Gabriel==
The [[Hadith of Gabriel]] includes the [[Five Pillars of Islam]] ([[Tawhid]], [[Salat]], [[Sawm]], [[Zakat]], [[Hajj]]) in answer to the question, "O messenger of God, what is Islam?" This hadith is sometimes called the "truly first and most fundamental creed."<ref name=Glasse>{{Cite book|last=Glasse|first=Cyril|title=New Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|page=105|edition=Revised}}</ref>

[[Image:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|left|An [[Imam]] leading prayers in [[Cairo]], Egypt, in 1865]]
[[File:Aurangzeb 27.jpg|thumb|260px|The [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] performing Salat]]

===Salat===
[[Salat]] is an act of worship. Salat means to call to the Lord Who created and gives life to the worshipper in Islam. This call realizes one to surrender caller's will, obeying his God. It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Islam gives concession conditionally if it is difficult to pray Salat in formal ways. People who find it physically difficult can perform Salat in a way suitable to them. To perform valid Salat, Muslims must be in a state of ritual purity, which is mainly achieved by ritual wash ups, (wuḍūʾ), as per prescribed procedures. Salat consists of "standing" (Qiyam) intending to call God, bow at knees (Ruku) meaning to ready to obey, prostrate (Sajda) willing to surrender worshipper's will to God's, then to sit (Tashhud) asserting evidence of the oneness of God and the finality of God's apostle (Nabi).

===Sawm===
[[File:Fasting.JPG|thumb|left|Ending the fast at a [[mosque]]]]
In the terminology of [[Sharia|Islamic law]], ''[[sawm]]'' means to abstain from eating, drinking (including water) and sexual intercourse from dawn until dusk. The observance of ''sawm'' during the holy month of [[Ramadan]] is one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]], but is not confined to that month.

===Zakat===
[[Zakat]] is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth and is obligatory for all who are able to do so. It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to ease economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality.

===Hajj===
[[File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|thumb|left|A 16th century illustration of [[Islam]]'s holiest shrine, the Ka'aba]]

The [[Hajj]] is an Islamic pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] and the largest gathering of Muslims in the world every year. It is one of the five pillars of Islam, and a religious duty which must be carried out by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so at least once in his or her lifetime.

==Other tenets==
{{Islam and iman}}
In addition, some Muslims include Jihad and Dawah as part of ''aqidah''.

===Jihad===
[[Jihad]] (to struggle) and literally means to endeavor, strive, labor to apply oneself, to concentrate, to work hard, to accomplish. It could be used to refer to those who physically, mentally or militarily serve in the way of God.<ref>Khalid Mahmood Shaikh</ref>
In the religious context, it is the struggle against disbelief and non-muslim life to establish, propagate and spread the faith and its principles on individualistic and societal levels.

===Dawah===
{{main|Dawah}}
[[Dawah|Da‘wah]] ("invitation") means the preaching of Islam. Da‘wah literally means "issuing a summon" or "making an invitation", being an active participle of a verb meaning variously "to summon" or "to invite." A Muslim who practices da‘wah, either as a religious worker or in a volunteer community effort, is called a dā‘ī (داعي plural du‘āh, gen: du‘āt دعاة).

A dā‘ī is thus a person who invites people to understand Islam through dialogue, not unlike the Islamic equivalent of a missionary inviting people to the faith, prayer and manner of Islamic life.

==Eschatology==
{{main|Islamic eschatology}}

[[Eschatology]] is literally understood as the last things or ultimate things and in Muslim theology, eschatology refers to the end of this world and what will happen in the next world or hereafter. Eschatology covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the total destruction of this world, the resurrection of humans, the [[Last Judgment]] of human deeds by God after the resurrection, and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers respectively. The places for the believers in the hereafter are known as [[Paradise]] and for the non-believers as [[Hell]].

==Schools of theology==
{{main|Schools of Islamic theology}}

[[File:Sunni Streams of Doctrine.png|thumb|Main schools of thought within Sunni Islam, and other prominent streams.]]

The contents of Muslim theology can be divided into theology proper such as [[theodicy]], [[eschatology]], [[anthropology]], [[apophatic theology]], and [[comparative religion]]. In the history of Sunni Muslim theology, there have been theological schools among Muslims displaying both similarities and differences with each other in regard to beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Islamic Studies Resources|first=BAHISEEN [Islamic Studies]|title=Primary Resources|url=https://bahiseen.com/bahiseen-resource-bank/list-of-primery-sources-in-islamic-studies/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226131804/https://bahiseen.com/bahiseen-resource-bank/list-of-primery-sources-in-islamic-studies/ |archive-date=2021-02-26 }}</ref>

=== Kalam ===
{{main|Kalam}}
{{See also|Islamic philosophy|Sufi metaphysics}}
''Kalām'' is an "Islamic scholastic theology" of seeking theological principles through [[dialectic]]. In [[Arabic language|Arabic]], the word literally means "speech/words." A scholar of ''kalām'' is referred to as a ''mutakallim'' (Muslim theologian; plural ''mutakallimūn''). There are many schools of Kalam, the main ones being the [[Ash'ari]] and [[Maturidi]] schools in [[Sunni Islam]], and the [[Mu'tazilis]] (who are not Sunni).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Frank |first1=Daniel H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBjtygnlBtEC&dq=mu%27tazila+kalam&pg=PA72 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |last3=H |first3=Frank Daniel |date=2003-09-11 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65574-3 |language=en|page=72|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffry R. Halverson|title=Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|date=2010|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=9780230106581|page=20}}</ref> Traditionalist theology rejects the use of kalam, regarding human reason as sinful in unseen matters.<ref>Hadi Enayat Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies Springer, 30.06.2017 {{ISBN|9783319526119}} p.48</ref>

=== Usul al-din ===
'''Usul al-din''', "the principles of religion", is used by scholars in different meanings. In the ordinary sense, it represents the aqidah, articles of faith, "truths which must be believed". In this sense, the scientific discussion about ''usul al-din'' constitute the ''[[ilm al-kalam]]''.{{sfn|Gimaret|2012|p=}}

There is a difference in the use of the word ''usul'' in ''usul al-din'' when compared with ''[[usul al-fiqh]]'' where the term refers to the sources underlying the [[sharia]], as ''usul al-din'' represents not the sources, but the theological judgement itself.{{sfn|Gimaret|2012|p=}}

''Usul al-din'' is frequently used in titles of many works by Islamic scholars, including the kalam ones.{{sfn|Gimaret|2012|p=}}

Western scholars, like [[George Makdisi]], occasionally use ''usul al-din'' to designate the [[Traditionalist theology (Islam)|traditionalist theology]] as opposed to the [[rationalist]] ''kalam''.{{sfn|Emon|Ahmed|2018|p=257|loc=Note 38}}

''Usul al-din'' can also designate a theological discipline ("principles of religion") that is studied at the Islamic universities. For example, from 1950, the [[al-Azhar University]] included three faculties: Islamic law (''al-sharia''), ''usul al-din'', and Arabic language.{{sfn|Steigerwald|2004|p=93}}

===Mu'tazilis===
{{main|Muʿtazila}}
In terms of the relationship between human beings and their creator, the [[Muʿtazila]] emphasize human [[free will]] over predestination. They also reduced the divine attributes to the divine essence. The Mu'tazilites are considered heretics by all the traditional Sunni Islamic schools of theology.<ref>[[Nader El-Bizri]], ‘God: essence and attributes’, in ''The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic theology'', ed. Tim Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 121-140</ref>

===Sunni schools===
Sunni Muslim theology is the [[theology]] and interpretation of creed (''aqidah'') that derived from the [[Qur'an]] and [[Hadith]].

==== Ash'aris ====
{{main|Ash'ari}}
The eponymous founder of this school is [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]], one of the first to study under but then quit the Mu'tazilis. He then towards the end of his life became an Ashari.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[A. C. Grayling]]|title=The History of Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDJwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT390|date=2019|publisher=[[Penguin UK]]|isbn=9780241980866|page=390}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Jeffrey T. Kenney|editor2=[[Ebrahim Moosa]]|title=Islam in the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTptAAAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781135007959|page=103}}</ref> It was the historic foe of the Mu'tazili school, the "rationalists" in terms of speculative theology.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Hamid Dabashi]]|title=Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVgwEAAAQBAJ|date=2012|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=9780674262911|page=338}}</ref>

Ash'arism accepts reason as a witness to the evidence in the scripture.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1999 |isbn=9780195107999 |page=280}}</ref> What God does or commands—as revealed in the Quran and ahadith—is by definition just. What He prohibits is by definition unjust. Right and wrong are objective realities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Jonathan A.C. |date=2014 |title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1780744209 |page=53}}</ref> The [[Quran]] is the uncreated word of God in essence, however, it is created when it takes on a form in letters or sound.<ref name=glasse-62-3>{{cite book |first1=Cyril |last1=Glassé |first2=Huston |last2=Smith |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Rowman Altamira |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-759-10190-6 |pages=62–63}}</ref>

Some scholars, especially those of the Hanbali school, such as [[Ibn Qudamah]] spoke harshly against the Ash'aris, saying "It is obligatory to abandon the people of innovation and misguidance.",<ref>{{cite book |last=Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi |title=Kitab al-I'tiqad |pages=43–44}}</ref> going on to list deviant groups, in which he mentioned the Asha'ris. Other scholars outside of the [[Hanbali school|Hanbali]] madhhab such as [[Shafi'i school|Shafi’i]], [[Maliki school|Maliki]], and [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]] scholars, and some of the later Hanbali scholars accepted them into [[Sunni Islam|Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah]] and did not view them as deviants.

==== Maturidis ====
{{main|Maturidi}}
Maturidism is a Sunni theological school founded by [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]], holding many positions in common with the Ash'aris but differing from them on others.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]]|editor=Mohiuddin Ahmad|translator=Mohiuddin Ahmad|title=Saviours of Islamic Spirit, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_I8XAAAAIAAJ|date=1971|publisher=Academy of Islamic Research and Publications|location=[[Lucknow, India]]|isbn=|page=98|quote=The differences between the Ash'arites and the Maturidites were simply marginal and limited to 30 to 40 issues of comparatively lesser importance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=H.R.H. [[Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad]]|editor=Foreword by H.M. King [[Abdullah II ibn al-Hussein]]|title=A Thinking Person's Guide to Islam: The Essence of Islam in 12 Verses from the Qur'an|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZNsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT171|date=2018|publisher=Turath Publishing|isbn=9781906949648|page=171|quote=Most Sunnis of the four madhahib follow the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of doctrine and theology. Indeed, Ash'ari and Maturidi doctrines basically only differ on a few issues, most of which are arguably linguistic quibbles, so that these two schools of theology are essentially one tradition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Fitzroy Morrissey|title=A Short History of Islamic Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fdQEAAAQBAJ|date=2021|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780197522011|page=68|quote=There, in a city noted for its religious diversity, he continued the old tradition of kalam as reasoned polemic: his writings contain refutations of Jews, Christians, and the dualist Manichaeans and Zoroastrians, as well as the Mu'tazila, the Shi'a, and other misguided Islamic sects. Against these various opponents, al-Maturidi argued for doctrines that were essentially close to those of al-Ash'ari.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=489|title=هل أهل السنة في الأردن هم الأشاعرة؟|publisher=[[w:ar:دائرة الإفتاء العام (الأردن)|The General Iftaa' Department of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]]|website=aliftaa.jo|language=ar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150704092249/http://aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=489%23.VZel4OLLfK4|archive-date=4 Jul 2015|quote=الأشاعرة هم جمهور أهل السنة والجماعة من المالكية والشافعية، وأما الحنفية فهم ماتريدية يتبعون أبا منصور الماتريدي (333هـ)، والخلاف بينهم وبين الأشاعرة محدود}}</ref> Much like the Ash'arite approach to Qur'anic verses that could yield an [[anthropomorphic]] concept of God, they affirmed His transcendence while understanding these expressions by the conventional figurative meanings they had garnered in Arabic.

Maturidism holds, that humans are creatures endowed with reason, that differentiates them from animals. Further, the relationship between people and God differs from that of nature and God; humans are endowed with [[free will]], but due to God's sovereignty, God creates the acts the humans choose, so humans can perform them. [[Ethics]] can be understood just by reason and do not need prophetic guidances. Maturidi also considered [[hadith]]s as unreliable, when they are in odd with reason.<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio Theorizing C''entral Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer, 2018 {{ISBN|9783319973555}} p. 108</ref> However, the human mind alone could not grasp the entire truth, thus it is in need of revelation in regard of mysterious affairs. Further, Maturidism opposes anthropomorphism and similitude, while simultaneously does not deny the divine attributes. They must be either interpreted in the light of [[Tawhid]] or be left out.<ref>Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem ''Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers'' PH Publishing, 1994 {{ISBN|9788170246237}} p. 30</ref>

====Athari theology====
{{main|Athari}}
For the Athari theology, the apparent meaning of the Qur'an and especially the prophetic traditions have ultimate precedence in matters of belief, as well as law, and to engage in rational disputation, without textual evidence, is absolutely forbidden.<ref>Jeffry R. Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. {{ISBN|0230106587}}, p 36.</ref> Atharis engage in an amodal reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in ''Ta'wil'' (metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to rationally conceptualize the meanings of the Qur'an and believe that the real meanings should be consigned to God alone (''tafwid'').<ref>Jeffry R. Halverson, Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. {{ISBN|0230106587}}, p 36-37.</ref> This theology was taken from exegesis of the Qur'an and statements of the early Muslims and later codified by a number of scholars including [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] and [[Ibn Qudamah]].<ref name="Ahmad-Which">{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=Ustadha Shazia |title=Which School of Thought Should I Follow in 'Aqida? |url=https://seekersguidance.org/answers/islamic-belief/which-school-of-thought-should-i-follow-in-aqida/ |website=Seekers Guidance |access-date=26 June 2022 |date=29 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Abrahamov 2016">{{cite book |author-last=Abrahamov |author-first=Binyamin |year=2016 |orig-date=2014 |chapter=Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |editor-link=Sabine Schmidtke |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=263–279 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025 |isbn=9780199696703 |lccn=2016935488}}</ref>

===[[Shia]] beliefs and practices===
Shiʿi Muslims are different as they hold that there are five articles of belief. Similar to the Sunnis, the Shiʿis do not believe in complete predestination, or complete free will. They believe that in human life there is both free will and predestination.

====Twelver's Roots of Shia Religion ''(Uṣūl ad-Dīn)''====
{{Main|Theology of Twelvers}}
#[[Tawhid]]: The Oneness of God.
#[[Adalah (Islam)|Adalah]]: The Justice of God.
#[[Prophecy (Shia Islam)|Nubuwwah]] (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (i.e. a perfect system on how to live in "peace.")
#[[Imamate (Twelver doctrine)|Imamate]]: (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and guide mankind— a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion before his demise.
#[[Last Judgment]]: God will raise mankind for Judgment

====Ismaili Shia beliefs====
The branch of Islam known as [[Isma'ilism]] is the second largest Shiʿi community. They observe the following extra pillars:
#[[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)|Belief in the Imamate]]
#[[Prophecy (Shia Islam)|Belief in the prophets and messengers]]
#Beliefs about the Last Judgment

==Literature pertaining to creed==
Many Muslim scholars have written Islamic creeds, or specific aspects of a ''aqidah''. The following list contains some of the most well-known creeds.

===Sunni literature===
*''Mukhtasar Shu'ab al-Imān'' or "The 77 branches of faith" by the Imām [[al-Bayhaqi]]
*''Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar'' by Imām [[Abu Hanifa]]
*Al-Risala by Al-Shafi'i
*''al-ʿAqīdah aṭ-Ṭaḥāwiyya'' ("The Fundamentals of Islamic Creed by [[al-Tahawi]]). This has been accepted by almost all Sunnis ([[Athari]]s, [[Ash'ari]]s and [[Maturidi]]s). Several Islamic scholars have written about the Tahawiyya creed, including [[Ali al-Qari]], [[Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani|al-Maydani]], [[ibn Abi al-Izz]] and [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]].
*''Usool as- Sunnah'' by Imām [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]
*Al-Rad 'ala I- Zanadiqa wal-Jahmiya by Imām Ahmed ibn Hanbal
*''Al- Iman'' by al-Adni
*''As-Sunnah'' by Imām [[Abu Dawood]]
*''Sarihus Sunnah'' by Imām [[Al-Tabari]]
*''As-Sunnah'' by Imām [[Al-Tabarani]]
*''Aqīdah Salafi Ahl al-Hadith'' by al-Sabuni
*''Sharh Usool I'tīqaad Ahlus-Sunnah wal Jāmaa'ah'' by Imām Hibatullah-al- Laalakaa'ee
*''As- Sunnah'' by Nasr al- Marwazi
*''Ash-Shariah'' by al-Ajurri
*''Al-Iman'' by Ibn Mandah
*''Ad- Durrātu fīma yazibu i'tiqaduhu'' by Imām [[Ibn Hazm]]
*''Kitāb at- Tāwhid Or Kalimah Al-Ikhlas(La Ilaha Illa Allah )'' by Imām [[Ibn Rajab#Works|Ibn Rajab]]
*''Al- 'Aqīdah al-Nasafiyya'' by Imām [[Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi]]
*''Ar-rīsālah al-kairoāniyah'' by Abi Zaid al-Kairoa
*''Al-I'tīqad'' by [[Al-Bayhaqi]]
*''Al-ʿAqīdah al-Wāsiṭiyyah'' ("The [[Wasit, Iraq|Wasit]] Creed") by [[ibn Taymiyyah]].
*''Sharh as Sunnah'' or the ''Explanation of the Sunna'' by [[al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari]]. Lists approximately 170 points pertaining to the fundamentals of ''aqidah''.
*''Khalq Afʿāl al-ʿIbād'' ("The Creation of the Acts of Servants") by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]. It shows the opinion of early scholars ([[Salaf]]) but it does not cover all topics.
*''Lum'at al-Itiqād'' by [[ibn Qudamah]]. Details the creed of the early Imams of the Sunni Muslims and one of the key works in the [[Athari]] creed.
*''al-ʿUluww'' by [[al-Dhahabi|al-Dhahabī]]. Details the opinions of early scholars on matters of creed.
*''Ibaanah'' ''ān ūsulid diyanah'' by [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]].
*''Risālah al-Qudsiyyah'' ("The Jerusalem Tract") by [[al-Ghazali]], where the rules of faith are discussed.
* ''[[The Book of Tawhid: The Right of Allah Upon His Servants]]'' by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]].
*''Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazani'' on the creed of [[Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi]]

===Shia literature===
*Kitāb al-tawḥīd, kitāb al-ḥujjah, and kitāb al-īmān wa'l-kufr in ''ʾUṣūl al-kāfī'' by [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|al-Kulaynī]]
*''Kitāb al-tawḥīd'' by [[Shaykh al-Saduq|al-Ṣadūq]]
*''al-Iʿtiqādāt'' by al-Ṣadūq
*''Taṣḥīḥ al-iʿtiqādāt'' by [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid|al-Mufīd]]
*''Bāb ḥādī ʿašar'' by [[Allamah Al-Hilli|al-Hillī]]
*''al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma fī uṣūl al-aʾimma'' by [[Al-Hurr al-Amili|al-Ḥurr al-ʿāmilī]]
*''al-Ḥaqq al-yaqīn'' by [[Al-Majlisi|al-Majlīsī]]
*''Shiʿite Islam'' [[Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]]: translated by [[Hossein Nasr]]; (also reprinted under the title ''Shi'a.)"''
*''Root and Branches of Faith'' by [[Maqbul Hussein Rahim]]
*''Shi'ism Doctrines, Thought and Spirituality'' by [[Hossein Nasr]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bosnian Book of the Science of Conduct WDL7479.pdf|[[Bosniak]] "Book of the Science of Conduct" lists 54 religious duties that each Muslim must know about, believe in, and fulfill. Published in 1831, the handbook is by the Bosnian author and poet [[Abdulwahāb Žepčewī]].
File:Book of Wisdom WDL6937.pdf|"Book of Wisdom" based on [[Islamic Theology]] by [[Khoja Akhmet Yassawi]] (died 1166)
File:Brief Explanation of the “Safeguards of Transmission” of Guidance to the True Path WDL6901.pdf|"Safeguards of Transmission" by [[Ubayd Allāh ibn Masūd ibn Mahmud ibn Ahmad al-Mahbūbī]] (died 1346)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}
*[[Throne of God in Islam|''Arsh'']]
*[[Bidah|''Bid'ah'']]
*[[Contemporary Islamic philosophy]]
*[[Glossary of Islam]]
*[[Outline of Islam]]
*[[Index of Islam-related articles]]
*[[Iman (Islam)|Iman]]
*[[Islamic eschatology]]
*[[Islamic schools and branches]]
*[[Islamic studies]]
*[[Kufr|''Kafir'']]
*''[[Madhhab]]''
*[[Schools of Islamic theology]]
*''[[Shahada]]''
*[[Shia–Sunni relations]]
*[[Salafi–Sufi relations]]
*[[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam]]
*[[2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny]]
*[[Shia crescent]]
*[[Shirk (Islam)|''Shirk'']]
*[[Succession to Muhammad]]
*[[Sunnah]]
*[[Sufi-Salafi relations|Salafi–Sufi relations]]
*''[[Tawhid]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last1=Emon |first1=Anver M. |last2=Ahmed |first2=Rumee |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-967901-0 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Islamic_Law/ZzpxDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA257 |access-date=2025-08-22}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Uṣūl al-Dīn |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_7760 |chapter-url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7760 |ref=|first = D. | last = Gimaret |access-date=2025-08-22 | title=Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online | publisher=Brill| date=2012 |issn=1573-3912}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C.|first=Diana |last=Steigerwald|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA : Thomson/Gale |publication-place=New York |date=2004 |isbn=0-02-865604-0|chapter=Azhar, Al-|url=https://ia601204.us.archive.org/0/items/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld_411/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld2volumes_editedByRichardC.martin2004ByMacmillan.pdf | pages=92–93 }}

{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Islamic Theology|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aqidah}}
[[Category:Islamic theology]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Islamic creed]]

Aadukalam Naren

2026-03-10T05:16:26Z

Pranjal mishra: basic add article as per guidelines further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|image =Aadukalam Naren At The ‘Asuran’ Audio Launch.jpg
| caption =Naren at the audio launch for ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
| name = Aadukalam Naren
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| birth_name = Narayanan
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1997–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Aadukalam Naren''' (born '''Narayanan''') is an Indian actor who has appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films, mainly playing supporting and antagonistic roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150527/entertainment-kollywood/article/naren-plays-baddie-aranmanai-sequel|title=Naren plays baddie in Aranmanai sequel|first=anupama|last=subramanium|date=28 May 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926201720/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150527/entertainment-kollywood/article/naren-plays-baddie-aranmanai-sequel|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Mahima-plays-Narens-daughter-in-her-next/articleshow/46262304.cms|title=Mahima plays Naren's daughter in her next|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316134111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Mahima-plays-Narens-daughter-in-her-next/articleshow/46262304.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut with the 1997 film ''[[Raman Abdullah]]'' but got noticed for his role in the 2011 film ''[[Aadukalam]]'' and has since added the film's title as a prefix to his stage name.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/Scripts-a-winner/article15524686.ece|title=Script's a winner|first=Sai Shyam|last=G|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 January 2011|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102259/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/Scripts-a-winner/article15524686.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/cinema-vikatan-take1-actor-aadukalam-naren|title=சினிமா விகடன்: TAKE 1 - ஆடுகளம் நரேன்|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta|date=30 December 2020|first=உ. சுதர்சன்|last=காந்தி}}</ref>

==Career==
Naren appeared in [[Balu Mahendra]]'s television series ''Kathai Neram''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/190875-.html|title=ஆரம்பம் படத்துக்காக வாங்கிய திட்டு|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|language=ta|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729205727/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/190875-.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He played small roles before getting noticed for his role in ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011). He has frequently collaborated with the film's lead actor [[Dhanush]] in the latter's later films such as ''[[Naiyaandi]]'' (2013), ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' (2019), ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' (2022), and ''[[Vaathi]]'' (2023).

Naren has played supporting roles in several films, including ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' (2012), ''[[Arrambam]]'' (2013), ''[[Thirudan Police]]'' (2014), ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' (2015), and ''[[Bairavaa]]'' (2017). He has played negative roles in ''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]'' (2014) and ''[[Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam]]'' (2023). He also played the titular role in the film ''[[Veeraiyan]]'' (2017).

Naren has collaborated with director [[Karthik Subbaraj]] in films such as ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012), ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' (2014), ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019), and ''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]'' (2022).

Naren has acted in Telugu films such as ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018), ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' (2021), and ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' (2023).

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Raman Abdullah]]'' || Henchman
|
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Thayin Manikodi]]'' || Politician
|
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Suriya Paarvai]]'' || Kannan
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' || Julie's husband
|
|-
| ''[[Indru]]'' || Ramprasad's henchman
|
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mirugam]]'' || Villager ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || Coffee shop owner
|
|-
| ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]'' || Muthupandi
|
|-
| ''[[Anjathe]]'' || a kidnapped girl's father
|
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Vannathupoochi]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2011 || ''[[Aadukalam]]'' || Rathnasamy
|
|-
| ''[[Yuddham Sei]]'' || Chandramouli
|
|-
| ''[[Nanjupuram]]'' || Velu's father
|
|-
| ''[[Osthe]]'' || Alexander
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|2012 || ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' || Ramakrishnan
|
|-
| ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' || Revathy's father
|
|-
| ''[[Saguni]]'' || Boopathi's assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' || Shanmugam
|
|-
| ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || Kandamanoor Raghupathi Thevar
|
|-
| ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (2012 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' || Anand's father
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|2013 || ''[[Udhayam NH4]]'' || Prabhu's brother-in-law
|
|-
| ''[[Sundaattam]]'' || Bhagya Annachi
|
|-
| ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]'' || Prisoner
|
|-
| ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' || Devanna Gounder
|
|-
| ''[[Yamuna (film)|Yamuna]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || Kandasamy (Kutil Star)
|
|-
| ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' || Idhayakani's father
|
|-
| ''[[Arrambam]]'' || Sriram Raghavan
|
|-
| ''[[Naiyaandi]]'' || Poongavanam
|
|-
|rowspan="14"|2014 || ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' || Narasimhan
|
|-
| ''Veeran Muthuraakku'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pappali]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]'' || Kathirvelan's father
|
|-
| ''Eppodhum Vendraan'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || Film Producer Sundar
|
|-
| ''[[Sarabham]]'' || Chandrasekar
|
|-
| ''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]'' || Joseph Fernando
|
|-
| ''[[Aadama Jaichomada]]'' || Film Producer
|
|-
| ''[[Poriyaalan]]'' || Construction company boss
|
|-
| ''[[Vilaasam]]'' || Pandian
|
|-
| ''[[Thirudan Police]]'' || Commissioner
|
|-
| ''[[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]'' || Forest Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' || Police
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2015 || ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' || Durai
|
|-
| ''[[Kallappadam]]'' || Thangapandi
|
|-
| ''[[Vethu Vettu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajathandhiram]]'' || Dharmaraj
|
|-
| ''[[Agathinai]]'' || Karthika's father
|
|-
| ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' || Krishnan, Sathish's father
|
|-
| ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' || Ekambaram, Seenu's father
|
|-
| ''Guru Sukran'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vaalu]]'' || Devaraj, Shakthi's father
|
|-
| ''[[Jippaa Jimikki]]'' || Krishik's father
|
|-
| ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' || Pavazhamalli's father
|
|-
| ''[[Om Shanti Om (2015 film)|Om Shanti Om]]'' || Lingesan
|
|-
| ''[[Eetti]]'' || Coach
|
|-
| ''[[Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan]]'' || Periyavar
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2016 || | ''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]'' || Jayan's father
|
|-
| ''[[Gethu]]'' || DSP
|
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' || Mahalingam
|
|-
| ''[[Kanithan]]'' || Ramalingam
|
|-
| ''[[Nayyapudai]]'' || Karthikeyan
|
|-
| ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' || Police Inspector
|
|-
| ''[[Uyire Uyire]]'' || Priya's father
|
|-
| ''Guhan'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Katha Solla Porom]]'' || Anitha's father
|
|-
| ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' || Marudhamuthu
|
|-
| ''[[Uchathula Shiva]]'' || Albert
|
|-
| ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' || Kavya's father
|
|-
|rowspan="10"|2017 || ''[[Bairavaa]]'' || Malarvizhi's father
|
|-
| ''[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]'' || Vikram's father
|
|-
| ''[[Yeidhavan]]'' || Karna
|
|-
| ''Keikraan Meikkiran'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' || Vijayan
|
|-
| ''Thangaratham'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Adhagappattathu Magajanangalay]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Neruppu Da]]'' || Commissioner
|
|-
| '' [[Thupparivaalan]] '' || ACP Paul
|
|-
| ''[[Veeraiyan]]'' || Veeraiyan
|
|-
|rowspan="11"| 2018 ||''[[Veera (2018 film)|Veera]]'' || Boxer Rajendran
|
|-
| ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' || Naren Vaidyanathan
|
|-
| ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' || Kerala Police
|
|-
| ''Roja Maaligai'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ghajinikanth]]'' || Ramanathan
|
|-
| ''[[Kattu Paya Sir Intha Kaali]]'' || senior police officer
|
|-
|''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]'' ||Chandrasekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Genius (2018 Tamil film)|Genius]]'' || Ramamoorthy
|
|-
| ''[[Thuppakki Munai]]'' || Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]'' || Police commissioner Panneerselvam
|
|-
| ''[[Maari 2]]'' || Police commissioner
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2019 || ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' || Gnanam
|
|-
| ''[[Gangs of Madras]]'' || Deputy Commissioner Ramachandran
|
|-
| ''[[Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' || Karnan's advocate
|
|-
| ''[[100 (2019 film)|100]]'' || Police commissioner
|
|-
| ''[[Gurkha (film)|Gurkha]]''|| Nataraj IPS
|
|-
| ''[[Comali]]'' || Ravi's father
|
|-
| ''[[En Kaadhali Scene Podura]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' || Ayyanar's maternal uncle
|
|-
| ''[[Aruvam]]''|| Jyothi's father
|
|-
|''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || Vaddakuran Narasimhan
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2020 || ''[[Psycho (2020 film)|Psycho]]'' || Deputy Superintendent of Police
|
|-
|''[[Maayanadhi]]''|| Kowsalya's father
|
|-
|''[[Biskoth]]''|| Dharmarajan
|
|-
|''[[Thiruvalar Panchangam]]'' || Inspector Narendhiran
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2021 || ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' || Inspector Ramanathan
|
|-
|''[[Kalathil Santhippom]]'' || Sofia's father
|
|-
|''[[Udanpirappe]]''|| Peruthulasi
|
|-
| ''[[Maaligai]]'' || Shanthi's father || Only dubbed version released<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/maaligai/0-0-1z531960|title=Watch Maaligai (Hindi) Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5|website=ZEE5|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129175852/https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/maaligai/0-0-1z531960|url-status=live|date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anti Indian]]''|| Deputy Commissioner
|
|-
|''[[Ikk]]'' || Kanagavel Rajan
|
|-
|''[[Thalli Pogathey (film)|Thalli Pogathey]]'' || Pallavi's father
|
|-
|''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' || Ayyaavvu
|
|-
|''[[Thanne Vandi]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2022 || ''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]'' || Mohandoss
| Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Koorman]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' || Mathimaaran's uncle ||
|-
|''[[Ayngaran (film)|Ayngaran]]''|| Perumalsamy ||
|-
|''[[My Dear Lisa]]'' || Church father ||
|-
|''[[Ottu (film)|Rendagam]]''||Chacha||
|-
|''[[Buffoon (film)|Buffoon]]'' || Rengarajan ||
|-
|''[[Kaari (film)|Kaari]]'' || Vellasaamy ||
|-
| ''[[Aruvaa Sanda]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Driver Jamuna]]'' || Maragathavel ||
|-
|''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2023 || ''[[Vindhya Victim Verdict V3]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaathi]]''|| Bala's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kannitheevu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ghosty (film)|Ghosty]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam]]'' || Veriyandi ||
|-
| ''[[Deiva Machan]]'' || Zamindar ||
|-
| ''[[Theerkadarishi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Are You Ok Baby?]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Indha Crime Thappilla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[80s Buildup]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mathimaran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Sarakku'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2024 || ''Ettum Varai Ettu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maya Puthagam]]'' || Rangaraja Yaadhavrayar ||
|-
| ''[[Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai]]'' || Sankarapandian ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai Trailer: Vemal is a hearse van driver who gives Karunaas a lift |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/24/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai-trailer-vemal-is-a-hearse-van-driver-who-gives-karunaas-a-lift |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hitler (2024 film)|Hitler]]'' || Varadhan || <ref>{{cite news |title=New Release Date Announced For Vijay Antony's Hitler |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/new-release-date-announced-for-vijay-antonys-hitler-article-112954966/amp |work=Times Now |date=31 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Seeran'' || ||
|-
| ''Sevakar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' || Adaikalaraj's lawyer ||
|-
| ''Mayan'' || ||
|-
|''[[Miss You (film)|Miss You]]'' || Surgeon ||
|-
|''[[Rajakili]]'' || College correspondent ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2025 || ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]'' || Devachandran Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Niram Marum Ulagil]]'' || Das ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aadukalam Naren, Suresh Menon's character names in Natty-starrer Niram Marum Ulagil revealed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aadukalam-naren-suresh-menons-character-names-in-natty-starrer-niram-marum-ulagil-revealed/articleshow/118025055.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Phoenix (2025 film)|Phoenix]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Vijay Sethupathi hugs son Surya at premiere of his debut film, Phoenix. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-hugs-son-surya-phoenix-premiere-in-chennai-2749987-2025-07-03 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Madharaasi]]'' || Inspector Manikandan ||
|-
|''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Idli Kadai]]'' || Vishnuvardhan’s PA ||
|-
|''[[Vattakhanal]]'' || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Akshay |title=Singer Mano's son Duruvan headlines Vattakanal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/15/singer-manos-son-duruvan-headlines-vattakanal |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mask (2025 film)|Mask ]]'' || Advocate || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Indian Penal Law]]'' || Thirupathisamy ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2026 || ''[[Lucky The Superstar]]'' || CM's rival ||
|-
| ''[[Vadam]]'' || Santhanavel || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vadam/movie-review/129140428.cms|title=Vadam Movie Review: Familiar feuds with a different bull in the ring|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Sathyam (2008 film)|Salute]]'' || Muthupandi
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka|Malupu]]'' || Krishnan
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2018 || ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' || MLA
|
|-
|''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]'' || C. I. M. Murugesan
|
|-
|''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]'' ||Chandrasekhar
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021|| ''[[Narappa]]'' || Panduswamy
|
|-
|''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' || Somaraju
|
|-
| ''[[Anubhavinchu Raja]]''
| Village President
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Like, Share & Subscribe]]'' || Narendra Varma
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2023 || ''[[Sir (2023 film)|Sir]]'' || Balu's father
|
|-
| ''[[Peddha Kapu 1]]'' || Bhaiyanna
|
|-
| ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' || Sarath Sanghvi
|
|-
| ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]'' || Tiger's father
|
|-
| ''[[My Name Is Shruthi]]'' || MLA Gurumurthy
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|[[Tenant (film)|''Tenant'']]
|Raghava Rao
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Bachchan]]''
|Chief Minister
|
|-
|''Kalinga''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''|| KVM Narasimha Reddy
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''[[Pothugadda]]''
|Samudra
|
|-
|''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''
|Minister Udham Singh
|
|-
|''[[Thandel]]''
|Lingayya
|
|-
|''[[Dilruba (film)|Dilruba]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]'' || Minister
|
|-
|''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]''
|
|
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
|-
| 2013 || ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'' || Nripan Chakraborthy || rowspan="2"|[[Malayalam]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ottu (film)|Ottu]]''||Chacha
|-
| 2023 || ''Mute'' || || rowspan="2" | [[Kannada]]
|-
|2024
|[[Max (2024 film)|''Max'']]
|Daniel
|}

=== Dubbing artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Actor !! Character
|-
|2007 ||''[[Veerappu]]'' || [[Supreeth]] || Thilla
|-
|-
|2007 ||''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' || [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] || Dhanush's father
|-
|2018 ||''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' || [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] || Dharmaraj
|-
|2025 ||''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]'' (Tamil dubbed version) || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] || Bobbili Sathyamurthy
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
! class="unsortable"|Role
! class="unsortable"|Language
! class="unsortable"|Network
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Balu Mahendra|Balu Mahendravin Kathai Neram]]''
|
| rowspan="15" |Tamil
| rowspan="5" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''
|
|-
|2002–2004
|''[[Rudraveena (TV series)|Rudra Veenai]]''
|Ramachandran
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''Sivamayam''
|
|-
|''My Dear Bootham''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''Aasai''
|
|[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
|''Nimmathi''
|
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Nilavai Pidippom''
|
|Raj TV
|-
|2006
|''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''
|Chidambaram, correspondent
|rowspan=2|[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
|2008
|''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (TV series)|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]''
|Chandru
|-
|2013
|''Deivam''
|
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2014
|''Akka''
|
|[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2020
|''[[Mugilan]]''
|Mudaliyar
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''
|Ramanathan: Raghavan's friend
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Enga Veetu Meenakshi (TV series)|Enga Veetu Meenakshi]]''
|Deivanayagam
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2022
|[[Recce (web series)|''Recce'']]
|Varadarajulu
|Telugu
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
|2023||''[[The Village (2023 TV series)|The Village]]''|| Sakthivel || Tamil || [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4861046}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naren}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Rhodes Scholarship

2026-03-09T06:54:32Z

Pranjal mishra: small fix

{{Short description|International postgraduate award}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Rhodes Scholar|Road Scholar}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox award
|name=Rhodes Scholarship
|image=Rhodes House Oxford 20040909.jpg
|sponsor=Rhodes Trust
|awarded_for=Postgraduate study at the [[University of Oxford]]
|website={{url|https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/}}
|image caption=[[Rhodes House]] at the [[University of Oxford]]
|established={{start year and age|1902}}
|location=[[Oxford]], England}}

The '''Rhodes Scholarship''' is an international [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] award for students to study at the [[University of Oxford]] in [[Oxford]], United Kingdom. The scholarship is open to people from all backgrounds around the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rhodes |first=R. A. W. |date=2017-08-24 |title=From Prime Ministerial Power to Core Executive |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0009}}</ref>

Established in 1902, it is one of the oldest graduate scholarships in the world and one of the most prestigious international scholarship programmes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Richard |first1=Adams |title=Rhodes scholarships opened up to students from UK and rest of world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/feb/19/rhodes-scholarships-opened-up-to-students-from-uk-and-rest-of-world |access-date=5 December 2020 |agency=The Guardian |date=2018-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pérez-Peña|first=Richard|date=2018-02-19|title=Rhodes Scholarships Go Global as Students From Anywhere Now Qualify (Published 2018)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/world/europe/oxford-rhodes-scholarships.html|access-date=2020-12-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Winerip">{{cite news |last1=Winerip |first1=Michael |title=How to Win a Rhodes |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/education/how-to-win-a-rhodes.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 December 2020 |agency=The New York Times |date=2003-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120154811/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/education/how-to-win-a-rhodes.html |archive-date= Nov 20, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nietzel |first1=Michael T |title=The 2021 Rhodes Scholars Have Been Selected; The 32 U.S. Winners Are Among The Most Diverse Ever |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2020/11/22/the-2021-rhodes-scholars-have-been-selected-the-32-us-winners-are-among-the-most-diverse-ever/?sh=3df424e96811 |access-date=5 December 2020 |agency=Forbes |date=2020-11-22}}</ref> Its founder, [[Cecil Rhodes|Cecil John Rhodes]], wanted to promote unity among English-speaking nations and instil a sense of civic-minded leadership and moral fortitude in future leaders, irrespective of their chosen career paths.<ref name="will">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lastwilltestamen00rhodiala|title=The last will and testament of Cecil John Rhodes: with elucidatory notes to which are added some chapters describing the political and religious ideas of the testator|author=Cecil Rhodes & William Thomas Stead|publisher="Review of Reviews" Office|year=1902}}</ref>

The scholarship committee selects candidates based on a combination of literary and academic achievements, athletic involvement, character traits like truth and courage, and leadership potential, originally assessed on a 200-point scale. In 2018, the criteria were revised to emphasize using one's talents and caring for others. The American Rhodes Scholarship is highly competitive, with an acceptance rate of around four percent in recent years, while other countries have varying rates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nietzel |first=Michael T. |title=32 U.S. Students Among The 2025 Rhodes Scholarship Recipients |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2024/11/17/32-us-students-among-the-2025-rhodes-scholarship-recipients/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Scholars can study full-time postgraduate courses at Oxford for one to three years, receiving financial support for tuition and living expenses, along with access to Rhodes House facilities.

