https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PranayMeesalaBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-31T03:40:00ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vairagi_tradition&diff=543354Vairagi tradition2026-05-06T20:07:49Z<p>PranayMeesala: created some stub v1</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Hindu Celibate ascetics of vaishnavism}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Vairagi<br />
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| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| total = <br />
| popplace = India<br />
| langs = <br />
| rels = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| related = <br />
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}}<br />
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'''Vairagi''', also spelt '''Bairagi''', is a [[Hindu denominations|Hindu sect]] who follow [[Vaishnavism]]. [[Celibate]] [[ascetic]]s of Vaishnav Sampradaya are called Vairagi or Bairagi.<ref name=britsadhu>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515896/sadhu-and-swami Brian Duignan, ''Sadhu and swami'', Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>Richard Burghart, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062404?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Ab23e5c2f3a28aff05dd36c275ffe207a&seq=14#page_scan_tab_contents Wandering Ascetics of the Rāmānandī Sect], p.374, History of Religions<br />
Vol. 22, No. 4, Devotional Religion in India (May, 1983), The University of Chicago Press</ref><ref name=larsonvair>Gerald James Larson (1995), India's Agony Over Religion, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791424124}}, page 116</ref><ref>Ramdas Lamb (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut A Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pages 317-330</ref> The Bairagis were Vaishnavite mendicants who venerated [[Rama]] or [[Krishna]].<ref name=":12">Singh, Abha. “SATNAMIS OR SADHS: CHANGING IDENTITY OF THE SATNAMIS OF NARNAUL.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 61, 2000, pp. 505–06. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/44148127</nowiki>. Accessed 6 May 2026.</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
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The ''Vairagi'' term was first adopted by vaishnavas of Ramanandi Sampradaya.<ref name=larsonvair>Gerald James Larson (1995), India's Agony Over Religion, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791424124}}, page 116</ref>{{qn|date=August 2021}}<ref>Ramdas Lamb (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut A Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pages 317-330</ref>{{clarify|reason=surely the source doesn't take 13 pages to say this - needs more specific page number|date=August 2021}} Later, it became the identity of followers of all four Vaishnava sampradayas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miśra|first=Bholānātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiQbAAAAMAAJ|title=Hindī santa-sāhitya meṃ pratibimbita samāja, saṃvat 1400 se 1700 Vi|date=1981|publisher=Sāhityavāṇī|pages=140|language=hi}}</ref>{{qn|date=August 2021}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Bairagi Brahmin (caste)]]<br />
* [[Bairagi (raga)]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Hindu denominations]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Challengers_Bengaluru&diff=530973Royal Challengers Bengaluru2026-05-06T14:37:11Z<p>PranayMeesala: Starting basic stub more to come</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Bengaluru-based franchise in the Indian Premier League}}<br />
{{about||the women's team|Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)}}<br />
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{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket team<br />
| name = Royal Challengers Bengaluru<br />
| nickname = RCB<br />
| image = Royal Challengers Bengaluru Logo.svg<br />
| image_size = 160px<br />
| league = [[Indian Premier League]]<br />
| captain = [[Rajat Patidar]]<br/>(2025–present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/royal-challengers-bengaluru-name-patidar-their-captain-for-ipl-2025-1473005|title=Rajat Patidar appointed new RCB captain for IPL 2025|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2025|archive-date=17 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517184522/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/royal-challengers-bengaluru-name-patidar-their-captain-for-ipl-2025-1473005|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| coach = <!-- Do not add flagicons here (see MOS:INFOBOXFLAG)-->[[Andy Flower]]<br/>(2024–present)<ref>{{cite news |title=Andy Flower takes over as head coach at Royal Challengers Bangalore |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-rcb-andy-flower-takes-over-as-head-coach-mike-hesson-and-sanjay-bangar-leave-1390794 |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804045247/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-rcb-andy-flower-takes-over-as-head-coach-mike-hesson-and-sanjay-bangar-leave-1390794 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| batting_coach = [[Dinesh Karthik]]<br/>(2025–present)<br />
| fielding_coach = [[Richard Halsall]]<br/>(2024–present)<br />
| city = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka<br />
|colours = Red & black {{color box|#FF0000}} {{color box|#0c0c38ff}}<br />
| owner = [[Aditya Birla Group]]<br/>[[The Times Group]]<br/>[[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]]<br>(2026–present)<ref>{{cite news |title=Aditya Birla Group, TOI Group, Bolt Ventures & Blackstone acquire RCB for $1.78 billion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/aditya-birla-group-toi-group-bolt-ventures-blackstone-acquire-rcb-for-1-78-billion/articleshow/129780659.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref><br />
| founded = {{start date and age|2008}}<br />
| dissolved = <br />
| ground = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]<br />
| capacity = 35,000<br />
| title1 = [[Indian Premier League]]<br />
| title1wins = 1 ([[2025 Indian Premier League final|2025]])<br />
| title2 = [[Champions League Twenty20|Champions League]]<br />
| title2wins =<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.royalchallengers.com/|Website}}<br />
| h_pattern_la = <br />
| h_pattern_b = _rcb25<br />
| h_pattern_ra = <br />
| h_pattern_pants = <br />
| h_leftarm = 0c0c38ff<br />
| h_body = 191970<br />
| h_rightarm = 0c0c38ff<br />
| h_pants = FF0000<br />
| h_title = Regular [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]]<br />
| t_pattern_la = <br />
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| t_pants = 7ae740ff<br />
| t_title = Green [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]]<br />
| current = [[2026 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|2026 season]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Season sidebar<br />
| title = Seasons<br />
| list = <br />
* [[2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2008]]<br />
* [[2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2009]]<br />
* [[2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2010]]<br />
* [[2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2011]]<br />
* [[2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2012]]<br />
* [[2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2013]]<br />
* [[2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2014]]<br />
* [[2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2015]]<br />
* [[2016 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2016]]<br />
* [[2017 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2017]]<br />
* [[2018 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2018]]<br />
* [[2019 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2019]]<br />
* [[2020 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2020]]<br />
* [[2021 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2021]]<br />
* [[2022 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2022]]<br />
* [[2023 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2023]]<br />
* [[2024 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|2024]]<br />
* [[2025 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|2025]]<br />
* <!--[[2026 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|2026]]--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{sidebar<br />
| titlestyle = font-size: 120%; background-color: #8B0000; color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #C32148<br />
| title = <span style="color: #FFFFFFF">Royal Challengers Bengaluru</span><br />
| contentstyle = padding-top:0.5em;<br />
| content1 = {{aligned table|cols=2|fullwidth=y<br />
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|30px|class=skin-invert]]<br />
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|30px|class=skin-invert]]<br />
| Men's Team<br />
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru WPL|Women's Team]]<br />
}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Royal Challengers Bengaluru''', also known as '''RCB''', formerly '''Royal Challengers Bangalore''', are a professional [[Twenty20|Twenty20 cricket]] team based in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, that competes in the [[Indian Premier League]].<br />
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They won their first title in [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]].<ref name=":1" /> The team finished as the runners-up on three occasions in [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]], [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]], and [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]], and have also qualified for the playoffs in ten of the eighteen seasons.<br />
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As of 2026, the team is captained by [[Rajat Patidar]] and coached by [[Andy Flower]]. The franchise has competed in the [[Champions League Twenty20]], finishing as runners-up in the [[2011 Champions League Twenty20|2011 season]]. As of 2024, RCB's [[brand value]] was estimated at $117 million, making it one of the most valuable IPL brands.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL brand value reaches whopping $12 billion! Here are the top 10 most valuable IPL brands 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ipl-brand-value-reaches-whopping-12-billion-here-are-the-top-10-most-valuable-ipl-brands-2024/articleshow/115964117.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305040313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ipl-brand-value-reaches-whopping-12-billion-here-are-the-top-10-most-valuable-ipl-brands-2024/articleshow/115964117.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Founded in 2008 by [[United Spirits]], the franchise is owned by the [[Aditya Birla Group]], the [[The Times Group]] and [[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]] since 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2026|title=Aditya Birla Group, TOI Group, Bolt Ventures & Blackstone acquire RCB for $1.78 billion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/aditya-birla-group-toi-group-bolt-ventures-blackstone-acquire-rcb-for-1-78-billion/articleshow/129780659.cms|access-date=26 March 2026|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The team was acquired for a record $1.78 billion, representing the highest valuation for a franchise in IPL history.<br />
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==History==<br />
===2008–2010: Initial seasons===<br />
{{main|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2008|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2010|l2 = 2009|l3 = 2010}}<br />
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In September 2007, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] announced the establishment of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) a [[Twenty20]] competition set to begin in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alter |first=Jamie |author1-link=Jamie Alter |date=13 September 2007 |title=Franchises for board's new Twenty20 league |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/franchises-for-board-s-new-twenty20-league-310819 |access-date=6 June 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513165421/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/franchises-for-board-s-new-twenty20-league-310819 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 January 2008, an auction was held in Mumbai for the league's teams, which represented eight different cities in India, including Bengaluru. The Bangalore franchise was acquired by [[Vijay Mallya]] for {{USD}}111.6{{nbsp}}million, making it the second-highest bid, slightly less than [[Reliance Industries]]' {{USD}}111.9{{nbsp}}million bid for the [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193|title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL|date=24 January 2008|access-date=18 June 2024|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418005531/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Rahul dravid Bangalore Royal Challengers (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Rahul Dravid]] was the team's icon player in 2008.]]<br />
Ahead of the [[List of 2008 Indian Premier League auctions and personnel signings|2008 player auction]], the IPL designated [[Rahul Dravid]] as the [[icon player#Indian Premier League|icon player]] for the Bangalore franchise. This designation ensured that Dravid would be paid 15% more than the highest bid player at the auction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ground rules for the IPL Auction |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ground-rules-for-the-ipl-auction/story-yA7LmLjlxbWX4NFd2hpj7H.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |date=20 February 2008}}</ref> The franchise acquired several prominent Indian and international players, including [[Jacques Kallis]], [[Anil Kumble]], [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Mark Boucher]], [[Dale Steyn]], and [[Cameron White]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Vaidyanathan |first=<br />
Siddhartha |title=How the teams stack up |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/how-the-teams-stack-up-338106 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |date=20 February 2008}}</ref> In the second round of the auction, they also signed [[Ross Taylor]], [[Misbah-ul-Haq]], and India [[2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|under-19 World Cup]]-winning captain [[Virat Kohli]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gollapudi |first1=Nagraj |title=Hopes the biggest draw in low-profile auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/hopes-the-biggest-draw-in-low-profile-auction-342020 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |location=Mumbai |language=en |date=11 March 2008 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215080534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/hopes-the-biggest-draw-in-low-profile-auction-342020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The franchise named Dravid as the captain of the team and appointed [[Venkatesh Prasad]] as the head coach.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shankar |first1=Ajay S |title=Charu Sharma removed as Bangalore's CEO |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/charu-sharma-removed-as-bangalore-s-ceo-350177 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |date=6 May 2008 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619060439/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/charu-sharma-removed-as-bangalore-s-ceo-350177 |url-status=live }}</ref> The team struggled in the [[2008 Indian Premier League|inaugural season]], winning only four out of their 14 matches and finishing seventh in the eight-team table.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2008 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507070343/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> Dravid was the sole player to score more than 300 runs in the tournament, and the team even had to bench their most expensive foreign player, Kallis, for several matches due to his poor form.<ref name="mruns">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Most Runs, Indian Premier League, 2007/08|access-date=30 May 2007|archive-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918021510/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="benc">{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/350817.html|title=Bangalore's wretched summer continues|access-date=30 May 2007|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=14 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514040315/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/350817.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Midway through the season, the string of failures led to the sacking of CEO [[Charu Sharma]], who was replaced by [[Brijesh Patel]]. Mallya publicly criticised Dravid and Sharma for their selection of players at the auction, stating that his "biggest mistake was to abstain from the selection of the team."<ref name="sack">{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/350735.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Biggest mistake was to abstain from selection – Mallya|access-date=23 May 2008|date=11 May 2008|archive-date=14 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514124216/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/350735.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eventually, the chief cricketing officer of the franchise, [[Martin Crowe]], resigned and Prasad was replaced by [[Ray Jennings]] as the head coach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Martin Crowe leaves Royal Challengers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Martin-Crowe-leaves-Royal-Challengers/articleshow/3634461.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |date=23 October 2008}}</ref><br />
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At the [[List of 2009 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2009 player auction]], the franchise signed [[Kevin Pietersen]] for a record {{USD}}1.55 million, making him the most expensive player alongside [[Andrew Flintoff]] ([[Chennai Super Kings]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Premachandran |first=Dileep |title=Flintoff and Pietersen most expensive buys |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/flintoff-and-pietersen-most-expensive-buys-389466 |url-status=live |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=6 February 2009 |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426015009/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/flintoff-and-pietersen-most-expensive-buys-389466 |archive-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> They also traded [[Zaheer Khan]] for [[Robin Uthappa]] with the [[Mumbai Indians]] and brought in local batsman [[Manish Pandey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Indians swap Uthappa for Zaheer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/mumbai-indians-swap-uthappa-for-zaheer/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129104546/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/mumbai-indians-swap-uthappa-for-zaheer/ |archive-date=29 January 2024 |date=22 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Indian to hit a ton in T20 |url=http://cricket.rediff.com/report/2009/may/22/slide-show-4-images-manish-pandey-century-ipl.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |date=22 May 2009}}</ref> Due to [[2009 Indian general election|general elections]] in India, the tournament was held in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL will be held outside India: BCCI |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/ipl-will-be-held-outside-india-bcci/articleshow/4299420.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |date=22 March 2009 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619142850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/ipl-will-be-held-outside-india-bcci/articleshow/4299420.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kevin Pietersen|Pietersen]] was named captain, but after a string of initial losses, Anil Kumble took over the captaincy when Pietersen left for national duty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Kumble calls the shots |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/captain-kumble-calls-the-shots-for-bangalore-405082 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129110832/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/captain-kumble-calls-the-shots-for-bangalore-405082 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |date=29 May 2009 |url-status=live |first=Sriram |last=Veera}}</ref> RCB's performance improved under Kumble, winning six of their last eight matches to finish third in the league table.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Premier League 2009 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/series/374163.html?view=pointstable |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619050615/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/series/374163.html?view=pointstable |url-status=live }}</ref> They defeated [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the semi-final but fell short by six runs in the final against [[Deccan Chargers]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monga |first1=Sidharth |title=Efficient Bangalore outplay Chennai |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-374163/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-2nd-semi-final-392238/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |date=23 May 2009 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302134614/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-374163/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-2nd-semi-final-392238/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Monga |first1=Sidharth |title=Deccan snatch title in tense finish |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-374163/deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-final-392239/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 June 2024 |language=en |date=24 May 2009 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619142849/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-374163/deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-final-392239/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Ross Taylor - october 2009.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ross Taylor]] was one of the top performers for RCB in 2009 and 2010.|227x227px]]<br />
In [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]], the Royal Challengers, under [[Anil Kumble|Kumble's]] captaincy, secured seven wins from 14 matches, accumulating 14 points. Tied with three other teams for a playoff spot, their superior net run rate qualified them for the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Indian Premier League Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/series/418064.html?view=pointstable |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129112929/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/series/418064.html?view=pointstable |url-status=live }}</ref> In the semi-final, they were defeated by the table-toppers, the Mumbai Indians, by 35 runs.<ref>{{cite web |title=MI vs RCB, Indian Premier League 2009/10, 1st Semi-Final at Navi Mumbai, April 21, 2010, Full – Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/mumbai-indians-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-1st-semi-final-419162/full-scorecard |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129112930/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/mumbai-indians-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-1st-semi-final-419162/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Royal Challengers secured a convincing nine-wicket win over the defending champions, the Deccan Chargers, in the third-place playoff, thus qualifying for the [[2010 Champions League Twenty20]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DC vs RCB, Indian Premier League 2009/10, 3rd Place Play-off at Navi Mumbai, April 24, 2010, Full – Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-3rd-place-play-off-419164/full-scorecard |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129112931/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-3rd-place-play-off-419164/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumble retired at the conclusion of the Champions League, having led the team to the semi-finals of both the IPL and the CLT20 that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Retired! Snubbed Kumble pulls out of IPL auction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/retired-snubbed-kumble-pulls-out-of-ipl-auction/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830184842/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/retired-snubbed-kumble-pulls-out-of-ipl-auction/ |archive-date=30 August 2021 |date=4 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2011–2012: IPL and CLT20 finals===<br />
{{main|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2011|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2012||l2 = 2012|l3 = }}<br />
<br />
On 8 January 2011, the IPL Governing Council held the [[List of 2011 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the fourth season of the league. Franchises had the option of retaining a maximum of four players for a sum of US$4.5 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Engineer |first1=Tariq |title=IPL player retention rules tilt level playing field |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-ipl-player-retention-rules-tilt-level-playing-field-491223 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521072309/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-ipl-player-retention-rules-tilt-level-playing-field-491223 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |date=10 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, RCB retained only Virat Kohli, leaving their other players to re-enter the auction pool. During the auction, Bangalore made significant acquisitions, including [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]], [[Zaheer Khan]], [[AB de Villiers]], [[Daniel Vettori]], [[Saurabh Tiwary]], [[Dirk Nannes]], and [[Cheteshwar Pujara]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Day 1 of IPL 2011 auction: Who went at what price |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket-fest-2011/story/day-1-of-ipl-auction-who-went-at-what-price-126236-2011-01-08 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204145324/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket-fest-2011/story/day-1-of-ipl-auction-who-went-at-what-price-126236-2011-01-08 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |date=19 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Daniel Vettori]] was named captain for the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vettori named captain of RCB |url=http://thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Vettori-named-captain-of-RCB/article14671747.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 June 2024 |language=en |date=5 April 2011}}</ref> RCB began their campaign with a win over the newly formed [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kochi vs RCB, Indian Premier League 2011, 3rd match at Kochi, April 09, 2011, Full – Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/kochi-tuskers-kerala-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-3rd-match-501200/full-scorecard |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619050712/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/kochi-tuskers-kerala-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-3rd-match-501200/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> However, they faced three consecutive defeats against [[Mumbai Indians]], [[Deccan Chargers]], and [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB vs MI, Indian Premier League 2011, 8th match at Bengaluru, April 12, 2011, Full – Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-mumbai-indians-8th-match-501205/full-scorecard |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130111336/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-mumbai-indians-8th-match-501205/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DC vs RCB, Indian Premier League 2011, 11th match at Hyderabad, April 14, 2011, Full – Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-11th-match-501208/full-scorecard |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130111330/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-11th-match-501208/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CSK vs RCB, Indian Premier League 2011, 3rd match at Chennai, April 16, 2011, Full – Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-14th-match-501211/full-scorecard |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130111335/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-14th-match-501211/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dirk Nannes]] was replaced by [[Chris Gayle]] because of an injury.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gayle lined up as Nannes replacement |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-premier-league-2011-chris-gayle-lined-up-as-dirk-nannes-replacement-511815 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516214830/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-premier-league-2011-chris-gayle-lined-up-as-dirk-nannes-replacement-511815 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |date=19 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gayle's inclusion led RCB to a seven-match winning streak.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title=From unsold at the auction to tournament MVP – Chris Gayle's incredible 2011 IPL |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/indian-premier-league-2021/cricket-news/from-unsold-at-the-auction-to-tournament-mvp-chris-gayles-incredible-2011-ipl |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=[[Wisden]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Indian Premier League Fixtures and Results |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130111334/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref> In their final league match, RCB defeated defending champions Chennai Super Kings, securing the top position in the points table.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2011: Royal Challengers Bangalore vs Chennai Super Kings – RCB win by 8 wkts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket-fest-2011/story/bangalore-vs-chennai-match-report-134175-2011-05-21 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=22 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130105631/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket-fest-2011/story/bangalore-vs-chennai-match-report-134175-2011-05-21 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> They lost the final, again facing the Super Kings, by 58 runs. Chris Gayle was named Man of the Tournament.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Veera |first1=Sriram |title=Vijay stars in Chennai's successful title defence |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-final-501271/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=28 May 2011 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418220556/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-final-501271/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Royal Challengers Bangalore reached the [[2011 Champions League Twenty20]] semi-finals after finishing runner-up in the IPL. They won their final group match against [[Southern Redbacks]] on the last ball and beat [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]] in the semis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sundar |first1=Nitin |title=Last-ball six takes RCB into semis |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nokia-champions-league-t20-2011-12-519661/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-south-australia-group-b-521345/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=5 October 2011 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202061012/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nokia-champions-league-t20-2011-12-519661/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-south-australia-group-b-521345/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Monga |first1=Sidharth |title=RCB rip through second consecutive 200-plus target |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nokia-champions-league-t20-2011-12-519661/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-new-south-wales-1st-semi-final-521347/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=7 October 2011 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531020610/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nokia-champions-league-t20-2011-12-519661/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-new-south-wales-1st-semi-final-521347/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> They lost the final to Mumbai Indians.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monga |first1=Sidharth |title=Mumbai Indians complete dream run with title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nokia-champions-league-t20-2011-12-519661/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-mumbai-indians-final-521348/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=9 October 2011 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202061001/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nokia-champions-league-t20-2011-12-519661/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-mumbai-indians-final-521348/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Before the [[List of 2012 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2012 auction]], RCB retained Chris Gayle and secured [[Andrew McDonald (cricketer)|Andrew McDonald]] from [[Delhi Daredevils]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bangalore retain Chris Gayle |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2012-royal-challengers-bangalore-retain-chris-gayle-550174 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=20 January 2012 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202060957/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2012-royal-challengers-bangalore-retain-chris-gayle-550174 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL: Andrew McDonald moves from Delhi to RCB |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ipl-andrew-mcdonald-moves-from-delhi-to-rcb/articleshow/11445798.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |language=en |date=11 January 2012}}</ref> In the auction, RCB acquired [[Vinay Kumar]] and [[Muttiah Muralitharan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL auction: List of players bought by franchises |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/ipl-auction-list-of-players-bought-by-franchises/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=4 February 2012 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202060957/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/ipl-auction-list-of-players-bought-by-franchises/ |url-status=live }}</ref> RCB began the [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012 IPL]] season without Chris Gayle, who was recovering from an injury.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chris Gayle laid low by groin injury |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chris-gayle-laid-low-by-groin-injury/articleshow/11943427.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202061016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chris-gayle-laid-low-by-groin-injury/articleshow/11943427.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> AB de Villiers and Muttiah Muralitharan contributed to a winning start against Delhi Daredevils.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binoy |first1=George |title=De Villiers, Murali overcome Delhi |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-delhi-daredevils-5th-match-548310/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |language=en |date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621064042/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-delhi-daredevils-5th-match-548310/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> RCB won eight out of their sixteen games but failed to qualify for the playoffs.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2012 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621064043/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Balachandran |first1=Kanishkaa |title=Steyn, Duminy help Deccan knock out RCB |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-71st-match-548376/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=20 May 2012 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202061005/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/deccan-chargers-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-71st-match-548376/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Gayle was the highest run-scorer of the tournament with 733 runs, including a century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Runs {{!}} Indian Premier League 2012 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2012-6680 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202060958/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2012-6680 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2013–2015: Kohli's captaincy and intermediate seasons ===<br />
<br />
[[File:IPL 2014 RR vs RCB 11th May 2014 (13996262488).jpg|IPL 2014 RR vs RCB 11 May 2014 (13996262488)|right|297x297px]]<br />
{{Main|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2013|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2014|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2015|l2 = 2014|l3 = 2015}}<br />
<br />
Before the [[List of 2013 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2013 auction]], RCB released [[Mohammad Kaif]], [[Charl Langeveldt]], [[Dirk Nannes]], [[Luke Pomersbach]], and [[Rilee Rossouw]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad's new owners retain 20 players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/hyderabad-ipl-franchise-owners-retain-20-players-589311 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |language=en |date=1 November 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623123129/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/hyderabad-ipl-franchise-owners-retain-20-players-589311 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the auction, they acquired [[Christopher Barnwell]], [[Daniel Christian]], [[Moises Henriques]], [[Ravi Rampaul]], [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]], [[R. P. Singh]], and [[Jaydev Unadkat]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binoy |first1=George |title=What the franchises did to bolster their squads |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-auction-2013-what-the-franchises-did-to-bolster-their-squads-603255 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |language=en |date=3 February 2013 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621071340/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-auction-2013-what-the-franchises-did-to-bolster-their-squads-603255 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Virat Kohli]] replaced [[Daniel Vettori]] as captain and remained in that role until 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kohli appointed captain of Royal Challengers Bangalore |url=http://thehindu.com/sport/cricket/kohli-appointed-captain-of-royal-challengers-bangalore/article4434983.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 June 2024 |language=en |date=20 February 2013 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622160105/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/kohli-appointed-captain-of-royal-challengers-bangalore/article4434983.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Manish |title=Virat Kohli's IPL journey as RCB captain: What the numbers say |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/virat-kohlis-ipl-journey-as-rcb-captain-what-the-numbers-say/articleshow/86963875.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 June 2024 |language=en |date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622161604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/virat-kohlis-ipl-journey-as-rcb-captain-what-the-numbers-say/articleshow/86963875.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the IPL season, RCB finished fifth in the group stage points table with 9 wins from 16 matches, failing to qualify for the playoffs.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2013 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2013-586733/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref> Chris Gayle was the second highest run scorer of the tournament, behind [[Michael Hussey]] of the Chennai Super Kings, while [[Vinay Kumar]] was the team's highest wicket-taker with 23 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Runs For Indian Premier League, 2013 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2013-7720 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622160101/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2013-7720 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most Wickets For Indian Premier League, 2013 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2013-7720 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622160100/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2013-7720 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Before the [[List of 2014 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2014 auction]], RCB retained [[AB de Villiers]], [[Chris Gayle]], and [[Virat Kohli]] from previous seasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of players retained ahead of the 2014 IPL auction |url=http://espncricinfo.com/story/list-of-players-retained-ahead-of-the-2014-ipl-auction-708731 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623071918/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/list-of-players-retained-ahead-of-the-2014-ipl-auction-708731 |url-status=live }}</ref> The players bought in the 2014 auction included [[Albie Morkel]], [[Mitchell Starc]], [[Parthiv Patel]], [[Ashok Dinda]], [[Nic Maddinson]], [[Varun Aaron]], [[Yuzvendra Chahal]], [[Vijay Zol]], and [[Yuvraj Singh]], who was the most expensive player at {{INRConvert|14|c|year=2014}}, among others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pepsi IPL 2014: IPL Auction |url=http://iplt20.com/auction/2014 |website=IPLT20 |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804150520/https://www.iplt20.com/auction/2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Daniel Vettori replaced Ray Jennings as the head coach of the team.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel Vettori, Allan Donald are RCB coaches |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/daniel-vettori-allan-donald-are-rcb-coaches/articleshow/28607427.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623122501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/daniel-vettori-allan-donald-are-rcb-coaches/articleshow/28607427.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The first phase of the IPL was held in the UAE and the second phase in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Premier League to open in United Arab Emirates |url=http://bbc.com/sport/cricket/26542931 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=12 March 2014}}</ref> RCB finished 7th in the points table and did not qualify for the playoffs.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2014 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2014-695871/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120104621/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2014-695871/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> De Villiers was the highest run-scorer for the team with 395 runs, while [[Varun Aaron]] took the most wickets, claiming 16.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Runs For Pepsi Indian Premier League, 2014 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2014-8827 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623071845/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2014-8827 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most Wickets For Pepsi Indian Premier League, 2014 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2014-8827 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722175219/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2014-8827 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Before the [[List of 2015 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2015 auction]], RCB secured [[Manvinder Bisla]] from [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and [[Iqbal Abdulla]] from [[Rajasthan Royals]], as well as [[Mandeep Singh]] from [[Kings XI Punjab]] during the transfer window.<ref>{{cite web |title=Player transfers before IPL 2015 |url=http://espncricinfo.com/story/player-transfers-before-ipl-2015-796315 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=4 November 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623121841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/player-transfers-before-ipl-2015-796315 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the auction, they bought [[Daren Sammy]], [[Sean Abbott]], [[Subramaniam Badrinath]], [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]], and [[Dinesh Karthik]], among others.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of players sold and unsold in IPL 2015 auction |url=http://espncricinfo.com/story/list-of-players-sold-and-unsold-in-ipl-2015-auction-832783 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Royal Challengers started their season with a win against KKR at [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Purohit |first1=Abhishek |title=Gayle 96 guides wobbly RCB to win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-5th-match-829713/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623121906/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-5th-match-829713/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> During the group stage, they won a total of seven out of fourteen matches, finishing in third place on the points table.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2015 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208070113/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> In the playoffs, they defeated [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the Eliminator by 71 runs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Purohit |first1=Abhishek |title=De Villiers, Mandeep fifties crush Royals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-eliminator-829819/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623121841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-eliminator-829819/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in the second qualifier against the Chennai Super Kings, RCB lost by 3 wickets, knocking them out of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Purohit |first1=Abhishek |title=Nehra, Hussey carry CSK to the final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-qualifier-2-829821/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623121839/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-qualifier-2-829821/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> AB de Villiers, Virat Kohli, and Chris Gayle were the 4th, 5th, and 6th highest run-scorers of the season, respectively, while Yuzvendra Chahal was the team's highest wicket-taker and the 3rd highest overall in the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Runs For Pepsi Indian Premier League, 2015 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-9657 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most Wickets For Pepsi Indian Premier League, 2015 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-9657 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623121839/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-9657 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== 2016–2019: Runners-up and bottom-table finishes ===<br />
{{Main|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2016|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2017|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2018|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2019|l2 = 2017|l3 = 2018|l4 = 2019}}<br />
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Amid financial scandals involving owner and chairman [[Vijay Mallya]], Amrit Thomas became the chairman of the Royal Challengers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gollapudi |first1=Nagraj |title=Amrit Thomas replaces Vijay Mallya as RCB head |url=http://espncricinfo.com/story/amrit-thomas-replaces-vijay-mallya-as-head-of-ipl-franchise-royal-challengers-bangalore-984747 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 June 2024 |language=en |date=18 March 2016}}</ref> In the 2016 season, RCB introduced different jerseys for home and away matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2016: Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) to don two separate jerseys |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bangalore-rcb-to-don-two-separate-ipl-jerseys/ |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=8 April 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624062846/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bangalore-rcb-to-don-two-separate-ipl-jerseys/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[List of 2016 Indian Premier League personnel changes|player auction]], they acquired [[Shane Watson]], [[Kane Richardson]], [[Stuart Binny]], [[Travis Head]], and [[Samuel Badree]], among others.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of players sold and unsold at IPL auction 2016 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/list-of-players-sold-and-unsold-at-ipl-auction-2016-969473 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=6 February 2016 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520201321/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/list-of-players-sold-and-unsold-at-ipl-auction-2016-969473 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, [[KL Rahul]] and [[Parvez Rasool]] joined RCB from [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2016: KL Rahul, Parvez Rasool join Royal Challengers Bangalore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-2016-kl-rahul-parveez-rasool-to-join-royal-challengers-bangalore/ |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=17 February 2016}}</ref> RCB won their first match of the season against Sunrisers, with [[AB de Villiers]] and Virat Kohli scoring 82 and 75 runs, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kishore |first1=Shashank |title=RCB flex batting muscle to crush Sunrisers |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-4th-match-980907/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=12 April 2016 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625124917/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-4th-match-980907/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> However, they struggled in the next six matches, securing only one win against [[Rising Pune Supergiant]], which made it challenging to qualify for the playoffs. However, RCB qualified for the playoffs, losing only one match in their next seven games.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB's road to IPL 2016 final |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rcbs-road-to-ipl-2016-final-2823541/ |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=28 May 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624080156/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rcbs-road-to-ipl-2016-final-2823541/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They set a record by defeating the [[Gujarat Lions]] with a winning margin of 144 runs, the highest in IPL history.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raghavan |first1=Sirish |title=De Villiers, Kohli tons in record IPL win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-gujarat-lions-44th-match-980987/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624080157/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-gujarat-lions-44th-match-980987/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The Mumbai Indians broke this record in the following season against the Delhi Daredevils.<ref>{{cite web |title=Largest margins by Innings, runs & wickets for Indian Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-largest-margins/indian-premier-league-117 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624080156/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-largest-margins/indian-premier-league-117 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} RCB finished the group stage in second place on the points table with 16 points.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2016 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> In the playoffs, they faced Gujarat Lions in Qualifier 1 at their home ground, [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], and won by 4 wickets, advancing to their third final in nine seasons.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=Karthik |title=Royal Challengers in final after de Villiers' rescue act |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-gujarat-lions-qualifier-1-981013/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=24 May 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624080158/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-gujarat-lions-qualifier-1-981013/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> In the final against Sunrisers Hyderabad in Bangalore, RCB lost by 8 runs, ending the season as runners-up for the third time in IPL history.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kishore |first1=Shashank |title=Sunrisers choke RCB chase to seal first title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-981019/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=en |date=29 May 2016}}</ref> Yuzvendra Chahal and Shane Watson were the second and third highest wicket-takers of the tournament, while Virat Kohli won the [[Orange Cap]] for scoring the most runs in the tournament, amassing 973 runs – the highest ever in IPL history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Indian Premier League, 2016 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2016-11001 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs For Indian Premier League, 2016 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2016-11001 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215135506/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2016-11001 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs in a series For Indian Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-series/indian-premier-league-117 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><br />
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In the [[List of 2017 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2017 player auctions]], the Royal Challengers acquired [[Tymal Mills]], [[Aniket Choudhary]], [[Pawan Negi]], [[Praveen Dubey]], and [[Billy Stanlake]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of players sold and unsold at IPL auction 2017 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/list-of-players-sold-and-unsold-at-ipl-auction-2017-1083407 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=20 February 2017 |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507072351/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/list-of-players-sold-and-unsold-at-ipl-auction-2017-1083407 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mitchell Starc]] parted ways with the team to rehabilitate ahead of the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]], prompting the management to replace him with [[Tymal Mills]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mitchell Starc parts ways with Royal Challengers Bangalore, pulls out of Indian Premier League 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/indian-premier-league-2017/news/story/mitchell-starc-royal-challengers-bangalore-ipl-2017-indian-premier-league-961454-2017-02-19 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=10 March 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625062734/https://www.indiatoday.in/indian-premier-league-2017/news/story/mitchell-starc-royal-challengers-bangalore-ipl-2017-indian-premier-league-961454-2017-02-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Premier League money will change my life: Tymal Mills |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/tymal-mills-indian-premier-league-money-change-life-961815-2017-02-21 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The season for RCB was impacted by injuries, with skipper Virat Kohli and AB de Villiers missing the initial matches. This led to Shane Watson stepping in as the interim captain. Batsmen [[KL Rahul]] and Sarfaraz Khan were also ruled out for the season due to prolonged injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2017: Injury-hit RCB to take on Sunrisers Hyderabad tomorrow |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ipl-2017-injury-hit-rcb-to-take-on-sunrisers-hyderabad-tomorrow-117040400327_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=4 April 2017}}</ref> RCB finished at the bottom of the table, losing ten out of their fourteen matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2017 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2017-1078425/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625062734/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2017-1078425/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> In a match against the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], RCB was all out for just 49 runs, marking the lowest score ever in an IPL match.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monga |first1=Sidharth |title=Knight Riders defend small total in style, RCB 49 all out |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2017-1078425/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-27th-match-1082617/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lowest totals For Indian Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-lowest-innings-totals/indian-premier-league-117 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625062739/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-lowest-innings-totals/indian-premier-league-117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Virat Kohli was the leading run-scorer for the team with 308 runs in the tournament, while Pawan Negi took the most wickets, claiming 16.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs For Indian Premier League, 2017 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2017-11701?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625124919/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2017-11701?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Indian Premier League, 2017 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2017-11701?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref><br />
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Ahead of the 2018 IPL, RCB retained Virat Kohli, AB de Villiers, and Sarfaraz Khan.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL player retention 2018: RCB retain Virat Kohli, MS Dhoni returns to CSK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ipl-player-retention-2018-rcb-retain-virat-kohli-ms-dhoni-returns-to-csk/articleshow/62367936.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=5 January 2018}}</ref> During the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]], they acquired notable players such as [[Brendon McCullum]], [[Chris Woakes]], [[Colin de Grandhomme]], [[Moeen Ali]], [[Quinton de Kock]], [[Umesh Yadav]], and Yuzvendra Chahal, among others.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1134446 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=26 January 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626194952/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2018, [[Gary Kirsten]] was appointed as the batting coach, and [[Ashish Nehra]] took on the role of bowling coach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nehra and Kirsten join RCB coaching staff |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/nehra-and-kirsten-join-royal-challengers-bangalore-coaching-staff-1131321 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625123610/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/nehra-and-kirsten-join-royal-challengers-bangalore-coaching-staff-1131321 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the group stage, RCB finished sixth in the points table, failing to qualify for the playoffs.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2018 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2018-1131611/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Virat Kohli was the team's leading run-scorer, while Umesh Yadav took the most wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs For Indian Premier League, 2018 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2018-12210?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625123611/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2018-12210?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Indian Premier League, 2018 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2018-12210?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625123613/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2018-12210?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In August 2018, Gary Kirsten was appointed as the head coach of the Royal Challengers Bangalore, replacing Daniel Vettori.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gary Kirsten replaces Daniel Vettori as RCB coach |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/gary-kirsten-replaces-daniel-vettori-as-rcb-coach-1157817 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=26 June 2024 |language=en |date=30 August 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626065818/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/gary-kirsten-replaces-daniel-vettori-as-rcb-coach-1157817 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2019 IPL auction]], the team acquired [[Shivam Dube]], [[Shimron Hetmyer]], [[Heinrich Klaasen]], and [[Devdutt Padikkal]], along with other key players.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2019 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2019-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1166896 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218224600/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25390461/ipl-2019-auction-was-sold-whom |url-status=live }}</ref> During the season, [[Dale Steyn]] joined the team, replacing the injured [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Rakesh |title=IPL 2019: Steyn to join RCB squad; injured Rajpoot ruled out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indian-premier-league-2019-kings-xi-punjab-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-in-mohali/article26822303.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=12 April 2019}}</ref> Steyn played only two games before being ruled out of the tournament due to a shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2019: Royal Challengers Bangalore lose Dale Steyn to shoulder injury |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/ipl-2019-rcb-injury-news-dale-steyn-ruled-out-shoulder-inflammation-1509890-2019-04-25 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |language=en |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> In the group stage, RCB played 14 games, winning five, and finished at the bottom of the table.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2019 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2019-1165643/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223092531/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2019-1165643/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> Virat Kohli was once again the highest run-scorer for the team, while [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] was the highest wicket-taker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs For Indian Premier League, 2019 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2019-12741?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625123610/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2019-12741?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Indian Premier League, 2019 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2019-12741?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref><br />
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=== 2020–2023: Regain in form ===<br />
{{main|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2020|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2021|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2022|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2023|l2 = 2021|l3 = 2022|l4 = 2023}}<br />
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In August 2019, [[Simon Katich]] replaced Gary Kirsten as the head coach of the team, and [[Mike Hesson]] was appointed as the director of cricket operations.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB support staff overhaul: Kirsten and Nehra out, Hesson and Katich in |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/royal-challengers-overhaul-gary-kirsten-and-ashish-nehra-out-mike-hesson-and-simon-katich-in-1198436 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626075710/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/royal-challengers-overhaul-gary-kirsten-and-ashish-nehra-out-mike-hesson-and-simon-katich-in-1198436 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahead of the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]], RCB released several players, including [[Colin de Grandhomme]], [[Dale Steyn]], [[Heinrich Klaasen]], [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]], [[Akshdeep Nath]], [[Marcus Stoinis]], [[Shimron Hetmyer]], and [[Tim Southee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2020-auction-rcb-royal-challengers-bangalore-full-released-retained-players-list-kohli-shivam-dube-total-purse/article30248836.ece|title=IPL 2020: Royal Challengers Bangalore squad and purse left ahead of auction |website=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |date=9 December 2019|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226202304/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2020-auction-rcb-royal-challengers-bangalore-full-released-retained-players-list-kohli-shivam-dube-total-purse/article30248836.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During the auction, RCB added [[Aaron Finch]], [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], [[Josh Philippe|Joshua Philippe]], [[Kane Richardson]], [[Pavan Deshpande]], Dale Steyn, [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]], and [[Isuru Udana]] to their squad.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Annesha |title=IPL 2020 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2020-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1210538 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127092558/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2020-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1210538 |url-status=live }}</ref> They also released a new logo ahead of the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bangalore launches new logo ahead of IPL 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/royal-challengers-bangalore-launches-new-logo-ahead-of-ipl-2020-watch/story-HRfU03jwf9RkUoLD8PB3VP.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=14 February 2020}}</ref> The 2020 IPL season was postponed and eventually held in the UAE due to the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2020: UAE to host tournament from September 19 to November 10 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2020-uae-to-host-tournament-from-september-19-to-november-10-1228264 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802165234/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29583375/ipl-2020-uae-indian-government-gives-green-signal |url-status=live }}</ref> RCB qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2016, finishing fourth on the points table with 14 points.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2020 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2020-21-1210595/points-table-standings |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416182839/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2020-21-1210595/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> They faced Sunrisers Hyderabad in the Eliminator but lost by six wickets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monga |first1=Sidharth |title=Williamson, Holder see through wobbly Sunrisers chase to knock out Royal Challengers |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2020-21-1210595/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-eliminator-1237178/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626075712/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2020-21-1210595/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-eliminator-1237178/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Devdutt Padikkal]] was the team's leading run-scorer with 473 runs, followed by Virat Kohli with 466 runs and AB de Villiers with 454 runs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs For Indian Premier League, 2020/21 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2020-21-13533?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> Yuzvendra Chahal was the highest wicket-taker, taking 21 wickets, followed by [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] and Mohammad Siraj, who each took 11 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Indian Premier League, 2020/21 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2020-21-13533?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626075710/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2020-21-13533?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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During the [[List of 2021 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2021 IPL auction]], RCB acquired [[Glenn Maxwell]], [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]], [[Sachin Baby]], [[Kyle Jamieson]], [[Srikar Bharat]], [[Rajat Patidar]], [[Dan Christian]], and [[Suyash Prabhudessai]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Sreshth |title=IPL 2021 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1252152 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218062535/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1252152 |url-status=live }}</ref> The season was suspended midway due to a sudden rise in [[COVID-19]] cases among players and resumed in September in the UAE.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL suspended after rise in Covid-19 cases among players |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/56978321 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2021 to resume in UAE in September–October, confirms BCCI |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2021-new-dates-uae-to-host-tournament-second-half-september-october-bcci-indian-cricket/article34629733.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602114221/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2021-new-dates-uae-to-host-tournament-second-half-september-october-bcci-indian-cricket/article34629733.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the season's resumption, the team's head coach, Simon Katich, resigned, and Mike Hesson took over as head coach.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Abhishek |title=IPL 2021: Simon Katich steps down as RCB coach, cites personal reasons |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2021-simon-katich-steps-down-as-rcb-coach-cites-personal-reasons/article36030290.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627083959/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2021-simon-katich-steps-down-as-rcb-coach-cites-personal-reasons/article36030290.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> RCB qualified for the playoffs by finishing third in the points table but failed to lift the trophy once again, losing to fourth placed Kolkata Knight Riders in the Eliminator.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2021 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202101814/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Muthu |first1=Alagappan |title=Narine stars with bat and ball, puts KKR in Qualifier 2, ends Kohli's tenure as RCB captain with defeat |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-eliminator-1254115/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127082039/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-eliminator-1254115/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harshal Patel]] finished the season with 32 wickets, equalling [[Dwayne Bravo]]'s record for the highest number of wickets taken in a season and winning the [[Purple Cap]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Indian Premier League, 2021 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2021-13840 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215044542/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2021-13840 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets in a series For Indian Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-series/indian-premier-league-117 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829143325/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-series/indian-premier-league-117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Glenn Maxwell was the highest run-scorer for the team with 513 runs, the fifth highest in the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs For Indian Premier League, 2021 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2021-13840 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> Virat Kohli became the first-ever batsman to score 6,000 runs in the IPL during this season.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2021-virat-kohli-royal-challengers-bangalore-captain-becomes-first-player-to-score-6000-ipl-runs-101618740443458.html | title=Virat Kohli becomes first player to score 6000 IPL runs | date=22 April 2021 | access-date=13 March 2023 | archive-date=24 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424043647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2021-virat-kohli-royal-challengers-bangalore-captain-becomes-first-player-to-score-6000-ipl-runs-101618740443458-amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref> This season marked AB de Villiers's last in the IPL, as he announced his retirement in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=AB de Villiers announces retirement from all forms of cricket, marks end of association with IPL and RCB |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ab-de-villiers-announces-retirement-from-all-cricket-ends-association-with-ipl-and-rcb-101637305681787.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627023111/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ab-de-villiers-announces-retirement-from-all-cricket-ends-association-with-ipl-and-rcb-101637305681787.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2022 season, the Royal Challengers underwent significant changes. [[Faf du Plessis]] was announced as the new captain following Virat Kohli's decision to step down from the role after the 2021 season.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kishore |first=Shashank |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faf-du-plessis-unveiled-as-rcb-s-new-captain-for-ipl-2022-1305098| title=Faf du Plessis unveiled as RCB's captain for IPL 2022| date=12 March 2022 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] | access-date=12 March 2022| archive-date=19 June 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619050630/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faf-du-plessis-unveiled-as-rcb-s-captain-for-ipl-2022-1305098| url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, [[Sanjay Bangar]] was appointed as the new head coach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Bangar named head coach of Royal Challengers Bangalore |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-sanjay-bangar-named-head-coach-of-royal-challengers-bangalore-1288454 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731044522/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-sanjay-bangar-named-head-coach-of-royal-challengers-bangalore-1288454 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]], RCB acquired several key players, including [[Wanindu Hasaranga]], [[Harshal Patel]], [[Finn Allen]], [[Mahipal Lomror]], [[Dinesh Karthik]], [[Josh Hazlewood]], and [[Jason Behrendorff]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agrawal |first1=Himanshu |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213063417/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |url-status=live }}</ref> The season also saw the expansion of the league to include two new teams, making it a 10-team competition. RCB managed to advance past the eliminator stage for the first time in two seasons but ultimately fell short of winning the title, losing to Rajasthan Royals in Qualifier 2.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brar |first1=Hemant |title=Buttler ton, Prasidh-McCoy show put Royals in IPL final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-qualifier-2-1312199/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=27 May 2022}}</ref> du Plessis finished the season as the team's highest run-scorer with 468 runs, while Hasaranga was the leading wicket-taker with 26 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs in Indian Premier League, 2022 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2022-14452?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731044519/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2022-14452?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Indian Premier League, 2022 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2022-14452?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731044521/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2022-14452?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ahead of the 2023 season, RCB acquired [[Reece Topley]], [[Will Jacks]], Rajan Kumar, Avinash Singh, [[Sonu Yadav]], [[Himanshu Sharma (cricketer)|Himanshu Sharma]], and Manoj Bhadange in the auction.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinidhi |title=2023 IPL auction: The list of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2023-ipl-auction-list-of-sold-unsold-players-1350272 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=23 December 2022}}</ref> The team won seven of their fourteen matches, finishing sixth in the group stage and failing to qualify for the playoffs.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2023 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529235729/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Faf du Plessis]] was the top run-scorer, while [[Mohammed Siraj]] took the most wickets for the team.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most runs in Indian Premier League, 2023 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2023-15129?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731044518/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2023-15129?team=4340 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets For Indian Premier League, 2023 – Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2023-15129?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2024–present: Maiden IPL title===<br />
{{main|Royal Challengers Bengaluru in 2024|2025 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|l2 = 2025}}<br />
<br />
In the 2024 season, the Royal Challengers struggled in the first half, losing 7 of their 8 games. But they made a massive turnaround and managed to qualify for the playoffs by winning their next six matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2024 – Points Table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822102516/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/points-table-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> In the eliminator against [[Rajasthan Royals]], RCB lost the match by four wickets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=Karthik |title=Royals eliminate RCB to set up knockout against SRH |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-eliminator-1426310/match-report |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731050504/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-eliminator-1426310/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Virat Kohli]] won the Orange Cap, scoring 741 runs, while [[Yash Dayal]] became the team's highest wicket-taker with 15 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Batting Records – Most Runs in IPL 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501104846/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bowling Records – Most Wickets in IPL 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940?team=4340 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 June 2025, at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in Ahmedabad, Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB) won their first-ever Indian Premier League (IPL) title by defeating [[Punjab Kings]] by six runs. Batting first, RCB scored 190 for 9 in their 20 overs, with [[Virat Kohli]] top-scoring with 43 runs from 35 balls. In reply, Punjab Kings managed 184 for 7, with [[Shashank Singh]] remaining not out on 61 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=IPL 2025 Winner: Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB) won the 18th Edition of TATA IPL; Check Overall Team Performance |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/ipl-2025-winner-rcb-royal-challengers-bengaluru-captain-coach-and-overall-performance-1748975062-1 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603191114/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/ipl-2025-winner-rcb-royal-challengers-bengaluru-captain-coach-and-overall-performance-1748975062-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=RCB crowned IPL 2025 champion after 6-run victory over PBKS in the final |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/rcb-crowned-ipl-2025-champion-after-6-run-victory-over-pbks-in-the-final-125060301404_1.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
RCB's bowlers played a crucial role in defending the total. [[Krunal Pandya]] took 2 wickets for 17 runs, and [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] claimed 2 for 38, helping RCB control the game in the final overs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=Krunal Pandya: Mumbai's main man once, RCB's IPL final hero now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-krunal-pandya-rcb-vs-pbks-final-2735375-2025-06-04 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
This win ended an 18-year wait for the franchise, which had previously finished as runners-up in 2009, 2011, and 2016. The title was a major milestone for Virat Kohli, who had been with the team since its founding in 2008, and was widely celebrated by fans and cricket enthusiasts across the country.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=RCB end 18 years of wait, romp to maiden IPL title with smashing win over Punjab Kings |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/royal-challengers-bengaluru-end-18-years-of-wait-romp-to-maiden-ipl-title-with-smashing-win-over-punjab-kings-101748972592771.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=Kohli and RCB are finally IPL champions |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-final-1473511/match-report |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=3 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603233600/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/punjab-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-final-1473511/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ownership history==<br />
===Inception and Diageo era (2008–2026)===<br />
The franchise was established in 2008 when [[Vijay Mallya]], through [[United Breweries Group]], purchased the Bangalore-based team for $111.6 million (approx. ₹446 crore). At the time, it was the second-most expensive franchise in the inaugural [[Indian Premier League]] season, trailing only the [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref name="IPL2008">{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=Cricinfo |date=24 January 2008 |title=Dhoni and Symonds the biggest draws |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224223228/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The first major ownership transition occurred between 2013 and 2016. In July 2013, British multinational [[Diageo]] acquired a controlling interest in [[United Spirits]] Limited (USL).<ref name="DiageoUSL">{{Cite web |title=Diageo completes acquisition of control in United Spirits |url=https://www.diageo.com/ |publisher=Diageo PLC |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821135504/https://www.diageo.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following Mallya's resignation as Chairman of USL in February 2016, Diageo assumed full operational and management control.<ref name="MallyaExit">{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=John |date=26 February 2016 |title=Vijay Mallya quits United Spirits, Diageo to pay him $75m |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213041319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, the franchise expanded by acquiring the [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|RCB Women's team]] in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]] for ₹901 crore ($110 million).<ref name="WPLBid">{{Cite news |title=WPL Team Auction: RCB wins Bengaluru franchise for Rs 901 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/ |work=The Hindu |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601115119/https://www.thehindu.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Consortium acquisition and record valuation (2026–present)===<br />
In March 2026, United Spirits finalised the sale of 100% equity in Royal Challengers Sports Private Limited to a four-member consortium for approximately $1.78 billion (₹16,660 crore).<ref name="MSN2026">{{Cite web |title=RCB becomes costliest IPL franchise, sold for over Rs 16,000 crore: Sources |url=https://www.msn.com/ |website=MSN |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710235340/https://www.msn.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The transaction was a comprehensive acquisition that included:<br />
* The Royal Challengers Bengaluru men's team.<br />
* The [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] women's team.<br />
* All associated brand intellectual property, the RCB Bar & Cafe hospitality ventures, and the RCB Unbox intellectual properties.<br />
<br />
Upon completion, this deal was recognised as the highest valuation ever paid for a cricket franchise, surpassing the previous record of $1.63 billion set earlier in 2026 by the sale of the [[Rajasthan Royals]] to a group led by Kal Somani and Rob Walton.<ref name="KhelNow2026">{{Cite news |title=Sale Done: RCB acquired by four-member consortium led by Aditya Birla Group just before IPL 2026 |url=https://khelnow.com |work=Khel Now |date=24 March 2026 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The new ownership consists of:<br />
* '''[[Aditya Birla Group]]''': Led by chairman Aryaman Vikram Birla, owned by the [[Birla family]].<br />
* '''[[The Times Group]]''': Owned by the [[Sahu Jain family]], via Bennett, Coleman & Co.<br />
* '''Bolt Ventures''': Owned by [[David Blitzer]], co-founder of Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment.<br />
* '''[[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]]''': An investment firm represented by Viral Patel, CEO of BXPE.<br />
<br />
The deal received formal ratification from the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) on 25 March 2026.<ref name="BCCIAproval">{{Cite press release |title=BCCI approves transfer of ownership for Royal Challengers Bengaluru |url=https://www.bcci.tv/ |publisher=BCCI.tv |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134807/https://www.bcci.tv/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Team identity==<br />
===Naming===<br />