The Rhodes Scholarship has faced controversies since its inception, primarily concerning the exclusion of women and Black Africans. Initially, the scholarship was limited to male students within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], Germany, and the United States, a restriction that only changed in 1977 following the passage of the Sex Discrimination Act. Protests for the inclusion of non-white scholars began in the 1970s, but it was not until 1991 that Black South Africans were awarded the scholarship due to the political changes in the country. Additionally, criticism of Cecil Rhodes's colonialist legacy has spurred movements calling for a reevaluation of the scholarship and its ties to Rhodes's views. Critics have also highlighted the tendency of recipients to pursue careers in business rather than public service, diverging from the scholarship's original intent.

== History ==
=== Founding and motivation ===
Numerous international scholarship programmes were very much underway by 1900. Since the 1880s, governments, universities, and individuals in the settler colonies had been establishing travelling scholarships to home universities. By 1900, the travelling scholarship had become an important part of settler universities' educational visions. It served as a crucial mechanism by which they sought to claim their citizenship of what they saw as the expansive British academic world. The Rhodes programme was a copy of others that soon became the best-known version.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/0046760X.2011.594096|title=Many Rhodes: Traveling scholarships and imperial citizenship in the British academic world, 1880–1940 |year=2011 |last1=Pietsch |first1=Tamson |journal=History of Education |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=723–739 |s2cid=144672521 }}</ref> The [[Rhodes Trust]] established the scholarships in 1902 under the terms laid out in the eighth and final will of [[Cecil Rhodes|Cecil John Rhodes]], dated 1 July 1899 and appended by several codicils through March 1902.

The scholarships were founded for two reasons: to promote unity within the British empire, and to strengthen diplomatic ties between Britain and the United States of America. In Rhodes's own words, "I…desire to encourage and foster an appreciation of the advantages which I implicitly believe will result from the union of the English-speaking peoples throughout the world and to encourage in the students from North America who would benefit from the American Scholarships."<ref name="will" /> Rhodes also bequeathed scholarships to German students in the hope that, "a good understanding between England, Germany and the United States of America will secure the peace of the world."

Rhodes, who attended [[Oriel College, Oxford]], believed the university's residential colleges would be the best venue to nurture diplomatic ties between future world leaders.

To this day, controversies persist over Rhodes's Anglo-supremacist beliefs, most of which date back to his 1877 confession of faith.<ref>For an online version, see http://pages.uoregon.edu/kimball/Rhodes-Confession.htm</ref> However, such convictions did not play a part in the final vision for the scholarship.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} The scholarships are based on Rhodes's final will and testament, which states that "no student shall be qualified or disqualified for election…on account of his race or religious opinions".<ref name="will" />

The Rhodes Scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, which is located at [[Rhodes House]] in Oxford. The trust has been modified by four acts of Parliament: the Rhodes Estate Act 1916, the Rhodes Trust Act 1929, the Rhodes Trust Act 1946; and most recently by the Rhodes Trust (Modification) Order 1976, a [[statutory instrument]] in accordance with Section 78 (4) of the [[Sex Discrimination Act 1975]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://files.www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/rhodes-trust/key-governance-documents/Rhodes_Trust_Signed_Accounts_2015.pdf|title=The Rhodes Trust Annual Report and Financial Statements for the Year Ended 30 June 2015|access-date=1 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610184533/http://files.www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/rhodes-trust/key-governance-documents/Rhodes_Trust_Signed_Accounts_2015.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>

=== After Rhodes's death ===

=== 20th century ===
In 1925, the [[Commonwealth Fund Fellowship]]s (later renamed the [[Harkness Fellowship]]s) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in the United States.<ref name=Harkness>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms9258 History of the Harkness Fellowships] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223320/http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms9258 |date=3 March 2016 }}, nla.gov.au</ref> The [[Kennedy Scholarship]] programme, created in 1966 as a memorial to [[John F. Kennedy]], adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow ten British post-graduate students per year to study at either [[Harvard]] or the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). In 1953, the Parliament of the United Kingdom created the [[Marshall Scholarship]] as a coeducational alternative to the Rhodes Scholarship that would serve as a "living gift" to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brief History of the Marshall Scholarship - Marshall Scholarships|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/the-scholarship/a-brief-history-of-the-marshall-scholarship|access-date=2021-11-30|website=www.marshallscholarship.org}}</ref>

Cecil Rhodes wished current scholars and Rhodes alumni (in the words of his will) to have "opportunities of meeting and discussing their experiences and prospects". This has been reflected, for example, in the initiation by the first warden (Sir [[Francis Wylie]]), of an annual warden's Christmas letter (now supplemented by Rhodes e-news and other communications); the creation of alumni associations in several countries, most prominently the Association of American Rhodes Scholars (which publishes ''The American Oxonian'', founded in 1914, and oversees the Eastman Professorship); and the holding of reunions for Rhodes Scholars of all countries.

In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, four former Rhodes Scholars were awarded [[honorary degrees]] by the University of Oxford. These were [[John Brademas]], [[Bob Hawke]] (Western Australia and [[University College, Oxford|University]] 1953), [[Rex Nettleford]] and David R. Woods. During the centenary celebrations, the foundation of the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was also marked.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

=== 21st century ===
In 2013, during the 110th Rhodes anniversary celebrations, [[John MacBain|John McCall MacBain]], Marcy McCall MacBain and the McCall MacBain Foundation donated £75 million towards the fundraising efforts of the Rhodes Trust.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/474bf79c-210f-11e3-8aff-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210231213/https://www.ft.com/content/474bf79c-210f-11e3-8aff-00144feab7de#axzz3E7w5pncy |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=McCall MacBain donation |newspaper=Financial Times |date=19 September 2013 |last1=Warrell |first1=Helen |access-date=23 September 2014 }}</ref>

In 2015, Rhodes Scholar [[R. W. Johnson]] published a critical account of the decline of the Rhodes Trust under its warden, [[John Rowett]], and commended its recovery under wardens [[Donald Markwell]] and [[Charles R. Conn]].<ref>R. W. Johnson, ''Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Postwar Golden Age'', Threshold Press, 2015, especially pages 195-220.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/feeney-hands-150m-to-rhodes/news-story/4fa2f42023af11946c55bb89650bd215|title=Feeny hands 150m to Rhodes|last=Hare|first=Julie|date=Summer 2016|work=The Australian|access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

As of 2018, due to the introduction of the Global Rhodes Scholarships, the Rhodes Scholarship is open to [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] students from anywhere in the world. Many of its greatest scholars have carried out its founder's later ideal of "equal rights for all civilized men" becoming some of the foremost voices in [[human rights]] and [[social justice]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-320549418.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912204421/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-320549418.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-09-12|title=Nicholas D. Kristof to Receive Goldsmith Career Award for Excellence in Journalism |date=2013|work=States News Service|access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> Some have even engaged in criticism of Cecil Rhodes himself (see [[Rhodes Must Fall|Rhodes must fall]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/16/the-real-meaning-of-rhodes-must-fall|title=The real meaning of Rhodes Must Fall {{!}} Amit Chaudhuri|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amit|date=2016-03-16|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-09-12|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Because access to further education, particularly post-graduate education, is linked with [[social mobility]] and [[Racial inequality in the United States|racial wealth disparity]], the scholarship (which is for post-graduate students) continues to attract criticism; however, the scholarship's recent partnership with the [[Atlantic Philanthropies]] is intended to help address those issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/rhodes-trust-launch-new-institute-and-expand-scholarships|title=Rhodes Trust to launch new institute and expand scholarships|date=2016-06-01|work=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zinshteyn |first=Mikhail |date=2016-04-25 |title=The Stubborn Wealth Gap in Who Earns a College Degree |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/04/the-growing-wealth-gap-in-who-earns-college-degrees/479688/ |access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref>

In 2019, [[University of Tennessee]] graduate Hera Jay Brown became the first [[transgender woman]] to be selected for a Rhodes Scholarship. Two [[non-binary]] scholars were also selected for the 2020 class.<ref name="guardian-24nov2019">{{cite news |title=First transgender Rhodes scholar named in diverse 2020 class |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/nov/24/first-transgender-rhodes-scholar-2020-class |access-date=24 November 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="nbc-25nov2019">{{cite news |last1=Aviles |first1=Gwen |title=Trans woman is first Rhodes scholar in program's 117-year history |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/trans-woman-first-rhodes-scholar-program-s-117-year-history-n1090866 |access-date=25 November 2019 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=25 November 2019}}</ref>

== Selection and selectivity ==

=== Selection criteria ===
Since 2018, the same criteria Rhodes specified in his will underwent revision and has remained in place:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhodesscholar.org/applying-for-the-scholarship/frequently-asked-questions/|title=Frequently Asked Questions |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |date=13 August 2023 }}</ref>
*literary and scholastic attainments
*energy to use one's talents to the full
*truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship
*moral force of character and instincts to lead, and to take an interest in one's fellow beings

Each country's scholarship varies in its selectivity. In the United States, applicants must first pass a university-internal endorsement process, then proceed to one of the 16 U.S. districts committees. In 2020, approximately 2,300 students sought their institution's endorsement for the American Rhodes scholarship, among those 953 from 288 institutions were university-endorsed, of whom 32 were ultimately elected. This represents a 1.4% award rate when considering both endorsed and non-endorsed applicants and a 3.4% award rate when considering endorsed applicants. As such, the American Rhodes Scholarship is more selective than the [[Churchill Scholarship]], [[Truman Scholarship]], [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholarship]], and [[Mitchell Scholarship]].<ref>{{cite web |title=News release |url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/media/45254/press_release_2020.pdf |website=Rhodes Trust |access-date=5 December 2020 |date=2020-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201207201345/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/media/45254/press_release_2020.pdf |archive-date= Dec 7, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/meet-the-2014-rhodes-scholars/2013/11/26/ea276b1a-5600-11e3-835d-e7173847c7cc_story.html |url-access=subscription |first1=Jenna |last1=Johnson |date=Nov 26, 2013 |title=Meet the 2014 Rhodes Scholars|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2016-09-01 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170629025520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/web/20170629025520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/meet-the-2014-rhodes-scholars/2013/11/26/ea276b1a-5600-11e3-835d-e7173847c7cc_story.html?utm_term=.82bb2cb52ea2 |archive-date= Jun 29, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission 2020 Competition Statistics |url=https://www.marshallscholarship.org/media/2171/stats-final-2020-with-ethnicity-statistics.pdf |website=Marshall Scholarship |access-date=5 December 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629180145/https://www.marshallscholarship.org/media/2171/stats-final-2020-with-ethnicity-statistics.pdf |archive-date= Jun 29, 2021 }}</ref> It is approximately as selective as the [[Gates Cambridge Scholarship]], which has an award rate of 1.3%, and the [[Marshall Scholarship]], which similarly receives around 1,000 university-endorsed applicants, of whom several dozen are ultimately elected.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-19 |title=Closing gender gaps for good |url=https://www.gatescambridge.org/about/news/closing-gender-gaps-for-good/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Gates Cambridge }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=British Government announces 40 winners of 2023 Marshall Scholarships as program prepares to celebrate 70th anniversary |url=https://marshallscholars.org/news-and-updates/2023-class |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Association of Marshall Scholars |language=en-US}}</ref> In Canada between 1997 and 2002, there were an average of 234 university-endorsed applicants annually for 11 scholarships, for an acceptance rate of 4.7%. In addition, Canadian provinces differ widely in the number of applications received, with Ontario receiving 58 applications on average for 2 spots (3.4%) and Newfoundland and Labrador receiving 18 applications for 1 spot (5.7%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yorku.ca/vpstdnts/rhodes/rhodes_background.html|title= Division of Students {{!}} Rhodes Scholarship|website=York University |access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124073554/http://www.yorku.ca/vpstdnts/rhodes/rhodes_background.html|archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> According to the Rhodes Trust, the overall global acceptance rate stands at 0.7%, making it one of the most competitive scholarships in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://files.www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/china-additional-materials/Rhodes_Factsheet_-_FINAL_-_EN.pdf|title=The Rhodes Scholarship Fact Sheet |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013335/http://files.www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/china-additional-materials/Rhodes_Factsheet_-_FINAL_-_EN.pdf|archive-date=15 April 2017}}</ref>

An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second]] [[World Wars]]. No German scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1929, nor from 1940 to 1969.<ref name=numbers>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/RhodesScholars.htm |title=Rhodes Scholars |website= The Rhodes Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120224035700/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars |archive-date= Feb 24, 2012 }}</ref> A change occurred in 1929, when an [[Act of Parliament]] established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes's will and made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. Between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the [[European Community]].

=== Scholarship terms ===
Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by the university, whether a taught master's programme, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status).<ref>Periodically the Rhodes Trustees include or exclude the MBA from the courses offered.</ref> The scholarship's basic tenure is two years. However, it may also be held for one year or three years. Applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year. University and college fees are paid by the [[Rhodes Trust]]. In addition, scholars receive a monthly maintenance [[stipend]] to cover accommodation and living expenses.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Rhodes Trust |year=2009 |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/faqs |title=FAQs about the Scholarships |access-date=6 December 2010 |quote=In 2009, the stipend was UKPounds 958/month |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232221/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/faqs |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |first=Elliot F. |last=Gerson |url= http://www.rhodesscholar.org/get/5/2009_Press_Release_For_Website.pdf |title=From the Office of the American Secretary |date=21 November 2009 |access-date=6 December 2010 |quote=Amongst other things, the press release states that the value of the Rhodes Scholarship varies depending on the academic field and the degree (B.A., master's, doctoral) chosen. For American Rhodes Scholars, Gerson estimates that the total value of the scholarship <u>averages</u> approximately US$50,000 per year, or up to as much as US$175,000 for scholars who remain in Oxford for four years.}}</ref> Although all scholars become affiliated with a [[residential college]] while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to the publicly-accessible [[Rhodes House]], an early 20th-century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities.

== Allocation of scholarships ==
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 97%; text-align:center"
!Geographic<br />constituency
!2022<br />allocation<br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Rhodes Scholarship Constituencies - Rhodes Trust|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Rhodes House - Home of The Rhodes Scholarships}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Which Scholarship? - Rhodes Trust|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Rhodes House - Home of The Rhodes Scholarships|quote=There are currently two Global Scholarships available per year.}}</ref>
!1902<br />allocation<br /><ref name=will/><ref name=numbers/>
|-
!Australia
|9 ||6
|-
!Bermuda
|1 ||1
|-
!Canada
|11 ||2
|-
!Mainland China
|4 || —
|-
!East Africa
|1 || —
|-
!Germany
|2 ||5
|-
!Hong Kong
|2 || —
|-
!India
|5 || —
|-
!Israel
|2 || —
|-
!Jamaica & the<br />Commonwealth<br />Caribbean
|2 ||1
|-
!Kenya
|2 || —
|-
!Malaysia
|1 || —
|-
!Newfoundland
| — ||1
|-
!New Zealand
|3 ||1
|-
!Pakistan
|1 || —
|-
!Singapore
|1 || —
|-
!Southern Africa
|10 ||5
|-
!Syria, Jordan,<br />Lebanon & Palestine
|2 || —
|-
!United Arab Emirates
|2 || —
|-
!United States
|32 ||32
|-
!West Africa
|2 || —
|-
!Zambia &<br>Zimbabwe<br><small>(formerly Rhodesia)</small>
|2<br>2<br>— || —<br>—<br>3
|-
!Global scholarships
|2 || —
|-class="sortbottom"
!Total !!101 !!57
|}

There were originally 60 scholarships.<ref name=will/><ref name=numbers/>

Four [[South Africa]]n boys' schools were mentioned in Rhodes's will, each to receive an annual scholarship: the [[Paul Roos Gymnasium|Boys High School]] in [[Stellenbosch]] (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium); the [[Diocesan College]] (Bishops) in [[Rondebosch]]; the [[South African College Schools]] (SACS) in [[Newlands, Cape Town|Newlands]]; and [[St. Andrew's College (South Africa)|St Andrew's College]] in [[Grahamstown]]. These have subsequently been opened also to former students of their partner schools (girls' or co-educational schools).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/southern-africa|title=The Rhodes Scholarships for Southern Africa (including South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland)|website=The Rhodes Scholarships|access-date=2016-09-01|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520023434/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/southern-africa|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the ensuing 100 years, the trustees have added about another 40 scholarships at one time or another, though not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the will.<ref name="BriefHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/history.htm|title=history |website=The Rhodes Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206130239/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/history.htm|archive-date=6 February 2007}}</ref> Very brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions can be found on the trust's website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/faq.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |website=The Rhodes Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613000940/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/faq.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/infoscholar.htm |title=Information about the Scholarships |website=The Rhodes Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305220039/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/infoscholar.htm |archive-date=5 March 2007}}</ref> Complete details can be obtained from the nominating countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/countries_complete.htm |title=Country Websites and Information |website=The Rhodes Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702180155/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/countries_complete.htm |archive-date=2 July 2007}}</ref>

As of 2018, scholars are selected from over 20 Rhodes constituencies (64 countries) worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/scholarship/how-to-apply-for-a-rhodes-scholarship/ |title=How to Apply|website=Rhodes Trust |access-date= 17 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826093554/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/scholarship/how-to-apply-for-a-rhodes-scholarship/ |archive-date= Aug 26, 2017 }}</ref> In 2015, the Rhodes Scholarship extended into new territories, first with the announcement of a number of scholarships for [[China]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/chinalaunch|title=The Rhodes Trust announces the launch of Rhodes Scholarships for China|access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226095857/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/chinalaunch |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |date=March 30, 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> later with the announcement of one to two scholarships per year for the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/uae-launch|title=Launch of Rhodes Scholarships for the United Arab Emirates Announced |date=April 27, 2015 |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923223946/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/uae-launch|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> The organization administering the scholarships is preparing to begin naming scholars from China. The move into China is the biggest expansion since women became eligible in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/world/asia/rhodes-scholarships-expanding-to-include-chinese-students.html |url-access=subscription |title=Rhodes Scholarships Expanding to Include Chinese Students|last=Barboza|first=David|date=2015-03-30|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref>

==Controversies==

=== Exclusion of women ===
The Rhodes Scholarship was originally, as per the language used in Rhodes's will, open only to "male students." That stipulation did not change until 1977. Rhodes developed his scholarships partly through conversation with [[William Thomas Stead]], editor of ''[[The Pall Mall Gazette]]'' and confidant of Rhodes, and at one time an executor of the will, who was stricken from the role when he objected to Rhodes's ill-fated effort to seize the [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]]. Shortly after Rhodes's death, Stead implied in a published article about the will that he suggested that Rhodes open the scholarships to women, but Rhodes refused. Nothing more is said on the matter.<ref>William Thomas Stead, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=h2ZPAQAAMAAJ&dq=mr.+rhodes%27s+will+and+its+genesis+stead&pg=PA609 Mr. Rhodes's Will and Its Genesis]", p. 479, ''The Review of Reviews'' 25, pp. 471–82</ref>

After his death, the will was under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Rhodes Trust. In 1916, however, the trustees introduced a bill into the House of Commons that, catering to popular British sentiment during the [[World War I|War]], "revoked and annulled" the scholarships for Germans.<ref>[[Angela Stent]], "The Women's Bid for a Rhodes", ''Change'', Vol. 6, No. 5 (June 1974), pp 13.16.</ref> Since then, legal control over the will has resided with Parliament.

In 1970, the trustees established the Rhodes Visiting Fellowships. Unlike the regular scholarship, a Visiting Fellow was expected to have a doctorate or comparable degree, and to use the two-year funded study to engage in independent research. Only 33 Visiting Fellowships were awarded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhodes Visiting Fellowships for Women, 'A Civilising Mission' |url=http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/exhibitions/rhodes_scholars/rhodes_women.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107085514/https://www.otago.ac.nz/library/exhibitions/rhodes_scholars/rhodes_women.html |archive-date=Nov 7, 2023 |website=New Zealanders & the Rhodes Scholarship 1904- 2004, University of Otago Library}}</ref>

In 1975, Parliament passed the [[Sex Discrimination Act 1975|Sex Discrimination Act of 1975]] that banned discrimination based on sex, including in education. The trustees then applied to the Secretary of State for Education to admit women into the scholarship, and in 1976 the request was granted.<ref>Philip Ziegler, ''Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships'', 2008, Yale University Press, p. 221.</ref> In 1977, women were finally admitted to the full scholarship.

Before Parliament passed the 1975 Act, some universities protested against the exclusion of women by nominating female candidates, who were later disqualified at the state level of the American competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1973/10/6/harvard-endorses-3-women-for-male-restricted/|title=Harvard Endorses 3 Women For Male-Restricted Rhodes {{!}} News |website=The Harvard Crimson |first1=Fran |last1=Schumer |date=October 6, 1973 |access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> In 1977, the first year women were eligible, 24 women (out of 72 total scholars) were selected worldwide, with 13 women and 19 men selected from the United States.<ref name="WomenScholars">{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210090918/http://therhodesproject.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/second-class-citizens-how-women-became-rhodes-scholars/ |archive-date=10 December 2012 |url=http://therhodesproject.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/second-class-citizens-how-women-became-rhodes-scholars/ |title=Second-class citizens: How women became Rhodes Scholars |date=29 January 2010 |website=The Rhodes Project |first1=Ann |last1=Olivarius }}</ref> Since then, the average female share of the scholarship in the United States has been around 35 percent.<ref name="WomenScholars" />

In 2007, the Association of American Rhodes Scholars published a retrospective on the first 30 years of female recipients, many of whom individually recounted personal experiences as well as professional accomplishments.<ref>{{cite web |title=30 Years of Rhodes Women |url=https://www.americanrhodes.org/assets/attachments/347.pdf |website=The Association of American Rhodes Scholars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208213258/https://www.americanrhodes.org/assets/attachments/347.pdf |archive-date= Dec 8, 2023}}</ref>

In his 2008 book ''Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship'' published by [[Yale University Press]], biographer and historian [[Philip Ziegler]] writes that "The advent of women does not seem notably to have affected the balance of Scholars among the various professions, though it has reduced the incidence of worldly success." Although it is true that female recipients have not become heads of state yet, they have succeeded in many other ways as described in the Rhodes Project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rhodesproject.com/ |title=The Rhodes Project |website=rhodesproject.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240105125950/https://rhodesproject.com/ |archive-date= Jan 5, 2024 }}</ref>

In [[South Africa]], the will of Cecil Rhodes expressly allocated scholarships to four all-male private schools. In 1992, one of the four schools partnered with an all-girls school in order to allow female applicants. In 2012, the three remaining schools followed suit to allow women to apply.<ref name="rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/south-african-schools-scholarships|title=New partnerships for South African schools' Rhodes Scholarships |date=May 3, 2012 |website=The Rhodes Scholarships |access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123172624/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/south-african-schools-scholarships|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> Four of the nine scholarships allocated to South Africa are presently open only to students and alumni of these schools and partner schools.<ref name="rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk"/>

=== Exclusion of Black Africans ===
Beginning in 1970, scholars began protesting against the fact that all Rhodes Scholars from southern Africa were white, with 120 Oxford dons and 80 of the 145 Rhodes Scholars in residence at the time signing a petition calling for non-white scholars to be elected in 1971.<ref name="Schaeper">Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. ''Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite'', 2010. Berghahn Books: New York</ref>{{rp|238}} The case of South Africa was especially difficult to resolve, because in his will establishing the scholarships, unlike for other constituencies, Rhodes specifically allocated four scholarships to alumni of four white-only private secondary schools. According to Schaeper and Schaeper,<ref name="Schaeper" />{{rp|236–237}} the issue became "explosive" in the 1970s and 1980s as scholars argued that the scholarship be changed while the trustees argued they were powerless to change the will. Despite such protests, only in 1991 with the rise of the [[African National Congress]] did black South Africans begin to win the scholarships.<ref name="Schaeper" />{{rp|240}}

Out of five thousand Rhodes Scholarships awarded between 1903 and 1990, about nine hundred went to students from Africa.<ref>Anthony Kirk‐Greene, "Doubly elite: African Rhodes Scholars, 1960–90." ''Immigrants & Minorities'' 12.3 (1993): 220-235.</ref>

=== Criticism of Rhodes as colonialist ===
{{see also|Rhodes Must Fall|Cecil Rhodes#Political views}}

Public criticism of the scholarship has also focused on Cecil Rhodes's [[white supremacist]] views. For example, in 1966, regional committees in interviews asked a white American candidate to assure them he would not publicly belittle the scholarship after he referred to its founding on "blood money".<ref name="Schaeper" />{{rp|238}} In 2015, a South African Rhodes Scholar, [[Ntokozo Qwabe]], began a campaign to address Rhodes's [[Cecil Rhodes#Political views|controversial historical and political legacy]], with a focus on Qwabe's own views which included such statements as "dismantling the open glorification of colonial genocide in educational and other public spaces – which makes it easy for British people to believe that these genocides were 'not that bad' – and props up the continuing structural legacies of British colonialism, neocolonialism, and ongoing imperialism".<ref name="cherwell.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cherwell.org/2015/12/23/oxford-rhodes-scholar-attacked-for-quothypocrisyquot/|title=Oxford Rhodes scholar attacked for "hypocrisy"|last=Foxton|first=Hannah|date=2015-12-23|website=Cherwell.org|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref>

Among other things, the campaign called for the removal of a statue of Rhodes from Oriel College and changes to Oxford's curriculum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jun/18/oxford-uni-must-decolonise-its-campus-and-curriculum-say-students|title=Oxford Uni must decolonise its campus and curriculum, say students|last=Rhoden-Paul|first=André|date=2015-06-18|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> While the college agreed to review the placement of the statue, the Chancellor of the university, Lord Patten, was critical of the accuracy of Qwabe's statements and warned against "pandering to contemporary views."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12094277/Cecil-Rhodes-Oxford-University-students-must-confront-views-they-find-objectionable-says-new-head.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12094277/Cecil-Rhodes-Oxford-University-students-must-confront-views-they-find-objectionable-says-new-head.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Cecil Rhodes: Lord Patten warns against 'pandering to contemporary views' over statue row|access-date=2016-09-01|date=2016-01-13|last1=Espinoza|first1=Javier}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A group of Rhodes Scholars also created the group Redress Rhodes whose mission was to "attain a more critical, honest, and inclusive reflection of the legacy of Cecil John Rhodes" and to "make reparative justice a more central theme for Rhodes Scholars." Their demands include, among other things, shifting the Rhodes Scholarships awarded exclusively to previously all-white South African schools (rather than the at-large national pool), dedicating a "space at Rhodes House for the critical engagement with Cecil Rhodes's legacy, as well as imperial history", and ending a ceremonial toast Rhodes Scholars make to the founder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/redress-rhodes|title=Redress Rhodes|website=The Rhodes Scholarships|access-date=2016-09-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923213857/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/redress-rhodes|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> While the group does not have a position on the removal of the statue, its co-founder has called for the scholarship to be renamed as it is "the ultimate form of veneration and colonial apologism; it's a large part of why many continue to understand Rhodes as a benevolent founder and benefactor."<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/12/cecil-rhodes-scholars-reject-hypocrisy-claims-amid-row-over-oriel-college-statue|title=Oxford scholars reject hypocrisy claims amid row over Cecil Rhodes statue|last=Khomami|first=Nadia|date=2016-01-13|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref>

Public criticism has also focused on the alleged hypocrisy of applying for and accepting the Rhodes Scholarship while criticizing it, with University of Cambridge academic [[Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard]], writing in ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'', arguing that Scholars "[could not] have your cake and eat it here: I mean you can't whitewash Rhodes out of history, but go on using his cash."<ref name="cherwell.org"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/12062808/Rhodes-scholar-branded-hypocrite-for-leading-campaign-to-have-Rhodes-statue-removed-criticised-by-Mary-Beard.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/12062808/Rhodes-scholar-branded-hypocrite-for-leading-campaign-to-have-Rhodes-statue-removed-criticised-by-Mary-Beard.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Rhodes scholar branded hypocrite for leading campaign to have Rhodes's statue removed criticised by Mary Beard|access-date=2016-09-01|date=2015-12-21|last1=Espinoza|first1=Javier}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Reacting to this criticism, Qwabe replied that "all that [Rhodes] looted must absolutely be returned immediately. I'm no beneficiary of Rhodes. I'm a beneficiary of the resources and labour of my people which Rhodes pillaged and slaved."<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/12060780/Oxford-student-who-wants-Rhodes-statue-down-branded-hypocrite-for-taking-money-from-trust.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/12060780/Oxford-student-who-wants-Rhodes-statue-down-branded-hypocrite-for-taking-money-from-trust.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Oxford student who wants Rhodes statue down branded 'hypocrite' for taking money from trust|access-date=2016-09-01|date=2015-12-21|last1=Espinoza|first1=Javier}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A group of 198 Rhodes Scholars of various years later signed a statement supporting Qwabe and arguing that there was "no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy—a legacy that continues to alienate, silence, exclude and dehumanize in unacceptable ways. There is no clause that binds us to find 'the good' in Rhodes's character, nor to sanitize the imperialist, colonial agenda he propagated."<ref name="theguardian.com"/>

=== Criticism over recipients not entering public service ===
The tendency of a growing number of Rhodes Scholars to enter business or private law, as opposed to public service for which the scholarship was intended, has been a source of frequent criticism and "occasional embarrassment."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, pp. 300-302.</ref> Writing in 2009, the Secretary of the Rhodes Trust criticised the trend of Rhodes Scholars to pursue careers in finance and business, noting that "more than twice as many [now] went into business in just one year than did in the entire 1970s", attributing it to "grotesque" remuneration offered by such occupations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112003374.html|title=Losing Rhodes scholars to Wall Street's siren call|last=Gerson|first=Elliot|date=2009-11-21|newspaper=The Washington Post|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> At least a half dozen 1990s Rhodes Scholars became [[Partner (business rank)|partner]]s at [[Goldman Sachs]] and, since the 1980s, [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]] has had numerous Rhodes Scholars as partners. Similarly, of Rhodes Scholars who became attorneys, about one-third serve as staff attorneys for private corporations, while another third remain in private practice or academic posts.<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 302.</ref>

According to Schaeper and Schaeper, "From 1904 to the present, the program's critics have had two main themes: first, that too many scholars were content with comfortable, safe jobs in academe, in law, and in business; second, that too few had careers in government or other fields where public service was the number-one goal."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 280.</ref> [[Andrew Sullivan]] wrote in 1988 that "of the 1,900 or so living American scholars…about 250 fill middle-rank administrative and professorial positions in middle-rank state colleges and universities…[while] another 260...have ended up as lawyers."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 282.</ref>

== Notable scholars and career trajectories ==
{{see also|List of Rhodes Scholars}}
Surveying the history of the Rhodes Scholarship, Schaeper and Schaeper conclude<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. ''Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite'', Berghahn Books: New York, 2010 p. 314.</ref> that while "few of them have 'changed the world'…most of them have been a credit to their professions…and communities," finding that "the great majority of Rhodes Scholars have had solid, respectable careers." Eight former Rhodes scholars subsequently became heads of government or heads of state, including [[Wasim Sajjad]] (President of [[Pakistan]]), [[Bill Clinton]] (President of the [[United States]]), [[Dom Mintoff]] (Prime Minister of [[Malta]]), [[John Turner]] (Prime Minister of [[Canada]]), [[Norman Manley]] (Premier of [[Jamaica]]), and three [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Ministers of Australia]]: [[Bob Hawke]], [[Tony Abbott]] and [[Malcolm Turnbull]].

From 1951 to 1997, 32% of American Rhodes Scholars pursued careers in education and academia, 20% in law, 15% in business, and 10% in medicine and science.<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. ''Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite'', Berghahn Books: New York, 2010, p. 279.</ref> Although Cecil Rhodes imagined that scholars would "pursue a full-time career in government…the number of scholars in local, state and federal government has remained at a steady 7 per cent" over the past century. Of the 200 or so scholars who have spent their careers in government, "most of them have had solid, but undistinguished careers," while "perhaps forty or more can be said to have had a significant, national impact in their particular areas."<ref>Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite", 2010. Berghahn Books: New York, p. 311.</ref>

The most popular career choice for Rhodes Scholars is education and academia, with many becoming deans of law and medical schools and others becoming professors and lecturers. Many of the most distinguished Rhodes Scholars, such as Zambian activist [[Lucy Banda-Sichone|Lucy Banda]], have become prominent members of the civil rights movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/zambian-activist-lucy-banda-becomes-first-female-rhodes-scholar-to-have-portrait-displayed-at-oxford-a6766946.html|title=The first ever portrait of a female Rhodes scholar has been unveiled|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> In 1990, third-wave feminist author [[Naomi Wolf]] put forward ideas about beauty and power with her book ''[[The Beauty Myth]]'', ushering in a new type of feminism that has risen to prominence in the digital age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/18/classics.shopping|title=Women: A quick reminder ... The Beauty Myth by Naomi Wolf|last=Wilson|first=Emily|date=2005-10-18|website=The Guardian|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

Rhodes Scholars have had a notable impact in the fields of medicine and science. [[Howard Florey]] was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship in 1922 after studying medicine at the [[University of Adelaide|University of Adelaide Medical School]]. In 1939 Florey, along with fellow scientist [[Ernst Chain|Ernst Boris Chain]], led the team that successfully isolated and purified penicillin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1945/florey/biographical/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945|website=NobelPrize.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> [[Robert Q. Marston]], an American Rhodes Scholar who studied with Florey, was Director of the [[National Institutes of Health]] (USA) from 1968 to 1973. He was credited with maintaining the high quality of basic science research in the Institutes.
=== Human rights, social justice and advocacy ===

==== Law ====
Challenging some of the convictions of the scholarship's founder is not a recent occurrence. As early as 1931, [[Afrikaner]]-born anti-apartheid lawyer and Rhodes Scholar [[Bram Fischer]] campaigned for equal rights for all South Africans. This led him to join the [[Communist Party of South Africa]]. Fischer was struck off the roll by the [[Johannesburg Bar Council]] in 1965 after he skipped bail on charges under the [[Suppression of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]]. He was later arrested and sentenced to life in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/bram-fischer-a-hero-born-100-years-ago|title=Bram Fischer: a hero born 100 years ago – Nelson Mandela Foundation|website=www.nelsonmandela.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Other Rhodes Scholars have taken on difficult social causes with more success. [[Fred Paterson]] defended workers and unions at a reduced price, before he sat in the Queensland state parliament as the first and only Communist party member in Australian history.<ref name="PeoplesChampion">{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Ross |title=The people's champion, Fred Paterson : Australia's only Communist Party member of parliament |date=1997 |publisher=University of Queensland Press |isbn=0702229598 }}</ref> In 1978, former Rhodes Scholar [[Ann Olivarius]] sued [[Yale University]] over their mis-handling of on-campus sexual harassment complaints.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11632346/Sex-harassment-in-British-universities-What-date-rape-inventor-thinks.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11632346/Sex-harassment-in-British-universities-What-date-rape-inventor-thinks.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=What the woman who coined the term 'date rape' thinks of British universities|last=Goldhill|first=Olivia|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2015-05-27|access-date=2018-11-23|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11570529/Revenge-porn-This-sexual-crime-can-be-stopped-with-street-tactics.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11570529/Revenge-porn-This-sexual-crime-can-be-stopped-with-street-tactics.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Revenge porn: 'Street tactics' can stamp out this industrial scale sexual crime|last=Olivarius|first=Ann|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2015-05-11|access-date=2018-11-23|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Education and child welfare ====
After leaving Oxford to write his first novel, former Rhodes Scholar [[Jonathan Kozol]] worked as a teacher in the [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]] neighbourhood of [[Roxbury, Boston|Boston]], Massachusetts. He would go on to write ''Death at an Early Age: The Destruction of the Hearts and Minds of Negro Children in the Boston Public Schools'', after witnessing first-hand the devastating effect [[educational inequality in the United States|educational inequality]] was having on America.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-01|title=Kozol, Jonathan|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587100047.html |url-access=subscription |publisher=HighBeam Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055047/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587100047.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> Rhodes Scholars [[Marc Kielburger]] and [[Roxanne Joyal]] conduct similar work with their organization [[Free the children|Free the Children]]. Together they build schools and educate children in developing countries across Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2009/03/09/their_love_is_built_on_helping_others.html|title=Their love is built on helping others |work=The Star |first1=Barbara |last1=Turnbull |date=March 9, 2009 |access-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003654/https://www.thestar.com/life/2009/03/09/their_love_is_built_on_helping_others.html |archive-date= Nov 24, 2018 }}</ref>

==== Civil and human rights ====
Much of the Rhodes alumni civil and human rights work has been focused in Africa, particularly [[South Africa]]. South African Justice [[Edwin Cameron]] initially focused his attention on law and employment law, but later worked in the field of [[LGBT]] rights as well as co-founding the [[Aids Consortium]]. Two-time [[Pulitzer Prize]] winning journalist [[Nicholas Kristof|Nick Kristof]] was pivotal in shedding light on atrocities such as [[Tiananmen Square]] and the [[Darfur genocide (2003–2005)|Darfur genocide]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/column/nicholas-kristof|title=Nicholas Kristof|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Professor [[Sandra Fredman]] has also written extensively on anti-discrimination law, human rights law and labour law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/members/profile.php?lecturer_code=fredmans|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223021844/http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/members/profile.php?lecturer_code=fredmans|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-23|title= Profile of Sandra Fredman |work=Oxford Law |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> [[Rhiana Gunn-Wright]] was the creator of the [[Green New Deal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060107485|title=CLIMATE: Meet the scholar crafting the 'Green New Deal'|website=E&E News |date=November 27, 2018 |first1=Hannah |last1=Northey |access-date=2019-11-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328234144/https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060107485 |archive-date= Mar 28, 2020 }}</ref>

=== Medical innovation ===

==== Genetics ====
In 2014, [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] Rhodes Scholar [[Pardis Sabeti]] used genome sequencing and computational genetics to identify the source of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/ebola-outbreak-strains-sequenced-36944 |date=Aug 28, 2014 |first1=Tracy |last1=Vence |title=Ebola Outbreak Strains Sequenced|website=The Scientist Magazine®|access-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008160009/https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/ebola-outbreak-strains-sequenced-36944 |archive-date= Oct 8, 2019 }}</ref> She is also the front-person for [[Indie rock|indie-rock]] band [[Thousand Days (band)|Thousand Days]].

Another Rhodes Scholar working in [[genome]] research is the mathematician and geneticist [[Eric Lander]]. His ideas in human genetics, particularly mapping and sequencing, led to the creation of [[The Cancer Genome Atlas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/asoh-ahe071018.php |date=20 Jul 2018 |title=ASHG honors Eric S. Lander with William Allan Award|website=EurekAlert!|access-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055104/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/asoh-ahe071018.php |archive-date= Nov 24, 2018 }}</ref>

==== Disease and epidemiology ====
[[Salim Yusuf]], an [[India|Indian]] scholar, conducted significant research into heart health and its relationship to developing economies. He observed that shifts in the developing world, particularly dietary changes and increased urbanization, lead to higher incidences of heart attacks and strokes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anzishaprize.org/mentors-judges/yusuf-randera-rees/|title= Yusuf Randera-Rees|website=Anzisha Prize |access-date=2018-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055111/http://www.anzishaprize.org/mentors-judges/yusuf-randera-rees/ |archive-date= Nov 24, 2018 }}</ref>

In [[Zimbabwe]], [[A. Tariro Makadzange]] has researched perinatally infected children with [[HIV]] and HIV-positive adults with [[cryptococcal disease]]. Since graduating from Oxford, she has set up a new infectious disease laboratory at the [[University of Zimbabwe]] in [[Harare]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ragoninstitute.org/makadzange-opens-new-lab-in-zimbabwe/|title=Makadzange Opens New Lab in Zimbabwe|date=2014-06-24|work=Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

Sir [[Alimuddin Zumla]], a British-Zambian, infectious diseases scholar declined an offer to take up the scholarship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=May 2011|title=Editorial introduction|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|volume=17|issue=3|pages=vii–viii|doi=10.1097/MCP.0b013e32834619c2|issn=1070-5287|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirby|first=Tony|date=April 2013|title=Alimuddin Zumla: infectious diseases guru and survivor|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=13|issue=4|pages=301|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70045-8|pmid=23531387}}</ref> Decades later, Zumla was recognized by [[Clarivate|Clarivate Analytics]], [[Web of Science]] as one of the world's top 1% most cited researchers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2018-11-30|title=Professor Sir Ali Zumla cited in global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/infection-immunity/news/2018/nov/professor-sir-ali-zumla-cited-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Division of Infection and Immunity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2019-11-29|title=Professor Sir Ali Zumla cited in 2019 global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/infection-immunity/news/2019/nov/professor-sir-ali-zumla-cited-2019-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Division of Infection and Immunity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2020-11-20|title=UCL academics recognised in annual global list of influential researchers|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/nov/ucl-academics-recognised-annual-global-list-influential-researchers|access-date=2020-12-22|website=UCL News}}</ref>

==== Surgery ====
After studying at Oxford, surgeon and author [[Atul Gawande]] became an advisor to [[Bill Clinton]] and the [[U.S Department of Health and Human Services]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-01-01|title=Gawande, Atul 1965- (Atul A. Gawande)|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3057000057.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055108/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3057000057.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> In recent years he has devised an innovative checklist for a successful surgery.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/03/personal-best|title=The Coach in the Operating Room|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122226184|title=Atul Gawande's 'Checklist' For Surgery Success|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Other surgical innovations brought about by Rhodes Scholars include the [[GliaSite]] technique, a device that lowers the risks associated with radiation therapy in brain tumours.

A number of Rhodes scholars have gone on to careers in [[neurosurgery]]. One of the most influential neurosurgeons of all time, [[Wilder Penfield]], was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] Rhodes Scholar in 1915. Neurosurgeon Sir [[Hugh Cairns (surgeon)|Hugh Cairns]] was a Rhodes Scholar for South Australia in 1917, whose treatment of [[T. E. Lawrence|Lawrence of Arabia]] led to research that informed the introduction of motorcycle helmets. Neurosurgeon [[Griffith R. Harsh|Griffith Harsh]] was a Rhodes Scholar and created the GliaSite device.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2001/november14/gliasite.html|title=New device delivers safe thou not targeted brain tumor treatment straight to the source: 11/01|website=news.stanford.edu|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

=== Arts ===

==== Literature ====
One of the first recipients of the Rhodes Scholarship was the American poet, educator and critic [[John Crowe Ransom]]. He became a founding member of the influential Fugitive literary group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Louis D.|date=1974|title=The Wary Fugitive John Crowe Ransom|journal=The Sewanee Review|volume=82|issue=4|pages=583–618|jstor=27542882}}</ref> A contemporary of Ransom's who also became a Rhodes Scholar was [[Robert Penn Warren]]. Warren was lambasted by his peers who told him that the study of English literature was a soft option; seeking to rebut such attacks, he introduced new critical ideas into the study of poetry and fiction, and these ideas went on to change how literature was taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, not only in America itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/ransom/life.htm|title=John Crowe Ransom's Life and Career|website=www.english.illinois.edu|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> Tasmanian Rhodes Scholar [[Richard Flanagan]] ([[Tasmania]] and Worcester, 1984) is a celebrated author, having been awarded the [[Man Booker Prize]] in 2014 for his novel [[The Narrow Road to the Deep North (novel)|''The Narrow Road to the Deep North'']].

==== Hip-hop ====
In 2006, lawyer and current Lieutenant Governor of New York [[Antonio Delgado (politician)|Antonio Delgado]] critiqued capitalism and racial injustice under the name "AD the Voice."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/us/politics/antonio-delgado-lyrics.html|title=A Congressional Candidate Used to Be a Rapper. Will It Matter?|newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2018-11-23|last1=Herndon |first1=Astead W. }}</ref>

Roughly 90 years previously, the phrase "keeping it real" was used by Rhodes scholar [[Alain Locke]] in his book ''[[The New Negro]]'' to describe the pursuit of in the face of mainstream media's portrayal of African American culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New negro|last=Locke|first=Alain|date=1997|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0684838311|edition= 1st Touchstone|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=37551618}}</ref> Locke's work inspired the [[Harlem Renaissance]] movement, and "keeping it real" has since become a universally recognized [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] ethos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Price|first=Robert Jr|date=2005|title=Hegemony, Hope, and the Harlem Renaissance: Taking Hip Hop Culture Seriously|url=https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2681&context=aerc|journal=Kansas State University Libraries|via=newprairiepress.org}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===

==== Space exploration ====
After studying ion propulsion at Oxford, [[Jennifer Gruber]] embarked on a career as a [[Space engineering|space engineer]]. She is currently coordinating missions between the [[Johnson Space Center]] and the [[International Space Station]] as an employee of [[NASA]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/omaha-native-chosen-as-rhodes-scholar/article_e7feb834-dbc6-5e0f-ad54-1692b7c97538.html|title=Omaha native chosen as Rhodes scholar|first=Kim |last=Sweet |work=The Daily Nebraskan|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>{{spaces|thin}}{{Update inline|date= November 2023}}

==== Cosmology ====
Rhodes Scholar [[Brian Greene]] co-founded ISCAP, Columbia's [[Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics]]. As well as winning a Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction, Greene made some ground-breaking discoveries in the field of superstring theory and was one of the cosmologists to co-develop [[superstring theory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codcourier.org/8400/news/theoretical-physicist-brian-greene-proposes-string-theory-as-the-theory-of-everything/|title=Theoretical physicist Brian Greene proposes String Theory as the theory of everything – The Courier|last=Weslo|first=Joey|website=codcourier.org|access-date=2018-11-23|date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

== Comparison to other post-graduate scholarships ==
The Rhodes Scholarship model has inspired successor scholarships in many countries. These include:

* The [[Kennedy Scholarship]] for British nationals to study at [[Harvard University]] or the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (1964)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-01-06|title=JFK's legacy|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4585136.stm|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref>
* The international [[Yenching Scholars]]hip for study at [[Peking University]] (2015)<ref name="bigstory1">{{cite web|date=2014-05-05|title=2nd China university starts Rhodes-style program|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2nd-chinese-university-starts-rhodes-style-program|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118004248/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/2nd-chinese-university-starts-rhodes-style-program|archive-date=2015-01-18|access-date=2015-05-14|publisher=Bigstory.ap.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Elite China Experience for Future Global Leaders|url=https://eap.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/eap.einaudi.cornell.edu/files/YENCHING%20BROCHURE5-0430.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155437/http://eap.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/eap.einaudi.cornell.edu/files/YENCHING%20BROCHURE5-0430.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=2015-05-14|publisher=Eap.einaudi.cornell.edu}}</ref>
* The international [[Schwarzman Scholars]]hip for study at [[Tsinghua University]] (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Schwarzman Scholars is Hiring |url=https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/events-and-news/schwarzman-scholars-is-hiring-2/ |website=Schwarzman Scholars |access-date=5 December 2020 |date=2020-11-16}}</ref>
* The international [[Knight-Hennessy Scholars]] to study at [[Stanford University]] (2018)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fedde|first1=Corey|date=2016-02-24|title=A new Rhodes Scholarship? Stanford unveils an elite graduate program|agency=The Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2016/0224/A-new-Rhodes-Scholarship-Stanford-unveils-an-elite-graduate-program|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
* The international [[John McCall MacBain|McCall MacBain Scholars]] to study at [[McGill University]] (2019)

In structure and selection criteria, the scholarship is similar to the [[John Monash Scholars|John Monash Scholarship]], [[Schwarzman Scholars|Schwarzman Scholarship]], [[Knight-Hennessy Scholars|Knight-Hennessy Scholarship]], [[Weidenfeld-Hoffmann Scholarship and Leadership Program]], [[Gates Cambridge Scholarship]], [[Marshall Scholarship]], [[Yenching Scholars]]hip, [[Fulbright Program]], [[Erasmus Mundus]] scholarship, and [[Chevening Scholarship]]. As with the Rhodes, the Gates Cambridge, Yenching, Knight-Hennessy, and Schwarzman scholarships are tenable at only one university. The Knight-Hennessy and Schwarzman Scholarships similarly award scholarships to students from all nations, with a focus on public service and leadership.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gioia |first1=Michael |title=Stanford launching Knight-Hennessy scholarship to attract top graduates |url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2016/02/24/stanford-launching-knight-hennessy-scholarship-to-attract-top-graduates/ |access-date=5 December 2020 |publisher=The Stanford Daily |date=2016-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Building New Rhodes |url=https://www.schwarzmanscholars.org/events-and-news/building-new-rhodes/ |website=Schwarzman Scholars |date=2013-10-25}}</ref>

The Rhodes Scholarship is most closely associated with the [[Marshall Scholarship]], with university fellowship offices often preparing applicants for both concurrently.<ref name="Winerip"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Marshall and Rhodes Scholarship Opportunities |url=https://crf.georgetown.edu/general-page/marshall-mitchell-rhodes-scholarships/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Center for Research & Fellowships |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241213223455/https://crf.georgetown.edu/general-page/marshall-mitchell-rhodes-scholarships/ |archive-date= 2024-12-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1991-12-12 |title=Brooklyn College Firsts: Marshall and Rhodes |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/12/nyregion/brooklyn-college-firsts-marshall-and-rhodes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512092955/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/12/nyregion/brooklyn-college-firsts-marshall-and-rhodes.html |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en |last1=Barron |first1=James |url-status=live }}</ref> The founders of the Marshall in 1953 initially considered partnering with the Rhodes and even considered using the same selection committees, but this idea was disregarded because the Marshall proponents believed the scholarships should be available to women, and to married men under the age of 28; at the time, the Rhodes Scholarship was limited to single men under the age of 25.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukharji |first=Aroop |title=Diplomas and diplomacy: the history of the Marshall Scholarship |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-59428-0 |location=New York }}</ref> Some highlight a longstanding rivalry between the two since the Marshall was established, with the Rhodes historically perceived as more "athletic" and the Marshall "more intellectual", though the distinctions between them today are negligible.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A kid-glove inquisition for scholars |work=The New York Times |date=16 May 1985 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/16/garden/a-kid-glove-inquisition-for-scholars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121095907/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/16/garden/a-kid-glove-inquisition-for-scholars.html |archive-date=21 November 2017 |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en |last1=Clendinen |first1=Dudley |url-status=live }}</ref> When he applied for the Rhodes and Marshall Scholarships, 1959 Marshall Scholar [[Stephen Breyer]] "made a frustrating and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to crew at Stanford in order to fulfil the ''Rhodes'' scholarship's athletic requirement."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malcolm |first=Gladwell |date=June 25, 1994 |title=JUDGE BREYER'S LIFE FASHIONED LIKE HIS COURTHOUSE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/06/26/judge-breyers-life-fashioned-like-his-courthouse/ed3cc454-180c-43fc-a4be-e16e166213a0/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[John Behan (educationist)#Rhodes Scholarship|John Behan]]
* [[Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan]]
* [[Marshall Scholarship]]
* [[Fulbright Program]]
* [[Gates Cambridge Scholarship]]
* [[Knight-Hennessy Scholars]]
* [[Jardine Scholarship]]
* [[List of Rhodes Scholars]]
* [[Rise (education program)]]
* [[Thouron Award]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Godfrey Elton, ''The First Fifty Years of The Rhodes Trust and Scholarships, 1903–1953''. London: Blackwell, 1955.
* [[R. W. Johnson]], ''Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Postwar Golden Age''. Threshold Press, 2015.
* R. I. Rotberg, ''The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
* Philip Ziegler, ''Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.

'''Books by former Wardens of Rhodes House, Oxford'''

* [[Anthony Kenny]], ''The History of the Rhodes Trust''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
* [[Donald Markwell]], ''"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education'', 2013.

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/|Rhodes Trust official website}}
* [http://www.rhodesproject.com/ Rhodes Project: The first in-depth study of Rhodes women]
{{Global Scholars Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rhodes Scholars| ]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Awards and prizes of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1902]]
[[Category:Rothschild & Co]]
[[Category:Rhodes House|Scholarship]]
[[Category:Scholarships in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Cecil Rhodes]]

Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani

2026-03-07T06:59:56Z

Pranjal mishra: put up bio!

{{Short description|Indian Muslim community leader (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani
| image = Maulana Syed Ahmed Wali Faisal Rahmani in Sheikhpura.jpg
| caption = Rahmani in [[Sheikhpura]], Bihar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|5|12}}
| birth_place = [[Munger]], Bihar, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Islamic scholar, religious leader
| known_for = ''Ameer-e-Shariat'' of [[Imarat-e-Shariah]] (Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand), ''Sajjada Nashin'' of Khanqah-e-Rahmani, Munger
| title = Ameer-e-Shariat VIII
| predecessor = [[Wali Rahmani]]
| father = [[Wali Rahmani]]
| education = {{ubl|Jamia Rahmani, [[Munger]]|[[Al-Azhar University]]|[[University of California]]}}
| office1 = ''Ameer-e-Shariat'' of [[Imarat-e-Shariah]] (Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand)
| term_start1 = 9 October 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Wali Rahmani]]
| office2 = ''Sajjada Nashin'' of Khanqah-e-Rahmani, Munger
| term_start2 = 9 April 2021
| predecessor2 = Wali Rahmani
| office3 = Secretary of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
| term_start3 = 3 June 2023
| term_end3 = 25 November 2024
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani''' (born 12 May 1975) is an Indian Muslim community leader. He is the eighth ''Ameer-e-Shariat'' of [[Imarat-e-Shariah]], an Islamic organization operating in Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand.<ref name="qaumiawaz">{{cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=مولانا فیصل رحمانی امارت شرعیہ بہار، اڈیشہ و جھارکھنڈ کے آٹھویں امیر شریعت منتخب |trans-title=Maulana Faisal Rahmani Elected Eighth Ameer of Imarat Shariah Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/maulana-faisal-rahmani-elected-eighth-ameer-of-imarat-shariah-bihar-odisha-and-jharkhand |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=[[Qaumi Awaz]] |language=ur}}</ref> He is also the ''[[Sajjada Nashin]]'' (spiritual successor) of Khanqah Rahmani, a ''[[khanqah]]'' in [[Munger]], Bihar, succeeding [[Wali Rahmani]].<ref name="millattimes">{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Zafar |date=9 April 2021 |title=مولانا احمد ولی فیصل رحمانی ازہری خانقاہ رحمانی کے نئے سجادہ نشیں منتخب، تقریب میں امیرشریعت آسام ، امیرشریعت کرناٹک اور خلفاء سمیت متعدد علماء کی شرکت |trans-title=Maulana Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani Appointed as the New Sajjada Nashin of Khanqah Rahmani, Ceremony Attended by Ameer Shariat of Assam, Karnataka, and Several Scholars |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/68924 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Millat Times |language=ur}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani was born on 12 May 1975 in [[Munger]] to [[Wali Rahmani]].<ref name="Huda">{{cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammad Sanaul Huda |date=10 July 2023 |title=مفکر ملت حضرت مولانا احمد ولی فیصل رحمانی حفظہ اللہ |trans-title=Thinker of the Nation: Hazrat Maulana Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani (May Allah Protect Him) |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/200589 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="baseeratonline">{{cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Nazish Huma |date=17 October 2021 |title=ہاں میں امیر شریعت احمد ولی فیصل رحمانی ہوں۔۔۔! ہاں میں ہوں |trans-title=Yes, I Am Ameer Shariat Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani...! Yes, I Am |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/159374 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref> He received his early education at Jamia Rahmani in Munger, under the supervision of his father.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hayat-e-Wali |last=Hasan |first=Shah Imran |publisher=Rahbar Book Service |location=Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi |year=2016 |page=45 |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hayat-e-wali-part-001-shah-imran-hasan-ebooks}}</ref> He later moved to the United States for higher studies, where he completed a degree in engineering from the [[University of California]].<ref name="awazvoice">{{cite news |last=Khosa |first=Aasha |date=10 October 2021 |title=IT professional Maulana Rehmani heads Imarat-e-Sharia |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/it-professional-maulana-rehmani-heads-imarat-e-sharia-6647.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Awaz The Voice |language=en}}</ref> Following his graduation, he briefly taught at the University of California and then joined the software company Accenture, where he was a manager.{{Sfn|Hasan|2016|p=46}} He later took a two-year leave from work to pursue Arabic language and literature studies in Egyptian villages near [[Al-Azhar University]], before returning to the United States.<ref name="twocircles">{{cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Sami |date=12 October 2021 |title=Bihar: Imarat-e-Shariah’s new chief is a man of technology, who believes ‘massive action’ can change course of Muslim community |url=https://twocircles.net/2021oct12/443859.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[TwoCircles]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hasan|2016|p=46}}

== Career ==
Before returning to India, Rahmani worked in the United States. He was associated with the [[University of California]] and worked at [[Adobe Inc|Adobe Systems]] and [[BP]].<ref name="awazvoice" /> He later joined [[Accenture]], where he had a managerial role.{{Sfn|Hasan|2016|pp=45–46}} In addition to his professional work, he is associated with Jamia Rahmani (in Munger), where he is involved in managing and directly overseeing teaching Arabic language through online classes aimed at Quran memorization students as well as studies for middle school and high school students and a program for college preparation.{{Sfn|Hasan|2016|p=46}}

In 2015, he was appointed as the ''Sajjada Nashin'' of Khanqah-e-Rahmani by his father, [[Wali Rahmani]]. His formal ''Sajjada Nashini'' ceremony took place on 9 April 2021.<ref name="millattimes"/> Following the death of his father on 3 April 2021, he was elected as the eighth ''Ameer-e-Shariat'' of [[Imarat-e-Shariah]] on 9 October 2021.<ref name="etvbharat">{{cite news |date=9 October 2021 |title=مولانا احمد ولی فیصل رحمانی امیر شریعت منتخب - امیر شریعت کے انتخاب |trans-title=Maulana Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani Elected Ameer-e-Shariat |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/bihar/maulana-ahmad-wali-faisal-rahmani-elected-ameer-e-shariat/na20211009182016836 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=ur}}</ref> His election was conducted through voting, a departure from the previous practice of consensus-based selection.<ref name="news18">{{cite news |last=Saqibe |first=Imtiyaz |date=9 October 2021 |title=مولانا احمد ولی فیصل رحمانی امارت شرعیہ بہار، اڑیسہ، جھارکھنڈ کے آٹھویں امیر شریعت منتخب |trans-title=Maulana Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani Elected as Eighth Ameer of Imarat Shariah Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand |url=https://urdu.news18.com/news/nation/east-india-maulana-ahmad-wali-faisal-rahmani-elected-as-eighth-ameer-of-imarat-shariah-bihar-orissa-and-jharkhand-imt-379079.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[News18 Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref> He secured 347 votes against 197 votes received by his closest rival, [[Anisur Rahman Qasmi]].<ref name="muslimmirror">{{cite news |title=After months of conflict, Maulana Wali Rahmani’s son elected as Imarat-e-Sharia chief |url=https://muslimmirror.com/after-months-of-conflict-maulana-wali-rahmanis-son-elected-as-imarat-e-sharia-chief/ |work=Muslim Mirror |date=10 October 2021 |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

As ''Ameer-e-Shariat'', Rahmani has focused on modernizing Imarat-e-Shariah while maintaining its traditional role in religious guidance.<ref name="baseeratonline"/> His initiatives include the expansion of ''Darul Qaza'' (Islamic arbitration centers), strengthening educational institutions affiliated with Imarat-e-Shariah, protecting Waqf properties and addressing land reform issues, implementing self-sufficient maktab (primary Islamic schools) programs, and enhancing the use of technology in religious and educational activities.<ref name="twocircles"/><ref name="awazvoice"/> Rahmani has emphasized the need for technical education among madrasa students. Under his leadership, Imarat-e-Shariah introduced digital tools to modernize Islamic education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahmani |first=Wali |author-link=Wali Rahmani (influencer) |date=2024-11-29 |title=Story of Wali Faisal Rahmani, a leader dedicated to Indian Muslims |url=https://enewsroom.in/ahmed-wali-faisal-rahmani-indian-muslim-leadership/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=eNewsroom India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Rahmani was elected secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] in June 2023<ref name="Huda"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahay |first=Sanjay |date=2024-10-04 |title=Cong to make Waqf bill key poll issue... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/congress-targets-waqf-amendment-bill-as-key-issue-for-state-assembly-polls/articleshow/113920378.cms |access-date=2025-03-31 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and resigned in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2024 |title=آل انڈیا مسلم پرسنل لا بورڈ کے سکریٹری کا استعفیٰ |trans-title=Resignation of the Secretary of All India Muslim Personal Law Board |url=https://urdu.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2024/11/25/All-India-Muslim-Personal-Law-Board.php |access-date=30 March 2025 |publisher=[[Hindustan Samachar]] |language=ur}}</ref>

== Political and social stances ==
In January 2020, Rahmani supported the anti-[[CAA protests]] in Bihar, including the Subzibagh demonstration in [[Patna]]. Alongside other community leaders, he emphasized that the protests were aimed at protecting constitutional values rather than being driven by religious identity. Rahmani raised concerns that the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)]], [[National Register of Citizens|National Register of Citizens (NRC)]], and [[National Population Register|National Population Register (NPR)]] could undermine India's secular fabric and disproportionately impact marginalized communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Santosh |date=2020-01-20 |title=Bihar: ‘Not about religion, protest against bid to create rift’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-not-about-religion-protest-against-bid-to-create-rift-caa-nrc-6225145/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120040609/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-not-about-religion-protest-against-bid-to-create-rift-caa-nrc-6225145/ |archive-date=2020-01-20 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2023, Rahmani, as a secretary of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB), was involved in efforts to ensure women's rightful share in inheritance under [[Sharia law]]. The initiative aimed to address concerns over women being denied inheritance rights and was part of a broader social reform effort by the Board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=2023-09-19 |title=AIMPLB to start ‘movement’ to ensure women get rightful share in inheritance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/aimplb-working-committee-women-share-in-husbands-property-women-property-share-sharia-law-8945885/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013145035/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/aimplb-working-committee-women-share-in-husbands-property-women-property-share-sharia-law-8945885/ |archive-date=2023-10-13 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, Rahmani, with other Muslim leaders, signed a joint statement opposing the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA) 2019. The statement argued that the law violates Article 14 of the Indian Constitution by selectively granting citizenship based on religion and excluding Muslims. It also criticized the timing of its implementation before general elections, calling it politically motivated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Lalmani |date=2024-03-13 |title=CAA undermines principle of equality: Muslim bodies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/caa-undermines-principle-of-equality-muslim-bodies-9210918/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312223848/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/caa-undermines-principle-of-equality-muslim-bodies-9210918/ |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=2024-03-12 |title=Muslim bodies condemn CAA notification, want it repealed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/muslim-bodies-condemn-caa-notification-want-it-repealed/article67943625.ece |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In June 2025, Rahmani, as Ameer-e-Shariat, publicly opposed the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, (which was to override Islamic management of donated lands for Muslim institutions and mosques) describing it as a threat to religious autonomy and waqf properties. He stated that the law could allow state interference in religious endowments and heritage sites, and claimed that some BJP Members of Parliament had expressed support for his stance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waqf law protest likely to draw large crowd today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/waqf-law-protest-likely-to-draw-large-crowd-today/articleshow/122132796.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Waqf Act Bihar Assembly Election 2025: मुस्लिम समुदाय वक्फ कानून के विरोध में लामबंद |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/muslim-organisation-imarat-e-shariah-hold-a-mega-rally-in-patna-against-waqf-law/4024623/ |website=Jansatta |date=29 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Santosh |title=‘Some BJP MPs backing our Waqf stand’: Top Muslim body chief on eve of Patna rally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/some-bjp-mps-backing-our-waqf-stand-top-muslim-body-chief-on-eve-of-patna-rally-10095011/ |work=The Indian Express |date=29 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> Addressing the “Waqf Bachao, Dastoor Bachao” rally at Gandhi Maidan, Patna, he said the Act violated fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution and undermined established legal principles. The event, organised by Imarat-e-Shariah with participation from opposition leaders including [[Tejashwi Yadav]], [[Salman Khurshid]], and [[Kanhaiya Kumar]], drew thousands of attendees. Rahmani called the legislation "draconian" and demanded its rollback, asserting that the movement was a constitutional and peaceful expression of the community’s will.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslims hold rally in Patna demanding rollback of Waqf Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/mahagathbandhan-will-throw-waqf-act-into-dustbin-after-forming-government-in-bihar-tejashwi/article69751808.ece |work=The Hindu |date=29 June 2025 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==

* [[List of Deobandis]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faisal Rahmani, Ahmad Wali}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California alumni]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]

Sharmishtha Raut

2026-03-06T06:25:17Z

Pranjal mishra: started first details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharmishtha Raut
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1984|04|22}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2009{{ndash}}present
| known_for =
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Amey Nipankar|2014|2018|reason=divorce}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marathi TV celebs who got separated from their real-life partner |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-tv-celebs-who-got-separated-from-their-real-life-partner/sharmishtha-raut/photostory/66399231.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>|{{marriage|Tejas Desai|2020}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sharmishtha Raut ties the knot with Thane-based Tejas Desai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sharmishtha-raut-ties-the-knot-with-thane-based-tejas-desai/articleshow/78604711.cms |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>}}
| website =
| children = 1
}}
'''Sharmishtha Raut-Desai''' ([[née]] '''Raut''') is an Indian actress who works predominantly in Marathi films and television.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-30 |title=Sharmishta Raut to start her journey as a producer soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sharmishta-raut-to-start-her-journey-as-a-producer-soon/articleshow/97446204.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Marathi actress Sharmishta Raut starts production house, will make daily soap |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/marathi-actress-sharmishta-raut-launches-her-production-house-with-tejas-desai-6961351.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Raut was born on 22 April 1984, and raised in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=Sharmistha Raut - Birthday |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2450935/birthday-special-marathi-actress-sharmishtha-raut-unknown-information-beautiful-photos-sdn-96/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> At a very young age, she started learning Bharatanatyam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-24 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi: From a Bharatnatyam dancer to an actress, here's a look at Sharmishtha Raut's journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-from-a-bharatnatyam-dancer-to-an-actress-heres-a-look-at-sharmishtha-rauts-journey-/photostory/64302952.cms |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