[[Vijay Mallya]] wanted to associate one of his top-selling liquor brands, either ''[[McDowell's No.1]]'' or ''[[Royal Challenge]]'' with the team.<ref name="mcd">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/No_1_McDowells_or_Royal_Challenge_to_be_Bangalore_IPL_team_sponsor/articleshow/2729341.cms|title=No. 1 McDowell's or Royal Challenge to be Bangalore IPL team sponsor|author=Shruti Sabharwal|date=25 January 2008|access-date=20 February 2008|work=The Times Of India|location=India|archive-date=28 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228193835/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/No_1_McDowells_or_Royal_Challenge_to_be_Bangalore_IPL_team_sponsor/articleshow/2729341.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Logo===<br />
The logo initially consisted of the ''RC'' emblem in yellow on a circular red base. The ''RC'' crown emblem with the roaring lion placed on the top of the logo was derived from the original ''[[Royal Challenge]]'' logo. No significant changes took place in the design of the logo except for the replacement of colour yellow with gold from 2009. This logo also had a dotted white circle around the ''RC'' emblem. The team also uses an alternate logo for the ''Game for Green'' matches where the green plants surround the logo and the text ''Game for Green'' is placed below the logo. The logo was redesigned in 2016 with the inclusion of black as a secondary colour. The lion in the crest was enlarged and the shield removed.<ref>https://1000logos.net/rcb-logo/#:~:text=Meaning%20and%20history,seven%20seasons%20of%20the%20club.</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, a new logo was unveiled featuring a bigger lion and the crown returning from the previous logo. The RC emblem was omitted for this crest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bangalore-unveils-new-logo-804484.html|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore unveils new logo|work=Deccan Herald|date=14 February 2020|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727022251/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bangalore-unveils-new-logo-804484.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, the logo changed again after Royal Challengers Bangalore was renamed to Royal Challengers Bengaluru.<br />
<br />
===Ambassadors===<br />
[[Katrina Kaif]] was the brand ambassador for the team in 2008. [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] have been the ambassadors for the team in the later seasons.<ref name="bids">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012558140100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129011742/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/25/stories/2008012558140100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2008|date=25 January 2008|title= Mukesh, Mallya top bidders for IPL|access-date=20 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors===<br />
[[Reebok]] manufactured kits for the team from 2008 to 2014 while [[Adidas]] supplied the kits in 2015. Zeven was the manufacturer from 2016 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Sports-brand-Zeven-is-official-kit-partner-for-RCB-Sidebar/articleshow/51740731.cms|title=Sports brand Zeven is official kit partner for RCB (Sidebar)|website=The Times of India|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410173355/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Sports-brand-Zeven-is-official-kit-partner-for-RCB-Sidebar/articleshow/51740731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wrogn]] manufactured the kits in 2020 while [[Puma (brand)|Puma]] became the official kit manufacturer since 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PUMA signs multi-year partnership with Royal Challengers Bangalore – The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/puma-signs-multi-year-deal-with-virat-kohli-led-rcb/articleshow/81754375.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=m.economictimes.com |date=30 March 2021 |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |archive-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531121618/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/puma-signs-multi-year-deal-with-virat-kohli-led-rcb/articleshow/81754375.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
!Period<br />
!Kit supplier<br />
!Front sponsor<br />
!Back sponsor<br />
|-<br />
|2008–2011<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Reebok]]<br />
| [[Royal Challenge]]<br />
| [[McDowell's No.1]]<br />
|-<br />
|2011–2014<br />
| [[McDowell's No.1]]<br />
| [[Royal Challenge]]<br />
|-<br />
|2014–2015<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Huawei]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]]<br />
|-<br />
|2015–2016<br />
|[[Adidas]]<br />
|-<br />
|2016–2017<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Mahesh Bhupathi|Zeven]]<br />
|[[Hero Cycles]]<br />
|-<br />
|2017–2018<br />
|[[Gionee]]<br />
|-<br />
|2018–2019<br />
|[[Eros Now]]<br />
|[[Lafarge (company)|Duraguard Cement]]<br />
|-<br />
|2019–2020<br />
|[[Wrogn]]<br />
|[[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury Cookie Cake]]<br />
|-<br />
|2020–2021<br />
|[[Wrogn]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot Fincorp]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[DP World]]<br />
|-<br />
|2021–2023<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]<br />
|-<br />
|2023–2026<br />
| [[Qatar Airways]]<br />
| KEI<br />
|-<br />
|2026–present<br />
|[[Nothing (company)|Nothing]]<br />
|[[Balkrishna Industries|BKT]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Rivalries==<br />
===Kolkata Knight Riders===<br />
The rivalry between [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and Royal Challengers Bangalore is one of the oldest in the IPL. The inaugural match of IPL was played between both the teams in which KKR won by 140 runs due to a 158[[not out|*]] off just 73 balls by [[Brendon McCullum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Scorecard of KKR vs RCB 1st match 2007/08 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-1st-match-335982/full-scorecard |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413162719/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-1st-match-335982/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[2009 Indian Premier League|IPL 2009]], RCB won in both encounters against Knight Riders. During the second time they faced each other, Ross Taylor played a notable innings, scoring 81[[not out|*]] runs off 33 balls, contributing significantly to RCB's victory by six wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Scorecard of KKR vs RCB 41st match 2009 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-374163/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-41st-match-392221/full-scorecard |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413162720/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-374163/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-41st-match-392221/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012 edition of IPL]], KKR was at the lower half of the IPL table and needed to win the crucial match against RCB. KKR won the toss and chose to bat first. Then KKR Skipper [[Gautam Gambhir]] led from the front with 93 (51). In reply, RCB lost wickets at regular intervals, as only [[Chris Gayle]] managed to put up a fight with a score of 86 (58).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of KKR vs RCB 38th match 2012 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-38th-match-548344/full-scorecard |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413162723/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-38th-match-548344/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref> The next time they met, Gambhir again was the thorn in RCB's team as he top scored for KKR at a tough pitch, taking KKR to a competitive total of 165. RCB in reply made 129, as [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] ripped through their line-up with a 4/18 in 4 overs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Scorecard of KKR vs RCB 10th match 2012 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-10th-match-548315/full-scorecard |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413162728/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2012-520932/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-10th-match-548315/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2015 IPL edition, RCB and KKR took part in a match reduced due to rain. It was reduced to a 10-over match. RCB won the toss and elected to field. For KKR, [[Andre Russell]] was the top scorer as he scored 45 off just 17 balls. He took them to a score of 111/4 in just 10 overs. [[Mitchell Starc]] took one wicket for 15 runs in 2 overs. In reply, RCB were at 0–48 at 3.4 overs before [[Brad Hogg]] got Chris Gayle out. After that, RCB stuttered and started to collapse as they were reduced to 3–81 in 7.2 overs. When [[Virat Kohli]] got out to Andre Russell, the match looked to be over for RCB. However, [[Mandeep Singh]] scored 45 off just 18 balls, hitting 3 sixes and 4 fours.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RCB beat KKR RCB won by 7 wickets (with 2 balls remaining) – KKR vs RCB, Pepsi Indian Premier League, 33rd match Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-33rd-match-829771/live-cricket-score |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=2 May 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420103319/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-indian-premier-league-2015-791129/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-33rd-match-829771/live-cricket-score |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2017 IPL edition, Kolkata Knight Riders and Royal Challengers Bangalore again faced each other twice. In the first match between them, RCB got KKR out for a score of 131 after KKR had made a strong start of 0–48 in 3.3 overs. However, KKR dismissed RCB for 49, the lowest team score in the history of IPL. [[Nathan Coulter-Nile|Nathan Coulter Nile]], [[Colin de Grandhomme]] and [[Chris Woakes]] got three wickets each.<ref name=":0" /> In the next match, [[Sunil Narine]] scored what was then the fastest fifty in IPL (50 off 15 balls – which is now the second-fastest). KKR made [[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics|the highest score made in powerplay in any IPL match]], and easily chased down the target offered by RCB.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019 IPL]] saw Virat Kohli scoring 84 off 49 and [[AB de Villiers]] scoring 63 off 32, taking RCB to a total of 205/3. KKR had a strong start, scoring 28/0 in 1.3 overs before losing wickets at regular intervals and having their run rate reduced. They were 139/4 in 15.5 overs. However, [[Dinesh Karthik]] and Andre Russell brought back the chase under control. Karthik got out after scoring 19 off 15, leaving KKR at 153/5 in 17 overs. Andre Russell, however, took KKR over the line as he scored 48 off 13, hitting [[Mohammed Siraj]] for 23 runs in one over.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In the next match, RCB struck back as Virat Kohli made his 5th IPL century, scoring 100 runs in 58 balls only. [[Moeen Ali]] scored 66 runs in only 28 balls as RCB scored 213 runs. For KKR, [[Nitish Rana]] scored 85 off 46 and Andre Russell scored 65 off 25, taking the game down to the wire. However, RCB won the match by 10 runs, with Virat Kohli being Man of the Match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Scorecard of RCB vs KKR 35th Match 2019 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2019-1165643/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-35th-match-1178410/full-scorecard |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420103319/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2019-1165643/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-35th-match-1178410/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Chennai Super Kings===<br />
RCB's rivalry with [[Chennai Super Kings]] is dubbed the "Southern Derby."<ref>{{cite news |title=The battle of the Kaveri |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/68866/the-battle-of-the-kaveri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143248/http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/68866/the-battle-of-the-kaveri |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=20 April 2015 |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bitter rivals square off in marquee southern derby |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/68864/bitter-rivals-square-off-in-marquee-southern-derby |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143252/http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/68864/bitter-rivals-square-off-in-marquee-southern-derby |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=20 April 2015 |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> The Super Kings beat the Royal Challengers in the final of the [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011 IPL]], the only meeting between the two teams at an IPL final.<ref name="Final">{{cite web |title=IPL winners and runners-up |url=https://www.crictracker.com/ipl-winners-and-runners-list/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Crictracker |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111060225/https://www.crictracker.com/ipl-winners-and-runners-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
CSK held an upper hand over RCB in the subsequent seasons from 2012 to 2023, winning 14 out of the 20 encounters, including in 2015, when CSK defeated RCB thrice in a single season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCB vs CSK Head to Head in IPL: Records, Stats, Results – myKhel.com |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ipl-bangalore-vs-chennai-head-to-head-s4/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=mykhelcom |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822065921/https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ipl-bangalore-vs-chennai-head-to-head-s4/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] and [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025 season]]s saw the tide turn in RCB's favour. In 2024, RCB knocked CSK out of the IPL by winning their last game of the season, which was also considered a virtual quarter final as the winner of the game would have made it to the qualifiers. RCB required a hefty win to surpass CSK's [[net run rate]] and qualify for the playoffs in the 4th spot. It came down to wire at the Chinnaswamy where RCB were required to defend 35 runs in the last over to win, but more importantly not give away more than 16 runs to ensure qualification. [[Yash Dayal|Yash Dayal's]] last over saw RCB give away just 7 runs to win the match and qualify.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of RCB vs CSK 68th match 2024 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-chennai-super-kings-68th-match-1426306/full-scorecard |access-date=4 May 2025 |archive-date=3 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503051722/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-chennai-super-kings-68th-match-1426306/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2025, for the first time, saw RCB win all of their games against CSK in a season while also win at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chepauk]], CSK's home, after 17 years. The last game at Chinnaswamy saw a repeat of the event of the previous season's game. Dayal defended 16 runs in the last over once moe to ensure RCB's win.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of RCB vs CSK 52nd match 2025 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-chennai-super-kings-52nd-match-1473489/full-scorecard |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=3 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503162747/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-chennai-super-kings-52nd-match-1473489/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
RCB's win streak against CSK continued in [[2026 Indian Premier League|2026]]. In their latest clash, batting first, RCB scored 250/3, fuelled by [[Tim David]]'s explosive knock of 70 off 25. That was the highest total of the season at the time, and their highest total against CSK. In the end, they won by 43 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthu |first=Deivarayan |date=5 April 2026 |title=Tim David, Rajat Patidar inflict bruising defeat on CSK |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2026-1510719/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-chennai-super-kings-11th-match-1527684/match-report |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of April 2026, in the 36 matches played between the Royal Challengers & Super Kings, the Super Kings have won 21 to the Royal Challengers' 14, with one match ending in a draw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCB vs CSK Head to Head in IPL: Records, Stats, Results - myKhel.com |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ipl-bangalore-vs-chennai-head-to-head-s4/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=mykhelcom |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Deccan Chargers and Sunrisers Hyderabad===<br />
Another notable rivalry involving RCB is with the Hyderabad franchises, first with the now defunct [[Deccan Chargers]] and with the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]. The Deccan Chargers won six out of the 11 clashes between the two and the Sunrisers currently lead with 14 games to 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=CricTracker |date=28 March 2026 |title=RCB vs SRH Head to Head Record in IPL History |url=https://www.crictracker.com/rcb-vs-srh-head-to-head-record-in-ipl-history/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref> The Sunrisers have also played a key role in derailing the Royal Challengers' campaigns. In the 2009 and 2016 seasons, they were beaten in the finals by Chargers and Sunrisers respectively. In the 2020 season, Sunrisers knocked RCB out of the tournament in the eliminator. In the 2021 season, Sunrisers, who did not qualify for the playoffs, were able to beat RCB, causing them to finish in 3rd place and forcing them to play the eliminator, which they lost to KKR.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jagannatha |first1=Nesara |title=7 Times When RCB Lost To SRH In A Crucial IPL Game |url=https://sportsamaze.com/7-times-when-rcb-lost-to-srh-in-a-crucial-ipl-game/ |work=SportsAmaze |date=9 October 2021 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130022113/https://sportsamaze.com/7-times-when-rcb-lost-to-srh-in-a-crucial-ipl-game/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their 2022 IPL campaign was also deailed by SRH, whom they lost to by 9 wickets after scoring 68 in their first encounter, putting them under pressure because of their negative run rate through their otherwise strong campaign.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jagannatha |first1=Nesara |title=7 Times When RCB Lost To SRH In A Crucial IPL Game |url=https://sportsamaze.com/7-times-when-rcb-lost-to-srh-in-a-crucial-ipl-game/ |website=SportsAmaze |date=9 October 2021 |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130022113/https://sportsamaze.com/7-times-when-rcb-lost-to-srh-in-a-crucial-ipl-game/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the latest chapter of the rivalry between the two in IPL 2024, like the Kolkata Knight Riders, Sunrisers Hyderabad were the first to break the 263-run record set by RCB, which seemed insurmountable at the time as a result of Chris Gayle's 175. In a more humiliating turn, SRH again broke RCB's record against RCB themselves on their home ground, scoring 287 runs, thanks to a 39-ball century by [[Travis Head]] and a 30-ball 67 by [[Heinrich Klassen]]. Although there was a valiant effort by RCB, spearheaded by [[Dinesh Karthik]]'s 83 off 35 and captain [[Faf du Plessis]]'s 62 off 28, RCB still lost by 25 runs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agarwal |first1=Himanshu |title=Head, Klaasen play decisive hands in Chinnaswamy big bash |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-30th-match-1426268/match-report |website=SportsAmaze |date=15 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415185402/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-30th-match-1426268/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref> SRH would break RCB's 263 record for the third time and score 266 against the Delhi Capitals after setting an all-time T20 record by scoring 125 runs inside the power-play.<br />
<br />
==Kit evolution==<br />
===Regular kits===<br />
The official colours of RCB are red, black and gold. In 2024, a bold blue color was included in the jersey but was not continued later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bangalore IPL jerseys over the years |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-analysis/royal-challengers-bangalore-rcb-ipl-jerseys-over-the-years/ |website=Crictracker|date=9 March 2024 }}</ref><br />
{| style="margin:1em auto;"<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = _yellowborder<br />
| pattern_b = _black_chest<br />
| pattern_ra = _yellowborder<br />
| pattern_pants = <br />
| leftarm = 000000<br />
| body = FF0000<br />
| rightarm = 000000<br />
| pants = FF0000<br />
| title = 2016–2021 <br />
}}<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_b = _rcb22<br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_pants = <br />
| leftarm = 000000<br />
| body = FF0000<br />
| rightarm = 000000<br />
| pants = FF0000<br />
| title = 2022–2023<br />
}}<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_b = _rcb24<br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_pants = <br />
| leftarm = 0217b8<br />
| body = 0217b8<br />
| rightarm = 0217b8<br />
| pants = FF0000<br />
| title = 2024<br />
}}<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_b = _rcb25<br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_pants = <br />
| leftarm = 0c0c38ff<br />
| body = 191970<br />
| rightarm = 0c0c38ff<br />
| pants = FF0000<br />
| title = {{nowrap|2025–present}}<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Go green kits===<br />
Since 2011, RCB has a tradition of replacing the red with green for the #GameForGreen matches once every season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=13 April 2025 |title=Why is Royal Challengers Bengaluru wearing green jerseys in IPL 2025 match against Rajasthan Royals? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/why-rcb-green-jersey-royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-rajasthan-royals-rr-wearing-kit-sustainability-initiative/article69445673.ece |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614094524/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/why-rcb-green-jersey-royal-challengers-bengaluru-vs-rajasthan-royals-rr-wearing-kit-sustainability-initiative/article69445673.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, as a tribute to the [[COVID-19]] frontline workers, RCB played a match with sky-blue kits, the colour of PPE kits of frontline workers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2021 |title=IPL 2021: RCB to sport blue jersey on Sept 20 to pay tribute to frontline workers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2021-rcb-to-sport-blue-jersey-on-sept-20-to-pay-tribute-to-frontline-workers/articleshow/86190124.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614094524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2021-rcb-to-sport-blue-jersey-on-sept-20-to-pay-tribute-to-frontline-workers/articleshow/86190124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the annual green kits are made of recycled material, supporting the team's cause of going carbon neutral and raising awareness to plant more trees.<ref>{{Cite web |work=Business Standard |title=IPL 2025: Why is RCB wearing green jersey in match against RR in Jaipur? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2025-why-is-rcb-wearing-green-jersey-in-match-against-rr-in-jaipur-125041300205_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413105338/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2025-why-is-rcb-wearing-green-jersey-in-match-against-rr-in-jaipur-125041300205_1.html |archive-date=13 April 2025 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto;"<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = _yellowborder<br />
| pattern_b = _black_chest<br />
| pattern_ra = _yellowborder<br />
| pattern_pants = <br />
| leftarm = 000000<br />
| body = 00FF00<br />
| rightarm = 000000<br />
| pants = 00FF00<br />
| title = 2016–2021 <br />
}}<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_b = _rcb22gogreeninitiative<br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_pants = <br />
| leftarm = 000000<br />
| body = FF0000<br />
| rightarm = 000000<br />
| pants = 00FF00<br />
| title = 2022–2023<br />
}}<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_b = _rcb24_gogreen<br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_pants = <br />
| leftarm = 0217b8<br />
| body = 0217b8<br />
| rightarm = 0217b8<br />
| pants = 13da24<br />
| title = 2024<br />
}}<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = <br />
| pattern_b = _rcb25_gogreen<br />
| pattern_ra = <br />
| pattern_pants = <br />
| leftarm = 0c0c38ff<br />
| body = 191970<br />
| rightarm = 0c0c38ff<br />
| pants = 7ae740ff<br />
| title = {{nowrap|2025–present}}<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Fan support==<br />
The Royal Challengers have a large and passionate [[fan base]] in India and especially in the city of [[Bengaluru]]. Their fans are known to be loyal and vocal in their support.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2014 |title=Chinnaswamy Stadium's ticket mystery |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chinnaswamy-stadium-s-ticket-mystery-741875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208103157/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chinnaswamy-stadium-s-ticket-mystery-741875 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> They turn up in large numbers for RCB's home matches, turning the stadium into what is called a sea of red.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fanning the IPL spirit year after year |work=wisdenindia |date=10 May 2014 |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/fanning-ipl-spirit-year-year/109715 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410125559/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/fanning-ipl-spirit-year-year/109715 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=Wisden India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2013 |title=Gayle storm gives RCB winning start |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/324028/gayle-storm-gives-rcb-winning.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410122211/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/324028/gayle-storm-gives-rcb-winning.html |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref> They are well known for their chants of "R-C-B, R-C-B" and "[[Ee Sala Cup Namde]]" ({{translation|This year the cup is ours}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=RCB's Shreyanka Patil: 'They keep saying Ee sala Cup namde, and we got it' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/wpl/rcbs-shreyanka-patil-they-keep-saying-ee-sala-cup-namde-and-we-got-it/articleshow/108572429.cms |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The stadium organisers also provide the home team fans with cheer kits, RCB flags and noisemakers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2010 |title=The Chinnaswamy Stadium sets the benchmark |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-chinnaswamy-stadium-sets-the-benchmark-452225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914005220/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-chinnaswamy-stadium-sets-the-benchmark-452225 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Royal Challengers Bengaluru is also the most followed cricket franchise on [[Instagram]] with more than 21 million followers.<ref name="Rathod">{{Cite news |last=Rathod |first=Karan Singh |date=31 March 2025 |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru Overtake Chennai Super Kings, Become Most-Followed Team On Instagram |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bengaluru-overtake-chennai-super-kings-become-most-followed-team-on-instagram-article-151323827 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=Times Now}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[2014 IPL]], the Royal Challengers became the first team to provide free [[Wi-Fi]] connectivity to fans at their home ground. 50 access points were set up using [[fibre-optic cable]]s to provide the connectivity to fans on match days at the Chinnaswamy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bangalore fans can enjoy free Wi-Fi in home matches |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/223634-royal-challengers-bangalore-fans-can-enjoy-free-wi-fi-in-home-matches |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619050706/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/royal-challengers-bangalore-fans-can-enjoy-free-wi-fi-in-home-matches-1519092 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Squad==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+Squad for the [[2026 Indian Premier League|2026 season]]<br />
|-<br />
! No.<br />
! Name<br />
! Nationality<br />
! Birth date<br />
! Batting style<br />
! Bowling style<br />
! Year signed<br />
! Salary<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Captain<br />
|-<br />
| 97 || '''[[Rajat Patidar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1993|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c}} ||[[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Rajat Patidar RCB Captain">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/royal-challengers-bengaluru-name-patidar-their-captain-for-ipl-2025-1473005|title=Rajat Patidar appointed new RCB captain for IPL 2025|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2025|archive-date=17 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517184522/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/royal-challengers-bengaluru-name-patidar-their-captain-for-ipl-2025-1473005|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || '''[[Virat Kohli]]'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1988|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 2008 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|21|c}} || |<br />
|-<br />
| 37 || '''[[Devdutt Padikkal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2000|7|7|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| || '''[[Vihaan Malhotra]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2007|1|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers<br />
|-<br />
| 28 || '''[[Phil Salt]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age|1996|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11.5|c}} ||Overseas <br />
|-<br />
| 55 || '''[[Jitesh Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1993|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed|| {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c}} ||[[Vice-Captain (cricket)|Vice-Captain]]<br />
|-<br />
| 22 || '''[[Jordan Cox (cricketer)|Jordan Cox]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age|2000|10|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{n/a}} || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l}} ||Overseas <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders<br />
|- <br />
| 25 || '''[[Krunal Pandya]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1991|3|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.75|c}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || '''[[Tim David]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age|1996|3|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| || '''[[Satvik Deswal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2007|3|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} || <br />
|-<br />
| 2 || '''[[Jacob Bethell]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age|2003|10|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c}} || Overseas <br />
|-<br />
| || '''[[Kanishk Chouhan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2006|9|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || '''[[Romario Shepherd]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age|1994|11|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| 24 ||''' [[Swapnil Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1991|1|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 25 ||''' [[Venkatesh Iyer]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1994|12|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7|c}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| || '''[[Mangesh Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2002|10|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.20|c}} ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers<br />
|- <br />
| 38 || '''[[Josh Hazlewood]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age|1991|1|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style=text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12.5|c}} || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || ''' [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] ''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1990|2|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10.75|c}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 42 || '''[[Rasikh Salam]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2000|4|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 103 || '''[[Yash Dayal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1997|12|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5|c}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| 53 || '''[[Nuwan Thushara]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{birth date and age|1994|8|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.6|c}} || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| || '''[[Jacob Duffy]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age|1994|8|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style=text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || '''[[Abhinandan Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|1997|3|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]]|| style="text-align:center;"| 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers<br />
|-<br />
| 12 || '''[[Suyash Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2003|5|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg-break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2025 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|C}} ||<br />
|-<br />
| ||''' [[Vicky Ostwal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age|2002|9|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2026 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" style="text-align:center;"| Source: [https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-squad-men RCB Squad]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Players with international caps are in '''bold'''.<br />
<br />
==Performance record==<br />
===[[Indian Premier League]]===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
!Year<br />
!Matches<br />
!Won<br />
!Lost<br />
!No Result <br />
!League Standing <br />
!Final Position<br />
!Most Runs<br />
!Most Wickets<br />
|-<br />
! [[2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2008]]<br />
|14<br />
|4<br />
|10<br />
|0<br />
|7/8<br />
|League Stage <br />
|[[Rahul Dravid]]<br />
|[[Zaheer Khan]]<br />
|- bgcolor=silver<br />
! [[2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2009]]<br />
|16<br />
|9<br />
|7<br />
|0<br />
|3/8<br />
|'''Runners Up'''<br />
|[[Jacques Kallis]]<br />
|[[Anil Kumble]]<br />
|- bgcolor=#cc9966<br />
! [[2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2010]]<br />
|16<br />
|8<br />
|8<br />
|0<br />
|4/8<br />
|Third Place<br />
|[[Jacques Kallis]]<br />
|[[Anil Kumble]]<br />
|- bgcolor=silver<br />
! [[2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2011]]<br />
|17<br />
|10<br />
|6<br />
|1<br />
|1/10<br />
|'''Runners Up'''<br />
|[[Chris Gayle]]<br />
|[[Sreenath Aravind]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2012]]<br />
|16<br />
|8<br />
|7<br />
|1<br />
|5/9<br />
|League Stage <br />
|[[Chris Gayle]]<br />
|[[Vinay Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2013]]<br />
|16<br />
|9<br />
|7<br />
|0<br />
|5/9<br />
|League Stage <br />
|[[Chris Gayle]]<br />
|[[Vinay Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2014]]<br />
|14<br />
|5<br />
|9<br />
|0<br />
|7/8<br />
|League Stage <br />
|[[AB de Villiers]]<br />
|[[Varun Aaron]]<br />
|- bgcolor=#cc9966<br />
! [[2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2015]]<br />
|16<br />
|8<br />
|6<br />
|2<br />
|3/8<br />
|Third Place<br />
|[[AB de Villiers]]<br />
|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br />
|- bgcolor=silver<br />
! [[2016 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2016]]<br />
|16<br />
|9<br />
|7<br />
|0<br />
|2/8<br />
|'''Runners Up'''<br />
|[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2017 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2017]]<br />
|14<br />
|3<br />
|10<br />
|1<br />
|8/8<br />
|League Stage <br />
|[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|[[Pawan Negi]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2018 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2018]]<br />
|14<br />
|6<br />
|8<br />
|0<br />
|6/8<br />
|League Stage <br />
|[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|[[Umesh Yadav]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2019 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2019]]<br />
|14<br />
|5<br />
|8<br />
|1<br />
|8/8<br />
|League Stage <br />
|[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br />
|- bgcolor=lightgreen<br />
! [[2020 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2020]]<br />
|15<br />
|7<br />
|8<br />
|0<br />
|4/8<br />
|Playoffs<br />
|[[Devdutt Padikkal]]<br />
|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br />
|- bgcolor=lightgreen<br />
! [[2021 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2021]]<br />
|15<br />
|9<br />
|6<br />
|0<br />
|3/8<br />
|Playoffs<br />
|[[Glenn Maxwell]]<br />
|[[Harshal Patel]]<br />
|- bgcolor=#cc9966<br />
! [[2022 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2022]]<br />
|16<br />
|9<br />
|7<br />
|0<br />
|4/10<br />
|Third Place<br />
|[[Faf du Plessis]]<br />
|[[Wanindu Hasaranga]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2023 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2023]]<br />
|14<br />
|7<br />
|7<br />
|0<br />
|6/10<br />
|League Stage<br />
|[[Faf du Plessis]]<br />
|[[Mohammed Siraj]]<br />
|- bgcolor=lightgreen<br />
! [[2024 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|2024]]<br />
|15<br />
|7<br />
|8<br />
|0<br />
|4/10<br />
|Playoffs<br />
|[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|[[Yash Dayal]]<br />
|- bgcolor=gold<br />
! [[2025 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|2025]]<br />
|16<br />
|11<br />
|4<br />
|1<br />
|2/10<br />
|'''Champions'''<br />
|[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|[[Josh Hazlewood]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2026 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|2026]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
!274<br />
!134<br />
!133<br />
!7<br />
!colspan=2|''Champions x1<br/>Runners Up x 3<br/>Playoffs x 10''<br />
![[Virat Kohli]]<br />
![[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/indian-premier-league-117?team=4340 Source]<br />
<br />
===[[Champions League Twenty20|Champions League]]===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! League Standing<br />
! Final Position<br />
! Most Runs<br />
! Most Wickets<br />
|-<br />
![[2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2009]]<br />
|5/12<br />
|League Stage<br />
|[[Ross Taylor]]<br />
|[[Anil Kumble]]<br />
|- bgcolor=#cc9966<br />
![[2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2010]]<br />
|4/10<br />
|Semi Finals<br />
|[[Rahul Dravid]]<br />
|[[Vinay Kumar]]<br />
|- bgcolor=silver<br />
![[2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2011]]<br />
|2/13<br />
|'''Runners Up'''<br />
|[[Chris Gayle]]<br />
|[[Daniel Vettori]]<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
!colspan=2|''Runners Up x 1''<br />
![[Virat Kohli]]<br />
![[Vinay Kumar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/champions-league-twenty20-120?team=4340 Source]<br />
<br />
===By opposition===<br />
{{Updated|[[2026 Indian Premier League|2026 edition]] vs [[Gujarat Titans]] on 1 May 2026}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Indian Premier League <br />
! Opposition<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Matches<br />
! Won<br />
! Lost<br />
! Tied<br />
! NR<br />
! Success Rate<br />
|- <br />
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2008–2026<br />
| 36<br />
| 14<br />
| 21 <br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
| 38.88%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi Capitals]]<br />
| 35<br />
| 21<br />
| 13<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
| 60%<br />
|- <br />
| [[Gujarat Titans]]<br />
| 8 <br />
| 4 <br />
| 4<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 50%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] <br />
| 2008–2025<br />
| 36<br />
| 15<br />
| 20<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
| 41.67%<br />
|- <br />
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]<br />
| 2022–2026<br />
| 7<br />
| 5<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 71.42%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mumbai Indians]] <br />
| 2008–2026<br />
| 35<br />
| 16<br />
| 19<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 45.71%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Punjab Kings]] <br />
| 2008–2025<br />
| 37<br />
| 19<br />
| 18<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 51.35%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] <br />
| 2008–2026<br />
| 35<br />
| 17<br />
| 15<br />
| 0 <br />
| 3 <br />
| 48.57%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] <br />
| 2013–2026<br />
| 27<br />
| 12<br />
| 14 <br />
| 0<br />
| 1 <br />
| 44.44%<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| [[Deccan Chargers]]<br />
| 2008–2012<br />
| 11<br />
| 5 <br />
| 6<br />
| 0 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 45.45%<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] <br />
| 2011–2011<br />
| 2<br />
| 2 <br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 0<br />
| rowspan="2" | 100%<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| [[Pune Warriors India]] <br />
| 2011–2013 <br />
| 5<br />
| 5 <br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
|-style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| [[Gujarat Lions]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2016–2017<br />
| 5 <br />
| 3<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 60%<br />
|-style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]<br />
| 4<br />
| 2<br />
| 2<br />
| 0 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 50%<br />
|-<br />
! Total<br />
! 2008–2026<br />
! 283<br />
! 140<br />
! 136<br />
! 0<br />
! 7<br />
! 49.47%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Updated|[[2011 Champions League Twenty20|2011 edition]]}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Champions League<br />
! Opposition<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Matches<br />
! Won<br />
! Lost<br />
! Tied<br />
! NR<br />
! Success Rate<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[Cape Cobras]]<br />
| 2009 <br />
| 1 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 1<br />
| 0 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 0%<br />
|- <br />
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]<br />
| 2010<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 1 <br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 0%<br />
|- <br />
| [[Delhi Capitals]]<br />
| 2009<br />
| 1<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 100%<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[Guyana national cricket team|Guyana]]<br />
| 2010<br />
| 1 <br />
| 1 <br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 100%<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[Highveld Lions cricket team|Highveld Lions]]<br />
|2010<br />
| 1 <br />
| 1 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 100%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] <br />
| 2011<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 0%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mumbai Indians]] <br />
| 2010–2011<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
| 2<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 0%<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]]<br />
| 2011<br />
| 1 <br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 100%<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[Otago Volts]]<br />
| 2009 <br />
| 1 <br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 100%<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] <br />
| 2011 <br />
| 1 <br />
| 1 <br />
| 0 <br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 100%<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[Southern Redbacks]]<br />
| 2010–2011<br />
| 2 <br />
| 1 <br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 50%<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[Victorian Bushrangers]]<br />
| 2009<br />
| 1<br />
| 0 <br />
| 1 <br />
| 0<br />
| 0<br />
| 0%<br />
|- style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
| [[Warriors (cricket team)|Warriors]] <br />
| 2011<br />
| 1<br />
| 0 <br />
| 1<br />
| 0<br />
| 0 <br />
| 0%<br />
|-<br />
! Total<br />
! 2009–2011<br />
! 15<br />
! 7<br />
! 8<br />
! 0<br />
! 0<br />
! 46.67%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center;"<br />
|- align="center" style="background:#fbb;"<br />
|Defunct teams <br />
|- align="center" style="background:#FFF8C6;"<br />
|Non IPL Teams<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-results-summary/royal-challengers-bengaluru-4340/twenty20-matches-6|title=Archived copy|access-date=2 June 2025|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220160807/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/team-results-summary/royal-challengers-bengaluru-4340/twenty20-matches-6|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Captaincy record==<br />
{{Updated|April 2026}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-list-captains/royal-challengers-bangalore-4340/twenty20-matches-6|title=RCB: captains|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103000424/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-list-captains/royal-challengers-bangalore-4340/twenty20-matches-6|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Player<br />
! Duration<br />
! Matches<br />
! Won<br />
! Lost<br />
! Tied<br />
! Win%<br />
! Best Result<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rahul Dravid]]<br />
| 2008<br />
| 14<br />
| 4<br />
| 10<br />
| 0<br />
| 28.57 <br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kevin Pietersen]] {{Efn|Captain for first half of the 2009 season}}<br />
| 2009<br />
| 6<br />
| 2<br />
| 4<br />
|0<br />
| 33.33 <br />
|-<br />
| [[Anil Kumble]]<br />
| 2009–2010<br />
| 35<br />
| 19<br />
| 16<br />
|0<br />
| 54.28<br />
|bgcolor=silver|Runners Up ([[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[Daniel Vettori]]<br />
| 2011–2012<br />
| 28<br />
| 15<br />
| 13<br />
|0<br />
| 53.57<br />
|bgcolor=silver|Runners Up ([[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[Virat Kohli]]<br />
| 2013–2021 {{Efn|Interim during 2023}}<br />
| 143<br />
| 66<br />
| 70<br />
| 3<br />
| 46.15<br />
|bgcolor=silver|Runners Up ([[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shane Watson]] {{Efn|Stand-in}}<br />
| 2017<br />
| 3<br />
| 1<br />
| 2<br />
| 0 <br />
| 33.33<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Faf du Plessis]]<br />
| 2022–2024<br />
| 42<br />
| 21<br />
| 21<br />
|0<br />
| 50.00<br />
|bgcolor=#cc9966|Third ([[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajat Patidar]]<br />
| 2025–present<br />
| 18<br />
| 14<br />
| 4<br />
|0<br />
| 77.77<br />
|bgcolor=gold |Champions ([[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]])<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jitesh Sharma]] {{Efn|Stand-in}}<br />
| 2025<br />
| 2<br />
| 1<br />
| 1<br />
|0<br />
| 50.00<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Player statistics==<br />
===Most runs===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Player<br />
! Runs<br />
! Innings<br />
! Duration<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
![[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|9040<br />
|268<br />
|2008–present<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
![[AB de Villiers]]<br />
|4491<br />
|144<br />
|2011–2021<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
![[Chris Gayle]]<br />
|3163<br />
|84<br />
|2011–2017<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
![[Faf du Plessis]]<br />
|1636<br />
|45<br />
|2022–2024<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
![[Devdutt Padikkal]]<br />
|1413<br />
|47<br />
|2020–present <br />
|}<br />
<br />
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-117?team=4340 Source]<br />
<br />
===Most wickets===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Player<br />
! Wickets<br />
! Innings<br />
! Duration<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
![[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br />
|139<br />
|112<br />
|2014–2021<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
![[Harshal Patel]]<br />
|99<br />
|77<br />
|2012–2023<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
![[Mohammed Siraj]]<br />
|83<br />
|87<br />
|2018–2024<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
![[Vinay Kumar]]<br />
|72<br />
|63<br />
|2008–2013<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
![[Josh Hazlewood]]<br />
|53<br />
|33<br />
|2022–Present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-117?team=4340 Source]<br />
<br />
===Most catches===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Player<br />
! Catches<br />
! Innings<br />
! Duration<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
![[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|122<br />
|274<br />
|2008–present<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
![[AB de Villiers]]<br />
|70<br />
|104<br />
|2011–2021<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
![[Mohammed Siraj]]<br />
|28<br />
|87<br />
|2018–2024<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
![[Devdutt Padikkal]]<br />
|26<br />
|48<br />
|2020–Present<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
![[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br />
|24<br />
|112<br />
|2014–2021<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/fielding-most-catches-career/indian-premier-league-117?team=4340 Source]<br />
<br />
===Most dismissals===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Player<br />
! Dismissals<br />
! Innings<br />
! Duration<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
![[Dinesh Karthik]]<br />
|45<br />
|54<br />
|2015–2024<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
![[AB de Villiers]]<br />
|34<br />
|50<br />
|2011–2021<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
![[Jitesh Sharma]]<br />
|31<br />
|24<br />
|2025–present<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
![[Parthiv Patel]]<br />
|23<br />
|32<br />
|2014–2019<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
![[Mark Boucher]]<br />
|16<br />
|26<br />
|2008–2010<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/keeping-most-dismissals-career/indian-premier-league-117?team=4340 Source]<br />
<br />
==Tournament records==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3|Batting<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual batting records#Most career runs|Most runs]]<br />
! rowspan="6" |[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|9040<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual batting records|Most fours]]<br />
|813<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual batting records|Most sixes]]<br />
|306<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League centuries|Most centuries]]<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics|Most half-centuries]]<br />
|66<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual batting records#Most runs in a season|Most runs in a season]]<br />
|973 ([[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]])<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual batting records|Best strike rate]]<br />
![[Phil Salt]]<br />
|175.00<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual batting records|Fastest century]]<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Chris Gayle]]<br />
|30 balls vs [[Pune Warriors]] ([[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]])<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual batting records#Highest individual score|Highest score]]<br />
|175[[not out|*]] vs [[Pune Warriors]] ([[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]])<br />
|-<br />
||[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Partnership records#Highest partnerships by runs|Highest partnership]]<br />
![[Virat Kohli]]<hr>[[AB de Villiers]]<br />
|229 vs [[Gujarat Lions]] ([[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]])<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3|Bowling<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual bowling records#Most wickets in a season|Most wickets in a season]]<br />
![[Harshal Patel]]<br />
|32 ([[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]])<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual bowling records|Best economy]]<br />
![[Daniel Vettori]]<br />
|6.56<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual bowling records|Most dots]]<br />
![[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]<br />
|1876<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual bowling records|Best bowling average]]<br />
![[Lungi Ngidi]]<br />
|18.24<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=3|Fielding<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Individual fielding records#Most career catches|Most catches]]<br />
![[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|121<br />
|} <br />
[https://www.iplt20.com/stats/ Source]<br />
<br />
==Staff==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!Position<br />
!Name<br />
|-<br />
|Team manager|| Shaminder Singh Sidhu<br />
|-<br />
|Team director|| Mo Bobat<br />
|-<br />
|Head coach || [[Andy Flower]]<br />
|-<br />
|Mentor and batting coach|| [[Dinesh Karthik]]<br />
|-<br />
|Spin bowling coach<br/>Player identification manager|| [[Malolan Rangarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
|Fast bowling coach|| Omkar Salvi<br />
|-<br />
|Fielding coach || [[Richard Halsall]]<br />
|-<br />
|Analytical coach || Freddie Wilde<br />
|-<br />
|Head physiotherapist|| Evan Speechly<br />
|-<br />
|Strength and conditioning coach|| [[Basu Shanker]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | <small>Source: [https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-squad RCB Staff]</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
===[[List of Indian Premier League awards|Indian Premier League]]===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Recipient<br />
! Ref<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]<br />
|Emerging Player<br />
![[Shreevats Goswami]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2008: Full list of award winners |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224223228/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]<br />
|Player of the Final<br />
![[Anil Kumble]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deccan Chargers v Royal Challengers Bangalore, Final, 2009 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224223228/https://www.espncricinfo.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]]<br />
|Most Sixes<br />
![[Robin Uthappa]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2010 Stats: Most Sixes |url=https://www.iplt20.com/ |website=IPLT20.com |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203061904/https://www.iplt20.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]<br />
|Orange Cap<br />
! rowspan="7" |[[Chris Gayle]]<br />
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gayle named Most Valuable Player of IPL 4 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/ |website=The Hindu |date=29 May 2011 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601115119/https://www.thehindu.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Most Sixes<br />
|-<br />
|Most Valuable Player<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]<br />
|Orange Cap<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2012: Chris Gayle Wins Orange Cap |url=https://www.ndtv.com/ |website=NDTV Sports |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=27 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127173834/https://www.ndtv.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Most Sixes<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]<br />
|Most Sixes<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2013: Chris Gayle leads the six-hitting charts |url=https://www.iplt20.com/ |website=IPLT20.com |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203061904/https://www.iplt20.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]<br />
|Most Sixes<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL 2015: Full list of award winners |url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2015 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302160501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|[[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]<br />
|Orange Cap<br />
! rowspan="3" |[[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virat Kohli swept the 2016 awards: Orange Cap, Most Sixes and MVP |url=https://www.iplt20.com/ |website=IPLT20.com |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203061904/https://www.iplt20.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Most Sixes<br />
|-<br />
|Most Valuable Player<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]<br />
|Emerging Player<br />
![[Devdutt Padikkal]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2020: Devdutt Padikkal named Emerging Player of the Season |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/ |website=India Today |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930230954/https://www.indiatoday.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]<br />
|Purple Cap<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Harshal Patel]]<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshal Patel wins Purple Cap and MVP in record-breaking season |url=https://www.news18.com/ |website=News18 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406054409/https://www.news18.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Most Valuable Player<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]<br />
|Highest Strike Rate<br />
![[Dinesh Karthik]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dinesh Karthik wins Super Striker of the Season award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 May 2022 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301180754/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]<br />
|Most Sixes<br />
![[Faf du Plessis]]<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2023: Season Awards and Statistics |url=https://www.iplt20.com/ |website=IPLT20.com |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203061904/https://www.iplt20.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Highest Strike Rate<br />
![[Glenn Maxwell]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]<br />
|Orange Cap<br />
![[Virat Kohli]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virat Kohli wins the Orange Cap for IPL 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |website=The Times of India |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213041319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]<br />
|Player of the Final<br />
![[Krunal Pandya]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru: 2025 IPL Champions Award Ceremony |url=https://www.msn.com/ |website=MSN Sports |date=25 May 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026 |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710235340/https://www.msn.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Others===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Ref<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
![[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII Sports Business Awards]]<br />
|Sports Franchise of the Year<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contributor |first=C. T. |date=5 December 2023 |title=Royal Challengers Bangalore win the Sports Franchise of the Year award |url=http://crictoday.com/cricket/news/royal-challengers-bangalore-win-the-sports-franchise-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Crictoday |language=en-US |archive-date=19 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719232932/https://crictoday.com/cricket/news/royal-challengers-bangalore-win-the-sports-franchise-of-the-year-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Hall of Fame==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Player<br />
! Performance<br />
! Duration<br />
! Ref<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2022<br />
! [[AB de Villiers]]<br />
| 4491 runs in 144 innings<br />
| 2011–2021<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2022 |title=Virat Kohli inducts AB de Villiers and Chris Gayle into the RCB Hall of fame |url=https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-cricket-news/news/ab-de-villiers-and-chris-gayle-inducted-into-the-rcb-hall-of-fame |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=www.royalchallengers.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Chris Gayle]]<br />
| 3163 runs in 84 innings<br />
| 2011–2017<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Chris Gayle opens up on the first call he got from RCB and his first memories of playing for the franchise in IPL |url=https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-cricket-news/news/rcb-bold-diaries-i-was-in-a-nightclub-chris-gayle-reveals-details-of-the |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=www.royalchallengers.com |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719232851/https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-cricket-news/news/rcb-bold-diaries-i-was-in-a-nightclub-chris-gayle-reveals-details-of-the |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
! [[Vinay Kumar]]<br />
| 72 wickets in 63 innings<br />
| 2008–2013<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Kumar Inducted Into RCB Hall Of Fame, Joins Elite Company Of Chris Gayle, AB de Villiers {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2024/vinay-kumar-inducted-into-rcb-hall-of-fame-joins-elite-company-of-chris-gayle-ab-de-villiers-5271398 |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=NDTV Sports |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117085807/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2024/vinay-kumar-inducted-into-rcb-hall-of-fame-joins-elite-company-of-chris-gayle-ab-de-villiers-5271398 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Annotated link|2026 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season}} <br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}<references group="lower-alpha" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.royalchallengers.com/}}<br />
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/royal-challengers-bangalore Team profile] at ''iplt20.com''<br />
<br />
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}<br />
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore Squad}}<br />
{{Indian Premier League}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|India|Cricket|Sports}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru| ]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Premier League teams]]<br />
[[Category:Cricket in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:United Breweries Group]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayali_(2025_TV_series)&diff=488505Ayali (2025 TV series)2026-05-05T06:02:00Z<p>PranayMeesala: added new biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 Indian Tamil language TV series}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Ayali 2025 series.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alt_name = <br />
| genre = {{ubl|<br />
* [[Drama]]<br />
* [[Romance film|Romance]]<br />
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]<br />
* [[Crime]]<br />
}}<br />
| screenplay = Ram.G <br />
| director = Parameshwarar<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = {{ubl|<br />
* Tejaswini Gowda<br />
* Anand Selvan<br />
}}<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = S. Sabarshkumar<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| num_episodes = 207 <!-- as of 31 January 2026 --><br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| country = India<br />
| open_theme = <br />
| end_theme = <br />
| music = <br />
| company = Monk Studios<br />
| editor = Mojith<br />
| cinematography = Jo.e<br />
| runtime = 20 minutes<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2025|06|02}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
| related = ''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ayali''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language]] crime [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama]] series that premiered from 2 June 2025 airing on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamil-unveils-latest-fiction-ayali/|title=Zee Tamil unveils latest fiction 'Ayali'|website=Media News4U|date=30 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Bengali language]] television series ''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]''. It stars Tejaswini Gowda and Anand Selvan and is directed by Parameshwarar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1363672-new-mega-tv-serial-on-zee-tamil-channel-ayali.html|title=Zee Tamil unveils latest fiction 'Ayali'|website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|date=31 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> It portrays the story of an undercover cop, Ayali (Tejaswini Gowda) and her fellow police officer Siva (Anand Selvan).<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Shunned by her family over false accusations against her mother, Ayali tolerates her stepmom’s cruelty and teams up with Siva to expose Varma and prove her mother's innocence and Siva's identity in his family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/29/tejaswini-gowda-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-ayali-serial-zee-tamil|title=வீட்டில் குடும்பப் பெண், வெளியே புரட்சிப் பெண்: தேஜஸ்வினியின் புதிய தொடர் அயலி!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=29 April 2025|language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
=== Main ===<br />
* Tejaswini Gowda as Ayali a.k.a AD<br />
** Riya Manoj as Young Ayali<br />
* Anand Selvan as Shiva IPS<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* [[Vidhya Mohan]] as Indrani: Shiva's elder sister<br />
* Santosh R Daniel as Kabilan: Shiva's half-brother<br />
* Akshitha Bopaiah as Rithika: Ayali's half-sister<br />
* Lakshmi Vasudevan / Kavitha Solairaja as Selvanayagi: Shiva's stepmother <br />
* Vetri Kiran / [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Udhayaperumal: Shiva's father<br />
* [[Ram G]] as Varman (Main Antagonist) <br />
* Parthan Siva as Kaliappan: Shiva's uncle<br />
* Swetha as Chellamma: Ayali’s Aunt<br />
* Aarthi Ramkumar / Vasavi as Jamuna: Ayali's stepmother <br />
* Shilpa / Caroline as Karthika: Kaliappan's wife<br />
* Rishi Keshav as Devaraj: Ayali’s father<br />
* [[Nithya Ravindar]] as Padma: Ayali's grandmother <br />
* Ratna Rajan as Ponni: Shiva's half-sister <br />
* Manusri Karthikeyan as Deepa: Ayali's cousin<br />
* Feroz Khan as Cheziyan: Indrani's husband<br />
* Birla Bose as Commissioner Vijayakumar: Reshma's father <br />
* Suresh Mohan as John <br />
* Chandini Prakash as Monica<br />
* Revathee Shankar as Indrani's mother<br />
* Deepa Nethran as Sankari: Shiva's mother<br />
* [[Kasthuri Shankar]] / [[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] as Archana IPS: Ayali's mother<br />
* Ashok Samuel as Journalist Narayanan: Chellama's husband<br />
* [[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Sampath: Archana's brother <br />
* [[Radhika Preethi]] as Reshma: Shiva's friend <br />
* Pankajam as Maragatham <br />
* Premi Venkat as Akhilandeshwari<br />
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Vikram<br />
* [[Sona Heiden]] as Governor of Tamil Nadu<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
After ''Vidhya No.1'', Tejaswini Gowda made a comeback through this series as "Ayali".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tejaswini-gowda-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-ayali/articleshow/120578078.cms|title=Tejaswini Gowda set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Ayali'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> Anand Selvan was selected to play the role of police officer Siva. It was second collaboration with [[Zee Tamil]] after ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2021 TV series)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' serial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tejaswini-gowda-and-anand-selvan-set-to-play-the-leads-in-ayali/articleshow/121379528.cms|title=Tejaswini Gowda and Anand Selvan set to play the leads in 'Ayali'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Kasthuri Shankar]] was selected to play the role of police officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/zee-tamil-announces-new-serial-ayali-featuring-actress-kasturi-as-lead-s-mother-708551.html|title=ஜீ தமிழில் அயலி சீரியலில் கதாநாயகியாகும் நடிகை கஸ்தூரி.. ஆரம்பமே அசத்தல் தான்! ஆனாலும் டுவிஸ்ட் இருக்கு!|website=[[Oneindia]]|date=31 May 2025|language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt37284116}}<br />
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/ayali/0-6-4z5761653 ''Ayali''] at [[ZEE5]]<br />
<br />
{{Zee Tamil shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language police television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajasthan_Polo_Club&diff=528459Rajasthan Polo Club2026-04-26T05:27:45Z<p>PranayMeesala: Starting the details initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Polo club in Jaipur}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox venue<br />
| name = Rajasthan Polo Club<br />
| nickname = <br />
| mapframe-coord = {{Coord|26|53|57.40|N|75|48|11.21|E|display=title}}<br />
| fullname = Rajasthan Polo Club<br />
| address = Bhawani Singh Rd<br />
| city = [[Jaipur]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|1901}}<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.rajasthanpoloclub.co.in/|rajasthanpoloclub.co.in}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Rajasthan Polo Club''' (formerly '''Rajputana Polo Club''') is a polo club in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The club was started in 1901 as Rajputana Polo Club with the support of various rulers of [[Rajputana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taknet |first=D. K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jaipur_Gem_of_India/5tCeDAAAQBAJ |title=Jaipur: Gem of India |last2=IntegralDMS |date=2016-07-07 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=978-1-942322-05-4 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_chronicle-of-the-horse_1959-05-22_22_38 |title=The Chronicle |date=1959-05-22 |publisher=[[The Chronicle of the Horse]] |others=Internet Archive |volume=XXII |publication-date=1959-05-22 |pages=23 |language=English |issue=38}}</ref> It was renamed in 1949 as Rajasthan Polo Club on the formation of [[Greater Rajasthan Union]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anthony de Mello |url=http://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |date=1959 |publisher=P. R. Macmillan Ltd. |others=Public Resource |pages=223}}</ref> Following that, the headquarters of the club were shifted to [[Jaipur]] from [[Mount Abu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-05 |title=A ride through the changes in modern Polo |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/special-report/a-ride-through-the-changes-in-modern-polo/articleshow/7045675.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The club is now housed in the building of Jaipur Polo Club that itself was established in 1918.<br />
<br />
The club was used as one of the filming locations for [[Zubeidaa]] and also for [[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-05 |title=Jaipur becomes a B'wood hub |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jaipur-becomes-a-bwood-hub/articleshow/8159789.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Partnerships and collaborations ==<br />
[[The Leela|The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts]] partnered with the club in 2022 for their sponsorship of the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Polo Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETHospitalityWorld |date=2022-10-04 |title=Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts is the title sponsor for The Leela Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Polo Cup 2022 |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hotels/leela-palaces-hotels-and-resorts-is-the-title-sponsor-for-the-leela-maharaja-sawai-man-singh-polo-cup-2022/94632665 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts partners with Rajasthan Polo Club for its inaugural sponsorship of The Royal Sport in India {{!}} Press Room] |url=https://www.theleela.com/press-room/the-leela-palaces-hotels-and-resorts-partners-rajasthan-polo-club-its-inaugural |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.theleela.com}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasthan Polo Club}}<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.rajasthanpoloclub.co.in}}<br />
* {{Instagram|rajasthanpoloclub}}<br />
* {{Facebook|rajasthanpoloclub}}<br />
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Polo in India]]<br />
[[Category:Polo clubs]]<br />
[[Category:Polo venues]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._Kameswar_Rao&diff=543062V. Kameswar Rao2026-04-24T19:41:42Z<p>PranayMeesala: created initial biography w/ refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1965)}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|08|07}}<br />
| name = Valluri Kameswar Rao<br />
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]<br />
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]<br />
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
| term_start = 21 July 2025<br />
| term_end =<br />
| term_label = <br />
| status = <br />
| nominator1 = [[Altamas Kabir]]<br />
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br />
| term_start1 = 17 April 2013<br />
| term_end1 = 31 May 2024<br />
| term_start2 = 1 June 2024<br />
| term_end2 = 20 July 2025<br>{{small|Acting CJ: 30 May 2025 – 18 July 2025}}<br />
| nominator2 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]<br />
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Karnataka High Court]]<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]] in Geography (Hons), [[L.L.B]]<br />
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice <br />
}}<br />
'''Valluri Kameswar Rao''' (born 7 August 1965) is an Indian [[judge]] currently serving on the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice V. Kameswar Rao {{!}} Welcome To Delhi High Court |url=https://www.delhihighcourt.nic.in/web/Judges/justice-v-kameswar-rao |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.delhihighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> He was also served as the judge of Karnataka High court from 1 June 2024 to 29 May 2025<ref name="Deccan Herald Appointment">{{Cite news |date= |title=Justice Valluri Kameswar Rao assumes charge as Karnataka High Court judge |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/justice-valluri-kameswar-rao-assumes-charge-as-karnataka-high-court-judge-3050087 |access-date=2025-06-25 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> where he also served as Acting Chief Justice from 29 May 2025,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-29 |title=Kameswar Rao to be acting CJ of Karnataka High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kameswar-rao-to-be-acting-cj-of-karnataka-high-court/article69633980.ece |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> until his repatriation to Delhi High Court.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-07-21 |title=Six new Judges take oath of office taking strength of Delhi High Court to 40 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/six-new-judges-take-oath-of-office-taking-strength-of-delhi-high-court-to-40/article69837256.ece |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, V. Kameswar}}<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
{{improve categories|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{India-law-bio-stub}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Highway_21_(Rajasthan)&diff=537561State Highway 21 (Rajasthan)2026-04-23T07:09:35Z<p>PranayMeesala: created new data needs work.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State Highway in Rajasthan}}<br />
{{One source|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{infobox road<br />
| country = IND<br />
| type = SH<br />
| route = 21<br />
| length_km = 88<br />
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3<br />
| id= Q97231465|title=National Highway 21|text= Map of State Highway '''21''' in red }}<br />
| map_custom = yes<br />
| terminus_a = [[Dantiweara]]<br />
| terminus_b = [[Merta City]]<br />
| junction = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Borunda]]<br />
* Khejarla<br />
* [[Pipar City]]<br />
}}<br />
| states = Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh<br />
| previous_type = SH<br />
| next_type = SH<br />
| previous_route = 21A <!-- Route start junction --><br />
| next_route = 22 <!-- Route end junction --><br />
| state = Rajasthan<br />
| villages = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Satlawas]]<br />
*[[Indawar]]<br />
*[[Bayad fanta ]]<br />
*[[Bittan]]<br />
* [[Borunda]]<br />
*[[Garhsuriya]]<br />
*[[ Madliya]]<br />
*[[Nanan, Bilara| Nanan]]<br />
* [[Ransi Gaon]]<br />
* Khejarla<br />
* Chirdhani<br />
* [[Buchkalla]]<br />
* [[Pipar City]]<br />
* [[Riya]]<br />
* <br />
}}<br />
| maint = National Highway Authority Of India<br />
}}<br />
'''State Highway 21''' Rajasthan is an important highway between [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]] and [[Merta City]].<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2026 |title=Bike rider dies on State Highway 21 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jodhpur/ransigaon/news/borunda-pipad-road-accident-bike-rider-death-137193733.html |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:State highways in Rajasthan]]<br />
{{India-road-stub}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Raja-Lakshmi_Foundation&diff=537067Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation2026-04-19T16:10:06Z<p>PranayMeesala: created new info basic info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = Raja-Lakshmi Award<br />
| image = [[File:RLF logo.jpg|center|140 px]]<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = Foundation logo<br />
| caption = <br />
| awarded_for = Contributions to Fine Arts, Music, Science, Journalism, Medicine, Social Service<br />
| sponsor = Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation<br />
| firstawarded = 1979 <br />
| lastawarded = 2009<br />
| reward = ₹1,00,000 (one lakh rupees)<br />
| former name = <br />
| holder_label = Most recent winner<br />
| holder = <br />
| award1_type = Total awarded<br />
| award1_winner = 31<br />
| award2_type = First winner<br />
| award2_winner = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]<br />
| award3_type = Last winner<br />
| award3_winner = [[Sunita Narain]]<br />
| website = <br />
| previous = <br />
| next = E<br />
| subheader=శ్రీ రాజా లక్ష్మీ ఫౌండేషన్}}<br />
The '''Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: శ్రీ రాజా లక్ష్మీ ఫౌండేషన్) is an Indian [[charitable trust]] that promotes arts, sciences, literature, medicine, journalism, humanities and other intellectual pursuits and to honour distinguished persons in these fields. Established in 1979 in [[Chennai|Madras]] by Late P. V. Ramaniah Raja, a businessman, the foundation instituted the 'Raja-Lakshmi Award'.<br />
<br />
Erstwhile the Raja–Lakshmi Award carried a prize amount of [[Indian rupee|₹]]1,00,000, a citation and a plaque. The awardees also received the Dr. K. V. Rao and Dr. Jyoti Rao Award of [[United States dollar|US$]]2000, in association with the Telugu Fine Arts Society, New Jersey, USA. The Foundation has also instituted the 'Ratna Rao Memorial Prize' which is awarded annually to the best student in M.Sc. Chemistry at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]. In 2025, the Foundation resumed the presentation of the "Lakshmi-Raja Vaidika Puraskar”.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Ramaniah Raja.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ramaniah Raja, Managing Trustee, Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]]<br />
The organisation, along with the Raja–Lakshmi Award, instituted awards such as the Raja–Lakshmi Literary Award (1987–1999) and "Recognise the Teacher" Award. Special awards (Raja–Lakshmi Visishta Puraskar) have also been announced on a one-off basis. 'Lakshmi-Raja Vaidika Puraskar' was instituted in 1994, coinciding with the 60th birthday of Smt. Mahalakshmi Raja, founder trustee of the Foundation. This Award honours [[Vedas|Vedic]] scholars, and consists of a Citation, a plaque and a cash prize of ₹25,000/-.<br />
<br />
These Awards were announced on August 15 (birthday of Late Smt. Mahalakshmi Raja) every year and presented at a function on November 19 (birthday of Sri Ramaniah Raja) in the same year.<br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
<br />
The Foundation is now actively involved in charitable work in areas of Education, Education improvement, Environment, Health, Culture and assistance for special children.<br />
<br />
==Recipients==<br />
<br />
=== Raja-Lakshmi Award ===<br />
[[File:Sri Sri Award.jpg|thumb|150px|Dr. Bezawada Gopala Reddy presenting the first Raja-Lakshmi Award to [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] on 19.11.1979]]<br />
[[File:Mandolin Srinivas Award.jpg|thumb|200px|Smt.Mahalakshmi Raja presenting the 1985 Raja-Lakshmi Award to [[Mandolin Srinivas]]]]<br />
[[File:Sudha Murthy Award.jpg|thumb|200px|Sadguru Sivananda Murty presenting the 2004 Raja-Lakshmi Award to Smt. [[Sudha Murty]]]]<br />
[[File:Koneru Humpy Award.jpg|thumb|200px| Raja-Lakshmi Awards-2008, L to R: R.Sekar IPS, N.Murali, Pappu Venugopala Rao, R.Venkatraman Ghanapaati, [[Koneru Humpy]], Balakrishna Prasad, B.S.R.Krishna, Janani Krishna]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
!Awardee<br />
! Area<br />
|-<br />
| 1979<br />
| [[Srirangam Srinivasa Rao|Sri Sri]]<br />
| [[Literature]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1980<br />
| [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]]<br />
| [[Music]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1981<br />
| [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]]<br />
| [[Dance]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1981<br />
| [[Nerella Venumadhav]]<br />
| [[Mimicry]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1982<br />
| [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]<br />
| [[Graphic art]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1983<br />
| [[Yelavarthy Nayudamma]]<br />
| [[Science]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1984<br />
| [[Tanguturi Suryakumari]] <br />
| [[Music]] and [[Dance]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1985<br />
| [[U. Srinivas|Mandolin Srinivas]]<br />
| [[Music]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
| [[G. K. Reddy]]<br />
| [[Journalism]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1987<br />
| [[Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi|Dr. B. Ramamurthi]]<br />
| [[Medicine]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1988<br />
| [[C. Narayanareddy]]<br />
| [[Literature]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1989<br />
| [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]<br />
| [[Politics]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1990<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]] <br />
| [[Music]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1991<br />
| [[Nataraja Ramakrishna]]<br />
| [[Dance]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1992<br />
| [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]] Trust<br />
| [[Music]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br />
| [[P. Sainath]]<br />
| [[Journalism]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1994<br />
| [[G. Ram Reddy]]<br />
| [[Education]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
| [[Balamurali Ambati|Dr. Ambati Balamurali Krishna]]<br />
| [[Medicine]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1996<br />
| [[Abid Hussain]]<br />
| [[Business administration|Administration]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1997<br />
| A. Chennagantamma<br />
| [[Social service]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1998<br />
| [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]<br />
| [[Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| [[Avadhanam Sita Raman|A. S. Raman]]<br />
| [[Journalism]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| S. V. Rama Rao<br />
| [[Art]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| K. Sivananda Murty<br />
| [[Social service]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2001<br />
| [[Govindappa Venkataswamy]]<br />
| [[Medicine]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| [[Nedunuri Krishna Murthy]]<br />
| [[Music]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| [[Biruduraju Ramaraju]]<br />
| [[Literature]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| [[Sudha Murty|Sudha Murthy]]<br />
| [[Philanthropy]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| [[Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry]]<br />
| [[Vedas|Vedic Scholar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| [[S P Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| [[Music|Cine Playback Singer]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| Dr. Ch. Gnaneswar Memorial Endowment Fund<br />
| [[Medicine]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| [[Koneru Humpy]]<br />
| [[Sports]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| [[Sunita Narain]]<br />
| [[Environmental Science]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Raja-Lakshmi Literary Award ===<br />
[[File:Mullapudi Award.jpg|thumb|225px|Mayor Sabbam Hari presenting the 1995 Raja-Lakshmi Literary Award to Sri [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
!Awardee<br />
|-<br />
| 1987<br />
| [[Ravuri Bharadwaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1988<br />
| Nagabhairava Koteswara Rao<br />
|-<br />
| 1989<br />
| Tirumala Ramachandra<br />
|-<br />
| 1990<br />
| Ramavarapu Krishnamurthy Sastry<br />
|-<br />
| 1991<br />
| [[Boyi Bhimanna]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1992<br />
| Sribhashyam Appalacharyulu<br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br />
| [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1994<br />
| P. S. R. Appa Rao<br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
| [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1996<br />
| Malati Chandur<br />
|-<br />
| 1997<br />
| [[Mallampalli Sarabheswara Sarma]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1998<br />