She portrayed Neeraja in the series ''[[Man Udhan Varyache]]'', a Bengali remake of ''[[Bou Kotha Kao]]'' which aired on [[Star Pravah]]. In the [[Zee Marathi]] series ''[[Unch Majha Zoka]]'', she played the role of Tai Kaku. Her other television appearances include ''[[Julun Yeti Reshimgathi]]'', ''[[Sukhachya Sarini He Man Baware]],''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharmishtha Raut: अभिनेत्री आता होणार निर्माती.. शर्मिष्ठा राऊतने सुरु केलं स्वतःचं प्रोडक्शन हाऊस |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/actress-sharmishtha-raut-her-production-house-will-produce-marathi-serials-drj96 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref> ''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]'', ''Aboli'' and ''Swarajya Janani Jijamata.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swarjyajanani Jijamata: Sharmishtha Raut Enters The Show As Mughal Princess Roshanara Begum {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/swarjyajanani-jijamata-sharmishtha-raut-enters-the-show-as-mughal-princess-roshanara-begum/60e469ffeb0cc0507eaa2414 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>

Raut appeared in the first season of [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|''Bigg Boss Marathi'']] in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-25 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi: Sharmishtha Raut shares the real reason for entering the house |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-sharmishtha-raut-shares-the-real-reason-for-entering-the-house/articleshow/64314914.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She turned into a producer for the TV series ''[[Tula Shikvin Changalach Dhada]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-08 |title=Sharmishtha Raut turns producer for Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada; says, "Starting a new journey with the support of my husband Tejas" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sharmishtha-raut-turns-producer-for-tula-shikvin-changlach-dhada-says-starting-a-new-journey-with-the-support-of-my-husband-tejas/articleshow/97727026.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2013
|''Yoddha''
|
|Debut
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Rangkarmi]]''
|Revati
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-27 |title=Rangkarmi (Marathi Movie) Review |url=https://thecommonmanspeaks.com/rangkarmi-marathi-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Common Man Speaks |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]''
|Ragini
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-22 |title=Chi Va Chi Sau Ka Actress Sharmishtha Raut Gets Engaged! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/chi-va-chi-sau-ka-actress-sharmishtha-raut-gets-engaged |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]''
|Kalyani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=मालिकेनंतर शर्मिष्ठा राऊतचं चित्रपट निर्मितीत पदार्पण! ‘नाच गं घुमा’मध्ये स्वप्नील जोशीसह झळकणार 'या' सहा अभिनेत्री |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/naach-ga-ghuma-new-marathi-movie-will-release-on-1st-of-may-starring-swapnil-joshi-and-six-others-actress-sva-00-4158576/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt28817000/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_8_nm_0_in_0_q_hashtag%2520ta Hashtag Tadev Lagnam]''
|''Ishaa''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Hashtag Tadev Lagnam Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} हॅशटॅग तदेव लग्नम {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/hashtag-tadev-lagnam-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=15 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2009-2011
|''[[Man Udhan Varyache]]''
|Neeraja Mohite
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|
|-
|2012-2013
|''[[Unch Majha Zoka]]''
|Tai Kaku
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|
|-
|2013-2015
|''[[Julun Yeti Reshimgathi]]''
|Archana Dusane
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=अभिनेत्रीचा ऑनस्क्रिन भाऊ आजही आहे तिच्या पाठीशी; आठवतेय का ही मराठी मालिका? |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/sharmishtha-raut-wishes-to-lalit-prabhakar-on-rakshabandhan-shares-julun-yeti-reshimgathi-episode-mhgm-745002.html |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612102334/https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/sharmishtha-raut-wishes-to-lalit-prabhakar-on-rakshabandhan-shares-julun-yeti-reshimgathi-episode-mhgm-745002.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Fu Bai Fu]]''
|Contestant
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|
|-
|2017
|''Aaj Kaay Special''
|Special appearance
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-25 |title=Sharmishtha Raut and Shashank Ketkar to flaunt their culinary skills in Aaj Kay Special |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sharmishtha-raut-and-shashank-ketkar-to-flaunt-their-culinary-skills-in-aaj-kay-special/articleshow/79408574.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]''
|Contestant
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|Wildcard
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-25 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi finalists Smita, Sai, Pushkar, and Sharmishtha thank their fans; see videos |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-finalists-smita-sai-pushkar-and-sharmishtha-thank-their-fans-see-videos/articleshow/65132353.cms |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Swarajyajanani Jijamata]]''
|Roshanara Begum
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|
|
|-
|2018-2020
|''[[Sukhachya Sarini He Man Baware]]''
|Sanyogeeta Tatwawadi
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharmishtha Raut Bids Adieu To Fans Of He Mann Baware With This Last Shot {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/sharmishtha-raut-bids-adieu-to-fans-of-he-mann-baware-with-this-last-shot/5f9060cd4a28e37ba117b8a1 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]''
|Nilima Sawant
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|
|-
|2021-2022 ; 2024 - present
|''Aboli''
|Neeta
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Saara Kahi Tichyasathi]]''
|Sandhya
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|
|}
As Producer

# '''''Navri Mile Hitlerla'''''
# '''''Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada'''''

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Raisinghani VS Raisinghani]]''
| Jyoti
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|6679629}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raut, Sharmishtha}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Victory Day (Bangladesh)

2026-03-04T20:59:04Z

Pranjal mishra:

{{short description|National holiday in Bangladesh}}
{{Redirect|Vijay Diwas (India)|the other use|Vijay Diwas}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Victory Day<br />বিজয় দিবস<br />''Bijoy Dibosh''
| type = National
| image = Jatiyo Sritisoudho.jpg
| caption = Victory Day celebration at [[National Martyrs' Memorial]]
| official_name =
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| observedby = [[Bangladesh]]
| scheduling = same day each year
| date = 16 December
| celebrations = Flag hoisting, honouring the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War]], [[parade]]s, speeches by the [[President of Bangladesh|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]], political rallies, religious prayers, singing patriotic songs and cultural programmes.
| observances =
| relatedto = {{ubl|[[Independence Day (Bangladesh)|Independence Day]] of Bangladesh|}}
| firsttime = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1971|12|16}}
}}

'''Victory Day''' ({{langx|bn|বিজয় দিবস|Bijôẏ Dibôsh|engvar=gb}}) is a [[public holiday|national holiday]] in [[Bangladesh]] celebrated on 16 December to commemorate the defeat of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971 and the [[Independence of Bangladesh]]. It commemorates the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender]], wherein the [[Commanding officer|commander]] of the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani Forces]], General [[A. A. K. Niazi]], surrendered to Lieutenant General [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], Joint Commander of [[Mitro Bahini|Indian and Bangladesh Forces]], ending the nine-month<ref>{{cite web |url=http://liberationwarmuseum.org/about-us |title=About us |website=Liberation War Museum |access-date=21 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108013543/http://www.liberationwarmuseum.org/about-us |archive-date=8 November 2011 }}</ref> Bangladesh Liberation War and [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]] and marking the official secession of [[East Pakistan]] to become the new state of Bangladesh.

This day and event is also commemorated across India as the '''Vijay Diwas''' for the victory in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]] aftermath of Bangladesh liberation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ssbtosuccess.com/vijay-diwas-16th-december/|title=Why Do India Celebrate 'Vijay Diwas' On 16th December|last=Team|first=Editorial|date=2017-12-17|work=SSBToSuccess|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en-US|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051552/http://www.ssbtosuccess.com/vijay-diwas-16th-december/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Pakistani Instrument of Surrender}}

{{See also|Golden Jubilee of the Independence of Bangladesh}}
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender WaPo.jpg|thumb|left|Signing of [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender]] by Pakistan's Lt.Gen. [[A. A. K. Niazi]] to the Joint Commander of the Liberation Force Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] in [[Dhaka]] on 16 Dec' 1971.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-16|title=Victory Day: The last battle before Dhaka fell|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/12/16/victory-day-the-last-battle-before-dhaka-fell|access-date=2020-12-16|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216065133/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/12/16/victory-day-the-last-battle-before-dhaka-fell|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In 1971, Bangladesh fought the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] against Pakistan to become an Independent country,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/17.htm |title=Library of Congress |access-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006010727/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/17.htm |archive-date=6 October 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> which resulted in the secession of [[East Pakistan]] from the [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]<ref>[http://www.mongabay.com/history/pakistan/pakistan-the_1962_constitution.html Islamic Republic of Pakistan – The 1962 Constitution.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531075735/http://www.mongabay.com/history/pakistan/pakistan-the_1962_constitution.html |date=31 May 2013 }} Retrieved on 9 March 2013.</ref> and established the sovereign nation called [[Bangladesh]]. The war pitted East Pakistan and [[India]] against [[West Pakistan]], and lasted for a duration of nine months. One of the most violent wars of the 20th century, it witnessed [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities|large-scale atrocities]], the exodus of 10 million refugees and the killing of 3 million people by the Pakistani armed forces.<ref>en, Samuel; Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs. Dictionary of Genocide: A-L. Volume 1: Greenwood. p. 34. {{ISBN|978-0-313-32967-8}}.</ref>

On 16 December 1971, [[Lieutenant General]] Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, [[Commanding Officer|CO]] of Pakistan Armed Forces located in East Pakistan signed the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]]. The Instrument of Surrender was a written agreement that enabled the surrender of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Pakistan Eastern Command]] in the Bangladesh Liberation War, and marked the end of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] in the Eastern Theater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5312/Instrument+of+Surrender+of+Pakistan+forces+in+Dacca|title=Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan forces in Dacca|newspaper=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|language=en|access-date=2018-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005435/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F5312%2FInstrument+of+Surrender+of+Pakistan+forces+in+Dacca|archive-date=27 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The surrender took place at the [[Ramna Race Course]] in [[Dhaka]] on 16 December 1971. Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi and Lieutenant General [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], Joint Commander of [[Mitro Bahini|Indian and Bangladesh Forces]], signed the instrument amid thousands of cheering crowds at the racecourse. [[Air Commodore]] [[A. K. Khandker]], Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]], and Lieutenant General [[J F R Jacob]]<ref>[http://www.dailypost.in/editor-s-pick/55367-gen-jacob-hero-of-the-bangladesh-war-is-no-more Gen Jacob, the hero of the Bangladesh war, is no more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194219/http://www.dailypost.in/editor-s-pick/55367-gen-jacob-hero-of-the-bangladesh-war-is-no-more |date=4 March 2016 }} – [[Daily Post India]] 13 January 2015</ref> of the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian Eastern Command]], acted as witnesses to the surrender. Also present were [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Mohammad Shariff]], commander of the Pakistani [[Pakistan Navy|Naval Eastern Command]] and [[Air Vice-Marshal]] Patrick D. Callaghan of the [[Pakistan Air Force]]'s Eastern Air Force Command, who signed the agreement. On behalf of Bangladesh, Air Commodore A. K. Khandker acted as witness to the surrender. Lieutenant J F R [[J. F. R. Jacob|Jacob]], Chief of Staff of the Indian Eastern Command, along with the other commanders of Indian naval and air forces, acted as witnesses on behalf of India. Aurora accepted the [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] without a word, while the crowd on the race course started shouting anti-Niazi and anti-Pakistan slogans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090823045047/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980203/03450744.html Of betrayal and bungling by Kuldip Nayar §(Google cache link)] – [[Indian Express]] 3 February 1998</ref> The Surrender of [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] marked the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War and the creation of [[Bangla Desh]] (later reduced to a single word). Most [[United Nations]] member nations were quick to recognise Bangladesh within months of its independence.<ref name="recog-story">{{cite web|url=http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3072|title=The Recognition Story|publisher=Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725050939/http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3072|archive-date=25 July 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=17 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1996, the Bangladesh Bank issued a 10 Taka note with an overprint commemorating Victory Day's Silver Jubilee (the 25th anniversary).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/ASI/BDE/BDE0032.htm |title=P-32 |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420222925/http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/ASI/BDE/BDE0032.htm |archive-date=20 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Augustsson, T., Kudweis, M., Minikevicius, J., Murcek, D., Recher, J., Vostal, L., & Schmidt, T. (2018). Standard catalog of world paper money. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, a division of F W, A Content eCommerce Company.</ref>
[[File:Bangladesh celebrates 50th anniversary of victory.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bangladesh Air Force]] show in the [[Golden Jubilee of the Independence of Bangladesh]], December 2021]]

== Celebrations ==
[[File:Illuminated Foreign Service Academy.jpg|thumb|Building illuminated with red and green coloured-lights (colours of the [[national flag of Bangladesh]]) in the Victory Day]]
[[File:16th December in Bangladesh - Faces of Patriotism.jpg|thumb|It's common to wear [[headbands]] and to paint victory related themes on the face in the Victory Day]]
The celebration of Victory Day has been taking place since 1972. The ritual of the celebration gradually obtained a distinctive character with a number of similar elements: Military Parade by the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] at the National Parade Ground, ceremonial meetings, speeches, lectures, receptions and fireworks displays.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/victory-day-celebrations-photos-1505866|title=Victory Day celebrations in photos|date=16 December 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174331/http://www.thedailystar.net/country/victory-day-celebrations-photos-1505866|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> TV and radio stations broadcast special programmes and patriotic songs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/tv/victory-day-celebrations-channel-i-1505449|title=Victory Day celebrations at Channel i|date=16 December 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174309/http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/tv/victory-day-celebrations-channel-i-1505449|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The streets and buildings are decorated with the [[Flag of Bangladesh|national flag]] and the national colours.<ref>{{cite web|title=বিজয় দিবস উপলক্ষে ঢাকা সেজেছে লাল-সবুজে|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/others/926566/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87|website=[[Bangla Tribune]]|date=15 December 2025|language=bn}}</ref> Different political parties and socioeconomic organisations undertake programmes to mark the day in a befitting manner, including the paying of respects at [[Jatiyo Smriti Soudho]], the national memorial at [[Savar]] in [[Dhaka District]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/victory-day-today-1505698|title=Victory Day today|date=16 December 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174341/http://www.thedailystar.net/city/victory-day-today-1505698|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/victory-day-programmes-today-1330798|title=Victory Day programmes today|date=16 December 2016|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174443/http://www.thedailystar.net/city/victory-day-programmes-today-1330798|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Dua]] [[Mehfil|mahfils]]'' (religious prayers) also held in various institutions and gatherings praying peace for the decreased souls of the martyrs of the [[Bangladesh genocide|1971 genocide]] and well-being of the nation.

=== Military parade ===
The day's highlight is the national holiday parade on Dhaka's National Parade Ground, hosted by the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] and involves personnel from the Bangladesh Police, [[Border Guard Bangladesh]], [[Bangladesh Jail]] and [[Bangladesh Ansar]]. Presided by the [[President of Bangladesh]] in his capacity as Commander in Chief through the [[Armed Forces Division]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/12/16/president-hamid-pm-hasina-attend-victory-day-parade|title=President Hamid, PM Hasina attend Victory Day parade|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107083835/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/12/16/president-hamid-pm-hasina-attend-victory-day-parade|url-status=live}}</ref> it has been held since the 1970s as the principal national celebrations of the victory of the Bangladeshi people against the government of Pakistan, assisted by the Indian Armed Forces, and as such it is the principal holiday of the Armed Forces. A televised event with nationwide radio simulcast provided by [[Bangladesh Television]] and [[Bangladesh Betar|Radio Bangladesh]], it is the country's main military parade event of the year and is one of the biggest annual military parades in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bangladesh-marks-49th-victory-day-with-grand-parade-indian-army-band-contingent-participates/articleshow/72752127.cms|title = Bangladesh marks 49th 'Victory Day' with grand parade; Indian Army band contingent participates|newspaper = The Economic Times|access-date = 18 August 2020|archive-date = 13 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210113094154/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bangladesh-marks-49th-victory-day-with-grand-parade-indian-army-band-contingent-participates/articleshow/72752127.cms|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2019/12/16/president-inspects-victory-day-parade |title=Victory Day Parade observed with traditional fanfare |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=18 August 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728163914/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2019/12/16/president-inspects-victory-day-parade |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Expanded summary ====
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
Before around 10am, a division-sized formation of around 18,000 personnel of the armed forces and law enforcement organisations, which had already been assembled on the parade ground, alongside a 4,000 strong mobile column amounting to around 400 vehicles, and a massed [[military band]]s and [[pipe bands]] contingent numbering around 1,200 musicians, awaits the arrival of the President, as the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]], who also serves as Minister of Defence concurrently, and the [[Principal Staff Officer (Bangladesh)|Principal Staff Officer]] of the AFD/BAF, usually a lieutenant general, both arrive at the parade grandstand in the centre of the grounds together with the service commanders and commanding officers of the law enforcement services, together with ministers of the state cabinet, including the Minister of Liberation War Affairs, the Speaker of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] and MPs, the Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]], the Attorney General, living veterans of the Liberation War of 1971 and family members of those killed in action and deceased veterans, chairmen of state agencies and defence sector firms, the general public, representatives of state and private industries and veterans of the armed forces and law enforcement organisations are stationed in between the major dignitaries who are stationed in the central grandstand. One battalion at the centre of the formations assembled carries the National Standards (the [[Flag of Bangladesh]] with the gold fringe and the Bengali title of the unit<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Army |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/bd%5Earmy.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref>) which serve as the principal colour of all Armed Forces formations, while each of the other battalions sans the first three, which are massed colour guard battalions, have 15 colour bearers at the front of their units.

At 10am the massed bands' fanfare trumpeters and trumpeters sound the presidential fanfare, signalling the arrival of the President, escorted by an Army mounted squadron and escort motorcycles of the Police. As the President leaves his vehicle, he is greeted by the important dignitaries and upon arriving at the central grandstand the Parade Commander, usually an Army major general, leads the parade in rendering a full presidential salute as while the national anthem [[Amar Sonar Bangla]] is played by the Massed Bands alongside the firing of a [[21-gun salute]]. As the music ends, the parade executes order arms, following this the PC informs the President of the readiness of the parade for the review. Both, together with aides-de-camp (one each from the Armed Forces and Police) and the PSO, ride an open-top Land Rover to inspect the parade formations. Upon approach of the parade formations the massed bands, under the baton of the Senior Director of Music of the Armed Forces (usually a lieutenant colonel or colonel) play a slow march as the President reviews each of the battalions of the ground column. As the music ends the President and the PSO, together with the PC, leave the inspection vehicle as the former two return to the parade grandstand.

Following the conclusion of the inspection of the line the PC, after having ordered the parade to shoulder arms, then informs the president for the commencement of the march past in the following manner:

::''Mr. President, may I now ask your permission for the commencement of the parade march past, sir.''

The approval having now granted the PC, upon returning to his place in the parade, orders the parade to execute the left turn, after which the colour bearers now turn to take their places in the right flank ranks of the formation together with the leading officer of the battalions. Following this the commander of the National Standards colour guard orders the battalion to turn on the march, taking its place in the formation as the PC rides his vehicle. Following the order to quick march the parade begins with the fly past of aircraft from both the [[Bangladesh Army Aviation Group]] and [[Bangladesh Naval Aviation]], both recently founded formations, and the transport planes of the Air Force, as the massed bands play ''[[Notuner Gaan]]''. As the parade commander and his second in command approach the grandstand in their vehicles, the two officers, together with their adjutants, salute on the eyes right. They are followed by the infantry battalions, and followed on by a double past of parachute special forces personnel, which had jumped from an Air Force transport plane into the parade ground during the march past, and then by the mobile column and fly past of Air Force fighter and trainer aircraft as well as helicopters.

=== Order of parade march past in quick time ===
* Massed colour guard regiment of formation colours of the armed forces (three battalions)
* Veterans of the Liberation War
* 1st Battalion, President Guard Regiment
* Battalion from the Armoured Corps
* Regiment from the Infantry Corps
** Battalion from the [[East Bengal Regiment]]
** Battalion from the [[Bangladesh Infantry Regiment]]
* Bangladesh Regiment of Artillery
* Bangladesh Corps of Engineers
* Bangladesh Signals Corps
* National Standards colour guard
* Composite battalion of army service support branches
* [[Para-Commando Brigade (Bangladesh)|Para-Commando Brigade]] Battalion
* Battalion of army servicewomen
* Navy
* Air Force
* [[Bangladesh National Cadet Corps]]
* Border Guard Bangladesh
* Bangladesh Police
* Bangladesh Ansar
* Bangladesh Jail
* Battalion of female Police and Ansar servicewomen
* Infantry battalion wearing modern combat equipment and rifles
* Army K-9 company and Army and Police combined mounted squadron

{{gallery
|title = Victory Day celebration
|align = center
|File:Mikoyan MiG-29-Chengdu F-7.jpg|Mikoyan MiG-29 & Chengdu F-7 of [[Bangladesh Air Force]] fly over national parade ground
|File:Bangladesh Army.jpg|Bangladesh Army marching in Victory Day Parade.
|File:Victory Day Parade, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2011.jpg|East Bengal Regiment in Victory Day Parade.
|File:Victory Day Parade, Bangladesh - Jubair Bin Iqbal.jpg|Bangladesh Coast Guard unit marching in Victory Day Parade.
|File:Bangladesh Navy Torpedo Boat (23659108221).jpg|Bangladesh Navy Torpedo Boat in Victory Day Parade.
|File:Feni Girls Cadet College flag raising.JPG|Flag hoisting ceremony at a school
|File:Illuminated Kodom Foara.jpg|Dhaka's Kadam Fountain decorated with lights.
|File:বিজয় দিবস ২০২৪ উপলক্ষে রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে আয়োজিত জুলাই অভ্যুত্থান স্মরণিকা ০২.jpg|Photo exhibition of [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]] in [[Rajshahi University]] on Victory Day 2024.
||||
||||
}}

== In India ==
[[File:Vice Admiral Bimal Verma participates in a wreath laying ceremony at the Andaman Memorial.jpg|thumb|Vice Admiral [[Bimal Verma]] laying wreath on Vijay Diwas, 2014]]
India also observes Victory Day on 16 December as ''Vijay Diwas'' to commemorate Indian victory in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]. The [[President of India|President]] and the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] of India pay honour of the soldiers who fought and died in the war. Functions are also organised all over the country to commemorate the contributions of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Diwas Celebration at Southern Command War Memorial Pune on 16 Dec 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1884165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125110608/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1884165 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=Vijay Diwas 2023: The triumphs and legacy of India's victory in 1971 war - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/vijay-diwas-2023-the-triumphs-and-legacy-of-indias-victory-in-1971-war-18578611.htm |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh and India also send delegation to each other to exchange greetings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Som |first=Moyurie |date=2024-12-12 |title=Bangladesh delegation likely to attend Vijay Diwas celebrations in Kolkata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/bangladesh-delegation-likely-to-attend-vijay-diwas-celebrations-in-kolkata/article68977453.ece |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=বিজয় উদযাপনে অংশ নিতে ঢাকায় ভারতীয় প্রতিনিধিদল|trans-title=Indian delegation in Dhaka to participate in the victory celebration|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/others/926587/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2|website=[[Bangla Tribune]]|date=15 December 2025|language=bn}}</ref>

== Events commemorating Victory Day ==
*'''1971''': [[State Bank of Pakistan]] became [[Bangladesh Bank]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mazid |first=Muhammad Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Bangladesh Bank |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Bank |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329223739/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Bank |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''1972''': The [[Constitution of Bangladesh|constitution]] of the People's Republic of Bangladesh was enacted on 16 December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh Faces Same Problems |agency=Associated Press |location=Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dWssAAAAIBAJ&pg=5758,3396908&dq=bangladesh+constitution&hl=en |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728163909/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dWssAAAAIBAJ&pg=5758,3396908&dq=bangladesh+constitution&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''1973''': [[Recipients of Bangladeshi military awards in 1971|Gallantry awards]] of war were declared by ''[[The Bangladesh Gazette|Bangladesh Gazette]]'' on 15 December.
*'''1996''': Silver jubilee of victory was celebrated.
*'''2013''': New world record of the largest human flag was set when 27,117 volunteers gathered at the National Parade Ground holding red and green blocks to form the [[national flag of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=197039:bdesh-hits-guinness-book-record-with-forming-largest-human-national-flag&catid=187:online-edition&Itemid=223 | title=B'desh hits Guinness Book record with forming largest human national flag | agency=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] | access-date=16 December 2013 | archive-date=17 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217051940/http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=197039:bdesh-hits-guinness-book-record-with-forming-largest-human-national-flag&catid=187:online-edition&Itemid=223 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bangladeshis-form-worlds-largest-human-flag/ | title=Bangladeshis form world's largest human flag | agency=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] | access-date=16 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093544/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bangladeshis-form-worlds-largest-human-flag/ | archive-date=16 December 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''2021''': Golden jubilee of victory was celebrated.<ref>{{cite news |title=In remembrance, in celebration: 50 years of victory |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/remembrance-celebration-50-years-victory-344749 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707104059/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/remembrance-celebration-50-years-victory-344749 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrating golden jubilee of victory |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/victory-day-special-2021/news/celebrating-golden-jubilee-victory-2917881 |work=The Daily Star |date=16 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*'''2025''': New world record of the largest flag-parachuting was set when 54 paratroopers jumped from the attitude of {{approximately}} {{convert|12000|ft|m}} over the National Parade Ground holding national flags of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh sets world record for parachuting with highest number of flags|url=https://en.bd-pratidin.com/national/2025/12/16/52878|website=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]]|date=16 December 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
;Similar days
* [[Independence Day (Bangladesh)|Independence Day]]
* [[Bangladesh Genocide Remembrance Day]]
* [[Language Martyrs' Day]]
* [[Martyred Intellectuals Day]]
* [[Victory Day]] in other countries

;Bangladesh Liberation War
* [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Bangladesh Holidays|state=expanded}}
{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}

[[Category:Memorials to Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Victory days]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Annual events in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:December observances]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi flag flying days]]
[[Category:National days in Bangladesh]]

*https://afd.gov.bd/media/important-occations/victory-day

Humshakal (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:31:12Z

Pranjal mishra: updated page

{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Humshakal
| image = Humshakal (1974).jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = Jambulingam
| producer = T.Govindarajan
| writer = Inder Raj Anand (dialogue)<br />Poovai Krishnan (story)
| narrator =
| based_on = ''[[Baalu Belagithu]]'' (Kannada)
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]]<br />[[Moushumi Chatterjee]]<br />[[Tanuja]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = P. L. Roy
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam
| studio = Venus Pictures
| distributor = Venus Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1974|04|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 mins
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Humshakal''''' ({{translation|Lookalike}}) is a 1974 [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Jambulingam]]. The film stars [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Tanuja]] in lead roles. The music was by [[R. D. Burman]] and lyrics were by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The film was a remake of the 1970 Kannada film ''[[Baalu Belagithu]]'', which was also remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Manchivadu]]'' (1973) and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]'' (1976).

The songs of the film were extremely popular, with the Kishore-Asha duet song "Hum Tum Gum Sum" topping the charts for more than a year. The tune of the Rafi-Lata duet "Kahe Ko Bulaya" was even adapted as a religious song in subsequent decades. [[Kishore Kumar]] considered the song "Rasta Dekhe Tera Vyakul Man Mera" as close to his heart.

As per the review by ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper, the box office collections of India, it is R. D. Burman who stands out with some delightful compositions and the box office status is mentioned as average hit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/humshakal-1974/article8224083.ece|title=Humshakal (1974)|first=Vijay|last=Lokapally|date=11 February 2016|access-date=16 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Ram / Laxman (Double Role)
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Radha
* [[Tanuja]] as Lalita
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Vimla
* [[Asrani]] as Chakram
* [[Jagdeep]] as Biharilal
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as Judge
* [[Ramesh Behl]] as Sagar

==Plot==
Radha (Moushumi Chatterjee) is a poor girl and lives with her ailing mother. Once, when she is out to purchase medicine for her mother a goon, tries to outrage her modesty and follows her till her house. Laxman (Rajesh Khanna) is also a poor youth. Incidentally, he comes across Radha and saves her from the clutches of the goon. On the request of the dying old lady Laxman promises to take care of her daughter.

Sagar is a gang leader and forces young girls to blackmail rich men. While the gang leader was charging a young girl for not performing her duty well, his informer tells him about two Arab merchants (Rajesh Khanna and Asrani) who will be present in a ball room party. Sagar reaches the ball room with his man. He asks his man to sit with a revolver and keep eye on the two merchants to find out their real intentions. One of the Arab merchants (Rajesh Khanna) dances with a lady (Aruna Irani) and shows her a photograph of three sisters. This lady is also in the photograph. The Arab merchant whispers into her ear that he had promised her dying sister to find out the murderer and thus needs her help. She is about to divulge information about the murderer when the man, who is keeping eye on them, shot her dead.

Laxman, in order to keep his promise to the old lady, takes care of Radha. However, soon society starts questioning about their relationship. In a fit of rage, Laxman marries Radha in a temple. The newly-wedded woman knows nothing about her husband and thus asks him about his work and designation. He tells her that he works in Ratan Mahal in different positions according to the demand of the situation, except for the position of the boss.

In Ratan Mahal, all the servants greet their boss on his arrival. The six-year-old daughter of the boss called Rani comes out of a room and expresses her anger to her dad for being absent for many days from Ratan Mahal. She also wants to know when he is bringing her mother Lalita (Tanuja) home. However, she is not aware that her mother is suffering from mental illness and thus is staying at an asylum. In the meantime, the search for the murderer is on by the two people, who this time, impersonate as jewellery merchants.

A few years later, new developments take place. Radha gives birth to a baby boy and Lalita recovers from her mental illness. However, the doctor warns her that any kind of shock would affect her health again. After returning home, Lalita insists on visiting a temple on the occasion of Shivratri Puja with her husband and daughter. Inside the temple premises, Rani gets lost and coincidentally, Radha takes her back to her mother Lalita, who keeps waiting near the car on the road while Rani's dad keeps searching for her. For this act of kindness, Lalita develops a friendship with Radha and invites her to Ratan Mahal. Both the ladies also talk about their respective husbands. Things take a shocking turn when Radha's baby is ill and reaches Ratan Mahal to find her husband Laxman playing Ram, the husband of Lalita and the boss of the Ratan Mahal. She accuses him of cheating both the women. After recalling the doctor's warning about not giving any shock to Lalita, he denies playing a double role. He tells Radha that he is Ram and doesn't know anything about her.

Later, Radha leaves a letter for her husband informing him about their son's death and goes missing. On the other hand, Ram needs to visit [[Mumbai]] for accomplishing his secret mission of finding the murderer. Lalita insists on going with him. He couldn't deny the request and thus takes his wife and daughter to Mumbai. They checked into a hotel where Ram receives a call from Chakram (Ashrani), his helper in the secret mission. Lalita hears their conversation and she again falls ill. Ram calls for a doctor. He is shocked to see Radha as the nurse, who is known as Sita.

Ram is about to succeed in his mission when Sagar informs him that his wife and daughter are kidnapped. Ram and his friends come to the kidnapper and fight. Police come there and arrest the gang leader and his goons. Now, the case is in the court where Ram is standing in the witness box and narrates a story.

According to the story, Ram and his wife Lalita had taken their infant girl in a baby stroller for a walk. While they were talking the baby, the stroller moved accidentally on the road and a look-alike of Ram saved the baby. Then Ram came to know that he was Laxman and works as a labourer in Ratan Mahal, where Ram was the boss. Ram wanted to repay him for his kindness, but Laxman refused to take anything as his seven generations served at the Ratan Mahal and earned their bread and butter. Meanwhile, Ram remembered that Lalita was lying unconscious on the road. Ram asks Laxman to take care of the baby and sets out to take Lalita to a doctor. On the way, a woman named Mala stops his car and demands a heavy ransom. She calls him to a hotel to receive the money. In the hotel, she tells Ram about Sagar, who had actually forced her to blackmail him. She was asking him to leave the hotel as soon as possible when Sagar arrived, shot her and absconded. Before dying, she tells about her two sisters who were also in the clutches of this gang leader and were forced to blackmail rich people. To recognize them she gives him a photograph.

Now, police were investigating Ram on the charges of murdering Mala. Ram asks Laxman to act as Ram and to stay at the Ratan Mahal as the boss. He also gives Laxman the photograph and asks him to search for the murderer. Laxman promised that he would never let anyone know about the name exchange. After listening to Ram, the judge frees him and gives the death sentence to the criminal Sagar. At the end, Ram and Laxman decide to stay together like two brothers.

==Songs==
All lyrics written by [[Anand Bakshi]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Rasta Dekhe Tera"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Jhoomo Tum Nacho"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Hum Tum, Gumsum Raat Milan Ki"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Main Tumko Doongi Saiyan Pyar Ki Nishani"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Kahe Ko Bulaya Mujhe Balma Pyar Mein Naam Se"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Dekho Mujhe Dekho"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Udti Chidiya Udte Udte"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0298366|Humshakal}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Kanchana Sita

2026-03-03T21:01:04Z

Pranjal mishra: Adding Some Page Initial Version

{{About|the 1977 film|the 1961 play|Kanchana Sita (play)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanchana Sita
| image = Kanchana Sita.jpg
| caption = A screenshot from the film
| director = [[G. Aravindan]]
| producer = [[K. Ravindran Nair]]
| screenplay = G. Aravindan
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Kanchana Sita (play)|Kanchana Sita]]''|[[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]]}}
| starring = Ramdas<br/>Venkateswarlu<br/>Chinna Pulliah<br/>Kesava Panicker<br/>Krishnan<br/>Pottiah<br/>Rangiah<br>Siva<br>Sobha Kiran<br>Annapurna
| music = [[Rajeev Taranath]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/29/stories/2005072902600500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201203259/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/29/stories/2005072902600500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2005|title=Eclecticism at its best |author=Garimella Subramaniam |location=India|date=29 July 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 May 2011}}</ref>
| cinematography = [[Shaji N. Karun]]
| editing = Ramesan
| studio = General Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|12|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 87 minutes<ref>[http://www.keralafilm.com/8th.htm "8th IFFK: G. Aravindan Retrospective"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929151658/http://www.keralafilm.com/8th.htm |date=29 September 2011 }}. [[Kerala State Chalachithra Academy]]. Retrieved 20 May 2011.</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kanchana Sita''''' (''Golden Sita'') ([[Malayalam]] :കാഞ്ചന സീത) is a 1977 [[India]]n [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] [[feature film|feature-length]] film scripted and directed by [[G. Aravindan]]. A mythological film, its story was adapted from [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]]'s [[Kanchana Sita (play)|play of the same name]], which is a reworking of [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayana]]''.

The film interprets a story from the ''Uttara Kanda'' of the [[Indian epic poetry|epic poem]] ''Ramayana'', where [[Rama]] sends his wife, [[Sita]], to the jungle to satisfy his subjects. Sita is never actually seen in the film, but her virtual presence is compellingly evoked in the moods of the forest and the elements. The film retells the epic from a feminist perspective. It was shot in the interior tribal areas of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The roles of the epic heroes are played by [[Chenchu|Rama Chenchu]] tribal people, who claim lineage to the mythological Rama. Director Aravindan interweaves the ''[[Samkhya]]''-''[[Yoga]]'' philosophical concepts of ''[[Prakriti]]''-''[[Purusha]]'' bonds throughout the film.

The film was produced by K. Ravindran Nair under the banner of General Pictures. The film features an original score by classical musician [[Rajeev Taranath]], cinematography by cinematographer-turned-director [[Shaji N. Karun]], editing by Ramesan, and art direction by [[Artist Namboothiri]]. The film became a major critical success upon its release in 1977, although a few mainstream critics panned it. It is credited with being at the forefront of a trend towards [[independent filmmaking]] in South India. The film earned Aravindan the [[National Film Award for Best Direction]].

==Plot==
The film begins with the journey of [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] to kill [[Shambuka]] – the ''[[shudra]]'' who performs penance – but Shambuka's wife pleads for his life, and he is spared. Rama and Lakshmana return to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] to face [[Urmila (Ramayana)|Urmila]], the spirited wife of Lakshmana. Rama replies to her reproaches for abandoning [[Sita]] in the [[Dandakaranya]] forests, through which they have just journeyed, that the husband of Sita is only a servant of the people of Ayodhya.