| K. Ramalakshmi<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| Kothapalli Veerabhadra Rao & [[Dwivedula Visalakshi]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Lakshmi-Raja Vaidika Puraskar ===<br />
[[File:LRVP 2025.png|thumb|225px|Sri Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma presenting the 2025 Lakshmi-Raja Vaidika Puraskaram to Sri Gullapalli Sitaramachandra Murthy Ghanapaati]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
!Awardee<br />
|-<br />
| 1994<br />
| Brahmasri Lanka Venkata Ramasastry Somayaji<br />
|-<br />
| 1995<br />
| Brahmasri Sannidhanam Lakshminarayana Sastry<br />
|-<br />
| 1996<br />
| Brahmasri Dendukoori Agnihotra Somayaji<br />
|-<br />
| 1997<br />
| Brahmasri Remella Suryaprakasa Sastry<br />
|-<br />
| 1998<br />
| Goda Subrahmanya Sastry<br />
|-<br />
| 1999<br />
| Brahmasri Bhamidipati Mitranarayana Yajulu<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| Dendukuri Venkatappa Yagnanarayana Poundarika Yajulu & Samavedam Ramagopala Sastry<br />
|-<br />
| 2001<br />
| Brahmasri Gullapalli Anjaneya Ghanapaati<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| Brahmasri Evani Ramakrishna Ghanaapati<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| Brahmasri Adithe Suryanarayana Murty<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| Dr. Vishnubhatla Subrahmanya Sastry<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| ‘Veda Vibushana’ Kuppa Siva Subrahmanya Avadhani<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| Sripada Srirama Nrusimha & Sripada Krishnamurthy Ghanaapati<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| Gullapalli Venkata Narayana Ghanaapati<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| R. Venkatrama Ghanapaati<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| Vangala Ramamurthy Ghanapaati<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| Dendukuri Venkata Hanumadganaapati Somayaji<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| Yanamandra Subrahmanya Somayajulu<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| Vishnubhotla Sriramamurthy Sastry<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| Kuppa Ramagopala Vajpeyi<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| Dendukuri Venkateswara Ghanapaati<br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
| Gullapalli Sitamaramachandra Murthy Ghanapaati<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Raja-Lakshmi Recognise the Teacher Award ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Awardee<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || Dr.Jaya Venugoapala Rao<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || K S Anand<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || Gulla Usha Bala<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Raja-Lakshmi Visishta Puraskar ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Awardee<br />
|-<br />
| 1983 || [[Palagummi Padmaraju]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || M. S. Bharat<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || [[Bhavaraju Sarveswara Rao]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] & [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || [[Garimella Balakrishna Prasad]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== V.Ratna Rao Memorial Prize ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Awardee<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || D. Vasumathi<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || Iyer Karthik Srinivasan<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || Nandini Ananth<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || Samanwita Pal<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || S. Ashok<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || Sayani Chattopadhyay<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || Rakesh Paul<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || Krishnendu Saha<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || Sovan Biswas<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || Sourav Maiti<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || Prem Kumar Chanani<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || R.Srinivasan<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || Avijit Baidya<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || Sayan Dutta<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || Manisha Samanta<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || Anindita Mahapatra<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || Nisha<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || Ruchira Basu<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || Atanu Ghosh<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || Deeksha<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || Mehak Oberoi<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || Sunaina Sardana<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || Khusboo Goel<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || Hiba Sherin P K<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || Ayushi Tripathi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Memorial lectures delivered ==<br />
[[File:Ramanan Lecture.JPG|thumb|175px|Sri T. A. Venkateswaran delivering the Memorial Lecture for the year 2007.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Awardee<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || A. Prasanna Kumar<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || Ajeya Kallam<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || Dr. B.P. Rajan<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || T.V. Sairam & B.M. Rao<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || K. Sivaprasad Gupta<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || K. Chaya Devi, Dr. K. Venkateswarulu & T.A. Venkateswaran<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || Dr. Perala Balamurali<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || Dr. Kanthamani Sundharkrishnan<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Leela Krishnudu cover.jpg|thumb|100px|'Leela Krishnudu']] --><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! S.No.<br />
! Year<br />
! Name of Publication<br />
! Author<br />
|- <br />
| 01<br />
| 1985<br />
| ''[[Bhaja Govindam]]''<br />
| [[Dr.Pappu Venugopala Rao]]<br />
|- <br />
| 02<br />
| 1986<br />
| ''Sundara Kandamu''<br />
| Usha Sri<br />
|- <br />
| 03<br />
| 1987<br />
| ''Leela Krishnudu''<br />
| Indraganti Srikantha Sarma<br />
|- <br />
| 04<br />
| 1988<br />
| ''Nityarchana''<br />
| [[Dr.Pappu Venugopala Rao]]<br />
|- <br />
| 05<br />
| 1990<br />
| ''[[Sri Mata]]''<br />
| Sri Mataji Thyagisanandapuri<br />
|- <br />
| 06<br />
| 1992<br />
| ''Aatma Bodha''<br />
| Karidehal Venkata Rao<br />
|- <br />
| 07<br />
| 1996<br />
| ''Sanatsu Jateeya Sourabham''<br />
| Prof.Salaaka Raghunadha Sarma<br />
|- <br />
| 08<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''Sivananda Lahari Hamsa''<br />
| Prof.Salaaka Raghunadha Sarma<br />
|- <br />
| 09<br />
| 2006<br />
| ''Pratibha Panchamrutham''<br />
| Rambhatla Nrusimha Sarma<br />
|- <br />
| 10<br />
| 2006<br />
| ''Ramadas and Thyagaraja''<br />
| Prof. A. Prasanna Kumar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
=== Newspaper Articles ===<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129092058/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/20/stories/2009112058140200.htm ''Build wealth without destroying environment'', The Hindu, Friday, Nov 20, 2009]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090819162938/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/15/stories/2009081558042200.htm ''Raja-Lakshmi award for Sunita Narain'', The Hindu, Saturday, Aug 15, 2009]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107082923/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112060350500.htm ''Stress on regular eye check-up'', The Hindu, Thursday, March 12, 2009] <br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107082923/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/20/stories/2008112060350500.htm ''Raja-Lakshmi Foundation awards presented'', The Hindu, Thursday, November 20, 2008]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805044211/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2008/08/19/stories/2008081950670600.htm "Raja-Lakshmi Award", Young World, The Hindu, Tuesday, August 19, 2008]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080817113552/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/15/stories/2008081559842700.htm ''Sharath, Humpy to receive award'', The Hindu, Friday, August 15, 2008]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080817143002/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/14/stories/2008081459270700.htm ''Chess prodigy, table tennis player to get Raja-Lakshmi award '', The Hindu, Thursday, August 14, 2008]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203192058/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/20/stories/2007112061210300.htm ''Raja-Lakshmi Award presented'', The Hindu, Tuesday, November 20, 2007]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044118/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/21/stories/2006112116170300.htm ''Lending it the S.P Touch'', The Hindu, Nov 21, 2006]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030118/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/15/stories/2006081505050400.htm ''Raja-Lakshmi award for S.P. Balasubrahmanyam'', The Hindu, August 15, 2006]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070322183648/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/15/stories/2005081508070400.htm ''Malladi Chandrasekhara Sastry selected for Raja-Lakshmi award'', The Hindu, August 15, 2005]<br />
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073744/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/08/15/stories/2004081501332200.htm ''Raja-Lakshmi Award for Sudha Murty'', The Hindu, Aug 15, 2004]}}<br />
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20021222032747/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/25/stories/2002112501530200.htm ''Rewarding Eminence'', The Hindu, Nov 25, 2002]}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian awards]]<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 1979]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sironj&diff=490182Battle of Sironj2026-04-19T04:50:18Z<p>PranayMeesala: added new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1704 battle during the Deccan wars}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Battle of Sironj<br />
| partof = Mughal–Maratha Wars<br />
| date = January 1704<br />
| place = [[Sironj]], [[Malwa]]<br />
| result = Mughal victory<br />
| combatant1 = [[Maratha Empire]]<br />
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| commander1 = Nima Sindhia<br />
| commander2 = [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Firouz Jung]]<br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}<br />
<br />
The '''Battle of Sironj''' was a military engagement between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army led by Firuz Jung and the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] troops led by Nima Sindhia. The Mughals were victorious and the Marathas were repulsed from [[Sironj]].<ref name=Sinh>{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Raghubir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1Z6yHKuwlUC&dq=battle+of+sironj+1704&pg=PA60 |title=Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765 |date=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0750-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|60}}<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
In October 1703, after the rains were over, Nima Sindhia launched a raid with 50,000 horsemen into Mughal territories. He marched to [[Berar Province|Berar]] where he met Rustam Khan, the governor of Berar, and defeated him. He raided [[Hoshangabad]] district and marched into Malwa, sacking and ravaging everything in his way until he reached Sironj, where he laid siege to it. The Mughal garrison resisted the Marathas.<ref name=Sinh/>{{rp| 57}} <ref>R.K. Gupta, p. 85</ref><ref>Jadunath Sarkar, p. 159</ref><br />
<br />
== Battle ==<br />
When news of this reached [[Aurangzeb]], he ordered Firuz Jung to catch and defeat the raiders. He left Berar in November 1703, However, the march was slow due to heavy baggage. He abandoned the baggage and camped at [[Burhanpur]], then he swiftly marched to relieve Sironj. When he arrived, he engaged the Marathas, defeating their vanguard and forcing his way to the elephant ridden by Nima. When Nima saw the reinforcements, he fled on horseback with his remaining followers to [[Bundelkhand]]. Many Marathas were slain; the Mughals recaptured the looted treasure from the Marathas and prisoners were released.<ref name=Sinh/>{{rp| 59-60}}<ref>R.K. Gupta, p. 85</ref><ref>Jadunath Sarkar, p. 159</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
Bhimsen, the literary champion of [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]], who had served as a rival to Firuz Jang, wrote that no fighting had taken place and the reports of the victory were wrong. He wrote that once the emperor discovered the real truth, the honors were postponed.<ref name=Sinh/>{{rp|II, 148b}} Similarly, Manucci recorded that the [[Marathas]] left without fighting, returning to their territory. The Akhbarats state otherwise, and the Kalimat T corroborates the version of the Akhbarats.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire|Sironj]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Sironj]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1704|Sironj]]<br />
[[Category:1704 in India]]<br />
[[Category:1700s in the Mughal Empire]]<br />
==Sources==<br />
*R.K. Gupta (2008), Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.).[https://www.google.ae/books/edition/Studies_In_Indian_History_Rajasthan_Thro/DLQeSBLpUwsC?hl=ar&gbpv=1&dq=Nima+Sindhia+January+1704&pg=PA85&printsec=frontcover]<br />
<br />
*Jadunath Sarkar (1984), A History of Jaipur, C. 1503-1938.[https://www.google.ae/books/edition/A_History_of_Jaipur/O0oPIo9TXKcC?hl=ar&gbpv=1&dq=Nima+Sindhia+January+1704&pg=PA159&printsec=frontcover]<br />
{{Mughal Empire}}<br />
{{MarathaEmpire}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sitapur,_Chhattisgarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=536257Sitapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency2026-04-15T02:14:21Z<p>PranayMeesala: created basic post and citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Sitapur<br />
| mla = Ram Kumar Toppo<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[Amarjeet Bhagat]]<br />
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
| district = [[Surguja district|Surguja]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:201660}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 11<br />
| map_image = Sitapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
}}<br />
'''Sitapur''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order – 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Surguja district|Surguja]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Chakrapani Shukla<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|[[Haribhajan Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Mokshmadan Singh<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |Sukhi Ram<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Ram Khelawan<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|Sukhdev Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|Gopal Ram<br />
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Amarjeet Bhagat]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|title=Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress|last1=mint|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=10 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105307/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Ramkumar Toppo]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Sitapur<ref name=election2023/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Ramkumar Toppo]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 83,088<br />
|percentage = 50.36<br />
|change = +17.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Amarjeet Bhagat]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=65,928|percentage=39.96|change=-16.60}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santosh Kumar Khess|party=Independent|votes=3,264|percentage=1.98|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,414|percentage=0.86|change=-2.53}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=17,160|percentage=10.40|change=-13.18}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=164,980|percentage=81.81|change=+0.51}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party <br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Sitapur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Amarjeet Bhagat]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 86,670<br />
|percentage = 56.56<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Gopal Ram<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 50,533<br />
|percentage = 32.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Setram Bara<br />
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh<br />
|votes = 2,495<br />
|percentage = 1.63<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Shanti Prakash<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|votes = 1,938<br />
|percentage = 1.26<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Ashok Tirkey<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|votes = 1680<br />
|percentage = 1.10<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Munna Toppo<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|votes = 1,629<br />
|percentage = 1.06<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 5,189<br />
|percentage = 3.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 36,137<br />
|percentage = 23.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,53,223<br />
|percentage = 81.30<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Surguja district]]<br />
* [[Sitapur, Chhattisgarh|Sitapur]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|22.78|83.5|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Surguja district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayya_Pattali_Makkal_Katchi&diff=488552Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi2026-04-14T08:31:03Z<p>PranayMeesala: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}} {{Confused|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian Political Party <br />
|party_name = Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi<ref name=name/><br />
|party_logo = [[File:Pmk flag.jpg|200px]]<br />
|colorcode = {{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br />
|president = [[S. Ramadoss]]<br />
|general_secretary = Murali Sankar<br />
|founder = [[S. Ramadoss]]<br />
|foundation = {{Start date and age|2025}}<br />
|split = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]<br />
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#State|Unrecognised Party]]<ref>{{cite news|title=TN: Ramadoss faction rejects Anbumani's claim of EC approval as PMK president|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tn-ramadoss-faction-rejects-anbumanis-claim-of-ec-approval-as-pmk-president-2788266-2025-09-16|access-date=19 September 2025|work=India Today|date=16 September 2025}}</ref><br />
|treasurer = Syed Mansoor Ushen<br />
| alliance = <br />
|state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|2|234|hex=#F3ED13}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Three PMK MLAs and party general secretary back Anbumani in leadership row|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/01/three-pmk-mlas-and-party-general-secretary-back-anbumani-in-leadership-row-2902473.html|access-date=19 September 2025|work=The New Indian Express|date=1 June 2025}}</ref><br />
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#F3ED13}}<br />
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex=#F3ED13}}<br />
|ideology = [[Caste politics|Casteism]]<br>[[Conservatism in India|Conservatism]]<br>[[Right-wing populism]]<br />
|position = [[Right-wing]]<br />
|headquarters = [[Tindivanam]], [[Villupuram District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|symbol = [[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|120px]] <br/>Gas Cylinder<br />
|flag = [[File:PMK.svg|200px]] <br />
|website = {{URL|http://pmkofficial.com/}} (disputed)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi''' (transl. Proletarian People's Party); {{small|abbreviated as}} '''APMK''') is a splinter faction of the regional political party [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), based in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is currently led by founder Dr. [[S. Ramadoss]], who founded the original PMK that is currently led by his son, [[Anbumani Ramadoss|Anbumani]]. The faction emerged in 2025 after a major leadership conflict between Ramadoss and his son, Dr. [[Anbumani Ramadoss]], over control of the party. While the Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued communications recognising Anbumani’s camp, the Ramadoss faction rejects these claims, insisting that procedural norms were violated and that Anbumani’s term as president expired in May 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=TN: Ramadoss faction rejects Anbumani's claim of EC approval as PMK president|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tn-ramadoss-faction-rejects-anbumanis-claim-of-ec-approval-as-pmk-president-2788266-2025-09-16|access-date=19 September 2025|work=India Today|date=16 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anbumani camp says ECI backs him as PMK president, Ramadoss faction rejects claim|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/anbumani-camp-says-eci-backs-him-as-pmk-president-ramadoss-faction-rejects-claim-207119|access-date=19 September 2025|work=The News Minute|date=16 September 2025}}</ref> This faction got the name ''Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi'' and symbol as [[Gas Cylinder]] by the [[Election Commission of India]] in 2026<ref name=name>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/dr-ramadoss-launched-a-new-party-called-ayya-pmk/amp_articleshow/129791262.cms|title=ராமதாஸின் தனிக்கட்சி உதயம்|trans-title=Ramadoss faction named their faction|work=Samayam Tamil|date=25 March 2026 |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=ta }}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Founding and early years===<br />
The parent party, PMK, was founded by Dr. [[S. Ramadoss]] on 16 July 1989, emerging out of the Vanniyar Sangam movement that had spearheaded the [[1987 Vanniyar reservation agitation]]. The party sought to secure political representation for the [[Vanniyar]] community of northern Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radhakrishnan|first=P.|date=2002|title=Vanniyar Separatism: Nebulous Issues|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412456|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=37|issue=32|pages=3315–3316|jstor=4412456}}</ref><br />
<br />
Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, the PMK aligned with different state and national coalitions, including the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] and the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]], often playing a pivotal role as a kingmaker in coalition politics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Manikandan|first1=C.|last2=Wyatt|first2=Andrew|date=2019|title=Political parties and federally structured incentives in Indian politics: the case of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK)|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=27|issue=1|pages=3–20|doi=10.1080/09584935.2019.1572070}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2025 tensions and split===<br />
In early 2025, tensions between Ramadoss and his son [[Anbumani Ramadoss|Anbumani]] intensified over party appointments, particularly the elevation of Ramadoss’s grandson P. Mukundan as youth wing president.<ref>{{cite news|title=S Ramadoss to launch statewide tour as PMK rift deepens|url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/ramadoss-launch-statewide-tour-pmk-rift-deepens-163|access-date=19 September 2025|work=New Kerala/IANS|date=11 September 2025}}</ref> In April 2025, Ramadoss demoted Anbumani from president to working president, sparking a leadership contest.<ref>{{cite news|title=Factional feud deepens in PMK as Anbumani expels MLA R Arul|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/tamilnadu/factional-feud-deepens-in-pmk-as-anbumani-ramadoss-expels-mla-r-arul-from-party-984562|access-date=19 September 2025|work=Hans India/IANS|date=2 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Anbumani Ramadoss|Anbumani]]’s camp organised a general council meeting in August 2025 that extended his term and secured ECI communication recognising his leadership and office bearers until August 2026.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anbumani camp says ECI backs him as PMK president|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/anbumani-camp-says-eci-backs-him-as-pmk-president-ramadoss-faction-rejects-claim-207119|access-date=19 September 2025|work=The News Minute|date=16 September 2025}}</ref> The Ramadoss faction disputes the legality of this meeting, claiming it was unauthorised and against party by-laws. They argue that Anbumani’s tenure ended on 28 May 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=TN: Ramadoss faction rejects Anbumani's claim of EC approval as PMK president|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tn-ramadoss-faction-rejects-anbumanis-claim-of-ec-approval-as-pmk-president-2788266-2025-09-16|access-date=19 September 2025|work=India Today|date=16 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Legislative strength===<br />
In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 Tamil Nadu assembly election]], the undivided PMK won five seats. Following the 2025 split:<br />
* Three MLAs [[S. P. Venkateshwaran]] of [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]], [[S. Sadhasivam (PMK politician)|S. Sadhasivam]] of [[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]], and [[C. Sivakumar]] of [[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]] declared support for Anbumani.<ref>{{cite news|title=Three PMK MLAs and party general secretary back Anbumani in leadership row|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/01/three-pmk-mlas-and-party-general-secretary-back-anbumani-in-leadership-row-2902473.html|access-date=19 September 2025|work=The New Indian Express|date=1 June 2025}}</ref><br />
* Two MLAs, including [[Arul Ramadas|R. Arul]] of [[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem West]] and senior leader [[G. K. Mani]] of [[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]], aligned with Dr. S. Ramadoss.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anbumani writes to Speaker to replace party whip|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/anbumani-writes-to-speaker-to-replace-party-whip/articleshow/122256562.cms|access-date=19 September 2025|work=The Times of India|date=3 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ideology ==<br />
<br />
The Ramadoss faction continues the founder’s emphasis on:<br />
<br />
* [[Vanniyar]] community rights and socioeconomic upliftment<br />
* Demand for a 10.5% internal reservation within the MBC category <br />
* Social conservatism and opposition to inter-caste marriages<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Manikandan|first1=C.|last2=Wyatt|first2=Andrew|date=2019|title=Political parties and federally structured incentives in Indian politics: the case of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK)|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=27|issue=1|pages=3–20 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2019.1572070 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Current office bearers ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border: 2px solid #FFD700; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"<br />
|+ style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"| National Executive (Ramadoss faction)<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"| S.No<br />
! style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"| Member<br />
! style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"| Party Position<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|[[S. Ramadoss]]<br />
|President<br />
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"<br />
|2.<br />
|Srikanthi Parasuraman<br />
|Executive President of PMK <br />
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"<br />
|3.<br />
|Murali Sankar<br />
|General Secretary of PMK<br />
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"<br />
|4.<br />
|Syed Mansoor Ushen<br />
|Treasurer of PMK<br />
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"<br />
|5.<br />
|[[G. K. Mani]]<br />
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|MLA, Pennagaram]], Honorary Party President, Former Party President (1997–2022)<br />
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"<br />
|6.<br />
|[[Arul Ramadas|R. Arul]]<br />
|[[Salem West Assembly constituency|MLA, Salem West]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]<br />
* [[S. Ramadoss]]<br />
* [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]<br />
* Vanniyar Sangam<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1989]]<br />
[[Category:2025 in Indian politics]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyas_Deo_Prasad&diff=545137Vyas Deo Prasad2026-04-13T23:08:12Z<p>PranayMeesala: created new details from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Vyas Deo Prasad<br />
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| image =<br />
| spouse = <br />
| constituency2 = [[Siwan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Siwan]]<br />
| successor1 = Awadh Bihari Choudhary<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]]<br />
| term_end1 = 2020<br />
| term_start1 = 2005<br />
| minister = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]<br />
| term_end = 26 November 2010<br />
| term_start = 13 April 2008<br />
| office = Minister of state for Health & Family Welfare<br/>[[Government of Bihar]]<br />
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vyas Deo Prasad''' also known as '''Vyas Deo Prasad Kushwaha'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-MAT-latest-patna-news-021002-988695-NOR.html|title=सिद्धांतविहीन राजनीति कर रहे नीतीश|accessdate=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306113419/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-MAT-latest-patna-news-021002-988695-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-MAT-latest-patna-news-031001-819256-NOR.html|title=मंदार से चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य रथ रवाना|website=Bhaskar.com|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802173538/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-MAT-latest-patna-news-031001-819256-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian politician, former minister of state in the [[Government of Bihar]] from April 2008 to November 2010.<ref name=ET>{{Cite news|title=Revamped Bihar govt caste in Nitish pattern|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/revamped-bihar-govt-caste-in-nitish-pattern/articleshow/2949881.cms?from=mdr|access-date=|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202045321/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/revamped-bihar-govt-caste-in-nitish-pattern/articleshow/2949881.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> He represented [[Siwan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Siwan]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] thrice in a row winning [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]], [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]], [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siwan Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/siwan.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202045319/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/siwan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he was denied a ticket to contest from [[Siwan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Siwan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Election: सिवान सदर सीट पर RJD ने अवध बिहारी चौधरी को उतार खेला MY समीकरण का दांव, BJP ने उनके समधी को दे दिया टिकट|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/news/strict-competition-between-rjd-leader-awadh-bihari-chaudhary-vs-bjp-leader-om-prakash-yadav-from-siwan-sadar-seat/articleshow/78607040.cms|access-date=|website=Navbharat Times|language=|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202045318/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/news/strict-competition-between-rjd-leader-awadh-bihari-chaudhary-vs-bjp-leader-om-prakash-yadav-from-siwan-sadar-seat/articleshow/78607040.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in favour of [[Om Prakash Yadav]] who lost the election to [[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-09|title=Siwan, Bihar Election Result 2020: RJD's AB Chaudhary snatches Siwan from BJP's OP Yadav {{!}} As it happened|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-siwan-vidhan-sabha-constituency-bjp-rjd-om-prakash-yadav-awadh-bihari-chaudhary-live-news-updates-10019636|access-date=|website=Jagran English|language=en|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202045320/https://english.jagran.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-siwan-vidhan-sabha-constituency-bjp-rjd-om-prakash-yadav-awadh-bihari-chaudhary-live-news-updates-10019636|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Vyas Deo Prasad hails from [[Siwan district|Siwan]] and he belongs to [[Koeri]] caste of Bihar.<ref name=ET/> Born to Ambika Prasad, Vyas Deo Prasad completed his BSc from Rajendra College Chapra, Bihar University in the year 1967. He worked as lab demonstrator before entering the active politics. In 2020 Election Affidavit submitted to [[Election Commission of India]], he declared one pending case against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11156|title=Vyas Deo Prasad|website=My neta|accessdate=31 May 2024|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025143657/https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11156|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, his son Vikas Kumar was arrested with the possession of liquor along with four of his friends near Uttar Pradesh-Bihar border at Mairwa police station area. This happened due to Bihar's law enforcing complete prohibition on liquor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-leader-vyas-deo-prasads-son-four-others-arrested-owing-to-liquor-ban-in-bihar-5242306/|title=BJP MLA's son, four others arrested under Bihar's prohibition law|website=Indian express|date=2 July 2018 |accessdate=31 May 2024|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122954/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-leader-vyas-deo-prasads-son-four-others-arrested-owing-to-liquor-ban-in-bihar-5242306/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Prasad was born on 30 November 1945 in Siwan. He has six sons and two daughters. After completing his graduation in Science steam, he worked as lab demonstrator for some time and entered into politics in the year 1980. In the same year, he was imprisoned along with many other leaders for opposing the policies of [[Indira Gandhi]] led central government. He was incarcerated in Muzaffarpur Central Jail for 15 days. In 1985, he was again imprisoned because of his participation in university movement. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and contested his first legislative assembly election in 2005. In the election of October 2005, he defeated [[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]], a five term MLA from Siwan Assembly constituency to win his first election. He again defeated Chaudhary in the 2010 legislative assembly elections.<ref name=AajTak>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/siwan-assembly-seat-election-2020-vyas-deo-prasad-bjp-jdu-rjd-atsn-1135951-2020-09-26|title=सिवान विधानसभा सीट: क्या बीजेपी-जेडीयू को टक्कर दे पाएगी आरजेडी?|website=Aaj Tak|date=26 September 2020 |accessdate=31 May 2024|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221163555/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/siwan-assembly-seat-election-2020-vyas-deo-prasad-bjp-jdu-rjd-atsn-1135951-2020-09-26|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In his second term, he was made a minister in charge of health and family welfare in [[Government of Bihar]] under [[Nitish Kumar]]. In 2015, he again contested assembly election and defeated Bablu Prasad of [[Janata Dal (United)]]. Awadh Bihari Chaudhary had contested as independent candidate in this election and finished in third position.<ref name=AajTak/><br />
<br />
In 2020, he rebelled against BJP as he was denied the symbol to contest the assembly elections. The BJP nominated [[Om Prakash Yadav]], a former parliamentarian from [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency]] to be its candidate. However, later he was placated by BJP leadership and announced his support to [[Om Prakash Yadav]] against Awadh Bihari Chaudhary of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bihar-siwan-election-news-2020-rjd-candidate-awadh-bihari-fighting-with-om-prakash-yadav-of-bjp-in-siwan-20991497.html| title=Siwan Election 2020: सिवान में भाजपा के ओम प्रकाश यादव से टकराएंगे राजद के अवध बिहारी, 52.15 फीसद हुआ मतदान |website=jagran|accessdate=31 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Niranjan Kumar Mehta]]<br />
*[[Avinash Gehlot]]<br />
*[[Satyadev Kushwaha]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Vyas Deo}}<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]<br />
[[Category:Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University alumni]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seema_Shinde&diff=533908Seema Shinde2026-04-09T06:46:09Z<p>PranayMeesala: created a post added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Seema Shinde<br />
| image = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = {{Start date|1988}}-2004<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list | [[Justice Chowdhary]] | [[Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon]] | [[Aanch]] | Marathi Play ''Turtur'' | National Awarded documentary film ''Kamli''}}<br />
| spouse = Sandeep Patil<br />
| children = Sarah Patil , Simmoney Patil<br />
| title = <br />
| mother = <br />
| father = <br />
| relatives = [[Sayaji Shinde]]<br />[[Shilpa Shinde]]<br />
| awards = <br />
| website = {{URL|seemashinde.com}}<br />
{{URL|india2usamedia.com}}<br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Seema Shinde''' is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] cinema and television. She is best known for her role in the television series ''[[Captain Vyom]]''. She has also starred in films, including [[Justice Chowdhary]], [[Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon]], and [[Aanch]]. Seema married Sandeep Patil, a USA-based Maharastrian Hotelier who owns resorts and condos in Maine. She is the founder and Publisher of India2Usa Media E-Magazine.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Seema Shinde was born and brought up in Mumbai, India. She completed her schooling at [[Sir Elly Kadoorie High School, Mazgaon]], Mumbai. She later attended [[Ruparel College]].<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Serial Name !! Role !! Channel<br />
|-<br />
| 1988-1989 || ''Durga Zali Gauri'' ||Girl || [[DD National|DD1]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''Alagooj'' ||Sayaji Shinde's Daughter || [[DD National|DD1]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1996-1997 || ''Ashiyana'' ||Vrajesh Hirjee's Girlfriend || [[DD National|DD1]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1996-1997 || ''Tu Tu Main Main'' || Neighbor || [[Star Plus]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1997-98 || ''[[Mohandas B.A.L.L.B.]]'' || Mohan's fellow officer || [[Zee TV ]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tired of endless family feuds and boardroom battles, TV viewers lap up racy crime thrillers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19980413-tired-of-endless-family-feuds-and-boardroom-battles-tv-viewers-lap-up-racy-crime-thrillers-826173-1998-04-12 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1997-1998 || ''Hi Zindgi Bye Zindagi'' || Jaspal Bhatti's Bhabhi || [[Zee Tv]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''[[Captain Vyom]]'' || || [[DD National]]<ref name="Menon 1998">{{cite web | last=Menon | first=Lakshmi | title=The Tribune... Bollywood Bhelpuri | website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | date=19 July 1998 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98jul19/sunday/bolywood.htm | accessdate=30 March 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1999-2000 || ''Bandini'' || Daughter In-Law|| [[Zee Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]'' || Dr. Simran Mathur's assistant|| [[Zee TV]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Adding to the content|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/adding-to-the-content/148330/0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704105227/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/adding-to-the-content/148330/0|archive-date=4 July 2020|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''[[Aankhen (TV series)]]'' || Raju Kher's daughter|| [[DD National]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sagartv.com/ankhen.htm |title=Sagar Arts |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609035408/http://sagartv.com/ankhen.htm |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2002 || ''Jagavegali'' || Suhas Joshi's Daughter In-Law|| [[Zee Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Justice Chowdhary]]'' ||[[Ravi Kishan]] Wife || [[Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''kulswami Tulja Bhawani'' ||Lead Actress || [[Hindi]] & [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Aanch]]'' || Vidya's cousin || [[Hindi]] & [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref name="bh">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6944/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505032327/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6944/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2008|title=Aanch: Complete Cast and Crew Details|date=28 November 2003|website=Bollywood Hungama (India FM)|accessdate=2021-03-30}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon]]'' || [[Antara Mali]]'s Friend || [[Hindi]]{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Theater==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Play's Name !! Role !! Language<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || ''Natarang'' || Village Girl || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || ''Padmashree Dhundiraj'' || Padmashree's Daughter || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || ''Bhaubandki'' || Salkaya || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || ''Savalya'' |||| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''Tur Tur'' || Rani / Cleaner Boy || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''Tu Teech Ti'' ||Kidnapped Girl || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''Sarvasvi Tujhi'' || Mahesh Manjrekar's Wife || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|4635241}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|seema-shinde}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Seema}}<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Rajya_Sabha_elections&diff=4827202019 Rajya Sabha elections2026-04-05T22:05:04Z<p>PranayMeesala: added new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Elections for the upper house of Indian Parliament}}<br />
{{Update|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| previous_election = 2018 Rajya Sabha elections<br />
| previous_year = 2018<br />
| next_election = 2020 Rajya Sabha elections<br />
| next_year =2020<br />
| election_date = 31 May – 5 December 2019<br />
| seats_for_election = 22 seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]]{{efn|Including 14 [[Casual vacancy|casual vacancies]]}}<br />
<br />
<!-- BJP -->| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Thawar Chand Gehlot.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}} <br />
| leader1 = [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]] <br />
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| leader_since1 = 11 June 2019<br />
| leaders_seat1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| seats_before1 = 73<br />
| seats_after1 = 83<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 10<br />
<!-- INC -->| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ghulam Nabi Azad-cropped.JPG|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}} <br />
| leader2 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]<br />
| party2 = Indian National Congress<br />
| leader_since2 = 8 June 2014<br />
| leaders_seat2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| alliance2 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]<br />
| seats_before2 = 50<br />
| seats_after2 = 46<br />
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 4<br />
}}<br />
'''2019 Rajya Sabha elections''' were held throughout 2019, to fill the vacancies in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament's]] [[upper chamber]]. The elections were held to elect 2 members from [[Assam]] as well as 6 members from [[Tamil Nadu]]. By-elections were held for 14 seats among various states.<br />
<br />
The elections resulted in the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] maintaining and increasing their majority with a net gain of 6 seats.<br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
===Elections===<br />
====[[Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]]====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Seat No <br />
! Previous MP<br />
! colspan=2| Previous Party<br />
! Elected MP<br />
! colspan=2| Elected Party<br />
! Reference<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<ref name=ibt>{{cite news |date=31 May 2019 |title=Nominees of BJP, AGP elected unopposed to two RS seats in Assam|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nominees-of-bjp-agp-elected-unopposed-to-two-rs-seats-in-assam-119053101369_1.html|newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=14 July 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 2<br />
| [[Santiuse Kujur]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| [[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Seat No <br />
! Previous MP<br />
! colspan=2| Previous Party<br />
! Elected MP<br />
! colspan=2| Elected Party<br />
! Reference<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 1<br />
| [[R. Lakshmanan]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| [[A. Mohammedjan]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| rowspan=6 |<ref name="term">{{cite news|title=Six candidates elected unopposed as Rajya Sabha MPs|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/article28382319.ece|date=11 July 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 2<br />
| [[V. Maitreyan]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| N. Chandrasekaran<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 3<br />
| [[K. R. Arjunan]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 4<br />
| [[T. Rathinavel]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| [[M. Shanmugam]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 5<br />
| [[Kanimozhi]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| [[P. Wilson]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 6<br />
| [[D. Raja]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Communist Party of India]]<br />
| [[Vaiko]]<br />
|width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|<br />
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===By-elections===<br />
Aside from automatic elections, unforeseen vacancies caused by members' resignation, death or disqualification, are unless a few months before the expected natural expiry of the term of tenure, filled via [[by-election]]s, which for the Rajya Sabha often take some months to organise.<br />
<br />
====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]====<br />
<br />
* On 23 May 2019 Ravi Shankar Prasad Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]] due to his election as the member of Lok Sabha From [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]]<br />
* On 8 September 2019 Ram Jethmalani Had Died<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! S.No<br />
! Former MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of Vacancy<br />
! Elected MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of appointment<br />
! Date of retirement<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| 23 May 2019<br />
|[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]<br />
| 28 June 2019<br />
| 2 April 2024<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 2<br />
|[[Ram Jethmalani]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
|8 September 2019<br />
|[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|9 October 2019<br />
|7 July 2022<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]====<br />
<br />
* On 23 May 2019 Amit Shah Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]] due to his election as the member of Lok Sabha From [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]<br />
* On 24 May 2019 Smriti Irani Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]] due to her election as the member of Lok Sabha From [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! S.No<br />
! Former MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of Vacancy<br />
! Elected MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of appointment<br />
! Date of retirement<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Amit Shah]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|23 May 2019<br />
| [[S. Jaishankar]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| 5 July 2019<br />
| 18 August 2023<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 2<br />
| [[Smriti Irani]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| 24 May 2019<br />
| [[Jugalji Mathurji Thakor|Jugalji Thakore]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| 5 July 2019<br />
| 18 August 2023<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]]====<br />
* On 24 May 2019 Achyuta Samanta Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]] due to his election as the member of Lok Sabha From [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]<br />
* On 6 June 2019 Soumya Ranjan Patnaik Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]] due to his election as the member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] From [[Khandapada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandapada]]<br />
* On 6 June 2019 Pratap Keshari Deb Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]] due to his election as the member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] From [[Aul (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aul]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! S.No<br />
! Former MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of Vacancy<br />
! Elected MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of appointment<br />
! Date of retirement<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Achyuta Samanta]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
|24 May 2019<br />
|[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| 28 June 2019<br />
| 3 April 2024<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 2<br />
| [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
| 6 June 2019<br />
|[[Amar Patnaik]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
|28 June 2019<br />
|3 April 2024<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 3<br />
| [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
| 9 June 2019<br />
|[[Sasmit Patra]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
|28 June 2019<br />
| 1 July 2022<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]====<br />
<br />
* 24 June 2019 Madan Lal Saini Had Died<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! S.No<br />
! Former MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of Vacancy<br />
! Elected MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of appointment<br />
! Date of retirement<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Madan Lal Saini]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| 24 June 2019<br />
|[[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|26 August 2019<br />
| 3 April 2024<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]====<br />
<br />
* On 15 July 2019 Neeraj Sekhar Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] And Membership Of [[Samajwadi Party]] And Joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* On 2 August 2019 [[Surendra Singh Nagar]] Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] And Membership Of [[Samajwadi Party]] And Joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* On 5 August 2019 [[Sanjay Seth (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Seth]] Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] And Membership Of [[Samajwadi Party]] And Joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* On 24 August 2019 [[Arun Jaitley]] Had Died<br />
*On 24 October 2019 Tazeen Fatma Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] due to her election as the member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] On 21 October by-poll From [[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! S.No<br />
! Former MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of Vacancy<br />
! Elected MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of appointment<br />
! Date of retirement<br />
<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 1<br />
|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| 15 July 2019<br />
|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|26 August 2019<br />
|25 November 2020<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 2<br />
|[[Surendra Singh Nagar]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|2 August 2019<br />
|[[Surendra Singh Nagar]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|16 September 2019<br />
|4 July 2022<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 3<br />
|[[Sanjay Seth (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Seth]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|5 August 2019<br />
|[[Sanjay Seth (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Seth]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|16 September 2019<br />
|4 July 2022<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 4<br />
|[[Arun Jaitley]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|24 August 2019<br />
|[[Sudhanshu Trivedi]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|9 October 2019<br />
|2 April 2024<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
!5<br />
|[[Tazeen Fatma]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
|24 October 2019<br />
|[[Arun Singh (politician, born 1965)|Arun Singh]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|5 December 2019<br />
|25 November 2020<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]]====<br />
* On 16 October 2019 K. C. Ramamurthy Resigned from membership of the Rajya Sabha from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]] And Membership of [[Indian National Congress]] And Joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! S.No<br />
! Former MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of Vacancy<br />
! Elected MP<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Date of appointment<br />
! Date of retirement<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! 1<br />
| [[K. C. Ramamurthy]]<br />
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| 16 October 2019<br />
|[[K. C. Ramamurthy]]<br />
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan="1" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|5 December 2019<br />
|30 June 2022<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[2019 Indian general election]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Rajya Sabha}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|2019]]<br />
[[Category:2019 elections in India|Rajya]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumarganj&diff=547336Kumarganj2026-04-05T15:21:30Z<p>PranayMeesala: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the community development block in West Bengal, India|its namesake village|Kumarganj, Dakshin Dinajpur|its namesake assembly constituency|Kumarganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kumarganj <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Community development block<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Kumarganj in Dakshin Dinajpur (West Bengal).svg<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.43379|N|88.72671|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 286.90<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 169102<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], Santali<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kumarganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kumarganj]]<br />
| website = {{URL|ddinajpur.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kumarganj''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Balurghat subdivision]] of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Dinajpur district was constituted in 1786. In 1947, the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed the Sadar and Thakurgaon subdivisions of Dinajpur district in East Pakistan. The Balurghat subdivision of Dinajpur district was reconstituted as West Dinajpur district in West Bengal. The new Raiganj subdivision was formed in 1948. In order to restore territorial links between northern and southern parts of West Bengal which had been snapped during the partition of Bengal, and on the recommendations of the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] a portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from Purnea district in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into Raiganj subdivision in West Dinajpur. The township of [[Kishanganj]] and its entire municipal boundary remained within Bihar. With the introduction of the Community Development Programme in 1960-61, community development blocks were set up in West Dinajpur district. In 1992, West Dinajpur district was bifurcated and Dakshin Dinajpur district was established.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 2-5: Administrative History of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Kumarganj is located at {{coord|25.43379|N|88.72671|E|format=dms|}}.<br />
<br />
Dakshin Dinajpur district is physiographically a part of the [[Barind Tract]]. The area is generally flat and slightly undulating. The elevation of the district is about 15 metres above mean sea level. However, the soil varies. CD Blocks such as Balurghat, Hili and Kumarganj have [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soil, Tapan CD Block has [[laterite]] soil. There are three main rivers. The [[Atrai River|Atreyee]] comes from Bangladesh, flows through Kumarganj and Balurghat CD Blocks and goes back to Bangladesh. The [[Punarbhaba River|Punarbhaba]] flows through Gangarampur and Tapan CD Blocks. The [[Tangon River|Tangon]] flows through Kushmandi and Bansihari CD Blocks. There is a small river named Jamuna in the Hili CD Block. All rivers, flowing from north to south, overflow during the monsoons and cause floods.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Dakshin Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 13: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DAKSHIN_DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Brief Industrial Profile of Dakshin Dinajpur district | work = Pages 3-4: Topography | publisher = MSME Development Institute Kolkata | access-date = 24 November 2018 | archive-date = 6 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200206030751/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DAKSHIN_DINAJPUR.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ddinajpur.nic.in/River/river.html | title = Dakshin Dinajpur district | work = Rivers | publisher = District Administration | access-date = 24 November 2018 | archive-date = 6 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181206005142/http://www.ddinajpur.nic.in/River/river.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kumarganj is bounded by [[Dinajpur Sadar Upazila|Dinajpur Sadar]] and [[Chirirbandar Upazila|Chirirbandar]] Upazilas in Dinajpur District in Bangladesh, on the north, [[Fulbari Upazila|Fulbari]] and [[Birampur Upazila|Birampur]] Upazilas in Dinajpur District in Bangladesh, on the east, [[Balurghat (community development block)|Balurghat]] CD Block on the south, and [[Tapan (community development block)|Tapan]] and [[Gangarampur (community development block)|Gangarampur]] CD Blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook 2011 Dakshin Dinajpur | work= Map of Dakshin Dinajpur |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations | access-date = 24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dinajpur_Sadar_Upazila |title =Dinajpur Sadar Upazila |publisher= Banglapedia | access-date = 24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chirirbandar_Upazila|title = Chiribandar Upazila |publisher= Banglapedia | access-date = 24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Phulbari_Upazila_(Dinajpur_District) |title = Phulbari Upazila (Dinajpur District)|publisher= Banglapedia | access-date = 24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Birampur_Upazila |title = Birampur Upazila|publisher= Banglapedia | access-date = 24 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Six out of the eight CD Blocks in the district are on the [[Bangladesh–India border|India-Bangladesh border]] popularly referred to as a porous border. 2,216&nbsp;km of the 4,096&nbsp;km long India-Bangladesh border falls in West Bengal. More than 11,000 people live near/ around the zero line in Dakshin Dinajpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/living-on-the-edge/cid/1313943 |title = Living on the Edge |publisher= The Telegraph, 14 June 2015 | access-date = 29 November 2018 }}</ref> Approximately 252&nbsp;km of the international border is in Dakshin Dinajpur district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ddinajpur.nic.in/rsvy/background/background.htm |title = Chapter:Background |publisher= District authorities| access-date = 29 November 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kumarganj CD Block has an area of 286.62&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 118 gram sansads (village councils), 218 [[mouza]]s and 208 inhabited villages. [[Kumarganj, Dakshin Dinajpur#Police station|Kumarganj]] police station serves this block.<ref name=statisticalhandbook1>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Dakshin Dinajpur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 24 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Kumarganj.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Dakshin Dinajpur, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Dakshin Dinajpur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2101 | title = BDO Offices under Dakshin Dinajpur District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 24 November 2018 | archive-date = 2 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181102024551/http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2101 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Kumarganj block/ panchayat samiti are: Batun, Bhour, Deor, Jakirpur, Mohana, Ramkrisnapur, Safanagar and Samjhia.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Dakshin Dinajpur district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<!---You may add new data/information with reliable references but please do not disturb existing data---><br />
<br />
===Population===<br />
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Kumarganj CD Block had a total population of 169,102, all of which were rural. There were 87,098 (52%) males and 82,004 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 18,773. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 43,840 (25.93%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 28,769 (17.01%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per 2001 census Kumarganj block had a population of 153,042 of which 78,646 are males and 74,396 are females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_5.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commissioner of India |work=Census of India 2001, Dakshin Dinajpur district (05) |access-date= 30 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040835/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_5.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Villages in Kumarganj CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Bhour (2,456), Dior (3,504), Mohana (1,122), Batun (3,255), Safa Nagar (3,242), Jakhirpur (3,004), Samjia (1,861) and Kumarganj (3,920).<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
Decadal growth of population in Kumarganj CD Block for the period 2001-2011 was 10.49%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Dakshin Dinajpur, Series 20 Part XII A | work= page 46: Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract, 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35) Table 1 : Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-Districts) by Residence, 2001-2011 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 27 November 2018 }}</ref> Decadal growth of population in Dakhin Dinajpur district during the same period was 11.52% down from 22.15% in the previous decade.<ref name=statisticalhandbook1/> Decadal growth of population in West Bengal for the corresponding periods was 13.93% and 17.77% respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date = 27 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
The large scale migration of the [[East Bengali refugees]] (including tribals) started with the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947. Up to around 1951, two-fifths of the refugees settled in South Bengal, the balance settled in the North Bengal districts of West Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar. Erstwhile West Dinajpur alone received around 6.5% of the early entrants. The steady [[Illegal immigration to India|flow of people]] into Dakshin Dinajpur has continued over the years from erstwhile East Pakistan and subsequently from Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 294-302 Migration and Long-term Population Growth, including box item Partition Migrants in West Bengal | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Literacy===<br />
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Kumarganj CD Block was 112,095 (74.57% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 63,643 (81.76% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 51,452 (70.63% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.14%.<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
<br />
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Dakshin Dinajpur district|collapsible=y}}<br />
<br />
===Language and religion===<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Kumarganj CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/><br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.23}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|34.13}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.32}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.32}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As per 2014 District Statistical Handbook: Dakshin Dinajpur (quoting census figures), in the 2001 census, in Kumarganj CD Block, Hindus numbered 99,308 and formed 64.89% of the population. Muslims numbered 49,982 and formed 32.66% of the population. Christians numbered 2,127 and formed 1.39% of the population. Others numbered 1,625 and formed 0.70% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| title = District Statistical Handbook Dakshin Dinajpur 2014| work = Table 2.10 (a)| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 27 November 2018| archive-date = 21 January 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| url-status = dead}}</ref> In the 2011 census, 108,610 (64.23%) were Hindus and 57,718 (34.13%) Muslims, while 2,226 were Christian.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the 2011 District Census Handbook: Dakshin Dinajpur, during 2011 census, majority of the population of the district were Hindus constituting 73.5% of the population followed by Muslims with 24.6% of the population. The proportion of Hindu population of the district increased from 59.9% in 1961 to 74.0 %in 2001 and then dropped to 73.5% in 2011. The proportion of Muslim population in the district decreased from 39.4% in 1961 to 24.0% in 2001 and then increased to 24.6% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Dakshin Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 43: Religion |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 27 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Kumarganj CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 83.70 |color1 = orchid<br />
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 13.56 |color2 = darkturquoise<br />
|label3 = Others |value3 = 2.74 |color3 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 83.70% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 13.56% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rural poverty==<br />
As per the [[Human Development Report]] 2004 for West Bengal, the [[rural poverty]] ratio in erstwhile West Dinajpur district was 27.61%. Malda district on the south of West Dinajpur district had a rural poverty ratio of 35.4% and Jalpaiguri district on the north had a rural poverty ratio of 35.73%. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999-2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| title = West Bengal Human Development Report 2004| work = Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 20 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201321/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf| archive-date = 1 May 2012| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] Survey by the Government of West Bengal, the proportion of BPL families in Dakshin Dinajpur district was 43.54% as on 30 October 2002.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/bpl2002.aspx | title = Report of BPL survey as on 30.10.02 | publisher = Department of Panchayats and Rural Development | access-date = 4 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181207070715/http://www.wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/bpl2002.aspx | archive-date = 7 December 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
===Livelihood===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption= '''Livelihood<br/>in Kumarganj CD Block'''<br />
|value1 = 30.68<br />
|label1 = Cultivators<br />
|value2 = 48.66<br />
|label2 = Agricultural labourers<br />
|value3 = 4.93<br />
|label3 = Household industries<br />
|value4 = 15.74 <br />
|label4 = Other Workers}}<br />
<br />
In Kumarganj CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 22,295 and formed 30.68%, agricultural labourers numbered 23,272 and formed 48.66%, household industry workers numbered 3,584 and formed 4.93% and other workers numbered 11,436 and formed 15.74%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Dakshin Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 64, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 November 2018}}</ref> Total workers numbered 72,676 and formed 42.98% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 96,426 and formed 57.02% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Dakshin Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 60-61, Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Dakshin Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 November 2018}}</ref></small><br />
<br />
===Infrastructure===<br />
There are 208 inhabited villages in Kumarganj CD Block. All 208 villages (100%) have power supply. 208 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 24 villages (11.54%) have post offices. 204 villages (98.08%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 102 villages (49.04%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 83 villages (39.90%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (1.92%) have agricultural credit societies. 11 villages (5.29%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Dakshin Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 68 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Agriculture===<br />
The land is fertile for agricultural production, particularly in the southern part of the district. The rivers are flood-prone but droughts also occur occasionally. There are numerous tanks and some [[marsh]]es and [[Beel|bils]]. Multiple cropping is widely practised. The [[Tebhaga movement]] by the [[Sharecropping|share croppers]], towards the end of British rule, is widely known. There are some forests, mostly in areas bordering Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Dakshin Dinajpur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 15 - 18 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 29 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kumarganj CD Block had 192 fertiliser depots, 18 seed stores and 32 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Dakshin Dinajpur | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013-14, Kumarganj CD Block produced 4,178 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 1,741 hectares, 5,579 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,794 hectares, 818 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 447 hectares, 2,053 tonnes of wheat from 807 hectares, 49,773 tonnes of jute from 3,305 hectares and 6,036 tonnes of potatoes from 275 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Kumarganj CD Block was 9,620 hectares, out of which 841 hectares were irrigated by tank irrigation, 6,440 hectares by river lift irrigation, 603 hectares by deep tube wells and 1,736 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
===Banking===<br />
In 2013-14, Kumarganj CD Block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br />
Dakshin Dinajpur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 30 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 30 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Kumarganj CD Block has 7 ferry services and 8 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 27&nbsp;km from the CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
In 2013-14, Kumarganj CD Block had 139 primary schools with 9,899 students, 7 middle schools with 5,444 students, 17 high schools with 15,350 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 12,804 students. Kumarganj CD Block had 331 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,907 students.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
In Kumarganj CD Block, amongst the 208 inhabited villages, 52 villages do not have a school, 38 villages have more than 1 primary school, 32 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 24 villages have at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1905_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHIN%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Dakshin Dinajpur, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 595, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 30 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kumarganj College was established at [[Kumarganj, Dakshin Dinajpur|Kumarganj]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kumarganjcollegeadmission.in/ |title = Kumarganj College | work= On line admission 2018-19 |publisher= KC | access-date = 4 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://careern.in/institution/kumarganj-college | title = Kumarganj College | publisher = CareerN.in | access-date = 4 December 2018 | archive-date = 5 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193459/https://careern.in/institution/kumarganj-college | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
In 2014, Kumarganj CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] with total 48 beds and 6 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 34 family welfare subcentres. 5,238 patients were treated indoor and 275,150 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/><br />
<br />
Kumarganj Rural Hospital at [[Kumarganj, Dakshin Dinajpur|Kumarganj]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Kumarganj CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Penitora (Samjia PHC) (with 10 beds), Bathur (with 10 beds) and Deor (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 December 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Dakshin Dinajpur topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Dakshin Dinajpur district]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soniya_Akula&diff=536688Soniya Akula2026-03-28T20:36:18Z<p>PranayMeesala: created initial entry first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Soniya Akula<br />
| image = Sonia Akula.jpg<br />
| caption = Soniya Akula in 2021<br />
| birth_place = Gajullapally, [[Manthani]] Mandal, [[Peddapalli district]], [[Telangana]], India<br />
| education = B.Tech, LLB<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2019–present<br />
| parents = Chakrapani, Malleshwari<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Yashpal Veeragoni|2024}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Soniya Akula''' is an Indian actress who works in Telugu-language films. She made her film debut in 2019 with ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]''.<ref name="tnie1">{{Cite news|title=Activist first, actor next, the story of Sonia Akula|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/oct/14/activist-first-actor-next-the-story-of-soniaakula-2209843.html}}</ref><ref name="tnie2">{{Cite news|title=Why there's a whole lot more to Sonia Akula than you saw in Telugu hit George Reddy|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.edexlive.com/happening/2019/dec/11/sonia-akula-who-wants-to-create-a-positive-impact-whether-its-through-the-roles-she-picks-or-her-a-9487.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, she participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss Telugu 8]]'' and was evicted on Day 28.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: After Sonia's exit... |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/bigg-boss-telugu-8-after-sonias-exit-shockwaves-grip-the-house-as-nomination-throws-contestants-off-guard-enn24093003104}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 8: Sonia Akula Returns... |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bigg-boss-telugu-8-sonia-akula-returns-to-the-house-nominates-nikhil-and-prerana-9124375.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
Her name is also transliterated as '''Sonia Akula'''.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Akula was born in Gajullapally village, [[Manthani]] Mandal, [[Peddapalli district]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonia Akula Bigg Boss 8 biography |url=https://telugubiggboss.in/sonia-akula-bigg-boss-8-age-biography-wiki-family-serials-photos/}}</ref> She later grew up in [[Agra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soniya on breaking stereotypes |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/-i-was-made-for-the-camera-soniya-on-breaking-stereotypes-industry-struggles-and-her-journey-in-hindi-and-telugu-cinema-exclusive/671f3fdbe4bfc703345e8424}}</ref><br />
<br />
She completed her B.Tech from Bhojreddy Engineering College in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Telangana directory for aspiring actors underway|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/may/03/telangana-directory-for-aspiring-actors-underway-1600744.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Akula began her acting career with ''George Reddy'' (2019), where she played the protagonist's sister. <br />
<br />
In 2020, she appeared in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s film ''[[Coronavirus (film)|Coronavirus]]'' as Shanthi. She later played the lead role in ''[[Aasha Encounter]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aasha Encounter is a serious dark drama |url=https://telanganatoday.com/aasha-encounter-is-a-serious-dark-drama-ram-gopal-varma}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2025, she appeared in the film ''[[Artiste (2025 film)|Artiste]]'', portraying the role of Surekha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artiste OTT release details |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/artiste-ott-release-telugu-movie-date-platform-plot-cast-and-reviews-9265176}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]'' || Sister of George Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Coronavirus (film)|Coronavirus]]'' || Shanthi<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[Aasha Encounter]]'' || Aasha<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Artiste (2025 film)|Artiste]]'' || Surekha<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss Telugu 8]]'' || Contestant || Evicted (Day 28)<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''iSmart Jodi Season 3'' || Contestant ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|9762995}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagarua,_Bihar&diff=495308Dagarua, Bihar2026-03-27T18:15:45Z<p>PranayMeesala: Creating some article w/ refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dagarua<br />
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.80|87.64|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Purnia district|Purnia]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = 1994(As a Block)<br />
| founder = <br />
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| area_footnotes = <br />
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| population_total = 2,21,229<br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
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| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
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| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Regional<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
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| postal_code = 854326<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baisi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baisi]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Dagarua''' (Dagarwa) is a town and a [[notified area]] in [[Purnia district]] (Purnea) in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=2025 |title=Dagarua Block - Purnia |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/1141-dagarua-purnia-bihar.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref> It is a block and village panchayat located near NH 31 in Purnia. It is situated 15&nbsp;km East of Purnia City. It consists of one police station. It has a total population of 2,21,229 in which male are 1,14,933 and female population of 1,06,296 and children (0-6 yrs) is 45,940. It has a literacy rate of 37.39%. It has sex-ratio of 48 out of 52 males.<br />
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==Dagarua block==<br />
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There are eighteen Panchayats in Dagarua Block. It consists of the following:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Adhkaili || Dariapur || Rampur<br />
|-<br />
| Belgachhi || Duweli || Harkheli<br />
|-<br />
| Bhabhni || Echali || Teghra <br />
|-<br />
| Buari || Kohila || Thathol<br />
|-<br />
| Chapi || Majgama || Mahthor<br />
|-<br />
| Dagarua || Makeli || Toli<br />
|}<br />
<br />
There are 140 villages under Dagarua Block.<br />
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==Dagarua Panchayat==<br />
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Dagarua, Soti, Ladhua, Patringa, Lokani and Uadharna are the villages that come under Dagarua Panchayat.<br />
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==Geography==<br />
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Dagarua is situated beside NH 31 road which is a main lane to connect Purnia to [[Siliguri]] (West Bengal). It is situated 15&nbsp;km EAST from Purnia and 150&nbsp;km WEST from Siliguri. Nearby cities are Purnia, [[Katihar]], [[Kishanganj]], and [[Araria]]. Purnia Junction Railway Station is very near to Dagarua. This railway station connects the main railway stations like [[Katihar]], [[Jogbani]] and [[Saharsa]] so that people go to other places conveniently through this route. A large number of people are dependent on agriculture.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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==Demography==<br />
<br />
Maithili, Hindi & Urdu are the languages spoken by here people. As per 2001 census, Dagarua had a total population of 2,21,229 in which male are 1,14,933 and female population of 1,06,296 and children (0-6 yrs) is 45,940. It has a literacy rate of 37.39%. It has sex-ratio of 48 out of 52 males. [[Baisi]] is the Vidhan Sabha constituency which is very near to Dagarua.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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==Religious Organisations==<br />
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The [[Islamic]] [[Ijtema]], a religious conference is organised in Dagarua by [[Muslims]] and [[Hindus]]. It is known as Dagarua Ijtema. It plays a significant role on the lives of Muslims and a huge number of people engage in Ijtema. This conference held peacefully.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://purneablocks.bih.nic.in/DagaruaWeb/default.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060706/http://purneablocks.bih.nic.in/DagaruaWeb/default.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}<br />
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Purnia district]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shamail_Nadwi&diff=534457Shamail Nadwi2026-03-26T06:48:20Z<p>PranayMeesala: created first info initial version.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (born 1998)}}<br />
{{Fan POV|date=February 2026}} <!--Please do not remove {{Fampov}} tag without a proper discussion --><br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Mufti]]<br />
| name = Shamail Nadwi<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Shamail Ahmad Abdullah<br />
| birth_date = 7 June 1998<br />
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| home_town = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India<br />
| citizenship = [[India]]<br />
| education = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
*[[International Islamic University Malaysia]]}}<br />
| occupation = Islamic scholar<br />
| known_for = Debate with [[Javed Akhtar]] on the [[existence of God]]<br />
| notable_works = ''Masʾala-e-Ghulāmī aur Islām'' ({{translation|The Issue of Slavery and Islam}})<ref name="Siddiqi" /><br />
| religion = [[Islam]]<br />
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]<br />
| founder = {{plainlist|<br />
*Markaz al-Wahyain <br />
*Wahyain Foundation<br />
}}<br />
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]<br />
| module = {{Infobox social media personality<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| youtube_handle = muftishamail<br />
| years_active = 2014–present<br />
| youtube_subscribers= 642,000<br />
| youtube_views = 22,770,328<br />
| stats_update = 5 January 2026<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shamail Nadwi''' (born 7 June 1998), also known as '''Mufti Shamail Nadwi''' and '''Shamail Ahmad Abdullah Nadwi''', is an Indian Islamic scholar, [[mufti]], and author. In 2025, he live streamed an academic debate titled ''An Academic Dialogue: Does God Exist?'' with poet and lyricist [[Javed Akhtar]] at the [[Constitution Club of India]] in New Delhi which quickly became a [[viral video]].<br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Shamail Nadwi was born on 7 June 1998 in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref name="ChenabTimes" /> Although born in Srinagar, he was raised primarily in [[Kolkata]], where most of his early education and upbringing took place.<ref name="ObserverPost">{{cite news |title=Does God Exist? Debate in New Delhi puts spotlight on Islamic scholar Mufti Shamail Nadwi |url=https://theobserverpost.com/does-god-exist-debate-in-new-delhi-puts-spotlight-on-islamic-scholar-mufti-shamail-nadwi/ |work=The Observer Post |date=22 December 2025|access-date=25 December 2025|language=en}}</ref> His family background includes maternal roots in [[Baramulla]], Jammu and Kashmir with paternal roots in Kolkata, where he continues to reside.<ref name="ChenabTimes">{{cite web |last=Sadiq|first=Alia|title=A Young Cleric in the Age of Doubt: The Intellectual Trajectory of Maulana Mufti Shamail Ahmad Abdullah Nadwi |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2025/12/28/a-young-cleric-in-the-age-of-doubt-the-intellectual-trajectory-of-maulana-mufti-shamail-ahmad-abdullah-nadwi/ |website=The Chenab Times |date=28 December 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref><br />
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Alongside formal schooling, Nadwi is reported [[Hafiz (Quran)|to have memorised the ''Qur’an'']] at a young age, completing [[hifz]] (memorisation of the ''Quran'') during his early teens. His early religious education took place largely at home under the guidance of scholars including Ibtida Alam Nadwi and Nadeem Nadwi. He completed schooling up to the eighth grade at an [[English-medium education|English-medium school]] in Kolkata and later passed his [[Matriculation in India|matriculation]] through open schooling.<ref name="ChenabTimes" /><br />
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In 2015, Nadwi enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in Lucknow, an [[Madrasa|Islamic seminary]] in India.<ref name="AajTak">{{cite news |last=Ahmad|first=Qubool|title=कौन हैं मुफ्ती नदवी, जो ईश्वर के अस्तित्व पर हुई बहस के बाद सुर्खियों में हैं |trans-title=Who Is Mufti Nadwi, Who Came into the Spotlight After the Debate on the Existence of God?|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/mufti-shamail-nadwi-profile-islamic-scholar-god-existence-debate-javed-akhtar-ntcpkb-dskc-2419192-2025-12-22 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=22 December 2025|access-date=25 December 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="ChenabTimes" /> He completed the ''Alimiyyah'' programme in 2017. Between 2018 and 2019, he undertook specialisation in [[Tafsir|Qur’anic exegesis]] (tafsir) and [[Quranic studies|Qur’anic sciences]], followed by formal training in [[Fatwa|ifta]] from 2019 to 2020.<ref name="ChenabTimes" /><ref name="ObserverPost" /><br />
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From 2020 to 2022, Nadwi undertook a two-year programme titled ''Tahafut al-Malahidah'', which examined [[Western philosophy|Western philosophical thought]] and [[Criticism of religion|contemporary critiques of religion]]. The programme was conducted under the supervision of [[Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi]] and involved philosophical and theological study alongside classical Islamic scholarship.<ref name="ChenabTimes" /><br />
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After completing his formal Islamic education in India, Nadwi pursued higher studies at the [[International Islamic University Malaysia]], where he has been enrolled in doctoral research in [[Waḥy|Islamic Revealed Knowledge]] and [[Human science|Human Sciences]] as of 2025, with completion expected later in the decade.<ref name="ObserverPost" /><ref name="news24">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Aastha |date=2025-12-22 |title=Who Is Mufti Nadvi? Islamic scholar whose debate with Javed Akhtar on existence of God went viral |url=https://news24online.com/india/who-is-mufti-nadvi-islamic-scholar-whose-debate-with-javed-akhtar-on-existence-of-god-went-viral/692671/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Patrika">{{cite web |title=कौन हैं 'ईश्वर के अस्तित्व' पर जावेद अख्तर से बहस करने वाले Mufti Shamail Nadwi? इस विषय पर कर रहे पीएचडी|trans-title=Who Is Mufti Shamail Nadwi, Who Debated Javed Akhtar on the Existence of God? He Is Pursuing a PhD on the Subject|url=https://www.patrika.com/education-news/who-is-mufti-shamail-nadwi-javed-akhtar-and-shamail-nadwi-debate-does-god-exist-20215228 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=29 December 2025 |access-date=29 December 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Nadwi is engaged in [[Education in Islam|religious instruction]] and [[educational outreach]]. In 2021, he founded Markaz al-Wahyain, an online platform that offers courses in Qur’anic studies, hadith, [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], and related subjects. The initiative offers structured religious education programmes for adult learners.<ref name="MillatTimes">{{cite news |last=Qasmi |first=Shams Tabrez |date=21 December 2025 |title='Contingency argument' vs 'human suffering': Javed Akhtar, Shamail Nadvi spar over God's existence |url=https://millattimes.com/contingency-argument-vs-human-suffering-javed-akhtar-and-shamail-nadvi-spar-over-gods-existence-at-new-delhi-debate/ |work=[[Millat Times]]|access-date=25 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChenabTimes" /><br />
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In 2024, he established the Wahyain Foundation, a non-profit organisation based in Kolkata. According to media reports, the foundation focuses on educational activities and addresses questions related to religion and atheism through organised programmes.<ref name="IndianExpress1">{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Aakash |date=21 December 2025 |title=In Capital, a debate on God spotlights importance of conversation, disagreements |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-capital-a-debate-on-god-spotlights-importance-of-conversation-disagreements-10431102/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="ChenabTimes" /> An Urdu-language profile published by ''Hira Online'' reports that the foundation's educational programmes include study modules addressing contemporary atheistic thought (''mutālaʿa-yi ilḥād-i jadīd'').<ref name="Siddiqi">{{cite web |last=Siddiqi |first=Amjad |date=25 December 2024 |title=Book Review: Masʾala-e-Ghulami aur Islam |trans-title=The Issue of Slavery and Islam: An Introduction and Analysis |url=https://hira-online.com/archives/2674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101074200/https://hira-online.com/archives/2674 |archive-date=1 January 2026 |access-date=1 January 2026 |website=Hira Online |language=ur }}</ref><br />
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He has served as a khateeb at the Kobi Bagan Mosque in Kolkata, where he delivered sermons and conducted Qur’anic tafsir sessions.<ref name="ObserverPost" /><br />
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He maintains an active presence on [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]], and [[Facebook]],<ref name="ObserverPost" /> where he discusses religious, ethical, and philosophical topics. News coverage following the December 2025 debate noted that his online content received increased public attention, particularly in relation to discussions on atheism and contemporary religious questions.<ref name="ABPLive">{{cite news |title=Why Social Media Is Backing Mufti Shamail In Debate With Javed Akhtar On God |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/why-social-media-is-backing-mufti-shamail-in-debate-with-javed-akhtar-on-god-big-takeaways-1817924 |work=[[ABP Live]] |date=21 December 2025|access-date=25 December 2025|language=en|agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><br />
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== Public debate with Javed Akhtar ==<br />
In August 2025, Several Muslim organisations, including the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], objected to an invitation extended to [[Javed Akhtar]] for a literary programme organised by the [[Urdu Academy#India|West Bengal Urdu Academy]], linking the objections to Akhtar's publicly stated atheistic views and remarks perceived as critical of religion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mukul |first=Sushim |date=27 August 2025 |title=Jamiat warns Urdu Academy on hosting Javed Akhtar: Speaks against Allah, Islam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-kolkata-urdu-academy-invitation-javed-akhtar-protests-jamiat-ulema-e-hind-wahyahin-foundation-muslims-2777527-2025-08-27 |website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> Media reports also noted that the Wahyahin Foundation, led by Nadwi, publicly invited Akhtar to participate in a debate on the existence of God.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Bishwanath |date=30 August 2025 |title=Islamic groups opposed to inviting Javed Akhtar force Bengal's Urdu Academy to call off literary event |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/islamic-groups-opposed-to-inviting-javed-akhtar-force-bengals-urdu-academy-to-call-off-literary-event/article69992880.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 September 2025 |title=Javed Akhtar event postponed after Muslims protest |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/javed-akhtar-event-postponed-after-muslims-protest/20250902.htm |website=[[Rediff]]|language=en|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-02 |title=Javed Akhtar event postponed in Kolkata after protests from Muslim groups |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/javed-akhtar-kolkata-mushaira-postponed-ufiritvo |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> Nadwi was also reported as stating that the Foundation had not issued threats and had expressed its position through an invitation to debate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jawed |first=Zeeshan |date=3 September 2025 |title='Akhtar event as good as cancelled' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/akhtar-event-as-good-as-cancelled/articleshow/123664303.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shobhit |date=31 August 2025 |title=Bengal Urdu Academy Postpones Event After Islamic Clerics Rage Over Invitation To Javed Akhtar |url=https://www.news18.com/cities/kolkata-news/bengal-urdu-academy-postpones-event-after-islamic-clerics-rage-over-invitation-to-javed-akhtar-ws-l-9539795.html |work=[[News18]]|language=en|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><br />
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In December 2025, Nadwi took part in a nearly two-hour public debate called ''Does God Exist?'', moderated by journalist [[Saurabh Dwivedi]] and held at the [[Constitution Club of India]], New Delhi. The debate featured Nadwi and poet–lyricist [[Javed Akhtar|Akhtar]].<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Devika |date=21 December 2025 |title=In debate on existence of God, Javed Akhtar's 'PM Modi is better' retort |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/javed-akhtar-debate-mufti-shamail-nadwi-does-god-exist-gaza-violence-terrorism-majority-2839310-2025-12-21 |access-date=25 December 2025 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Aditya |date=2025-12-23 |title=Javed Akhtar vs Mufti Shamail Nadwi: Who Won the Debate on 'Does God Exist'? |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/javed-akhtar-mufti-shamail-nadwi-debate-does-god-exist-muslim-liberal-atheism-islam |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=[[TheQuint]] |language=en|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The debate was broadcast on YouTube, quickly becoming a [[viral video]]<ref name="news24" /><ref name="IEYadav" /> accumulating more than 1.5 million views within six hours of release.<ref name="IndianExpress1" /><br />
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Media coverage in outlets such as ''[[BBC Urdu]]'' and ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' described the exchange as an academic dialogue centred on philosophical questions concerning metaphysics, morality, free will, and human suffering. During the debate, Nadwi argued that the question of God's existence is metaphysical rather than scientific, emphasising moral responsibility, free will, and the limits of empirical reasoning. Akhtar, approaching the issue from an atheist perspective, questioned the idea of divine justice in light of human suffering, particularly the deaths of children in conflict zones.<ref name="BBCUrdu2">{{cite news |date=21 December 2025 |title=خدا کے وجود پر مباحثہ اور غزہ میں بچوں کی اموات پر سوال: وہ مناظرہ جس کے بعد جاوید اختر کو تنقید کا سامنا کرنا پڑا |trans-title=Debate on the existence of God and question on the deaths of children in Gaza: The debate after which Javed Akhtar faced criticism |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/cwyg0gw1qeko |access-date=25 December 2025 |work=[[BBC Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="DeccanChronicle">{{cite news |title=Javed Akhtar–Mufti Shamail Debate on God Sparks Intense Public Reaction |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/javed-akhtarmufti-shamail-debate-on-god-sparks-intense-public-reaction-1925375 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=21 December 2025|access-date=25 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Nadwi stated in an interview that he had received messages from young people and non-Muslims following the debate, describing renewed interest in religious questions. He added that while some individuals reported personal changes in belief, no official data was available to substantiate broader claims.<ref>{{cite news|title=مناظرة دينية في الهند تغير مسار فكر العديد من الشباب|trans-title=Religious Debate in India Changes the Intellectual Trajectory of Many Young People|url=https://www.aljazeera.net/religion/2025/12/30/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1 |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]]|via=[[Al Jazeera Mubasher]]|date=30 December 2025|language=ar<br />
}}</ref><br />
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Writing in ''[[The Indian Express]]'', political theorist [[Yogendra Yadav]] argued that framing the exchange primarily as a debate on the existence of God risked shifting attention away from other questions he considered more pressing in contemporary India, such as the declining intellectual and moral quality of religious leadership and the increasing entanglement of religion with political power. While expressing respect for the debate's civility and its wide public interest, he characterised such discussions as less relevant to the broader challenges facing religion and religiosity today.<ref name="IEYadav">{{cite news|last=Yadav|first=Yogendra|author-link=Yogendra Yadav|title=A public debate on 'Does God exist?' takes us away from the real issues of religion and religiosity|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/yogendra-yadav-writes-a-public-debate-on-does-god-exist-takes-us-away-from-the-real-issues-of-religion-and-religiosity-10433709/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 December 2025|access-date=25 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Writing in ''The Indian Express'', scientist and writer [[Gauhar Raza]] defended the relevance of the debate, describing it as an example of civil and restrained public disagreement. He argued that, in a contemporary context where scientific rationality and secular values face challenges, public discussion on the existence of God continues to hold social significance. Raza suggested that such exchanges can encourage dialogue on the role of faith, belief, and rationality in shaping social and political life.<ref name="IERaza2">{{cite news |last=Raza |first=Gauhar |author-link=Gauhar Raza |date=25 December 2025 |title=For society's sake, we must ask 'Does God Exist?' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/for-societys-sake-we-must-ask-does-god-exist-10437704/ |access-date=25 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
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== Public statements and media discussion ==<br />
Following his increased media visibility in December 2025, an undated video clip of Nadwi's earlier remarks circulated on social media. In the clip, he is reported to have expressed theological views emphasising religious principles (''deen'' or [[Sharia]]h) in relation to questions of governance and law, which prompted wider media discussion on religious freedom, constitutional values, and secularism in India.<ref name="Sadiq">{{cite web |last=Sadiq |first=Alia |title=The Controversy Surrounding Mufti Shamail Nadwi: Prioritizing Religion Over Nation in a Secular Democracy |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2025/12/29/the-controversy-surrounding-mufti-shamail-nadwi-prioritizing-religion-over-nation-in-a-secular-democracy/ |website=The Chenab Times |date=29 December 2025 |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref><br />
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According to a report by ''Khabargaon'', Nadwi questioned the prioritisation of secular institutions over Islamic law and discussed whether religious believers should accept court verdicts that conflict with Shariah. The report noted that these remarks circulated widely online and became the subject of public discussion.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 December 2025 |title=दीन को वतन से बड़ा बताने वाले मुफ्ती शमाइल नदवी की कहानी क्या है? |trans-title=What is the story of Mufti Shamail Nadwi, who says that religion is more important than one's country? |url=https://khabargaon.com/viral-news/who-is-mufti-shamail-nadwi-religion-over-nation-row-does-god-exists-javed-akhtar/19240 |access-date=29 December 2025 |website=Khabargaon |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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Indian National Congress leader [[Rajiv Shukla]] was reported to have criticised the remarks, stating that the Constitution must remain supreme. The Muslim Students Organisation (MSO) was also reported as saying that Nadwi's views did not represent Indian Muslims and conflicted with constitutional principles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Ashok |date=29 December 2025 |title='कड़ी कार्रवाई हो, संविधान से ऊपर कुछ नहीं', मुफ्ती नदवी के बयान पर भड़के राजीव शुक्ला |trans-title='Strict action should be taken, nothing is above the Constitution,' Rajiv Shukla angered by Mufti Nadwi's statement. |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/rajiv-shukla-angered-by-mufti-nadvi-statement-said-strict-action-should-be-taken-nothing-is-above-the-constitution/articleshow/126225029.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Abhijit |date=29 December 2025 |title=Congress Leader On Mufti Nadvi: 'সংবিধানের ওপরে শরিয়াহ', মৌলানার বিস্ফোরক মন্তব্যের জবাবে কী বললেন কংগ্রেস নেতা? |trans-title=Congress Leader on Mufti Nadvi: ‘Sharia is above the Constitution’ – What did the Congress leader say in response to the Maulana's explosive remark? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/bangla/news/congress-leader-on-mufti-nadvi-saying-religion-greater-than-constitution-controversy-erupts-271766997637541.html |access-date=30 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
In separate media reports, Nadwi was also quoted commenting on [[Pakistan]], stating that it could not be regarded as an Islamic state due to what he described as the lack of effective implementation of Islamic law. These remarks were discussed by commentators in India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Does God Exist Fame Indian Mufti Says Pakistan is Not Islamic State! |url=https://en.abna24.com/news/1766992/Does-God-Exist-Fame-Indian-Mufti-Says-Pakistan-is-Not-Islamic |website=[[AhlulBayt News Agency]] |date=28 December 2025 |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=پاکستان کو اسلامی ملک نہیں سمجھتے، وہاں اسلامی قوانین نافذ نہیں ہیں، مفتی شمائل ندوی |trans-title=Mufti Shamail Nadwi Says Pakistan Is Not an Islamic State, as Islamic Laws Are Not Implemented There|url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/27-Dec-2025/1898528 |website=[[Daily Pakistan]] |date=27 December 2025 |access-date=29 December 2025 |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Islamic philosophy]]<br />
* [[Kalam]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Shelke |first=Rahul |date=2025-12-22 |title=Who is Mufti Shamail Nadwi: देवाच्या अस्तित्वावर वाद! जावेद अख्तरांना भिडलेले मौलाना मुफ्ती शमाइल नदवी कोण आहेत? |trans-title=Who Is Mufti Shamail Nadwi? The Cleric Who Debated Javed Akhtar on the Existence of God|url=https://pudhari.news/national/who-is-mufti-shamail-nadwi-know-why-his-debate-with-javed-akhtar-on-gods-existence-went-viral-rs98 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[Pudhari]] |language=mr}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=2025-12-22 |title=कौन हैं मौलाना मुफ्ती शमाइल नदवी, जो ईश्वर के अस्तित्व पर जावेद अख़्तर से भिड़ने के बाद चर्चा में हैं? |trans-title=Who Is Maulana Mufti Shamail Nadvi, Who Came into the Spotlight After Debating Javed Akhtar on the Existence of God?|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/religion/javed-akhtar-vs-mufti-shamail-nadwi-who-is-the-scholar-in-god-existence-debate-3619423.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |language=hi}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadwi, Shamail}}<br />
[[Category:1998 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Deobandis]]<br />
[[Category:Hanafis]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:International Islamic University Malaysia alumni]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Ali_Bogra&diff=463713Mohammad Ali Bogra2026-03-24T04:35:41Z<p>PranayMeesala: enhanced citations to improve readability per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1953 to 1955}}<br />
{{about|the third prime minister of Pakistan|his successor prime minister|Chaudhri Muhammad Ali}}<br />
{{Other people|Mohammad Ali|Mohammad Ali (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Sahibzada]]<br />
| name = Mohammad Ali Bogra<br />
| native_name = {{lang|bn|মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া}}<br />{{lang|ur|محمد علی بوگڑا}}<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = Pakistani Prime Minister Bogra with Eisenhower (cropped).png<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| caption = Bogra in 1954<br />
| order = 3rd<br />
| office = Prime Minister of Pakistan<br />
| term_start = 17 April 1953<br />
| term_end = 12 August 1955<br />
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]<br />
| governor_general = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]<br />[[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]<br />
| successor = [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]]<br />
| order2 = 3rd & 7th<br />
| office2 = Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan){{!}}Minister of Foreign Affairs<br />
| term_start2 = 13 June 1962<br />
| term_end2 = 23 January 1963<br />
| president2 = [[Ayub Khan|Muhammad Ayub Khan]]<br />
| deputy2 = S.K. Dehlavi<br />([[Foreign Secretary (Pakistan)|Foreign Secretary]])<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Manzur Qadir]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]<br />
<!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| term_start3 = 24 October 1954<br />
| term_end3 = 12 August 1955<br />
| deputy3 = [[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim|J.A. Rahim]]<br />([[Foreign Secretary (Pakistan)|Foreign Secretary]])<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan|M. Zafarullah Khan]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Hamidul Huq Choudhury]]<br />
<!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| office4 = [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]<br />
| term_start4 = 17 April 1953<br />
| term_end4 = 24 October 1954<br />
| deputy4 = [[Akhter Husain]]<br />([[Defence Secretary (Pakistan)|Defence Secretary]])<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]<br />
| successor4 = General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]<br />
<!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order5 = <br />
| ambassador_from5 = Pakistan<br />
| country5 = Japan<br />
| term_start5 = 1959<br />
| term_end5 = 1962<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Omar Hayat Malik]]<br />
| successor5 = K. M. Sheikh<br />
| president5 = [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]<br />
<!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order6 = <br />
| ambassador_from6 = Pakistan<br />
| country6 = the United States<br />
| term_start6 = November 1955<br />
| term_end6 = March 1959<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Syed Amjad Ali]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]]<br />
| president6 = [[Iskander Mirza]]<br />
<!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order7 = <br />
| ambassador_from7 = <br />
| country7 = <br />
| term_start7 = 27 February 1952<br />
| term_end7 = 16 April 1953<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Abul Hassan Isphani|A. H. Isphani]]<br />
| successor7 = [[Syed Amjad Ali|Amjad Ali]]<br />
| governor_general7 = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Malik Ghulam]]<br />
<!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order8 = [[High Commission of Pakistan, Ottawa#List of High Commissioners in Canada|High Commissioner of Pakistan to Canada]]<br />
| country8 = <br />
| term_start8 = 1949<br />
| term_end8 = 1952<br />
| predecessor8 = <br />
| successor8 = <br />
| governor_general8 = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]<br />
<!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order9 = [[Myanmar–Pakistan relations|Pakistani Ambassador to Burma]]<br />
| country9 = <br />
| term_start9 = 1948<br />
| term_end9 = 1949<br />
| predecessor9 = [[Shamsuddin Ahmed (Pakistani politician)|Shamsuddin Ahmed]]<br />
| successor9 = <br />
| governor_general9 = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<br />(1948)<br />[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]<br />(1948–1949)<br />
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| order10 = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|President of Pakistan Muslim League]]<br />
| term_start10 = 17 April 1953<br />
| term_end10 = 12 August 1955<br />
| predecessor10 = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]<br />
| successor10 = [[Chaudhri Muhammad Ali|Muhammad Ali]]<br />
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| pronunciation = <br />
| birth_name = Syed Mohammad Ali Chowdhury<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1909|10|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Backergunge District]], [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], British India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1963|1|23|1909|10|19}}<br />
| death_place = [[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]], Pakistan<br />
| resting_place = [[Bogra Nawab Palace|Nawab Palace]], [[Bogra]], Bangladesh<br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| citizenship = [[British Subject|British Raj]]<br />(1909–1947)<br />[[Pakistani|Pakistan]] (1947–1963)<br />
| party = [[Convention Muslim League|PMLC]]<br />
| otherparty = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|PML]] (1947–1958)<br />[[All-India Muslim League|AIML]] (pre-1947)<br />
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --><br />
| spouse = [[Hamida Mohammad Ali|Hameeda Begum]]<ref name="dawn8Sep2015" /> <br /> Aliya Begum<ref name="dawn8Sep2015"/><br />
| partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--><br />
| children = <br />
| mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --><br />
| father = [[Altaf Ali Chowdhury]]<br />
| relatives = [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury|Nawab Ali Chowdhury]] (grandfather)<br />[[Syed Hasan Ali Chowdhury|Hasan Ali Chowdhury]] (uncle)<br />[[Syeda Ashiqua Akbar]] (cousin)<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]<br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| known_for = [[#Bogra formula|Bogra formula]]<br />
| salary = <br />
| net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --><br />
| cabinet = [[#Prime Minister of Pakistan (1953–1955)|Bogra administration]]<br />
| portfolio = <br />
| awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |mawards= is not set --><br />
| data1 = <br />
| data2 = <br />
| blank5 = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Syed Mohammad Ali Chowdhury Bogra'''{{Efn|{{langx|bn|বগুড়া সৈয়দ মোহাম্মদ আলী চৌধুরী}}<br />{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سید محمد علی چوہدری بوگرا}}}}}} (19 October 1909 – 23 January 1963) was a Pakistani politician and diplomat who served as the third [[prime minister of Pakistan]] from 1953 to 1955. He was appointed in this capacity in 1953 until he [[Turnover (employment)|stepped down]] in 1955 in favour of his federal finance minister [[Chaudhri Muhammad Ali]].{{efn|Sources:<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Prime Ministers |url=http://pmo.gov.pk/former_pms.php |access-date=1 March 2015 |publisher=Prime Minister's Office Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Burki |first=Shahid Javed |author-link=Shahid Javed Burki |date=5 March 2015 |title=Mohammed Ali Bogra |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Ali-Bogra |access-date=1 March 2015 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaudhury, Mohammad Ali |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chaudhury,_Mohammad_Ali |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:বাঙালি মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া ছিলেন ২ বার পাকিস্তানের প্রধানমন্ত্রী |url=https://www.usbnews24.com/?p=16486 |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=usbnews24.com |date=23 May 2019 |language=bn |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818061144/https://www.usbnews24.com/?p=16486 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ds19Oct2009">{{cite news |author=Syed Hamde Ali |date=19 October 2009 |title=Mohammed Ali of Bogra |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-110424 |access-date=13 February 2015 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
After his education at the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] at the [[University of Calcutta]], he started his political career on [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s platform and joined the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]'s provincial cabinet of then-Prime Minister [[H. S. Suhrawardy]] in the 1940s. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, he joined the foreign ministry as a diplomat and briefly tenured as Pakistan's ambassador to [[Myanmar–Pakistan relations|Burma]] (1948), High Commissioner to [[Canada–Pakistan relations|Canada]] (1949–1952), twice as ambassador to the [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|United States]], and as ambassador to [[Japan–Pakistan relations|Japan]] (1959–1962).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakistanembassytokyo.com/content/ambassador-pakistan-embassy-tokyo |title=Ambassador of Pakistan Embassy, Tokyo |work=Embassy of Pakistan in Tokyo |accessdate=27 April 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206125146/https://www.pakistanembassytokyo.com/content/ambassador-pakistan-embassy-tokyo |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
After he was recalled in 1953 from his services to [[Pakistan]] from the United States, he replaced [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin]] as Prime Minister in an appointment approved by then-[[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] Sir [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Malik Ghulam]]. His foreign policy strongly pursued the [[U.S. - Pakistan relations|strengthening of bilateral relations]] between Pakistan and the United States, while downplaying [[Pakistan-Soviet Union relations|relations]] with the [[Soviet Union]]. He also pushed for a stronger military to achieve peace with India and took personal initiatives to prioritize [[China pak relations|relations]] with China. At home front, he successfully proposed the popular [[Bogra Formula|political formula]] that laid the foundation of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]] in [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956]] which made Pakistan a [[Federal republic|federal]] [[parliamentary republic]]. Despite his popular initiatives, he lost his support to then-acting governor-general [[Iskandar Ali Mirza]] who re-appointed him as Pakistani Ambassador to the United States which he served until 1959.<br />
<br />
In 1962, he joined President [[Ayub Khan|Muhammad Ayub Khan]]'s [[President Ayub Khan|administration]] as the [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan]] until his death in 1963.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Mohammad Ali was born in [[Backergunge District|Backerganj]] (now [[Barisal]]), [[Eastern Bengal and Assam|East Bengal]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]], on 19 October 1909.<ref name="Hannan1967p5">{{cite book |last1=Hannan |first1=Muhammad Abdul |title=Mohammed Ali (Bogra): A Biographical Sketch |year=1967 |location=Bogra, East Pakistan |publisher=Sahitya Kutir |oclc=87468 |page=5}}</ref> He was born into an elite and wealthy [[Aristocracy|aristocrat]] family who were known as the [[Dhanbari Nawab family|Nawabs of Dhanbari]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kumar |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |volume=II |year=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-232-3 |page=194}}</ref> The [[prefix]], ''[[Sahibzada]]'' (lit. Prince) is added before his name to represent the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Bengali royalty]] which is customary to give to individuals in India.<ref name="Sahitya Kutir, Hannan">{{cite book |last1=Hannan |first1=Muhammad Abdul |title=Mohammed Ali (Bogra): A Biographical Sketch |year=1967 |location=Bogra, East Pakistan |publisher=Sahitya Kutir |oclc=87468 |page=159}}</ref><br />
<br />
His father, [[Nawab]]zada [[Altaf Ali Chowdhury]], educated at the [[St Xavier's college, Calcutta|St Xavier's College in Calcutta]], was a prominent figure in [[Dacca]] and was also a local politician who served as the Vice-President of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s East Bengal faction.<ref name="Anthem Press, Gupta">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Nilanjana |last2=Banerjee |first2=Himadri |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Sipra |title=Calcutta Mosaic: Essays and Interviews on the Minority Communities of Calcutta |year=2009 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-81-905835-5-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RrOpM9L5xMC&q=muhammad+ali+bogra+nawab&pg=PA128 |page=128 |access-date=4 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> His father, Altaf Ali Chowdhury, was fond of [[Horse racing in India|horse races]], dog shows, and sports.<ref name="Hannan1967p5" /> His grandfather, [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury|Nawab Ali Chowdhury]], was also a politician who served as the first [[Islam in Bangladesh|Bengali Muslim]] to be appointed as minister, and played a pioneering role in founding the [[Dhaka University]] along with Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur of Dhaka.<ref name=Today>{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Muhammad Abdus |title=In Memory of Nawab Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/?option=details&news_id=2411411&date=2015-05-17 |access-date=8 July 2015 |work=The News Today |date=17 April 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709144504/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/?option=details&news_id=2411411&date=2015-05-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mohammad Ali Bogra grew up in [[Bogra]], having studied first at the local Hastings House and then educated at the local ''[[madrassa]]'' in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="ds19Oct2009" /> After his [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]], Bogra went to attend the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] of the [[Calcutta University]] where he secured his graduation with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA degree]] in [[political science]] in 1930.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings">{{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Ivor |author-link=Ivor Jennings |title=Constitution-Maker |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A853CgAAQBAJ&q=muhammad+ali+bogra+grandfather&pg=PA244 |page=244 |access-date=5 July 2017 |language=en |chapter=Mohammad Ali [Bogra] and Mohammad Ali [Chaudhury]}}</ref><ref name="ds19Oct2009"/><br />
<br />
He was married twice: his first wife was [[Hamida Mohammad Ali|Begum Hamida Mohammad Ali]], with whom he had two sons.<ref name="corbis"/> He later married Aliya Saddy in 1955.<ref name="corbis">[http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1066957/portrait-of-mohammed-ali-and-his-wife Mohammad Ali and Hamide.] corbis 1955 Retrieved 15 December 2012</ref> His second marriage led to widespread protests against [[Polygamy in Pakistan|polygamy]] by [[Aurat Foundation|women organizations]] in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ansari |first1=Sarah |author1-link=Sarah Ansari |title=Polygamy, Purdah and Political Representation: Engendering citizenship in 1950s Pakistan |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=November 2009 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1421–1461 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X08003776}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early political career (1930–1947)==<br />
Before his entrance in the politics, the Bogra family were influential [[Zamindar of Natore#Nawabs of Bogra and Dhanbari (North of Natore)|Nawabs]] active in Bengali politics and [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]] as a [[Partisan (political)|party worker]] in 1930.<ref name="Bradt Travel Guides, Leung&Meggitt">{{cite book |last1=Leung |first1=Mikey |last2=Meggitt |first2=Belinda |title=Bradt Travel Guide – Bangladesh |year=2012 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-409-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdkILWIONLQC&q=muhammad+ali+bogra+nawab&pg=PA338 |page=338 |access-date=5 July 2017 |language=en |chapter=Nawab Palace Grounds}}</ref> In the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]] he was elected to the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. His uncle, [[Syed Hasan Ali Chowdhury|Hasan Ali Chowdhury]] was also elected to the assembly, but from an opposing party.<ref name="Hannan1967p9">{{cite book |last1=Hannan |first1=Muhammad Abdul |title=Mohammed Ali (Bogra): A Biographical Sketch |year=1967 |location=Bogra, East Pakistan |publisher=Sahitya Kutir |oclc=87468 |page=9}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1938, he was elected chairman of the Bogra District Board, a position he retained until June 1942.<ref name="Hannan1967p9" /> He served in the opposition until 1943 when the Muslim League had gained political support and he was made parliamentary secretary to then-Chief Minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]].<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Rahman">{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Syedur |year=2010 |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&pg=PA54 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=54 |isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4}}</ref><ref name="pt24Jan2013">{{Cite news |title=Ex-PM Bogra remembered |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/01/24/city/karachi/ex-pm-bogra-remembered/ |work=Pakistan Today |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726040948/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/01/24/ex-pm-bogra-remembered/ |archive-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> In 1946, he was asked by [[H. S. Suhrawardy|Husyn Suhrawardy]] to join his cabinet and subsequently held ministerial portfolio of [[health minister|health]], [[finance minister|finance]], and local government.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Rahman"/> As health minister, he founded the [[Dhaka Medical College]] and the Calcutta Lake Medical College.<ref name="ds19Oct2009"/><br />
<br />
Bogra supported the Muslim League's call for [[Lahore Resolution|creation]] of Pakistan through the [[Indian partition|partition]] of [[British India]] and successfully defended his constituency in the [[1945 Indian general election|general elections]] held in 1945.<ref name="ds19Oct2009"/> In 1947, he joined the first [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]].<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Rahman"/> While in Dacca in 1948, he received Governor-General [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and reportedly dissented on the issue of populist [[Bengali language movement|language movement]] being excluded as an official state language of Pakistan.<ref name="ds19Oct2009"/> He strongly advised Chief Minister Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin to restrain Jinnah from announcing the measure, but was rebuked.<ref name="ds19Oct2009"/><br />
<br />
==Diplomatic career (1947–1952)==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Anti-Sovietism}}<br />
<br />
In 1948, Bogra was asked by Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] to be appointed the [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistan ambassador]] to the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] to head the Pakistani diplomatic mission in [[Cairo]], which Bogra declined.<ref name="ds19Oct2009"/> Instead, he chose the diplomatic assignment in neighboring [[Burma]] and presented his credentials in [[Rangoon]] in 1948.<ref name="ds19Oct2009"/> Soon after becoming Pakistan Ambassador to Burma, his political philosophy reflected a [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservative mindset]] and took an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] stance when he supported the [[Union of Burma|Burma]]'s military [[Communist insurgency in Myanmar|operations against the communists]].<ref name="Springer, Cheema"/> In 1948, he showed concerns of [[Communist Party of Bangladesh|communist expansion]] in Pakistan when he reportedly told Pakistani journalists that: "even [sic] if the Burmese Government succeed in suppressing the communists, it is possible they may shift the centre of communist efforts to Pakistan."<ref name="Springer, Cheema">{{cite book |last1=Cheema |first1=Pervaiz I. |author1-link=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema |last2=Riemer |first2=Manuel |title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58 |year=1990 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-20942-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&q=muhammad+ali+bogra+burma&pg=PA198 |page=198 |access-date=5 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 1949, he left Burma to become [[High Commissioners of Pakistan to Canada|high commissioner to Canada]], a position he held until 1952. In February 1952, he was made ambassador to the United States.<ref name="pt24Jan2013" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hannan |first1=Muhammad Abdul |title=Mohammed Ali (Bogra): A Biographical Sketch |year=1967 |location=Bogra, East Pakistan |publisher=Sahitya Kutir |oclc=87468 |page=11}}</ref><br />
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Watching the [[1952 United States presidential election|campaign for the 1952 United States presidency]], Bogra conjectured, according to [[Husain Haqqani]], that Pakistan could obtain economic and military aid from the United States by casting itself as a front line state in the battle to [[Containment|contain Soviet communism]]. He vigorously lobbied anticommunists in Washington, D.C. to that end.<ref name="Haqqani2013">{{cite book |last1=Haqqani |first1=Hussain |author-link=Husain Haqqani |title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |year=2013 |publisher=PublicAffairs |page=59 |isbn=978-1-61039-317-1}}</ref> In Pakistan's political circle, he was seen as extremely having pro-American views and had fondness of the country, the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Lowell Jr. |author1-link=Lowell Thomas Jr. |last2=Freedman |first2=Lew |title=Lowell Thomas Jr.: Flight to Adventure, Alaska and Beyond |year=2013 |publisher=Graphic Arts Books |isbn=978-0-88240-983-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rzCCQAAQBAJ&q=muhammad+ali+bogra+U.S.&pg=PT101 |access-date=6 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He also helped negotiate the United States' officer [[Military Assistance Advisory Group|assistance advisory]] to be dispatch to Pakistan, in an agreement he signed with the [[United States government]] in 1952.<ref name="Mr. Books, Rehman">{{cite book |last1=Rehman |first1=Shahid-ur |author-link=Shahid-ur Rehman |title=Pakistan Sovereignty Lost |year=2006 |publisher=Mr. Books |location=Islamabad |isbn=978-969-8500-01-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8DsAAAAMAAJ&q=muhammad+ali+bogra+U.S.+ambassador |access-date=6 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|36}}<br />
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In the [[Foreign Service of Pakistan|Foreign Service society]] of Pakistan, Bogra gained a reputation of "a man who was known for his [[wikt:Americophile|excessive praise of everything American.]]"<ref name="Columbia University Press, McMahon">{{cite book |last1=McMahon |first1=Robert J. |author-link=Robert J. McMahon |title=The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan |year=2010 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51467-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Deq32J9P4ZMC&q=muhammad+ali+bogra+U.S.+ambassador&pg=PA162 |page=162 |access-date=6 July 2017 |language=en |chapter=Forging an Alliance}}</ref> Pakistani historians held him widely responsibly as one of the principal personalities putting Pakistan in the alliance of the United States against the Soviet Union.<ref name="Mr. Books, Rehman"/>{{rp|41–59}} He was a little-known pro-American political outsider when [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] chose him in 1953 to replace Khawaja Nazimuddin as prime minister.<ref name="Abbas2005">{{cite book |last1=Abbas |first1=Hassan |author-link=Hassan Abbas (scholar) |title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiKm-ahTpS8C&pg=PA26 |year=2005 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |isbn=0-7656-1496-0 |pages=25–26}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Premiership (1953–1955)==<br />
The issue of the [[Bengali Language Movement]] in East in 1952, the rise of the [[Pakistan Socialist Party]], and the [[1953 Lahore riots|riots in Lahore]] against the [[Ahmadi]] in 1953 were the defining factors that led to the dismissal of Prime Minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] by Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] on 17 April 1953.<ref name="Rex Bookstore, Inc.">{{cite book |last1=Ongsotto |first1=Rebecca Ramillo |last2=Ongsotto |first2=Reena R. |last3=Ramilo |first3=Raynoldo Castro |title=Asian History Module-based Learning Ii' 2002 Ed |year=2002 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=978-971-23-3124-4 |page=329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZssaJIVdJI8C&q=muhammad+ali+bogra+prime+minister&pg=PA329 |access-date=6 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bogra was recalled to [[Karachi]] from Washington, D.C. for further consultation, but Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad moved to appoint him as the new prime minister and the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|President of the Muslim League]], which the party had accepted.<ref name="Springer, Rizvi">{{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=H. |author-link1=Hasan Askari Rizvi |title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |location=London, U.K. |isbn=978-0-230-59904-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&q=Mohammad+ali+bogra+prime+minister&pg=PA72 |page=72 |access-date=7 July 2017 |language=en |chapter=Civilian institutions and the Military}}</ref> Under pressure he accepted the new appointment from Ghulam Muhammad.<ref name="tns.thenews.com.pk">{{Cite news |last=Mahmood |first=Nazir |title=History in a nutshell (II) |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/557396-pakistan-history-in-a-nutshell |work=The News on Sunday |date=2 November 2014 |language=en-US |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="dawn8Sep2015">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1205473 |title=The Pakistani Prime Minister who drove a locomotive |last=Balouch |first=Akhtar |date=8 September 2015 |work=Dawn |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> Initially, he kept the [[List of Federal Government Ministries of Pakistan|federal ministries]] of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|foreign affairs]] and [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|defence]] until appointing a new cabinet.<ref name="Rex Bookstore, Inc."/> Upon taking over the government, Bogra dismissed the elected [[Government of East Pakistan|East Bengali government]] of [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|A.K. Fazlul Huq]] on 30 May 1954 for "treasonable activities."<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki">{{cite book |last1=Burki |first1=Shahid Javed |author-link=Shahid Javed Burki |title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan |year=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-4148-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=bogra+dismissed&pg=PR26 |page=xxvi |access-date=10 July 2017 |language=en |chapter=Chronology}}</ref><ref name="APH Publishing, Ahmed">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Salahuddin |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&q=bogra+dismissed&pg=PA141 |pages=141–142 |access-date=10 July 2017 |language=en |chapter=Governor's Rule}}</ref> He appointed then-defence secretary [[Iskander Mirza]] as the [[Governor of East Pakistan|Governor of East Bengal]], but this appointment only lasted a couple of months.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/><br />
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Bogra's new cabinet—known as the "Ministry of Talents"<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust Biography">{{cite web |title=Muhammad Ali Bogra: Former Prime Minister of Pakistan & Ambassador to U. S. A |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ali-bogra/ |website=Story Of Pakistan |publisher=Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust |access-date=7 July 2017 |date=1 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Syedur |year=2010 |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&pg=PA35 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=35 |isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4}}</ref>—included [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] [[Ayub Khan]] as [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] and Governor [[Iskander Ali Mirza]] as [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Interior Minister]] and [[Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Pakistan)|Minister of States and Frontier Regions]].<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust Biography"/><br />
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After Bogra's appointment, U.S. President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] ordered the shipment of thousands of tons of wheat to Pakistan.<ref name="Infobase Publishing, Wynbrandt">{{cite book |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |year=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&q=Muhammad+ali+bogra+wheat&pg=PA176 |access-date=7 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Bogra was eager to strengthen military ties with the United States; however, the U.S. moved cautiously to not [[Indo-US Relations|damage their relations]] with India.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Cashman">{{cite book |last1=Cashman |first1=Greg |last2=Robinson |first2=Leonard C. |title=An Introduction to the Causes of War: Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7K2GYnXRngC&q=Bogra+eager&pg=PA226 |year=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=226 |isbn=978-0-7425-5510-5 |access-date=9 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He signed several agreement with the United States, most notably the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act|Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement]] in 1954, which provided U.S. military assistance to Pakistan.<ref name="tns.thenews.com.pk"/> During Bogra's premiership, Pakistan also joined the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] in 1955.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1954 |title=Seato and Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41392615 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=138–149 |issn=0030-980X}}</ref><br />
[[File:Nehru, Naguib and Bogra.jpg|thumb|Bogra with Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Egyptian President [[Mohamed Naguib]], 1954]]<br />
His foreign policy was noted for strong "[[anti-Soviet agitation]]" because he viewed the [[Soviet Union]] as "imperialist", but did not label the same for China despite both being [[Sino-Soviet relations|ideologically close]].<ref name="Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Kux">{{cite book |last1=Kux |first1=Dennis |title=The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies |year=2001 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6572-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFzbDYmWVpwC&q=Bogra+and+Soviet+union&pg=PA71 |access-date=9 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|71}} In 1955, Bogra helped organize and attended the [[Bandung Conference]] in Indonesia, expressing his approval for greater Afro-Asian cooperation and opposition to [[European colonialism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quinton-Brown |first=Patrick |year=2017 |title=Bandung, 1955 |url=https://hhr-atlas.ieg-mainz.de/articles/quinton-brown-bandung |journal=Online Atlas on the History of Humanitarianism and Human Rights |language=en |issn=2509-8152}}</ref><br />
[[File:Bogra and Nehru.jpg|thumb|Bogra with Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in Karachi, 1953]]<br />
[[File:Pakistani Prime Minister Bogra with Eisenhower.png|thumb|Bogra with U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in the [[Oval Office]], October 1954]]<br />
Bogra sought to address and resolve the [[Kashmir conflict]] with India. In 1953, he met with Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on the sidelines of the [[Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II]] in London.<ref name="Schofield2000">{{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |year=2000 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-898-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |page=85 |access-date=9 July 2017 |language=en |chapter=Special Status}}</ref> Bogra also received Nehru when he paid an official visit to Karachi, and Nehru reciprocated during Bogra's visit to New Delhi shortly after.<ref name="Schofield2000" /> Bogra enjoyed warm relations with Nehru, as both eventually agreed on a [[plebiscite]] in Kashmir. However, this plebiscite was not achieved due to Bogra losing support from the [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-wing sphere]] in Pakistan.<ref name="Schofield2000" /><br />
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As a part of his approach towards India, Bogra pushed for a [[Peace through strength|stronger military to achieve peace]] in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]], arguing: "[w]hen there is more equality of military strength, then I am sure that there will be a greater chance of settlement."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pande |first=Aparna |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20120720&page=6 |title=Pakistan's eternal quest for 'strategic balance' |work=The Friday Times |date=20–26 July 2012 |access-date=4 April 2016 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722040226/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20120720&page=6 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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===Bogra formula===<br />
The Bogra Formula was a political compromise presented and proposed by Bogra on 7 October 1953 before the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula">{{cite web |title=Bogra Formula |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/bogra-formula/ |website=Story Of Pakistan |access-date=10 July 2017 |date=1 June 2003}}</ref> Upon taking the control of the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]], Bogra announced that drafting of the codified [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] was his primary target, and within six months, he announced a proposal that leads to the drafting of the constitution writ.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula"/><br />
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The framework proposed the establishment of more effective [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Pakistan|parliament]] that would be composed of a 300-seat [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] with proportionate representation based on population, alongside a [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] with equal representation for the [[Provinces of Pakistan|five provinces]]: [[West Punjab]], the [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], and [[East Bengal]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /><br />
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Under this framework, the largest number of [[Constituencies of Pakistan|constituencies]] for the National Assembly were given to East Bengal—with 165 reserved seats—followed by West Punjab with 75 seats, the North-West Frontier Province with 24 seats, Sind with 19 seats, and Baluchistan with 17 seats.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula"/> The [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]], [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]], [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]], and [[Baluchistan States Union]], were given a combined representation of 24 reserved seats.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula"/> East Bengal was given more seats due to its [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity#Sociology|social homogeneity]] in the National Assembly, in contrast to the reserved seats for the other provinces which were all were socially heterogeneous and ethnically diverse.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /> However, the combined the reserved seats for the West Pakistani provinces were in balance with East Bengal in the bicameral parliament.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /> Both the houses were given equal power, and in case of a conflict between the two houses, the issue was to be presented before a joint session.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /><br />
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The Bogra framework also created [[check and balance]]s to avoid permanent domination by any of the five provinces, in which a provision was made that if the president was elected from the four provinces of West Pakistan, then the prime minister was to be elected from East Bengal, and ''[[vice versa]]''.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /> The president was to be elected for a term of 5 years through an [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] formed by both houses.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /><br />
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The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] was to be given more power and institutional [[judicial independence]] that would permanently replace the [[Council of Islamic Ideology|Islamic clergy]] to decide if a law was in accordance with ''[[Sharia]]''.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /><br />
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The Bogra formula was highly popular and widely welcomed by the people as opposed to the [[Basic Principles Committee]] led by former Prime Minister Nazimuddin, as it was seen with great enthusiasm amongst the masses because it could bridge the differences between the two wings of Pakistan and act as a source of unity.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /><br />
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[[File:Partition of India.PNG|right|290px|thumb|In 1955, the [[One Unit|One Unit Scheme]] integrated the four provinces of the western wing of Pakistan into a single province: [[West Pakistan]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan Bogra Formula" /><ref name="ABC-CLIO, Lyon">{{cite book |last1=Lyon |first1=Peter |year=2008 |title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA9 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=9 |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2 |quote=Choudhury Muhammad Ali ... in October 1955 succeeded Mohammad Ali Bogra as prime minister. He presided over the introduction of the One Unit Scheme."}}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press, Sardar">{{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Mahvish |date=October–December 2012 |title=Quetta Divisions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQ_RCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |journal=Critical Muslim |volume=4 |isbn=978-1-84904-223-9 |issn=2048-8475 |page=90 |quote=In 1954, Pakistan's then Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra announced what he called the One Unit Province policy in which then West Pakistan's provinces were merged into one.}}</ref>]]<br />
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Despite its public popularity, Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad, threatened by a curbing of his powers, dissolved the Constituent Assembly in 1954 with the support of the [[Pakistani establishment|Pakistani civil and military establishment]].<ref name="Edward Elgar Publishing, He">{{cite book |last1=He |first1=Baogang |last2=Galligan |first2=Brian |last3=Inoguchi |first3=Takashi |title=Federalism in Asia |year=2009 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84720-702-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC&q=bogra+formula&pg=PA105 |page=105 |access-date=10 July 2017 |language=en |chapter=Federalism in Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sharaf |first1=Samson Simon |last2=Hussain |first2=Hamid |title=Ther<!--sic--> great betrayal: 1947–71 |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/12-Dec-2015/ther-great-betrayal-1947-71 |work=The Nation |date=12 December 2015 |language=en-US |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><br />
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===One Unit policy===<br />
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{{Main|One Unit}}<br />
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Following the failure to implement a constitutional formula, Bogra began working towards the controversial One Unit scheme that integrated the four West Pakistani provinces into a single province. He justified this scheme when he stated:<br />
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{{blockquote|There will be no Bengalis, no Punjabis, no Sindhis, no Pathans, no Balochis, no Bahawalpuris, no Khairpuris. The disappearance of these groups will strengthen the integrity of Pakistan...|Prime Minister M. A. Bogra, presenting the One Unit on 22 November 1954<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Nigel |title=The History and Culture of Pakistan |year=2010 |publisher=Peak Publ |location=London |isbn=978-1-901458-67-1}}</ref>}}The scheme was ultimately implemented by his successor, [[Chaudhri Muhammad Ali]], in October 1955.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hussain |first=Ijaz A. Qureshi {{!}} Nadeem |date=2022-07-03 |title=The False Promise of One Unit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1697958 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=Dawn |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Dismissal ===<br />
On 4 August 1955, the Cabinet accepted Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad's request for a [[leave of absence]] due to ill health. They chose Interior Minister Iskander Mirza to replace him, and Mirza was sworn in as acting governor-general three days later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Callahan |first=John P. |date=4 August 1955 |title=Gen. Mirza Picked to Head Pakistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/08/05/archives/gen-mirza-picked-to-head-pakistan-karachi-cabinet-asks-queen-to.html |work=The New York Times |page=2 |publication-date=5 August 1955}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Callahan |first=John P. |date=6 August 1955 |title=Mirza Takes Oath in Karachi Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/08/07/archives/mirza-takes-oath-in-karachi-today-general-will-succeed-ailing.html |work=The New York Times |page=14 |publication-date=7 August 1955}}</ref><ref name="Gupta1974">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Jyoti Sen |title=History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh, 1943–1973: Some Involvement |publisher=Naya Prokash |year=1974 |location=Calcutta |page=73 |oclc=213786943 |quote=On 7 August, Major-General Iskander Mirza vacated the post of Interior Minister and assumed charge as the Acting Governor-General.}}</ref><br />
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Soon after the appointment, Mirza confronted Bogra on regional disparity despite the fact that both men were [[Bengalis]], and forced Bogra to resign from the prime ministership.<ref name="storyofpakistan">{{cite web |date=1 June 2003 |title=Muhammad Ali Bogra |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ali-bogra/ |access-date=13 February 2015 |publisher=Story of Pakistan}}</ref><ref name="dailytimes.com.pk">{{Cite news |last=Waheed |first=Asef |title=Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in the eyes of history |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/04-Apr-2015/shaheed-zulfikar-ali-bhutto-in-the-eyes-of-history |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706192644/http://dailytimes.com.pk/national/04-Apr-2015/shaheed-zulfikar-ali-bhutto-in-the-eyes-of-history |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> Mirza also dismissed Malik Ghulam Muhammad and sent a letter of notification to inform him of the political developments.<ref name="Story of Pakistan (Mirza became Governor General)">{{cite web |title=Iskander Mirza Becomes Governor General [1955] |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A059 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202042923/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A059 |archive-date=2 February 2012 |access-date=2 February 2012 |publisher=Story of Pakistan (Mirza became Governor-General) |date=1 June 2003}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ambassador to the United States (1955–1959) ==<br />
After his dismissal, Bogra was appointed the Pakistani Ambassador to the United States<ref name="Gupta1974" /> when he recalled [[Amjad Ali (civil servant)|Amjad Ali]], who was appointed [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance Minister]].<br />
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== Foreign Minister (1962–63) ==<br />
[[File:JFK with Mohammad Ali of Bogra.jpg|thumb|Bogra with U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] at the [[White House]], 1962]]<br />
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In 1959, he left the ambassadorial assignment after the then-Chief Martial Law Administrator [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] took control of the government from President [[Iskander Mirza]] in 1958. Ayub appointed Bogra [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|foreign minister]].{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}<br />
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Soon after his appointment, he visited China where he continued talks with the Chinese leadership that eventually led to a [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement|settlement with China]] regarding the [[China–Pakistan border]].<ref name="Harvard University Press, Guha">{{cite book |last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=Makers of Modern Asia |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=278 |isbn=978-0-674-36541-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWmABAAAQBAJ&q=appointed+Foreign+minister+Bogra+1962&pg=PA278 |access-date=12 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> As foreign minister, he guided a pro-Western policy but made efforts to improve relations with the [[Soviet Union]] after witnessing the [[European Union|Western]] and American support India during the [[Sino-Indian War|Chinese-Indian War]] in 1962.<ref name="Anthem Press, Jaffrelot"/> After visiting Soviet Union with President Ayub, Bogra quoted: There was no such thing as friends forever or enemies forever– only national interests count.<ref name="Anthem Press, Jaffrelot">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins |year=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-149-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=Foreign+minister+Bogra+Soviet+Union+1962&pg=PA102 |page=102 |access-date=12 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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During this time, his health became a serious issue and illness caused him to miss out the meeting over Kashmir but his deputy [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] attended in the United States on 26 December 1962.<ref name="Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Kux"/>{{rp|136}} In 1963, Bogra died while staying in [[Dacca]] and was buried at the Bogra Nawab Palace in [[East Pakistan]], now [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="dailytimes.com.pk"/><ref name="bogra.org">{{cite web |author=Mir Monaz Haque |title=Mohammed Ali Bogra |url=http://www.bogra.org/bogra1.html |access-date=1 March 2015 |website=bogra.org |archive-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811102143/http://bogra.org/bogra1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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== Personal life ==<br />
<br />
Ali was married twice; his first wife was Begum [[Hamida Mohammed Ali]],<ref name="ds19Oct2009" /> and his second wife was a Lebanese lady, Aliya Begum.<ref name="dawn8Sep2015"/> This marriage was controversial because it constituted [[polygamy]], which was uncommon among the elites of Pakistan.<ref name="dawn8Sep2015" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/suhasini-haidar-on-stories-from-rashtrapati-bhavan-in-the-book-abode-under-the-dome/article8285698.ece |title=Room for a relationship |date=27 February 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
<br />
Bogra died on 23 January 1963 in Dacca. Politician [[Ajmal Ali|Ajmal Ali Choudhury]] offered condolences and felt "deep sorrow" for the sudden death.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hannan |first1=Muhammad Abdul |title=Mohammed Ali (Bogra): A Biographical Sketch |year=1967 |location=Bogra, East Pakistan |publisher=Sahitya Kutir |oclc=87468 |page=46}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
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{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-dip}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Abol Hassan Ispahani]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Ambassador to the United States]]|years=1952–1953}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Amjad Ali (civil servant)|Amjad Ali]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Amjad Ali (civil servant)|Amjad Ali]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Ambassador to the United States]]|years=1955–1959}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]|years=1953–1955}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]|years=1953–1954}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=Sir [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1954–1955}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Hamidul Huq Choudhury]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Manzur Qadir]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1962–1963}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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{{PakistaniPMs}}<br />
{{Foreign Minister of Pakistan}}<br />
{{Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bogra, Muhammad Ali}}<br />
[[Category:1909 births]]<br />
[[Category:1963 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Barisal]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bogra]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Titular Nawabs of Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani anti-communists]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani people of Bengali descent]]<br />
[[Category:Conservatism in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:High commissioners of Pakistan to Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Prime ministers of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani politicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century diplomats]]<br />
[[Category:Bogra family|Muhammad Ali]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Cricket Board presidents and chairmen]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]<br />
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]<br />
[[Category:United Bengal activists]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_in_Kerala&diff=4829692022 in Kerala2026-03-23T17:27:12Z<p>PranayMeesala: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Year in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
Events in the year '''2022''' in '''Kerala'''.<br />
<br />
== Incumbents ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Photo<br />
!Post<br />
!Name<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|center|frameless|99x99px]]<br />
|[[List of governors of Kerala|The Governor of Kerala]]<br />
|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Pinarayi Vijayan 1.jpg|center|frameless|80x80px]]<br />
|[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]]<br />
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|[[Kerala High Court|Chief Justice of Kerala High Court]]<br />
|[[S. Manikumar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Events ==<br />
<br />
=== January ===<br />
* 6 January – A newborn kid was kidnapped from [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]] by a 33-year-old woman from [[Kalamassery]] named Neethu Raj for blackmailing her lover who has tortured and cheated her and her family.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Newborn abducted from Kottayam MCH to blackmail lover, recover Rs 30 lakh,' say accused|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/01/07/newborn-abduction-kottayam-medical-college-blackmail-arrest.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
* 8 January - Minister [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]] inaugurates [[Edappal]] flyover on [[State Highway 69 (Kerala)|State Highway 69]] by violating [[COVID-19]] protocols.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-09|title=Edappal flyover: UDF leaders question protocol violation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/edappal-flyover-udf-leaders-question-protocol-violation/article38205506.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 9 January - Ex-Muslim of Kerala observes 9 January as ex-Muslim day, by conducting seminars on atheism and Islam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ex-Muslim organisation gathers steam in Kerala|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=725045&u=}}</ref><br />
* 10 January - a 21 year old engineering student and [[Students' Federation of India]] worker named Dheeraj was stabbed to death by [[Kerala Students Union]] activists in [[Government Engineering College, Idukki]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 11, 2022|title=Dheeraj Rajendran: SFI activist stabbed to death at Idukki government engineering college|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sfi-activist-stabbed-to-death-at-idukki-govt-engg-college/articleshow/88821120.cms|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
* 12 January - A mega [[Thiruvathira]] event with more than 500 artists conducted as part of [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram District]] Congress meet of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] at [[Parassala]] amidst [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]] spread in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-13|title=Kerala CPI(M) holds mega thiruvathira dance show despite COVID, receives flak|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-cpim-holds-mega-thiruvathira-dance-show-despite-covid-receives-flak-159821|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><br />
* 13 January - [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] rejects [[Kerala]]'s tableau for [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] for a third time in recent years sparking a row. This years tableau contained representations of [[Narayana Guru]] and [[Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=Defence Ministry rejects Kerala's Republic Day tableau again|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/defence-ministry-rejects-kerala-s-republic-day-tableau-again-101642102562061.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
* 14 January - [[Franco Mulakkal|Bishop Franco Mulakkal]] main accused in '''Nun Rape Case''' acquitted by [[Kottayam district]] [[Sessions Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 14, 2022|title=nun: Nun rape case: Kerala court acquits Bishop Franco Mulakkal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/nun-rape-case-kerala-court-acquits-bishop-franco-mulakkal/articleshow/88891672.cms|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
* 19 January - [[Government of Kerala]] orders [[Idukki district]] collector to cancel the controversial title deeds issued in 7 villages of [[Devikulam taluk]] named '''1999 Raveendran Pattayams''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt orders Idukki Collector to cancel controversial 'Raveendran Pattayams'|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/01/20/raveendran-pattayam-closed-idukki-collector.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Revenue dept axe on 'Raveendran pattayams'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jan/20/revenue-dept-axe-on-raveendran-pattayams-2408913.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I'm a victim of turf war between CPI and CPM: Raveendran|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jan/21/im-a-victim-of-turf-war-between-cpi-and-cpm-raveendran-2409351.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
* 20 January - [[Child sexual abuse laws in India|POCSCO case]] victim commits suicide in [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=2022-01-20|title=Girl's death exposes system failure in sheltering POCSO victims|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/girls-death-exposes-system-failure-in-sheltering-pocso-victims/article38298270.ece|access-date=2022-01-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 24 January - <br />
** A court in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] asks [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] to pay Rs. 10,10,000 to [[Oommen Chandy]] in a [[Defamation]] case filed by later in connection with [[2013 Kerala solar panel scam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-Kerala CM Achuthanandan asked to pay Rs 10 lakh defamation charges to Oommen Chandy|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/kerala/article/ex-kerala-cm-achuthanandan-asked-to-pay-rs-10-lakh-defamation-charges-to-oommen-chandy/852667|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref> <br />
** [[Kerala High Court]] holds its first ever night hearing to take a call on MV Ocean Rose case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala HC holds night hearing for the first time, stops ship from leaving Kochi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-hc-holds-night-hearing-for-the-first-time-stops-ship-from-leaving-kochi-1904038-2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> <br />
* 26 January - [[North Malabar]] gets its first [[MEMU]] with the introduction of [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] - [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangalore]] [[MEMU]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-26|title=Mangaluru gets its first MEMU|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangaluru-gets-its-first-memu/article38328226.ece|access-date=2022-01-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
* 31 January - <br />
** [[Snake]] catcher, [[Vava Suresh]] severely poisoned by a [[cobra]] during a rescue attempt near [[Changanassery]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-07|title=Popular Kerala snake-catcher Vava Suresh leaves hospital a week after being bitten by a cobra|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/popular-kerala-snake-catcher-vava-suresh-leaves-hospital-a-week-after-being-bitten-by-a-cobra/article38392617.ece|access-date=2022-02-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
** [[MediaOne TV]] suspends following non renewal of license by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] following lack of security clearance from [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs.]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=I&B Ministry bans MediaOne news channel again, HC stays implementation of order for 2 days|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/ib-ministry-bans-mediaone-news-channel-again/articleshow/89248961.cms|access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== February ===<br />
<br />
* 8 February - [[Kerala High Court]] bench under [[N. Nagaresh|Justice Nagaresh]] upholds [[gag order]] on [[MediaOne TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Kerala HC dismisses plea by Media One against order barring transmission, channel goes off air |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-high-court-verdict-media-one-licence-7761959/ |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 9 February - [[Indian Army]] rescued a trekker who was trapped in a crevice in Kurumbachi hill, [[Malampuzha]], [[Palakkad district]] for more than 45 hours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-09 |title=Palakkad: Indian army rescues Kerala trekker trapped in hill crevice for 48 hours |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60314111 |access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref><br />
* 17 February - Kerala cabinet approves ''Canal City Calicut Project'' along [[Conolly Canal]] for Rs. 1118 crore with [[Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board]] as implementation agency.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Anu |last1=Kuruvilla |first2=Pooja |last2=Nair |date=2026-01-01 |title=Kerala looks ahead to 2026 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2026/Jan/01/kerala-looks-ahead-to-2026 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-13 |title=‘Canal City’ project to be launched in Kozhikode next year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/canal-city-project-to-be-launched-in-kozhikode-next-year/article69571825.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== March ===<br />
<br />
* 15 March - [[Supreme Court of India]] stays the ban on telecast of [[MediaOne TV|MediaOne]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Stays Ban On 'Media One', Allows Channel To Resume Broadcast Till Further Order |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/breaking-supreme-court-stays-ban-on-media-one-allows-channel-to-resume-broadcast-till-further-order-5287746/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 17 March - Land demarcation for [[Silver Line (K-Rail)]] project met with severe resistance at [[Changanassery]], [[Kottayam district]]. There was police crackdown against protesters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crackdown on K-Rail protest, hartal in Changanassery on Friday |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/03/17/k-rail-silverline-protest-crackdown-hartal.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><br />
* 20 March - [[Kerala Blasters FC]] defeated through [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] by [[Hyderabad FC]] in the finals of [[Indian Super League]] held at [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISL Final 2021-22 Highlights: Hyderabad FC wins maiden ISL title, defeats Kerala Blasters 3-1 on penalties |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-live-hyderabad-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc-hfc-vs-kbfc-ogbeche-luna-sahal-live-isl-score/article38459123.ece |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== April ===<br />
<br />
* 11 April - [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] flags of ''Swift'' bus service of [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] at Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2022 |title=ksrtc: Cm Flags Off Ksrtc's Swift Services |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/cm-flags-off-ksrtcs-swift-services/articleshow/90787777.cms |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 16 April - Two political killings occurred in [[Palakkad district]] within last 24 hours. Workers of [[Social Democratic Party of India]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] were killed in two separate incidents alleged as retaliation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two political murders within 24 hours leave Palakkad tense |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/apr/17/two-political-murders-within-24-hours-leave-palakkad-tense-2442902.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
* 22 April - A young actress filed sexual assault complaint against [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] at Ernakulam South police station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MeToo: Vijay Babu Slammed For Revealing Survivor Name, Says I Am Victim Here |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/malayalam-news-vijay-babu-slammed-for-revealing-sexual-assault-survivor-name-vijay-said-i-am-victim-here-5361090/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 27 April - [[MeToo movement in India|MeToo]] accused actor [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] reveals the victims name in a [[Facebook live]] session to public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caught in #MeToo storm, Vijay Babu moves Kerala HC seeking anticipatory bail |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/04/29/caught-in-metoo-storm-vijay-babu-moves-kerala-hc-seeking-anticipatory-bail.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== May ===<br />
<br />