The next day, [[Vasishta]] arrives to suggest that Rama perform the ''[[Ashvamedha]]'' ''[[yajna|yaga]]'' (the ritual sacrifice of a horse to ''[[Agni]]'', the god of fire) but Rama cannot do without his wife by his side. He is averse to taking a second wife, as Vasishta further suggests. The anguish of Rama at this point is juxtaposed with the people of Ayodhya joyously celebrating the harvest.

[[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], a brother of Rama who had left Ayodhya twelve years ago, returns. He objects to Rama performing the ''yaga'' without Sita. Their argument almost culminates in a physical fight, but nature intervenes; the skies open and a cooling rain pours down upon them.

The ''yaga'' begins, with Lakshmana accompanying the horse. The horse strays into [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[ashram]]'' (hermitage), where Rama's son [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] are being brought up. Lava stops the horse and is ready to fight Lakshmana (as the ''yaga'' demands). Lakshmana orders that the horse be released, but once again nature takes a hand. Valmiki is strangely moved by what he sees, and he begins to compose the ''Uttara Rama Charita'' – the story of Rama.

The horse is led back to Ayodhya, and the ritualistic second stage of the ''yaga'' starts. Just then Rama receives the news that Shambuka has resumed his penance, and Lakshmana is despatched to slay the erring ''shudra''. As the ceremony nears completion, Valmiki arrives with Lava and Kusha, but Vasishta debars Valmiki from entering the ''yagashala''. Rama recognises Lava and Kusha as his sons, and takes them to his heart. The joy of Sita, then, is represented in the glorious splendour of nature.

===Dénouement===
The film ends with an epilogue depicting Rama's last journey, the ''Mahaprasthana'', as he walks into the river with fire in his hand and becomes one with Sita, the all-pervading nature.<ref name="25 NFA"/> When asked whether Rama was really committing suicide, Aravindan replied, "Yes... in all probability. That is what I think. However, his death in Sarayu river is not like any other kind of death. It was a ''Mahaprasthanam'' – an event of supreme self-sacrifice and purification, leaving everything behind. Everyone dear to him had gone. He had parted from Lakshmana. He was troubled by many guilt feelings – the murder of Shambuka, the unfairness meted out to Sita... Towards the end of the film, this mood prevails – Rama walks into the Sarayu river with the sacrificial fire, bearing everything, including his loneliness, calling out for Sita ... and disappears into the depths of the waters, carrying the sacrificial fire with him into the river is not in ''[[Ramayana]]'' – it is an interpretation. Somehow the part I liked most in the film is this end."<ref name="Aravindan interview"/>

==Cast==
* Ramdas as [[Rama]]
* Venkateswarlu as [[Lakshmana]]
* Chinna Pulliah as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
* Sobha Kiran as [[Urmila (Ramayana)|Urmila]]
* Kesava Panicker as [[Valmiki]]
* Krishnan as [[Vasishta]]
* Pottiah as [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]
* Rangiah as [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]
* Siva as [[Shambuka]]
* Annapurna as Shambuka's wife

==Themes and analysis==
The ''[[Samkhya]]''-''[[Yoga]]'' philosophical concepts of ''[[Prakriti]]''-''[[Purusha]]'' bonds are used in the film.<ref name="Prakriti 99">{{Harvnb|Zacharias|2008}}, p.99</ref> ''Prakriti'' and ''Purusha'', as philosophical concepts, have their genealogy in the ''Samkhya''-''Yoga'' school of [[Indian philosophy]]. In ''Samkhya'' thought, ''Purusha'' is the Transcendental Self or Pure Consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, imperceptible, unknowable, above any experience, and beyond any words or explanation. It remains pure, nonattributive consciousness. ''Purusha'' is neither produced nor does it produce. Unlike ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]'' and like ''[[Purva-Mimamsa]]'', ''Samkhya'' philosophy emphasises the plurality of the ''Purushas''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharma|1997}}, pp.155–157</ref> ''Prakriti'' is the first cause of the universe – of everything except the ''Purusha'', which is uncaused, and accounts for whatever is physical, both matter and force.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharma|1997}}, pp.149–168</ref> Through its threefold ''gunas'' or characteristics of the physical universe, ''Prakriti'' binds ''Purusha'', the self (in the minimal sense of awareness or sentience), which itself is not distinct from ''Prakriti''.<ref name="Prakriti 101">{{Harvnb|Zacharias|2008}}, p.100-101</ref> A written commentary that throws light on Aravindan's interpretation of the play precedes his film proper. The opening scroll reads, "This film is an interpretation of the ''Uttara Kanda'' of the ''Ramayana''. Our mythologies and the epics are constantly re-created in retellings. The epic is the basis for this visual interpretation as well. This film deviates from established norms in how it visualises the protagonists and portrays the course of events in the epic."<ref name="Prakriti 101"/> The scroll explains that the film will try to reflect what it calls the epic's ''adi-sankalpam'' (original conception) of the theme and the protagonists. It states that "the inner essence of the film is that woman is ''Prakriti''.<ref name="Prakriti 101"/> Ultimately ''Purusha'', here conceived of as the masculine self, dissolves into ''Prakriti''. [[Ezhuthachan]]'s ''Adhyathma Ramayana'', one of the first Malayalam poems, also views Rama as ''Purusha'' and Sita as ''Prakriti''.<ref name="Prakriti 101"/> Aravindan stated in an interview that "C. N. [Sreekantan Nair] had made clear the ''prakriti''-''purusha'' notion in ''Ramayana''". But Aravindan took the extraordinary cinematic step of representing Sita as Prakriti.<ref name="Aravindan interview2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/aravindan_df3.html|title=Interview: G. Aravindan on Kanchana Sita|publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref>

===Significance of the title===
The title alludes to the golden image of Sita that Rama sets by his side while he performs the ''Ashvamedha yaga''. The ''yaga'', a symbol of imperial power, requires that the king who performs it be accompanied by his wife. Since Rama had abandoned Sita twelve years earlier, the ''kulaguru'' (family preceptor), Vasishta, advises that he place a golden image of Sita at his side.<ref name="Panorama Kanchana Sita">{{Harvnb|Mathew|1977}} Rama Re-filmed, p.?</ref>

===Differences between the play and ''Ramayana''===
Malayalam playwright [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]] wrote his magnum opus play ''[[Kanchana Sita (play)|Kanchana Sita]]'' in 1961. He took the inspiration for this play from the ''Uttara Kanda'' (''kāṇḍa'': chapter) of ''Ramayana''. ''Uttara Kanda'' is the seventh and last book of ''Ramayana''. It concerns the final years of Rama, Sita, and Rama's brothers,{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} and is regarded to be a later addition to Valmiki's original story.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The play is the first of Sreekantan Nair's dramatic trilogy based on the ''Ramayana''. The others are ''Saketham'' and ''Lankalakshmi''. A reworking of ''Ramayana'', the play is about the tragedy of power and the sacrifices demanded by adherence to [[dharma]], including abandoning a chaste wife.<ref name=Writing>{{cite web
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/21/stories/2005082101820200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070811132325/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/21/stories/2005082101820200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 11 August 2007
| title = Retelling the Ramayana
| access-date =23 May 2011
| author=K. Venkiteswaran
| date = 21 August 2005
| work = [[The Hindu]]
|location=India
}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sreekantan Nair|Joseph|2005}}</ref>

''Kanchana Sita'' was developed by Aravindan, based on the play. The screenplay and dialogues of the film were written by Aravindan himself. The film is conceived differently from both Nair's play and the original ''Uttara Kanda'' of ''Ramayana''. If the ''Uttara Kanda'''s critique of sovereign power is buried in the ''karmic'' webs of Rama's life, Nair's play carries a sharply materialistic edge in its critique of ''[[Kshatriya]]''-''[[Brahmin]]ical'' power.<ref name="Prakriti 101"/> In contrast with both, Aravindan's thematic content is much more directly focused on Rama's inner conflict between ''moksha'' (the desire for enlightenment) and ''artha'' (the desire for sovereign power).<ref name="Prakriti 101"/> Sita does not appear in the film at all, but is depicted as ''prakriti'', or all-pervading nature, and the different moods of Sita are shown as different aspects of nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://girder.docuweb.ca/India/news/pr/synopsis.html|title=Kanchana Sita ( A feature film in Malayalam, with English sub-titles) Synopsis|publisher=High Commission of India|date=12 November 1997|access-date=20 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817061818/http://girder.docuweb.ca/India/news/pr/synopsis.html|archive-date=17 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nair rewrote the final section of Valmiki's ''Ramayana'' as a critique of Brahminical privilege and political repression.<ref name="Prakriti 99"/> Using Nair's play only a starting point, Aravindan transformed the script according to his interpretation of Indian philosophy and his minimalist aesthetic. He replaced Nair's crisply-articulated exchanges of dialogue with a cinematic meditation on Rama's separation from, and eventual union with Sita, thus carrying the concept of Sita as ''Prakriti'' to its visual limit.<ref name="Prakriti 99"/>

===Dialogues===
The play's main feature is its very eloquent, long, and authoritative dialogues, whereas the film is almost silent. Aravindan explains: "There are some specific reasons for deciding to have sparse dialogues in ''Kanchana Sita''. One, this episode taken from ''Ramayana'' is familiar to all. Two, ''Ramayana'' is not a supernatural reality for us, as it is ingrained in us. It is therefore not necessary to educate people about the film through lengthy dialogues. C. N. [Sreekantan Nair] had made clear the ''prakriti''-''purusha'' notion in ''Ramayana''. I did not think that Sita should come in the film in the form of a woman. That is why Sita appeared in the film as ''prakriti'' and ''Prakriti'' is a character in the film. When the emotions of Sita like pain, sadness, joy, and equanimity are manifested through the moods of ''Prakriti'', dialogue becomes redundant. I felt I could make the film without dialogue. Rama committing suicide – (I still feel it was – self immolation) had haunted me very badly. With all these, my ''Kanchana Sita'' became very different. Words were required only for very essentials. The dialogues, which I used, were from C. N. [Sreekantan Nair]'s play. The doubt I had then was whether my Rama and Lakshmana (as they were ordinary people) could use such an eloquent Sanskritised language."<ref name="Aravindan interview"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Akademi|1998}}, p.38</ref> In another interview, he said, "Dialogues are there to carry on the storyline and make it move. But when it comes to well-known stories, dialogues ceases to be an essential ingredient." Dialogue was, however, included in ''Kanchana Sita'' at the end of the movie to discuss the responsibilities of the king.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dhawan|1992}}, p.61</ref>

===Characterisation===
The film significantly differs from all other adaptations of ''Ramayana'' in the characterisation of the central characters, including Rama and Lakshmana. The characters are humanised, contrary to the way divine characters from Indian mythology are usually depicted in visual media.<ref name="Aravindan remembered">{{Harvnb|Kutty|2005}} Aravindan remembered, p.35</ref> Rama has a pot belly, while Lakshmana has pockmarks on his face. In an interview, Aravindan stated, "Our sculptures are large in size and exude strength and vitality, which is absent in murals. The Rama of ''Kanchana Sita'' exudes the strength and vitality of our sculptures. He is not just a plain frontal image. The wandering tribals we encounter here and there with their medicines also share this quality. I enquired and found that these people are settled in villages near the Godavari River. Apart from this they also believe that they belong to the same race. That is why I cast two of them in my film."<ref name="Aravindan interview"/>

Similarly, Aravindan deliberately did not give a superhuman quality to Rama and Lakshmana. Only when they interact with Nature do they rise to the levels of God and go beyond the ordinary. In Aravindan's own words, "otherwise they would have been the same as anybody else." Diametrically opposed to this, Valmiki is given an appropriate form and beauty.<ref name="Aravindan interview"/>

==Production==
The film was produced by K. Ravindran Nair, who produced some of the most significant films that put Malayalam cinema on the world map. His productions also include memorable films of Aravindan, such as ''[[Thampu]]'' (1978), ''[[Kummatty]]'' (1979), ''[[Esthappan]]'' (1980), and ''[[Pokkuveyil]]'' (1981).<ref name="producer"/>

===Casting===
{{quote box|width=40%|align=right|bgcolor=lightblue|quote="Unfortunately a controversy arose because I had cast tribals. They have classical features and are marvellous actors. Yet I was accused of blasphemy."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/c7693440bca3c3d7652572d000265e53/$FILE/A0190092.pdf|title=Aravindan, film-maker of poetic vision, dead|author=Khalid Mohamed|date=16 March 1991|access-date=20 July 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213426/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/c7693440bca3c3d7652572d000265e53/$FILE/A0190092.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>|source= - ''[[G. Aravindan]]'s response to the controversies created due to the casting of tribals in the roles of the epic heroes.''}}
In ''Kanchana Sita'', the roles of the epic heroes like are played by ''[[Adivasi]]s'' (tribal members) from [[Andhra Pradesh]] known as the [[Chenchu|Rama Chenchus]] (also known as ''Koyas''), who claim that they are the descendants of the [[Ikshvaku clan]], to which Rama belonged.<ref name="Aravindan's art">{{Harvnb|Kumar|2010}}, p.?</ref> Aravindan's idea was not to use conventional actors, but to find people who had reached the state of awareness that the role required. Rama Chenchu healers play the central roles of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, Lava, and Kusha. Shambukha was played by a wayside ''tapasvi'', while a destitute woman acted in the role of his wife. The credited cast of the film includes Ramdas, Venkateswarlu, Chinna Pulliah, Kesava Panicker, Krishnan, Pottiah, Rangiah, Siva, Sobha Kiran, and Annapurna.<ref name="Panorama Filmography">{{Harvnb|Mathew|1977}} Filmography: Kanchana Sita, p.?</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Dharap|1978}}, p.90</ref> The name of each village chief is Ramdas. The tribal who acted as Rama is also a village chief.<ref name="Aravindan interview">{{Harvnb|Jayaram|1992}}, pp.26–28</ref> Valmiki's character was played by poet and dramatist [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]'s brother Kesava Panicker.<ref>{{cite news |title= കാവാലം നാരായണപ്പണിക്കരുടെ സഹോദരൻ |newspaper= [[Malayala Manorama]] |location= [[Kottayam|Kottayam, India]] |date= 12 May 2013 |page= 10 |language= ml |trans-title=Obituary: Kavalam Narayana Panicker's brother }}</ref> Director [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]] gave voice for this character.<ref name="Aravindan interview"/> When asked how he got the idea to use tribals for the film, Aravindan said, "These tribals come to [[Trivandrum]] to sell herbal medicine. They are extremely intelligent. In fact, the tribals inhabiting the nine villages around the Godavari river in Andhra are supposed to have the highest I.Q. among Indian tribals. The tribe I selected is known as the Rama Chenchus. They claim to belong to the dynasty of Rama. Physically, I feel, they fit the description given by Valmiki."<ref name="Thampu">{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/79504FAA626DB2A265256940004D0E1C|title=A Film Maker Pitches His Tent|work=The Times of India|location=India|author=Kavita Nagpal|date=31 December 1978|access-date=21 May 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This experiment in casting resulted in several difficulties during production. A precise detailing had to be done because most of the actors could only react to demonstrated instructions.<ref name="Thampu"/> Communication with the actors was carried out with the help of Manmohan Dutt, painter and lecturer at the College of Fine Arts, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. Dutt also accompanied Aravindan and his associate, journalist and filmmaker [[Chintha Ravi]], on a preliminary trip to Andhra Pradesh to finalise the locations.<ref name="Prakriti 103">{{Harvnb|Zacharias|2008}}, p.103</ref>

===Filming===
The film was shot in colour in less than three weeks during November and December 1976, entirely in Andhra Pradesh, partly on the banks of the [[Godavari]], partly at Undavalli in [[Vijayawada]], and in the [[Vicarabad]] forest belt in [[Telangana]].<ref name="Panorama">{{cite journal|title=Rama Re-filmed|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|journal=Indian Cinema|editor=Rani Burra|author=Ammu Mathew}}</ref> Aravindan abandoned the typical alternation in setting of mythological films and dance dramas, including Sreekantan Nair's play, by moving Rama's story into the landscape ''Adivasis'', imagining Ayodhya in the forest. Its places are forest caves, its streets are tracks in the wilderness, and its [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]] is the Godavari river winding through rural Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Prakriti 102">{{Harvnb|Zacharias|2008}}, p.102</ref> Aravindan identified locations {{convert|160|km}} away from [[Rajahmundry]], along the expanse of Godavari river and its ribbed red earth banks.<ref name="Prakriti 102"/> Cinematographer-turned-director [[Shaji N. Karun]] wields the camera. Karun has been a recurring collaborator in Aravindan's films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/24/stories/2006032402540500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030084821/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/24/stories/2006032402540500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2007|title=I need cinema to live|location=India|date=24 March 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref> He was assisted by popular cinematographer S. Kumar who was in his early days of career.<ref>{{Harvnb|Venu|2004}}, p.8</ref>

Filming took place at the time when [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] was declared in India. Police were combing the entire area around Rajamundhry in their hunt for the Maoist [[People's War Group]]. Members of the production team were interrogated by the police several times because they looked different from the natives.<ref name="Prakriti 103"/>

The film was completed using simple devices such as table fans to rustle the leaves.<ref name="Aravindan interview"/> A few unexpected things happened for the good while shooting the climax scene. For instance, a rare and unexpected early morning mist on the banks of Godavari made the whole scene ethereal.<ref name="Aravindan interview"/>

==Reception==
The film received mixed reviews from critics,<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/culture-cauldron/silence-of-frames-re-visiting-thampu/articleshow/3743104.cms?curpg=2|title=Silence of Frames: Re-visiting Thampu|author=Vidyarthy Chatterjee|work=The Economic Times |location=India|date=22 November 2008|access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> but is widely regarded as a landmark film in Indian cinema history. It is credited with the formation of a new trend towards [[independent filmmaking]] in South India.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chaosmag.in/aravindan.html
| title = G. Aravindan's profile
| access-date = 11 April 2011
| publisher = India Film Database
| archive-date = 12 September 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912052135/http://www.chaosmag.in/aravindan.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Britannica|2003}}, p.395</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' described ''Kanchana Sita'' as one of the most poetic films in Malayalam.<ref name="producer">{{cite web
| url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061951190200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090623155746/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061951190200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 23 June 2009
| title = The alchemist of cinema
| access-date =11 April 2011
| author=C. S. Venkiteswaran
| date = 19 June 2009
| work = [[The Hindu]]
|location=India
}}</ref> Scholar V. Rajakrishnan noted that Aravindan had not fully considered the implications of locating Rama's story in an ''Adivasi'' community. Rajakrishnan pointed out that the rigid economy of expression and the subdued acting styles, which appear to render all dialogue artificial, reduce the element of human drama that is so prominent in Sreekantan Nair's play.<ref name="Prakriti 104">{{Harvnb|Zacharias|2008}}, p.104</ref> Poet and scholar [[Ayyappa Panicker]] views Sita's absence as typical of Aravindan's style, in which there is a conscious, meticulous effort "not to communicate in order to communicate". Panicker described Aravindan's expressive style using his own concept of ''antarasannivesa'', or the poetics of interiorisation. "Sita is not a woman, or an individual, but an eternal concept in the film", Panicker said in an interview.<ref name="Prakriti 106">{{Harvnb|Zacharias|2008}}, p.106</ref> ''The Hindu'' critic Sashi Kumar stated, "In the film, Aravindan synthesises into a consummate whole his marginality principle and his anthropomorphic contemplation of nature."<ref name="Aravindan's art"/> Vidyarthy Chatterjee of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' said, "Visually stunning in many passages and using sound in such a manner as to make for heightened aesthetic pleasure, ''Kanchana Sita'' is a milestone that has unfortunately been bypassed by many who would have done better to focus on its innovative elements".<ref name="ET"/> Yves Thoraval said, "''Kanchana Sita'' is a visually dazzling film illustrating this long mythological episode potentially rich in dialogue but of which G. Aravindan has chosen to make a non-realist, virtually silent and contemplative film by calling up a tribal population to portray the mythological characters".<ref>{{Harvnb|Thoraval|2000}} Kanchana Sita: The Equation of Woman with Nature, p.402</ref>

The [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] was given to Aravindan for "the film's courageous and uncompromising exploration of an ancient epic theme through a pronouncedly new cinematic language, for making the camera speak more eloquently than the introspective characters of the ''Ramayana'', for projecting against the vast backdrop of nature, for matching profound philosophical ideas with astonishing evocations of the beauties of the physical world".<ref name="25 NFA">{{Harvnb|Directorate of Film Festivals|1977}} 25th National Film Awards, p.?</ref>

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology |last=Zacharias |first=Usha |year=2008|editor=Paula Richman|chapter=Union with Nature: Prakriti and sovereignty in Aravindan's Kanchana Sita|pages=99–107|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-34988-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Aravindan and His Films|last=Jayaram|first=S. B.|year=1992|pages=1–36|publisher=Chalachitra |location=Trivandrum| oclc=33983644}}
* {{cite book|title = Retelling the Ramayana |first1=C. N. |last1=Sreekantan Nair |author-link1=C. N. Sreekantan Nair |author-link2=Sarah Joseph (author) |first2=Sarah |last2=Joseph |year=2005|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New Delhi; Oxford|isbn=0-19-566623-2}}
* {{cite book|title = Bhashantaran Kala ek Parichaye|first=Madhu |last=Dhawan |year=1992|publisher=Vani Prakashan}}
* {{cite book|title = Malayalam Literary Survey |first=Kerala Sahitya |last=Akademi |author-link=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |year=1998|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=Thrissur|oclc=4602396}}
* {{cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=K.R. |title=Hindu Spirituality: Vedas through Vedanta|editor=Krishna Sivaraman, Bithika Mukerji|publisher=Crossroad Publishing |year=1989|pages=106–126|chapter=The Ideal of Perfect Life : The Ramayana|isbn=978-0-8245-0755-8|location=New York|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPYp7_kMBK4C&pg=PA106}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=C.|year=1997|title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-0365-5|pages=155–157}}
* {{cite book|last=Dharap|first=B. V.|year=1978|title=Indian Films|publisher=[[National Film Archive of India]]|oclc=1790604|page=90}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Britannica|2003}} |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |location=Chicago |isbn=0-85229-961-3 |page=395}}
* {{cite book|last=Thoraval|first=Yves|year=2000|title=The Cinemas of India|publisher=Macmillan India|location=Delhi|isbn=0-333-93410-5|page=402}}
* {{cite book|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|title=Indian Cinema 1977–78|editor=Rani Burra|first=Ammu |last=Mathew |date=1977}}
* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Directorate of Film Festivals|1977}} |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=27NFA.pdf |title=25th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |year=1977 |access-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170417/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=27NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|url = https://frontline.thehindu.com/editors-pick/aravindans-art/article32943834.ece/ |title=Aravindan's art |first=Sashi |last=Kumar |date = 2–15 January 2010 |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://old.kerala.gov.in/keralacalmar_08/pg34-35.pdf|title=Aravindan remembered |first=K. V. Raman |last=Kutty |journal=Kerala Calling|date=March 2005|access-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823161820/http://old.kerala.gov.in/keralacalmar_08/pg34-35.pdf|archive-date=23 August 2011|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|last=Siddhinathananda|first=Swami |title=The Role of the Ramayana in Indian Cultural Lore|journal=[[Vedanta Kesari]]|url=http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/vedanta_kesari/ramayana.php}}
* {{cite journal|last=Venu|first=K. B. |date=2004 |title=The Palette of Nature|journal=Images|url=http://webperf.kodak.com/IN/plugins/acrobat/en/motion/publications/images/archived/apriljune04.pdf|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902044316/http://webperf.kodak.com/IN/plugins/acrobat/en/motion/publications/images/archived/apriljune04.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2011|url-status=dead}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0076254}}
* [https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?5276 ''Kanchana Sita''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

{{G. Aravindan}}

[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. Aravindan]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

Intermediate public transport

2026-03-01T11:42:15Z

Pranjal mishra: Adding Initial Stub Basic Info...

{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Short description|Flexible form of public transit}}
'''Intermediate public transport (IPT)''', also known as [[paratransit]] in some contexts, encompasses a range of hired road vehicles that offer flexible passenger transportation services. Unlike traditional [[public transit]], IPT does not operate on a fixed schedule and may vary in its adherence to set routes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Aishwarya |last2=Manoj |first2=M. |last3=Tiwari |first3=Geetam |date=2022-12-01 |title=A review of studies on service quality of intermediate public transport |journal=IATSS Research |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=537–546 |doi=10.1016/j.iatssr.2022.09.002 |issn=0386-1112|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Intermediate public transport and paratransit are distinct concepts, and merging or redirecting one to the other can misrepresents both. While both involve transport modes outside formal mass transit, their purpose, user groups, contexts, and operational models differ, intermediate public transport, especially as used in [[developing countries]], refers to informal or semi-formal small-scale public transport modes like [[auto-rickshaw]]s, tempos, and shared [[minibus]]es, designed for the general public to fill mass transit gaps affordably. In contrast, paratransit, especially as defined in North American and European contexts, refers primarily to flexible, [[Demand-responsive transport|demand-responsive services]] catering to specific populations (such as persons with disabilities) or low-density areas underserved by formal systems. Importantly, IPT modes are a permanent and essential part of the transport ecosystem in many cities, while paratransit often serves as an auxiliary or complementary service. Therefore, equating IPT with paratransit can introduce geographical bias and also underplay the significant and distinct role that IPT plays in the [[Global South]].

The concept of intermediate public transport exhibits considerable variation between developed and developing nations. In developed countries, it is typically a flexible, [[Demand-responsive transport|demand-responsive form of public transportation]] designed to provide [[Point-to-point transit|point-to-point service]]. These systems are generally well-structured and organized. In developing countries, IPT often operates as an informal, cost-effective alternative to formal transportation modes. It tends to be unorganized and subject to minimal government regulation, serving as a prevalent form of spontaneous public transport that facilitates quick and convenient travel.<ref name=":0" />

The importance of IPT may extends beyond mobility, as it can also contribute to the economic well-being of those who operate these services. In some cases, drivers of vehicles such as tempos and autorickshaws can earn a substantial daily income, which supports their livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite report |last1=Mall|first1=Udit Narayan|first2=Samradh Singh |last2=Chauhan|first3= Nilanshu|last3= Ghosh|first4= Himani|last4= Jain|place= New Delhi|publisher =Council on Energy, Environment and Water|date=April 2023 |title=How Does Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) System Operate in Lucknow? |url=https://www.ceew.in/publications/how-does-intermediate-public-transport-system-operate-in-lucknow }}</ref>

== Defining IPT in different contexts ==
The concept of intermediate public transport exhibits considerable variation between [[developed nations|developed]] and [[developing nations]]. In developed countries, it is typically a flexible, demand-responsive form of public transportation designed to provide point-to-point service. These systems are generally well-structured and organized. In developing countries, IPT often operates as an informal, cost-effective alternative to formal transportation modes. It tends to be unorganized and subject to minimal government regulation, serving as a prevalent form of spontaneous public transport that facilitates quick and convenient travel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lave |first1=Roy E. |last2=Mathias |first2=Rosemary G. |date=2009 |title=Paratransit Systems |url=https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c05/e6-40-02-03.pdf |journal=Transportation Engineering and Planning |volume=I}}</ref>

== Historical context ==
The concept of intermediate public transport has evolved over time, adapting to the changing needs of urban mobility in different parts of the world. In developing countries, IPT emerged organically as a response to inadequate formal public transportation systems. In India, for example, [[cycle rickshaw]]s appeared in the 1940s, followed by auto-rickshaws in the 1950s. These modes filled the gap between walking and formal public transport, providing flexible and affordable mobility options for short to medium distances. In Africa and parts of Asia, informal minibus services known variously as [[matatu]]s, [[dalla-dalla]]s, or [[jeepney]]s have long served as a crucial form of public transport. These evolved from [[shared taxi]]s and grew to become an integral part of urban mobility in many cities. The rise of digital technologies in the 21st century has led to new forms of IPT, such as app-based [[ride-hailing service]]s. These platforms have blurred the lines between traditional taxis and paratransit, offering new levels of flexibility and convenience. Today, IPT continues to play a vital role in urban mobility worldwide, particularly in developing countries where it often serves as the primary mode of public transport for many residents.

== City-specific implementations and local nomenclature ==
{| class="wikitable"
!City
!Local name
!Vehicle type
!Primary role
!Est. capacity
!Regulation type
!Market share
|-
!Manila
|'''[[Jeepney]]'''
|Stretched military jeep
|Main arterial transit; often follows fixed corridors.
|15–20
|
|
|-
!Nairobi
|'''[[Matatu]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shourabh |date=2022-08-04 |title=The matatus of Nairobi: A necessary bane |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/africa/the-matatus-of-nairobi-a-necessary-bane-84157 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>
|Minibus
|Primary city-wide transit; organized via private cooperatives; highly flexible routing
|14–32
|
|
|-
!Mexico City
|'''[[Pesero]] / microbus'''
|Sedan or small bus
|Fills gaps in the metro network; serves peripheral neighborhoods.
|4–22
|
|
|-
!Jakarta
|'''[[Angkot]] / Bajaj'''
|Minivan / 3-wheeler
|Localized feeder services to main road networks.
|3–11
|
|
|-
!Kolkata
|'''[[Auto-rickshaw]] / [[Electric rickshaw|Toto]]'''
|3-wheeler (electric/gas)
|Last-mile connectivity; specifically helps in high-density areas.
|3–6
|
|
|-
!Lagos
|'''[[Danfo]]'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nwaedozie |first=Uche |last2=Ugboma |first2=Ogochukwu |last3=Hassan |first3=Abdulsobur |last4=Mogaji |first4=Emmanuel |date=2023 |title=Danfo in Lagos, Nigeria: Unregulated, Unsafe, and Unreliable, Yet Meeting the Growing Transport Needs |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4450539 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4450539 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> '''/ molue'''
|Volkswagen Transporter van / yellow minibus or large bus
|Vital transport backbone; often highly congested corridors; high-frequency trunk and feeder service.
|12–40
|
|
|-
!Bangkok
|'''[[Tuk-tuk]] / [[songthaew]]'''
|3-wheeler / pickup truck
|Tourism-focused (tuk-tuk) vs. community feeder (songthaew).
|3–12
|
|
|-
!Lima
|'''Combi'''
|Van / minibus
|Dominant informal transit; often competes directly with formal buses.
|10–15
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sustainable transport]]
[[Category:Paratransit services]]
[[Category:Demand-responsive transport]]

{{Transport-stub}}

G. V. Kumar

2026-02-23T20:28:34Z

Pranjal mishra: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Puli Varudhu]]

Castella de Aguada

2026-02-16T07:47:28Z

Pranjal mishra: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Coastal fort in Mumbai, India}}
{{About|the fort in Bandra, Mumbai|the fort in Goa|Fort Aguada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Castella de Aguada
| native_name = Bandra Fort, Vandre Killa
| partof =
| location = [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], India
| image = Bandra-fort-mumbai.jpg
| caption = Panorama of Castella de Aguada
| map_type =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.041770|72.818580|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline}}
| type = [[Land battery]]
| code =
| height =
| architect =
| ownership = *[[Portuguese Empire]] (1640–1739)
*[[Maratha Kingdom]] (1739–1774)
*[[East India Company]] (1774–1947)
*[[Government of India]] (1947- Present)
| open_to_public = Yes
| condition = Restored
| built = {{Start date and age|1640|df=yes}}
| builder =
| used =
| materials = [[Basalt]] and [[Lime mortar]]
| demolished =
| battles = [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]
| current_commander =
| past_commanders =
| occupants =
| events =
}}
'''Castella de Aguada''' (corruption of ''Castelo da Aguada'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "Fort of the Waterpoint"), also known as the '''Bandra Fort''', is a fort located in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], India. "Castella" is a misspelling for Portuguese "Castelo" (castle), although it seems its Portuguese builders actually called it Forte de Bandorá (or Bandra Fort). It is located at [[Land's End, Bandra|Land's End]] in [[Bandra]]. It was built by the Portuguese in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking [[Mahim Bay]], the [[Arabian Sea]] and the southern island of [[Mahim]].<ref name="express">{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46848|title=Local 'army' offers to protect Mumbai's 'Castella'|last=Ball|first=Iain|date=19 March 2003|work=Mumbai Newsline|publisher=[[Express Group]]|access-date=16 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724015419/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46848|archive-date=24 July 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The strategic value of the fort was enhanced in 1661 after the Portuguese ceded the [[seven islands of Bombay]] that lay to the immediate south of Bandra to the [[English overseas possessions|English]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-16|title=Revisiting the forgotten forts – Part I- Castella de Aguada: History of the grand ruins in Bandra most Mumbaikars are oblivious to|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/revisiting-the-forgotten-forts-part-i-castella-de-aguada-history-of-the-grand-ruins-in-bandra-most-mumbaikars-are-oblivious-to/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The name indicates its origin as a place where fresh water was available in the form of a fountain ("Aguada") for Portuguese ships cruising the coasts in the initial period of Portuguese presence. The fort lies over several levels, from sea level to an altitude of {{convert|24|m|ft|0|}}.<ref name="express" /> Castella de Aguada has been featured in several Hindi films, such as ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' and ''[[Buddha Mil Gaya (film)|Buddha Mil Gaya]]''.<ref name="expressgroup">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=8743|title=Heritage is also Bollywood's preserve|last=Lambah|first=Abha Narain|date=4 February 2008|work=Mumbai Newsline|publisher=[[Express Group]]|access-date=29 December 2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==History==
The Portuguese, who had established a base in the area in 1534 after defeating [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], built several sea forts along the western Indian coastline. Castella de Aguada was one such strategically located fort, overlooking the Mahim Bay to the south, the Arabian Sea to the west, the islands of Worli to the south, and the town of Mahim to the southwest. The fort also guarded the northern sea route into [[Mumbai Harbour]]. This sea route, a large estuary, was later reclaimed from the sea in the nineteenth century. During the Portuguese rule, it was armed with seven cannons and other smaller guns as defence.<ref name="origins">{{cite book|last=D'Cunha|first=Jose Gerson|title=The Origins of Bombay|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Bombay|year=1900|edition=3|pages=212|chapter=IV The Portuguese Period|isbn=81-206-0815-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&q=the+origins+of+bombay|access-date=29 December 2008}}</ref> A freshwater spring in the vicinity supplied potable water to passing ships, thus lending the fort its name.<ref name="express" />

After the decline of the Portuguese in the early 18th century, the Marathas became the largest threat to [[British possessions]]. Sensing an impending Portuguese defeat, the British partially demolished the fort as a precautionary measure. The demolition would obviate the possibility of the fort being captured by the Marathas, with the possibility of it being used as a forward military base to attack British Bombay.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA2LzExLzI2I0FyMDA0MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717070114/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA2LzExLzI2I0FyMDA0MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2011|title=Govt Will Remain Owner Of The State's Heritage Sites But Corporate Caretaker, Too, Stands To Gain From Tie-Up |last=Marpakwar |first=Prafulla |date=26 November 2006|work=[[Times of India]]|publisher=[[Times Group]]|access-date=29 December 2008}}</ref>

In 1739, the island was invaded by the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]; it was ruled by them until 1774, when the British gained possession of the area during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. In 1830, the British donated large parts of [[Salsette Island]], including [https://www.google.com/maps/views/view/115215192429475734180/photo/I7RF6iht53sAAAQWoCUb-w Land's End] (Click to view the Photosphere), to [[Byramjee Jeejeebhoy]], a [[Parsi]] philanthropist. Jeejeeboy then established his residence on the hill where the fort is located, and the cape was renamed Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Point.<ref name="toi-bandra">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/18005656.cms|title=Bandra to get back a chunk of its past glory|date=4 August 2002|work=[[Times of India]]|publisher=[[Times Group]]|access-date=16 September 2008}}</ref>