* 1 May - Askar Ali (Hudavi),a 24 year old [[Ex-Muslims|Ex-Muslim]] from Kerala who was also an imam at a mosque, who is presently a [[Rationalism|Rationalist]] and member of Essense club [[Freethought]] group faced murder attempts from Islamic fundamentalist at [[Kollam]] by a group from [[Malappuram]] following his [[Viral video]] speech against Islam in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/may/05/kerala-youth-who-left-islam-alleges-kidnap-attempt-by-kin-2449838.html | title=Kerala youth who left Islam alleges kidnap attempt by kin }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Kerala: Malappuram man who renounced Islam attacked, police file case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-malappuram-man-who-renounced-islam-attacked-police-file-case-7899397/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 10 May - M.T. Abdulla Musaliyar a member of [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]] drew criticism following his [[Religious education in Kerala#Gender discrimination controversy|controversial remark]] that young girls should not be allowed in public stages in a function at [[Perinthalmanna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EK Samastha leader flayed for 'insulting' girl student |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/may/11/ek-samastha-leader-flayed-for-insulting-girl-student-2452080.html |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2022 |title=Kerala: Samastha leader Jifri Muthukoya Thangal says girls feel shy if invited on stage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-samastha-leader-jifri-muthukoya-thangal-says-girls-feel-shy-if-invited-on-stage/articleshow/91571370.cms |access-date=2022-05-20 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 16 May - A bridge under construction near [[Koolimadu]], [[Kozhikode district]] collapsed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collapse of under-construction bridge in Kozhikode: PWD's vigilance wing to carry out inspection |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/collapse-of-under-construction-bridge-in-kozhikode-pwd-s-vigilance-wing-to-carry-out-inspection-1.7523689 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 19 May - [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] reopens erstwhile [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public sector undertaking]] [[Hindustan Newsprint]] as a new [[Government of Kerala]] owned [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|Public sector undertakings of Kerala government]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM inaugurates newsprint firm KPPL; criticises Centre's disinvestment policy |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/cm-inaugurates-newsprint-firm-kppl-criticises-centre-s-disinvestment-policy-1.7529459 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 21 May - Controversy erupted over communal slogans raised by a 10 year old kid in [[Popular Front of India]] rally held in [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=Alappuzha: From Revolution to Retrogression |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/columns/view-from-my-window/alappuzha-from-revolution-to-retrogression-column-by-m-g-radhakrishnan-1.7559114 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 29 May - <br />
** [[Double-track railway]] service became fully operational in [[Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam line]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double line traffic on Ernakulam-Kottayam-Kayamkulam railway section begins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/may/30/double-line-traffic-onernakulam-kottayam-kayamkulam-railway-section-begins-2459556.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
** a 15 year old girl from [[West Bengal]] who came to Kerala as [[Migrant labourers in Kerala|Migrant labourer]] [[Gang rape]]d by six native men at [[Poopara]], [[Idukki district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friends of survivor held in Poopara gang rape case |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/06/05/friends-of-survivor-held-poopara-gangrape-case.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== June ===<br />
<br />
* 6 June - The limited edition [[Mahindra Thar]] that came as an offering to [[Guruvayur Temple]] reauctioned to a non-resident Keralite businessman based out of [[Angadipuram]] for Rs. 43 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-06-06 |title=Guruvayur temple’s controversial Thar reauctioned for ₹43 lakh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/guruvayur-temples-controversial-thar-reauctioned-for-43-lakh/article65500376.ece |access-date=2022-06-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 9 June - [[Electric locomotive]] service begins in [[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line|Kollam – Punalur railway line]].<br />
* 12 June - [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]] dedicates [[Thavanur]] Central Prison, the fourth Central Prison in [[Kerala]] to the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-12 |title=Amid protests, CM opens Thavanur central jail |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/amid-protests-cm-opens-thavanur-central-jail/article65521103.ece |access-date=2022-06-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 13 June - Two [[Indian Youth Congress]] workers protest against [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] in an [[IndiGo]] flight from [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]] to [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]]. In an in-flight video that surfaced one of the protester is seen pushed down by [[E. P. Jayarajan]] in retaliation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-13 |title=Kerala CM faces Congress protest on aircraft |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-cm-faces-congress-protest-on-aircraft/article65523848.ece |access-date=2022-06-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 16 June - Third edition of [[Loka Kerala Sabha]] began at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. [[Indian National Congress]] led opposition [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] boycotts the function and [[Chief minister of Kerala]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] skipped the inauguration citing medical reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinarayi skips Loka Kerala Sabha function |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jun/17/pinarayi-skips-loka-kerala-sabha-function-2466517.html |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
* 19 June - A four hour avoidable delay in conducting [[kidney transplantation]] surgery at [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]] results in death of patient.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organ transplant surgery delayed in TVM medical college; Patient dies, Probe ordered |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/patient-dies-after-delay-in-transplanting-kidney-in-tvm-medical-college-1.7621597 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 24 June - The office of [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad Lok Sabha MP]] [[Rahul Gandhi]] vandalised by [[Students' Federation of India]] during protest citing MP's inaction against 1&nbsp;km buffer-zone rule pronounced by [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-25 |title=SFI workers vandalise Rahul Gandhi’s Wayanad office |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sfi-workers-vandalise-rahul-gandhi-s-wayanad-office-101656098308843.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== July ===<br />
<br />
* 1 July -<br />
** [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]] launches ''[[MEDISEP]]'' a social security scheme that will provide health care for state government employees and pensioners.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-01 |title=Govt. role crucial in social security, says CM |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/govt-role-crucial-in-social-security-says-cm/article65590027.ece |access-date=2022-07-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
** An unknown motorist threw a low intensity explosive on A.K.G. Center, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKG Centre attack: 8 days have passed, Kerala Police clueless |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/07/09/akg-centre-attack-kerala-police-clueless.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
*14 July - Kerala Fibre Optic Network , an initiative by [[Government of Kerala]] received [[Internet service provider]] license.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KFON inches closer to realisation by securing ISP certificate from union government |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kfon-inches-closer-to-realisation-by-securing-isp-certificate-from-union-government-1.7693101 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
*25 July - [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Board]] informed [[Kerala High Court]] that no approval was given to the project from [[Government of India]] and all steps taken by [[Kerala Rail Development Corporation]] are premature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varghese |first=Hannah M. |date=2022-07-26 |title=No Approval Granted For K-Rail, All Steps Towards Land Acquisition Premature: Railway Board Informs Kerala High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/no-approval-granted-for-k-rail-all-steps-towards-land-acquisition-premature-railway-board-informs-kerala-high-court-204831 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== August ===<br />
<br />
* 15 August - Protests by fishermen and [[Latin Catholics of Malabar|Latin Catholic Church]] erupts against [[Adani Group]]'s [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained {{!}} 7 demands raised by fisherfolk protesting at Vizhinjam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/08/18/vizhinjam-protest-fishermen-what-are-seven-demands.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><br />
* 28 August - [[M. V. Govindan]] is chosen as the State Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] to fill the vacancy of [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-28 |title=M.V. Govindan is CPI(M) State secretary |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mv-govindan-is-cpim-state-secretary/article65822550.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== September ===<br />
<br />
* 6 September - [[M. B. Rajesh]] sworn in as minister in [[Second Vijayan ministry]] as a replacement to [[M. V. Govindan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MB Rajesh sworn in as minister; Speaker election on Sept 12 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/09/06/mb-rajesh-to-be-sworn-in-as-minister.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
* 10 September - ''Bharat Jodo Yatra'' a 3570kms and five month long [[padayatra]] led by [[Rahul Gandhi]] enters [[Kerala]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram district]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-09-29 |title=Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra to enter Tamil Nadu after last phase in Kerala |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-to-enter-tamil-nadu-after-last-phase-in-kerala-122092900116_1.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 12 September - [[A. N. Shamseer]] got elected as the 24th speaker of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-12 |title=A. N. Shamseer elected Speaker of the Kerala Assembly |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-n-shamseer-elected-speaker-of-the-kerala-assembly/article65881770.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 20 September - [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] employees at [[Kattakada]] depot attacks a father and daughter who came to office for availing student travelling concession for the daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why KSRTC officers who attacked man at Kattakada depot not arrested? asks HC |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hc-asks-why-ksrtc-officers-who-beat-up-man-at-kattakada-depot-not-arrested-yet-1.7901740 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 22 September - [[National Investigation Agency]] conducts a raid on [[Popular Front of India]] leaders across the state on early hours arresting top 8 leaders and nearly twenty in total from the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-22 |title=NIA raids target PFI offices, 8 top leaders arrested |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nia-raids-target-pfi-offices-15-top-leaders-arrested/article65923202.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 23 September - [[Popular Front of India]] calls a dawn to dusk [[hartal]] in the state causing disruption and blockade in the state with wide scale violence and destruction of nearly 70 [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] buses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=PFI gets a ₹5 crore bill in Kerala for illegal hartal against crackdown by NIA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pfi-gets-a-rs-5-crore-bill-in-kerala-for-illegal-hartal-against-crackdown-by-nia-101664289561494.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 26 September- Several Muslim bodies demonstrated in Kozhikode in front of Providence Girls HSS school after a Class 11 girl was not allowed to wear a [[hijab]]; they including [[Muslim Youth League|MYL]], demanded that the government cancel the school’s affiliation. The protest turned violent injuring 5 policemen<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-09-20 |title=MYL seeks action against Kozhikode school for not letting students wear ‘hijab’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/myl-seeks-action-against-kozhikode-school-for-not-letting-students-wear-hijab/article65914870.ece |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KG |first=Shibimol |date=2022-09-26 |title=Muslim bodies hold protests after Kerala school denies entry to Class 11 girl for wearing hijab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/muslim-bodies-hold-protests-after-kerala-school-denies-entry-to-class-11-girl-for-wearing-hijab-2004928-2022-09-26 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-09-26 |title=Head scarf ban: SIO march to school turns violent, five cops injured |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/head-scarf-ban-sio-march-to-school-turns-violent-five-cops-injured/article65938304.ece |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 27 September - [[Bombay High Court]] quashes rape case against Binoy Kodiyeri, son of [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]] following out of court settlement for an amount of Rs. 80 lakhs as alimony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-29 |title=Bombay HC quashes rape case FIR against former Kerala CPI(M) secretary’s son |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bombay-hc-quashes-rape-case-fir-against-binoy-kodiyeri-son-of-former-kerala-cpim-secretary-kodiyeri-balakrishnan/article65950485.ece |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 28 September - A teacher residing in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] files sexual assault complaint against [[Eldhose Kunnappilly]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman assault case: Eldhose Kunnappilly gets anticipatory bail |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/10/20/woman-assault-case-eldhose-kunnappilly-granted-anticipatory-bail.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== October ===<br />
<br />
* 6 October - A [[2022 Palakkad bus accident|road accident]] caused due to collision between a [[Tourist bus]] carrying students and [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] bus in [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]] near [[Vadakkencherry]] claims nine lives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-06 |title=5 students among 9 dead as school trip vehicle rams KSRTC bus in Kerala |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/9-killed-as-tourist-carriage-rams-ksrtc-bus-on-walayar-vadakkanchery-highway/article65974507.ece |access-date=2022-10-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 9 October - The auspicious temple pond crocodile ''Babiya'' of [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]], [[Kasaragod district]] dead due to old age.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-10 |title=Babiya, Kerala’s ‘mystic’ crocodile of Ananthapura lake temple dies |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/babiya-keralas-vegetarian-crocodile-of-ananthapura-lake-temple-dies/article65991484.ece |access-date=2022-10-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
* 11 October - a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] worker named Bhagaval Singh, his wife Laila from [[Elanthoor]] [[Pathanamthitta district]] and a [[history-sheeter]] and con from [[Perumbavoor]] named Shafi arrested for conducting double [[Human sacrifice]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Kerala shocker: Two women killed, dissected as part of human sacrifice |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/kerala-shocker-two-women-killed-dissected-as-part-of-human-sacrifice-1503120294.html |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
* 14 October - A woman named Greeshma allegedly poisoned her boyfriend, Sharon Raj, by mixing poison in herbal medicine at her residence. [https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/parassala-sharon-murder-case-greeshma-found-guilty-sentencing-tomorrow20250117144454/ The case is addressed as Parassala Kashayam Greeshma murder case].<br />
<br />
* 21 October - [[Supreme Court of India]] cancels the appointment of Rajasree M.S., as [[vice-chancellor]] of [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC sets aside appointment of Dr Rajasree as VC of APJ Abdul Kalam University |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sc-sets-aside-appointment-of-dr-rajasree-ms-as-vc-of-apj-abdul-kalam-technological-university-1.7977967 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 23 October - [[Governor of Kerala]] [[Arif Mohammad Khan]] demands resignation from [[Vice-chancellor]]s of nine universities in state alleging flouting of norms laid out by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarath Babu |date=2022-10-23 |title=Kerala Governor demands resignation of nine Vice-Chancellors, sets stage for a political, legal battle with State government |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-governor-demands-resignation-of-nine-varsity-vice-chancellors-setting-the-stage-for-a-political-and-legal-battle-with-the-state-government/article66049895.ece |access-date=2022-12-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 25 October - a 23 year old radiology student named Sharon Raj from [[Parassala]] killed by his lover Greeshma Nair by [[Poisoning]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parassala murder: Greeshma had tried to kill Sharon at college too |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/11/09/parassala-murder-greeshma-mother-uncle-remand-custody.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
* 26 October - [[Governor of Kerala]] [[Arif Mohammad Khan]] informs [[Chief minister of Kerala]] that "''he cease to enjoy pleasure"'' in Finance Minister of Kerala [[K. N. Balagopal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2022 |first=B. S. Anil |last=Kumar |title=Kerala governor Arif Mohammed Khan 'withdraws pleasure' in finance minister K N Balagopal {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-governor-arif-mohammed-khan-seeks-removal-of-finance-minister-k-n-balagopal/articleshow/95098718.cms |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 31 October - [[Government of Kerala]] raised retirement age in public sector enterprises to 60.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala raises pension age to 60, govt entities to be graded |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/10/31/kerala-govt-pension-age-grade-system-public-institutions.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== November ===<br />
<br />
* 1 November - [[Government of Kerala]] announces first [[Kerala Awards]], the highest civilian awards by the state and [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] awarded the first ''Kerala Jyothi'' award. The ''Kerala Prabha'' was announced to three persons and ''Kerala Sree'' to six eminent personalities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala declares 1st-ever Padma-inspired awards; MT gets highest honour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/nov/01/kerala-declares-1st-ever-padma-inspired-awards-mt-gets-highest-honour-2513604.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
* 3 November - A six year old kid gets brutally kicked and attacked by a car owner for touching his car in [[Thalassery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=Caught on cam: 6-year-old brutally kicked for touching car in Kerala's Thalassery |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/crime/caught-on-cam-6-year-old-brutally-kicked-for-touching-car-in-keralas-thalassery-article-95292369 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 7 November - Protests erupts outside [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]] against a controversial letter allegedly written by Mayor [[Arya Rajendran]] to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] district secretary for making illegal backdoor appointments of party cadres to 295 posts in the civic body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Probe into letter from Thiruvananthapuram Mayor to CPI(M) dist secy after officials deny writing it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/thiruvananthapuram/story/probe-letter-thiruvananthapuram-mayor-cpim-district-secretary-officials-deny-writing-2294246-2022-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 9 November - [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] passes a resolution requesting [[Governor of Kerala|Kerala Governor]] to promulgate an ordinance which effectively removes [[Governor of Kerala|Governor]] as the sole [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of all fourteen universities in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=G. |date=2022-11-09 |title=Kerala moves to remove Governor as Chancellor of universities |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-cabinet-asks-governor-to-pass-ordinance-removing-him-as-chancellor-of-universities/article66114511.ece |access-date=2022-12-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 17 November - [[Kerala High Court]] quashes appointment of Priya Varghese, wife of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader [[K. K. Ragesh]] as associate professor in [[Kannur University]]. The court also made observation that this appointment had taken place by flouting all norms laid out by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Priya Varghese unqualified as Kannur varsity professor: Kerala HC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/priya-varghese-unqualified-as-kannur-varsity-prof-kerala-hc-101668712887290.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 30 November - [[Government of Kerala|The cabinet of Government of Kerala]] approves a bill which will bring a legislation that remove [[Governor of Kerala]] as sole [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of all fourteen universities in the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-30 |title=Cabinet approves Bill to remove Governor as Chancellor of State universities |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cabinet-approves-bill-to-remove-governor-as-chancellor-of-state-universities/article66205451.ece |access-date=2022-12-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== December ===<br />
<br />
* 6 December - The 138 day long protests against [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]] led by [[Latin Catholics of Malabar|Latin Catholics church]] and fishermen community called off.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Shine |date=2022-12-06 |title=Vizhinjam protest against Adani port called off after 138 days |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/vizhinjam-protest-against-adani-port-called-off-after-138-days-122120601197_1.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 8 December - [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] unanimously passes bills which abolish [[Income tax in India|Income tax]] on [[Agriculture in India|Agriculture]] and [[Land value tax|Land tax]] on [[Plantation]] sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Assembly passes 2 Bills seeking waiver of plantation taxes |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/12/09/assembly-passes-two-bills-seeking-waiver-plantation-taxes.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><br />
* 22 December - [[Government of Kerala]] publishes the survey map of 1&nbsp;km [[Buffer zone]] around [[Eco-Sensitive Zone]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Dec 23, 2022 |title=Govt Publishes Maps, Satellite Survey Report {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/govt-publishes-maps-satellite-survey-report/articleshow/96441081.cms |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Deaths ==<br />
<br />
* February 22 - [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], actress, 74.<br />
* March 6 - [[Syed Hyderali Shihab Thangal]], [[Indian Union Muslim League]] State President, 75.<br />
* April 23 - [[John Paul (screenwriter)]], 71.<br />
* April 24 - [[K. Sankaranarayanan]], Former [[Governor of Maharashtra]], 89.<br />
* May 31 - [[KK (singer)|KK]], Playback singer, 53.<br />
* June 22 - [[Ambika Rao]], actress, 58<br />
* July 15 - [[Pratap Pothen]], actor, 69.<br />
* September 25 - [[Aryadan Muhammed]], politician, 87.<br />
* October 1 - [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]], Former [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] state secretary, 68.<br />
* October 2 - [[Atlas Ramachandran]], businessman, 60.<br />
* October 18 - [[Scaria Zacharia]], linguist and researcher.<br />
* October 27 - [[Satheeshan Pacheni]], politician, 54.<br />
* December 3 - [[Kochu Preman]], actor, 67.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[History of Kerala]]<br />
* [[2021 in Kerala]]<br />
* [[2022 in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020s in Kerala]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunde_Jaari_Gallanthayyinde&diff=476379Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde2026-03-18T05:12:08Z<p>PranayMeesala: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde<br />
| image = Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyindhe poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Movie poster<br />
| director = Vijay Kumar Konda<br />
| producer = N. Nikitha Reddy<br>Vikram Goud<br />
| writer = [[Harsha Vardhan]]<br />
| starring = [[Nithiin]]<br>[[Nithya Menen]]<br>[[Isha Talwar]]<br />
| music = [[Anoop Rubens]]<br />
| cinematography = I. Andrew<br />
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]<br />
| studio = Shresht Movies<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = {{INR}}11 crore<br />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}22 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2013 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2013/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><br />
| runtime = 153 minutes<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|04|19}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde''''' ({{translation|My heart slipped and lost|literal=yes}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by debutant Vijay Kumar Konda and written by [[Harsha Vardhan]]. Produced by N. Nikitha Reddy under the banner of Shresht Movies, The film stars [[Nithiin]], [[Nithya Menen]], and [[Isha Talwar]]. [[Anup Rubens]] composed the music while I. Andrew and Prawin Pudi handled the cinematography and editing respectively.<br />
<br />
The film's title is inspired by a lyric from the song "Dil Se" from ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhrawatch.com/index.php/news-articles/47862-ishqs-pair-back-with-gunde-jaari-gallanthayyinde- |title=Ishq's pair back with 'Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde' |publisher=Andhrawatch.com |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218215430/http://www.andhrawatch.com/index.php/news-articles/47862-ishqs-pair-back-with-gunde-jaari-gallanthayyinde- |archive-date=18 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was a Blockbuster at the box office, emerging as a consecutive successful film for Nithiin after ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]'' (2012), which also starred Nithya Menen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-04 |title=Tollywood Directors: Telugu cinema toasts new directors |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-cinema-toasts-new-directors/articleshow/28440674.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304181412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-cinema-toasts-new-directors/articleshow/28440674.cms |archive-date=2017-03-04 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The Times of India |quote=The romantic comedy that featured Nithiin and Nithya Menen scored success at the box office and eventually went on to become the biggest hit in Nithiin's career. Critics heaped praise on the director's fresh thought on a rom-com and his unique screenplay and treatment.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/gjg-has-a-superb-weekend.html|title=GJG has a superb weekend|date=22 April 2013|publisher=123telugu.com|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425085427/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/gjg-has-a-superb-weekend.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in Hindi and Malayalam as ''Heart Attack 2'' in 2018 and ''Magic Love'' respectively. In 2015, it was remade in Kannada as ''[[Khushi Khushiyagi]]''.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Karthik is a [[software engineer]], who believes that one should make decisions independently. At his friend Pandu's wedding reception, Karthik sees Sruthi and develops feelings for her. He asks Pandu's wife to provide intel about Sruthi. After Pandu's wife gives Sruthi's number to Pandu and asks him to convey it to Karthik. A miscommunication occurs between Karthik and Pandu, which leads Karthik to call Sravani. Karthik mistakes Sravani for Sruthi where he converse with her in the cell phone and calls her "Bangaram". <br />
<br />
Sravani knows about Karthik and the two become best friends. Meanwhile, Karthik helps his friend Madhu in gaining a girl's attention, who is actually Sruthi. Sruthi falls for Madhu and Karthik learns of the confusion. After learning the confusion, Sravani plans to avenge the deception by Karthik (who harassed Sravani, thinking that he was talking to Sruthi) and gains employment as Karthik's boss and decides to put him through the same hardships. <br />
<br />
A chain-of-events leads to Madhu doubting Sruthi and their relationship is at stake, but they unite with Karthik's help. Karthik decide to propose to Sravani and Sravani is ready to reject his proposal to exact her revenge. Karthik reveals to Sravani that he is not a perfect match for her and had realized that he is truly in love with Bangaram (Sravani). After leaving the office, Karthik reaches Sravani's house where he apologize and proposes to her. Sravani reveals her true identity and the couple reunite.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Nithiin]] as Karthik<br />
* [[Nithya Menen]] as Sravani / Bangaram<br />
* [[Isha Talwar]] as Sruthi <br />
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Pandu<br />
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]<br />
* [[Madhunandan]] as Madhu<br />
* [[Raghu Babu]]<br />
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Shravani's father<br />
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Sravani's mother<br />
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]<br />
* Sandya Janak<br />
* Arun Kumar<br />
* Josh Ravi as Gay man<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richi |first=Priya |date=12 July 2019 |title=How Tollywood has demonised queerness by passing off offensive depiction as 'comedy' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-tollywood-has-demonised-queerness-passing-offensive-depiction-comedy-105302 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806073358/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-tollywood-has-demonised-queerness-passing-offensive-depiction-comedy-105302 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Jwala Gutta]] in a special appearance in the song "Ding Ding Ding"<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Anup Rubens]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 27 March 2013<br />
| recorded =2013<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 24.22<br />
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]<br />
| label = Shreyas Music <br/> [[Times Music]]<br />
| producer = Anup Rubens<br />
| prev_title =[[Sukumarudu]]<br />
| prev_year =2013<br />
| next_title = [[Chukkalanti Ammayi Chakkanaina Abbayi]]<br />
| next_year =2013<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Anup Rubens]] and was released in Hyderabad on 27 March 2013. The soundtrack was distributed by Shreyas Music. [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]] penned four songs for the film. Producer [[Dil Raju]] was the chief guest and launched the audio CD. [[A. Karunakaran]], [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]], [[Surender Reddy]], Kona Venkat, Bandla Ganesh, and [[Jwala Gutta]] were other guests at the audio launch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/gunde-jaari-gallanthayyinde-music-launch-photos-106380.html |title=Photos: Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde music launched in style - Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228230140/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/gunde-jaari-gallanthayyinde-music-launch-photos-106380.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "Yemaindho Yemo Ee Vela", a hit song from [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]'', was remixed in the movie.<br />
<br />
{{Tracklist<br />
| collapsed = <br />
| headline = Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| total_length = 24.22<br />
| title1 = Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde<br />
| note1 = <br />
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Anup Rubens]], Shravani, Chorus<br />
| length1 = 04:08<br />
| title2 = Thu Hi Rey<br />
| note2 = <br />
| lyrics2 = Krishna Chaitanya<br />
| extra2 = [[Nikhil D'Souza]], [[Nithya Menen]]<br />
| length2 = 04:08<br />
| title3 = Ding Ding Ding<br />
| note3 = <br />
| lyrics3 = Krishna Chaitanya<br />
| extra3 = [[Nithiin]], Chaitra Ambadipudi, Ranjith, Anup Rubens, [[Thagubothu Ramesh]], [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]<br />
| length3 = 04:35<br />
| title4 = Neeve Neeve<br />
| note4 = <br />
| lyrics4 = Krishna Chaitanya<br />
| extra4 = [[Adnan Sami]]<br />
| length4 = 04:17<br />
| title5 = Yemaindho Yemo EE Vela<br />
| note5 = <br />
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br />
| extra5 = Ramki<br />
| length5 = 04:33<br />
| title6 = Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde<br />
| note6 = Rubens Club Mix<br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| extra6 = <br />
| length6 = 04:21<br />
| all_writing = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The movie completed 100 days in 18 centres all over Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states.<ref name="GJG 100 days">{{cite web |url=https://idlebrain.com/download/gundejaarigallanthayyinde.html |title=Gunde Jaari Gallanthyyinde 100 days posters |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511031741/http://www.idlebrain.com/download/gundejaarigallanthayyinde.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nitin interview">{{cite web |url=https://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nithin-gjg.html |title=Nithin interview about Gunde Jaari Gallanthyyinde |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420223129/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nithin-gjg.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
The movie was created on a budget of {{INR|11 crore|link=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=24 April 2013|title='Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde' likely to be remade in Tamil|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gunde-jaari-gallanthayyinde-likely-to-be-remade-in-tamil-113042400361_1.html|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514055233/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gunde-jaari-gallanthayyinde-likely-to-be-remade-in-tamil-113042400361_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was released in over 450 theatres worldwide, collecting {{INR}} 25.09 crores and becoming the biggest hit in Nithiin's career.<ref name="Collections">{{cite web |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/27717/gunde-jaari-gallanthayyinde-2-weeks-shares.html |title=2 Week's Collections for Gunde Jaari Gallanthyyinde |date=4 May 2013 |publisher=cinejosh.com }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] - [[Nithya Menen]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html|title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South|website=filmfare.com|access-date=26 August 2022|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020193231/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=tt2846134}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:2013 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Oman]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Abu Dhabi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanpur&diff=520435Nanpur2026-03-13T23:01:12Z<p>PranayMeesala: made some article needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Historical village in Mithila, Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Nanpur<br />
| official_name = Nanpur<br />
| native_name = नानपुर<br />
| native_name_lang = mai<br />
| other_name = Nanyapur<br />
| settlement_type = Block cum Village<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Region<br />
| subdivision_name2 = Mithila region<br />
| subdivision_type3 = District<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Sitamarhi district<br />
| named_for = King [[Nanyadeva]]<br />
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]<br />
| demographics_type1 = Language<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics_type2 = Language<br />
| demographics2_title1 = Mother language<br />
| demographics2_info1 = Maithili<br />
| footnotes = First capital of the Karnat Dynasty in Mithila<br />
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
'''Nanpur''' (Maithili: नानपुर) is a historical village in the [[Sitamarhi district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is situated near [[Pupri]] town of the Sitamarhi district. It was the first capital of the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]] in Mithila.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=226 वर्ष कर्णाट वंश:सीतामढ़ी के नानपुर में बनी थी पहली छावनी, नेपाल के सिमरौनागढ़ होते हुए दरभंगा बनी राजधानी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/darbhanga/news/the-first-cantonment-was-built-in-nanpur-of-sitamarhi-darbhanga-became-the-capital-via-simraunagarh-of-nepal-128789902.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kaustubh ) |first=डॉ कुमार कौस्तुभ ( Dr Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qY7EAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%9D%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 |title=चंपारण में मोतिहारी : एक खोज (Champaran me motihari : ek khoj) |date=2021-08-05 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=27 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Om Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNUCDQAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%9D%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 |title=Bihar Ek Etihasik Adhyayan |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-2349-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripāṭhī |first=Havaladāra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEKAQAAIAAJ |title=Bihara ki Nadiyam |date=1977 |publisher=Bihar Hindi Granth Academi |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
According to history of Mithila, [[Nanyadeva]] was the first king in the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]] of Mithila. Before 1097, he settled at Nanpur village after conquering the Mithila region. According to historians, before Nanyadeva, there was a king named Alark in Nanpur. It is said that the buried wealth of the king Alark was given to Nanyadeva. He then built a fort at Nanpur. He carved a golden snake and Sanskrit verse on it in the foundation of his fort in Nanpur. The place where the wealth was found, there still snake is worshiped.<ref name=":0" /> During the period of Karnat Dynasty in Mithila, the village was called as ''Nanyapur'' after the name of the king Nanyadeva. In the present time, the village is known as Nanpur.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
Later, the capital of the Karnat Dynasty shifted to [[Simraungadh (medieval city)|Simraungadh]] but the son [[Gangadeva]] of the king Nanyadeva remained in Nanpur. Gangadeva later established a village known as ''Gangwara'' near the Nanpur village.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{coord|26|26|23|N|85|39|54|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Sitamarhi district]]<br />
[[Category:Capitals of Mithila]]<br />
<br />
{{Sitamarhi-geo-stub}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrah&diff=465379Arrah2026-03-11T14:38:33Z<p>PranayMeesala: add page based on references per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the city in Bihar, India|}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Arrah<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = Ara<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Bihar by population|City]]<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|photo1a=Ara Junction.jpg|photo2a=Arrah City.jpeg|photo2b=Arrah- Chhapra Bridge, Ara (Bihar).jpeg|photo3a=Arrah City View.jpeg|size=280|spacing=1|position=centre|border=0|color=white}}<br />
| image_caption = Prominent places of Ara<br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25|33|05|N|84|39|37|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna division|Patna]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = [[Aranya Devi Temple, Arrah|Aranya Devi]]<br />
| government_type = Municipal Corporation<br />
| governing_body = [[Arrah Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| leader_title1 = Mayor<br />
| leader_name1 = Indu Devi<ref>{{cite web|title=e-Municipality Bihar |url=https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/CitizenHome.html# |website=nagarseva.bihar.gov.in |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref><br />
| leader_title2 = [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Sudama Prasad]]<br />
| leader_title3 = [[Arrah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA]]<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Sanjay Singh Tiger]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_metro_km2 = 49<br />
| area_metro_sq_mi = 18.919<br />
| blank1_name = Railway Station<br />
| blank1_info = [[Ara Junction railway station|Ara Junction]]<br />
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_note = <br />
| population_total = 261,430<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/176-arrah.html|title=Arrah City Population Census 2011–2019 {{pipe}} Bihar|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><br />
| population_demonym = Bhojpuriya<br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=9 August 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/><br />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional<br />
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]<br />
| postal_code = 802301, 802302 & 802312, 802313<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = +91-6182<br />
| registration_plate = BR-03<br />
| official_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Arrah''' (also spelled as '''Arra''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Garrick |first1=H. B. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1s8OAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22behar%22&pg=PA18 |title=Report of a Tour Through Behar, Central India, Peshawar, and Yusufzai, 1881-82 |last2=Cunningham |first2=Sir Alexander |date=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> '''Arah''',<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Francis Buchanan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281772 |title=An Account Of The District Of Shahabad In 1812-13 |date=1934}}</ref> transliterated as '''Ara''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bihar.com/dist_bhojpur.aspx|title=Bhojpur district full information|website=www.bihar.com}}</ref> is a city and a [[municipal corporation]] in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] (formerly known as [[Shahabad district]]) in the [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. During the [[British Raj]], it served as the administrative headquarters and was considered the most populous urban centre of the historical Shahabad district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=O'Malley |first=Lewis Sydney Steward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0_RAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22shahabad+district%22&pg=PA1 |title=Shahabad |date=1906 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Departmentôt |language=en}}</ref> It is the headquarters of [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] district, located near the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and [[Son river|Sone]] rivers, some {{cvt|24|miles}} from [[Danapur]] and {{cvt|36|miles}} from [[Patna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Ara.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ara, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The city holds an important position in [[Indian history]], mainly because of its role in the [[Siege of Arrah]], an important event during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Today, Arrah is a cultural centre for the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] speaking region of India. Its economy is driven by agriculture and the trade of building materials, mainly [[sand]] and [[brick]]s from the [[Floodplain|riverine plains]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
===Typonym===<br />
According to a Jain inscription found at Masarh village near the town, Arrah is mentioned there as ''Aramnagar'' ([[Literal translation|transl.]] City of [[Vihāra|Aramas]]). That "Aramnagar" later become "Arrah".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume5/28.pdf|title=Lion Motif in Mauryan Art: Indigenous or Foreign?|website=heritageuniversityofkerala.com|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rana|date=September 2019|title=Masarh : A Great Archaeo-Historic Site of Bihar|journal=J. P. University, Chapra|volume=63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862–1884, Volumes 3–23}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to mythologies, the word "Arrah" or "Ara" is derived from the Sanskrit word ''Aranya'', which means forest. It suggests that the entire area around modern Ara was heavily forested in the old days.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/history/ |title=History {{pipe}} Welcome To Bhojpur District {{pipe}} India |publisher=Bhojpur.nic.in |date=18 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="tourism">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Nishi |title=Tourism Perspective in Bihar |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=9788170249757 |page=77 |year=1999}}</ref><br />
<br />
The name '''Shahabad''' ("city of the king") is also historically related to Arrah. This name is said to have originated with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]] in 1529. In his memoir, the ''Baburnama'', Babur refers to the town he camped in as '''ārī''' or '''āre (آرِی)'''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Babur |first1=Emperor of Hindustan |url=http://archive.org/details/baburnamainengli02babuuoft |title=The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur) |last2=Beveridge |first2=Annette Susannah |date=1922 |publisher=London, Luzac |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> After a victory over local Afghan rulers, Babur established his camp at Arrah to proclaim his dominion over [[Bihar]]. The title "Shahabad" was reportedly first given to the town itself before the name was extended to encompass the entire district.<ref name="Ansari">{{cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Tahir Hussain |title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000651522 |pages=34–35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===In mythologies===<br />
According to the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', sage Vishwamitra, the Guru of [[Rama]], had his ''[[Ashram]]'' in the region of Arrah. It is also the area where Rama killed the demonness [[Tataka|Taraka]].<ref name="history" /><ref name="tourism"/> In [[Mahabharata]] it was the home of the powerful demon called ''Bakra'', whose daily food was human being supplied either by villages of ''Bakri'' or Chakrapur (or Ekchakra), as Arrah was then called. [[Pandava]] came to Ekchakra during their wandering and they were entertained by a [[Brahmin]] whose turn it was to supply a human for the demon. On hearing this, [[Bhima]] decided to go himself to the demon as he has eaten a Brahmin's salt, and killed the demon.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad|pages=151–152}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Ancient===<br />
[[File:Masarh lion sculpture.jpg|thumb|[[Masarh lion|The Masarh lion]], found at the archaeological site [[Masarh]]]]<br />
<br />
The 7th-century Chinese explorer [[Xuanzang]] described a place he called ''Mo-ho-so-lo'', which has been identified with the contemporary village of [[Masarh]]. He noted that the inhabitants were all ''[[Brahmin|Brāhmans]] who did not respect the law of [[The Buddha|Buddha]]'', This opinion supports historical analysis that [[Buddhism]], despite its prominence in the [[Magadha (region)|Magadha region]], never gained a significant hold in the [[Shahabad district]]. Archaeological evidence strengthens this opinion, noting a contrast with the neighbouring district of [[Gaya district|Gaya]]; while Buddhist images and temples are numerous there, such remains almost disappear as soon as one crosses the Son River into the Arrah region. Xuanzang recounts that a [[stupa]] was built in Arrah by the emperor [[Asoka]] to commemorate the spot where the Buddha had converted a group of people whom he called "demons of the desert" who fed on human flesh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862–1884, Volumes 3–23}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In ancient India, it was the part of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. In 684BC Arrah was the part of the region ruled by [[Haryanka dynasty]]. During [[Chandragupta Maurya]] Arrah was the part of the great [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]] empire. The [[Masarh lion|Pillars]] of [[Ashoka]] are found at the [[Masarh]] village in Arrah town.[http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume5/28.pdf]<br />
<br />
The region's inclusion in the [[Gupta Empire]] is established by an inscription at the [[Mundeshwari Temple|Mundeshvari Temple]] referencing a ruling chief in 635 A.D. and another at [[Deo Barunark|Deo Barunarak]] talking about the later Gupta king [[Jivita-gupta|Jivita Gupta]] II. After the decline of the Guptas, the area experienced a period of instability and relapsed into barbarism and anarchy, finally coming under the control of local aboriginal chiefs before the medieval era. Apart from such inscriptions, very early Hindu relics are almost as rare as Buddhist ones in the district, with few temples like [[Deo Barunark]] dating to a very early period.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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It was also the part of the [[Pala Empire]] and the [[Chero dynasty|Chero empire]]. [[Bihiya]] and Tirawan were the capitals of Chief Ghughulia and Raja Sitaram Rai respectively. Colonial-era accounts note that while the [[Chero chieftaincy|Cheros]] had lost political dominance, their descendants were still present in the region, particularly concentrated in the [[Behea, Bihar|Bihiya]] and the reclaimed jungles around [[Jagdishpur|Jagdispur]]. Historical sources also identify the [[Bhar]]s and Savars as other principal early inhabitants of the larger Shahabad district.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Medieval===<br />
After the takeover of the region by [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji|Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji]] around 1193 A.D., the area of modern-day Arrah came under the nominal control of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], though it was largely managed by local [[Rajput]] chiefs. For a period, it became part of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur Kingdom]] in 1397 before being reclaimed by the rulers of [[Delhi]]. Historical accounts suggest that even into the [[Mughal era]], the control of the central government was not stable, and local [[zamindar]]s often acted with practical independence.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
A major battle in the region's medieval history was the prolonged struggle between the indigenous [[Chero]] people and the immigrant [[Ujjainiya]] Rajputs, who arrived from [[Malwa]] in the 14th century. Led by Hunkar Shahi, the Ujjainiyas eventually displaced the Cheros, founding their territory as '''Bhojpur''' (Currenltly a village in [[Buxar district]]) in honour of their ancestor, [[Bhoja|Raja Bhoj]].<ref name="Gopal2017">{{cite book |author=Surendra Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT289 |title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times |date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-03416-6 |pages=289–295}}</ref><ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book |author1=Surinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA77 |title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia |author2=I. D. Gaur |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |pages=77}}</ref> The struggle continued for centuries, with the Cheros temporarily recapturing the territory in 1607 before being defeated again by the Ujjainiyas in 1611. The power of the Cheros was finally broken in the 16th century when [[Sher Shah Suri]] dispatched his general, [[Khawas Khan Marwat|Khawás Khán]], to subdue them, an act considered one of Sher Shah's major military accomplishments.<ref name=":0" /> In 1604 Chieftain Narayan Mal got a land grant from [[Jahangir]]. After that [[Raja Horil Singh]] shifted the capital to Dumrao and established [[Dumraon Raj]].<br />
<br />
In 1529, [[Babur]] conquered [[Bihar]] to subdue the local Afghan rulers and, after defeating the allied chiefs, he established his camp in Arrah to rejoice and assert his rule over the region. The ''Shahabad District Gazetteer'' records a local tradition identifying the place of his camp as being near the present-day Judge's Court.<ref name=":4" /> His personal memoirs record anecdotes from his time in the city, including riding out from his camp to see the local water lilies, whose seeds he noted resembled pistachio nuts.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bihar District Gazetteer: Shahabad |publisher=Secretarial Press |year=1966}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
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[[File:Unterredung zwischen Bahadur Khan und Mir Muizz al-Mulk.jpg|thumb|Meeting between Bahadur Khan and Akbar's negotiator Mu'izz al-Mulk (from [[Akbarnama]])]]<br />
<br />
During the [[Mughal Empire]], Arrah was as an important ''pargana'' (administrative unit). During [[Akbar|Akbar's]] rule, It was granted as a ''jagir'' (feudal land grant), first to Mi’r Mu’izzul-Mulk, who soon faced a rebellion in 1580 from other nobles in the province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blochmann |first=H. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32526 |title=Ain-i-akbari Vol. 1 |date=1873}}</ref> Later when the ''[[jagirdar]]'' of Arrah was Farhat Khan, the town became a center of a major conflict with the local Ujjainiya chieftain, Gajpati. These rebels temporarily seized control of Arrah from Mi’r Mu’izzul-Mulk. According to [[Akbarnama]], Mi’r Mu’izzul-Mulk granted an interview to another rebel, Bahádur, but took an uncompromising stance, stating that "his crimes could only be cleansed with blood". During this period, Unable to confront Gajpati's large force, Farhat Khan retreated in the fort at Arrah. The ensuing struggle involved battles near the fort and on the [[Sone River]], which ultimately led to the deaths of both Farhat Khan and his son Farhang Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beveridge |first=H. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189291 |title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol. 3 |date=1907}}</ref>[[File:Babur crossing the river Son.jpg|thumb|left|[[Babur]] crossing the Son River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/Baburnama/Baburnama.htm |title=Baburnama |date=1590s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017192134/http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/Baburnama/Baburnama.htm |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
===Modern===<br />
<br />
==== British Rule ====<br />
Colonial-era ethnographers like [[George Abraham Grierson]] characterised the Bhojpuri-speaking people of the Shahabad district as having a strong warlike tradition. Grierson described them as an "alert and active nationality", noting that the region provided a "rich mine of recruitment" for the [[Bengal Army]] of the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In spite of its role as the administrative center for the whole [[Shahabad district]] under British rule, Arrah's appropriateness for this position drew early disapproval. In a survey of the region in 1812-13, the British official [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]] documented his incomprehension over the choice, concluding that Arrah was not a center of trade, was hard to access, and was not salubrious (healthy). He suggested a complete administrative restructuring, proposing that a more central and healthier place for the courts could be found if the district's boundaries were redrawn along the natural barriers of the Ganges, Son, and Karmanasa rivers. His observations pointed to broader planning issues, as he also found that many police houses were awkwardly and non-centrally located within their respective subdivisions.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
The 18th century, which saw the downfall of the Mughal Empire and the rise of [[Britishers in India|Britishers]], was a turbulent period for the region. The area around Arrah witnessed military campaigns, including a battle at [[Jagdishpur|Jagdispur]] in 1744, where the rebellious general of [[Alivardi Khan]], Mustafá Khán, was defeated and killed. The following year, a large [[Maratha Army]] under [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] made a major incursion into Bihar, camping in the vicinity of the district. The local zamindars of Bhojpur often acted as independent powers; in 1762, when the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]], [[Mir Qasim]], marched to Shahabad to assert his authority, these zamindars resisted and then fled to seek refuge with the [[Nawab of Awadh]]. In 1764, the Nawab of Awadh, [[Shuja-ud-Daula|Shuja-ud-daula]], led an army into Shahabad which caused widespread devastation, burning and plundering the countryside before entrenching itself at Buxar.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Def-of-arrah-1857-ILN.jpg|thumb|alt="Sketch of a fortified house, with two sepoys in front of it."|''House at Arrah fortified against the Dinapore Mutineers – From a sketch by Sir Vincent Eyre, 1857'' from the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'' (1857)|300px]]<br />
<br />
After the [[Battle of Buxar]] the British took control over Arrah. However, British control was not immediately secure. The area was affected by the revolt of [[Maharaja Chait Singh|Chait Singh]], the [[Raja of Benares]], in 1781. Chait Singh's family had previously seized parts of the north-western Shahabad district to establish a strategic base, and his rebellion continued the pattern of regional opposition to centralised authority.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==== Revolt of 1857 ====<br />
{{See also|Siege of Arrah|Two Months In Arrah}}<br />
According to historical accounts, after the outbreak of the rebellion in May 1857, the government officers in Arrah, including Magistrate Herwald Wake, resolved to remain in the town. A local railway engineer, Vicars Boyle, fortified a small two-storied building (present [[Arrah House]]) to serve as a defensive position. On 25 July, sepoy regiments that had mutinied at [[Dinapore]] reached Arrah and were joined by [[Kunwar Singh]] and his forces, which numbered around 2,000 men. The small European and Eurasian contingent, accompanied by 50 Sikh policemen, barricaded themselves inside Boyle's fortified house on 26 July and withstood a week-long siege.<ref name=":0" /><br />
[[File:Kunvar singh.jpg|thumb|'''Kooer Singh''']]<br />
On 26 July, the small European and Eurasian contingent of roughly 16 individuals, accompanied by 50 Sikh policemen, barricaded themselves inside Boyle's fortified house. For a week, this garrison was besieged by a force estimated to be in the thousands. An initial British force of about 415 soldiers dispatched from Dinapore to end the siege was ambushed on 29 July. The force, whose white summer uniforms made them visible targets in the dark, was forced to retreat and sustained heavy casualties. During this retreat, two civilians, [[Ross Mangles]] and [[William Fraser McDonell]], were recognised for their actions in saving the lives of wounded soldiers, and both were subsequently awarded the Victoria Cross.<ref name=":0" /><br />
[[File:Ross Mangles.jpg|thumb|Illustration of British Civilian [[Ross Mangles]] rescuing a wounded soldier]]<br />
The siege concluded on 2 August, when a second British force of around 150 soldiers and volunteers, led by [[Vincent Eyre]], advanced from [[Buxar]]. Eyre's column engaged and defeated Kunwar Singh's army in a battle near the village of Gujrajganj and reached the besieged garrison<ref name="JohnJamesHalls">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/twomonthsinarrah00hallrich|quote=arrah.|title=Two months in Arrah in 1857|first=John James|last=Halls|date=7 July 1860|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Arrah|volume=2|page=642}}</ref><br />
<br />
The relief of the Arrah house did not end the rebellion in the area. For several months afterward, the forces of Kunwar Singh remained in control of the countryside, particularly the jungles around [[Jagdishpur|Jagdispur]]. British campaigns to subdue them, first under [[Edward Lugard]] and later under General Douglas, were hampered by the difficult terrain and monsoon rains. During this period, rebel parties were highly active in the region and at one point swooped down upon Arrah, and fired a number of bungalows. The conflict in the district only subsided in October 1857, after a large-scale operation to encircle the rebels. Though the main body of Kunwar Singh's forces managed to break through the cordon and escape towards the [[Kaimur Range|Kaimur hills]], they suffered heavy losses during a pursuit led by [[Henry Havelock]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==== Later 19th century ====<br />
The latter half of the 19th century was marked by development of agriculture after the start of the Sone Canal System, which spurred a period of population growth in the district largely driven by an influx of immigrants.<ref name=":0" /> The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by significant demographic volatility due to famine, fever, and plague.<br />
<br />
The city was affected by the [[1863–1875 cholera pandemic|fourth Cholera Pandemic]]. According to a 1873 report by the [[Civil surgeon|Civil Surgeon]] of [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]], J. H. Thornton, the disease first appeared in the town of Arrah on 7 May 1873. While its initial progress was slow, the cases increased after 20 June. The report provides figures for Arrah and its neighbouring villages (a total population of about 40,000 at the time). From 7 May until the report was written in late July, the town recorded 836 cases and 372 deaths. The period between 28 June and 19 July was the most devastating, accounting for a majority of the casualties. The epidemic also notably broke out in the Arrah jail on 25 June, which was the subject of a separate special report. Measures like burning sulphur fires were employed throughout the town but proved ineffective. The epidemic only began to abate with the arrival of the monsoon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=J. H. |date=1 June 1874 |title=Report on Cholera in the Shahabad District |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=146–147 |issn=0019-5863 |pmc=5128170 |pmid=28995022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The district was affected by the famine of 1896-97, and fever was a persistent cause of high mortality. Plague, however, was particularly devastating to the urban population after its appearance in the district around 1901. In the year 1903, Arrah experienced an exceptionally high mortality rate of 53.56 per thousand residents. The primary driver of this was plague, which alone was responsible for a death rate of 35.04 per thousand in the town that year. This series of public health crises contributed to a notable decline in the city's population in the first decade of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad|isbn=8172681224|pages=151|last1=O'Malley|first1=L. S. S.|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref> In 1911 the king of England George V visited Arrah and prayed at the [[Holy Saviour Church, Arrah|Holy Saviour Church]].<ref>{{cite news |title=जार्ज पंचम की प्रार्थना को ले बना था होली सेवियर चर्च |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-the-request-was-made-to-the-holy-saviour-church-george-13350561.html |access-date=21 August 2020 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteer: Shahabad |year=1924 |pages=37}}</ref><br />
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During this late 19th-century period, public health conditions in the town were noted as being more advanced than in surrounding rural areas, with Arrah being the only town in the district to possess a pure water-supply, though drainage remained an issue. The era also saw social upheaval, including an outburst of religious excitement in 1893-94 related to an [[Cow protection movement|anti-cow-killing]] agitation in the district.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Arrah is located at the elevation of 192 m from the sea level at the bank of [[Son river]], [[Ganga River]] and Gangi River.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/about-district/ |title=About District {{pipe}} Welcome To Bhojpur District {{pipe}} India |publisher=Bhojpur.nic.in |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref> Arrah lies at the confluence of the [[Ganga]] and the [[Son River]], other small rivers that flow in the town are [[Gangi River]].<br />
<br />
The [[Sone River|Son River]] joins the Ganges about 10 miles north of [[Maner, Bihar|Maner]], at a point roughly halfway amid Arrah and [[Danapur]]. Old accounts from the 19th century note that the course of the Ganges in this area has been unsteady. The village of [[Masarh]], for instance, was once situated close to the Ganges, but by the late 1800s, the river had moved nine miles away. A gradual southward shift of the riverbed was observed to have begun around 1860.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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The geography of the region around Arrah consists mainly of flat [[alluvial plain]]s which slope northwards towards the Ganges. This area can be subdivided into two parts: a narrow strip of recent alluvial deposits along the Ganges, and a larger expanse of older alluvium to the south. The soil of the plains of Arrah were historically classified with specific names. Early 19th-century surveys documented the terminology for the primary clay soils that sustained the city: '''Karel''' or '''Kebal''' for the ash-colored varieties and '''Gorangth''' for the yellowish ones.<ref name=":3" /> The northern riparian tract was historically subject to regular flooding from the Ganges, often remaining underwater for up to four months during the rainy season. This annual inundation deposited a rich layer of silt, which created exceptionally fertile soil for magnificent cold weather crops. Following the floods, the land would be ploughed and sown with [[wheat]], [[barley]], and pulse, which were known to produce abundant harvests with relatively little effort.<ref name=":0" /> Historically, the plains of the city were divided using local lexicons. The lowlands along the Ganges, subject to flooding every year, were called '''Hetha''', while the adjacent uplands above the old river bank were known as '''Uparar'''.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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The Ganga river acts as northern boundary of the town and due to alluvial deposit the area is very fertile and considered as best wheat growing area of Bihar. The eastern boundary of the town is the Son river which separates and Bhojpuri and Magahi speaking regions of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geographical Structure|url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/geographical-structure/|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref><br />
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During the [[British Raj]] Arrah was the part of Bengal presidency. The land of the city is fertile and most used for cultivation with very low forest cover. The main crops that are grown here are rice, mango and [[Madhuca longifolia|mahuaa]].<br />
<br />
=== The Son River ===<br />
The [[Sone River|Son River]] outlines the eastern border of the Arrah region. It joins the Ganges about 10 miles north of [[Maner, Bihar|Maner]], at a point roughly midway between Arrah and [[Danapur]]. The river is characterised by a intense seasonal transformation. In the Summers, it is often a narrow stream within a vast bed of sand, but during the monsoon, it swells rapidly from its 21,000-square-mile catchment basin, with flood discharges reaching up to 830,000 cubic feet per second, causing short-lived but intense floods in the adjacent plains.<ref name=":0" /> The canal system itself was not immune; the Arrah Canal was breached during a flood in July 1876 and again during a severe flood in September 1901, when its banks broke and floodwaters poured into many parts of Arrah, destroying some of the small hamlets on its outskirts.<br />
<br />
The riverbed consists almost entirely of sand, which gives the water a reddish, gold-tinged look. This is reflected in its old name, ''Hiranyabáhu'' ("golden-armed"), which historians identify with the '''Erannoboas''' river mentioned by the Greek historian [[Megasthenes]] in the 3rd century BCE. Ancient sources note that the Son's course has gradually shifted westward over centuries; in ancient times, it flowed much further east and joined the Ganges near the ancient city of [[Pataliputra]]. [[Mughal Era|Mughal-era]] texts like the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' mention local beliefs that the river had the power to petrify objects and contained sacred ''shaligram'' stones.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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=== Fauna ===<br />
Colonial-era source describe the region around Arrah as having once been abundant in wildlife, though populations diminished significantly with the expansion of cultivation after the introduction of the canal system. In the plains and the alluvial tract bordering the Ganges, animals such as the [[nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''), [[Blackbuck|black buck]], [[spotted deer]], and [[hog deer]] (''Cervus axis'') were found. Animals common throughout the district included the wild [[pig]], [[jackal]], [[fox]], and [[hare]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The rivers like the Son and Ganges were home to the fish-eating crocodile ([[gharial]]) and the [[Mugger crocodile|mugger]] crocodile, the latter of which was known to sometimes attack people. The area was also noted for a wide variety of game-birds, with the barred-headed goose, black-backed goose, and [[grey goose]] being very common, alongside numerous species of wild duck, [[teal]], [[partridge]], [[quail]], and [[peafowl]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
The climate is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] sub-type for this climate is "[[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]" (Humid Subtropical Climate).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=120541&cityname=Arrah,+Bihar,+India&units=|title=Arrah, India Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase}}</ref><br />
{{Weather box|width=auto<br />
|location = Arrah<br />
|single line = Yes<br />
|metric first = Yes<br />
|Jan high F = 73<br />
|Feb high F = 78<br />
|Mar high F = 90<br />
|Apr high F = 99<br />
|May high F = 100<br />
|Jun high F = 96<br />
|Jul high F = 91<br />
|Aug high F = 89<br />
|Sep high F = 90<br />
|Oct high F = 89<br />
|Nov high F = 82<br />
|Dec high F = 75<br />
|year high F = 88<br />
|Jan low F = 51<br />
|Feb low F = 55<br />
|Mar low F = 64<br />
|Apr low F = 74<br />
|May low F = 78<br />
|Jun low F = 80<br />
|Jul low F = 80<br />
|Aug low F = 80<br />
|Sep low F = 79<br />
|Oct low F = 73<br />
|Nov low F = 61<br />
|Dec low F = 52<br />
|year low F = 69<br />
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.6<br />
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.7<br />
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.4<br />
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.3<br />
|May precipitation inch = 1.4<br />
|Jun precipitation inch = 7.1<br />
|Jul precipitation inch = 11.6<br />
|Aug precipitation inch = 13.1<br />
|Sep precipitation inch = 8.6<br />
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.3<br />
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.3<br />
|Dec precipitation inch = 0.2<br />
|year precipitation inch = 46.7<br />
|Jan precipitation days = 1.4<br />
|Feb precipitation days = 1.7<br />
|Mar precipitation days = 1<br />
|Apr precipitation days = 0.7<br />
|May precipitation days = 3<br />
|Jun precipitation days = 10.1<br />
|Jul precipitation days = 14<br />
|Aug precipitation days = 15.1<br />
|Sep precipitation days = 8.1<br />
|Oct precipitation days = 4<br />
|Nov precipitation days = 0.8<br />
|Dec precipitation days = 0.6<br />
|year precipitation days = 60.5<br />
|source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name=Weatherbase><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=120541&cityname=Arrah%2C+Bihar%2C+India&units=|publisher=Weatherbase<br />
|title=Weatherbase.com<br />
|year=2013<br />
}}<br />
Retrieved on 31 July 2013.<br />
</ref><br />
|date=July 2013<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Geology ===<br />
Arrah is situated within the geological landscape of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], which is primarily characterised by an unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sequence of Quaternary sediments. These sediments unconformably overlie the [[Precambrian|Pre-Cambrian]] [[Vindhyan]] Supergroup rocks at a depth of approximately 100 to 1200 meters below ground level. While the Vindhyan Supergroup rocks are not exposed on the surface, they have been encountered in borewells in the southern part of the district at a depth of around 150 meters.{{Sfn|Government of Bihar|2022}}<br />
<br />
Tectonically, the region is located between two sub-surface ridges: the Munger-Saharsa Ridge to the east and the Vindhyan Ridge to the west. The area is intersected by major regional faults, most notably the NE-SW trending West Patna Fault (WPF), which passes through the middle of the area. Movements along these active faults, which accommodate the stress from the Indian Plate's northward movement, have been responsible for major historical earthquakes in the broader region, such as those in 1833, 1934, and 1988.{{Sfn|Sahu|2013}}<br />
<br />
The main geological formations of the region are:<br />
<br />
* '''Mohanpur Formation (Middle to Upper [[Pleistocene]]):''' Comprises oxidised yellow plastic clay and mottled silty clay with kankar.<br />
* '''Ramgarh Formation ([[Holocene]]):''' A linear deposit of unconsolidated sandy silt, clayey silt, and sand.<br />
* '''Durgawati Formation (Holocene):''' The youngest formation, representing the deposits of the present-day floodplain and river channels, consisting of unconsolidated sandy silt, clay, and pebbly sand.{{Sfn|Government of Bihar|2022}}<br />
While the Bhojpur district contains all three types of land, Arrah is situated primarily on the '''Mohanpur Formation'''.{{Sfn|Sahu|2013}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{see also|List of cities in Bihar}}<br />
<br />
=== Current demographics ===<br />
As per the 2011 census, [[Arrah Municipal Corporation]] had a total population of 261,099, out of which 139,319 were males and 121,780 were females. It had a sex ratio of 874. The population below 5 years was 34,419. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population was 83.41 per cent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 16 April 2012}}</ref> However, the population is not uniformly housed; a 2019 study identified 20 distinct slum pockets within the city, reflecting challenges in urban housing and development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Shiv Kumar |date=December 2019|title=Case Study of Slums: Ara |url=http://www.aryavartsvs.org.in/uploaded_book/97.%20Shiv%20Kumar%20Singh,%20Rohtas%20(Bihar).pdf |journal=Aryavart Shodh Vikas Patrika |volume=11 |issue=14}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Historical demographics ===<br />
In the early 19th century, the population of the old [[Shahabad district]] was estimated at around 1.4 million. Following the first regular census in 1872, the population grew gradually, reaching over 2 million by 1891. This growth was attributed in large part to the development of cultivation and the arrival of immigrants due to the construction of the Son Canals. A significant portion of this migration was concentrated in the Arrah.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
However, the census of 1901 recorded a district-wide population decline. This was primarily due to a severe eruption of [[Plague (disease)|plague]] just before the census, which, while not causing extreme mortality, created widespread alarm that caused an migration of temporary settlers and labourers. This effect was reportedly most noticeable in the Arrah. Despite this impermanent decline, the population density around Arrah was the highest in the district, with a recorded density of 890 persons per square mile.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Throughout this period, Arrah was the main urban centre, accounting for approximately two-fifths of the total urban population of the Shahabad district. The district was also a major source of indentured labour for the British colonies; in the decade ending in 1901, the Shahabad district supplied nearly half of all emigrants from the province of Bengal.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Social statistics from the colonial era noted that the Shahabad district had a marked excess of females over males, with a ratio of 1,096 females per 1,000 males. Religiously, the population was predominantly [[Hindus|Hindu]]. The [[Census in British India|1901 census]] recorded a small [[Christians|Christian]] community of 375 people in the district, mostly of European or Eurasian descent, with a congregation of about 50 local Christians attached to the Lutheran mission in Arrah. The [[Jainism|Jain]] population, numbering 449 at the time, was noted as being "almost entirely confined to the town of Arrah.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==== Historical caste composition ====<br />
According to the 1901 Census of India, the five most numerous Hindu castes in the Shahabad district were the [[Ahir]]s, [[Brahmin]]s, [[Rajput]]s, [[Koeri]]s, and [[Chamar]]s, who together accounted for nearly half the total population. The Ahirs (or Goálás) were the largest single caste, making up 13% of the district's population. They were noted as being particularly dominant in the Arrah, which was home to nearly 50,000 members of the caste. While their traditional occupation was herding, a large number had taken up agriculture<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
{{Pie chart| thumb = right| caption = Languages in Arrah (2011 census)<ref name="CensusLanguageDistribution">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10236/download/13348/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><br />
|label1=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value1=77.16<br />
|color1=Yellow<br />
|label2=[[Hindi]] |value2=12.51 |color2=Orange<br />
|label3=[[Urdu]] |value3=9.96 |color3=Green<br />
|label4=Others |value4=0.37 |color4=Pink<br />
}}<br />
[[Hindi]] is the official language with [[Urdu]] being the additional official.<ref name="langoff"/> [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is the most commonly spoken language, followed by Hindi and [[Urdu]].<ref name="CensusLanguageDistribution"/><br />
<br />
==Government and politics==<br />
===Administration===<br />
The Arrah sub-division ([[Tehsil]]) is headed by an IAS or state Civil service officer of the rank of [[Sub Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM).<br />
<br />
====Blocks====<br />
The Arrah Tehsil is divided into 8 [[Community development block|Block]]s, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO). List of Blocks is as follows:<br />
# Arrah<br />
# [[Agiaon]]<br />
# [[Barhara]]<br />
# [[Koilwar]]<br />
# [[Udwantnagar|Udwant Nagar]]<br />
# [[Sandesh, Bihar|Sandesh]]<br />
# [[Sahar, Bihar|Sahar]]<br />
# [[Garhani]]<br />
<br />
===Civic administration===<br />
{{See also|List of villages in Arrah block|Arrah Municipal Corporation}}<br />
<br />
Arrah is the headquarters of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]]. On 1 June 1865, the town constituted into a municipality which later became municipal corporation, which currently divides the city in 45 wards.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad|pages=151}}</ref> Each ward elects its ward commissioner and, the Mayor is chosen through indirect election in which ward commissioners from respective wards cast their votes.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
!Ward No.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=Rohit |last2=Sadaf |date=18 May 2025 |title=Spatial pattern of solid waste generation in Ara city, Bihar |url=https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/?year=2025&vol=11&issue=5&part=D&ArticleId=12573 |journal=International Journal of Applied Research |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=286–291 |doi=10.22271/allresearch.2025.v11.i5d.12573 |issn=2394-5869|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
!Population (2011)<br />
!Projected Population (2024)<br />
!''Land area in km<sup>2</sup>''<br />
!Pop. density<br />
''per km<sup>2</sup>'' ''<sup>(2024)</sup>''<br />
!Map of Arrah<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |1<br />
|3950<br />
|5590<br />
|1.345<br />
|4154<br />
| rowspan="24" |[[File:Map of wards of Arrah city.png|center|thumb|Map of wards of Arrah]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |2<br />
|4550 <br />
|6439<br />
|1.5<br />
|4274<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |3<br />
|5538<br />
|7837<br />
|0.7<br />
|11330<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |4<br />
|3373<br />
|4773<br />
|0.15<br />
|31003<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |5<br />
|6020<br />
|8519<br />
|0.83<br />
|10186<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |6<br />
|4133<br />
|5849<br />
|0.21<br />
|27336<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |7<br />
|4368<br />
|6181<br />
|0.19<br />
|31652<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |8<br />
|4560<br />
|6453<br />
|0.07<br />
|88452<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |9<br />
|4,653<br />
|6,627<br />
|0.06<br />
|94,941<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |10<br />
|4,405<br />
|6,623<br />
|0.14<br />
|43399<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |11<br />
|7477<br />
|10581<br />
|2.28<br />
|4631<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |12<br />
|4,400<br />
|6,226<br />
|0.39<br />
|16,061<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |13<br />
|4,646<br />
|6,574<br />
|1.23<br />
|5319<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |14<br />
|10,420<br />
|14,745<br />
|0.28<br />
|52,134<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |15<br />
|8,438<br />
|11,940<br />
|0.58<br />
|20,532<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |16<br />
|2,951<br />
|4,176<br />
|0.57<br />
|7,278<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |17<br />
|6,113<br />
|8,659<br />
|0.42<br />
|20,406<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |18<br />
|3,015<br />
|4,266<br />
|0.28<br />
|14,931<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |19<br />
|4,533<br />
|6,415<br />
|0.38<br />
|16,785<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |20<br />
|5,134<br />
|7,265<br />
|0.18<br />
|39,894<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |21<br />
|3,559<br />
|5,036<br />
|0.12<br />
|40,947<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |22<br />
|5,476<br />
|7,749<br />
|0.14<br />
|53,711<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |23<br />
|4,170<br />
|5,901<br />
|0.13<br />
|44,872<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |24<br />
|7,277<br />
|10,298<br />
|0.18<br />
|57,233<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |25<br />
|6,825<br />
|9,658<br />
|0.11<br />
|85,001<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |26<br />
|6,987<br />
|9,887<br />
|0.1<br />
|99,654<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |27<br />
|7,439<br />
|10,527<br />
|0.15<br />
|71,533<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |28<br />
|3,320<br />
|4,698<br />
|0.16<br />
|28,798<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |29<br />
|4,528<br />
|6,407<br />
|0.35<br />
|18,019<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |30<br />
|4,610<br />
|6,524<br />
|0.3<br />
|22,036<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |31<br />
|5,878<br />
|8,318<br />
|0.31<br />
|26,420<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |32<br />
|5,988<br />
|8,473<br />
|0.98<br />
|8,677<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |33<br />
|8,633<br />
|12,259<br />
|0.28<br />
|43,453<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |34<br />
|7,232<br />
|10,342<br />
|1.01<br />
|10,046<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |35<br />
|6,249<br />
|8,843<br />
|1.95<br />
|4516<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |36<br />
|6,634<br />
|9,388<br />
|2.18<br />
|4,301<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |37<br />
|7,544<br />
|10,675<br />
|0.28<br />
|37,525<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |38<br />
|8,534<br />
|12,076<br />
|0.2<br />
|58,738<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |39<br />
|5,371<br />
|7,600<br />
|0.16<br />
|45,989<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |40<br />
|4,544<br />
|6,430<br />
|0.25<br />
|25,691<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |41<br />
|4,024<br />
|5,694<br />
|0.25<br />
|22,904<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |42<br />
|11,333<br />
|16,047<br />
|1.06<br />
|15,043<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |43<br />
|8,377<br />
|11,854<br />
|0.55<br />
|21,464<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |44<br />
|6,819<br />
|9,649<br />
|0.85<br />
|11,239<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |45<br />
|7,342<br />
|10,390<br />
|5.81<br />
|1786<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Modern challenges ===<br />
<br />
==== Solid waste management ====<br />
Solid waste management is a major challenge for the city. A 2025 study by researchers at [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]] noted that with a projected 2024 population of 369,944, Arrah generates approximately 110 tons of solid waste daily. The average per capita generation is 0.450&nbsp;kg per day. The composition of this waste is sourced from residential areas (50%), street sweeping and drains (30%), commercial establishments (15%), and institutions (5%).<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
According to the study, the Ara Municipal Corporation, which handles waste management with 1212 employees, faces significant challenges. Of the 110 tons generated daily, only 2 tons are processed through composting. The remaining 108 tons are disposed of without treatment, a situation exacerbated by the lack of a scientific landfill site in the city. The research highlights that waste generation varies spatially across the city's 45 wards, with higher population density directly correlating with higher waste production.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==== Groundwater contamination ====<br />
These Quaternary sediments make the region part of the vast [[Ganges Basin|Ganga Basin]], which holds nearly 40% of India's replenishable groundwater. However, these same geological conditions present significant environmental challenges. A major concern is the geogenic [[contamination of groundwater]], particularly with elevated levels of [[arsenic]] (As). Bhojpur district, for which Arrah is the headquarters, is one of the worst-affected areas in Bihar. A 2003 study recorded an alarming arsenic level of 1654 μg/L in the groundwater of Semaria Ojhapatti village. This is critically high compared to the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation's]] safe limit of 10 μg/L and the Indian government's permissible limit of 50 μg/L, posing a severe health risk to the population that relies on groundwater for drinking.{{Sfn|Sahu|2013}}<br />
<br />
=== Sand mining and environmental impact ===<br />
While mining of [[Sand]] is a district-wide activity, its environmental and regulatory aspects are relevant to Arrah as the administrative headquarters. The increasing demand for sand due to rapid urbanisation has led to extensive mining in the district, which has notable environmental impacts. Unsustainable extraction can lead to the erosion of river banks and alter the river's geometry and bed elevation.{{Sfn|Government of Bihar|2022}}<br />
<br />
To mitigate these impacts, mining in the district is regulated by the Sustainable Sand Mining Guidelines, 2016 and the Enforcement & Monitoring Guidelines for Sand Mining (EMGSM) January 2020. These guidelines stipulate:{{Sfn|Government of Bihar|2022}}<br />
<br />
* A mining depth restricted to 3 metres or the water level, whichever is less.<br />
* Prohibitions on diverting streams for mining.<br />
* Measures to control noise and air pollution.<br />
* Requirements for the reclamation of mined-out areas and restoration of affected flora.<br />
* The implementation of risk assessment and disaster management plans for mining operations.<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
The economy of Arrah is closely tied to the broader economic activities of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], for which it serves as the main administrative and commercial center. The city's economy has a low degree of industrialisation, with industries covering just 0.51% of its land area.<ref name=":2" /> While agriculture has been historically significant, the regional economy has seen a major influence from the mineral sector in recent years. The alluvial deposits of Ganga river is considered suitable for brick making, the city mainly produces the revenue through building materials like sand and bricks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District survey report of Bhojpur, Bihar|url=http://mines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Bhojpur.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjM0s_XxKjrAhWPzTgGHRqFBdgQFjAdegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw0QHaBcHyhxoeMzkGNmzCrF&cshid=1597884941394|website=Department of Mines & Geology, Government of Bihar Vikas Bhawan New Secreteriat, Patna}}</ref><br />
<br />
Historically, the region's economy has been defined by its agriculture, which was significantly transformed by the [[Sone Canal System]] in the late 19th century. The [[Arrah Canal]], a major component of this system, was designed to irrigate nearly 150,000 acres in the old [[Shahabad district]]. A 1875 report stated that the canal system was expected to provide the district with "an entire immunity from future famines".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWcbNkEUmhAC&dq=%22arrah+canal%22&pg=PA170 |title=A Statistical Account of Bengal |date=1877 |publisher=Trübner & Company |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Across the Bhojpur district, sand mining from the Son and Ganga rivers is a major economic driver. Although the mining ghats (sites) are located along the rivers, the industry's administration, logistics, and economic benefits are centered in Arrah. The sand extracted in the district is a key component in concrete and is used extensively in construction. Industrial sand from the region is also used to make glass, as foundry sand, and as an abrasive.{{Sfn|Government of Bihar|2022}}<br />
<br />
===District mineral production and revenue===<br />
The production of sand for the entire Bhojpur district from 2015 to 2019 was as follows:{{Sfn|Government of Bihar|2022}}<br />
<br />
* '''2015:''' 160,633,523 cft<br />
* '''2016:''' 60,211,630 cft<br />
* '''2017:''' 58,707,174 cft<br />
* '''2018:''' 244,904,600 cft<br />
* '''2019:''' 281,811,800 cft<br />
<br />
Consequently, the revenue generated from the mineral sector for the Bhojpur district saw a significant increase:{{Sfn|Government of Bihar|2022}}<br />
* '''2015-2016:''' ₹9625.6 lakhs<br />
* '''2016-2017:''' ₹9270.6 lakhs<br />
* '''2017-2018:''' ₹7966.61 lakhs<br />
* '''2018-2019:''' ₹17353.15 lakhs<br />
* '''2019-2020:''' ₹19623.42 lakhs<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
[[File:Gangi River, Arrah.jpg|thumb|Chhath Celebration at [[Gangi River]]]]<br />
<br />
Arrah's native language is [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]. [[Bhojpuri cuisine]] includes [[Litti|Litti-Chokha]], Makuni ([[Paratha]] stuffed with roasted gram flour), [[Dal Pitthi]], [[Pittha]], [[Aaloo Dum]], Jaaur ([[Kheer]]). The main snack and sweets are [[Khurma (Sweet)|Khurma]] (sweets made of [[Chhena]]), [[Thekua]], Pudukiya, Patal ke [[Mithai (confectionery)|Mithai]], [[Anarsa]], Gargatta and Laktho. Some of the drinks are Satuā, Amjhor, Taadi and Māthā.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bihar's sweet cuisines gourmet's delight|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihars-sweet-cuisines-gourmets-delight/articleshow/53308602.cms|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cityscape ==<br />
=== Urban structure and land use ===<br />
Arrah's urban structure is its significant semi-agrarian landscape. Within the city's 3,136-hectare boundary, nearly half of the land (49.01%) is used for agriculture, a stark contrast to the area dedicated to urban functions. Residential zones comprise just 9.47% of the total area, concentrated in compact zones, while the primary commercial hub is centered around Ara Chowk. Industrial use is minimal at 0.51%, with other uses like administrative, educational, and recreational facilities occupying smaller portions of the landscape.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Shiv Kumar |date=2013–2014 |title=Urban Land Use: Ara |url=http://www.aryavartsvs.org.in/uploaded_book/96.%20Shiv%20Kumar%20Singh,%20Rohtas%20(Bihar).pdf |journal=Aryavart Shodh Vikas Patrika |volume=2 |issue=14}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Notable sites===<br />
[[File:Arrah House.jpg|thumb|Arrah House|alt=Arrah House.jpg]]<br />
Arrah is a holy place for Jains and there are 44 Jain temples in the city.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bhāratīya saṃskr̥tike vikāsameṃ Jaina vāṅmayakā avadāna, Volume 2 |publisher=Akhila Bhāratavarshīya Digambara Jaina Vidvatparishad |year=1983}}</ref> There is a centuries-old Jain temple of [[Parashanatha Temple, Arrah|Parashanatha]] in the [[Masarh]] village. One such temple is located at Dhanupra on the Arrah-Koilwar road, which was built in 1815.<ref name=":0" /> Some notable places of Arrah are:<br />
<br />
====Aranya Devi Temple====<br />
This is a temple of Aranya Devi (Forest Goddess). She is said to be the deity goddess of Ara town. Here one statue is of Adi Shakti and the second is established by the Pandavas. The temple is very old and draws many devotees every day. It is situated at the top of stone boulders.<ref name="Places">{{cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=Tourism |url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/tourism/ |access-date=3 March 2020 |publisher=Bhojpur.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tilak |first=Sudha G. |title=Temple Tales: Secrets and Stories from India's Sacred Places |publisher=Hachette UK}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Maulabagh Mosque====<br />
This mosque was built in 1814 under the auspices of John Deane, a member of the East India Company's service. The structure is described as being of a mixed [[Saracen]]ic style with three domes and eight minarets, and is maintained by an endowment fund.<ref name=":0" /> He had a [[Mohammedan]] wife with whom he lived 20 years with 6 children.<ref>Ghosh, Durga, Sex and the family in colonial India: The Making of Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2006, page 123</ref> After his death in 1817, he was buried in the outer garden of [[Maulabagh, Arrah|Maulabagh Mosque]] (called as Bibi Jaan ke Hata or Handa) where his tomb can still be seen.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=L. S. S. |title=Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=8172681224 |pages=156}}</ref> This mosques is also mentioned by British officers in their writings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halls |title=Two months in Arrah |year=1860}}</ref><ref name="Places" /><br />
<br />
=== Jama Masjid ===<br />
The city's Jama Masjid is a Saracenic building featuring four minarets. Historical accounts state that it is said to have been constructed during the time of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
====Koilwar Bridge====<br />
[[Koilwar Bridge]], also known as Abdul Bari Bridge, is a 1.44&nbsp;km long, 2-lane wide rail-cum-road bridge built in 1862 over [[Son River]] connecting the city of Arrah to Patna.<br />
<br />
====Ramna Maidan====<br />
[[Ramna Maidan]] is a park with 60 acres of land, one of the largest urban parks in Arrah.<br />
<br />
====Arrah–Chhapra Bridge====<br />
[[File:Arrah- Chhapra Bridge, Ara (Bihar).jpeg|thumb|[[Arrah–Chhapra Bridge]]]]<br />
[[Arrah–Chhapra Bridge]], also known as Veer Kunwar singh Setu, connects Arrah and [[Chhapra]]. It is the world's longest multi span [[extradosed bridge]] in the world with a length of 1920m.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arrah-Chhapra Bridge |url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/arrah-chhapra-bridge |access-date=1 November 2019 |website=Structurae}}</ref><br />
<!--Worthless, dead reference:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/iabse/report/2017/00000109/00000064/art00002?crawler=true|title=Currently the world longest<br />
extradosed bridge, according to structurae.net, is Arrah-<br />
Chhapra Bridge in India with 1920 m of total main<br />
bridge length (16 spans, 120 m each), built in 2017. In<br />
turn, the longest span world record belongs to Kiso<br />
Gawa Bridge in Japan, 275 m long.}}</ref> --><br />
<br />
====Masarh====<br />
[[Masarh]] is a village 10&nbsp;km from Arrah. [[Masarh lion|Lion capitals]] of Mauryan period have been found here. Masarh has been identified with '''Mo-ho-so-lo''' of the Chinese pilgrim Huen Tsang.<br />
<br />
====Arrah House====<br />
[[Arrah House]] is a small British building in the premises of Maharaja College.<br />
<br />
====Holy Saviour Church====<br />
[[File:Holy saviour church.jpg|thumb|Holy Saviour Church]]<br />
[[Holy Saviour Church, Arrah|Holy Saviour Church]] is a church in Arrah, built by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1911, when King of United Kingdom [[George V]] visited the city.<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
The Arrah city is very well connected by roads, highways and Rail routes to various cities like [[Patna]], [[Danapur]], [[Bihta]], [[Buxar]], [[Sasaram]] and [[Chhapra]] in Bihar; and [[Ghazipur]], [[Mughalsarai]] and [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
===Roads===<br />
* Patna-Arrah-Buxar ([[National Highway 922 (India)|NH-922]])<br />
* Arrah-Dinara-Mohania ([[National Highway 319 (India)|NH-319]])<br />
* [[Arrah-Chhapra Bridge]]<br />
* Arrah-[[Bikramganj]]-[[Sasaram]] ([[State Highway 12 (Bihar)|SH-12]])<br />
<br />
===Railway===<br />
* [[Ara Junction railway station|Arrah Junction]]: ARA (0&nbsp;km)<br />
* [[Koilwar]] railway station: KWR (14&nbsp;km)<br />
* [[Udwantnagar]] railway station: UWNR (5&nbsp;km)<br />
* [[Behea, Bihar|Bihiya]] railway station: BEA (21&nbsp;km)<br />
<br />
===Airway===<br />
* [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna Airport]] (50&nbsp;km)<br />
* [[Bihta Air Force Station|Bihta Airport]] (30&nbsp;km)<br />
<br />
===Bullet train===<br />
The [[Varanasi-Howrah high-speed rail corridor]] (HSR) is proposed to pass through Bhojpur district with a <br />
[[High-speed rail in India|Bullet train]] station at [[Udwantnagar|Udwant Nagar]]. It will cross the [[Sone River]] near [[Jalpura Tapa]] and enter [[Patna district]].<ref>{{cite news |last=कश्यप |first=देवेन्द्र |date=19 January 2025 |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bullet-train-in-bihar-passing-through-38-villages-of-bhojpur-big-update-on-compensation/articleshow/117368244.cms |title=बिहार के लिए बुलेट ट्रेन का रूट जारी, भोजपुर के इन 38 गांवों से गुजरेगी, मुआवजे को लेकर आया बड़ा अपडेट |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kishire |first1=Kanchan |last2=Agnihotri |first2=Divya |date=19 January 2025 |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-bihar-bullet-train-will-pass-through-bhojpur-38-villages-know-about-compensation-process-23869272.html |title=Bihar Bullet Train: भोजपुर वालों की बल्ले-बल्ले, इन 38 गांवों से गुजरेगी बुलेट ट्रेन; मुआवजे को लेकर भी आया बड़ा अपडेट |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Historical river and canal navigation ===<br />
While the [[Arrah Canal]] was engineered for navigation, transport on the Son River itself was historically limited and challenging. Commercial navigation in the lower reaches near Arrah was irregular due to unsafe rapids upstream and the "extraordinary violence of the floods" during the rainy season. Although ferry boats operated for much of the year, the principal traffic on the Son was not cargo vessels but large rafts of bamboo and timber floated downstream from the southern forests.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The Arrah Canal provided a more reliable route. Contemporary sources described many canal boats loaded with grain or stone using the canal system to travel towards the Ganges, destined for [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. These boats were typically 15 to 25 feet long and were propelled by teams of men pulling them along towpaths.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Schools in Arrah are either government-run or private schools. Schools are affiliated by [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] and [[Bihar School Examination Board]]. [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]] is located here. [[Harprasad Das Jain College]], [[Maharaja College, Arrah|Maharaja Collage]], and [[Jagjiwan College]] are some of the premier institutions for higher education. [[Jain Siddhant Bhawan]] is a Jain Library in Arrah which is illustrious for collecting centuries older manuscripts in various languages.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gottschalk|first=Peter|title=Religion, Science, and Empire: Classifying Hinduism and Islam in British India|publisher=OUP USA|year=2013|isbn=978-0195393019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Bihar government has opened Government Engineering Colleges in each district of Bihar under the Department of Science and Technology. [[Government Engineering College, Bhojpur]] located south of Ramna Road, beside Maharaja College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dst.bih.nic.in/|title=Official Website of Department of Science & Technology, Govt. Of Bihar : Home Page|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><br />
{{Further|Dharmatma Inter College, Arrah}}<br />
<br />
==Sports==<br />
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport, however other sports such as volleyball, basketball, and athletics are also played.<br />
<br />
[[Veer Kunwar Singh Stadium]] is the stadium situated in the [[Ramna Maidan]] which hosts various cricket, football, and hockey tournaments. Other grounds in the town are Ramna Maidan, Maharaja college ground, Airport Ground, and Jain College Ground.<br />
<br />
From 5–7 December 2019, East Zone Inter University [[Kabaddi]] championship took place in the premises of [[Maharaja College, Arrah|Maharaja College]] in which 47 universities of 12 different states participated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-eastern-regional-inter-university-kabaddi-contest-inaugurated-today-19815903.html|title=Jagran Josh|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Popular culture==<br />
[[File:Defence-of-Arrah-House.png|thumb|alt="Sketch of a fortified house, with two sepoys in front of it."|Defence of the Arrah House, 1857 (1858) by William Tayler.]]<br />
<br />
=== In music ===<br />
* There is a very famous Bhojpuri saying about this place, Ara jilā Ghar Ba ta, kawana bāt kē dar bā" ([[Literal translation|trans.]] If you belong to Arrah, there is nothing to fear).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Desai|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal|title=Agrarian Struggles in India After Independence|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1986|isbn=9780195616811|pages=276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ranjit|title=Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, Volume|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1983}}</ref><br />
* Arrah also has mentions in many Bhojpuri Folk songs like [[Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela]].<br />
* The famous bhojpuri song "Tu lagawelu jab Lipistic, hilela Arrah district" sung by [[Pawan Singh]].<br />
<br />
===Films and songs===<br />
* Some shots of the feature film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' were shot in Arrah near the [[Koilwar bridge]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/must-see-indias-oldest-railway-bridges/20170306.htm|title=The ancient heritage behind our railway bridges|website=Rediff}}</ref><br />
* Shots of the first Bhojpuri film ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' were shot at Arrah railway station.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}<br />
* The story of the Bollywood film ''[[Anaarkali of Aarah]]'' was based on a dancer of Arrah and her confrontation with the Vice-chancellor of Bir Kuber University (originally Veer Kunwar Singh University).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/250317/anarkali-of-arrah-movie-review-bold-beautiful-and-endearing.html|title=Anarkali of Arrah movie review: Bold, beautiful and endearing|first=Arnab|last=Banerjee|date=25 March 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
[[File:Koor Sing, 'The Rebel of Arrah,' and his attendants.jpg|thumb|alt=Sketch of a seated man surrounded by other men|''Koor Sing, "The Rebel of Arrah", and his attendants – From a photograph'', from the ''Illustrated London News'' (1857)|300px]]<br />
* English book [[Two Months In Arrah]], written in 1857, by a surgeon in British army named J.J. Halls, is an account of the [[Siege of Arrah]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes on Books: Being an Analysis of the Works Published During Each Quarter by Longmans, Green, and Company, Volume 2|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1865}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
{{Main|List of people from Arrah}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Maharaja College, Arrah#Arrah House|Arrah House]]<br />
* [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite report |url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/notice/district-survey-report-draft-2022/ |title=District Survey Report for Sand Minerals of Bhojpur District, Bihar |date=February 2022 |publisher=Government of Bihar |ref={{sfnref|Government of Bihar|2022}} }}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Sahu |first=Sudarsan |title=Hydrogeological conditions and geogenic pollution in parts of western Bihar |date=1 June 2013 |degree=PhD |publisher=BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266495425}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://gov.bih.nic.in Official Website of Bihar State]<br />
<br />
{{Patna Division}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Arrah| ]]<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of Bhojpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhojpur district, India]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountiford_Hickman_Llewellyn_Morgan&diff=518569Mountiford Hickman Llewellyn Morgan2026-03-09T05:40:54Z<p>PranayMeesala: made the stub w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = M. H. L. Morgan<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_date = 18 November 1881<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| disappeared_date = <br />
| disappeared_place = <br />
| death_date = 1971<br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| placeofburial = <br />
| placeofburial_label = <br />
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}}--><br />
| allegiance = <br />
| branch = <br />
| branch_label = <!--"Branch" or "Service"--><br />
| serviceyears = <br />
| serviceyears_label = <br />
| rank = <br />
| rank_label = <br />
| servicenumber = <br />
| unit = <br />
| commands = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| battles = <br />
| battles_label = <br />
| awards = <br />
| memorials = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| spouse = <!--{{marriage|name|start date|end date}}; add spouse if reliably sourced--><br />
| children = <br />
| relations = <br />
| laterwork = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <!--{{URL|example.com}}--><br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mountiford Hickman Llewellyn Morgan''' (18 November 1881 - 1971) was a British army officer in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Whitaker's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage |date=1925 |publisher=J. Whitaker & Sons |page=703 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_cvi4UFyCYC&pg=PA703 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In July 1900, Morgan left the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]] and was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Indian Staff Corps]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Unattached list|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27214/page/4656 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=The London Gazette |issue=27214 |date=27 July 1900 |page=4656|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705214953/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27214/data.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> He was promoted to [[captain (armed forces)|captain]] in October 1909.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lieutenants to be Captain |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28294/page/7357 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=The London Gazette |issue=28294 |date=5 October 1909 |pages=7357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218113945/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28294/data.pdf|archive-date=18 February 2026}}</ref> The following year he passed exams in Russian.<ref>{{cite news |title=The study of foreign languages|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001712/19101217/009/0003|access-date=22 February 2026 |work=Homeward Mail from India, China and the East<br />
|date=17 December 1910|page=1603|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1915 he was injured in Egypt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000919/19150209/118/0006|access-date=22 February 2026 |work=South Wales Daily News<br />
|date=9 February 1915|page=6|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] in 1915.<ref>{{cite news |title=To be Companions of the Distinguished Service Order |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/12867/page/1630 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=The Edinburgh Gazette |issue=12867 |page=1630|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218114626/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/12867/data.pdf|archive-date=18 February 2026}}</ref> In July 1916, he was promoted from captain to temporary [[major (rank)|major]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Army: Captains to be temporary Majors |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29828/page/11168 |work=The Gazette |issue=29828 |date=17 November 1916 |page=11168|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218115622/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29828/data.pdf|archive-date=18 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 January 1919, Morgan, then of the [[62nd Punjabis]], attached to the [[124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry|124th Baluchistan Infantry]], was appointed acting [[lieutenant colonel]] while in command of a battalion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Commands and Staff|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31472/page/9435 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=The London Gazette |issue=31472 |page=9425|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811141403/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31271/data.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2025}}</ref> On 11 April 1919, at the request of [[A. J. W. Kitchin]], Morgan, then based in Lahore, was selected and recruited by [[William Beynon (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Beynon]] to take command of Amritsar.<ref name=Collett2011>{{cite journal |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel A. |author-link=Nigel Collett |date=2011 |title=The O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924: New Evidence Concerning Indian Attitudes and British Intelligence During the 1919 Punjab Disturbances |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41490046 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=469–483 |doi=10.1017/S1356186311000435 |jstor=41490046 |issn=1356-1863 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Ilahi2020>{{cite book |last1=Ilahi |first1=Shereen |title=Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland and the Crisis of Empire |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-350-15306-6 |chapter=Punjab disturbances|pages=41–48 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|location=London |language=en}}</ref> Shortly before Morgan arrived at Amritsar, [[Reginald Dyer]] had already assumed the position.<ref name=Collett2011/><ref name=Ilahi2020/> According to accounts by Dyer’s brigade-major [[Frederic Cecil Currer Briggs|Captain Briggs]], Morgan travelled to [[Jallianwala Bagh]] on 13 April 1919 in a car with Dyer, Briggs, and Dyer’s two bodyguards, [[William J. Anderson (bodyguard)|Anderson]] and Pizzey.<ref name=Wagner.160>Wagner, p. 156-160</ref><ref name=Collett.258>Collett, pp. 258-260</ref> There, he became a witness of the [[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]].<ref name=Collett.258/>{{efn|Morgan's account of the Massacre, titled "The Truth about Amritsar: by an eyewitness" is held at the [[Imperial War Museum]].<ref name=Collett.485>Collett, p. 485</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Morgan’s retirement appeared in ''[[The London Gazette]]'' on 2 September 1921.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Army |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33544/page/6619 |work=The London Gazette |issue=6619 |date=18 October 1929 |page=33544|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218140108/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33544/data.pdf|archive-date=18 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Army |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32444/page/6948 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=The London Gazette |issue=32444 |date=2 September 1921 |page=6948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810180958/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32444/data.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal and family==<br />
In 1913 Morgan married his cousin Anna Hickman Crofts, youngest daughter of Captain Samuel Hodder of Ringabella.<ref>{{cite news |title=Small Talk|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001860/19130924/033/0030|access-date=22 February 2026 |work=The Sketch<br />
|date=24 September 1913|page=380|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>England & Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915, p. 283</ref><ref name=Burke>{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Bernard |last2=Fox-Davies |first2=Arthur Charles |title=A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland |date=1912 |publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company |page=324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diHHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324|language=en}}</ref> In 1939 he married married Evelyn J. Treanor.<ref>England & Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1916-2005</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{UK-bio-stub}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |date=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=1-85285-575-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C|language=en}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear & the Making of a Massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Mountiford Hickman Llewellyn}}<br />
[[Category:1881 births]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:1971 deaths]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinnagottigallu_mandal&diff=494229Chinnagottigallu mandal2026-03-05T13:16:51Z<p>PranayMeesala: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chinnagottigallu mandal<br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirupati revenue division|Tirupati]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +05:30<br />
| population_total = 26150<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| area_total_km2 = 180<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":0" />{{Rp|p=3}}<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />{{Rp|p=40}}<br />
| population_urban = 0<br />
| population_rural = 26150<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|38|6|N|79|5|42|E}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Chinnagottigallu]]<br />
| leader_party = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
| leader_name = [[Pulivarthi Venkata Mani Prasad]]<br />
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chinnagottigallu mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Tirupati revenue division]] with its headquarters at [[Chinnagottigallu]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Chinnagottigallu mandal was a part of [[Chittoor district]] under [[Madanapalle revenue division]] until 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook - Chittoor |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_B_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113225924/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_B_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=6 September 2022 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |pages=19, 40–41, 286}}</ref>{{Rp|page=19}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=A. D. Rangarajan |date=7 April 2020 |title=Entry points into Seshachalam forest sealed |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/entry-points-into-seshachalam-forest-sealed/article31283980.ece |access-date=16 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district under Tirupati revenue division effective from 4 April 2022 by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{bar box<br />
| title = Religions in Chinnagottigallu mandal (2011)<br />
| titlebar = #Fcd116<br />
| left1 = Religion<br />
| right1 = Percent<br />
| bars = {{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|85.87}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|13.76}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.27}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.1}}<br />
| caption = Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pp=30,32,34}}<br />
| float = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011|alt=As per 2011 census}}, Chinnagottigallu mandal had a total population of 26,150 with 13,021 male population and 13,129 female population with a density of {{Pop density|26150|180|km2}}. It had a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1008. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 4,702 and 905 of the population respectively. It had a literacy rate of 66.67% with 76.97% among males and 56.45% among females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Handbook of Statistics - Chittoor district |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/cmdashboard/Download/Publications/DHB/Chittoor%20-%202018.pdf |access-date=6 September 2022 |publisher=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] |pages=XXXIII, 3, 13, 30, 32, 34, 62}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=XXXIII, 13}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=40–41}}<br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
Chinnagottigallu mandal is a part of [[Tirupati revenue division]].<ref name=":2" /> Its headquarters are located at [[Chinnagottigallu]].<ref name="map">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Part-III District and Sub-district [Mandals] Guntur to Chittoor [7 Districts] |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223154356/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |publisher=[[Census of India]] |page=461}}</ref> As of 2011 census, the mandal comprises the following 10 villages:<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=286}}<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
! Village<br />
|-<br />
| Bhakarapet<br />
|-<br />
| Chattevaripalem<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chinnagottigallu]]<br />
|-<br />
| Chittecherla<br />
|-<br />
| Devarakonda<br />
|-<br />
| Diguvuru<br />
|-<br />
| Kotabylu<br />
|-<br />
| Rangannagari Gadda<br />
|-<br />
| Thippireddigaripalle<br />
|-<br />
| Yeguvuru<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
Chinnagottigallu mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Chittoor district|7 mandals]] under [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency]], which in turn is a part of [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, the mandal had 18,592 eligible voters with 9,179 male voters and 9,412 female voters.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=XXXIII}} [[Pulivarthi Venkata Mani Prasad]] is representing the Chandragiri constituency as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly election result: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla/1585284/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]] is representing the Chittoor constituency as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=A. D. Rangarajan |date=24 May 2019 |title=Crushing defeat for TDP in Naidu’s home turf of Chittoor |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/crushing-defeat-for-tdp-in-naidus-home-turf-of-chittoor/article27240545.ece |access-date=25 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Tirupati district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sneh_Bandhan&diff=536416Sneh Bandhan2026-03-03T23:08:02Z<p>PranayMeesala: created a post w/ infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sneh Bandhan<br />
| image = Sneh_Bandhan_(1940).jpg<br />
| caption = E. Billimoria and Bibbo in ''Sneh Bandhan''<br />
| director = J. P. Advani<br />
| producer = Kikubhai Desai<br />
| writer = J. P. Advani<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]]<br>E. Billimoria<br>Navin Yagnik<br />
| music = [[Pannalal Ghosh]]<br />
| cinematography = Gulab Gopal<br />
| editing = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1940|12|20|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sneh Bandhan''''' (The Bonds Of Love) also called '''Intezar''', is a social melodrama [[Bollywood]] film. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1940|1940]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sneh-bandhan-movie/903|title=Sneh Bandhan|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=23 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1987|accessdate=24 July 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=1987–|chapter=Advani, Jagatrai Pesumal}}</ref> The film was a maiden production from producer Kikubhai Desai's new banner; Great India Pictures. Previously known to produce crime thrillers and fantasy, this was Desai's first social genre film. The music was by [[Pannalal Ghosh]], with lyrics written by Pandit Betaab.<ref name=Review>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Our Review-Sneha-Bandhan|journal=Filmindia|date=January 1941|volume=7|issue=1|pages=49|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194107film_1#page/n55/mode/2up/search/Sneha+|accessdate=24 July 2015|ref="Sneha-Bandhan" Kikubhai's Triumphant Social}}</ref> The cast included Bibbo, E. Billimoria, Navin Yagnik, Pratima Devi and Muzammil.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Sneh Bandhan (1940)|url=http://www.citwf.com/film324723.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film focuses on Snehalata, played by Bibbo, who is in love with the poor Gopal, but has to marry the rich Prakash. The story takes several turns in Sneha's life which include murder, a jail term, the birth of a son, stardom, blackmail and again, a killing where her son, now a lawyer, defends her in court.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Snehlata lives with her postmaster father and is in love with Gopal, who is poor but well-educated. Sneha's mother is not happy with Gopal as she wants Sneha to marry a rich man. Agreeing to wait for a year, Gopal goes to the city to make money. A year passes, but as Gopal has not returned at the stipulated time, Sneha is married off to the rich Pratap who loves her. Sneha is still pining for Gopal and a disappointed Pratap takes to drinking. When Gopal comes to visit Sneha, Pratap, in a jealous rage, kills him. Sneha takes the blame and is jailed for ten years.<br />
<br />
In jail, Sneha gives birth to a son, whom she gives up for adoption to the jail's matron, Sushila, with the promise that it should not be revealed to him who his real parents are. Pratap has continued his drinking as well as visiting singing and dancing girls. When her ten years are up, Sneha is released, but Pratap is in custody for killing a singing girl. Sneha decides to kill herself, but is saved by a film producer who helps her attain stardom. She sends the money to Sushila in order to help Kamal, her son, get a good education.<br />
<br />
Several years pass and Sneha's son, Kamal, is now a lawyer. Pratap is also released from jail. He finds Sneha and knows the secret about Kamal being their son. He starts blackmailing Sneha and insists on letting Kamal know his parentage. When her pleas fail, Sneha picks up a gun and Pratap tries to snatch it away from her. In the struggle, the gun goes off and Pratap is killed. Kamal, who is still unaware of Sneha, is appointed to defend her in court. Following an extended court scene, Sneha is acquitted with Kamal discovering that she is his mother.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]] as Snehlata<br />
* [[E. Bilimoria]] as Pratap<br />
* Navin Yagnik as Kamal<br />
* J. P. advani as the Prosecuting lawyer<br />
* Pratima Devi<br />
* Raj Kumari<br />
* Dhulia<br />
* Muzammil<br />
* Kamla<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
[[Pannalal Ghosh]] was a pioneer in Hindustani classical flute music, and had arrived in [[Bombay]] in 1940, to further his career in music. Having assisted in music production earlier while with [[New Theatres Ltd]] in [[Calcutta]], ''Sneh Bandhan'' was his debut film as an independent music composer. The popular songs from the film were "Aabroo Ke Kamaanon Mein" and "Sneh Bandhan Mein Bandhe Hue", sung by Khan Mastan and Bibbo.<ref name=Ghosh>{{cite web|last1=Kulkarni, Karkhanis|first1=Vishvas M., Aarti|title=A Brief Life Sketch-Pannalal Ghosh|url=http://www.pannalalghosh.com/profile_pannalalghosh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326045557/http://pannalalghosh.com/profile_pannalalghosh.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 March 2011|website=pannalalghosh.com|accessdate=24 July 2015|ref=Pannalal Ghosh}}</ref> The lyrics were by Pandit Betaab and the singers were Bibbo, Khan Mastan and Kamla.<ref name=Muvyz>{{cite web|title=Sneh Bandhan 1940|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/lh933204/songs/#tabs|website=muvyz.com|publisher=Muvyz, Ltd.|accessdate=24 July 2015|ref=Songs}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Songlist===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !!Singer <br />
|- <br />
| 1<br />
| "Aag Mein Bagh Lagaane Lagi Thi"<br />
| Bibbo<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Aabroo Ke Kamaanon Mein Aur Nainon Ke Baanon Mein"<br />
| Bibbo, [[Khan Mastana]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Chali Paniya Gagri Lekar Naar"<br />
| Kamla<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Daras Bin Dukhan Laage Nain"<br />
| Bibbo<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| "Kaaga Karta Hai Batiyan"<br />
| Bibbo<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| "Main Kitni Bholi Thi Sajni"<br />
| Kamla<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| "Pilaaye Ja Pilaaye Ja Bahaare Mai Parasti Hai"<br />
| Kamla<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| "Saiyan Toh Bidesi Bhaye"<br />
| Bibbo<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| "Sneh Bandhan Mein Bandhe Hue"<br />
| Khan Mastan, Bibbo<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| "Teri Aankhon Se Jo Meri"<br />
| Kamla<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id =0152491 |title =Sneh Bandhan }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1940 films]]<br />
[[Category:1940 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Pannalal Ghosh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1940 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:1940s melodrama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayandi_Kudumbathar&diff=474645Mayandi Kudumbathar2026-03-03T04:22:55Z<p>PranayMeesala: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Mayandi Kudumbathar.jpg<br />
| caption = Title card<br />
| director = [[Rasu Madhuravan]]<br />
| producer = S. K. Selvakumar<br />
| writer = Rasu Madhuravan<br />
| starring = [[Manivannan]] <br />[[Ponvannan]] <br />[[Seeman]] <br />[[K. P. Jagannath]] <br />[[Tarun Gopi]] <br />[[G. M. Kumar]] <br />[[Ravi Mariya]] <br />[[Nandha Periyasamy]] <br />[[Singampuli]] <br />[[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]]<br />
| music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]<br />
| cinematography = Balabarani<br />
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br />
| studio = United Arts<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2009|6|5|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Mayandi Kudumbathar''''' ({{translation|Mayandi's family}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Rasu Madhuravan]]. It stars ten Tamil film directors, including [[Manivannan]], [[Seeman]], [[Tarun Gopi]], [[Ponvannan]], [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]] and [[K. P. Jagannath]] in lead and supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2009 |title=Film starring ten directors to release in May |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/08/film-starring-ten-directors-to-release-in-may-39532.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241207031224/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/08/film-starring-ten-directors-to-release-in-may-39532.html |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en }}</ref> The film, edited by [[Suresh Urs]], scored by [[Sabesh–Murali]] and photographed by Balabarani, was released on 5 June 2009 and become a success. It won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Second Best Film]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2017 |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007174407/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film is set in the backdrop of a village near [[Usilampatti]], in Madurai district. Mayandi and Virumandi are siblings with disputes over settling their properties. Mayandi insists giving a portion of their ancestral properties to their stepsister, for which Virumandi does not agree. This creates enmity in Virumandi and his sons against Mayandi and his family.<br />
<br />
Mayandi has four sons – Thavasi, Virumandi, Cheenisamy and Paraman – and one daughter – Mayakka. All the sons except Paraman are married, and they live as a joint family. Paraman falls in love with his schoolmate Poongodi. He gets admission into engineering, and Mayandi sells a portion of his land to pay fees for Paraman. This angers the wives of Thavasi and Virumandi. They keep insisting on partitioning the properties between four sons, thinking that Mayandi is spending more for the education of Paraman, while the other three sons are not educated properly. However, Paraman's brothers are actually so affectionate towards him, and they prefer staying together. Suddenly, Mayandi dies due to an electric shock when he steps over a wire unknowingly. Now, the wives of Thavasi and Virumandi again keep insisting on doing the property partition. Their plan gets executed: the properties get partitioned into three, leaving Paraman as his portion was already sold by Mayandi to pay the college fees.<br />
<br />
Paraman could not bear his father's death, and Poongodi shows affection to him. Poongodi gets admission into Madras Medical College, and she leaves to Chennai for education, though she keeps talking to Paraman regularly on the phone. Paraman continues his engineering course while he is considered as a burden by his sisters-in-law. However, his brothers take care of him. One day, Thavasi's wife falls sick, and she needs blood urgently. As it is a rare group, it becomes difficult. Paraman informs this to his friends in college, and his friends come for rescue. Thavasi's wife is saved, and she realises her mistake and feels bad for ill-treating Paraman despite which he helped her in a timely manner.<br />
<br />
Paraman secures a job through campus placement, and his living condition improves. One day, he gets shocked to see Poongodi in a bus stop along with her husband and a baby. Paraman cries upon thinking that Poongodi has betrayed him. However, Poongodi tells a flashback that her "husband" is actually her relative who lost his leg in an accident on the day of the marriage, following which the marriage gets cancelled. Now, her parents request Poongodi to marry the groom as it would be an insult for the entire family due to a cancelled marriage. Poongodi, though not interested, accepts for the sake of her family's wishes. Still, she kept calling Paraman over the phone in the usual manner so that he will not get broken and instead will concentrate on studies. Knowing the truth, Paraman feels happy about Poongodi's kind heart and her sacrifice for the welfare of her family.<br />
<br />
Finally, Paraman meets Virumandi and cries to him to lead a joint life along with everyone. He also wins the heart of Virumandi and his sons also and marries his aunt's daughter.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Manivannan]] as Mayandi<br />
* [[Ponvannan]] as Thavasi Mayandi<br />
* [[Seeman]] as Virumandi Mayandi<br />
* [[K. P. Jagannath]] as Cheenichamy Mayandi<br />
* [[Tarun Gopi]] as Paraman Mayandi<br />
* [[G. M. Kumar]] as Virumandi<br />
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Chokkan Virumandi<br />
* [[Nandha Periyasamy]] as Chinnu Virumandi<br />
* [[Singampuli]] as Mayandi Virumandi<br />
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Sonakkaruppu<br />
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Mayandi and Virumandi's elder cousin<br />
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Mayandi and Virumandi's younger cousin<br />
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]<br />
* [[Vaiyapuri]]<br />
* Poongodi as Poongodi<br />
* Poovitha as Thavamani Thavasi<br />
* Kaniya as Pavunu Virumandi<br />
* Hemalatha as Dhanam Cheenichamy<br />
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Mayakka Sonakkarupu<br />
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Azhagamma<br />
* Thamizharasi as Pecchi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sabesh–Murali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=28 April 2009 |title=Music review: Mayaandi Kudumbathaar (Tamil&nbsp;– Sabesh Murali) |url=https://milliblog.com/2009/04/28/music-review-mayaandi-kudumbathaar-tamil-sabesh-murali/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102012817/https://milliblog.com/2009/04/28/music-review-mayaandi-kudumbathaar-tamil-sabesh-murali/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Mudhal Mazhaye<br />
| length1 = <br />
| extra1 = Balram, [[Saindhavi]]<br />
| title2 = Pesama Pesama<br />
| length2 = <br />
| extra2 = [[Seeman]]<br />
| title3 = Poottu Siricha<br />
| length3 = <br />
| extra3 = Krishnaraj, Sabesh<br />
| title4 = Onna Thangave<br />
| length4 = <br />
| extra4 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]<br />
| title5 = Kalavaniye<br />
| length5 = <br />
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br />
| title6 = Poo Mudhal<br />
| length6 = <br />
| extra6 = Prasanna<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Critical reception ==<br />
Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Sometimes, there's a strong whiff of [[Vikraman]]'s screenplay, especially when Sabesh-Murali pops in with their theme song; at others, you're reminded very strongly of the sentimental sagas of the 60s, when every character had miles of dialogue to cover and spoke reams about love, loyalty, duty and country".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=8 June 2009 |title=Mayandi Kudumbathar: A valiant effort |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/mayandi-kudumbathar-movie-review/20090608.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329220623/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/mayandi-kudumbathar-movie-review/20090608.htm |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "The film has a decent storyline and a competent screenplay. All the directors, who have donned the 10 important characters, have got adequate scope to prove their mettle". The critic added, "While we could appreciate the honest attempt by Madhuravan, we have to say that the plot and the script could have been lot more gripping".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2009 |title=Mayandi Kudumbathar |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/June09/17Mayandi-Kudumbathar.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105044541/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/June09/17Mayandi-Kudumbathar.aspx |archive-date=5 January 2010 |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "With so many characters, the screenplay and the dialogue (both by the director) are bound to meander and they do but the director quickly takes command of the situation. Camera is handled in an efficient way by Balabarani. But where was he during colour correction?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=12 June 2009 |title=War and love -- Mayandi Kudumbathar |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/12/stories/2009061250520200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621065851/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/12/stories/2009061250520200.htm |archive-date=21 June 2009 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "On the whole, this family drama tests the patience of the audience and it's difficult to connect with the characters and their circumstances".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayandi Kudumbathar |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14892506&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220105646/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14892506&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=20 February 2010 |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Future ==<br />
In January 2024, a sequel was reported to be in development, with K. P. Jagannath directing and the majority of the cast returning.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=Mayandi Kudumbathar sequel is in the works |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/03/mayandi-kudumbathar-sequel-is-in-the-works-50932.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105055329/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/jan/03/mayandi-kudumbathar-sequel-is-in-the-works-50932.html |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{Rasu Madhuravan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2009 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2009 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about families]]<br />
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Films about siblings]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Rasu Madhuravan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sabesh–Murali]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages&diff=504260Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages2026-03-03T01:11:55Z<p>PranayMeesala: created details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Most popular languages in Indian states and union territories}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
The following table contains the Indian states and union territories along with the most spoken [[scheduled language]]s used in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-3.pdf|title=Statement 3 : Distribution of 10,000 persons by Language – India, States and Union Territories – 2011|website=census.gov.in|access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> These are based on the [[2011 census of India]] figures except [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], whose statistics are based on the 2001 census of the then unified Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/census_data_2011.html|title=Welcome To Census India : Census Data 2011|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! State / Union Territory<br />
! 1<br />
! 2<br />
! 3<br />
! 4<br />
! 5<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Andaman and Nicobar Administration Banner.png}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]] <br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| [[Urdu]] <br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Arunachal Pradesh.svg}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]] <br />
| [[Nishi language|Nishi]]<br />
| [[Adi language|Adi]]<br />
| [[Apatani language|Apatani]]<br />
| [[Tagin language|Tagin]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Assam.svg}} [[Assam]] <br />
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] <br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] <br />
| [[Bodo language|Bodo]]<br />
| [[Hindi]] <br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Bihar_Government_Banner.png}} [[Bihar]] <br />
| [[Hindi]] (including [[Bihari languages]])<br />
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]] <br />
| [[Urdu]] <br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] <br />
| [[Santali language|Santali]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Chandigarh.svg}} [[Chandigarh]] <br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] <br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg}} [[Chhattisgarh]] <br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<br />
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] <br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]] <br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Goa,_India.svg}} [[Goa]] <br />
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarat]] <br />
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Haryana]] <br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Government of Himachal Pradesh logo.svg}} [[Himachal Pradesh]] <br />
| [[Hindi]] (including [[Pahari languages]])<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] <br />
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and {{flagicon image|Flag of Ladakh, India.svg}} [[Ladakh]]<br />
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br />
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]] <br />
| [[Hindi]] (including [[Bihari languages]])<br />
| [[Santali language|Santali]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]] <br />
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]] <br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| [[Tulu language|Tulu]]<br />
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Lakshadweep.png}} [[Lakshadweep]] <br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]]<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|..Madhya Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Madhya Pradesh]] <br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]] <br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Government_of_Manipur.svg}} [[Manipur]] <br />
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]] <br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[English language|English]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Seal of Meghalaya.svg}} [[Meghalaya]] <br />
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]<br />
| [[Garo language|Garo]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Mizoram]] <br />
| [[Mizo language|Mizo]]<br />
| [[English language|English]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]]<br />
| [[Chakma language|Chakma]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Government Banner of Nagaland.svg}} [[Nagaland]] <br />
| [[Naga languages]]<br />
| [[English language|English]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]] <br />
| [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| [[Santali language|Santali]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Banner of Puducherry.png}} [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] <br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| [[French language|French]]<br />
| [[English language|English]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Seal of the Government Of Punjab (Black On White).svg}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] <br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[English language|English]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Rajasthan]] <br />
| [[Hindi]] (including [[Rajasthani languages]])<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]] <br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]] <br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|}} [[Telangana]] <br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
|[[Gondi language|Gondi]]<br />
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Tiripura Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tripura]] <br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Kokborok]]<br />
| [[Chakma language|Chakma]]<br />
| [[English language|English]]<br />
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| [[Hindi]] (including [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Hindi languages]])<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]<br />
| [[Hindi]] (including [[Pahari languages]])<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]] <br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| [[Santali language|Santali]]<br />
| [[Urdu]]<br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Language Map of India.jpg|thumb|States and union territories of India by the most commonly spoken languages, among which most are scheduled but some are not scheduled languages, like Ao of Nagaland, Khasi of Meghalaya, Ladakhi of Ladakh, Mizo of Mizoram and Nyishi of Arunachal Pradesh. Exceptionally, Mizo attains state level official language status, despite not being a scheduled language. Nepali, despite being the lingua franca of Sikkim as well as a scheduled language, isn't the official language of Sikkim state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=84–89 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution {{!}} Department of Official Language {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constitution |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=rajbhasha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">Some languages may be over- or underrepresented as the census data used is at the state-level. For example, while Urdu has 52 million speakers (2001), in no state is it a majority as the language itself is primarily limited to Indian Muslims yet has more native speakers than Gujarati.</ref>|alt=Language region map of India|310x310px]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Languages of India]]<br />
* [[Languages with official status in India]] and its [[Languages with official status in India#List of official languages by states of India|list of official languages by states]].<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Languages of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages of India| ]]<br />
[[Category:States and union territories of India-related lists|language]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muiz_ud_din_Bahram&diff=462022Muiz ud din Bahram2026-02-26T05:05:37Z<p>PranayMeesala: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sultan of Delhi from 1240 to 1242}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2011}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Muiz ud din<br />
| title = [[Sultan]]<br />
| image = File:Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Bahram Shah of the Mamluk Sultanate, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881).jpg<br />
| caption = Indian miniature painting depicting Bahram Shah of the Mamluk Sultanate, published in ''Tawarikh-i-Ghuri'' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881)<br />
| reign = 20 April 1240 – 15 May 1242<br />
| coronation = 21 April 1240<br />
| full name = Muiz ud din Bahram<br />
| predecessor = [[Razia Sultana]]<br />
| successor = [[Ala ud din Masud]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = <br />
| royal house = <br />
| dynasty = Mamluk dynasty<br />
| father = [[Iltutmish]]<br />
| mother = <br />
| birth_date = 9 July 1212{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}<br />
| birth_place = Delhi<br />
| death_date = 15 May 1242 (aged 29)<br />
| death_place = <br />
| burial_date = <br />
| burial_place = [[Sultan Ghari]], Delhi<br />
| religion = Islam<br />
| succession = 6th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Muiz ud-Din Bahram''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|معز الدین بهرام}}}}; 9 July 1212 – 15 May 1242) was the sixth sultan of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Dynasty]].<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
He was the son of [[Shams ud din Iltutmish]] (1211–36) and the half-brother of [[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultan]] (1236–40).<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=74–76}}</ref> While his sister was imprisoned in [[Bathinda]] by subedar Malik Altunia (both Altunia and Bahram Shah planned conspiracy against Razia Sultan) he declared himself the king with the support of forty chiefs. Even so, during Muiz ud din Bahram's two years as king, the chiefs that had originally supported him became disordered and constantly bickered among each other. It was during this period of unrest that he was murdered by his own army in 1242 (died 15 May 1242). After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew [[Ala ud din Masud]], a son of his half-brother [[Rukn ud din Firuz]].<br />
<br />
[[Ögedei Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]] appointed Dayir commander of [[Ghazni]] and Menggetu commander in [[Kunduz]]. In winter 1241 the Mongol force invaded the [[Indus valley]] and besieged Lahore. Dayir died storming the town, however, on 30 December 1241, and the Mongols butchered the town before withdrawing from the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>Islamic Culture Board-Islamic culture, p.256</ref> The sultan was too weak to take step against them. The "Forty Chiefs" besieged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death.<br />
[[File:Bahmram Shah.jpg|thumb|Bull & Horesman Type Jital of Bahram Shah]]<br />
After the death of Razia Sultan (1240) the forty chiefs decided to put Iltutmish's third Son Bahram shah on the throne. He was put on throne on 21 April 1240 at Lal Mahal but after some time the 40 chiefs decided to take all the power of Bahram shah in their hands. At that time the Minister was Muhajbuddin, so in this way there was three rulers of that dynasty. Muiz ud din Bahram built a [[mosque]] in Delhi during his reign.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi|Mamluk dynasty]]<br />
*[[History of India]]<br />
*[[Islamic history]]<br />
*[[List of Indian monarchs]]<br />
*[[Bathinda]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01368/web/html_slave_pg-2.html India Through the Ages]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060210033417/http://www.amritworld.com/slave_dynasty.html The Slave Dynasty] (archived)<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before=[[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultan]]<br />
| title=[[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi|Mamluk Dynasty]]<br />
| years=1206–1290<br />
| after=[[Ala ud din Masud]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before=[[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultan]]<br />
| title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]<br />
| years=1240–1242<br />
| after=[[Ala ud din Masud]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muiz Ud Din Bahram}}<br />
[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]<br />
[[Category:1242 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century Mamluk sultans]]<br />
[[Category:1212 births]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-royal-stub}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirumalagiri&diff=446711Tirumalagiri2026-02-25T04:01:48Z<p>PranayMeesala: edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=December 2009}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tirumalagiri <br />
| other_name = Trimulgherry <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Suburb<br />
| image_skyline = Trimulgherry.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Traffic in Trimulgherry<br />
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17|28|16|N|78|30|34|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Metro<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]<br />
| established_title = Established <br />
| established_date = 1857<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = [[Cantonment Board]], [[Secunderabad]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 500015<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Secunderabad]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Cantonment]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Cantonment Board]], [[Secunderabad]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = Trimulgherry<br />
}}<br />
'''Tirumalagiri''', formerly known by its colonial name '''Trimulgherry''', is a locality and a Mandal in the city of Secunderabad which falls under Secunderabad Revenue Division, and is a major suburb of [[Secunderabad]], in [[Telangana]], India. It is in the north of [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad District]]. Tirumalagiri used to be base for the British in the Secunderabad cantonment in colonial era and many British people lived here even after the independence . Mainly many churches were built around this area for the British. Few notable ones{{according to whom|date=February 2025}} are Holy Family Church, Wesley Garrison Church, All saints Churches. These churches are of old era. A military Hospital was built for the British, it now serves the Indian armed forces. Tirumalagiri also has very famous{{according to whom|date=February 2025}} Surya Bhagwan Temple, one of the few dedicated to Sun God where there is a small pond. Tirumalagiri is connected to various parts of Hyderabad and Secunderabad through TSRTC bus services.<br />
<br />
The suburb has many smaller residential townships. Adjacent suburbs like [[Karkhana, Secunderabad|Karkhana]] and AOC centre are often considered part of Tirumalagiri. In the past 15 years, this suburb has become an important{{according to whom|date=February 2025}} residential area in the twin cities. Many colonies, townships, and apartments came up in this suburb. Tirumalagiri also has football ground where numerous players represented erstwhile Andhra Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Few went on to represent India.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Many of these players played for Army, South Central Railways, SBI, SBH, AG Office etc .<br />
<br />
Closeby, a small lake known as the [[Hasmathpet]] lake supplies fresh fish to the city.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Trimulgherry_Entrenchment.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Trimulgherry Entrenchment]]<br />
Historically, Secunderabad constituted a combination of three villages namely, Tirumalagiri, [[Bowenpally]] and [[Marredpally]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} It has some historic buildings built during the [[British Raj|British era]] like an old British Jail and a Medical college. [[Sir Ronald Ross]] who discovered cure for [[Malaria]] worked not far from this place at [[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]]. Originally This is base for British Army, as many buildings were constructed by British eg [[Trimulgherry jail|British Jail]], Military Hospital, You could also see surrounding this area, a lot of Tamil-speaking people who have settled at Tirumalagiri, Lal Bazaar, Old Diary Farm, Kantha Basti, 108 Bazaar etc. These people were brought by British from Tamil Nadu and settled here hundreds of years back. These people used to work in British army, Military Hospital, and in the houses of Britishers as domestic servants.{{according to whom|date=February 2025}}<br />
[[File:Army Military Prison - Trimulgherry - Secunderbad - In 1928.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Trimulgherry jail|Army prison in Tirumulgherry]] circa 1928]]<br />
<br />
==Schools==<br />
<br />
There are some good{{according to whom|date=February 2025}} schools and colleges in this suburb. Notable {{according to whom|date=February 2025}} are Holy Family Girls High School (oldest school ), St Josephs High School, Delhi Public School, New Ushodaya High School (Subhash Nagar), Sherwood Public School, St Andrews School, [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] Gowtham Model School, Army School R. K. Puram.<br />
<br />
===Suburbs around Tirumalagiri===<br />
* Secunderabad City 5&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Begumpet|Begumpet Airport]] 6.5&nbsp;km (via Tadbund)<br />
* [[Karkhana, Secunderabad|Karkhana]] 2&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Bowenpally]] Old and New 3&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Sikh Village]] 2&nbsp;km<br />
* Tadbund 3&nbsp;km<br />
* [[ECIL 'X' Roads]] 8&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Alwal]] 3.5&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Bolarum]] 6&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Marredpally|Marredpally East and West]] 4&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Sainikpuri]] 6&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Balanagar, Ranga Reddy district|Balanagar]] 5&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="165"><br />
Gunrock Water Tank in Tirumalagiri.jpg|Historic Gunrock Water Tank in Trimulgherry <br />
Factory lets.JPG|Factory Outlets at Trimulgherry Cross Roads<br />
Rainbow%2BMall.JPG|Rainbow Shopping Mall in Trimulgherry<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
<br />
* [[James Yates (cricketer)]]<br />
* [[Shyam Benegal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2024 |title=India Posts |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/sites/PostalCircles/Telangana/Lists/PostOffices/TL_Pincode_12Nov2020.pdf |website=India Posts}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://transport.telangana.gov.in/ TS Transport Department]<br />
{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hyderabad district, India]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Secunderabad]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Videocon_Group&diff=448026Videocon Group2026-02-24T07:49:14Z<p>PranayMeesala: Updated formatting and sections</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian multinational conglomerate company}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Videocon Industries Limited<br />
| type = [[Private company|Private]]<br />
| logo = Videocon logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE703A01011}}<br />
| founder = [[Nandlal Dhoot]]<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = [[Anandilal Kathpitia]] &lt;br /&gt;(Chairman &amp; MD)&lt;ref name="videocon1"&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/Documents/Videocon%20Industries%20Ltd_2017.pdf |title=Annual report |publisher=videocon industries |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004907/http://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/Documents/Videocon%20Industries%20Ltd_2017.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]<br />
| genre = <br />
| products = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Consumer electronics]]<br />
*[[Home appliance]]s<br />
*[[Electronic component|Components]]<br />
*[[Office automation]]<br />
*[[Mobile phones]]<br />
*[[Wireless]]<br />
*[[Internet]]<br />
*[[Petroleum]]<br />
*[[Satellite television]]<br />
*[[Electrical power industry|Power]]}}<br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = {{down}} {{INR|12,828.6 crore}}&lt;br /&gt;({{US$|1.95 billion}}) (2017)&lt;ref name="videocon 2"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/FinancialRes.aspx|title=Financial Reports|publisher=Videocon Industries Limited|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519004726/http://videoconindustriesltd.com/FinancialRes.aspx|archive-date=19 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = {{down}} {{INR|1915.67 crore}}&lt;br /&gt; ({{US$|291 million}}) (2017)&lt;ref name="videocon 2"/&gt;<br />
| assets = {{INR|35738.5 crore}}&lt;br /&gt; ({{US$|5.43 billion}}) (2017)&lt;ref name="videocon 2"/&gt;<br />
| equity = {{INR|8391.07 crore}}&lt;br /&gt; ({{US$|1.27 billion}}) (2017)&lt;ref name="videocon 2"/&gt;<br />
| owner = [[Vedanta Resources]]<br />
| num_employees = 10,000 &lt;small&gt;(2012)&lt;/small&gt;<br />
| parent = <br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1979}} &lt;!--modifies "Founded" Ashok --&gt;<br />
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| location_country = India<br />
| location = &lt;!--modifies "Headquarters" entry--&gt;<br />
| locations = &lt;!--# of locations--&gt;<br />
| caption = <br />
| dissolved = 2021; 4 years ago<br />
| website = {{url|https://videoconindustriesltd.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Videocon Industries Limited''' was an Indian multinational [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], headquartered in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/ |title=Videocon Industries Investor Relations: Corporate Governance |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605195013/http://videoconindustriesltd.com/ |archive-date=5 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was founded in 1979, by [[Venugopal Dhoot]]. The group had 17 manufacturing sites in [[India]] and plants in [[mainland China]], [[Poland]], [[Italy]] and [[Mexico]]. It was the third largest [[picture tube]] manufacturer in the world&lt;ref name="Tube Opportunist"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://forbes.com/global/2007/0108/030.html|title=Tube Opportunist|work=Forbes.com|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231093607/https://www.forbes.com/global/2007/01/08/030.html|archive-date=31 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; valued at {{USD}}5.5 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150830/jsp/business/story_39749.jsp|title=Videocon unit takes off|date=2015-08-30|access-date=2017-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064558/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150830/jsp/business/story_39749.jsp|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The company stopped trading and entered corporate insolvency proceeding in June 2018. In June 2021, [[NCLT]] approved [[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta Group]]'s bid to take over Videocon, paving the way for the new ownership.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-09|title=Vedanta arm gets nod for Videocon takeover|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/vedanta-arm-gets-nod-for-videocon-takeover-7350074/|access-date=2021-12-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Early years ==<br />
In 1985, [[Aurangabad]] based Nandlal Madhavlal Dhoot founded and incorporated Videocon International with a goal of manufacturing 1 [[lakh]] TV sets per year. "''Videocon became the first company to bring colour TVs in India''," claims Anirudh Dhoot, the founder's grandson ([[Venugopal Dhoot|Venugopal Dhoot's]] son) and Videocon's current director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/independence-day-special-how-videocon-changed-the-countrys-viewing-experience-with-colour-tvs/articleshow/48436464.cms|title=Independence Day Special: How Videocon changed the country's viewing experience with colour TVs|last=Bhatt|first=Shephali|date=2015-08-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Corporate profile==<br />
The Videocon group's core areas of business are [[consumer electronics]] and [[home appliance]]s. They diversified into areas such as [[Direct-broadcast satellite|DTH]], [[Electrical power industry|power]] and [[oil exploration]].<br />
<br />
===Consumer electronics===<br />
In India, the group sold consumer products like [[Color television|colour televisions]], [[washing machine]]s, [[air conditioners]], [[refrigerator]]s, [[microwave oven]]s and many other home appliances, through a multi-brand strategy with the largest sales and service network in India.<br />
<br />
Since the entry of Korean Chaebols and their rising popularity in the Indian market, Videocon from a stand-point of market leader has seen a slow decline to become a no. 3 player in India. The company continued to do well in the washing machine and refrigerator segment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Singh|first=A|title=Market share|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/news/33020190_1_anil-arora-lg-india-indian-durables|access-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040801/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/news/33020190_1_anil-arora-lg-india-indian-durables|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
===Mobile phones===<br />
In November 2009, Videocon launched its new line of mobile phones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.videoconmobiles.com |title=Videocon Mobile Phones, Compare/Buy Online Mobile Phones Deals India |publisher=Videoconmobiles.com |access-date=29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230143514/http://www.videoconmobiles.com/ |archive-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt; Videocon has since launched a number of handsets ranging from basic colour FM phones to high-end Android devices. In February 2011, Videocon Mobile Phones launched the hitherto unknown concept of 'Zero' paise (1 [[paisa]] is the 100th unit of 1 [[Indian rupee]]) per second with bundled [[Subscriber Identity Module|SIM]] cards of Videocon mobile services for 7 of its handset models. In July 2015, Videocon Mobiles launched its own flagship smartphone Videocon Infinium Z51+ in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.techstake.org/2013/06/videocon-a55hd-launched-in-india-for-rs-13499.html |title= Videocon A55HD Launched in India for Rs. 13,499 |author= Aditya Dey |publisher= TechStake |access-date= 29 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130701162804/http://www.techstake.org/2013/06/videocon-a55hd-launched-in-india-for-rs-13499.html |archive-date= 1 July 2013 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 June 2016, Videocon Mobile launched its new smartphone 'Videocon Cube3 V50290'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videoconmobiles.com/krypton3|title=Videocon Mobiles Krypton3|website=www.videoconmobiles.com|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126232719/http://www.videoconmobiles.com/krypton3|archive-date=26 November 2016|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.91mobiles.com/videocon-krypton3-v50jg-price-in-india|title=Videocon Krypton3 V50JG launch date|website=www.91mobiles.com|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214554/http://www.91mobiles.com/videocon-krypton3-v50jg-price-in-india|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Videocon Petroleum had 25% stake in [[Ravva oil field]] which is operated by [[Cairn India]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref name="ot1"&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/ravva-field/|title=Ravva Oil and Gas Field, India|access-date=2016-01-01|publisher=Offshore Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405022731/http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/ravva-field/|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==== Acquisition of CPT arm of Thomson SA ====<br />
Videocon acquired the colour picture tube (CPT) businesses from [[Thomson S.A.]] of France having manufacturing facilities in Poland, Italy, Mexico and China along with support research and development facilities in the fiscal year 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/videocon-buys-thomsons-global-picturetube-biz-for-rs-1260-cr/article2181698.ece |title=Videocon buys Thomson's global picture-tube biz for Rs 1,260 cr &amp;#124; Business Line |date=28 June 2005 |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510092034/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/videocon-buys-thomsons-global-picturetube-biz-for-rs-1260-cr/article2181698.ece |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videoconworld.com/global/pdf-docs/investor-relations/financial-info/annual-reports/vinl/VINL-Annual%20Report-FY2006.pdf|title=Videocon FY 2006 Annual Report|publisher=videoconworld.com|access-date=24 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306063122/http://www.videoconworld.com/global/pdf-docs/investor-relations/financial-info/annual-reports/vinl/VINL-Annual%20Report-FY2006.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Decline==<br />
In 2018, following losses in its oil businesses, the company entered insolvency proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/insolvency/2018/06/06/videocon-industries-admitted-under-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code |title=Videocon Insolvency: Videocon Industries Admitted Under Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code - Bloomberg Quint |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113330/https://www.bloombergquint.com/insolvency/2018/06/06/videocon-industries-admitted-under-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
===Controversy with ICICI loan fraud===<br />
<br />
On 4 October 2018, [[Chanda Kochhar]], the ex MD and CEO of [[ICICI Bank]] had to step down from her position following [[ICICI-Videocon loan scam|allegations of corruption]] in sanctioning loans to Videocon.&lt;ref name="The Times of India"&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/chanda-kochhar-quits-icici-bank-sandeep-bakhshi-appointed-as-md-and-ceo/articleshow/66068380.cms|title=Chanda Kochhar quits ICICI Bank; Sandeep Bakhshi appointed new CEO - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005150420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/chanda-kochhar-quits-icici-bank-sandeep-bakhshi-appointed-as-md-and-ceo/articleshow/66068380.cms|archive-date=5 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amidst investigations related to [[Videocon]] bad loans, she was forced by the board of [[ICICI Bank]] to take indefinite leave. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] named Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar as beneficiaries in the financial fraud between June 2009 and October 2011. [[Venugopal Dhoot]], the promoter of Videocon had fraudulently transferred part of the loan received from ICICI Bank to the Kochhars' business entreprise&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whos-who-named-by-cbi-and-their-role-in-the-chanda-kochhar-case-5556581/|title=Who is Who named by CBI in Chanda Kochhar Case|work=Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205825/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whos-who-named-by-cbi-and-their-role-in-the-chanda-kochhar-case-5556581/|archive-date=27 January 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; after Chanda Kochhar, [[Sandeep Bakhshi]] became the full time managing director and CEO of ICICI Bank.&lt;ref name="The Times of India"/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/icici-videocon-loan-controversy-companies-involved-come-under-ministry-of-corporate-affairs-scanner-4500617.html |title=ICICI-Videocon loan controversy: Companies involved come under ministry of corporate affairs' scanner - Firstpost |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142131/https://www.firstpost.com/business/icici-videocon-loan-controversy-companies-involved-come-under-ministry-of-corporate-affairs-scanner-4500617.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal bar|Technology|Companies|India}}<br />
*[[Onida Electronics]]<br />
*[[Moser Baer]]<br />
*[[BPL Group]]<br />
*[[Sansui Electric]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://videoconindustriesltd.com/ Official website]<br />
* videocon d2h special offers<br />
<br />
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}https://www.d2h.com/recharge/recharge-details-chatbot?customerid=196534943&amp;amount=323&amp;packageid=0&amp;offer&lt;nowiki/&gt;{{Electronics industry in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Videocon Group| 01]]<br />
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Internet service providers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone manufacturers]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Aurangabad]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1979]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1979]]<br />
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1979]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of India]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Videocon_Group&diff=447951Videocon Group2026-02-24T07:49:14Z<p>PranayMeesala: Updated formatting and sections</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian multinational conglomerate company}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Videocon Industries Limited<br />
| type = [[Private company|Private]]<br />
| logo = Videocon logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE703A01011}}<br />
| founder = [[Nandlal Dhoot]]<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = [[Anandilal Kathpitia]] &lt;br /&gt;(Chairman &amp; MD)&lt;ref name="videocon1"&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/Documents/Videocon%20Industries%20Ltd_2017.pdf |title=Annual report |publisher=videocon industries |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004907/http://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/Documents/Videocon%20Industries%20Ltd_2017.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]<br />
| genre = <br />
| products = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Consumer electronics]]<br />
*[[Home appliance]]s<br />
*[[Electronic component|Components]]<br />
*[[Office automation]]<br />
*[[Mobile phones]]<br />
*[[Wireless]]<br />
*[[Internet]]<br />
*[[Petroleum]]<br />
*[[Satellite television]]<br />