==Conservation==
In 2003, a conservation program was started by Bandra Band Stand Residents' Trust to save the fort. It was spearheaded by a local Member of Parliament (MP), [[Shabana Azmi]], who funded part of the effort from her allotted funds. The brick arch of one of the gateways on the verge of collapse, and the foundation masonry of the fort wall that was in danger of tidal erosion were repaired. The nearby Taj Land's End hotel is responsible for maintenance of the fort, having inherited it from the previous owners.<ref name="express" />
[[File:Entrance to Bandra Fort.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the Castella de Aguada, or Fort of the Waterpoint]]
The fort is owned by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). Included in the fort makeover are the preservation of the natural rock formations, providing pathways, and the creation of an amphitheatre. The architect for the makeover was P.K. Das, who had earlier redesigned the [[Carter Road Promenade|Carter Road]] area.<ref name="toi-bandra"/>

On 6 October 2024 Bandra Fort opened after another round of restoration made which was criticized by the public for covering the stone walls in plaster. The work was done Savani Heritage Conservation Pvt Ltd with Sankraman Design Studio a consultant in charge. Conservation architects Shwetambari Shinde and Sapna Lakhe were also consultants. Shinde explained that lime plaster with brick dust was a common technique used by the Portuguese to cover and preserve stone walls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Row erupts over Mumbai’s Bandra fort restoration: ‘This isn’t a fort anymore’ |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-this-isnt-a-fort-anymore-row-erupts-over-bandra-fort-restoration-23408491 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mahim Fort]]
* [[Worli Fort]]
* [[List of forts in Mumbai]]
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Castella de Aguada}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Forts around Mumbai}}
{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{Forts in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Castella De Aguada}}
[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]
[[Category:Bandra]]
[[Category:Portuguese structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1640 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1640s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:17th-century forts in India]]

Nelson Wang

2026-02-11T14:50:08Z

Pranjal mishra: small adjust references for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Chinese-Indian restaurateur (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|t = 黃玉堂
|s = 黃玉堂<ref>{{citation|language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:感受印度 |page=8|isbn=978-7-5004-5356-7|publisher=China Social Sciences Publishing House|year=2007|author=Yuan Nansheng/袁南生}}</ref>
|p = Huáng Yùtáng
}}

'''Nelson Wang''' (born 1950) is an Indian restaurateur of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] descent and the founder of China Garden, a restaurant in [[Mumbai]]'s [[Kemps Corner]] neighborhood.<ref name="Self">{{citation|url=http://www.chinagardenindia.com/About-Nelson-Wang-Biography.aspx|publisher=China Garden Restaurant|title=Nelson Wang - The Master Chef|accessdate=2010-04-21|archive-date=16 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416091957/http://www.chinagardenindia.com/About-Nelson-Wang-Biography.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CNNGo">{{citation|periodical=CNN Go|url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/indian-chinese-food-598134|title=The short history of Indian Chinese food and where to breathe fire in Mumbai|date=2010-02-11|accessdate=2010-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027080218/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/indian-chinese-food-598134|archive-date=27 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Various sources credit him with the invention of the popular [[Indian Chinese cuisine|Indian/Chinese dish]] "[[Chicken Manchurian]]".<ref>{{citation|chapter=The Chinese community of Calcutta|title=Calcutta Mosaic: Essays and Interviews on the Minority Communities of Calcutta|editor-first=Himadri|editor-last=Banerjee|pages=131–142|first1=Sipra|last1=Mukherjee|first2=Sarvani|last2=Gooptu|year=2009|isbn=978-81-905835-5-8|publisher=Anthem Press}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Wang was born in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Rediff">{{citation|title=Bulls in China Garden|first=Pritish|last=Nandy|periodical=Rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/27nandy.htm|date=1999-10-27|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> He is the son of a [[Chinese community of Kolkata|Chinese immigrant]].<ref name="CNNGo"/> However, within a few days of his birth, his father died, and he was sent to live with a foster family by his mother. His foster father was a chef, to whom Wang attributes his own love of cooking.<ref name="Self"/>

==Early career==
[[File:Chicken Manchurian (Hyderabad Style) (11960049916).jpg|thumb|Chicken Manchurian served at a restaurant in Hyderabad]]

Wang came to [[Mumbai]] in 1974, with just [[Indian rupee|₹]]27 in his pocket.<ref name="DNA">{{citation|title=Manchurian Master: On the eve of the Chinese New Year, restaurateur Nelson Wang recounts the rise and rise of 'Manchurian' and 'Chinjabi' in India|first=Ismat|last=Tahseen|date=2008-02-05|accessdate=2010-04-21|periodical=Daily News and Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_manchurian-master_1149314}}</ref> His first job there was in a small restaurant in [[Colaba]].<ref name="Rediff"/> He also worked a variety of other odd jobs, including being a [[limbo (dance)|limbo dancer]], at which he claims to be skilled.<ref name="CNNGo"/> According to Wang himself, he was a cook at the [[Cricket Club of India]], when in 1975, a customer asked him to create a new dish, different from what was available on the menu.<ref name="CNNGo"/> He started by taking the basic ingredients of an Indian dish, namely chopped [[garlic]], [[ginger]], and [[green chili]]s; but next, instead of adding ''[[garam masala]]'', he put in [[soy sauce]] instead, followed by [[cornstarch]] and the chicken itself. The result was Chicken Manchurian.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2007/05/04/stories/2007050400070200.htm|periodical=The Hindu|date=2007-05-04|accessdate=2010-04-21|title=Taste and disdain: A tour of the country's interesting eating habits with a roving journalist|last=Bhagat|first=Rasheeda}}</ref>

==China Garden==
Wang branched out from his job at the CCI in 1983 to start his own restaurant.<ref name="DNA"/> His restaurant gained popularity, and won various awards proclaiming it "India's best restaurant".<ref name="Rediff"/> Wang and China Garden have also been credited with inventing or popularizing a number of other Indian Chinese dishes, including [[corn chowder|creamy corn cream]], [[chicken lollipop]]s, [[date pancake]]s and [[hot and sour soup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/indian-chinese-food-how-hakka-noodles-and-manchurian-started-a-cult-cuisine-1735894|title=Indian Chinese Food: How Hakka Noodles and Manchurian Started a Cult Cuisine}}</ref> He and his sons Henry and Eddie would go on to open several restaurants in various parts of India, including [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Gurugram]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Pune]] and [[Goa]]. It is available in Nepal also in [[Kathmandu]].<ref name="CNNGo"/>

The restaurant encountered trouble in 1999, when a court ordered him to close it for violating Coastal Regulation Zone rules about building floor area, in a case that took more than fourteen years. A [[Rediff]] columnist criticised the ruling as making "no sense".<ref name="Rediff"/><ref>{{citation|title=Today's special at China Garden: High Drama|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990805/ige05046.html|date=1999-08-05|accessdate=2010-04-21|periodical=Indian Express}}</ref> He reopened the restaurant at the [[Crossroads Mall (Mumbai)|Crossroads Mall]] in August 2000.<ref>{{citation|url=http://rediff.com/travel/evff.htm |periodical=Rediff|title=China Garden's new avtar|date=2000-09-29|accessdate=2010-04-21 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20000929045040/http://rediff.com/travel/evff.htm |archivedate = 2000-09-29}}</ref>

Since then, China garden has reopened in its original location at Om Chambers.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://chinagarden.in/ China Garden], Wang's restaurant

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Nelson}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Indian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian restaurateurs]]

Pavel (film director)

2026-02-09T06:07:43Z

Pranjal mishra: new the entry from scratch

{{short description|Bengali director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavel
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Pavel
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
| years_active = 2015–present
| notable_works = {{plainlist |
* [[Rosogolla (film)|Rosogolla]]
* [[Asur (film)|Asur]]
}}
| known_for =
| spouse =
}}
'''Pavel''' is an Indian [[film director]] and [[Screenwriter|screenplay writer]] who primarily works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/interview-of-bengali-director-pavel-after-the-success-of-bala-as-a-story-writer/amp_articleshow/72046363.cms|title=Eisamay Interview with Pavel|date=14 November 2019|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208162929/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/interview-of-bengali-director-pavel-after-the-success-of-bala-as-a-story-writer/amp_articleshow/72046363.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
He made his debut with the film ''[[Babar Naam Gandhiji]]'', which was followed by [[Rosogolla (film)|''Rosogolla'']]. His next film, ''[[Asur (film)|Asur]]'', was released on 3 January 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/dec/5/23480|title=Asur trailer: Clumsy, revealing all about its characters|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|date=5 December 2019|website=Cinestaan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208132652/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/dec/5/23480|url-status=live|archive-date=8 December 2019|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/another-poster-from-asur-abir-jeet-nusrat-and-more-details-revealed/articleshow/72379422.cms|title=Another poster from 'Asur': Abir, Jeet, Nusrat and more details revealed!|last=|first=|date=5 December 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> with [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Abir Chatterjee]] and [[Nusrat Jahan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/jeet-abir-chatterjee-and-nusrat-jahan-share-memorable-moments-from-the-sets-of-asur/cid/1716832|title=Pavel to work with Jeet|date=4 November 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Story
!Screenplay
!Language
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Bawal (film)]]''
|{{No}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>.{{cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=TOLLY-YOUNG-TURKS-ON-THE-RISE-13062015103003&Mode=1 |title=TOLLY YOUNG TURKS ON THE RISE |work=The Times of India |accessdate=13 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106092617/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/ |archivedate=6 November 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Babar Naam Gandhiji]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-looking-forward-to-pavels-babar-naam-gandhiji/articleshow/64718204.cms|title=Prosenjit, Jeet looked forward to Pavels debut film|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2018
|''[[Shonar Pahar]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|''[[Rosogolla (film)|Rosogolla]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pavels-rosogolla-receiving-love-all-around/articleshow/67225356.cms|title=Pavel's Rosogolla receiving love from all|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2019
|''[[Baccha Shoshur]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeet-looking-forward-to-pavels-babar-naam-gandhiji/articleshow/64718204.cms|title=Pavel writes for Jeet|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pavel-opens-up-on-bala/articleshow/71721124.cms|title=Pavel opens up for Bala|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2020
|''[[Asur (film)|Asur]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeets-unkempt-avatar-abirs-shady-character-the-biggest-durga-idol-asur-has-all-elements-to-engage-cine-buffs/articleshow/72326484.cms|title=Asur trailer is very intriguing and exciting|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''[[Kolkata Chalantika]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|Mon Kharap
|Yes
|Yes
|Yes
|Bengali
|
|-
|Doctor Kaku
|yes
|
|
|Bengali
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]

Neera Yadav (civil servant)

2026-02-09T04:53:12Z

Pranjal mishra: entry

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and fraudster}}
{{For|the Jharkhand education minister|Neera Yadav (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neera Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Welham Girls' School]], [[Dehradun]]
| occupation = Former officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS)
| spouse = Mahendra Singh Yadav
| known_for = IAS officer convicted for fraud
| criminal_charges = Misuse of official position, fraud
| criminal_penalty = Four years' rigorous imprisonment
| criminal_status = [[Convicted]]
}}

'''Neera Yadav''' is a former officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) who was convicted of fraud. She is originally from [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]],<ref name=conviction/>

== Early life ==
Yadav studied at [[Welham Girls' School]], [[Dehradun]]. She was part of the 1971 batch of IAS service graduates. She is married to Mahendra Singh Yadav, an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]] who later resigned from the service to pursue his political career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Neera-Yadav-Once-the-Noida-authority/721781/|title=Neera Yadav: Once the Noida authority|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|date=8 December 2010|accessdate=8 December 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010223742/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Neera-Yadav-Once-the-Noida-authority/721781/|archivedate=10 October 2012}}</ref>

== Career ==
She was posted to different positions in the bureaucracy in Uttar Pradesh. She became well known as district magistrate of Jaunpur district during the flood crisis for her daring rescue operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mobile.in.msn.com/en-in/national/articles.aspx?aid=4672469&afid=-1|title="Most corrupt IAS officer" sentenced, breaks down|work=[[The Indian Express]]| via = [[MSN Mobile]]|accessdate=8 December 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714123646/http://news.mobile.in.msn.com/en-in/national/articles.aspx?aid=4672469&afid=-1|archivedate=14 July 2011}}</ref> Later she was selected among the top three most corrupt IAS officers of Uttar Pradesh in a vote of her colleagues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/302151/UP-ex-chief-secy-Neera-Yadav-Flex-chief-get-4-yr-term-for-graft.html|title=UP ex-chief secy Neera Yadav, Flex chief get 4-yr term for graft|work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|date=8 December 2010|accessdate=8 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/jan/15up.htm|title=Neera Yadav's largesse benefited politicians of all hues|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1996|first=Sharat|last=Pradhan|accessdate=5 November 2018}}</ref> She was appointed the Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh, later resigning the position after a decision by the [[Supreme Court of India]], thus becoming the second IAS officer in succession after Akhand Pratap Singh to have done so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_mulayam-honours-sc-verdict-neera-yadav-goes_4761|title=Mulayam honours SC verdict, Neera Yadav goes|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=6 October 2005|accessdate=8 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110861904.html|title=UP Chief Secretary resigns.|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=3 December 2003|accessdate=8 December 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

After retirement, she joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2009 but resigned after media questions over the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/former-uttar-pradesh-chief-secretary-husband-join-bjp_100172866.html|title=Former Uttar Pradesh chief secretary, husband join BJP|publisher=Thaindian News|date=29 March 2009|accessdate=8 December 2010|archive-date=30 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330160630/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/former-uttar-pradesh-chief-secretary-husband-join-bjp_100172866.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cong-slams-bjp-for-inducting-corrupt-exias-officer/89210-37.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013220754/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cong-slams-bjp-for-inducting-corrupt-exias-officer/89210-37.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2012|title=Cong slams BJP for inducting corrupt ex-IAS officer|publisher=[[Network 18]]|date=1 April 2009|accessdate=8 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wn.com/Inducting_Neera_was_a_mistake_BJP_leader|title=Inducting Neera Was A Mistake Bjp Leader|publisher=[[World News Network|World News]]|accessdate=8 December 2010}}</ref>

== Crime ==
In December 2010 Yadav was sentenced to four years' rigorous imprisonment after being convicted of misusing her official position as IAS officer of Uttar Pradesh to allot land fraudulently in [[Noida]] to Flex Industries, owned by industrialist [[Ashok Chaturvedi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Land-allotment-case-Ex-UP-chief-secy-Neera-Yadav-gets-4-years-in-jail/articleshow/7058450.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104035109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-07/india/28241389_1_neera-yadav-chief-secy-allotment|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Land allotment case: Ex-UP chief secy Neera Yadav gets 4 years in jail|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 December 2010|access-date=8 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ex-uttar-pradesh-chief-secretary-neera-yadav-jailed-for-land-scam_1477868|title=Ex-Uttar Pradesh chief secretary Neera Yadav jailed for land scam|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=7 December 2010|accessdate=8 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.dailypioneer.com/ThePioneer/Pioneer/2010/12/08/ArticleHtmls/08_12_2010_001_031.shtml|title=UP ex-chief secy Neera Yadav, Flex chief get 4-yr term for graft|publisher=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]|accessdate=8 December 2010}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 20 November 2012 a special CBI court sentenced Neera Yadav to 3 years' imprisonment for the Noida plot scam that happened between 1993 and 1995.<ref name="TOI_29_Aug_2022">{{cite news |author= |date=29 August 2022 |title= Noida & a trail of corruption |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/noida-a-trail-of-corruption/articleshow/93843286.cms|work= The Times of India |location= India |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-neera-yadav-gets-3-years-in-jail-1767284 | title=Neera Yadav gets 3 years in jail | date=21 November 2012 | work=Daily News and Analysis | accessdate=5 November 2018 }}</ref> At that time she was serving as the Noida Authority CEO.<ref name="TOI_29_Aug_2022"/> She fraudulently allotted one plot for herself, one for her husband and one each for her two daughters [a total of 4 plots for her and her family],<ref name="TOI_29_Aug_2022"/> knowing that the rules allowed only one plot of land to one family.<ref name="NDTV_2_Aug_2017">{{cite news |author= |date=2 August 2017 |title= Noida Land Scam: Supreme Court Reduces Sentence of Ex-UP Chief Secretary |url= https://www.ndtv.com/noida-news/noida-land-scam-supreme-court-reduces-sentence-of-ex-up-chief-secretary-1732579|publisher= NDTV |location= India |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

On 2 August 2017 the [[Supreme Court of India]] sentenced Neera Yadav to two years' imprisonment in the Noida land allotment scam.<ref name=conviction>{{cite news|title=Noida land allotment scam: Supreme Court sentences Neera Yadav and Rajiv Kumar to two years' imprisonment|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/noida-land-allotment-scam-supreme-court-sentences-neera-yadav-and-rajiv-kumar-to-two-years-imprisonment-4778471/|accessdate=2 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=2 August 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Neera}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Corruption in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Criminals from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]

Karnataka State Women's University

2026-02-07T10:29:20Z

Pranjal mishra: general rework details per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|State University in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women University Vijayapura
| image = Akkamahadevi Women's University logo.jpg
| established = {{start date and age|August 2003}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kswu.ac.in/about.php | title=About KSWU | access-date=18 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205124402/http://www.kswu.ac.in/about.php | archive-date=5 December 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| chancellor = [[Governor of Karnataka]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ಕುಲಾಧಿಪತಿಗಳು |url=https://www.kswu.ac.in/chancellor |website=www.kswu.ac.in}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Vijaya B. Korishetti <ref>{{cite web |title=ಕುಲಪತಿಗಳು |url=https://www.kswu.ac.in/vice-chancellor |website=www.kswu.ac.in |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>
| city = [[Vijayapura, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = [http://www.ka.kswu.ac.in www.ka.kswu.ac.in]
}}

'''Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women University Vijayapura''' (KSAWU, Vijayapura) also known as '''Karnataka State Women's University''' was established in August 2003 and is the first university exclusively for women in the state of [[Karnataka]]. It is in the city of Vijayapur (formerly known as [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]]). '''Prof. Vijaya B. Korishetti''' is Vice-Chancellor.<ref>{{Cite web | title =Karnataka State Women’s University Bijapur| work =Higher Education in India | publisher =Education in India | url =http://www.highereducationinindia.com/universities/karnataka-state-womens-university.php | access-date =2010-03-18 }}</ref>

It is recognized under 2(f) and 12(B) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Act. Seventy women's colleges spread in twelve districts of north Karnataka are affiliated to this university.

It offers UG programmes leading to bachelor's degree in Arts, Business Administration, Computer Applications, Commerce, Education, Fashion Technology, Home Science, Physical Education, Science and Social Work. It also offers 20 PG courses, PG diploma and certificate courses in the Faculties of Arts, Commerce and Management, Social Sciences, Science and Technology and Education.<ref>{{cite web | title=About KSWU | url=http://www.kswu.ac.in/about.php | access-date=18 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205124402/http://www.kswu.ac.in/about.php | archive-date=5 December 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Departments and Faculty ==
There are about 8 departments on the University campus in totality. Namely, Department of Humanities, Social Science, Science and Technology, Management Studies, Studies in Education and Research, Physical Education, Director of Sports and Centre for Yoga Studies.

=== Humanities Department ===
The humanities department is further divided into various subjects. There is a department of Kannada, department of English, department of Hindi, department of Urdu and a Centre for Performing Arts. Most of these sub-departments offer MA, MPhil and PhD. Some of them go even further than that to provide PG Diploma in the spectrum of subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ka.kswu.ac.in/dept-of-kannada|title=Dept. of Kannada|website=ka.kswu.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

=== Social Sciences Department ===
The social sciences department offers courses in economics, history, journalism and mass communication, library and information science, social work, sociology, political science and a specific department altogether to undertake research endeavors. Most departments offer MA, MPhil, Phd and Diploma in the subjects while some also offer certificate courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ka.kswu.ac.in/economics|title=Department of Economics|website=ka.kswu.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

=== Science and Technology Department ===
The department of Science and Technology offers study opportunities in bioinformatics, biotech, botany, chemistry, computer science, electronics, food processing and nutrition, pharmaceuticals chemistry, physics, zoology, nutrition, statistics and mathematics. Like the other departments, these courses are also offered at masters, MPhil, PhD and certificate level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ka.kswu.ac.in/mba|title=MBA|website=ka.kswu.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

=== Department of Studies in Education and Research ===
This department has courses of B.Ed, M.Ed, MPhil and PhD. There are about 100 seats for the B.Ed and 40 seats for the M.Ed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ka.kswu.ac.in/education|title=Department of Studies in Education & Research|website=ka.kswu.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

=== Department of Studies in Physical Education and Sports Sciences ===
This department has courses in B.P.Ed, M.P.Ed, MPhil, PhD and certificate course in Yoga studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ka.kswu.ac.in/physicaleducation|title=Studies in Physical Education & Sports Sciences|website=ka.kswu.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
A lot of facilities are offered on the campus. There is a library. There is a Syndicate Bank on the University campus, there is an on-call Hostel Ambulance, a Health centre and an ICT cell. The college also offers an on campus hostel facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ka.kswu.ac.in/|title=AWUV {{!}} Home|website=ka.kswu.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> The University also offers a variety of scholarships for students coming from under privileged backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ka.kswu.ac.in/scholarship|title=Scholarship|website=ka.kswu.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|16.8356|75.6426|type:edu_region:IN-KA|display=title}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bijapur district]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Universities in Karnataka]]

2022–23 Indian Women's League

2026-01-20T19:01:50Z

Pranjal mishra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Indian Women's League]]
| season = [[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23]]
| dates = 26 April – 21 May 2023
| winners = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]<br>3rd title
| continentalcup1 = [[2023 AFC Women's Club Championship|AFC Club Championship]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| matches = 63
| total goals = 262
| best player = [[Indumathi Kathiresan]]
| league topscorer = [[Sabitra Bhandari]] (29 goals)
| best goalkeeper = [[Maibam Linthoingambi Devi]]
| highest scoring = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] 14–1 [[Kahaani FC|Kahaani]]
| longest wins = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]] ''(5 matches)''
| longest unbeaten = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] ''(10 matches)''
| longest winless = [[Kahaani FC|Kahaani]]<br/>[[Mata Rukmani Girls SC|Mata Rukmani Girls]] ''(7 matches)''
| longest losses = [[Kahaani FC|Kahaani]]<br/>[[Mata Rukmani Girls SC|Mata Rukmani Girls]]<br/>[[Lords FA]] ''(6 matches)''
| prevseason = [[2021–22 Indian Women's League|2021–22]]
| nextseason = [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]
}}

The '''2022–23 Indian Women's League''' (also known as '''Hero Indian Women's League''' for sponsorship reasons) was the sixth season of the [[Indian Women's League]], the top division [[Women's association football|women's]] [[Association football|professional football]] league in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/4926782/indian-womens-league-2023-iwl-fixture-list-table-standings-schedule|title=Indian Women's League 2023 Schedule|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=24 April 2023 |date=17 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/4933164/indian-womens-league-2023-iwl-meet-16-teams|title=Indian Women's League 2023: Meet the 16 teams |publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=24 April 2023 |date=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="AIFF">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=11&month=0&year=2023|title=Calendar: HERO IWL 2022-23|work=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=22 April 2023}}</ref> On 21 May, [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] successfully defended their title by winning the final against [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]], and became the first club to complete a hat-trick of Indian Women's League titles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokulam Kerala steamroll Kickstart to complete hat-trick of Hero IWL titles|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|access-date=21 May 2023 |website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522160849/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Women's League 2023: Gokulam Kerala thrash Kickstart FC 5–0 to win third consecutive title|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=21 May 2023|access-date=22 May 2023|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522151217/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>

==Format==
The draw took place on 30 March 2023 at Football House, Dwarka, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IWL 2022-23: 16 teams divided into two groups; opening match on April 25 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/iwl-2022-23-16-teams-divided-into-two-groups-opening-match-on-april-25-1503167863.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=The Statesman |date=31 March 2023}}</ref> Speaking at the draw, [[Shaji Prabhakaran]], the [[All India Football Federation]] Secretary General, said "My best wishes to all the 16 teams ... all efforts have been made to create a holistic situation for the development and rapid growth of Indian women's football."<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Women's League to begin from April 25: All India Football Federation |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports/football/indian-womens-league-to-begin-from-april-25-all-india-football-federation-643386 |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=The Sentinel |date=31 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IWL: Tough battle awaits for debutants Churchill Brothers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/iwl-tough-battle-awaits-debutants-churchill-bros/articleshow/99714198.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424053654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/iwl-tough-battle-awaits-debutants-churchill-bros/articleshow/99714198.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sixteen teams will participate in the league. The final round will consist of the group format with eight teams participating in each group. The top four teams from each group will qualify for the knockout stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-womens-league-draw-groupings-gokulam-kerala-east-bengal/article66679059.ece|title=IWL groupings announced; Gokulam Kerala, East Bengal in Group A|work=Sportstar|date=30 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330192143/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-womens-league-draw-groupings-gokulam-kerala-east-bengal/article66679059.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/groupings-from-upcoming-indian-womens-league-announced/1485434/|title=Groupings from upcoming Indian Women's League announced|work=The Print|date=30 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref> The top eight teams of the season will receive direct slots for the next season of IWL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/2023/03/28/aiff-league-committee-meeting-march-27-2023-iwl-2022-23/|title=AIFF League Committee Meeting, March 27: IWL 2022-23 date, format & foreign quota announced|work=The Away End|date=28 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

===Broadcasting===
On 25 April, 2023 All India Football Federation announced that the evening matches of Indian Women's League will be streamed live on Indian Football [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{cite news |title=IWL 2023 LIVE Streaming: Indian Football Team YouTube channel to stream Indian Women's League, FanCode PULL out – Check out|url=https://www.insidesport.in/iwl-2023-live-streaming-indian-football-team-youtube-channel-to-stream-indian-womens-league-fancode-pull-out-check-out/|date=26 April 2023 |work=insidesport/in}}</ref>

==Qualification==
State women's leagues organised by various [[List of Indian state football associations|state federations]] acted as qualifier for this season. The champions of the twelve state leagues have been awarded a place in the [[#Final round|final round]] along with the clubs which finished in the top four positions in the [[2021–22 Indian Women's League|2021–22]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/2022/12/17/aiff-league-committee-meeting-december-16-2022/|title=AIFF League Committee Meeting: Format for IWL 2022-23 & I-League 2 announced|work=The Away End|date=17 December 2022 |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> The slot for the state league whose current champions also qualified via top four qualification, went to the runner-up of the league.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!State/Region
!Qualifying method
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[2021–22 Indian Women's League]]
|-
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| [[Kerala]]
| Champions
|-
| [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Runners-up
|-
| [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| Third place
|-
| [[Sports Odisha]]
| [[Odisha]]
| Fourth place
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | 2022–23 Indian Women's State leagues
|-
| [[Celtic Queens FC|Celtic Queens]]
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| 2022–23 Pondicherry Women's League champions
|-
| [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 2022–23 [[Punjab Women's League]] champions
|-
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| [[Goa]]
| 2022–23 [[Goa Women's League]] champions
|-
| [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League]] champions
|-
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| [[Manipur]]
| 2022–23 [[Manipur Women's League]] champions
|-
| [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
| [[Delhi]]
| 2022–23 [[FD Women's League]] champions
|-
| [[Kahaani FC|Kahaani]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| 2022–23 [[Gujarat State Women's League]] champions
|-
| [[Lords FA]]
| [[Kerala]]
| [[2022–23 Kerala Women's League]] champions
|-
| [[Mata Rukmani Girls SC|Mata Rukmani Girls]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 2022–23 [[Chhattisgarh State Women's Football League]] champions
|-
| [[Misaka United FC|Misaka United]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| 2022–23 [[Karnataka Women's League]] runner-up{{efn|The champions of the 2022–23 [[Karnataka Women's League]], [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] had already qualified.}}
|-
| [[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 2022–23 [[WIFA Women's Football League]] champions
|-
| [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| [[Odisha]]
| [[2022–23 Odisha Women's League]] champions
|}

{{notelist}}

==Clubs==
{{location map+ |India3|float=center
|width = 400
|alt = Locations of the Indian Women's League teams
|caption = Locations of the Indian Women's League clubs
|places =
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.011058|long=72.599063|label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Kahaani FC]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=11.256319|long=75.785832|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]}}
</div>|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=31.3260|long=75.5762|label=<div style="font-size:100%;">
{{nobreak|[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF FC]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=28.6139|long=77.2090|label=<div style="font-size:100%;">
{{nobreak|[[HOPS FC]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.9312|long=76.2673|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Lords FA]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.924652|long=72.828677|label= <div style="font-size:100%;>{{nobreak|[[Mumbai Knights]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=19.202205|long=81.935368|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Mata Rukmani SC]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.940344|long=78.142869|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972|long=88.36972|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24.8170|long=93.9368|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Eastern Sporting Union|Eastern<br>Sporting Union]]}}</div>|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=11.9416|long=79.8083|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Celtic Queens FC]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=15.2832|long=73.9862|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nobreak|[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill<br>Brothers]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=20.2961|long=85.8245|label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''Bhubaneshwar'''
</div>|position=right|mark=Black pog.svg}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.96|long=77.6116|label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''Bengaluru'''
</div>|position=right|mark=Black pog.svg}}


{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=13|long=98|label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nowrap|[[Bhubaneswar]] clubs:}}'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[Odisha FC Women|Odisha FC]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[Sports Odisha]]}}<br>
</div>
|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=8|long=98|label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nowrap|[[Bengaluru]] clubs:}}'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart FC]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[Misaka United FC]]}}
</div>
|position=left}}
}}
{{Maplink|text=Locations of the stadiums for IWL
|frame-align=right|frame=yes
|type1=point|coord1={{coord|23.011028|N|72.599111|E}}|title1=Point|description1=[[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|type2=point|coord2={{coord|23.056312|N|72.586299|E}}|title2=Point|description2=Shahibaug Police Stadium
}}

===Stadiums and locations===
The matches were played at two venues located in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]; [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]] and Shahibaug Police Stadium.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=IndianFootball |number=1649655190113636352 |date=April 21, 2023 |title=Here are the group stage fixtures for the Hero IWL season}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!City
!State/Region
|-
| [[Celtic Queens FC|Celtic Queens]]
| [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
| [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]
| [[Goa]]
|-
| [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
| [[Jalandhar]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
| [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
|-
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| [[Imphal]]
| [[Manipur]]
|-
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
| [[Kerala]]
|-
| [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| [[Kahaani FC|Kahaani]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Gujarat]]
|-
| [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
| [[Lords FA]]
| [[Kochi]]
| [[Kerala]]
|-
| [[Mata Rukmani SC|Mata Rukmani]]
| [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| [[Misaka United FC|Misaka United]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
| [[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharastra]]
|-
| [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| [[Madurai]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[Sports Odisha]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Odisha]]
|}

===Personnel and sponsorships===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left
|-
!scope=col| Team
!scope=col| Head coach
!scope=col| Captain
!scope=col| Kit manufacturer
!scope=col| Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[Celtic Queens FC|Celtic Queens]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nitesh Sharma
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sujata Shetty
|
|
|-
| [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Girijadevi Desai
|{{flagicon|IND}} Laura Estibeiro
|
|
|-
| [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Uttam Singh Negi
|{{flagicon|IND}} Binita Kerketta
|
|
|-
| [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|link=India|alt=India|class=mw-file-element|23x23px]] [[Sujata Kar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ratna Halder
|Trak Only
|[[Emami]]
|-
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lourembam Ronibala Chanu
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Irom Prameshwori Devi]]
|
|Karkinos Healthcare
|-
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Grace Dangmei]]
|SEGA
|[[CSB Bank]]
|-
| [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjay Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Renu Gour]]
|Roseate
|Dharam Foundation
|-
| [[Kahaani FC|Kahaani]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalita Saini
|{{flagicon|IND}} Maya Rabari
|
|Sameeksha Capital
|-
| [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Langam Chaoba Devi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dalima Chhibber]]
|
|[[Haier]]
|-
| [[Lords FA]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nirvan Jagdish Shah
|{{flagicon|IND}} Bhagyashree Dalvi
|
|ICCS College of Engg and Mgmt, Joy E Bike
|-
| [[Mata Rukmani SC|Mata Rukmani]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shantanu Ghosh
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nilima Khakha
|
|[[Cosco (India) Limited|COSCO]]
|-
| [[Misaka United FC|Misaka United]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Anup Theres Raj
|{{flagicon|IND}} Tarini Kumar
|Hummel
|MFAR Constructions, Five Morsels Press
|-
| [[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rutuja Gunwant
|{{flagicon|IND}} Valencia Lourdina D'mello
|
|
|-
| [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Crispin Chettri]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bala Devi]]
|Trak Only
|[[Odisha Tourism Development Corporation|Odisha Tourism]]
|-
| [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Joseph Naik
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Priyangka Devi]]
|
|[[Cosco (India) Limited|COSCO]]
|-
| [[Sports Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Paromita Sit
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mamata Patra
|[[Nivia Sports]]
|[[Odisha Tourism Development Corporation|Odisha Tourism]]
|}

==Foreign players==
Teams allowed to register maximum of three foreign players. Only two can be part of the starting lineup.

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Club
! style="text-align:center;"|Player 1
! style="text-align:center;"|Player 2
! style="text-align:center;"|Player 3
|-
|[[Celtic Queens FC|Celtic Queens]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Mercy Amorkor Tagoe
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Idah Atieno Odhiambo
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Vivian Adjei]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Beatrice Ntiwaa Nketia
|-
|[[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Kahaani FC|Kahaani]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Saru Limbu]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Renuka Nagarkote]]
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa
|-
|[[Lords FA]]
|{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Camille Rodriguez]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Anita Basnet]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Mata Rukmani SC|Mata Rukmani]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Misaka United FC|Misaka United]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nurul Azurin Mazlan]]
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Lucy Kwekwe Jira
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Sonia Opoku]]
|-
|[[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} Alexandra Marie Eccard
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Cynthia Santos
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Faustina Worwornyo Akpo
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
|[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Anjila Tumbapo Subba]]
|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Dorcas Sikobe]]
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Ivy Faith Atieno
|-
|[[Sports Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Rekha Poudel]]
| style="text-align: center;" | —
| style="text-align: center;" | —
|}

==Group stage==

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl AIFF]
|update=4 May


|team1=GKFC
|team2=SO
|team3=EBFC
|team4=HOP
|team5=MUFC
|team6=MKFC
|team7=MRSC
|team8=KAH


|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO |result4=KO

|win_EBFC=4 |draw_EBFC=1 |loss_EBFC=2 |gf_EBFC=12 |ga_EBFC=13
|win_GKFC=6 |draw_GKFC=1 |loss_GKFC=0 |gf_GKFC=53 |ga_GKFC=5|status_GKFC=C
|win_HOP=4 |draw_HOP=0 |loss_HOP=3 |gf_HOP=14 |ga_HOP=7
|win_KAH=0 |draw_KAH=1 |loss_KAH=6 |gf_KAH=1 |ga_KAH=31
|win_MRSC=0 |draw_MRSC=1 |loss_MRSC=6 |gf_MRSC=0 |ga_MRSC=18
|win_MKFC=3 |draw_MKFC=1 |loss_MKFC=3 |gf_MKFC=7 |ga_MKFC=18
|win_MUFC=2 |draw_MUFC=4 |loss_MUFC=1 |gf_MUFC=9 |ga_MUFC=2
|win_SO=4 |draw_SO=1 |loss_SO=2 |gf_SO=11 |ga_SO=13

|name_EBFC=[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|name_GKFC=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_HOP=[[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
|name_KAH=[[Kahaani FC|Kahaani]]
|name_MRSC=[[Mata Rukmani SC|Mata Rukmani]]
|name_MUFC=[[Misaka United FC|Misaka United]]
|name_MKFC=[[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
|name_SO=[[Sports Odisha]]


|show_limit=5


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Qualification for [[2022–23 Indian Women%27s League#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]] and [[2023–24 Indian Women's League]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

====Matches====
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 26 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 3–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18707
|team2 = HOPS
|goals1 =
*Rekha Poudel {{goal|51}}
*Manisha Naik {{goal|58}}
*Anju {{goal|90+5}}
|goals2 =
*Shailja {{goal|74}}
*Rajni Bala {{goal|81}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = Anju (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 26 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Misaka United
|score = 2–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18706
|team2 = Mata Rukmani
|goals1 =
*Lalrinmuani {{goal|45+4||67}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 150
|referee = Neetu Rana
|potm = Lalrinmuani (Misaka United)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 26 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Kahaani
|score = 0–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18708
|team2 = Mumbai Knights
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Priyanka {{goal|24}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 20
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Mansi Anant Samre (Mumbai Knights)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 26 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score = 2–8
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18709
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
*Rimpa Haldar {{goal|10}}
*Tulsi Hembram {{goal|63}}
|goals2 =
*[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{goal|2||4||22||70||89}}
*[[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Grace Dangmei|Dangmei]] {{goal|77}}
*[[Vivian Adjei|Adjei]] {{goal|79}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = G. Ruba Devi
|potm = [[Sabitra Bhandari]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 29 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Mumbai Knights
|score = 1–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18711
|team2 = Mata Rukmani
|goals1 = Namita Belsariya {{goal|12|o.g.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Harsha Saini
|potm = Priyanka (Mumbai Knights)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 29 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = HOPS
|score = 1–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18710
|team2 = Misaka United
|goals1 = [[Renu Rani|Renu]] {{goal|63}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rachana Hasmukh Kamani
|potm = [[Renu Rani]] (HOPS)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 29 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 8–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18712
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|goals1 =
*[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{goal|7||62||63||79}}
*[[Vivian Adjei|Adjei]] {{goal|28||86}}
*[[Grace Dangmei|Dangmei]] {{goal|43}}
*Hemam Shilky Devi {{goal|70}}
|goals2 =
*Sumitra Hembram {{goal|12}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = [[Vivian Adjei]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 29 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18713
|team2 = Kahaani
|goals1 = Ratna Halder {{goal|79|pen.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = G. Ruba Devi
|potm = Aarti Banwari (Kahaani)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 2 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = HOPS
|score = 0–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18715
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Asem Roja Devi|Roja Devi]] {{goal|38}}
*[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{goal|49||63}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Pooja S.
|potm = Hemam Shilky Devi (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 2 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Misaka United
|score = 0–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18714
|team2 = Mumbai Knights
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 10
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = Lavanya Upadhyay (Misaka United)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 2 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 3–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18717
|team2 = Kahaani
|goals1 =
*Rekha Poudel {{goal|11||86}}
*Nisha {{goal|87}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 70
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Sanfida Nongrum (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 2 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Mata Rukmani
|score = 0–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18716
|team2 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Mousumi Murmu {{goal|25}}
*Rimpa Haldar {{goal|73}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Rachana Hasmukh Kamani
|potm = Rimpa Haldar (East Bengal)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 4 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score = 4–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18719
|team2 = Mumbai Knights
|goals1 =
*Rimpa Haldar {{goal|29||55}}
*Tulsi Hembram {{goal|37}}
*Mousumi Murmu {{goal|43}}
|goals2 =
*Priyanka {{goal|65}}
*Namrata Thakur {{goal|83}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Pooja S.
|potm = Rimpa Haldar (East Bengal)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 4 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18718
|team2 = Misaka United
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = [[Nurul Azurin Mazlan]] (Misaka United)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 4 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18721
|team2 = Mata Rukmani
|goals1 = Manisha Naik {{goal|54}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = Manisha Naik (Sports Odisha)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 4 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Kahaani
|score = 0–6
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18720
|team2 = HOPS
|goals2 =
*[[Renu Rani|Renu]] {{goal|3||35}}
*Santosh {{goal|6}}
*Tannu {{goal|11||63}}
*Kajal {{goal|47}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 70
|referee = G. Ruba Devi
|potm = Santosh (HOPS)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 6 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 14–1
|team2 = Kahaani
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18723
|goals1 =
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan|Sandhiya]] {{goal|18||53||67||68||88}}
*[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{goal|20||76||90+4||90+7}}
*[[Hemam Shilky Devi|Shilky Devi]] {{goal|33}}
*[[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi]] {{goal|45+1||83}}
*[[Vivian Adjei|Adjei]] {{goal|49}}
*[[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi|Ashalata Devi]] {{goal|81}}
|goals2 =
*[[Sorokhaibam Ranjana Chanu|Ranjana Chanu]] {{goal|10|o.g.}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 10
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 6 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
|score = 2–1
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18724
|goals1 =
*[[Ritu Rani (footballer)|Ritu]] {{goal|45+5}}
*[[Karishma Shirvoikar|Shirvoikar]] {{goal|47|pen.}}
|goals2 =
*Anju {{goal|34}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Neetu Rana
|potm = [[Karishma Shirvoikar]] (Mumbai Knights)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 6 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = HOPS
|score = 3–0
|team2 = Mata Rukmani
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18725
|goals1 =
*[[Renu Rani|Renu]] {{goal|43|pen.}}
*Santosh {{goal|70}}
*Mamta {{goal|82}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = [[Renu Rani]] (HOPS)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 6 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Misaka United
|score = 1–1
|team2 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18722
|goals1 = Lavanya Upadhyay {{goal|45+4}}
|goals2 = Singo Murmu {{goal|70}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 80
|referee = G. Ruba Devi
|potm = Sunalinda Lawren (Misaka United)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 9 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Kahaani
|score = 0–6
|team2 = Misaka United
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18726
|goals1 =
|goals2 = *Lucy Kwekwe Jira {{goal|3||26||38}}
*Lalrinmuani {{goal|55}}
*Lavanya Upadhyay {{goal|73}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 25
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Lucy Kwekwe Jira (Misaka United)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 9 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 2–1
|team2 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18727
|goals1 = *Rekha Poudel {{goal|60}}
*Ritu Devi {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 = *Mousumi Murmu {{goal|63}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 70
|referee = Phurki Lhambu Bhutia
|potm = Mousumi Murmu (East Bengal)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 9 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Mata Rukmani
|score = 0–9
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18728
|goals1 =
|goals2 = *[[Sorokhaibam Ranjana Chanu|Ranjana Chanu]] {{goal|5}}
*[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{goal|7||12||68||69}}
*[[Grace Dangmei|Dangmei]] {{goal|20}}
*[[Hemam Shilky Devi|Shilky Devi]] {{goal|27}}
*[[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi]] {{goal|35||45+3}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 10
|referee = Harsha Saini
|potm =[[Sabitra Bhandari]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 9 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = HOPS
|score = 2–0
|team2 = [[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18729
|goals1 = *Neha {{goal|23}}
*Rajni Bala {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = G. Ruba Devi
|potm = Neha (HOPS)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 12 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Kahaani
|score = 0–0
|team2 = Mata Rukmani
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18731
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 60
|referee = Pooja S.
|potm = Aarti Banwari (Kahaani)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 12 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|score = 1–0
|team2 = HOPS
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18732
|goals1 = Ratna Halder {{goal|35|pen.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Rachana Hasmukh Kamani
|potm = Ratna Halder (East Bengal)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 12 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Misaka United
|score = 0–0
|team2 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18730
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = Nisilia Majaw (Misaka United)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 12 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 11–1
|team2 = [[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18733
|goals1 =
*[[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{goal|11||16||32||39||55||89||90+3}}
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan|Sandhiya]] {{goal|15||57}}
*[[Asem Roja Devi|Roja Devi]] {{goal|62}}
|goals2 =
*Bhumika Mane {{goal|43}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = [[Sabitra Bhandari]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}

===Group B===

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl AIFF]
|update=5 May


|team1=SFC
|team2=KFC
|team3=OFC
|team4=ESU
|team5=CRPF
|team6=CEL
|team7=LFA
|team8=CB


|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO |result4=KO

|win_CEL=1 |draw_CEL=1 |loss_CEL=5 |gf_CEL=5 |ga_CEL=25
|win_CB=1 |draw_CB=0 |loss_CB=6 |gf_CB=6 |ga_CB=35
|win_CRPF=2 |draw_CRPF=1 |loss_CRPF=4 |gf_CRPF=9 |ga_CRPF=26
|win_ESU=5 |draw_ESU=0 |loss_ESU=2 |gf_ESU=12 |ga_ESU=10
|win_KFC=5 |draw_KFC=1 |loss_KFC=1 |gf_KFC=30 |ga_KFC=2
|win_LFA=1 |draw_LFA=0 |loss_LFA=6 |gf_LFA=11 |ga_LFA=24
|win_OFC=5 |draw_OFC=1 |loss_OFC=1 |gf_OFC=28 |ga_OFC=2
|win_SFC=5 |draw_SFC=2 |loss_SFC=0 |gf_SFC=25 |ga_SFC=2

|name_CEL=[[Celtic Queens FC|Celtic Queens]]
|name_CB=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_CRPF=[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|name_ESU=[[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|name_KFC=[[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|name_LFA=[[Lords FA]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|name_SFC=[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Qualification for [[2022–23 Indian Women%27s League#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]] and [[2023–24 Indian Women's League]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

====Matches====

{{Football box collapsible
|date = 27 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18739
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
*[[Moirangthem Mandakini Devi|Mandakini Devi]] {{goal|27}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Kumari Nandita
|potm = [[Moirangthem Mandakini Devi]] (Eastern Sporting Union)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 27 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Lords FA
|score = 4–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18740
|team2 = Celtic Queens
|goals1 =
*Fragrancy Riwan {{goal|8}}
*[[Camille Rodriguez|Rodriguez]] {{goal|53||62||90+3}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 105
|referee = Pooja S.
|potm = [[Camille Rodriguez]] (Lords FA)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 27 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|score = 0–6
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18741
|team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Grace Hauhnar|Hauhnar]] {{goal|19}}
*Cynthia Santos {{goal|29}}
*Faustina Worwornyo Akpo {{goal|44}}
*Lynda Kom {{goal|45+2}}
*[[Bala Devi]] {{goal|65}}
*Jasoda Munda {{goal|66}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Sen Hangma Subba
|potm = [[Grace Hauhnar]] (Odisha)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 28 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 0–6
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18742
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Kajol D'Souza]] {{goal|9||11||42||45}}
*Ivy Faith Atieno {{goal|54}}
*Sunita Munda {{goal|72}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = Kajol D'Souza (Sethu)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 30 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Celtic Queens
|score = 0–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18743
|team2 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Phanjoubam Nirmala Devi {{goal|4}}
*[[Salam Rinaroy Devi|Rinaroy Devi]] {{goal|7}}
*Lhingneilam Kipgen {{goal|66}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = [[Yumnam Kamala Devi|Kamala Devi]] (Eastern Sporting Union)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 30 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18744
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|36}}
*Laishram Bibicha Devi {{goal|73}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa (Kickstart)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 30 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 4–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18745
|team2 = Lords FA
|goals1 =
*Sumati Kumari {{goal|40}}
*Kajol D'Souza {{goal|58||85}}
*[[Naorem Priyangka Devi|Priyangka Devi]] {{goal|69}}
|goals2 =
*[[Camille Rodriguez|Rodriguez]] {{goal|90+4|pen,}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 70
|referee = Neetu Rana
|potm = Sumati Kumari (Sethu)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 30 April 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 1–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18746
|team2 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|goals1 =
*Karen Estrocio {{goal|52}}
|goals2 =
*Binita Kerketta {{goal|4}}
*Karam Tony Devi {{goal|89}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Kumari Nandita
|potm = Neha Mann (CRPF)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 3 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|score = 0–4
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18747
|team2 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Anju Tamang|Tamang]] {{goal|17}}
*[[Bala Devi]] {{goal|25}}
*Jasoda Munda {{goal|46}}
*Lynda Kom {{goal|90+7}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = Jasoda Munda (Odisha)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 3 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Celtic Queens
|score = 1–7
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18748
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
*Kayenpaibam Anju Chanu {{goal|84}}
|goals2 =
*Kajol D'Souza {{goal|15||53}}
*[[Apurna Narzary|Narzary]] {{goal|19}}
*Sunita Munda {{goal|45+4||74}}
*Misha Bhandari {{goal|48}}
*Priyadharshini S {{goal|80}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 80
|referee = Neetu Rana
|potm = Ivy Faith Atieno (Sethu)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 3 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|score = 10–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18749
|team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1 =
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|14||23}}
*[[Saru Limbu|Limbu]] {{goal|36||90}}
*Sonia Marak {{goal|45+5}}
*Kaviya Pakkirisamy {{goal|68||78||82||90+8}}
*Laishram Bibicha Devi {{goal|72}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Sen Hangma Subba
|potm = Kaviya Pakkirisamy (Kickstart)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 3 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Lords FA
|score = 2–5
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18750
|team2 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|goals1 =
*[[Camille Rodriguez|Rodriguez]] {{goal|58||60}}
|goals2 =
*Neha Mann {{goal|4||45+3}}
*Nisha {{goal|25}}
*Syed Buckshira {{goal|35}}
*Tensubam Neelam Devi {{goal|40}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Harsha Saini
|potm = Neha Mann (CRPF)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 5 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 0–10
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18752
|team2 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Bala Devi]] {{goal|8||21}}
*Jasoda Munda {{goal|12}}
*Karishma Oram {{goal|18||45+3}}
*Karthika Angamuthu {{goal|39}}
*Faustina Worwornyo Akpo {{goal|56}}
*Lynda Kom {{goal|60}}
*Malati Munda {{goal|65||90+1}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 10
|referee = Rachana Hasmukh Kamani
|potm = Lynda Kom (Odisha)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 5 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 3–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18751
|team2 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|goals1 =
*[[Naorem Priyangka Devi|Priyangka Devi]] {{goal|24}}
*Sumati Kumari {{goal|60}}
*[[Kiran Pisda|Pisda]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Kumari Nandita
|potm = [[Naorem Priyangka Devi|Priyangka Devi]] (Sethu)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 5 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Lords FA
|score = 1–4
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18754
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
*[[Camille Rodriguez|Rodriguez]] {{goal|34|pen.}}
|goals2 =
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|4}}
*Laishram Bibicha Devi {{goal|26}}
*[[Saru Limbu|Limbu]] {{goal|39}}
*Sonia Marak {{goal|66}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = Astam Oraon (Kickstart)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 5 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18753
|team2 = Celtic Queens
|goals1 =
*Nisha {{goal|45+5}}
*Ritu {{goal|48}}
|goals2 =
*Mangpineng Khongsai {{goal|39|pen.}}
*Kayenpaibam Anju Chanu {{goal|56}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 70
|referee = Harsha Saini
|potm = Kayenpaibam Anju Chanu (Celtic Queens)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 7 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Celtic Queens
|score = 0–5
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18758
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|33}}
*Devneta Roy {{goal|35}}
*Laishram Bibicha Devi {{goal|43}}
*[[Renuka Nagarkote|Nagarkote]] {{goal|52}}
*[[Saru Limbu|Limbu]] {{goal|66}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Rachana Hasmukh Kamani
|potm = Astam Oraon (Kickstart)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 7 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 5–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18756
|team2 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|goals1 =
*Kajol D'Souza {{goal|41}}
*[[Dorcas Sikobe|Sikobe]] {{goal|47}}
*Purnima Kumari {{goal|51}}
*Ivy Faith Atieno {{goal|87}}
*[[Kiran Pisda|Pisda]] {{goal|90+10}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 0
|referee = Sen Hangma Subba
|potm = Muskan Subba (Sethu)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 7 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|score = 4–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18755
|team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1 =
*[[Yumnam Kamala Devi|Kamala Devi]] {{goal|43}}
*[[Salam Rinaroy Devi|Rinaroy Devi]] {{goal|45+3}}
*Lhingneilam Kipgen {{goal|45+6}}
*[[Irom Prameshwori Devi|Prameshwori Devi]] {{goal|66}}
|goals2 =
*Alisha Tavares {{goal|17}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Pooja S.
|potm = [[Yumnam Kamala Devi|Kamala Devi]] (Eastern Sporting Union)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 7 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|score = 5–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18757
|team2 = Lords FA
|goals1 =
*Cynthia Santos {{goal|41}}
*[[Bala Devi]] {{goal|45+1}}
*Faustina Worwornyo Akpo {{goal|63}}
*Malati Munda {{goal|86}}
*[[Anju Tamang|Tamang]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 80
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = [[Bala Devi]] (Odisha)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 10 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Lords FA
|score = 1–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18760
|team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1 =
*[[Camille Rodriguez|Rodriguez]] {{goal|53|pen.}}
|goals2 =
*Riya Sharma {{goal|43}}
*Saniya {{goal|79||90+3}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 70
|referee = Neetu Rana
|potm = Saniya (Churchill Brothers)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 10 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18759
|team2 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Irom Prameshwori Devi|Prameshwori Devi]] {{goal|52}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Sen Hangma Subba
|potm = [[Irom Prameshwori Devi|Prameshwori Devi]] (Eastern Sporting Union)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 10 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Celtic Queens
|score = 0–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18762
|team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Faustina Worwornyo Akpo {{goal|3}}
*Bannya Kabiraj {{goal|45+2}}
*Lynda Kom {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 10
|referee = Kumari Nandita
|potm = [[Anju Tamang]] (Odisha)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 10 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18761
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 30
|referee = Snigdha Mondal
|potm = Laishram Bibicha Devi (Kickstart)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 13 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF]]
|score = 0–9
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18764
|team2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Saru Limbu|Limbu]] {{goal|2||28}}
*Laishram Bibicha Devi {{goal|5||34}}
*Sushmita Lepcha {{goal|24}}
*[[Astam Oraon|Oraon]] {{goal|56}}
*Tanu {{goal|72|o.g.}}
*[[Dalima Chhibber|Chhibber]] {{goal|88}}
*Laishram Rejiya Devi {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 60
|referee = Kumari Nandita
|potm = Laishram Bibicha Devi (Kickstart)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 13 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 1–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18765
|team2 = Celtic Queens
|goals1 =
*Pushpa Parab {{goal|80}}
|goals2 =
*Aleena Tony {{goal|27}}
*Mangpineng Khongsai {{goal|45+1}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 25
|referee = Harsha Saini
|potm = Kayenpaibam Anju Chanu (Celtic Queens)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 13 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|score = 3–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18763
|team2 = Lords FA
|goals1 =
*Chandam Anjali Devi {{goal|23}}
*Heirangkhongjam Linda Chanu {{goal|25}}
*Lhingneilam Kipgen {{goal|33}}
|goals2 =
*Arya More {{goal|15||20}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = G. Ruba Devi
|potm = Lhingneilam Kipgen (Eastern Sporting Union)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 13 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18766
|team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Monika Jana
|potm = Jasoda Munda (Odisha)
}}

==Knockout stage==
===Bracket===
<onlyinclude>{{8TeamBracket
| nowrap=y
| score-width=110px
| team-width=120px
| RD1=Quarter-finals
| RD2=Semi-finals
| RD3=Final
| RD1-seed1=B2
| RD1-team1='''[[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]'''
| RD1-score1= '''2'''
| RD1-seed2=A4
| RD1-team2=[[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
| RD1-score2= 1
| RD1-seed3=B1
| RD1-team3='''[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]'''
| RD1-score3= '''9'''
| RD1-seed4=A3
| RD1-team4=[[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
| RD1-score4= 0
| RD1-seed5=A2
| RD1-team5=[[Sports Odisha]]
| RD1-score5= 1 (2)
| RD1-seed6=B4
| RD1-team6='''[[Eastern Sporting Union]]'''
| RD1-score6= '''1 (4)'''
| RD1-seed7=A1
| RD1-team7='''[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]'''
| RD1-score7= '''1 (3)'''
| RD1-seed8=B3
| RD1-team8=[[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| RD1-score8= '''1 (0)'''
| RD2-seed1=QF1
| RD2-team1='''[[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]'''
| RD2-score1= '''2'''
| RD2-seed2=QF3
| RD2-team2= [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| RD2-score2= 0
| RD2-seed3=QF2
| RD2-team3=[[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| RD2-score3= 1
| RD2-seed4=QF4
| RD2-team4= '''[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]'''
| RD2-score4= '''5'''
| RD3-seed1=SF1
| RD3-team1= [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| RD3-score1= 0
| RD3-seed2=SF2
| RD3-team2='''[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]'''
| RD3-score2= '''5'''
}} </onlyinclude>

===Quarter-finals===
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 16 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19087
|team2 = [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
|goals1 =
*[[Kaviya Pakkirisamy|Pakkirisamy]] {{goal|17}}
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2 =
*[[Renu Rani|Renu]] {{goal|62}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = G. Ruba Devi
|potm = [[Dalima Chhibber]] (Kickstart)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 16 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|08:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19088
|team2 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|goals1 = Manisha Naik {{goal|80}}
|goals2 = [[Lhingdeikim Kipgen|Lhingdeikim]] {{goal|67}}
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Rachana Hasmukh Kamani
|penalties1 = Ritu Devi {{pengoal}}<br/>Poonam {{penmiss}}<br/>Poonam {{penmiss}}<br/>Khumukcham Sanamija Chanu {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore = 2–4
|penalties2 = {{pengoal}} Phanjoubam Nirmala Devi<br/>{{pengoal}} Kangabam Anita Devi<br/>{{pengoal}} [[Yumnam Kamala Devi|Kamala Devi]]<br/>{{pengoal}} [[Irom Prameshwori Devi|Prameshwori Devi]]
|potm = Lhingneikim (Eastern Sporting Union)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 16 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|score = 9–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19089
|team2 = [[East Bengal Club (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =
*[[Apurna Narzary|Narzary]] {{goal|13||21||50||72||78||90+2}}
*[[Kajol D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|34}}
*[[Naorem Priyangka Devi|Priyangka Devi]] {{goal|45+1}}
*Ivy Faith Atieno {{goal|90+8}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = [[Apurna Narzary]] (Sethu)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 16 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19090
|team2 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
|goals1 = [[Asem Roja Devi|Roja Devi]] {{goal|45+4}}
|goals2 = [[Bala Devi]] {{goal|2}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Kanika Barman
|penalties1 = [[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi|Ashalata Devi]] {{pengoal}}<br/>[[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi]] {{pengoal}}<br/>[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore= 3–0
|penalties2 = {{penmiss}} [[Anju Tamang|Tamang]]<br/>{{penmiss}} [[Bala Devi]]<br/>{{penmiss}} [[Pyari Xaxa|Xaxa]]
|potm = Beatrice Ntiwaa Nketia (Gokulam Kerala)
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 19 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19122
|team2 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|goals1 =
*Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa {{goal|11}}
*[[Saru Limbu|Limbu]] {{goal|45+5}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = Phurki Lhamu Bhutia
|potm = W. Linthoingambi Devi (Kickstart)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 19 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|20:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|score = 1–5
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19123
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
*[[Yumnam Kamala Devi|Kamala Devi]] {{goal|18}}
|goals2 =
*[[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi]] {{goal|31|pen.|70}}
*[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{goal|45+3||90+5}}
*[[Vivian Adjei|Adjei]] {{goal|55}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 50
|referee = G. Ruba Devi
|potm = [[Indumathi Kathiresan]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}

===Final===
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 21 May 2023
|time = {{UTZ|18:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|score = 0–5
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19130
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Sabitra Bhandari|Bhandari]] {{goal|5}}
*[[Sandhiya Ranganathan|Sandhiya]] {{goal|22||52}}
*[[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi]] {{goal|37|pen.}}
*[[Asem Roja Devi|Roja Devi]] {{goal|80}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|Transstadia]]
|location = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance = 400
|referee = Kanika Barman
|potm = [[Sabitra Bhandari]] (Gokulam Kerala)
}}

==Season statistics==
===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
| 1
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
| style="text-align:left" | Gokulam Kerala
| 29
|-
| 2
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kajol D'Souza]]
| style="text-align:left" | Sethu
| 10
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indumathi Kathiresan]]
| style="text-align:left" | Gokulam Kerala
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]]
| style="text-align:left" | Gokulam Kerala
|-
| 5
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Camille Rodriguez]]
| style="text-align:left" | Lords FA
| 8
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 6
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|KEN}} Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa
| style="text-align:left" | Kickstart
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Saru Limbu]]
| style="text-align:left" | Kickstart
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apurna Narzary]]
| style="text-align:left" | Sethu
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 9
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Laishram Bibicha Devi
| style="text-align:left" | Kickstart
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bala Devi]]
| style="text-align:left" | Odisha
|-
! colspan="4" | Source: [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl The AIFF]
|}

===Hat-tricks===
{| class="wikitable"
! Player
! For
! Against
! style="text-align:center" | Result
! Date
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|East Bengal
|style="text-align:center" | 2–8 (A)
|{{dts|2023|04|26|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Camille Rodriguez]]
|Lords FA
|Celtic Queens
|style="text-align:center" | 4–0 (H)
|{{dts|2023|04|27|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kajol D'Souza]]
|Sethu
|Churchill Brothers
|style="text-align:center" | 6–0 (A)
|{{dts|2023|04|28|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Sports Odisha
|style="text-align:center" | 8–1 (H)
|{{dts|2023|04|29|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kaviya Pakkirisamy]]
|Kickstart
|Churchill Brothers
|style="text-align:center" | 10–0 (H)
|{{dts|2023|5|3|format=dmy}}

|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Kahaani
|style="text-align:center" | 14–1 (H)
|{{dts|2023|5|6|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Kahaani
|style="text-align:center" | 14–1 (H)
|{{dts|2023|5|6|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Mata Rukmani
|style="text-align:center" | 9–0 (A)
|{{dts|2023|5|9|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Mumbai Knights
|style="text-align:center" | 11–1 (H)
|{{dts|2023|5|12|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Apurna Narzary]]
|Sethu
|East Bengal
|style="text-align:center" | 9–0 (H)
|{{dts|2023|05|16|format=dmy}}
|}

;Notes
*(H) – Home team
*(A) – Away team

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maibam Linthoingambi Devi]]
| style="text-align:left" | Kickstart
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Anjila Tumbapo Subba]]
| style="text-align:left" | Sethu
|-
| 3
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nurul Azurin Mazlan]]
| style="text-align:left" | Misaka United
| 5
|-
| 4
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shreya Hooda]]
| style="text-align:left" | Odisha
| 4
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Elangbam Panthoi Chanu]]
| style="text-align:left" | Eastern Sporting Union
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|GHA}} Beatrice Ntiwaa Nketia
| style="text-align:left" | Gokulam Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Anshika
| style="text-align:left" | HOPS
|}

==Awards==
===Match awards===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: left; font-size"
|-
! colspan="9" |Player of the Match
|-
!Match No.
!Player
!Club
!Match No.
!Player
!Club
!Match No.
!Player
!Club
|-
|Match 1
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalrinmuani
|Kickstart
|Match 22
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Ivy Faith Atieno
|Sethu
|Match 43
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|Match 2
|{{flagicon|IND}} Anju
|Sports Odisha
|Match 23
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kaviya Pakkirisamy
|Kickstart
|Match 44
|{{flagicon|IND}} Neha
|HOPS
|-
|Match 3
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mansi Anant Samre
|Mumbai Knights
|Match 24
|{{flagicon|IND}} Neha Mann
|CRPF
|Match 45
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saniya
|Churchill Brothers
|-
|Match 4
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 25
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rimpa Haldar
|East Bengal
|Match 46
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Irom Prameshwori Devi|Prameshwori Devi]]
|Eastern Sporting Union
|-
|Match 5
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Moirangthem Mandakini Devi|Mandakini Devi]]
|Eastern Sporting Union
|Match 26
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nurul Azurin Mazlan]]
|Misaka United
|Match 47
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anju Tamang]]
|Odisha
|-
|Match 6
|{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Camille Rodriguez]]
|Lords FA
|Match 27
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manisha Naik
|Sports Odisha
|Match 48
|{{flagicon|IND}} Laishram Bibicha Devi
|Kickstart
|-
|Match 7
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Grace Hauhnar]]
|Odisha
|Match 28
|{{flagicon|IND}} Santosh
|HOPS
|Match 49
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aarti Banwari
|Kahaani
|-
|Match 8
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kajol D'Souza]]
|Sethu
|Match 29
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lynda Kom
|Odisha
|Match 50
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ratna Halder
|East Bengal
|-
|Match 9
|{{flagicon|IND}} Priyanka
|Mumbai Knights
|Match 30
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Priyangka Devi|Priyangka Devi]]
|Sethu
|Match 51
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nisilia Majaw
|Misaka United
|-
|Match 10
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Renu Rani]]
|HOPS
|Match 31
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Astam Oraon]]
|Kickstart
|Match 52
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|Match 11
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Vivian Adjei]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 32
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kayenpaibam Anju Chanu
|Celtic Queens
|Match 53
|{{flagicon|IND}} Laishram Bibicha Devi
|Kickstart
|-
|Match 12
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aarti Banwari
|Kahaani
|Match 33
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 54
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kayenpaibam Anju Chanu
|Celtic Queens
|-
|Match 13
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yumnam Kamala Devi|Kamala Devi]]
|Eastern Sporting Union
|Match 34
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karishma Shirvoikar]]
|Mumbai Knights
|Match 55
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lhingneilam Kipgen
|Eastern Sporting Union
|-
|Match 14
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Kioko Elizabeth Katungwa
|Kickstart
|Match 35
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Renu Rani]]
|HOPS
|Match 56
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jasoda Munda
|Odisha
|-
|Match 15
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sumati Kumari
|Sethu
|Match 36
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sunalinda Lawren
|Misaka United
|Match 57
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dalima Chhibber]]
|Kickstart
|-
|Match 16
|{{flagicon|IND}} Neha Mann
|CRPF
|Match 37
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Astam Oraon]]
|Kickstart
|Match 58
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lhingneikim
|Eastern Sporting Union
|-
|Match 17
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hemam Shilky Devi]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|Match 38
|{{flagicon|IND}} Muskan Subba
|Sethu
|Match 59
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Apurna Narzary]]
|[[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
|-
|Match 18
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lavanya Upadhyay
|Misaka United
|Match 39
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yumnam Kamala Devi|Kamala Devi]]
|Eastern Sporting Union
|Match 60
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Beatrice Ntiwaa Nketia
|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|Match 19
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanfida Nongrum
|Sports Odisha
|Match 40
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bala Devi]]
|Odisha
|Match 61
|{{flagicon|IND}} W. Linthoingambi Devi
|[[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
|-
|Match 20
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rimpa Haldar
|East Bengal
|Match 41
|{{flagicon|KEN}} Lucy Kwekwe Jira
|Misaka United
|Match 62
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indumathi Kathiresan]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|-
|Match 21
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jasoda Munda
|Odisha
|Match 42
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mousumi Murmu
|East Bengal
|Match 63
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|}

===Season awards===
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Winner
|-
|Hero of the League
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indumathi Kathiresan]] ([[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]])
|-
|Top Goalscorer
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Sabitra Bhandari]] ([[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]])
|-
|Best Goalkeeper
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Maibam Linthoingambi Devi]] ([[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]])
|-
|Best Defender
|{{flagicon|IND}} K. Ngopawdi ([[Sethu FC|Sethu]])
|-
|Emerging Player of the League
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Astam Oraon]] ([[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]])
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Women's League}}
{{Indian women's football league seasons}}
{{2022–23 in Indian football}}
{{2022–23 in Asian women's football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Women's League}}
[[Category:Indian Women's League seasons|2022–23]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian women's football leagues|League]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Asian women's top-tier association football leagues|India]]

{{Portal|Women's association football}}

Siege of Seringapatam (1792)

2026-01-11T00:12:31Z

Pranjal mishra: started initial info w/ infobox.

{{Short description|1792 siege in Mysore, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Seringapatam
| partof = the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]
| image = Surrender of Tipu Sultan.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = ''General Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipoo Sultan's sons as hostages'', by [[Robert Home]], {{circa}} 1793
| date = 5 February – 18 March 1792<br>(5 weeks, 6 days)
| place = [[Srirangapattana]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.414|N|76.704|E|display=inline,title}}
| result = Allied victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[East India Company]]<br>[[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Robert Abercromby of Airthrey|Robert Abercromby]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Parshuram Bhou]]<br>[[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Mahabat Jung]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Tipu Sultan]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Third Anglo-Mysore War}}
| territory = *[[Treaty of Seringapatam]]
*Mysore cedes roughly half of its territories to Allies
}}

The 1792 '''siege of Seringapatam''' was a battle and siege of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysorean]] capital city of [[Seringapatam]] (Srirangapatna) at the end of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. An army led by [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles, Earl Cornwallis]], consisting of [[British East India Company]] and [[British Army]] forces, along with allied forces from the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], arrived at Seringapatam on 5 February 1792, and after over five weeks of battle and siege, forced [[Tipu Sultan]] to capitulate. With his agreement to the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]] on 18 March 1792, the war came to an end.

==Background==
{{main|Third Anglo-Mysore War}}

The prospects for [[Tipu Sultan]], the Muslim ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], had declined significantly during the 1791 campaign season of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. Although he had been able to reverse some advances made by forces of the [[British East India Company]] forces under General [[William Medows]] in 1790, he had lost ground on all fronts in 1791, and only a [[slash-and-burn]] policy to deprive his opponents of provisions and forage had prevented company forces under [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]] from besieging his capital, [[Seringapatam]].<ref>Wickwire, pp. 132-150</ref> Cornwallis, whose army had been desperately short of provisions, withdrew to [[Bangalore]] in May 1791 to resupply his army and wait out the monsoon rains. Tipu took advantage of the British retreat to [[Siege of Coimbatore|recover Coimbatore]], but he lost several strong points when British forces captured [[Siege of Nundydroog|Nundydroog]] and [[Siege of Savendroog|Savendroog]] late in 1791, and Britain's allies in the conflict, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], also made territorial gains at his expense.

===British forces===
The force that Cornwallis assembled at Savendroog in January 1792 consisted of about 20,000 company and [[British Army]] troops, a horde of the nizam's cavalry, and an enormous civilian camp that trailed after the marching companies when it left Savendroog on 25 January.<ref name=W163>Wickwire, p. 163</ref> After stopping at Outradroog to join with additional Hyderabadi troops, the great army marched on, only mildly harassed by Tipu's cavalry, until its advance guard got about {{convert|7|mi|km}} north of Seringapatam on 5 February, where the plains below Seringapatam opened and Cornwallis established a position from which Tipu's defences could be examined. Tipu punctuated the arrival of the British by showering them with rockets in an ineffective yet impressive display of technology.<ref name=W165/> (Tipu's rockets were probably influential on [[William Congreve (inventor)|William Congreve]], who went on to develop what are now called [[Congreve rocket]]s.)

In addition to the grand army, Cornwallis had ordered General [[Robert Abercromby of Airthrey|Robert Abercromby]] to lead a supporting army of about 6,000 men from the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar (western) coast]].<ref name=W169>Wickwire, p. 169</ref>

===Tipu's defences===
[[File:Tipu Sultan warrior king.gif|200px|thumb|[[Tipu Sultan]] and his [[Sepoy]]s defend the fortifications of [[Seringapatam]].]]