*[[Electrical power industry|Power]]}}<br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = {{down}} {{INR|12,828.6 crore}}&lt;br /&gt;({{US$|1.95 billion}}) (2017)&lt;ref name="videocon 2"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/FinancialRes.aspx|title=Financial Reports|publisher=Videocon Industries Limited|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519004726/http://videoconindustriesltd.com/FinancialRes.aspx|archive-date=19 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = {{down}} {{INR|1915.67 crore}}&lt;br /&gt; ({{US$|291 million}}) (2017)&lt;ref name="videocon 2"/&gt;<br />
| assets = {{INR|35738.5 crore}}&lt;br /&gt; ({{US$|5.43 billion}}) (2017)&lt;ref name="videocon 2"/&gt;<br />
| equity = {{INR|8391.07 crore}}&lt;br /&gt; ({{US$|1.27 billion}}) (2017)&lt;ref name="videocon 2"/&gt;<br />
| owner = [[Vedanta Resources]]<br />
| num_employees = 10,000 &lt;small&gt;(2012)&lt;/small&gt;<br />
| parent = <br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1979}} &lt;!--modifies "Founded" Ashok --&gt;<br />
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| location_country = India<br />
| location = &lt;!--modifies "Headquarters" entry--&gt;<br />
| locations = &lt;!--# of locations--&gt;<br />
| caption = <br />
| dissolved = 2021; 4 years ago<br />
| website = {{url|https://videoconindustriesltd.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Videocon Industries Limited''' was an Indian multinational [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], headquartered in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/ |title=Videocon Industries Investor Relations: Corporate Governance |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605195013/http://videoconindustriesltd.com/ |archive-date=5 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was founded in 1979, by [[Venugopal Dhoot]]. The group had 17 manufacturing sites in [[India]] and plants in [[mainland China]], [[Poland]], [[Italy]] and [[Mexico]]. It was the third largest [[picture tube]] manufacturer in the world&lt;ref name="Tube Opportunist"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://forbes.com/global/2007/0108/030.html|title=Tube Opportunist|work=Forbes.com|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231093607/https://www.forbes.com/global/2007/01/08/030.html|archive-date=31 December 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; valued at {{USD}}5.5 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150830/jsp/business/story_39749.jsp|title=Videocon unit takes off|date=2015-08-30|access-date=2017-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064558/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150830/jsp/business/story_39749.jsp|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The company stopped trading and entered corporate insolvency proceeding in June 2018. In June 2021, [[NCLT]] approved [[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta Group]]'s bid to take over Videocon, paving the way for the new ownership.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-09|title=Vedanta arm gets nod for Videocon takeover|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/vedanta-arm-gets-nod-for-videocon-takeover-7350074/|access-date=2021-12-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Early years ==<br />
In 1985, [[Aurangabad]] based Nandlal Madhavlal Dhoot founded and incorporated Videocon International with a goal of manufacturing 1 [[lakh]] TV sets per year. "''Videocon became the first company to bring colour TVs in India''," claims Anirudh Dhoot, the founder's grandson ([[Venugopal Dhoot|Venugopal Dhoot's]] son) and Videocon's current director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/independence-day-special-how-videocon-changed-the-countrys-viewing-experience-with-colour-tvs/articleshow/48436464.cms|title=Independence Day Special: How Videocon changed the country's viewing experience with colour TVs|last=Bhatt|first=Shephali|date=2015-08-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Corporate profile==<br />
The Videocon group's core areas of business are [[consumer electronics]] and [[home appliance]]s. They diversified into areas such as [[Direct-broadcast satellite|DTH]], [[Electrical power industry|power]] and [[oil exploration]].<br />
<br />
===Consumer electronics===<br />
In India, the group sold consumer products like [[Color television|colour televisions]], [[washing machine]]s, [[air conditioners]], [[refrigerator]]s, [[microwave oven]]s and many other home appliances, through a multi-brand strategy with the largest sales and service network in India.<br />
<br />
Since the entry of Korean Chaebols and their rising popularity in the Indian market, Videocon from a stand-point of market leader has seen a slow decline to become a no. 3 player in India. The company continued to do well in the washing machine and refrigerator segment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Singh|first=A|title=Market share|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/news/33020190_1_anil-arora-lg-india-indian-durables|access-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040801/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/news/33020190_1_anil-arora-lg-india-indian-durables|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
===Mobile phones===<br />
In November 2009, Videocon launched its new line of mobile phones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.videoconmobiles.com |title=Videocon Mobile Phones, Compare/Buy Online Mobile Phones Deals India |publisher=Videoconmobiles.com |access-date=29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230143514/http://www.videoconmobiles.com/ |archive-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt; Videocon has since launched a number of handsets ranging from basic colour FM phones to high-end Android devices. In February 2011, Videocon Mobile Phones launched the hitherto unknown concept of 'Zero' paise (1 [[paisa]] is the 100th unit of 1 [[Indian rupee]]) per second with bundled [[Subscriber Identity Module|SIM]] cards of Videocon mobile services for 7 of its handset models. In July 2015, Videocon Mobiles launched its own flagship smartphone Videocon Infinium Z51+ in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.techstake.org/2013/06/videocon-a55hd-launched-in-india-for-rs-13499.html |title= Videocon A55HD Launched in India for Rs. 13,499 |author= Aditya Dey |publisher= TechStake |access-date= 29 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130701162804/http://www.techstake.org/2013/06/videocon-a55hd-launched-in-india-for-rs-13499.html |archive-date= 1 July 2013 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 June 2016, Videocon Mobile launched its new smartphone 'Videocon Cube3 V50290'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videoconmobiles.com/krypton3|title=Videocon Mobiles Krypton3|website=www.videoconmobiles.com|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126232719/http://www.videoconmobiles.com/krypton3|archive-date=26 November 2016|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.91mobiles.com/videocon-krypton3-v50jg-price-in-india|title=Videocon Krypton3 V50JG launch date|website=www.91mobiles.com|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214554/http://www.91mobiles.com/videocon-krypton3-v50jg-price-in-india|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Videocon Petroleum had 25% stake in [[Ravva oil field]] which is operated by [[Cairn India]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref name="ot1"&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/ravva-field/|title=Ravva Oil and Gas Field, India|access-date=2016-01-01|publisher=Offshore Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405022731/http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/ravva-field/|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==== Acquisition of CPT arm of Thomson SA ====<br />
Videocon acquired the colour picture tube (CPT) businesses from [[Thomson S.A.]] of France having manufacturing facilities in Poland, Italy, Mexico and China along with support research and development facilities in the fiscal year 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/videocon-buys-thomsons-global-picturetube-biz-for-rs-1260-cr/article2181698.ece |title=Videocon buys Thomson's global picture-tube biz for Rs 1,260 cr &amp;#124; Business Line |date=28 June 2005 |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510092034/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/videocon-buys-thomsons-global-picturetube-biz-for-rs-1260-cr/article2181698.ece |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videoconworld.com/global/pdf-docs/investor-relations/financial-info/annual-reports/vinl/VINL-Annual%20Report-FY2006.pdf|title=Videocon FY 2006 Annual Report|publisher=videoconworld.com|access-date=24 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306063122/http://www.videoconworld.com/global/pdf-docs/investor-relations/financial-info/annual-reports/vinl/VINL-Annual%20Report-FY2006.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Decline==<br />
In 2018, following losses in its oil businesses, the company entered insolvency proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/insolvency/2018/06/06/videocon-industries-admitted-under-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code |title=Videocon Insolvency: Videocon Industries Admitted Under Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code - Bloomberg Quint |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113330/https://www.bloombergquint.com/insolvency/2018/06/06/videocon-industries-admitted-under-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
===Controversy with ICICI loan fraud===<br />
<br />
On 4 October 2018, [[Chanda Kochhar]], the ex MD and CEO of [[ICICI Bank]] had to step down from her position following [[ICICI-Videocon loan scam|allegations of corruption]] in sanctioning loans to Videocon.&lt;ref name="The Times of India"&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/chanda-kochhar-quits-icici-bank-sandeep-bakhshi-appointed-as-md-and-ceo/articleshow/66068380.cms|title=Chanda Kochhar quits ICICI Bank; Sandeep Bakhshi appointed new CEO - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005150420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/chanda-kochhar-quits-icici-bank-sandeep-bakhshi-appointed-as-md-and-ceo/articleshow/66068380.cms|archive-date=5 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amidst investigations related to [[Videocon]] bad loans, she was forced by the board of [[ICICI Bank]] to take indefinite leave. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] named Chanda Kochhar and her husband Deepak Kochhar as beneficiaries in the financial fraud between June 2009 and October 2011. [[Venugopal Dhoot]], the promoter of Videocon had fraudulently transferred part of the loan received from ICICI Bank to the Kochhars' business entreprise&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whos-who-named-by-cbi-and-their-role-in-the-chanda-kochhar-case-5556581/|title=Who is Who named by CBI in Chanda Kochhar Case|work=Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205825/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whos-who-named-by-cbi-and-their-role-in-the-chanda-kochhar-case-5556581/|archive-date=27 January 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; after Chanda Kochhar, [[Sandeep Bakhshi]] became the full time managing director and CEO of ICICI Bank.&lt;ref name="The Times of India"/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/icici-videocon-loan-controversy-companies-involved-come-under-ministry-of-corporate-affairs-scanner-4500617.html |title=ICICI-Videocon loan controversy: Companies involved come under ministry of corporate affairs' scanner - Firstpost |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142131/https://www.firstpost.com/business/icici-videocon-loan-controversy-companies-involved-come-under-ministry-of-corporate-affairs-scanner-4500617.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal bar|Technology|Companies|India}}<br />
*[[Onida Electronics]]<br />
*[[Moser Baer]]<br />
*[[BPL Group]]<br />
*[[Sansui Electric]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://videoconindustriesltd.com/ Official website]<br />
* videocon d2h special offers<br />
<br />
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}https://www.d2h.com/recharge/recharge-details-chatbot?customerid=196534943&amp;amount=323&amp;packageid=0&amp;offer&lt;nowiki/&gt;{{Electronics industry in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Videocon Group| 01]]<br />
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Internet service providers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone manufacturers]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Aurangabad]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1979]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1979]]<br />
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1979]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of India]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)&diff=454837Department of Science and Technology (India)2026-02-22T03:05:18Z<p>PranayMeesala: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Department of Science & Technology<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_a = <br />
| native_name_r = <br />
| type = Central Government of India<br />
| seal = Ministry of Science and Technology India.svg<br />
| seal_size = 100px<br />
| seal_caption = Parent Agency - Ministry of Science and Technology<br />
| seal_alt = <br />
| logo = [[File:DST-50.png|250px]]<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| formed = {{Start date and age|1971|05|03}}<br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| preceding2 = <!-- up to |preceding6= --><br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding1 = <br />
| superseding2 = <!-- up to |superseding6= --><br />
| agency_type = <br />
| jurisdiction = {{flag|India}}<br />
| status = <br />
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LATITUDE|LONGITUDE|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| motto = <br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = {{INRConvert|6067.39|c}} (for the Financial Year 2021–22)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1 February 2021|title=Department of Science and Technology (India)|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sumsbe.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030150213/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sumsbe.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=6 February 2021|website=Union Budget}}</ref><br />
| minister_type = <br />
| minister1_name = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]<br />
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]<br />
| minister2_name = <br />
| minister2_pfo = <!-- up to |minister8_name= --><br />
| deputyminister_type = <br />
| deputyminister1_name = <br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />
| deputyminister2_name = <br />
| deputyminister2_pfo = <!-- up to |deputyminister8_name= --><br />
| chief1_name = [[Abhay Karandikar]]<br />
| chief1_position = Secretary<br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <!-- up to |chief9_name= --><br />
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]<br />
| parent_agency = <br />
| parent_agency_type = <!-- defaults to |type if left blank --><br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <!-- up to |child25_agency= --><br />
| keydocument1 = <!-- up to |keydocument6= --><br />
| website = {{url|https://dst.gov.in}} <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| agency_id = <br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| embed = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:DST-New-Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|260px|DST Headquarter, Technology Bhavan, New Delhi]]<br />
[[File:DST-scienceday.jpg|right|thumb|260px|President of India, on [[National Science Day]] 2020, New Delhi]]<br />
{{Short description|Indian government agency}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
The '''Department of Science and Technology''' ('''DST''') is a department within the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] in [[India]]. It was established in May 1971 to promote new areas of science and technology and to play the role of a nodal department for organising, coordinating and promoting scientific and technological activities in the country. It gives funds to various approved scientific projects in India. It also supports various researchers in India to attend conferences abroad and to go for experimental works. <br />
<br />
==Open access ==<br />
The Department of Science and Technology (DST) supports [[open access]] to scientific knowledge, originated from the public-funded research in India. In December 2014, the DST and the [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT), [[Government of India]], had jointly adopted their Open Access Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/indigenus/2014/12/india-unveils-new-open-access-policy.html|title=India unveils new open access policy : Indigenus|website=blogs.nature.com|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Scientific Programmes==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ DST Scientific Programmes<br />
|-<br />
! Sr. No. !! Group !! Scientific Programmes<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [https://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/scientific-engineering-research Scientific & Engineering Research] ||<br />
* Mega Facilities for Basic Research <br />
* Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) programme <br />
* R&D Infrastructure (FIST, SAIFs, PURSE, SATHI) <br />
* Science and Technology of Yoga and Meditation (SATYAM) <br />
* Programme for Science Students <br />
* Swarnajayanti Fellowships <br />
* National Science & Technology Management Information System (NSTMIS) <br />
* [[Science and Engineering Research Board]](SERB) <ref>{{cite web |title=Science and Engineering Research Board |url=http://www.serb.gov.in/home.php |website=SERB |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> <br />
* Cognitive Science Research Initiative (CSRI) <br />
* VAJRA (Visiting Advanced Joint Research) Faculty Scheme <br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [https://dst.gov.in/technology-development Technology Development] || <br />
* Technical Research Centres Programme <br />
* Technology Development and Transfer <br />
* National Good Laboratory Practice Compliance Monitoring Authority (NGCMA) <br />
* Natural Resources Data Management System (NRDMS) <br />
* Climate Change Programme <br />
* Joint programme on Electric Mobility and Technology Foresighting <br />
* Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems (ICPS) Division <br />
* Patent Facilitation Programme (PFP) <br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [https://dst.gov.in/international-st-cooperation International S&T Cooperation] || <br />
* Bilateral Cooperation with developed and developing countries <br />
* Multilateral & Regional Cooperation <br />
* Thematic Cooperation <br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [https://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/st-and-socio-economic-development S&T for Socio Economic Programme] ||<br />
* [[National Council for Science and Technology Communication]] (NCSTC)<br />
* Science For Equity Empowerment and Development (SEED)<br />
* National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB)<br />
* State Science & Technology Programme <br />
* Patent Facilitation Programme (PFP) <br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [https://dst.gov.in/technology-mission-clean-energy-and-water Technology Missions Division] ||<br />
* Technology Mission Programme on Water and Clean Energy <br />
* Nano Science & Technology Mission <ref name=Kalpana>{{cite web|last=Palkhiwala|first=Kalpana|title=Nano Mission - Towards Global Knowledge Hub|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=82614|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044644/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=82614|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
* National Super Computing Mission<br />
* [[National Quantum Mission India]]<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || [https://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/scientific-engineering-research/women-scientists-programs Women Scientists Programs] || <br />
* Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI)<br />
* Women Scientists Scheme <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Autonomous S&T Institutions ==<br />
The autonomous science and technology institutions organized under the department include:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dst.gov.in/autonomous-st-institution|title=Autonomous S&T Institutions|publisher=Department of Science & Technology|access-date=2020-06-29}}</ref><br />
*[[Agharkar Research Institute]], Pune<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aripune.org/|title=Agharkar Research Institute (ARI)|website=aripune.org|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref><br />
*[[Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences]], Nanital<ref>{{cite web |title=Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences |url=https://www.aries.res.in/ |website=Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences}}</ref> <br />
*[[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences]], Lucknow<ref>{{cite web |title=Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences |url=https://www.bsip.res.in/ |website=BSIP |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref><br />
*[[Bose Institute]], Kolkata<ref>{{cite web |title=Bose Institute |url=http://www.jcbose.ac.in/ |website=J C Bose Institute |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref><br />
*[[Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences]], Bangalore<br />
*[[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]], Mumbai<br />
*International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Hyderabad<br />
*[[Institute of Nano Science and Technology]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali |url=https://www.inst.ac.in/ |website=NSTITUTE OF NANO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> SAS Nagar<br />
*[[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], Kolkata<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science |url=http://www.iacs.res.in/ |website=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref><br />
*[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], Bengaluru <br />
*National Innovation Foundation<ref>{{cite web |title=National Innovation Foundation – India |url=https://nif.org.in/ |website=NIF – India |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref><br />
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]], Bengaluru<br />
*[[Raman Research Institute]], Bengaluru<br />
*[[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum |url=https://www.sctimst.ac.in/ |website=sctimst |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref><br />
*[[S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]], Kolkata<br />
*Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1630032 |title=IASST develops an artificial intelligence-based computer diagnosis framework for rapid and accurate diagnosis of oral cancers |date=7 June 2020 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><br />
*Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC)<br />
*[[North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach]] (NECTAR)<br />
*[[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]], Dehradun<br />
*Vigyan Prasar, New Delhi<br />
*[[Anusandhan National Research Foundation]]<br />
<br />
== Scientific and industrial research organisations ==<br />
DST runs a program to recognise non-governmental and non-commercial organisations engaged in science and technology areas as ''Scientific and Industrial Research Organisations (SIRO).'' In 2024, there were 884 organisations across natural and applied sciences, agricultural sciences, social sciences and biomedical sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientific and Industrial Research Organizations (SIRO) {{!}} DSIR : Department of Scientific and Industrial Research {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.dsir.gov.in/scientific-and-industrial-research-organizations-siro |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.dsir.gov.in}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Attached Institutions==<br />
*National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation, Kolkata<br />
*[[Survey of India]], Dehradun<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|http://dst.gov.in}}<br />
{{Department of Science and Technology (India)}}<br />
{{Union ministries of India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]<br />
[[Category:Science and technology ministries|India]]<br />
[[Category:1971 establishments in India]]<br />
<br />
{{India-gov-stub}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradhuman_Singh&diff=526214Pradhuman Singh2026-02-20T00:51:13Z<p>PranayMeesala: Starting the bio nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor and writer (born 1983)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pradhuman Singh<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Pradhuman Singh Mall<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|10|10|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<br />
| other_names = Paddy<br />
| occupation = Actor and Writer<br />
| years_active = 2010 - present<br />
| known_for = ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]'' <br />
| notable_works =[[Tere Bin Laden]] <br>''[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive]]''<br> ''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pradhuman Singh Mall''' (born 10 October 1983) is an Indian actor and writer. He came to limelight after he played the role of [[Osama bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden]] in the film ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/meet-pradhuman-singh-mall--the-fake-osama-bin-laden-imagegallery-bollywood-kh2lVCejjfesi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023542/http://www.sify.com/movies/meet-pradhuman-singh-mall--the-fake-osama-bin-laden-imagegallery-bollywood-kh2lVCejjfesi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Meet Pradhuman Singh Mall - the 'Fake Osama Bin Laden'|website=Sify}}</ref><br />
<br />
Singh starred in the films ''[[Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi]]'' and ''[[Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend]]''. Besides his acting, he worked as a writer and cast in the sequel ''[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive]]''. He wrote dialogues for ''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]'' (2018) film starring [[Irrfan Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hamaraphotos.com/photo_-1811226.html|title=Pradhuman Singh Mall at Blackmail film Song Launch on 16th March 2018|website=Hamara Photos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://highlightsindia.com/pradhuman-singh-biography-early-life-career-award-net-worth/|title=Pradhuman Singh-Biography, Early Life, Career, Award and Net Worth|date=11 February 2018|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429020305/http://highlightsindia.com/pradhuman-singh-biography-early-life-career-award-net-worth/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/pradhuman-singh/biography.html|title=Exclusive biography of #PradhumanSingh and on his life.|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"<br />
! rowspan="2" width="33" | Year<br />
! rowspan="2" width="250" | Film<br />
! colspan="5" | Functioned As<br />
|-<br />
! width="65" | Screenwriter<br />
! width="65" | Actor<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]''<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Osama Bin Laden||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi]]''<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Ajoy Ghosh||<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''[[Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend]]''<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Happy||<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Osama Bin Laden||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Anand Tripathi||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/blackmail-movie-review-irrfan-and-co-drive-this-engaging-but-flawed-tragi-comedy-of-errors-4420427.html|title=Blackmail movie review: Irrfan and Co drive this engaging but flawed tragi-comedy of errors|date=6 April 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[The Zoya Factor (film)|The Zoya Factor]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|||<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Thank You for Coming]]''<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|Jeevan Anand||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm3865589}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pradhuman}}<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Uttarakhand]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kishore_(actor,_born_1974)&diff=446392Kishore (actor, born 1974)2026-02-16T12:18:31Z<p>PranayMeesala: updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kishore <br />
| image = Kishore at Yaarivan Audio Launch.jpg<br />
| caption = Kishore at ''[[Yaar Ivan]]'' audio launch<br />
| birth_name = Kishore Kumar G<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|08|14}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Channapatna]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref name="YT1"/><br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| yearsactive = 2000–present<br />
| works = [[Kishore filmography|Full list]]<br />
| spouse = Vishalakshi<br />
| children = 2 <br />
| relatives = [[D. R. Nagaraj]] (uncle)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kishore Kumar G''' (born 14 August 1970),<ref>{{cite news|title=Kishore celebrates his birthday today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kishore-celebrates-his-birthday-today/articleshow/21820624.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 August 2013|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="DOB" /> known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Kishore''', is an Indian actor who appears in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films alongside few [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi Films]]<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Kishore was born on 14 August 1974 in [[Channapatna]], a town in the southern part of [[Karnataka]]. His father was a professor and mother, a homemaker. Kishore completed a major part of his schooling in [[Kunigal]], Karnataka, and college education in [[National College, Bangalore|National College]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="YT1">{{cite AV media |date=15 January 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Anchor Anushree Interviews Kishore - Sankranthi Special / Sandalwood / Anushree Anchor |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZy09ALjitQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/SZy09ALjitQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date= 4 April 2021|time= 2:35|location= |publisher= Anushree Anchor}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This was where he started off with theatre doing plays in Kannada such as ''Teregalu'' and ''Samrata Ashoka''.<ref name="DOB">{{cite news |title= From professor to bandit |url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/from-professor-to-bandit/article4485225.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 7 March 2013 |access-date= 1 November 2013}}</ref> He then did his master's degree in Kannada literature from [[Bangalore University]]. He took up teaching in a college in Bangalore<ref name="Kishore" /> where he worked for two years and then as an assistant to fashion designer Vidyasagar, a professor from National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT). His uncle was cultural critic [[D. R. Nagaraj]].<ref name="YT1"/> He is married to his college sweetheart Vishalakshi. During this time, he worked as a salesman for newspapers ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' and ''[[Prajavani]]''.<ref name="YT1"/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
{{main|Kishore filmography}}<br />
<br />
Kishore made his film debut in the 2004 [[Kannada film]] ''[[Kanti (film)|Kanti]]'', acting in the role Beera. He got a role in the film after having been identified initially as the costume designer of the film and eventually went on to win a State award for his role in it.<ref name="Kishore">{{cite news |title= Meet the actor who plays Veerappan in Attahasa |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-kishore-veerappan-attahasa/20130308.htm |publisher= Rediff |date= 8 March 2013 |access-date= 1 November 2013}}</ref> <br />
<br />
For his role in the films ''Kanti'' and ''[[Rakshasa (2005 film)|Rakshasa]]'', he won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Karnataka State Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="Kishore" /> He played a tough elder brother of heroines in ''[[Aakash (film)|Akash]]'' and ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]''. He was approached by director [[Vetrimaaran]] to work in ''Desiya Nedunchalai'', as he was looking for an actor who could speak Tamil with a Kannada accent. The film was dropped, but he got a chance to act in ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]''. The film was a major success at the box office leading to further collaborations with the director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/kishore/biography.html|title = Kishore}}</ref><br />
<br />
His other roles include a no non-sense cop in ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'' (2007) and a Kabaddi coach in ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009).<br />
<br />
In 2013, he appeared in a forest brigand [[Veerappan]] in ''[[Attahasa]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Kannada Review: 'Attahasa' is a technically brilliant biopic of Veerappan |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-review-attahasa-is-a-technically-brilliant-biopic-of-veerappan/373120-71-203.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130223220642/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-review-attahasa-is-a-technically-brilliant-biopic-of-veerappan/373120-71-203.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 23 February 2013 |website= ibnlive.in |date= 16 February 2013 |access-date= 1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Attahasa (Kannada)|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1466261.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020459/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1466261.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=17 February 2013|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> and a low-budget film ''[[Jatta (film)|Jatta]]'' in which played the role of a forest guard. He was also in the Tamil films ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' as a police officer raising his autistic kid and makes him an athlete and ''[[Arrambam]]'' where he also played a cop.<br />
<br />
In ''[[Echcharikkai]]'' (2018), Kishore plays the role of a crook who kidnaps a girl for money along with a fellow crook.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/echarikkai--ithu-manithargal-nadamaadum-idam-review-review-tamil-siyjb0ibeaacd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824094417/http://www.sify.com/movies/echarikkai--ithu-manithargal-nadamaadum-idam-review-review-tamil-siyjb0ibeaacd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 August 2018|title=Echarikkai- Ithu Manithargal Nadamaadum Idam review|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He later acted in famous web series ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'', where he played the role of commando who fights against terrorists. He gained greater recognition for his performance in ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Politics of hatred playing out in Manipur, says actor Kishore|url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/karnataka/politics-of-hatred-playing-out-in-manipur-says-actor-kishore-94330 |access-date=2023-08-14 |work=The Federal}}</ref> He played a police officer in ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' (2023), a Malayalam crime thriller.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vettaiyan actor Kishore: ‘Rajinikanth’s childlike innocence secret to his superstardom’|url=https://thefederal.com/films/vettaiyan-actor-kishore-interview-rajinikanths-childlike-innocence-secret-to-his-superstardom-149353 |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He was also seen alongside [[Salman Khan]] in [[AR Murugadoss]]'s ''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kishore joins Salman Khan in AR Murugadoss's Sikandar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Oct/29/kishore-joins-salman-khan-in-ar-murugadosss-sikandar |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|3132784}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1974 births]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharana_Pratap_Airport&diff=458293Maharana Pratap Airport2026-02-15T16:17:33Z<p>PranayMeesala: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Airport serving Udaipur, Rajasthan, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| name = Maharana Pratap Airport<br />
| image = Udaipur airport.jpg<br />
| image-width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| IATA = UDR<br />
| ICAO = VAUD<br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| pushpin_label = '''UDR'''<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Rajasthan<br />
| type = Public<br />
| owner = <br />
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]<br />
| owner-oper = <br />
| city-served = [[Udaipur, Rajasthan|Udaipur]]<br />
| location = Dabok, [[Udaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br />
| elevation-f = 1,684<br />
| elevation-m = 513<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24|37|03.2|N|73|53|40|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}<br />
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/udaipur Udaipur Airport]<br />
| metric-elev = y<br />
| metric-rwy = y<br />
| r1-number = 08/26<br />
| r1-length-f = 9000<br />
| r1-length-m = 2743<br />
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br />
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025<br />
| stat1-header = Passengers<br />
| stat1-data = 1,650,607 ({{increase}} 10.9%)<br />
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements<br />
| stat2-data = 13,821 ({{increase}} 2.2%)<br />
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage<br />
| stat3-data = 344 ({{increase}} 9.8%)<br />
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="udaipur_technicalinfo"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Maharana Pratap Airport''' {{Airport codes|UDR|VAUD}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Udaipur, Rajasthan|Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is situated at Dabok, located 22 km (14 mi) east of Udaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Udaipur Airport Domestic Terminal |url=https://www.udaipurairport.com/terminal.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116202859/https://www.udaipurairport.com/terminal.php |archive-date=2019-11-16 |access-date= |website=Udaipur Airport}}</ref> The airport is named after [[Maharana Pratap]], who was a prominent [[Maharana]] (ruler) of the princely state of [[Mewar]], in north-western India.<br />
<br />
The airstrip was used for the first time when a 4-seater [[Piper Super Cub]] landed in the airport on 16 November 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2021|title=Udaipur's first pilot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/udaipurs-first-pilot-passes-away/articleshow/84907238.cms|access-date=31 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2021|title=For the first time, a plane passing through Jaipur had reached Udaipur's Dabok airport, Tiwari had a dialogue with everyone from Rajiv Gandhi to Narendra Modi|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/udaipur/news/for-the-first-time-a-plane-passing-through-jaipur-had-reached-udaipurs-dabok-airport-tiwari-had-a-dialogue-with-everyone-from-rajiv-gandhi-to-narendra-modi-128755200.html|access-date=31 July 2021|website=Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> The airport's new passenger terminal commenced operations in February 2008.<ref name = "TOI">{{cite news|title=Udaipur airport readied in time for Praful's daughter's wedding |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Udaipur-airport-readied-in-time-for-Prafuls-daughters-wedding/articleshow/2793747.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724172026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-19/india/27752317_1_new-terminal-udaipur-aai-chairman-k-ramalingam |url-status=live |archive-date=24 July 2012 |date= 19 February 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beside the existing terminal, a new, larger terminal is being constructed to meet the rapidly rising traffic and demands. Its [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in October 2023, and construction began in the same month.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for new terminal buildings in Udaipur and Jodhpur Airport|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-new-terminal-buildings-in-udaipur-and-jodhpur-airport20231006131240/|work=ANI News|date=6 October 2023|access-date=4 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> Once completed by the end of 2025,{{Update inline|date=February 2026}} the airport will begin operations to foreign destinations to become an [[international airport]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Rishabh|title=Maharana Pratap Airport New Terminal: अंतरराष्ट्रीय उड़ानों के लिए तैयार है उदयपुर का एयरपोर्ट, सालों से चल रहा था काम|url=https://www.rajasthanone.com/travel-and-tourism/news/work-of-the-new-terminal-of-udaipur-maharana-pratap-airport-will-be-completed-by-next-year-there-will-be-many-benefits-2877|work=Rajasthan One|date=23 March 2025|access-date=4 May 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Moiwala|first=Heena|title=Udaipur Airport's New Terminal to be Completed by 2025|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/travel-and-tourism/udaipur-airports-new-terminal/cid16133635.htm|work=Udaipur Times|date=29 January 2025|access-date=4 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
[[File:Dabok Airstrip.webp|thumb|right|The 4-seater Piper aircraft landed first time at Maharana Pratap Airport on 16 November 1957]]<br />
[[file:Udaipur airport.jpg|thumb|right|View of the terminal from the apron]]<br />
The airport is spread over 504 acres.<ref name=a>{{cite web |title=Airport website |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/udaipur_airpo_gi.jsp |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418201638/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/udaipur_airpo_gi.jsp |archive-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has one 2,743 metre long runway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-20 |title=Udaipur airport set to handle international flights soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/udaipur-airport-set-to-handle-international-flights-soon/articleshow/17288970.cms |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Its 250 by 150-metre [[Airport ramp|apron]] provides parking space for five [[Boeing 737]] and [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] type aircraft at a time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-05 |title=उदयपुर एयरपोर्ट को नए एप्रन की मिली सौगात, वर्चुअल तरीके से हुआ उदघाटन {{!}} New Apron Inaugurates At Maharana Pratap Airport, Dabok, Udaipur |url=https://www.patrika.com/udaipur-news/new-apron-inaugurates-at-maharana-pratap-airport-dabok-udaipur-6504141 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> A new apron is also constructed on the left side of the existing apron for executive and private aircraft.<ref name=":0" /> The new terminal building, measuring 12,000 sq.m., was constructed at a cost of ₹80 crore.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="udaipur_technicalinfo"/> The terminal has two [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]], 4 check-in counters and can handle 600 passengers during peak hours.<ref name=":0" /> The airport is equipped with modern navigational and landing aids like [[Distance Measuring Equipment]] (DME), [[VHF omnidirectional range#DVOR|DVOR]], and [[Non-Directional Beacon]] (NDB) and is equipped with a CAT-I [[Instrument Landing System]] (ILS).<ref name="udaipur_technicalinfo">{{cite web |title=Airport website, Tech info |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/udaipur_technicalinfo.jsp |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607022226/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/udaipur_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Airlines and destinations ==<br />
<!-- Please use only independent sources. The airport and airline itself are not independent sources. --><br />
{{Airport destination list|3rdcoltitle={{Abbr|Refs.|References}}|3rdcolunsortable=yes<br />
|[[Air India]]| [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.airindia.com/Images/pdf/TimeTable.pdf#page=10 | title=Timetable | work=[[Air India]] | date=1 January 2017 | access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Air India to commence Udaipur-Aurangabad service in Oct-2019|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-to-commence-udaipur-aurangabad-service-in-oct-2019-940271|work=CAPA|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref><br />
|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]|<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India Express Sep – Nov 2025 Bangalore Network Expansion |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250929-ix2h25blr |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref><br />
|[[IndiGo]]|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal]],{{cn|date=June 2024}} [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]],<ref name="IndiGo Domestic Expansion">{{cite news|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230307-6edom|title=INDIGO 1H23 DOMESTIC ROUTES ADDITION SUMMARY – 05MAR23|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Surat International Airport|Surat]]<ref name="IndiGo Domestic Network Expansion">{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230817-6e2h23in|title=INDIGO 2H23 DOMESTIC NETWORK ADDITIONS|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref>|<ref name="Indigo1">{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html|title=Flight Schedule for Domestic & International Flights |website=IndiGo |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref><br />
|[[SpiceJet]]|[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]|}}<br />
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== Statistics ==<br />
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=UDR}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Airports in India]]<br />
* [[Udaipur]]<br />
* [[Udaipur City Bus Depot]]<br />
* [[Udaipur City railway station]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category-inline|Maharana Pratap Airport}}<br />
* [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/udaipur Maharana Pratap Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]]<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
{{Udaipur}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Airports in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Udaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Memorials to Maharana Pratap]]<br />
[[Category:Airports established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br />
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajri,_India&diff=466116Ajri, India2026-02-15T11:27:03Z<p>PranayMeesala: minor enhanced section for accuracy and updated info for accuracy</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}{{Coord|13|41|15.86|N|74|52|4.07|E|scale:400000_region:GB|display=title}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ajri<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| other_name =<br />
| nickname =<br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = Udupi in Karnataka (India).svg<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| image_caption = Ajri is in Udupi district<br />
| pushpin_map = <!--India Karnataka--><br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt =<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi district]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kundapura]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder =<br />
| named_for =<br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = Kundapura<br />
| government_type =<br />
| governing_body = Village Panchayat<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes =<br />
| area_rank =<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| elevation_footnotes =<br />
| elevation_m =13<br />
| population_total =4017<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank =<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| population_footnotes =<ref name=census2011/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code =576283<br />
| registration_plate =KA<br />
| area_code_type = [[STD Code|Telephone code]]<br />
| area_code = 08254<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Udupi]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
''' Ajri ''' is a village in Kundapura taluk, [[Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/608718-ajri-karnataka.html|work=2011 Census of India|title=Ajri Village Population&nbsp;— Kundapura&nbsp;— Udupi, Karnataka|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2016-08-14}}</ref><ref name=mapsofIndia>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/karnataka/udupi/kundapura/ajri.html|title=Map of Ajri, Kundapura, Udupi, Karnataka|accessdate=2016-08-14}}</ref><ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=https://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Ajri%2C+Udupi%2C+Karnataka|title=Yahoo!|accessdate=2016-08-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
[[Kundapra kannada or kundagannada]] {{citation needed|date=December 2023}} is the local language, but [[Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Beary Bashe]], [[Urdu]] and [[English language|English]] are also spoken.<br />
<br />
There are more females than males in Ajri, but the reverse is true among children under 7, about 10% of the population.<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
In 2011, Ajri had a lower literacy rate compared to the rest of Karnataka. (75.36% of Karnataka was literate, but only 72.44% of Ajri.) About 80% of males are literate in Ajri, but only about 66% of females.<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
Ajri village is administrated by an elected representative [[Sarpanch]] according to the [[Constitution of India]] and the [[Panchyati Raaj Act]].<ref name=census2011/><br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
Ajri is in the [[Kundapura]] [[taluk]] of [[Udupi district]] in Karnataka.<ref name=mapsofIndia/> It is located 49&nbsp;km north of District headquarters in [[Udupi]]. It is also 26&nbsp;km from [[Kundapura]] and 355&nbsp;km from the state capital, [[Bangalore]]. [[Amparu]] ( 7&nbsp;km ), [[Keradi]] ( 8&nbsp;km ), [[Hallihole]] ( 8&nbsp;km ), [[Hosangadi]] ( 9&nbsp;km ), and [[Shankaranarayana]] ( 10&nbsp;km ) are nearby villages. [[Kota, Karnataka|Kota]], [[Udupi]], [[Karkala]], and [[Sagar, Karnataka|Sagar]] are nearby cities. Ajri is surrounded by [[Hosanagara]] taluk to the north, [[Tirthahalli]] taluk towards the east, [[Udupi taluk]] at south, and [[Bhatkal taluk]] in the west. The [[Arabian Sea]] is close by.<br />
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Ajri's [[Postal Index Number]] is 576283 with the head post office in [[Hattiangadi]].<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
[[Kundapur]] and [[Bhatkal]] are the nearest towns by road connectivity. They also have the closest railway stations. The nearest major railway station is 103&nbsp;km away in [[Mangalore]]. The nearest airport is also [[Mangalore Airport]] at a distance of 90&nbsp;km.<br />
<br />
===Nearby Railway Stations===<br />
*[[Kundapura]]- 21&nbsp;km<br />
*[[Senapura]]- 22&nbsp;km<br />
*[[Barkur]]- 30&nbsp;km<br />
*[[Bijoor Halt]]- 34&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
===Places to Visit===<br />
*[[Kodachaadri]]- 9&nbsp;km<br />
*[[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]]- 24&nbsp;km<br />
*[[Maravanthe]]- 30&nbsp;km<br />
*[[Agumbe]]- 33&nbsp;km<br />
*[[Udupi]]- 47&nbsp;km<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://Udupi.nic.in/<br />
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{{Settlements in Udupi district}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]<br />
<br />
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{{Udupi-geo-stub}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tej_Bahadur_Sapru&diff=445496Tej Bahadur Sapru2026-02-12T03:13:12Z<p>PranayMeesala: page updated</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian lawyer and politician (1875–1949)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Knight|Sir]]<br />
| name = Tej Bahadur Sapru<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|PC]]<br />
| image = Tej_Bahadur_Sapru.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1875|12|08}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1949|1|20|1875|12|08}}<br />
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[Dominion of India|India]]<br />
| known_for = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Agra University]]<br />
| relatives = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|PC}} (8 December 1875{{Snd}} 20 January 1949) was an Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, and politician. He was a key figure in India's struggle for independence, helping draft the [[Indian Constitution]]. He was the leader of the [[Indian Liberal Party|Liberal party]] in British-ruled India.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}<br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
<br />
Sapru was born on 8 December 1875 in [[Aligarh]] in the [[North-Western Provinces]] of [[British India]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India) into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family.<ref name="Mohan Kumar">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=b7u1AAAAIAAJ&q=Sapru+Kashmiri|author=Mohan Kumar|title=Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru: a political biography|publisher =Vipul Prakashan|quote= Even now there are many distinguished scholars of Persian among the Kashmiri Brahmins in India. Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru and Raja Narendranath to mention two of them.|access-date = 25 March 2007|year=1981}}</ref> Sapru was the only son of Ambika Prasad Sapru, a [[zemindar]], and his wife Gaura Sapru (née Hukku). Sapru's mother Gaura was the sister of Niranjan Hukku, whose daughter Uma was married to Shyamlal Nehru, a first cousin of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Sapru was also an eighth cousin of [[Muhammad Iqbal]],<ref>{{cite news |title='Happy that Iqbal is revered here' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Happy-that-Iqbal-is-revered-here/articleshow/47477315.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2015 |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref> a Muslim ideologue who was among those who formulated the very idea of [[Pakistan]] in the 1930s, who was later given the title of the national poet of Pakistan.<br />
<br />
He was educated at the [[Agra College]]. Sapru worked in the [[Allahabad High Court]] as a [[lawyer]] where [[Purushottam Das Tandon]], a future nationalist leader, worked as his junior. He later served as a dean of the [[Banaras Hindu University]]{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}. On 13 December 1930, Sapru was admitted to the [[Middle Temple]], but withdrew on 14 January 1932 without being [[Called to the Bar|called to the English bar]].<ref>Sturgess, H.A.C. (1949). ''Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple''. Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.: Temple Bar. Vol. 3, p.927.</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
<br />
Sapru served in the [[Legislative Council of the United Provinces]] (1913–16) and the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] (1916–20) and as a member for law affairs in the [[Council of the Governor General of India|Viceroy's Council]] (1920–23). Sapru and Indian Liberals collaborated with the Congress after the ascent of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who advocated [[Satyagraha|non-violent civil disobedience]] against British rule. Sapru supported the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] until (1920–22). He was knighted as a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI) in the [[1923 Birthday Honours|1923 King's Birthday Honours]] list,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32782|supp=4|date=1 January 1923|page=4}}</ref> As early as 1927, Sapru organised an All Party Conference to begin drafting the [[Indian Constitution]]. In 1928, he helped draft the Nehru Committee Report on Constitutional Reforms. It is acknowledged as the most important document related to the evolution of the Indian Constitution. For the first time in the history of India, it proposed uniting the princely states with the rest of India as a part of the federal polity.<br />
<br />
Although initially a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], India's largest political party, Sapru left it to join the [[Indian Liberal Party|Liberal Party of India]]. He was also a member of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], sitting on its All-India Committee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Bankey Bihari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA80h8lSR8C&dq=%22Hindu%20Mahasabha%22%20%22Tej%20Bahadur%20Sapru%22&pg=PA27 |title=The Congress Party and Government: Policy and Performance |date=1988 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-221-7 |language=en}}</ref> While he supported ''[[Swaraj]]'' (Self Rule) and [[civil disobedience]] against British colonial rule, as a constitutionalist, Sapru advocated for greater political rights and freedoms for Indians to be achieved through dialogue with British authorities. For example, on 28 February 1930, he attended a dinner party organised by the Standing Committee of British India and minister advisers. [[Chimanlal Setalvad]] from Bombay was also present ready to co-operate with Muslims [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|M. A. Jinnah]], and [[M R Jayakar|M. R. Jayakar]], alongside [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|C. P. Ramaswami Aiyer]] from Madras. The Committee absorbed Haksar's Report, and agreed to hold monthly meetings; their deliberations became known as the Sapru Committee recommendations. These "conversations with the princes are very important" declared New Delhi.<ref>Setalvad to Sapru, 10 March 1930, National Library of India (NLI), Sapru MSS, I, 24, S 124; ed. B R Nanda, ''Essays in Modern Indian History,'' Delhi: OUP, 1980, p.123.</ref> [[Kailas Nath Haksar]] was a personal friend who also proposed federation of British and princely India, responsibility was a conservative counter-weight to radicalisation. They established good relations with the British Ministry of Works and Gandhi to build a forum for the round table conference. On 17 November 1930 the All-India Federation gained princely support for a constitutional relationship. Although unaware of the impact of this shift, Sapru sought out Gandhi and Nehru for conversations against civil disobedience movements. He was not successful, other than drawing criticism from Nehru about British control over the Army and financial safeguards. However they had more success in Bhopal and Bikaner, proposed the establishment of a Centre Party with allies in Oudh and United Provinces. They were in no stronger position when the Second Round Table Conference started. The factional splits were fatal to the princes cause; and Sapru's severe criticisms of Maharaja of Dhollpur only served to postpone federation. But he persevered with colleagues Jayakar and Haksar to lobby officials, when he was informed the Viceroy warned against repudiation. Lord Willingdon remained aloof and indifferent to his efforts. The bureaucratic denials slowed attempts, and so in early 1932 Lord Lothian of the Franchise Committee made overtures towards Federation, they recruited Hailey's organ ''The Pioneer'' to persuade the princes to donate.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019|reason=Entire paragraph needs cites}}<br />
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Sapru and other Liberal politicians, eager to achieve independence through dialogue, participated in the central and provincial legislatures set up by the British, even though they were opposed by most Indian political parties and ignored by the people, who considered the legislatures to be unrepresentative "rubber stamps" for the [[Viceroy of India]]. Many Congress politicians respected Sapru as an eminent jurist, as he was a valuable and effective mediator. Sapru mediated between Gandhi and the Viceroy [[Lord Irwin]], helping to forge the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] that ended the Salt Satyagraha.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Sapru also mediated between Gandhi, [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|B. R. Ambedkar]] and the British over the issue of separate electorates for India's "[[Harijan|Untouchables]]", which was settled by the [[Poona Pact]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} Sapru was chosen as the representative of Indian Liberals at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]] (1931–33), which sought to deliberate plans over granting more autonomy to Indians. His efforts along with those of his contemporary [[M. R. Jayakar]] at the Round Table Conferences for bridging the differences between the British administration and Congress are well known. But by Third Round Table many princes would not turn up, and their ministers were lukewarm about federation, and personalities clashed to exclude his able lieutenant Haksar. Sapru had to battle conservative intransigent and princely fickleness when participation was largely voluntary.<ref>''Report of the Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform'' (session 1933-4), vol.1, pt.1 (London, 1934); Nanda, p.144.</ref> He was appointed a member of the Privy Council on 26 February 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34168|page=3691|date=7 June 1935}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sapru supported the Viceroy's decision to bring India into the Second World War in 1939, even as the Congress criticised the decision as unilateral and made without consulting the representatives of India's people. Sapru was also one of the main lawyers engaged to defend captured soldiers of the rebel [[Indian National Army]], raised by nationalist leader [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] with the aid of [[Imperial Japan]] during the war{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}and the [[Quit India Movement]] (1942–46).<br />
<br />
=== Sapru Committee Report ===<br />
<br />
In 1944, the Standing Committee of the Non-Party Conference adopted a resolution to appoint a committee that would make recommendations on constitutional principles, taking into particular account issues of communal division in India. Sapru was invited to head the committee, and to appoint members representing various communities to participate in the preparation of its report.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276348|title=Constitutional Proposals of the Sapru Committee|last=Sapru|first=Tej Bahadur | display-authors = etal|publisher=Padma Publications|year=1945|location=Bombay}}</ref> This report, titled 'Constitutional Proposals of the Sapru Committee', came to be commonly known as the Sapru Committee Report, and contained 21 recommendations pertaining to constitutional questions that concerned the governance and politics of India.<ref>{{cite web|last=|title=Sapru Committee Report (Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, 1945)|url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/sapru_committee_report__sir_tej_bahadur_sapru__1945__1st%20December%201945|access-date=10 February 2022|website=constitutionofindia.net|publisher=Center for Law and Policy Research}}</ref> The Report was published along with a detailed exposition of the reasoning behind these recommendations and included a number of notes of dissent from committee members, as well as details of correspondence regarding their deliberations between the committee and political figures such as Ambedkar, [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]], and others.<ref name=":0" /> The Sapru Committee Report rejected the proposal for the division of the Indian sub-continent into the two states of India and Pakistan, and made a number of recommendations for the protection of minorities in a unified state.<ref name=":0" /> While the Report did not receive much attention or consideration when it was published, it was cited and considered a number of times by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] when drafting the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Debates/cadebatefiles/C09121946.html|title=Constituent Assembly Of India Debates (Proceedings)|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India|year=1946|volume=I|location=New Delhi|chapter='Chairman's Inaugural Address'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Debates/cadebatefiles/C29071947.html|title=Constituent Assembly of India Debates (Proceedings)|date=1956|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|volume=IV|location=New Delhi|chapter='Speech by M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar (29 July 1947)'}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
<br />
Sapru and his wife were the parents of five children. Their three sons were Prakash Narain Sapru, Trijugi Narain Sapru, and Anand Narain Sapru and their daughters were named Jagdambashwari and Bhuvaneshwari. Sapru was the grandfather of [[Jagdish Narain Sapru]], former chairman of [[The BOC Group|British Oxygen]] and of [[ITC Limited]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br />
<br />
Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru died on 20 January 1949 in [[Allahabad]], seventeen months after India gained independence.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
*''Crusader for self-rule: Tej Bahadur Sapru & the Indian National Movement: life and selected letters''(1999) by Rima Hooja ASIN: B0006FEFZK,<br />
*''Tej Bahadur Sapru'' (Builders of modern India) by Sunil Kumar Bose, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India (1978), ASIN: B0006E11GM<br />
*''Indian national movement and the liberals'' by Abha Saxena, Allahabad, India: Chugh Publications, 1986. foreword by A.C. Banerjee.<br />
*[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#Muldoon Muldoon, Andrew Robert, "Making a `moderate' India: British conservatives, imperial culture and Indian political reform, 1924–1935"]<br />
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{{Indian National Army}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sapru, Tej Bahadur}}<br />
[[Category:Indian National Army trials]]<br />
[[Category:1875 births]]<br />
[[Category:1949 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from British India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian socialists]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]<br />
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian knights]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Allahabad]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Ulgulan&diff=537605Statue of Ulgulan2026-02-05T04:49:58Z<p>PranayMeesala: created the info with sources.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Proposed statue in Jharkhand, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{notability|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Birsa Munda, photograph in Roy (1912-72).JPG|thumb|[[Birsa Munda]], photograph in Roy (1912-72)]]<br />
The '''''Statue of Ulgulan''''' is a proposed 150-foot-tall statue of [[Birsa Munda]], a tribal freedom fighter from the eastern Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. The statue is planned to be built along NH 33, the Ranchi-Jamshedpur National Highway, near [[Bundu, India|Bundu]]. The announcement of the ''Statue of Ulgulan'' was made by former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Jharkhand]] and [[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]] President, [[Sudesh Mahto]] at the Birsa Jan Panchayat held on 15 November 2016—the birth anniversary of Bhagwan [[Birsa Munda]]—at Ulihatu Village, [[Khunti district|Khunti]]. The decision was unanimously approved by the Jan Panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-RAN-HMU-MAT-latest-ranchi-news-032502-1385700-NOR.html|title=बिरसा समाधि स्थल पर जुटे आदिवासी नेताओं ने लिया संकल्प : नहीं होने देंगे सीएनटी-एसपीटी में संशोधन|date=16 November 2016|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statue of Ulgulan|url=https://www.inextlive.com/jharkhand/ranchi/150-feet-statue-of-birsa-munda-142413|website=inextlive.jagran.com|publisher=inextlive|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Birsa Munda's descendant, Sukhram Munda, has been appointed as the convener of the Statue of Ulgulan committee. The committee will visit every village in the region to inform people about the statue and collect a stone from each household. The statue was expected to be completed by 15 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statue of Birsa Munda|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-RAN-HMU-MAT-latest-ranchi-news-032002-1385698-NOR.html|website=bhaskar.com|publisher=Bhaskar news network|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statue of Ulgulan|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/ranchi/article1-150-feet-statue-of-mirsa-munda-will-make-in-ulihatu-601417.html|website=livehindustan.com|publisher=Hindustan|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><br />
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Bhagwan Birsa Munda's revolutionary call, ''"Abua Dishum, Abua Raj"'' (Our state, our rule), was a source of inspiration and motivation for millions of tribal people from Jharkhand who participated in the Indian freedom struggle. The 150-foot-tall Statue of Ulgulan is being built to honor the spirit and fervor of Bhagwan Birsa Munda and to pay tribute to his contribution to the centuries-old battle against British rule. The idea for the statue was officially announced on 15 November 2016 (his birth anniversary) in Ulihatu, his birthplace, and the ''Bhumi Poojan'' ceremony was conducted on 9 June 2017. Upon completion, the statue is expected to set a record as the tallest monument in India.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Clipping of Prabhat Khabar - RANCHI - City | url=http://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/c/19995583 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430114455/http://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/c/19995583 | access-date=2024-12-17 | archive-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><br />
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The initiative to build the ''Statue of Ulgulan'' has been undertaken by the Ulgulan Foundation, with the patronage of Sukhram Munda (a descendant and grandson of Bhagwan Birsa Munda) and [[Sudesh Mahto]] (former Deputy Chief Minister of Jharkhand). The construction of this towering 150-foot monument will be funded by contributions from the people of Jharkhand, rather than by any single entity or individual. Thousands of villages and millions of people will take part in its establishment. The Statue of Ulgulan will be located near the Bundu Surya Mandir on the Jamshedpur-Ranchi Highway in Bundu, on land donated by Ramdurlabh Singh Munda.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180808055323/https://epaper.jagran.com/homepage.aspx Unknown Title]</ref><br />
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The Ulgulan Foundation has initiated the movement ''"Har Ghar se Pathar, Har Ghar se Sahyog"'', which emphasizes the idea that the statue will be built with the support and contributions of every village and individual household. Villages across [[Jharkhand]] will donate a stone slab, with the name of the respective village engraved on it. These slabs will be collectively arranged to form a monumental memory wall near the statue.<ref>[http://epaper.bhaskar.com/detail/320072/61005953312/jarkhand/map/tabs-1/06-10-2017/198/4/image/ Unknown Title]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
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The idea behind establishing the ''Statue of Ulgulan'' is not only to kindle a sense of patriotism among the locals but also to showcase the glory and legacy of [[Jharkhand]] and Bhagwan [[Birsa Munda]] to the world. The foundation believes that this statue will become a major tourist attraction in the coming years and will also draw scholars and researchers to study the life and contributions of Bhagwan Birsa Munda.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Statues in India}}<br />
{{coord missing|Jharkhand}}<br />
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[[Category:Proposed statues in India]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anand_Chaudhari&diff=486252Anand Chaudhari2026-02-05T02:09:49Z<p>PranayMeesala: added new entry</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
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'''Anand Chaudhari''' (born 17 October 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anandbhai Chaudhari, INC MLA from Mandvi (ST) - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/anandbhai-chaudhari/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Mandvi Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Surat district]]. He won the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Gujarat Assembly Elections 2017: Congress' Chaudhari Mohanbhai wins from Mandvi (ST) seat |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/gujarat-assembly-election/article/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017-mandvi-st-constituency-congress-bjp/141409 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Mandvi election final result: BJP candidate Virendra Jadeja wins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017/story/mandvi-election-results-latest-updates-1109736-2017-12-18 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Chaudhari is from [[Mandvi]], Surat district, Gujarat. He is the son of Mohanbhai Chaudhari. He passed Class 12 and later did a [[Diploma in Engineering|diploma]] in [[mechanical engineering]] at Dr. S & S, Gandhi Engineering College, Surat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaudhari Anandbhai Mohanbhai(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MANDVI (ST)(SURAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3808 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Pritiben Chaudhari.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Chaudhari won from [[Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency|Mandvi Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress in the 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 96,483 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Merjibhai Chaudhari of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 50,776 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Elections 2017 Constituencies & Candidate List, Gujarat Election Constituencies Names |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-constituencies-list-2017/mandvi-st-elections-2017-results/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandvi Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Mandvi constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/mandvi-157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203041657/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/mandvi-157 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time winning the by-election conducted in 2014 defeating Hemlataben Vasava of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 22,569 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bypolls for 7 Assembly seats in Gujarat alongside LS polls on April 30 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/general-elections-2014/bypolls-for-7-assembly-seats-in-gujarat-alongside-ls-polls-on-april-30_921936.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhari, Anand}}<br />
[[Category:1971 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:People from Surat district]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dega_Deva_Kumar_Reddy&diff=496020Dega Deva Kumar Reddy2026-02-04T13:42:14Z<p>PranayMeesala: Creating some bio needs work</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian educationist and film producer}}<br />
{{weasel|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Dega Deva Kumar Reddy<br />
| image = Dega Deva Kumar Reddy.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1958}}<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Rishi Valley School]], [[Loyola College, Chennai]] & [[Madras School of Social Work]]<br />
| occupation = Educationist, Indian film producer and Entrepreneur<br />
| known for = The Pathless Land - Jiddu Krishnamurti International Centre, [[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
'''Dega Deva Kumar Reddy''' is an Indian educationist, film producer, and an entrepreneur. Deva Kumar is an alumnus of [[Rishi Valley School]], a school founded by [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] in [[Madanapalle]], South India. He founded 'Srujana School' and produced Telugu feature films [[Ammayi Bagundi]] and [[Manasu Palike Mouna Raagam]]. He also produced '[[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]]'<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ranee|date=2013-05-16|title=Concretising the abstract|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/concretising-the-abstract/article4717956.ece|access-date=2020-11-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> a synergy of five Indian classical dance forms based on Jiddu Krishnamurti teachings.<br />
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==Influence==<br />
Inspired by Jiddu Krishnamurti's teachings, Dega Deva Kumar Reddy popularized Krishnamurti teachings through education, art form, and films.<br />
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==Career==<br />
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===Innovations in Education===<br />
Deva Kumar graduated from [[Loyola College, Chennai]], and obtained master's degree from [[Madras School of Social Work]]. Deva Kumar founded an alternative school based on [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]'s teachings along with social reformer, author and educationist Manchireddy Sivaram<ref>{{Cite web|title="The ability to observe without evaluating is the highest form of intelligence"YES TV - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VhHsWbpD2M&index=5&list=PLqX2bWpKll5ZMcSrSQG2d0qqwjcOUHAJu|access-date=2020-11-13|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> and English educationist and author Eleanor Watts<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleanor watts family visit to Pinakini Satygraha Asramam photos - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juvmEzZfOYM|access-date=2020-11-13|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> for under privileged children at [[Pinakini Satygraha Ashramam]] in Pallipadu village, [[Nellore]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The innovative work done at Srujana School was documented in the books - [https://archive.org/stream/ASchoolUnderTrees-Eng-Raghubabu/raghubabu_djvu.txt A School Under Trees] and [http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/raghubabu-srujna.pdf A Journey With Children - Exploration in Self and Alternative Education]. Elenor Watts<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleanor Watts {{!}} Oxford University Press|url=https://elt.oup.com/bios/elt/w/watts_e?cc=global&selLanguage=en|access-date=2020-11-13|website=elt.oup.com}}</ref> had later written several books based on her work and association with 'Srujana School'. Sivaram had documented his experiences and thoughts on Education in the book 'Sramajeevana Vidya Viplava Kavyam'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sramajeevana Vidya Viplava Kavyam శ్రమజీవన విద్యా విప్లవ కావ్యం|url=https://manchipustakam.in/product/sramajeevana-vidya-viplava-kavyam-శ్రమజీవన-విద్యా-విప్/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Manchi Pustakam|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Film career===<br />
Deva Kumar has produced two [[Telugu language|Telugu]] feature films based on Jiddu Krishnamurti's philosophy under Dega Arts banner. [[Ammayi Bagundi]] was released in 2004 starring [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)]], [[Meera Jasmine]] and [[Manasu Palike Mouna Raagam]] with [[Sneha (actress)]] in the lead role in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manasu Palike Mounaragam Muhurat|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/functions/1798/manasu-palike-mounaragam-muhurat.aspx|access-date=2020-11-13|website=www.ragalahari.com}}</ref>[[Ammayi Bagundi]] was dubbed in Malayalam as Manjupeyyum Munpe and [[Manasu Palike Mouna Raagam]] was dubbed to Tamil.<br />
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===Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life===<br />
Dega Deva Kumar Reddy conceptualized and produced '[[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]]',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discovering the essence of life|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2013/may/03/discovering-the-essence-of-life-473809.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> a dance form inspired by Jiddu Krishnamurti's teachings.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-25|title=Dance and philosophy on a stage|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/314793/dance-philosophy-stage.html|access-date=2020-11-14|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> [[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]] was a synergy of five classical Indian dance forms – [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathak]], [[Mohiniyattam]] and [[Odissi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dega Devakumar Dega Farms Founder - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSrwEJnoI0Y|access-date=2020-11-13|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> [[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]] was performed in several states in India and received rare accolades.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dega Arts Essence of Life Promo - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PqwrYi_BKg|access-date=2020-11-19|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><br />
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===The Pathless Land===<br />
'The Pathless Land' is a Jiddu Krishnamurti International Centre and School in [[Madikeri]], [[Kodagu]] district, [[Karnataka]], India, promoted by Dega Deva Kumar Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.thepathlessland.in/about-us/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Pathless Land|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 'The Pathless Land' is modeled after Brockwood Park School, a school founded by [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] in UK in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The SchoolThe School|url=https://www.thepathlessland.in/the-school/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=The Pathless Land|language=en-US|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206173536/https://www.thepathlessland.in/the-school/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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===Entrepreneur===<br />
Deva Kumar Reddy is founder of Future Organics,<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Future Organics {{!}} Pure & Natural|url=https://futureorganics.in/about-us/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Future Organics|language=en-US|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129102232/https://futureorganics.in/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a company that produces organic products. He is also the promoter of 'Dega Farms and Eco Constructions'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://degafarms.com/index.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=degafarms.com}}</ref> a Jiddu Krishnamurti retreat centre in [[Hosur]] near [[Bangalore]].{{fact|date=March 2023}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
*[https://thepathlessland.in/about-us The Pathless Land, A Jiddu Krishnamurti International Community in Coorg, India]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NfuV0F-mhM Srujana School innovative education talk by Sivaram]<br />
*[https://manchipustakam.in/product/sramajeevana-vidya-viplava-kavyam-శ్రమజీవన-విద్యా-విప్/ Experience of Srujana School by M Sivaram]<br />
*[http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/blackboardeng.pdf The Blackboard Book, Eleanor Watts]<br />
*[http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/raghubabu.pdf A School Under Trees, Raghu Babu]<br />
*[http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/raghubabu-srujna.pdf A Journey With Children - Exploration in Self and Alternative Education]<br />
*[https://www.thepathlessland.in/essence-of-life/ Essence of Life dance]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Deva Kumar Reddy, Dega}}<br />
[[Category:Jiddu Krishnamurti| ]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Indian educators]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]<br />
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohtas_block&diff=530791Rohtas block2026-01-21T12:19:22Z<p>PranayMeesala: Starting a article added tags</p>
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<div>{{more citations needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
[[File:Kushdihra, Rohtas, Bihar.jpg|alt=Kushdihra, a village in Rohtas Block |thumb|303x303px|View of Rohtas Plateau from village Kushdihra]]<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Rohtas block<br />
| settlement_type =<br />
| total_type = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| image_map = Rohtas block map.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing divisions of Rohtas block<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coor_pinpoint = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Akbarpur, Rohtas|Akbarpur]]<br />
| parts_type = <br />
| parts_style = <br />
| p1 = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 86049<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| population_urban = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| demographics1_title2 = <br />
| demographics1_info2 = <br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| leader_title2 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank_name_sec2 = <br />
| blank_info_sec2 = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
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'''Rohtas''' is a [[community development block]] in [[Rohtas district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The block headquarters is in the village of [[Akbarpur, Rohtas|Akbarpur]], 5&nbsp;km east of the historic [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtas Fort]]. As of 2011, the population of Rohtas block was 86,049.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Rohtas, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=33, 44–70, 94, 97–99, 1156–1171, 1191–1192|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref><br />
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== History ==<br />
The eponymous fortress of [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtas]] was an important centre under [[Sher Shah Suri]] and during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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The village of [[Akbarpur, Rohtas|Akbarpur]], in the foothills near Rohtasgarh, formed a [[pargana]] during the Mughal period. The tomb of [[Malik Wishal Khan]], the ''[[daroga]]'' of Rohtasgarh under [[Shah Jahan]], is located here.<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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== Geography ==<br />
Rohtas block is geographically diverse, with parts of it lying on the [[Sasaram]] Plain and other parts on the [[Rohtas Plateau]], a hilly outcrop of the [[Vindhya Range]].<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
{{historical populations<br />
| source = 2011 Census of India<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| 2001 | 78625<br />
| 2011 | 86049<br />
}}<br />
In 2011, the population of Rohtas block was 86,049, of which 4,504 lived in the [[census town]] of [[Telkap]] and 81,545 in rural areas. The overall [[sex ratio]] of the block was 944 females to every 1000 males, which was the highest in the district. The sex ratio was higher in rural areas (947) than in urban areas (904); it was also higher in the 0-6 age group than in the general population. In the 0-6 age group, the sex ratio was 957 (960 in rural areas, and 910 in urban areas), which was the second-highest in the district behind [[Dawath]]. (The rural 0-6 sex ratio, however, exceeded Dawath's, making it the highest in the district.)<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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Members of [[scheduled castes]] numbered 15,794 in Rohtas block, representing 18.35% of the population; this proportion was almost identical to the district average of 18.57%. Members of [[scheduled tribes]] numbered 6,885, representing 8% of the population, which was much higher than the district average of 1.07%. Additionally, the town of Telkap, in Rohtas block, had the highest proportion of scheduled tribes membership among urban areas in the district of Rohtas (6.86%, compared to the average of 0.75%).<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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[[Literacy]] in Rohtas block was somewhat below the district average: 66.41% of people in the block could read and write, compared with 73.37% in the district as a whole. Literacy was higher in men than in women; 76.24% of men but only 55.96% of women could read and write. The corresponding gender gap in literacy was 20.28%, which was marginally above the district average of 19.91%.<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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A slight majority of the workforce of Rohtas block was employed in [[agriculture]] in 2011, with 12.13% being cultivators who owned or leased their own land and 38.77% being agricultural labourers who worked someone else's land for money. Another 5.77% of the workforce was employed in household industries, and the remaining 43.33% were employed in other forms of work.<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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== Economy ==<br />
Near the village of [[Banjari, Rohtas|Banjari]] there are significant [[limestone]] deposits which are mined for use in the production of [[cement]].<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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Of the total land area in Rohtas block, 31.57% is cultivable land; of the cultivable land, 54.92% was [[irrigation|irrigated]] in 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
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== Villages ==<br />
Rohtas block contains 37 villages, of which 33 are inhabited and 4 are uninhabited.<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
<br />
|-<br />
! Village name<br />
! Total land area (hectares)<br />
! Population (in 2011)<br />
|-<br />
| Tumba || 639.9 || 6,135<br />
|-<br />
| Karma || 356.9 || 2,177<br />
|-<br />
| Basarhi || 160.6 || 93<br />
|-<br />
| Nawadih || 346 || 4,415<br />
|-<br />
| Dhelabar || 297.4 || 2,707<br />
|-<br />
| Khajuri || 253.7 || 1,838<br />
|-<br />
| Rasulpur || 275.6 || 3,532<br />
|-<br />
| Kasiawan || 298 || 4,047<br />
|-<br />
| Bazidpur || 121 || 2,689<br />
|-<br />
| [[Banjari, Bihar|Banjari]] || 270 || 2,629<br />
|-<br />
| Lebura || 220.81 || 1,797<br />
|-<br />
| Kalyanpur || 207.85 || 1,676<br />
|-<br />
| Kachhuhar || 6,711.3 || 501<br />
|-<br />
| Kaskudar || 82.72 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Amra || 121.46 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Mandha || 126.62 || 520<br />
|-<br />
| Amdih || 103.53 || 174<br />
|-<br />
| Kauriari || 6,235 || 2,349<br />
|-<br />
| Budhua || 5,572.32 || 2,000<br />
|-<br />
| Rohtas || 4,213.6 || 2,718<br />
|-<br />
| Diadih || 916.83 || 627<br />
|-<br />
| Bharuhi || 141.8 || 472<br />
|-<br />
| Samahuta || 545.56 || 2,943<br />
|-<br />
| Murli Pahari || 53.38 || 250<br />
|-<br />
| Baknaur || 723.07 || 7,558<br />
|-<br />
| Merara || 53.64 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Akbarpur, Rohtas|Akbarpur]]''' (capital) || 333 || 9,236<br />
|-<br />
| Uchaila || 517.93 || 5,125<br />
|-<br />
| Baskatia || 178 || 2,416<br />
|-<br />
| Kusdihra || 342 || 2,010<br />
|-<br />
| Rajpur || 77.97 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Milki || 30.18 || 858<br />
|-<br />
| Jamua || 204.84 || 2,541<br />
|-<br />
| Kanakpur || 52.73 || 69<br />
|-<br />
| Nawadih || 261.11 || 2,226<br />
|-<br />
| Maghigawan || 235.64 || 1,904<br />
|-<br />
| Thummha || 338.36 || 1,313<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rohtas district]]<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Bihar]]<br />
<br />
{{Rohtas-geo-stub}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi&diff=445599Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi2026-01-16T09:17:45Z<p>PranayMeesala: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian Political Party<br />
| party_name = Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi<br />
| party_flag = [[Image:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi banner.png|250px|[[List of political party symbols in India|Election symbol]] of VCK]]<br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}<br />
| logo = Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi Party logo.png<br />
| chairperson = [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]<br />
| Political position = [[Left-wing]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=Rift between MK Stalin's party and ally VCK in Tamil Nadu? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/mk-stalin-party-dmk-ally-vck-tamil-nadu-rift-speculation-2606344-2024-09-26 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=He said that Thirumavalavan, who strongly adheres to leftist ideologies rooted in Tamil history}}</ref><br />
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|543|hex={{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<br />
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<br />
| state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|4|234|hex={{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-polls-vck-wins-four-seats-including-two-general-constituencies-7301502/|title = Tamil Nadu polls: VCK wins four seats including two general constituencies|date = 4 May 2021}}</ref><br />
| foundation = 1982<br />
| alliance = * '''National Alliance'''<br />[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (since 2023) <br />
* '''Regional Alliances'''<br/>[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])<br />
{{hidden|Former Alliances|<br />
*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2006–2013), (2017-2023)''<small>(till dissolved)</small>'') (National)<br />
* [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] <br/> (2006-2015), (2017-2019)<br />
* [[National Democratic Alliance]] <br/> (2001-2003) (India)<br />
*[[AIADMK-led Alliance|Democratic People Alliance]] (2006) (Tamil Nadu) <br />
*[[Janata Dal (United)]] Alliance (2004) (Tamil Nadu)<br />
*[[People's Welfare Front|Makkal Nala Koottani]] (2015–2016) (Tamil Nadu)<br />
* [[Tamil Manila Congress|TMC+]]<br/> (1999-2001) (Tamil Nadu)}}<br />
| ideology = [[Social Justice]]<br>[[Ambedkarism]]<ref name=":ID">{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=2024-09-10 |title=VCK invites AIADMK for ‘prohibition of liquor’ rally, but says no to PMK and BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vck-invites-aiadmk-for-prohibition-of-liquor-rally-but-says-no-to-pmk-and-bjp/article68626359.ece |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=Agreed that they have taken progressive stand on many issues and have spoken in support of Ambedkarism, Marxism, and in support of Eelam Tamils, which are agreeable to us.}}</ref><br />[[Marxism]]<ref name=":ID"/><br>[[Secularism]]<br> [[Tamil nationalism]]<br>[[Dravidianism]]<br />
| split = [[Dalit Panthers]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/tamil-nadu-elections-vck-dalit-liberation-panthers-party-thirumavalavan|title=How the VCK Emerged as More Than 'Just a Dalit Party' in the Tamil Nadu Elections|website=The Wire}} <br />
</ref><br />
| website =<br />
|eci=[[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]] <br />
|abbreviation=VCK<br />
|founder=M. Malalchami, D. Amukurajah<br />
|symbol = [[File:Pot Symbol.png|150px]]<br />Clay Pot<br />
|general_secretary = [[D. Ravikumar]]<br />
|colours = {{Colorsample|Blue}} Blue<br />{{Colorsample|Red}} Red<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi''' ({{translation|'''Liberation Panther Party'''}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''VCK'''), formerly known as the '''Dalit Panthers of India''' or the '''Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam''' ({{translation|'''Dalit Panthers Movement'''}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''DPI'''), is an Indian [[social movement]] and political party that seeks to combat caste based [[discrimination]], active in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wyatt|first=Andrew|title=Party System Change in South India: Political Entrepreneurs, Patterns and Processes|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-135-18201-4|pages=116–133|language=en}}</ref> The party also has a strong emphasis on [[Tamil nationalism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Strong-ingredients-of-Tamil-nationalism-in-VCK-manifesto/article14958584.ece|title=Strong ingredients of Tamil nationalism in VCK manifesto|newspaper=The Hindu|date=March 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/tamil-nationalism-then-and-now/article4282662.ece|title=Tamil nationalism, then and now|website=Frontline|date=9 January 2013 }}</ref> Its chair is [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]], a lawyer from [[Chennai]], and its general secretary is the writer [[Ravikumar (writer)|Ravikumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-caste-battle-in-Tamil-Nadu-never-ends/articleshow/48646204.cms|title=Why caste battle in Tamil Nadu never ends|website=The Times of India|date=24 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2020-06-24|title=Prosecution deliberately bungled in Shankar murder case, VCK leader says|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/prosecution-deliberately-bungled-in-shankar-murder-case-vck-leader-says/article31903958.ece|access-date=2020-07-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The '''Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam''' was formed in 1982 in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Gorringe|first=Hugo|title=Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratization in Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Sage Publishing|Sage Publications]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7619-3323-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The group was found to seek protection of Dalits from [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]].<ref name="Decoding VCK TheQuint">{{cite news |last1=TK |first1=Smitha |title=Decoding VCK, The Face of Assertive Dalit Politics in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/viduthalai-chiruthaigal-katchi-vck-thirumavalavan-contest-own-2021-assembly-election-dmk-dalits-pmk |access-date=11 January 2022 |work=The Quint |date=5 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Founded by a group of disaffected [[Dalits]] under the leadership of M. Malalchami,<ref name=":1" /> it emerged as a loosely organised group of local activists seeking assistance and protection through the association of a larger movement.<ref name=":0" /> The movement was inspired by the [[Dalit Panthers of India]], a social movement which itself had formed earlier in the 1970s in [[Maharashtra]] which itself was inspired by the [[Black Panther Party]], a socialist movement that sought to combat racial discrimination in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1974|title=Dalit Panthers: Another View|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=9|issue=18|pages=715–716|jstor=41497050|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhavan|first=Narayanan|date=2016-06-05|title=How Muhammad Ali inspired India's Dalits|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/nation/how-muhammad-ali-inspired-india-s-dalits/story-RWXBe295j9D7AFwwBKxsmI.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1989, after the death of the founder of Dalit Panthers of India (DPI), Thirumavalavan became its leader. In the 1990s the party grew by highlighting [[discrimination]] and [[Caste system in India|caste]]-based [[violence]]. In 1999, VCK contested elections for the first time.<ref name="Decoding VCK TheQuint" /><br />
<br />
VCK was allotted different election symbols in every election. In 2014, Madras HC ordered the Election Commission of India to consider VCK's request for [[star]] as their election symbol.<ref name="India TV News">{{cite news |title=Madras HC orders ECI to consider VCK's request for star symbol |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/madras-hc-orders-eci-to-consider-vck-s-request-for-star-symbol-35119.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |work=India TV News |date=4 April 2014 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Party principles ==<br />
[[File:Thol Thirumavalavan.jpg|thumb|Thol. Thirumavalavan, Leader and President of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]<br />
The main aim of the party is to abolish the differences among [[Tamils|Tamil people]] and to lift up the [[Socioeconomics|socio-economically]] weaker sections of society. The party supported the freedom movement of Tamil people in [[Tamil Eelam]], as well as the security of Tamil people living abroad. The party also declared that [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] should be charged with [[War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war|war crimes]] for the alleged assassination of thousands of innocent Tamil people during war against the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]. In the [[Parliament of India]] in May 2012, Thirumavalavan joined other leaders and raised issue of the [[Ambedkar controversial cartoon|Ambedkar cartoon]], sparking a controversy in [[Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/row-over-ambedkar-nehru-cartoon-in-ncert-textbook-top-10-developments-482156|title=Row over Ambedkar-Nehru cartoon in NCERT textbook: Top 10 developments|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliaments-stand-on-ambedkar-cartoon-disturbing-panikkar/article3426321.ece|title=Parliament's stand on Ambedkar cartoon disturbing: Panikkar|first=G.|last=Krishnakumar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=May 16, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ahead of the 2016 Tamil Nadu Assembly elections, Thirumavalavan stated his willingness to form a coalition with any party apart from the DMK, AIADMK, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and PMK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saddahaq.com/tamil-nadu-will-thirumavalavan-be-able-to-form-coalition-government-in-the-state |access-date=2015-08-24 |date=2015-05-06 |first=Akshaya |last=Nath |website=Saddahaq |title=Tamil Nadu: Will Thirumavalavan be able to form coalition government in the state? |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312010636/https://www.saddahaq.com/tamil-nadu-will-thirumavalavan-be-able-to-form-coalition-government-in-the-state |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Tamil Eelam ==<br />
VCK formed [[Tamil Eelam Supporters Organization]] (TESO) along with DMK, DK, NTK, and demonstrated protests demanding credential probe into war time crimes against the Sri Lankan government during the war between the [[Tamil Tigers]] and the Sri Lankan government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TESO Observes Black Day to Protest Rajapaksa's Address|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/sep/26/teso-observes-black-day-to-protest-rajapaksas-address-665219.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About listing|url=https://indianexpress.com/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=VCK condemns MEA's letter to TESO Organizers to drop word Eelam|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120810/2041475.html|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926012805/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120810/2041475.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thousands of innocent Tamil people were brutally tortured and murdered during the war.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/04/sri_lankas_hidden_genocide.html| title = Sri Lanka's hidden genocide {{!}} The Star| website = [[Toronto Star]]| date = 4 November 2013}}</ref> Many countries raised complaints against the Sri Lankan government in the United Nations International Criminal Court of Justice. VCK demanded that former Sri Lankan President Rajapakse should be charged with war crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globaltamilnews.net/GTMNEditorial/tabid/71/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/46547/language/en-US/Thol-Thirumavalavan-calls-Rajapaksa-war-criminal-.aspx|title=Error|website=globaltamilnews.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thiruma calls Rajapaksa war criminal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2009/oct/20/thiruma-calls-rajapaksa-war-criminal-96150.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> Many of its party men were arrested by Tamil Nadu police for creating public discomfort during protests against the Sri Lankan government. The party is heavily criticised for supporting LTTE and its leader [[Velupillai Prabhakaran|Prabakaran]], since LTTE is banned in India.<br />
<br />
VCK is accused of promoting [[Tamil nationalism]] and supporting the banned group [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/furore-in-tn-assembly-over-vck-leaders-remarks/539785|title=Furore in TN assembly over VCK leader's remarks|website=Outlook (India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vck-leader-calls-for-support-to-tamil-eelam/650368|title=VCK Leader Calls for Support to Tamil Eelam|website=Outlook (India)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pmk-vck-want-ban-on-ltte-lifted/article6513175.ece|title=PMK, VCK want ban on LTTE lifted|newspaper=The Hindu|date=October 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/27/lift-ban-on-ltte-vck-to-centre-1201422790.html|title=Lift ban on LTTE: VCK to Centre|date=January 27, 2008|website=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/revoke-ban-on-ltte-vck-8603.html?fbrefresh=1550059754|title=Revoke ban on LTTE - VCK|website=dailymirror.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/VCK-man-held-for-smuggling-boat-parts-to-LTTE-in-2007/articleshow/11761645.cms|title=VCK man held for smuggling boat parts to LTTE in 2007|website=The Times of India|date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Although major Tamil political parties DMK and ADMK both are accused of indirectly supporting LTTE, VCK is accused of supporting LTTE leader openly in its party posters. The LTTE was involved in the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of former Indian prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. VCK Party has demanded the premature release of the assassination convicts along with major Tamil parties like NTK, MDMK, PMK, SMK, AIADMK and DMK. It has also celebrated the birth day of slain LTTE leader Prabakaran along with other Tamil parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Tamil-Outfits-Celebrate-Slain-LTTE-Chiefs-Birthday/2015/11/27/article3148855.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130021335/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Tamil-Outfits-Celebrate-Slain-LTTE-Chiefs-Birthday/2015/11/27/article3148855.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2015|title=Naraka, Tamil Outfits Celebrate Slain LTTE Chief's Birthday|date=November 27, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
In April 2019, members of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] affiliated, [[Hindutva]] group [[Hindu Munnani]] broke an [[Earthenware|earthen pot]], the [[Electoral symbol|election symbol]] of '''VCK''' at the village of [[Ponparappi]], [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]] block, [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/simmering-animosity-led-to-attack-on-scs-in-ponparappi-fact-finding-team/article26943497.ece|title=Simmering animosity led to attack on SCs in Ponparappi: fact finding team|date=2019-04-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The incident happened in front of the Panchayat Office where the Tamil Nadu general election polling was going on which lead to a quarrel. This is said to have resulted a retaliatory violence against the [[Dalit]]s. ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported a mob of '''100''' engaged in violence against the Dalits and at least 20 tiled houses which had the VCK symbol were totally damaged. A. Kathir of Evidence, a rights organisation based in [[Madurai]] claimed 13 people were admitted at hospitals, 25 houses were fully damaged and 115 houses were damaged. [[Thirumavalavan|Tirumavalavan]] after visiting the area, told the media that the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] and [[Hindu Munnani]] were responsible for the violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/incoming/article26899140.ece|title=Dalits in Tamil Nadu village attacked for voting in election|last=Rajasekaran|first=Ilangovan|website=Frontline|date=20 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2022, VCK protested the [[saffronisation]] of Dr [[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R. Ambedkar]], the architect of the [[secular]] [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/indu-makkal-katchi-functionary-arrested-for-putting-up-posters-of-saffron-clad-ambedkar/articleshow/96033358.cms | title=Indu Makkal Katchi functionary arrested for putting up posters of saffron-clad Ambedkar | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 December 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance==<br />
<br />
===Lok Sabha Elections===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+<br />
!style="background-color:#1569C7;color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:#1569C7;color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:#1569C7;color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:#1569C7;color:white"|Remarks<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|2|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<br />
| -<br />
|As [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] candidates<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|8|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<br />
| -<br />
|As [[Janata Dal (United)]] candidates<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|1|2|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<br />
|0.18%<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|2|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<br />
|0.11%<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|2|2|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<br />
|0.8%<br />
|[[Ravikumar (writer)]] contested in [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] symbol<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|2|2|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}}<br />
|2.25%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections ===<br />
{| class=wikitable <br />
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#2368C7; color:white" | Election Year <br />
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#2368C7; color:white" | Election <br />
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#2368C7; color:white" | Votes polled<br />
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#2368C7; color:white" | Won<br />
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#2368C7; color:white" | Change of Seats<br />
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#2368C7; color:white" | Alliance<br />
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#2368C7; color:white" | Result<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|13th Assembly]]<br />
|426,321<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|9|hex=#2368C7}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
|ADMK +<br />
| ! style="background:#98FB98;" | Won<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|14th Assembly]]<br />
|555,965<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|10|hex=#2368C7}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 2<br />
|DMK +<br />
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Lost<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|15th Assembly]]<br />
|331,849 <br />
|{{Composition bar|0|25|hex=#2368C7}}<br />
| No Change <br />
|DMDK+<br />
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Lost<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|16th Assembly]] <br />
|457,763<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|6|hex=#2368C7}}<br />
|{{increase}} 4<br />
|DMK +<br />
| ! style="background:#98FB98;"| Won<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of political parties in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://wikimapia.org/10127151/Viduthalai-Chiruthaigal-Katchi-VCK-Thol-Thirumavalavan-office Location of VCK party office]<br />
*[http://www.thiruma.in/ Official website of Thirumavalavan] {{in lang|ta}}<br />
*News coverage: [http://www.wikinewsindia.com/english-news/thehindu-news/opinion-blogs/the-dalit-moment-of-truth/ Wikinews India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902212049/http://www.wikinewsindia.com/english-news/thehindu-news/opinion-blogs/the-dalit-moment-of-truth/ |date=2 September 2015 }}, [http://www.ndtv.com/topic/vck NDTV], [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/vck-pitches-for-a-coalition-government-in-2016/article7174954.ece ''The Hindu'']<br />
*TASMAC Campaign [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/protest-against-tasmac-outlet-disrupts-traffic/article4993015.ece]<br />
*Gandhian Principles Propaganda [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/gandhian-sasi-perumal-died-during-an-agitation-to-shift-tasmac-shop-near-marthandam/article7485847.ece]<br />
*TASMAC bandh [https://web.archive.org/web/20160312022831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article425913.ece Political parties want TASMAC shop closed]<br />
*Against Liquor [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamil-Nadu-bandh-Normal-life-not-affected-as-protesters-target-only-liquor-shops/articleshow/48341761.cms Tamil Nadu bandh: Normal life not affected as protesters target only liquor shops ]<br />
*Against TASMAC [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamil-Nadu-bandh-Normal-life-not-affected-as-protesters-target-only-liquor-shops/articleshow/48341761.cms Tamil Nadu bandh: Normal life not affected as protesters target only liquor shops ]<br />
*Tamil Fishermen issue [https://web.archive.org/web/20160312014947/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article160050.ece PMK, VCK too oppose Marine Fisheries Bill][http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vck-plea-for-release-of-fishermen/article6577776.ece][http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article132539.ece][http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/death-sentence-for-fishermen-shocking/article6550723.ece][https://web.archive.org/web/20141111074247/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/VCK-Calls-SL-Death-Sentence-Politically-Motivated-Decision/2014/11/11/article2518069.ece VCK Calls SL Death Sentence Politically Motivated Decision][https://web.archive.org/web/20160312014947/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article160050.ece PMK, VCK too oppose Marine Fisheries Bill]<br />
*Tamil Eelam issue [https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011326/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article71263.ece 'Unarmed VCK men to fight for Eelam'][http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/vck-not-to-dilute-stand-on-tamil-eelam-364113.html Breaking News, Live Election 2022 Results: Assembly Election 2022, Dates, Photos, Polls and Results]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
*People welfare Front [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article7841858.ece][http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/peoples-welfare-front-promises-statehood-prohibition/article8207868.ece][http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/pwf-not-a-big-force-says-stalin/article8230827.ece][http://www.ndtv.com/topic/people-welfare-front People Welfare Front: Latest News, Photos, Videos on People Welfare Front][http://www.ndtv.com/topic/people-welfare-front People Welfare Front: Latest News, Photos, Videos on People Welfare Front]<br />
*Tamil Eelam Supporter's organisation [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamil-Eelam-Supporters-Organization-observes-Black-Day-against-Rajapaksas-participation-at-UNGA-session/articleshow/43434446.cms Tamil Eelam Supporters Organization observes Black Day against Rajapaksa's participation at UNGA session ][http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Tamil-Eelam-Supporters-Organisation-(TESO) Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation (TESO): Latest News, Videos and Photos of Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation (TESO) | Times of India] [http://www.sangam.org/2012/08/TESO_Conference.php?uid=4825 TESO Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation Conference Resolutions August 12 2012 Chennai Tamil Nadu Sri Lanka][http://indianexpress.com/tag/tamil-eelam-supporters-organisation/ About][http://indianexpress.com/tag/tamil-eelam-supporters/][http://www.dnaindia.com/topic/tamil-eelam-supporters-organisation Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation][http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rajapaksa-trying-to-erase-tamil-in-sri-lanka-karunanidhi/story-OUIiPHqTolsogEuwpMa5uM.html][https://web.archive.org/web/20160312021602/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/VCK-condemns-demolition-of-compound-wall-of-memorial/2013/11/20/article1901526.ece][https://web.archive.org/web/20160312022330/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1455205.ece?service=print]<br />
*Jallikattu Issue [https://web.archive.org/web/20151122114038/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/VCK-Blames-government-on-Jallikattu/2015/01/18/article2624535.ece][http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jallikattu-allowed-centre-makes-arrangements-for-bull-taming-in-tn/story-fBzddqoyWagokI5X7E36dK.html][http://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/12/vck-to-launch-agitation-against-ban-on-jallikattu-1200146673.html][http://guindytalk.com/news-tags/vck-thol-thirumavalavan-news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329093548/http://guindytalk.com/news-tags/vck-thol-thirumavalavan-news |date=29 March 2016 }}<br />
*LTTE Ban controversies [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pmk-vck-want-ban-on-ltte-lifted/article6513175.ece][http://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/27/lift-ban-on-ltte-vck-to-centre-1201422790.html][https://web.archive.org/web/20151130021335/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Tamil-Outfits-Celebrate-Slain-LTTE-Chiefs-Birthday/2015/11/27/article3148855.ece][http://asianmirror.lk/news/item/6989-pro-ltte-tamil-nadu-parties-urges-india-to-support-npc-resolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326140127/http://asianmirror.lk/news/item/6989-pro-ltte-tamil-nadu-parties-urges-india-to-support-npc-resolution |date=26 March 2016 }}<br />
{{Black Panther Party}}<br />
{{Dravidian politics}}<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1982 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit politics]]<br />
[[Category:Former member parties of the United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1982]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil nationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nijangal_(Indian_TV_series)&diff=521918Nijangal (Indian TV series)2026-01-12T06:14:42Z<p>PranayMeesala: Starting the article first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Nijangal (TV shows).jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]] <br/> [[Drama]]<br/>[[Justice]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| based_on = Racha Banda<br />
| writer = Ramalingam<br />
| director = Mani Sridhar <br />
| creative_director = V.Murali Raman<br />
| presenter = [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushboo Sundar]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = Hari<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 218<br />
| list_episodes =<br />
| producer = Vaidehi Ramamurthy<br />
| cinematography = Raghav<br />
| editor = M.S.Thiyagarajan <br/> M.N.Perumal <br/> Anand <br/> Senthil<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode<br />
| company = Plan V Productions <br/> Vision Time <br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|24|}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2017|03|04|}}<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| music = <br />
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] <br/> [[Sun News (India)|Sun News]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}<br />
<br />
'''''Nijangal''''' ({{Translation|Realities}}) is a 2016-2017 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality-justice show about real-life situations. It aired every Monday to Saturday at 12:30PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and was re-telecast Monday to Saturday at 10:00PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on [[Sun News (India)|Sun News]] replacing previous successful serial Ponnonjual from 24 October 2016 to 4 March 2017 for 218 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Khushbus-Nijangal-from-October-24/articleshow/54957627.cms|title=Khushbu's Nijangal from October 24|work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2016 }}</ref> The Show host by [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushboo Sundar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Khushbu-to-host-a-new-show-Nijangal/articleshow/54651258.cms|title=Khushbu to host a new show, Nijangal|work=The Times of India |date=3 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/51625/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Kushboos-Nijangal.htm|title=Kushboo on Sun TV|date=4 October 2016 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineulagam.com/tv/06/131504|title=லட்சுமி ராமகிருஷ்ணன் நிகழ்ச்சியை தொகுத்து வழங்கும் குஷ்பு|publisher=cineulagam.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/kushbu-conduct-reality-show-sun-tv-042191.html|title=இது தீர்வுக்கான களம்... குடும்ப பஞ்சாயத்துக்கு இறங்கிய குஷ்பு!|date=14 September 2016 |publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref> The show revolves around real life situations and they try to come up with a solution for the same on the channel. It was Produced by [[Vaidehi Ramamurthy]] and director by Mani Sridhar.<br />
<br />
==List of episodes==<br />
Some of the topics discussed on the show are:<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episode<br />
!style="width:420pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Topics Discussed<br />
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Telecast date<br />
|-<br />
| 27<br />
| My inlaws are alcoholic addict - I was married in my Teen<br />
| 24 November 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 28<br />
| I left my Kids 28 Years before for an Illegal affair<br />
| 25 November 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 29<br />
| 40 Year old Marries a 13 Year Girl and Tortures<br />
| 26 November 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 44<br />
| Tamil Nadu Boxing Association is Hopeless ([[Thulasi Tharumalingam]])<br />
| 15 December 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 45<br />
| Kushboo To Find Actor [[Dhanush]] Real Parents<br />
| 16 December 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 51<br />
| Jallikattu Special - With [[Hiphop Tamizha]]<br />
| 23 December 2016<br />
|-<br />
| 60<br />
| Wife gets Parted from husband of inlaws<br />
| 3 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 69<br />
| Women biker Travels for 12 Days - Shares Experience<br />
| 16 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 71<br />
| I Least care about my Parents<br />
| 18 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 74<br />
| Jallikattu Special with Smile settai and Kollywood Stars<br />
| 21 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 75<br />
| I married an Old Man Respecting my Parent's Desire<br />
| 24 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 76<br />
| Farmers Problem and Reason Behind Suicide<br />
| 25 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 77<br />
| Salem Vinupriya Suicide - Police demanded corruption<br />
| 26 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 78<br />
| Does Ghost Really Exist<br />
| 27 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 80<br />
| Most Talented and Lovable Couple<br />
| 30 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 81<br />
| Story of Every Kidnap Victims<br />
| 31 January 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 82<br />
| Women Cremators - Even death cant stop them<br />
| 1 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 83<br />
| Women Bike Racers<br />
| 2 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 84<br />
| Biggest Joint Family<br />
| 3 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 85<br />
| Cancer Survivors and How they Resisted it<br />
| 4 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 86<br />
| Tragedies Faced by Indian Gulf Workers <br />
| 6 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 87<br />
| My Wife is in Coma for more than 6 months<br />
| 7 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 88<br />
| I was brutally beaten on roads by my in-laws<br />
| 8 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 89<br />
| ChennaiFlood Victims and NGO's - A True Story<br />
| 9 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 90<br />
| My Journey from Jail to Gentle Man<br />
| 10 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 91<br />
| Astrologer's Prediction are Challenged<br />
| 11 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 92<br />
| My Aloof 7 days at Suicide Point - Unbelievable Survivor<br />
| 13 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 93<br />
| How we met our Life partner - Valentine's Day Spl<br />
| 14 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 94<br />
| Few Warm Hands of Society<br />
| 15 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 95<br />
| Modern Organic Farmers !!! "Going back to roots"<br />
| 16 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 96<br />
| My Husband's Illegal Affairs<br />
| 17 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 97<br />
| Worst Form of Slavery's Existence<br />
| 18 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 98<br />
| Funeral Ceremony for the Unknown<br />
| 20 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 99<br />
| Property and Alcohol are the threat to our family<br />
| 21 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 100<br />
| My Birthday is World's Idli Day<br />
| 22 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 101<br />
| Women's Life after being Cheated by their Boyfriend<br />
| 23 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 102<br />
| Auto Raja a living Legend of Social Service<br />
| 24 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 103<br />
| My Journey as a Transgender<br />
| 25 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 104<br />
| Village People's Unity to win Illness<br />
| 27 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 105<br />
| My Wife is not Concerned about the Family<br />
| 28 February 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 106<br />
| We lost our beloved ones and are still in search <br />
| 1 March 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 107<br />
| Reunion of Chellaiyee<br />
| 2 March 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 108<br />
| Don't Waste Donate Waste<br />
| 3 March 2017<br />
|-<br />
| 109<br />
| I am a Proud Home Maker & Death and Disease really aren't connected<br />
| 4 March 2017<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV]]<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220928/http://www.suntvnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=1&channelname=SUN%20TV&LanguageID=1&Type=q Official Website] {{in lang|en}}<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/suntv Sun TV on YouTube]<br />
* [http://www.suntv.in/ Sun TV Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325005918/http://www.suntv.in/ |date=25 March 2018 }} {{in lang|en}}<br />
* [http://www.sun.in Sun Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412165809/http://www.sun.in/ |date=12 April 2019 }} {{in lang|en}}<br />
<br />
{{Sun TV shows}}<br />
<br />
{{Works by Vision Time Tamil}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=CRISIL&diff=451586CRISIL2025-12-24T08:57:45Z<p>PranayMeesala: Updated formatting and improved readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian company providing analytical services}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{primary sources|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Promotional|date=December 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = CRISIL Limited<br />
| logo = S&P CRISIL logo.png<br />
| image = <br />
| former_name = Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]] [[subsidiary]]<br />
| traded_as = {{BSE|500092}}<br />{{NSE|CRISIL}}<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1987}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crisil.com/about-crisil/our-history.html |title=CRISIL – History |publisher=crisil.com |access-date=20 November 2013}}</ref><br />
| founder = <br />
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| caption = <br />
| key_people = Amish Mehta (MD & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Amish Mehta is new Crisil CEO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/amish-mehta-is-new-crisil-ceo/articleshow/86664810.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref><br />Sanjay Chakravarti ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]])<br />
| num_employees = <br />
| industry = <br />
| services = Ratings, data, research, analytics and solutions<br />
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2076.3|c}} <small>(December 2020)</small><ref name="year results dec20">{{cite web|url=https://www.crisil.com/en/home/newsroom/press-releases/2021/02/crisil-limited-audited-financial-results-11022021.html|title=December 2020 results|publisher=CRISIL Ltd|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><br />
| net_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|354.7|c}} <small>(December 2020)</small><ref name="year results dec20" /><br />
| assets = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| equity = <br />
| parent = [[S&P Global]] (66%)<br />
| website = {{Official url}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''CRISIL Limited''', formerly '''Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited''', is an Indian analytical company providing ratings, research, and risk and policy advisory services and is a subsidiary of American company [[S&P Global]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crisil.com/about-crisil/about-overview.html|title=CRISIL – Overview|publisher=crisil.com|access-date=20 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028054314/http://www.crisil.com/about-crisil/about-overview.html|archive-date=28 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
CRISIL, was the first credit rating agency in India, introduced in 1988 by the [[ICICI]] and [[Unit Trust of India|UTI]] jointly with share capital coming from [[State Bank of India|SBI]], [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|LIC]] and [[United India Insurance Company]]. In April 2005, US based credit rating agency S&P acquired the majority shares of company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ramesh |title=Indian economy for civil services, Universities and other examinations |publisher=McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5316-636-6 |page=12.26–12.27|edition=11th |date=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmovDwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://crisil.com/about-crisil/about-overview.html |title=About CRISIL |publisher=crisil.com |access-date=20 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028054314/http://www.crisil.com/about-crisil/about-overview.html |archive-date=28 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2020|12}}, the company has revenue of {{INRConvert|20763|m|year=2020}}, net income of {{INRConvert|3547|m|year=2020}}. It is also India's largest ratings company, and {{As of|2022|3|lc=y}}, it had a market cap of {{INRConvert|23429|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRISIL Ltd financial results and price chart – Screener |url=https://www.screener.in/company/CRISIL/consolidated/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=screener.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2024, Crisil Received [[SEBI]] Approval for ESG Scoring in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crisil's ESG Ratings Unit Receives SEBI Approval for ESG Scoring in India |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/crisils-esg-ratings-unit-receives-sebi-approval-for-esg-scoring-in-india |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== News ==<br />
The former [[Government of India|Union]] [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister for Finance]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]] [[Arun Jaitley]] launched CriSidEx India's first sentiment index for micro and small enterprises (MSEs) developed jointly by CRISIL and [[SIDBI]].<ref name=business>{{cite web| url =https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/msmes-get-a-boost-jaitley-launches-india-s-first-sentiment-index-crisidex-118020400064_1.html|title=MSMEs get a boost: Jaitley launches India's first sentiment index CriSidEx |publisher =[[Business Standard]] |date =4 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
CriSidEx is a composite index based on a diffusion index of 8 parameters and measures MSE business sentiment on a scale of 0 (extreme negative) to 200 (extreme positive).<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.livemint.com/Money/TxoEaqkRbBp0FvlZs2ahsI/Jaitley-launches-CriSidEx-says-economy-witnessing-a-phase-o.html|title=Jaitley launches CriSidEx, says economy witnessing a phase of consolidation |publisher =[[LiveMint]]|author=Komal Gupta |date =3 February 2018}}</ref> CriSidEx will have two indices, one for the 'survey quarter' and another for 'next quarter' once a trend emerges after few rounds of the survey, providing independent time series data.<ref name=business/> The parametric feedback was captured through a survey of 1100 MSEs in November –December.<br />
<br />
In February 2020, Crisil completed the acquisition of Greenwich Associates LLC, a provider of proprietary benchmarking data, analytics, and qualitative insights to financial services firms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/crisil-completes-acquisition-of-greenwich-associates/articleshow/74313908.cms|title=Crisil completes acquisition of Greenwich Associates|date=26 February 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
{{Financial services in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:S&P Global]]<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]<br />
[[Category:Credit rating agencies in India]]<br />
[[Category:2005 mergers and acquisitions]]<br />
[[Category:1987 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1987]]<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1987]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Hina_Khan&diff=512843List of awards and nominations received by Hina Khan2025-12-14T04:49:50Z<p>PranayMeesala: made new stub more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox actor awards<br />
| name = Hina Khan <br />
| image = Hina Khan snapped at Livaeco Global Spa Fit & Fab Awards 2021 (1).jpg<br />
| caption = Khan in 2021<br />
| wins = 20<br />
| nominations = 29<br />
|award1='''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]'''<br />
|award1W='''3'''<br />
|award1N='''4'''<br />
|award2='''[[Indian Telly Awards]]'''<br />
|award2W='''3'''<br />
|award2N='''6'''<br />
|award3='''[[Apsara Awards]]'''<br />
|award3W='''0'''<br />
|award3N='''1'''<br />
|award4='''[[Gold Awards]]'''<br />
|award4W='''6'''<br />
|award4N='''9'''<br />
|award5='''[[Nigar Awards]]'''<br />
|award5W='''0'''<br />
|award5N='''1'''<br />
|award6='''[[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]'''<br />
|award6W='''2'''<br />
|award6N='''2'''<br />
|award7='''[[Iconic Gold Awards]]'''<br />
|award7W='''3'''<br />
|award7N='''2'''<br />
|award8='''[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]'''<br />
|award8W='''1'''<br />
|award8N='''2'''<br />
|award9='''[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]'''<br />
|award9W='''1'''<br />
|award9N='''0'''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Hina Khan]] is an Indian actress who works in Hindi television along with films and web series. Khan has won several accolades mostly noted for ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' and is best known for playing Akshara in the series. She has received six [[Gold Awards]], three [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] and three [[Indian Telly Awards]]. Khan has also seen playing grey role of Komolika in [[Star Plus]] popular ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2]]'' which earned her the [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role]].<br />
<br />
==Indian Television Academy Awards==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Indian Television Academy Awards}}<br />
<br />
The Indian Television Academy Awards, also known as the ITA Awards, is an annual event organised by the Indian Television Academy. The awards are presented in various categories, including popular programming (music, news, entertainment, sports, travel, lifestyle and fashion), best television channel in various categories, technical awards, and Best Performance awards.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category<br />
!Show<br />
!Character<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Indian Television Academy Award for Best Actress - Popular|Best Actress (Popular)]]<br />
|rowspan=3|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br />
| rowspan=3|Akshara Singhania<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITA Awards 2009 Winners List |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009 |website=indiantelevisionacademy.com |accessdate=28 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909212242/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2009 |archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ITA_2010.pdf |title=The Chosen Ones |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109031114/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ITA_2010.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| Best Actress - OTT<br />
|''Lines''<br />
| Nazia<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=ITA Awards 2022: Here's the Complete list of Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ita-awards-2022-harshad-chopda-nakuul-mehta-anupamaa-win-big-heres-the-complete-winners-list-4844942.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=News18 India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Indian Telly Awards==<br />
<br />
{{main|Indian Telly Awards}}<br />
<br />
The 'Indian Telly Awards' are annual honours presented by the company of [[Indian Television]] to persons and organisations in the television industry of India. The Awards are given in several categories such as best programme or series in a specific genre, best television channel in a particular category, most popular actors and awards for technical roles such as writers and directors.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category<br />
!Show<br />
!Character<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2009<br />
| Fresh New Face (Female)<br />
|rowspan=4|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br />
| rowspan=4|Akshara Singhania<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052223/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2019<br />
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''<br />
| rowspan=2|Komolika<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/ |title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners |date=21 March 2019 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401071120/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role - Jury]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Apsara Awards==<br />
<br />
{{main|Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards}}<br />
<br />
The Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards are presented annually by members of the Apsara Producers Guild to honour Excellence in film and television.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category<br />
!Show<br />
!Character<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series|Best Actress in Drama Series]]<br />
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br />
|Akshara Singhania<br />
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starguildawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_winners.html |title=Winners List:7th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023942/http://starguildawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gold Awards==<br />
<br />
{{main|Gold Awards}}<br />
<br />
The Zee Gold Awards (also known as the Gold Television or Boroplus Awards) are honours presented excellence in the television industry. The Awards are given in several categories.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category<br />
!Show<br />
!Character<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2010<br />
| Face of the Year<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Zee Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]<br />
| rowspan=5|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<br />
| rowspan=5|Akshara Singhania<br />
| {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/boro-plus-gold-awards-10/articleshow/6070450.cms |title=Television celebrities at the 2010 Boro Plus Gold Awards in Mumbai |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List:4th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2011 |url=http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards |website=Indiantelevisionawards}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| [[Gold Awards#Critics Awards|Best Actress in a Lead Role - Jury]] <br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| Best Onscreen Jodi <small>(with [[Karan Mehra]])</small><br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| Style Diva<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/hina-khan-jennifer-winget-and-mouni-roy-win-big-at-gold-awards-2018-tv-winners-list-inside-1264800-2018-06-20 |title=Hina Khan, Jennifer Winget and Mouni Roy win big at Gold Awards 2018; TV winners list inside |website=India Today |date=20 June 2018 |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012073636/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/top-stories/story/hina-khan-jennifer-winget-and-mouni-roy-win-big-at-gold-awards-2018-tv-winners-list-inside-1264800-2018-06-20 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2019<br />
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]<br />
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''<br />
| Komolika<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gold-awards-2019-hina-khan-karan-singh-grover-erica-fernandes-win-big-kapil-sharma-bags-best-comedy-show-see-pics/story-Vja98UTVbyfdEIzwR49eHM.html |title=Gold Awards 2019: Hina Khan, Karan Singh Grover, Erica Fernandes win big. See pics |date=12 October 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025071243/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gold-awards-2019-hina-khan-karan-singh-grover-erica-fernandes-win-big-kapil-sharma-bags-best-comedy-show-see-pics/story-Vja98UTVbyfdEIzwR49eHM.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Most Fit Actor (Female)<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| TV Personality of the Year (Female)<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{N/A}}<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-and-others-win-big-479248 |title=Gold Awards 2019 Winners List: Shivangi Joshi, Mohsin Khan, Surbhi Chandna, Hina Khan and others win big &#124; PINKVILLA |website=pinkvilla.com |date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012033330/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-and-others-win-big-479248 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gold Glam and Style Awards==<br />
<br />
{{main|Gold Glam and Style Awards}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2020<br />
|Diva of the Television Industry<br />
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Glam and Style Awards 2020: Hina Khan, Sidharth Shukla win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/gold-glam-and-style-awards-2020-hina-khan-sidharth-shukla-win-big-7064808/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |date=25 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Diva (Female) Social Media<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Iconic Gold Awards==<br />
<br />
{{main|Iconic Gold Awards}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category<br />
!Show<br />
!Character<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|Iconic Actress - OTT<br />
|Lines<br />
|Nazia<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|Iconic Style Diva<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|Pathbreaking Personality of the year<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Bollywood Hungama Style Icons==<br />
<br />
{{main|Bollywood Hungama Style Icons}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|Most Stylish Trailblazer<br />
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
| Most Stylish Trailblazer of the Year<br />
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Summit and Awards 2025: From Akshay Kumar to Varun Dhawan to Shahid Kapoor to Vidya Balan, celebrities win big |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-summit-awards-2025-akshay-kumar-varun-dhawan-shahid-kapoor-vidya-balan-celebrities-win-big/|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pinkvilla Style Icon Awards==<br />
{{main|Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Category<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|Super Stylish Charismatic Diva <br />
|{{won}}<br />
|}<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm5876095/awards?ref_=m_nm_awd Hina Khan awards] at [[IMDb]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Hina}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Hina Khan]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian television actor|Hina Khan]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venkatesh_Prasad&diff=447755Venkatesh Prasad2025-12-08T14:37:11Z<p>PranayMeesala: minor changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cricket player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Venkatesh Prasad<br />
| image_size = 180<br />
| fullname =Venkatesh Prasad<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|8|5}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], Mysuru State (present–day Karnataka), India<br />
| heightm = <br />
<br />
| batting = Right-handed<br />
| bowling = Right-arm medium-fast<br />
| role = Bowler<br />
| international = true<br />
| country = India<br />
| internationalspan = 1994–2001<br />
| testdebutdate = 7 June<br />
| testdebutyear = 1996<br />
| testdebutagainst = England<br />
| testcap = 204<br />
| lasttestdate = 29 August<br />
| lasttestyear = 2001<br />
| lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka<br />
| odidebutdate = 2 April<br />
| odidebutyear = 1994<br />
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand<br />
| odicap = 89<br />
| lastodidate = 17 October<br />
| lastodiyear = 2001<br />
| lastodiagainst = Kenya<br />
| club1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br />
| year1 = 1991–2005<br />
| columns = 4<br />
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]<br />
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]<br />
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br />
| matches1 = 33<br />
| matches2 = 161<br />
| matches3 = 123<br />
| matches4 = 236<br />
| runs1 = 203<br />
| runs2 = 221<br />
| runs3 = 892<br />
| runs4 = 304<br />
| bat avg1 = 7.51<br />
| bat avg2 = 6.90<br />
| bat avg3 = 10.02<br />
| bat avg4 = 6.46<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0<br />
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0<br />
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0<br />
| top score1 = 30[[not out|*]]<br />
| top score2 = 19<br />
| top score3 = 37<br />
| top score4 = 20<br />
| deliveries1 = 7,041<br />
| deliveries2 = 8,129<br />
| deliveries3 = 22,222<br />
| deliveries4 = 11,951<br />
| wickets1 = 96<br />
| wickets2 = 196<br />
| wickets3 = 361<br />
| wickets4 = 295<br />
| bowl avg1 = 35.00<br />
| bowl avg2 = 32.30<br />
| bowl avg3 = 27.75<br />
| bowl avg4 = 29.72<br />
| fivefor1 = 7<br />
| fivefor2 = 1<br />
| fivefor3 = 18<br />
| fivefor4 = 2<br />
| tenfor1 = 1<br />
| tenfor2 = 0<br />
| tenfor3 = 3<br />
| tenfor4 = 0<br />
| best bowling1 = 6/33<br />
| best bowling2 = 5/27<br />
| best bowling3 = 7/37<br />
| best bowling4 = 6/18<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 6/–<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 37/–<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 75/–<br />
| catches/stumpings4 = 56/–<br />
|medaltemplates= <!-- Mention Host Nations for Team Sports --><br />
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}} <br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy|2000 Kenya]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asia Cup|ACC Asia Cup]]}}<br />
{{Medal|W|[[1995 Asia Cup|1995 United Arab Emirates]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[1997 Asia Cup|1997 Sri Lanka]]|}}<br />
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2136/2136.html CricketArchive<br />
| date = 2 September<br />
| year = 2017<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Venkatesh Prasad''' ({{audio|Venkatesh_Prasad.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 5 August 1969),<ref>{{cite web | title=Cricinfo – Players and Officials – Venkatesh Prasad | url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/32345.html | access-date=2008-08-29 | archive-date=16 September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916173313/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/32345.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Indian Cricket Kannada Commentator, coach and former professional cricketer who played Tests and [[One Day International]]s. He made his debut in 1994. Primarily a right-arm medium-fast bowler, Prasad was noted for his bowling combination with [[Javagal Srinath]]. He was a part of the squad which finished as [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy final|runners-up]] at the [[2000 ICC Champions Trophy]].<br />
<br />
He is the bowling coach for [[Kings XI Punjab]] in the [[Indian Premier League]], having formerly performed the same role for the [[Indian cricket team]] from 2007 to 2009.<br />
<br />
He currently serves as General Manager for [[Canara Bank]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Canara Bank - Press Release | url=https://www.canarabank.com/UploadedFiles/Pdf/Press%20Release%20on%20Realignment%20of%20marketing%20Strategy%20Based%20on%20customer%20need%2022%20dec.pdf | access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref> and, since December 2025, as President of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).<ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2025 |title=Venkatesh Prasad elected new KSCA president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/venkatesh-prasad-elected-new-ksca-president/article70369884.ece |access-date=8 December 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
He has a post graduate certificate from [[University of London]].{{fact|date=February 2021}}<br />
Bachelor of Engineering from MSRIT.{{cn|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
Prasad took 96 wickets from 33 Tests at an average of 35, and 196 wickets from 161 ODIs at an average of 32.30. Prasad was more effective on wickets that helped seam bowling even though his best Test bowling figures of 6 for 33, achieved against [[Pakistan]] in the 1999 Test series in [[India]], came on a docile pitch in [[Chennai]]; these figures included a spell of bowling in which he took 5 wickets for 0 runs. Notably, he once took 10 wickets in a Test match in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]], in December 1996. It remains his only [[ten-wicket haul]] in Test cricket. Prasad also took [[five-wicket haul]]s in [[England]], in 1996, in [[Sri Lanka]], in 2001, and in the West Indies, in 1997. In the 1996/97 season, he took 55 wickets in 15 Tests and 48 wickets in 30 ODIs. For the period, he was named the CEAT International Cricketer of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Award for Prasad|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/3802/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=9 February 2017|date=15 June 1997}}</ref> He received the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/players/350-venkatesh-prasad-playerprofile|title = Venkatesh Prasad Profile |publisher=NDTV|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Prasad played his final Test match in [[Sri Lanka]] in 2001. One of his finest moments came in [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] when after being hit for a boundary and openly [[Sledging (cricket)|sledged]] by Pakistan batsman [[Aamir Sohail]], Prasad, on the very next ball, clean bowled Sohail, which was a key turning point of the match, which helped India win the game. Prasad was known for his slow leg cutters and was one of its first proponents in world cricket.<ref>{{cite news | title=Times of India Cricket – Veterans relive Indo-Pak battles | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//articleshow/1696033.cms | access-date=2007-02-27 | work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Injury and late career==<br />
Prasad struggled with injuries and dipping form towards the end of his career. He was dropped from the Indian team after the 2001 test series in [[Sri Lanka]]. Prasad tried unsuccessfully to make a comeback after that before retiring from all forms of cricket in May 2005, having secured two [[Ranji Trophy]] championships with [[Karnataka]].{{Clarify|date=May 2016}} He was made coach of the India Under-19 Cricket team in January. He was the coach of the U-19 team that finished runners-up in the [[2006 U-19 Cricket World Cup]].{{cn|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Coaching career==<br />
After the disappointing performance of the Indian Team in [[2007 Cricket World Cup|World Cup 2007]], Prasad was appointed as the bowling coach of the team for the Bangladesh Tour in May. It was his return to the Indian team after a span of 3 years. On 15 October 2009, Venkatesh Prasad was sacked by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]], which did not give any reasons for the unceremonious dumping.<ref>{{cite web | title=BCCI sacks Venkatesh Prasad and Robin Singh | url=http://cricket.ndtv.com/cricket/ndtvcricket/storypage/ndtv/id/spoen20090112572/BCCI_sacks_Venkatesh_Prasad_and_Robin_Singh.html | access-date=2009-10-15 | archive-date=14 July 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714075857/http://cricket.ndtv.com/cricket/ndtvcricket/storypage/ndtv/id/spoen20090112572/BCCI_sacks_Venkatesh_Prasad_and_Robin_Singh.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Prasad was the coach of [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] during their inaugural season in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gollapudi |first1=Nagraj |title=Prasad calls for 'patience and trust' in team |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/prasad-calls-for-patience-and-trust-in-team-350531 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 May 2024 |date=9 May 2008}}</ref> He worked as bowling coach for [[Kings XI Punjab]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Gaurav |title=Venkatesh Prasad quits Kings XI Punjab |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/venkatesh-prasad-quits-kings-xi-punjab-sridharan-sriram-prasanna-agoram-on-board/articleshow/66506095.cms |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=Times of India |date=5 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
His mother tongue is [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Giridhar|first1=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIJoDwAAQBAJ&q=venkatesh+prasad+mother+tongue&pg=PA167|title=From Mumbai to Durban: India's Greatest Tests|last2=Raghunath|first2=V. J.|date=2016|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-07-9|language=en}}</ref> Prasad is married to Jayanthi.<ref name="boldsky">{{cite web |last1=Staff |title=Love Stories of Famous Indian Bowlers |url=https://www.boldsky.com/relationship/love-and-romance/2008/venkatesh-prasad-kumble-love-stories.html |website=boldsky.com |access-date=4 February 2021 |language=en |date=23 January 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cricinfo|id=32345}}<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes colour<br />
|title= India squads<br />
|bg= #0077FF<br />
|fg= white<br />
|bordercolor=#ff8800<br />
|list1=<br />
{{India Squad 1995 Asia Cup}}<br />
{{India Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
{{India Squad 1999 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Venkatesh}}<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Coaches of the Indian national cricket team]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2006]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of University of London Worldwide]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Expatriate cricket coaches]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Joseph%27s_Monastery,_Bikarnakatte&diff=537375St. Joseph's Monastery, Bikarnakatte2025-11-29T04:22:07Z<p>PranayMeesala: created first details first draft.</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox historic site<br />
| name = St. Joseph's Monastery<br />
| nrhp_type = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| location= Carmel Hill, Kulshekar Post, [[Mangalore]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12|52|56.2|N|74|52|10.0|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} <br />
| locmapin = <br />
| area = <br />
| built = {{start date and age|1947}}<br />
| architect = <br />
| architecture = <br />
| added = <br />
| refnum = <br />
| nocat = <br />
| governing_body = [[Roman Catholic Church]] <br />
}}<br />
'''St. Joseph's Monastery''' in [[Mangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=240027|title=Mangalore: Fr Joe Tauro takes charge as rector of St Joseph Monastery|access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.com/news/diocese-news/1321-five-new-carmelite-priests-ordained-at-infant-jesus-shrine|title=Five new Carmelite Priests ordained at Infant Jesus Shrine - Diocese of Mangalore|website=www.dioceseofmangalore.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.konkanitube.com/tv9-heegu-unte-infant-jesus-shrine-mangalore-st-josephs-monastery-carmel-hill-carmel-gudo/|title=TV9 Heegu Unte - Infant Jesus Shrine Mangalore|date=2015-07-11|work=KonkaniTube|access-date=2017-09-20|language=en-US}}</ref> is a house of monastic observance, founded by Belgian [[Carmelites]] in 1947 in the area of Carmel Hill, though the Carmelite order had been serving the region since the late 17th Century. On the grounds is the '''Infant Jesus church''', a [[Roman Catholic]] Shrine dedicated to infant Jesus, built in a symbolic style, with the basement surrounded by five columns representing the palm of the hand of God.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://themangalore.com/st-josephs-monastery-carmel-hill-mangalore/|title=ST JOSEPH'S MONASTERY CARMEL HILL MANGALORE – Themangalore.com|website=themangalore.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infantjesuschurch.net/2009/07/mangalore_22.html|title=Mangalore ~ Infant Jesus Church|website=www.infantjesuschurch.net|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infantjesusmangalore.net/|title=WELCOME TO INFANT JESUS SHRINE, BIKARNAKATTE, MANGALORE|website=www.infantjesusmangalore.net|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref> The feast is celebrated every year on 15 January.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/35099-feast-infant-jesus-celebrated-at-bikarnakatte-church-|title=Feast Infant Jesus celebrated at Bikarnakatte Church|date=2012-01-15|work=Coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India, Coastal Karnataka|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic shrines in India]]<br />
[[Category:Christian monasteries in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-RC-church-stub}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankhasuo&diff=486744Ankhasuo2025-11-18T02:03:03Z<p>PranayMeesala: added details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Manipur, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ankhasuo<br />
| other_name = Sibapurikhal<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.5691|93.0820|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl district|Pherzawl]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1841<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Churachandpur Census 2011"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Language(s) <br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = MN<br />
| website = {{URL|manipur.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 13<br />
| mapframe-wikidata = yes<br />
}}<br />
'''Ankhasuo''', also called '''Sibapurikhal''',{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Shibapurikhal".<ref name="Gazette 1956"/>}} is a census village in the [[Vangai Range subdivision]], [[Pherzawl district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref name="Churachandpur Census 2011"><br />
{{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |page=92}}<br />
</ref><br />
The village is on the bank of the [[Barak River]], close to the border between Pherzawl and [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]] districts. '''Savomphai''', the next village to the north is the last village in Pherzawl district. Other villages in the vicinity are '''Kasurbali'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Kosurbali".<ref name="Gazette 1956"/>}} and '''Khangbor''', the latter of which is enumerated within Ankhasuo for the census.<br />
<br />
The Barak River flows north in this region, up to [[Jirimukh]], where it turns northwest. The Barak River also forms the border with the [[Assam]] state of India.<br />
<br />
== Geography and History ==<br />
The entire [[Vangaitang]] range was part of the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Cachar kingdom]] at the beginning of the 19th century. After annexing the kingdom in 1832, the British transferred the Vangaitang range to Manipur, setting the border along the western stretch of Barak River{{efn|The Barak River flows south till [[Tipaimukh]] and then makes an almost 180°-bend to flow north till Jirimukh.}} and the Jiri River.<ref><br />
{{Citation |last=Sanjeev |first=Thingnam |chapter=Recasting Space: Politics of frontier-making |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |ISBN=978-1-317-27066-9 |page=243}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite book |last=Goshwami |first=Hareshwar |title=History of the People of Manipur |publisher=YAOL |year=2019 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |via=archive.org |pages=24–25, 251}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
In 1907, the Manipur government opened the "Jiribam valley" between the rivers and the Vangaitang range for agricultural settlement,<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=44}}<br />
</ref><br />
which attracted settlers from Cachar, including Bengalis as well as Meiteis.<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=55}}<br />
</ref><br />
The Vangaitang range is the traditional abode of the [[Hmar people|Hmar tribes]].<br />
<br />
=== Independent India ===<br />
After the independence of India, a Jiribam subdivision was defined in Manipur to encompass the Vangaitang range from the east–west stretch of the Jiri River in the north to [[Tipaimukh]] in the south.<ref name="Atlas"><br />
{{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf |pages=12–19}}<br />
</ref><br />
The 1956 listing of villages in the subdivision includes Kosurbali and Shibapurikhal.<ref name="Gazette 1956"><br />
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. IJ/2/56 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=16 August 1956 |pages=15–16 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n652 |via=archive.org}}<br />
</ref><br />
In 1958, Sibapurikhal was listed one of the 16 village authorities in the Jiribam subdivision.<ref><br />
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. J/27(a)/54 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=21 April 1958 |page=22 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125704/page/n233 |via=archive.org}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
In due course, the southern and eastern hill regions were transferred to the [[Churachandpur district]] (now [[Pherzawl district]]), leaving only the valley and some of the foothills regions in the Jiribam subdivision.<ref name="Atlas"><br />
{{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf |pages=12–19}}<br />
</ref><br />
The border between the Jiribam and Pherzawl districts runs between [[Choudhurikhal]] and Savomphai.<ref name="Churachandpur Census 2011"><br />
{{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |page=92}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The Jiribam–Tipaimukh Road ("JT Road"), which is the only state-level highway in the Jiribam district, runs through the region. Near the Khangbor village, it begins its climb the Vangaitang range, and runs on the ridge top on its way south.<br />
<br />
In 2012, the fifth round of "environmental hearings" for the proposed oil and gas exploration by Jubilant Energy in Pherzawl and neighbouring districts were held at Ankhasuo.<ref name="TOI 24 Nov 2012"><br />
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/public-hearing-fails-to-resolve-oil-project-impasse/articleshow/17333983.cms Public hearing fails to resolve oil project impasse], The Times of India, 24 November 2012. {{ProQuest|1190110472}}<br />
</ref><br />
The civil society organisations of the region expressed their opposition to the exploration, citing the absence of flow of information and consensus seeking behind the efforts.<ref name="TOI 24 Nov 2012"/> The convener of the Committee on Protection of Natural Resources in Manipur said that, since all five public hearings raised objections from people, Jubilant should "pack up and leave".<ref><br />
Aheli Moitra, [https://morungexpress.com/people-voice-out-against-oil-exploration-in-manipur People voice out against oil exploration in Manipur], Morung Express, 23 November 2012.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
The Ankhasuo (Sibapurikhal) census village has a population of 1841 people living in 355 households. 92 percent of the population is made of [[Scheduled Tribes]]. The census village likely includes the Khangbor village.<ref name="Churachandpur Census 2011"/><ref name="Churachandpur PCA 2011">{{citation |title=PCA TV: Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Churachandpur - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India |date=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6465 |id=PC11_PCA-TV-1403}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
The neighbouring Kasurbali village has a population of 118 people, with only 4% belonging to Scheduled Tribes. Savomphai has a population of 442 people with 99% belonging to Scheduled Tribes.<ref name="Churachandpur Census 2011"/><ref name="Churachandpur PCA 2011"/><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_BOROBEKRA.pdf Borobekra Subdivision], Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.<br />
* [https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_VANGAI_RANGE.pdf Vangai Range Subdivision], Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Pherzawl district]]</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prof._Rajendra_Singh_(Rajju_Bhaiya)_University&diff=448703Prof. Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) University2025-10-28T10:35:07Z<p>PranayMeesala: Minor updates and cleanup applied</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Allahabad State University]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>PranayMeesalahttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simerjit_Singh&diff=535941Simerjit Singh2025-10-26T18:49:45Z<p>PranayMeesala: created basic biography first draft</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian film director}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{blp sources|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|name = Simerjit Singh<br />
|image = Simerjit Singh (cropped).jpg<br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = Singh on the set of ''[[Angrej]]''<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|12|6}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Moga district|Moga]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<br />
|occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}<br />
|parents = <br />
| years active = 1997–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Simerjit Singh''' (born 6 December 1973) is an Indian film director and writer. He is best known for directing the Punjabi film [[Angrej]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
After completing his graduation Simerjit moved to [[Mumbai]] in 1997 to pursue his passion of films. He started his career as an assistant director to Director [[Anees Bazmee]] for his second directorial venture, [[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]] (1998), After that he joined to [[Anil Devgan]] for [[Raju Chacha]] (2000) & [[Blackmail]] (2005), He also assisted to [[Rohit Shetty]] for his directorial debut film, [[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]] (2003). While doing [[Blackmail]] he gets a chance to work as a chief assistant director for his first Punjabi film [[Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris]] (2006) Directed by [[Manoj Punj]]. This film was his last film as an assistant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.initiativefilms.com/team.php|title=INITIATIVE FILMS|website=www.initiativefilms.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Simerjit made his directorial debut with his own written Punjabi film Chak Jawana (2010) starring [[Gurdas Maan]], Jonita Doda, [[Rana Ranbir]], [[Karamjit Anmol]], and Harry Sharan. Although this film could not do well on box office. His second film was [[Daddy Cool Munde Fool]] (2013) starring [[Harish Verma]], [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Ihana Dhillon]], [[Yuvika Chaudhary]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[Amar Noorie]] & [[Rana Ranbir]]. This film scored the fifth highest Punjabi film opening week collections at the time of release with an opening week collection of Rs 2.60 cr. The next venture of Simerjit was film Baaz (2014), an action Drama starring [[Babbu Maan]], [[Pooja Verma]], [[Yograj Singh]], [[Sardar Sohi]] and [[Mukul Dev]] is in negative role. His latest released film [[Angrej]] (2015) starring [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]], [[Sargun Mehta]], [[Ammy Virk]] and [[Binnu Dhillon]], became huge success at the box office.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Currently he is working for his upcoming Punjabi film [[Nikka Zaildar]] starring [[Ammy Virk]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[karamjit Anmol]], & many more.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unp.me/f185/nikka-zaildar-2016-ammy-virk-and-%E2%80%8Esonam-bajwa-karamjit-anmol-and-more-movie-297747/|title=NIKKA ZAILDAR (2016) – Ammy Virk & Sonam Bajwa,Karamjit Anmol & more – Movie|date=23 April 2016|website=UNP}}</ref> This is a family Drama film full of comedy and Punjabi flavored punches, Produced by Patiala Motion Pictures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabimania.com/sonam-ammy-starrer-nikka-zaildar-to-release-on-nov-11/|title=Sonam, Ammy starrer Nikka Zaildar to release on Nov 11|last=Sameer|date=23 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> [[Nikka Zaildar]] was scheduled to be released on 11 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viralbulb.in/confirmed-sonam-bajwa-star-opposite-ammy-virk-nikka-zaildar/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 May 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215181453/http://www.viralbulb.in/confirmed-sonam-bajwa-star-opposite-ammy-virk-nikka-zaildar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
===Director===<br />
* '' [[Oye Makhna]]'' (2022)<br />
* ''[[Nikka Zaildar 3]]'' (2019)<br />
* ''[[Muklawa]]'' (2019)<br />
* ''[[Mar Gaye Oye Loko]]'' (2018)<br />
* ''[[Subedar Joginder Singh (film)|Subedar Joginder Singh]]'' (2018)<br />
* ''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]'' (2017)<br />
* ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' (2016)<br />
* ''[[Angrej]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''Baaz'' (2014)<br />
* ''[[Daddy Cool Munde Fool ]]'' (2013)<br />
* ''Chak Jawana'' (2010)<br />
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===Producer===<br />
* ''Television'' (2020)<br />
* ''Parauhneya Nu Daffa Karo'' (2020)<br />
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===Writer===<br />
* ''Chak Jawana'' (2010)<br />
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===Assistant Director===<br />
*2006 ''[[Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris]]''<br />
*2005 ''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]''<br />
*2003 ''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]''<br />
*2000 ''[[Raju Chacha]]''<br />
*1998 ''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]''<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
;PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2016<br />
*[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2016]] for Best Director For the Film [[Angrej]] (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabimania.com/list-of-winner-ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2016/|title=List of Winners: PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2016|first=Sukhpal|last=Bajwa|date=14 April 2016|publisher=|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414094240/http://punjabimania.com/list-of-winner-ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*[http://starblockbuster.com/simerjit-singh-friday-shows-were-already-housefull starblockbuster.com]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|nm3792294}}<br />
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[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Moga district]]</div>PranayMeesala