The city of Seringapatam occupied an island in the [[Kaveri River]], which at that point flowed roughly west-to-east from the [[Western Ghats]] on its way to the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The city proper occupied the center of the island, with the western end of the island occupied by a strong stone fortress, and the eastern end by a large walled garden that included Tipu's palace and the tomb of his father, [[Hyder Ali]]. Tipu had arrayed army, which Cornwallis estimated to number between forty and fifty thousand, along a roughly semicircular line on the northern shore of the Kaveri that covered the approaches to the island. This line, three to four miles (four to five km) long, was studded with six [[redoubt]]s, and much of the line was protected by a thick hedge. To the east (Tipu's right) the line was anchored by [[Karighatta|Karigaut Hill]], and the entire line was arranged to be within firing range of either the fort or entrenched positions on the island.<ref name=W165>Wickwire, p. 165</ref>

Cornwallis, after inspecting the city's defences on 6 February, decided to attack even though Abercromby's column had not yet reached the area. As long as Tipu's army was outside the city's defences, he could conduct a proper siege, and his opponent's freedom to act might also interfere with the arrival of Abercromby, who would have to cross the Kaveri (a difficult proposition for an army even without hostile forces nearby) to make a junction with the grand army. Cornwallis planned a nighttime attack with three components. General Medows would lead 7 battalions on the right, where he was to drive Tipu's left back toward the fort, while Lieutenant Colonel Maxwell would lead 4 battalions to gain Karigaut Hill on the left. Cornwallis himself would direct 8 battalions in the center with the objective of gaining the river near the eastern end of the fort. If successful, the Mysoreans would be driven onto the island, and either Cornwallis or Maxwell would be able to follow and establish a strong position from which the fort could be besieged. Since the battle was to take place at night, they would be unable to use artillery to provide covering fire, so he ordered the attacks to be made only with [[musket]] and [[bayonet]]. Cornwallis deliberately excluded the nizam's forces from the action, since he did not trust them to act effectively.<ref name=W166>Wickwire, p. 166</ref>

==Battle==
Cornwallis did not divulge details of the plan<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=177}}</ref> until one hour before the attack. At around 9 pm the three divisions left camp. In the center, Cornwallis advanced to the hedge, which his force reached around 11. By then gunfire from his left indicated that Maxwell's men had already begun their attack on Karigaut Hill, and the sounds had thrown the Mysorean troops in the center into some disorder. Cornwallis ordered his men through the hedge; the British troops closed with the bayonet on the Mysoreans, who fled in near-panic, leaving artillery, tents, and provisions behind.<ref name=W166/> One redoubt gave resistance and was stormed.<ref name=W167>Wickwire, p. 167</ref> Maxwell's and Cornwallis' men chased the fleeing Mysoreans as they crossed the bridges onto the island and sought the shelter of the fort. Tipu, from his position in the fort, observed the disaster and then raised the drawbridge to prevent British troops, which were by then intermingled with the Mysoreans, from gaining entry to the fort. While this secured his own position, it left many of his troops at the mercy of the British.

The division of General Medows did not fare quite as well as the other two. Medows strayed too far to the west in the dark, and although he successfully took the westernmost redoubt of the Mysorean line, he was prevented from approaching the island by a series of ravines and swampy ground. This created a gap in the British lines between the center and right, exposing Cornwallis, who had held back from the lines with a single battalion, to personal danger. Tipu sought to exploit this gap in order to recover the camp, and organized an infantry attack against the gap. Cornwallis was able to rally his men and repulse the counterattack, but his hand was grazed by a bullet during the action.<ref name=W167/>

When daylight arrived the field of battle was more clearly visible to all, and Tipu ordered his artillery to begin firing on the British positions. Significantly exposed, Cornwallis withdrew his command to Karigaut Hill, abandoning part of his camp in the process, and leaving a detachment of men in the captured redoubt. This enabled the Mysorean cavalry to roam freely through the area while Tipu's artillery continued to play on exposed British positions. Unable to support the men in the redoubt, Cornwallis had to watch as the Mysoreans made five attempts to storm the redoubt, all of which were repulsed. When night fell, Cornwallis was able to advance and relieve the beleaguered men in the redoubt. Tipu also used the night to withdraw his men entirely from the north shore of the Kaveri, enabling Cornwallis to completely surround the fort.<ref name=W168>Wickwire, p. 168</ref>

==Siege==
[[File:Plan of the Siege of Seringapatam.jpg|thumb|Plan of the siege]]

In order to hasten the arrival of Abercromby's force, Cornwallis dispatched companies of Hyderabadi and Marathan cavalry to meet and escort them to the area. On 10 February Abercromby's force arrived in camp, in spite of a sortie led by Tipu personally in an attempt to prevent the meeting from happening.<ref name=W169/> From this point, the siege became a matter of routine, as the British lines slowly advanced on the island toward the fortress. On 23 February Cornwallis inspected the unfinished first parallel. That same day, Tipu sent out negotiators to end hostilities.

==Peace==
Although fire ceased on 24 February, peace was not formally agreed until 18 March, when Tipu agreed to the severe terms of the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]]. Cornwallis made a preliminary demand that Tipu surrender two of his sons as hostages of war to guarantee Tipu's performance. On 26 February, in a ceremony immortalized in art by [[Robert Home]], who accompanied Cornwallis on the expedition, Tipu's sons, aged seven and eleven, were delivered with great pomp and circumstance to Cornwallis' care.<ref>Wickwire, p. 170</ref>

The treaty terms forced by the victors on Tipu were harsh. Mysore's size was reduced by half, with the company, the nizam, and the Marathas sharing in the spoils. The territories taken by the company were chosen in part to ease the difficulty of defending against future attacks from Mysore,<ref>Wickwire, p. 172</ref> although the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|final war with Mysore]] was initiated by the British in anticipation of further military action by Tipu. In that war, [[Battle of Seringapatam#Siege|Seringapatam was stormed]] and Tipu died in its defence.

General Medows was apparently distraught over his poor performance in the battle. On 27 February, after meeting with Cornwallis, he returned to his tent, and attempted to commit suicide, firing three bullets into his body with a pistol.<ref name=W173/> He failed in even this, and spent several days in agony. His hopes dashed at ever gaining the command of India, he eventually returned to England. Cornwallis never blamed him for his failures on the night of 6 February.<ref name=W173>Wickwire, p. 173</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=24em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=A history of the British army, Volume 3|first=John William|last=Fortescue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&dq=seringapatam+February&pg=PA586|publisher=Macmillan|year=1902}}
* {{cite book|last=Marshman|first=John Clark|year=1863|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindia00marsgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindia00marsgoog/page/n484 461]|quote=lines of travancore 1789.|title=The history of India|publisher=Serampore P.}}
* {{cite book|title=Cornwallis: The Imperial Years|url=https://archive.org/details/cornwallisimperi0000wick|url-access=registration|first=Franklin & Mary|last=Wickwire|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|year=1980|isbn=0-8078-1387-7|ref=Wickwire}}

==External links==
* {{citation|ref=none |editor-first=Ernest |editor-last=Rhys |title=A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia |location=New York City |publisher=E.P. Dutton & CO. |year=1912 |page=[http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/10500/10541/10541.htm 130]}} — [http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/10500/10541/10541.htm A plan of the siege]

[[Category:Conflicts in 1792|Seringapatam]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Mysore|Seringapatam 1792]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire|Seringapatam 1792]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Great Britain|Seringapatam 1792]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the British East India Company|Seringapatam 1792]]
[[Category:Battles of the Third Anglo-Mysore War|Seringapatam 1792]]
[[Category:1792 in India]]
[[Category:Srirangapatna]]

Delhi division

2025-12-27T10:08:02Z

Pranjal mishra: quick fix section as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Administrative division of Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Divisional Commissioner Delhi NCT.jpg|thumb|Office of the [[Divisional Commissioner]], [[Government of Delhi]] situated at 5, Sham Nath Marg, Civil Lines, Central Delhi]]

'''Delhi Division''' is the only administrative and revenue division in [[Delhi]], India which consists of [[Districts of Delhi|13 districts]].<ref name="number of districts">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-12 |title=Delhi gets 13 districts as Cabinet clears reorganisation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/delhi-gets-13-districts-as-cabinet-clears-reorganisation-101765480667589.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="number of districts2">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Delhi Cabinet approves reorganisation of 11 districts into 13: Check new names |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/delhi-cabinet-approves-reorganisation-of-11-districts-into-13-cm-rekha-gupta-latest-updates-2025-12-11-1021329 |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> [[Civil Lines, Delhi|Civil Lines]] in [[Central Delhi]] district is the headquarters of the Delhi division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Department of Revenue |url=https://revenue.delhi.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=revenue.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>

Delhi Division is headed by an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of the rank of [[Divisional Commissioner]] (Principal Secretary of Revenue).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organization Setup {{!}} Department of Revenue |url=https://revenue.delhi.gov.in/revenue/organization-setup |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=revenue.delhi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Department of Revenue {{!}} Department of Revenue |url=https://revenue.delhi.gov.in/revenue/welcome-department-revenue |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=revenue.delhi.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Each of these district is headed by a [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] (DM), also called Deputy Commissioner (DC), who reports to the [[Divisional commissioner|Divisional Commissioner]] of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub division Offices {{!}} Department of Revenue |url=https://revenue.delhi.gov.in/revenue/sub-division-offices |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=revenue.delhi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of ADMs at Revenue Department {{!}} Department of Revenue |url=https://revenue.delhi.gov.in/revenue/list-adms-revenue-department |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=revenue.delhi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Department of Revenue {{!}} Department of Revenue |url=https://revenue.delhi.gov.in/revenue/welcome-department-revenue |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=revenue.delhi.gov.in}}</ref> The Divisional Commissioner reports to the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary of Delhi]].

Ashwani Kumar ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]) is the current Divisional Commissioner of Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Divisional Commissioner {{!}} Department of Revenue |url=https://revenue.delhi.gov.in/revenue/list-revenuehq |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=revenue.delhi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Ashwani Kumar IAS posted as Principal Secretary- Home, Delhi Govt |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/ashwani-kumar-ias-posted-as-principal-secretary-home-delhi-govt/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |language=en}}</ref> Naresh Kumar ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]) is the Chief Secretary of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Secretary of Delhi {{!}} Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi |url=https://delhi.gov.in/chief-secretary-delhi |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=delhi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-22 |title=Naresh Kumar takes charge as Delhi chief secretary |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/naresh-kumar-takes-charge-as-chief-secretary/articleshow/90989295.cms |access-date=2023-05-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== List of districts and Sub-divisions ==
{{transcluded section|source=List of districts of Delhi}}
{{#Section-h:List of districts of Delhi|List of districts of Delhi}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Delhi}}
[[Category:Delhi]]

{{Delhi-stub}}

Rajesh Kumar (actor)

2025-12-03T17:55:25Z

Pranjal mishra: adjust layout further and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh Kumar
| image = Rajesh kumar colors indian telly awards.jpg
| caption = Kumar at the Colors Indian Telly Awards, 2012
| birth_date = 
| othername =
| birth_place = [[Gaya (India) | Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]], Producer
| years_active = 1999–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Madhavi Chopra|2004}}
}}

'''Rajesh Kumar''' is an Indian actor and producer, best known for his roles in Indian television shows such as ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' and ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''.<ref name="toi" /><ref name="hattangadi" /> Rajesh is an alumnus of [[Hindu College, University of Delhi]].<ref name="pal" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rajesh-kumar-tests-negative-for-covid-19-back-on-sets-of-excuse-me-madam/story-bBlCD8yfvFaudAVhEJ0NYL.html|title=Rajesh Kumar tests negative for Covid-19, back on sets of Excuse Me Madam|website=Hindustan Times|date=13 September 2020|language=en|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113142/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rajesh-kumar-tests-negative-for-covid-19-back-on-sets-of-excuse-me-madam/story-bBlCD8yfvFaudAVhEJ0NYL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He quit acting and at the age of 41, he took up farming as a profession as, according to him, that served for the greater purpose for life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-13 |title=Rajesh Kumar tearfully says he had only Rs 2500 in bank... |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajesh-kumar-had-only-rs-2500-in-bank-debt-collectors-visited-home-when-he-quit-acting-for-farming-shattered-9608188/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=indian express }}</ref> He has since returned to acting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-29 |title=Famous TV actor, after Rs 2 cr debt, was forced to sell vegetables in front of son's school |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tv-actor-recalls-his-brief-stint-as-a-vegetable-seller-reveals-he-got-into-a-debt-of-rs-2-cr-was-ignored-by-friends/articleshow/113778443.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajesh Kumar resides in [[Mumbai]] with his family. His ancestral home is in Gaya District, [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sarabhai-vs-sarabhais-rosesh-rajesh-kumar-recalls-turning-a-farmer-for-5-years-i-suffered-huge-losses-became-bankrupt-but-kept-going-9157743/|title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai’s ‘Rosesh’ Rajesh Kumar recalls turning a farmer for 5 years: ‘I suffered huge losses, had to repay debt’|date=12 February 2024|access-date=16 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213214858/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sarabhai-vs-sarabhais-rosesh-rajesh-kumar-recalls-turning-a-farmer-for-5-years-i-suffered-huge-losses-became-bankrupt-but-kept-going-9157743/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-actor-rajesh-kumar-on-pursuing-full-time-farming-and-more-4601610|title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai Actor Rajesh Kumar On Pursuing Full-Time Farming And More|website=NDTV.com|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204034742/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-actor-rajesh-kumar-on-pursuing-full-time-farming-and-more-4601610|url-status=live}}</ref> He married Madhavi Chopra in 2004.

==Filmography==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- Rajesh Kumar Ukaro
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1999–2001 || [[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|''Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka'']] ||Rishabh ||
|-
| 2000–2001 || ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series) | Ghar Ek Mandir]]'' || Vilas ||
|-
| 2001–2003 || ''[[Kkusum]]'' || Shashank Deshmukh ||
|-
| 2001–2003 ||''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'' || Narendra Singh ||
|-
| 2001–2003 || ''Shikwah'' || ||
|-
| 2001–2002 || ''Kaun Apna Kaun Paraya'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Krishna Arjun (TV series)|Krishna Arjun]]'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]'' || Sheyro Jungliani || Guest
|-
| 2004–2006; 2017 || ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' || [[Rosesh Sarabhai]] ||
|-
|2005
|''[[CID Special Bureau]]''
|Raghav
|Episode: Murder In Trance Part I & II
|-
| 2005–2010 || ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' || Narrator/Subodh Labshankar Thakkar ||
|-
| 2006–2007 || ''[[Kulvaddhu]]'' || Jaswant Singh Rathore ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Durgesh Nandinii]]'' || Dheeraj||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Comedy Circus]]'' || rowspan="2" |Contestant ||
|-
| 2008–2009 || [[Kaante Ki Takkar|''Comedy Circus Kaante Ki Takkar'']] || '''Winner''' with [[Swapnil Joshi]], [[V.I.P. (comedian)|V.I.P.]] and Rajiv Nigam
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ek Packet Umeed]]'' || Gudiya's groom || Episode 2
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bhootwala Serial]]'' || Vicky ||
|-
| 2010–2011 || ''[[Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale]]'' || Dishtdumn Sharma ||
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''[[Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story]]'' || Chintu Dwivedi || Also producer<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/chintu-chinki-aur-ek-badi-si-love-story/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125144422/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/chintu-chinki-aur-ek-badi-si-love-story/ |archive-date=25 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012 || [[Arjun (TV series)|''Arjun-Har Yug Me Aayega Ek'']] || Pathan Lala ||
|-
| [[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|''Lakhon Mein Ek'']] || Mahesh || Episode ″Venkatlaxmi″
|-
| ''[[Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother]]'' || Chaman<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-kumar-enters-bhai-bhaiya-aur-brother/articleshow/14504278.cms|title=Rajesh Kumar enters Bhai, Bhaiya aur Brother|website=The Times of India|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-kumar-enters-bhai-bhaiya-aur-brother/articleshow/14504278.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ||
|-
| ''Bhoot Raja aur Ronnie'' || Raja/ Bhoot Raja || [[Television film]]
|-
| 2013 || [[MTV India|''Time Out with Imam'']] || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Pritam Pyare Aur Woh]]'' || Dara Koyla ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-becomes-a-vampire/articleshow/31665007.cms|title=Rajesh becomes a vampire|date=9 March 2014|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217005521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-becomes-a-vampire/articleshow/31665007.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai'' || Lal Sing ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-kumars-new-comedy-show/articleshow/36889903.cms|title=Rajesh Kumar's new comedy show|date=21 June 2014|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916003918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rajesh-Kumars-new-comedy-show/articleshow/36889903.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhoot Raja aur Ronnie 2'' || Raja/ Bhoot Raja || Television film<br>Sequel to 2012 film
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Zindagi Khatti Meethi]]'' || Diptiman Roy Chowdhury ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015–2016 || ''[[Neeli Chatri Waale]]'' || Bhagwan Das Chaubey ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-turns-desi-superman/articleshow/48391288.cms|title=Rajesh turns desi superman|date=8 August 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502104338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-turns-desi-superman/articleshow/48391288.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yam Kisi Se Kam Nahin]]'' || [[Yam Raj]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-here-s-what-the-popular-tv-sitcom-s-cast-is-up-to-now/story-hUoa3Ev0fNLs7BrGu3UMhI.html|title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Here’s what the popular TV sitcom’s cast is up to now|date=15 March 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115093447/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-here-s-what-the-popular-tv-sitcom-s-cast-is-up-to-now/story-hUoa3Ev0fNLs7BrGu3UMhI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Badi Door Se Aaye Hai]]'' || Daulat Ram Yadav ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[TV, Biwi aur Main]]'' || Jijaji ||
|-
| [[List of programmes broadcast by &TV|''Comedy Dangal'']] || Various characters ||
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Belan Wali Bahu]]''
| Mahesh
|
|-
|2018
|[[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|''Khichdi'']]
|[[Ravana|Ravan]]
|Episode 3
|-
| 2019 || ''Apna News Aayega'' || Various characters ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Maharaj Ki Jai Ho!]]'' || King Suryabhan||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Excuse Me Maadam]]'' || Sanam Harjaayi ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-kumar-and-nyra-banerjee-starrer-excuse-me-madam-promo-is-out-and-looks-like-a-fun-watch/articleshow/77783893.cms|title=Rajesh Kumar and Nyra Banerjee starrer 'Excuse Me Madam' promo is out and looks like a fun watch|date=27 August 2020|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412204340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-kumar-and-nyra-banerjee-starrer-excuse-me-madam-promo-is-out-and-looks-like-a-fun-watch/articleshow/77783893.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Bhalla Calling Bhalla''
|Rajesh Bhalla
|<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=23 May 2020 |title=Bhalla Calling Bhalla trailer: Rajesh Kumar, Gaurav Gera join hands for a fun ride |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bhalla-calling-bhalla-trailer-rajesh-sharma-gaurav-gera-join-hands-for-a-fun-ride/story-L3k1A5hh76fWcepwcR2UrI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2021–present
|''[[Kota Factory]]''
|Gagan Rastogi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/kota-factory-gagan-sir-aka-rajesh-kumar-accepted-the-role-only-to-meet-a-farmer-in-vidisha-at-makers-expense-1698433|title=Kota Factory’s Gagan Sir Aka Rajesh Kumar Accepted The Role Only To Meet A Farmer In Vidisha|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=26 June 2024|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=8 September 2024|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626172111/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/kota-factory-gagan-sir-aka-rajesh-kumar-accepted-the-role-only-to-meet-a-farmer-in-vidisha-at-makers-expense-1698433|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023–present
|''[[Yeh Meri Family]]''
|Sanjay Awasthi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/yeh-meri-family-2-new-family-juhi-parmar-rajesh-kumar-amazon-minitv-8605704/|title=TVF’s Yeh Meri Family returns with new season and new family; Juhi Parmar, Rajesh Kumar to play the leads|date=12 May 2023|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614222201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/yeh-meri-family-2-new-family-juhi-parmar-rajesh-kumar-amazon-minitv-8605704/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Rana Naidu]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Freedom at Midnight (web series)|Freedom at Midnight]]''
|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]] ||<ref name=RajeshHaddi/>
|-
|''Khet Khet Mein''
|Host/presenter
|<ref name=RajeshHaddi/>
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2011
|''[[Men Will Be Men]]''
|Preet
|<ref name=RVW>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/men-will-be-men-review/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304050752/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/men-will-be-men-review/|url-status=dead|title=Men Will Be Men Review|first=Mrigank|last=Dhaniwala|date=29 April 2011|archivedate=4 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Super Nani]]''
| Suketu
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Stuti |date=21 March 2013 |title=Rajesh Kumar and Anchal Dwivedi in Super Nani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajesh-kumar-and-anchal-dwivedi-in-super-nani/articleshow/19105625.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Student of the Year 2]]''
|Prem Narayan Sachdev
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-actor-rajesh-kumar-hoped-his-career-would-take-a-flight-after-soty-2-but-usme-kainchi-aisi-chali-9052433/|title=Sarabhai vs Sarabhai actor Rajesh Kumar ‘hoped’ his career would take a flight after SOTY 2: ‘But usme kainchi aisi chali…’|date=3 December 2023|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=13 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213230107/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-actor-rajesh-kumar-hoped-his-career-would-take-a-flight-after-soty-2-but-usme-kainchi-aisi-chali-9052433/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Haddi]]''
|Satto
|<ref name=RajeshHaddi>{{cite news |last=Saxena |first=Deep |date=19 July 2024 |title=Rajesh Kumar on success post Haddi: Gaining 20 kg did wonders for me |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/rajesh-kumar-on-success-post-haddi-gaining-20-kg-did-wonders-for-me-101721388810251.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024
|''[[Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya]]''
|Mama
|<ref name=RajeshHaddi/>
|-
|''[[Rautu Ka Raaz]]''
|Naresh Prabhakar Dimri
|[[ZEE5]] film<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1069398/rautu-ka-raaz-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-plays-a-cop-investigating-a-murder-in-a-hill-station|title=‘Rautu Ka Raaz’ trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui plays a cop investigating a murder in a hill station|website=Scroll|language=en|access-date=2024-06-18|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618153355/https://scroll.in/reel/1069398/rautu-ka-raaz-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-plays-a-cop-investigating-a-murder-in-a-hill-station|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Binny And Family]]''
|Vinay Singh
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=23 December 2023 |title=Binny & Family Director Ssanjay Tripathy On Casting Rajesh Kumar: Industry Tend To Stereotype An Actor, BUT - EXCL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/binny-family-director-ssanjay-tripathy-on-casting-rajesh-kumar-industry-tend-to-stereotype-an-actor-but-excl-article-116582395 |work=[[Times Now]] |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|Mr. Batra
|<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=24 July 2025 |title=Rajesh Kumar returns to big screen with ‘Saiyaara’, calls it a dream comeback |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/rajesh-kumar-returns-to-big-screen-with-saiyaara-calls-it-a-dream-comeback-1503461716.html |website=thestatesman.com |location=India |publisher=The Statesman |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mannu Kya Karegga]]''
|Suryaprakash Sarod
|
|-
|''[[Nishaanchi]]''
|Bhola Pehalwan
|
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Serial
! Outcome
|-

| 2005
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Comic Role
| ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2012
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Comic Role (Jury Award)
| ''[[Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story]]''
| {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="pal">{{cite web
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/I-had-6-attendance-Abhishek-Chaubey/etarticleshow/9174468.cms
|title = I had 6% attendance: Abhishek Chaubey
|last1 = Pal
|first1 = Divya
|last2 = Sharma
|first2 = Garima
|work = [[The Times of India]]
|date = 11 July 2011
|access-date = 15 April 2013
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110916211057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-11/delhi/29758414_1_hostel-hindu-college-college-days
|archive-date = 16 September 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
<ref name="toi">{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Rajesh-Kumars-cycle-ride/articleshow/14672777.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710064017/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-05/tv/32537957_1_cycle-patna-monsoon-paani
|url-status=live
|archive-date=10 July 2013
|title=Rajesh Kumar's cycle ride
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=5 July 2012
|access-date=15 April 2013
}}</ref>
<ref name="hattangadi">{{cite web
|url = http://www.afternoondc.in/television/i-would-love-to-do-a-negative-role-rajesh-kumar/article_4524
|title = I would love to do a negative role: Rajesh Kumar
|last = Hattangadi
|first = Sandeep
|work = [[Afternoon (newspaper)|Afternoon Despatch & Courier]]
|date = 1 July 2010
|accessdate = 15 April 2013
|url-status = live
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112031942/http://www.afternoondc.in/television/i-would-love-to-do-a-negative-role-rajesh-kumar/article_4524
|archivedate = 12 January 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3632004}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Comic Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Male actors from Patna]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]

Śārṅgadeva

2025-11-25T07:22:41Z

Pranjal mishra: enhance citations for accuracy also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian musicologist (1175–1247)}}
{{About|a Hindu music scholar|Rajput ruler|Vaghela dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
__NOTOC__
'''Śārṅgadeva''' (1175–1247),<ref>{{cite book|author=Ananda Lal|title=Theatres of India: A Concise Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goELAQAAMAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569917-3|page=298}}</ref> also spelled '''Sharngadeva''' or '''Sarnga Deva''', was a 13th-century [[India]]n [[musicologist]] who authored ''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'' – a Sanskrit text on music and drama.<ref name="Lal1992p3987">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3987 |year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=3987}}</ref> It is considered to be the authoritative treatise on [[Indian classical music]] by both the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music]] traditions.<ref name=bod116>{{cite book|author=Rens Bod|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116| year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164294-4|page=116}}</ref><ref name="MasseyMassey1996">{{cite book|author1=Reginald Massey|author2=Jamila Massey|title=The Music Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC&pg=PA42|accessdate=23 July 2013|year= 1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-332-8|page=42}}</ref><ref name="Moorthy2001">{{cite book|author=Vijaya Moorthy|title=Romance Of The Raga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC&pg=PA18|accessdate=23 July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-382-3|pages=18–}}</ref>

Śārṅgadeva was born in a [[Brahmin]] family of [[Kashmir]].<ref name=massey41/> In an era of Islamic invasion of the northwest regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the start of [[Delhi Sultanate]], his family migrated south and settled in the Hindu kingdom in the Deccan region ruled by the [[Yadava dynasty]] near [[Ellora Caves]] (Maharashtra). Śārṅgadeva worked as an accountant with freedom to pursue his music interests in the court of King [[Simhana]] (r. 1210–1247).<ref name=massey41>{{cite book|author1=Reginald Massey|author2=Jamila Massey|title=The Music Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC&pg=PA41|year=1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-332-8|pages=41–42}}</ref><ref>Ramanlal Chhotalal Mehta, ''Musical Musings: Selected Essays'', Indian Musicological Society (1996), p. 46</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=T. V. Kuppuswami|title=Carnātic Music and the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpLmAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Kalinga Publications|isbn=978-81-85163-25-3|pages=vii–viii}}</ref>

==Ideas==
Śārṅgadeva presented his ideas on music and dance in seven chapters of ''Sangita Ratnakara'', but integrated it with philosophical context.<ref name="Lal1992p3987"/> He systematically presented his ideas on the nature of sound, register, the smallest distinct sounds that humans can hear and musical instruments can produce (''[[Shruti (music)|shruti]]''), musical scales and modes, 264 ''[[raga]]s'', beats and role of time (''[[tala (music)|tala]]''), prosody (''[[Chanda|chhanda]]s''), relation between performance arts and human emotions and sentiments, musical and vocal ornaments, the composition of drama and songs, and the limitless opportunities available to the artist to express and affect her audience.<ref name="Lal1992p3987"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Lewis Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73034-9|pages=13, 212–214, 284–285}}</ref>

According to [[Peter G. Fletcher|Peter Fletcher]] – a professor of Music and Drama, Śārṅgadeva states in ''Sangita Ratnakara'' that "the composer was expected to be a competent performer, but he also made clear that the composer was expected to know his audience, and how their minds work, rising above his own likes and dislikes, in order to bring delight to everyone".<ref name=fletcher253>{{cite book|author=Peter Fletcher|title=World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vBEfViLyp8C&pg=PA253 |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-816636-8|page=253}}</ref> Śārṅgadeva's views on music, states Fletcher, exemplified ideas in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' relating to non-attachment.<ref name=fletcher253/>

==Influence==
Śārṅgadeva is one of the most influential medieval era music theorists of the Indian subcontinent, and his book has been called "the first modern book on Indian classical music".<ref name="MasseyMassey1996"/> The book is considered by some to be as significant as [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]]'s ''[[Natya Shastra]]''. According to [[Don Michael Randel|Don Randel]], a professor of musicology, Śārṅgadeva's text is the most comprehensive treatise that interprets the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' and ''[[Brihaddeshi]]'' of the ancient Indian music tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author=Don Michael Randel|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2|page=813}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Emmie te Nijenhuis|author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis|title=Musicological literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUIAQAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-01831-9|page=12}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Purandara Dasa]]
* [[Raga]]
* [[Tala (music)|Tala]]
* [[Tansen]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book| author=Śārngadeva (Translator: R. K. Shringy)|title=Sangita ratnakara, Volume 1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UN0qvgAACAAJ| year=1999| publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0508-6}}
*{{cite book| author1=Śārṅgadeva|author2=R. K. Shringy (Translator)|title=Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D136jwEACAAJ| year=2007| publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0466-9}}
* {{cite book|author=N. Ramanathan|title=Musical forms in Sangītaratnākara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HG0JAQAAMAAJ|year=1999 |publisher=Sampradāya}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Sangita Ratnakara |url=https://archive.org/details/SangitaRatnakara |date= |publisher=[[archive.org]] |accessdate=}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:1175 births]]
[[Category:1247 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian scholars]]

[[Category:Musicology]]
[[Category:Music history of India]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian musicians]]

Campa Cola Compound

2025-11-06T08:56:05Z

Pranjal mishra: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Campa Cola Compound case]]

Bengtol

2025-10-05T08:58:39Z

Pranjal mishra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bengtol
| other_name =
| nickname = BengtolBazar
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam #India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|38|17|N|90|28|34|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo people|Boro]]/[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 783394
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS-26]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bengtol''' is a [[census town|town]] in [[Chirang District]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. It is governed by Bengtol Gram Panchayat. The nearest city is [[Bongaigaon]], about 25 kilometers away.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengtol-I Chirang, Assam, India|url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/as/chirang/bengtol/bengtol-i|access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Bengtol Town or Bengtol Bazaar Town had a 2011 population of 543 of which 276 are males while 267 are females. Children age 0-6 number 77 or 14.18% of the total. Average Sex Ratio is 967, higher than other town average of 958. Child Sex Ratio 711, lower than Assam average of 962<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengtol-I Population - Chirang, Assam|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/301857-bengtol-i-assam.html|access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>
Bengtol has a lower literacy rate compared to other towns. In 2011, the literacy rate was 69.31% compared to 72.19% of Assam. Male literacy stood at 77.92% while female literacy rate was 60.85%.
[[Boro language (India)|Boro]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] are the main languages. [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] are also common.

==Education==
* [[Bengtol College]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-19 |title=Assam professor arrested for raping minor, abetting her death by ‘suicide’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-professor-arrested-for-raping-minor-abetting-her-death-by-suicide-101621395196231.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Don Bosco Higher Secondary School
* Centre for New Learning, Bengtol
* Bengtol Higher Secondary School
* Bengtol Junior College
* Mwnsin Sibrai English School, Bengtol

==Geography==
[[Patabari]], [[Kajalgaon]], and [[Bongaigaon]] are nearby towns. [[Aie River]] flows near the town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2021-06-10 |title=Officials assess eroded embankment in Chirang district - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/officials-assess-eroded-embankment-in-chirang-district-542134 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chirang district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Supreme Airlines

2025-09-24T14:17:06Z

Pranjal mishra: started some stub w/ refs.

{{Short description|Regional airline of Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Supreme Airlines
| logo = Supreme_Airlines.png
| IATA = {{mdash}}
| ICAO = {{mdash}}
| callsign = {{mdash}}
| founded = 1983
| commenced = 12 September 2016
| ceased = April 2018
| parent =
| bases = [[Jaipur International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/SUX|title=Supreme Airlines on ch-aviation|website=ch-aviation}}</ref>
| frequent_flyer =
| headquarters =
| lounge =
| alliance =
| fleet_size = 5
| destinations = 11
| key_people = [https://roycook.blogspot.com/2019/10/ammeet-K-Agarwal.html Ammeet K Agarwal] ([[CEO]] & President)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supremeaviation.com/keypeople.html|title=::Key People::|website=www.supremeaviation.com}}</ref>
| website = [https://supremeairlines.com/Default.aspx supremeairlines.com]
}}

'''Supreme Airlines''' was a private [[List of airlines of India|non-scheduled airline]], with bases in [[Jaipur]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. It operated 18 daily flights between 11 cities under an agreement with the State Govt of [[Rajasthan]]. Between 4th October 2016 and 7th August 2018, Supreme Airlines hauled 20,625 passengers in 4,167 flights, with 2,000+ tones of cargo. Supreme Airlines has sued the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], D.G.C.A. and [[Airports Authority of India]] for Rs. 40+ Crores. <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/two-days-after-inauguration-kota-delhi-flights-withdrawn/story-n4M1H6PGnfAnaPveXDQuOJ.html|title=Supreme Airlines flights stopped|author= |date=15 April 2018|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 July 2022|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://supremeairlines.com/BookingLinkFlight.aspx?FltSldId1=0&FltSldId2=0/|title=Supreme Airlines booking engine|website=supremeairlines.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/68925-indias-supreme-airlines-debuts-ops-at-sri-ganganagar |title=India's Supreme Airlines debuts ops at Sri Ganganagar |work=ch-aviation |access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref>

==Destinations==
Supreme Airlines was flying to the following destinations as of April 2019.<ref>[https://supremeairlines.com/Default.aspx supremeairlines.com - Book a flight] retrieved 14 April 2019</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/two-days-after-inauguration-kota-delhi-flights-withdrawn/story-n4M1H6PGnfAnaPveXDQuOJ.html|title=Supreme Airlines flights connecting Kota in Rajasthan stopped|date=14 April 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/supreme-airlines-suspends-delhi-kota-service-789913|title=Supreme Airlines suspends Delhi-Kota service|website=centreforaviation.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/intra-state-air-service-launched-in-rajasthan-by-supreme-airlines-600940|title=Intra state air service launched by Supreme Airlines|website=centreforaviation.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/supreme-airlines-delays-jaipur-jaisalmer-service-launch-608734|title=Supreme Airlines delays Jaipur-Jaisalmer launch|website=centreforaviation.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country !! State !! City !! Airport !! Notes
|-
| India || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Jaipur]] || [[Jaipur International Airport]]||
|-
| India || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Jodhpur]] || [[Jodhpur Airport]] ||
|-
| India || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Sri Ganganagar]] || [[Lalgarh Airport]] ||
|-
| India || [[Rajasthan]]|| [[Udaipur]]|| [[Puttaparthi Airport]] ||
|-
|India
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Bikaner]]
|[[Bikaner Airport]]
|
|-
|India
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|[[Kota Airport]]
|
|-
|India
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Jaisalmer]]
|[[Jaisalmer Airport]]
|
|-
|India
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Kishangarh]]
|[[Kishangarh Airport]]
|
|-
|India
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]]
|
|-
|India
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Agra]]
|[[Agra Airport]]
|
|-
|India
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
|
|}

==Fleet==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0.5em auto"
|+ Supreme Airlines fleet
|-
! rowspan="2" | Aircraft
! rowspan="2" | In service
! rowspan="2" | Orders
!| Passengers
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! style="width:25px;" | <abbr title="Economy class">Y</abbr>
|-
|[[Cessna 208B Grand Caravan]]
| 2010
|VT-SAI
|9
|-
|[[Cessna 208B Grand Caravan]]
|2013
|VT-UDN
|9
|-
|[[Cessna 172 Skyhawk|Cessna 172SP Skyhawk]]
|2007
|N106KA
|3
|-
|[[Cessna 172 Skyhawk|Cessna 172SP Skyhawk]]
|2007
|N286SA
|3
|-
|[[Diamond DA20-C1|Diamond 20C1]]
|2007
|N340JA
|1
|- <ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/pvt-airline-accuses-dgca-of-corruption-tardiness/articleshow/61139050.cms|title=Pvt airline accuses DGCA of corruption, tardiness|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|first=Satish|last=Nandgaonkar|date=19 October 2017|accessdate=8 May 2022}}</ref>
!Total
!-
!{{mdash}}
!colspan=2|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airlines of India}}

[[Category:Airlines established in 1993]]
[[Category:Airlines of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Companies based in Rajasthan]]