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Shantidas Gosai

2026-05-08T11:35:00Z

Pranav:

{{Short description|Hindu preacher}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
'''Shantidas Gosai''' or '''Shantidas Goswami''', also known as '''Shantidas Adhikari''', was a [[Hindu]] preacher from [[Sylhet]], [[Bengal]].

He composed the ''Vijay Panchali'' (also spelt ''Bijoy Panchali'' in Bengali), in which he projected the land of [[Manipur]] in [[northeast India]] as the [[Manipur (Mahabharata)|Manipur of the ''Mahabharata'']] His work identified Nongda Lairen Pakhangba as ''"Yavistha"''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordanthologyo0000unse_h4f8/page/148/mode/2up?q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba |title=The Oxford anthology of writings from North-East India. Volume 2, Poetry and essays |date=2011 |location=Oxford; New York |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-806749-8 |pages=148–149 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor1=Bhagat Oinam |editor2=Dhiren A. Sadokpa |url=https://archive.org/details/northeast-india-a-reader/page/315/mode/2up?q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba |via=archive.org |title=Northeast India A Reader |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=315–316 |language=en}}</ref>{{clarify|date=May 2023}}

== See also ==
* [[Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhikari, Shantidas}}
[[Category:People from Sylhet District]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]]
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

Ganapathi S. Poduval

2026-05-08T09:28:31Z

Pranav: New New Page

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ganapathi S. Poduval
| image = Ganapathi S. Poduval.jpg
| caption = Ganapathi in 2025
| birth_place = [[Payyanur]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1995|3|15|df=y}}
| alma_mater = Payyannur College
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007{{En dash}}present
| relatives = [[Chidambaram S. Poduval]] (brother)
}}

'''Ganapathi S. Poduval''' (born 15 March 1995) is an Indian actor who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He is well-known for his roles as child artist in the films ''[[Vinodayathra]]'' (2007) and ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint|Pranchiyettan & The Saint]]'' (2010)''.'' He also played a major role in the film ''[[Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/learning-curve/article764630.ece |title=Learning curve|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Nita |last=Sathyendran |date=22 September 2010|accessdate=25 March 2016}}</ref>

==Film career==

Ganapathi started his film career by doing dubbing for [[Santhosh Sivan]]’s movie ''[[Anandabhadram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/celebrity-interview/actor-ganapathy-interview-in-vanitha-magazine-full-interview.html|title=ഇമ്മിണി ബല്യ നായകൻ! അന്യഭാഷയിൽ അരങ്ങേറ്റം കുറിക്കുന്ന ഗണപതിയുടെ വിശേഷങ്ങൾ {{!}} Actor Ganapathy Interview in Vanitha|website=vanitha.in|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> Later, [[Santosh Sivan]] introduced him as a child actor through the Bilingual film ''[[Before The Rains]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080217/each-movie-a-learning-process.html|title=Each movie, a learning process|last=sreekumar|first=priya|date=2017-02-08|work=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> He got a breakthrough in his acting career after appearing in the film ''[[Vinodayathra]]'', written and directed by [[Sathyan Anthikkad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metromatinee.com/young-actor-ganapathi-make-debut-hero-vallikudilile-vellakkaran/|title=Ganapathi to make his debut as a hero with Vallikudilile Vellakkaran!|last=newsdesk|date=2018-02-23|work=metromatinee.com Lifestyle Entertainment & Sports|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref>

He also got the starring role in the children's film ''[[Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu|Chithrashalabhangalude Veedu]]'', directed by Krishnakumar and branched out into Hindi with ''[[The Waiting Room (2010 film)|The Waiting Room]]'', directed by [[Maneej Premnath]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Learning-curve/article16043415.ece|title=Learning curve|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=2010-09-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He essayed roles as child artist in various movies like ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint|Pranchiyettan & The Saint]]'', ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' and ''[[Ali Bhai|Alibhai]]''. After doing various character roles in movies like ''[[Kammatipaadam|Kamattipaadam]]'', ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' and ''[[Chunkzz]]'', he went on to do the lead role in the Malayalam movie titled ''Vallikudilile Vellakkaran''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/16/ganapathi-to-debut-as-hero-in-upcoming-family-entertainer.html|title=Ganapathi to debut as hero in upcoming family entertainer|work=OnManorama|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/131118/enjoying-the-new-phase.html|title=Enjoying the new phase|last=S|first=Gautham|date=2018-11-13|work=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref>

He was later seen in ''[[Mr. & Ms. Rowdy]]'', directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/mr-ms-rowdy-a-comic-drama-on-quotation-teams-1.3594953|title='Mr & Ms Rowdy': A comic drama on quotation teams|work=Mathrubhumi|date=23 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> In COVID pandemic situation he directed a shortfilm titled "Onnu Chirikoo". He then acted in Mridul Nair’s Malayalam [[web series]] titled ''Instagraamam,'' along with [[Deepak Parambol]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/02/instagraamam-will-have-high-production-value-1919341.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103135939/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jan/02/instagraamam-will-have-high-production-value-1919341.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2019|title=Instagraamam will have high production value: BTech fame Mridul Nair|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> He starred in and co-wrote [[Jan.E.Man]] (2021), directed and written by his elder brother [[Chidambaram s poduval|Chidambaram]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Jan-E-Man' Malayalam movie review: Hits all the right notes with its inventive script|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jan-e-man-malayalam-movie-review-hits-all-the-right-notes-with-its-inventive-script/article37774152.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Jan-E-Man' Malayalam movie review: Hits all the right notes with its inventive script|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/idea-find-silliness-dark-situations-janeman-director-making-comedy-158105}}</ref>

Additionally, Ganapathi was part of the third highest grossing Malayalam film, [[Manjummel Boys]], directed by his brother [[Chidambaram S. Poduval|Chidambaram]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=March 14, 2024 |title='Manjummel Boys' becomes the highest worldwide grosser from Malayalam cinema |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manjummel-boys-becomes-the-highest-worldwide-grosser-from-malayalam-cinema-the-film-crosses-175-crore/articleshow/108490364.cms}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
*''Note: All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2007 || ''[[Before the Rains]]'' || Boy #2
|English-Malayalam film||
|-
|''[[Vinodayathra]]'' ||Ganapathi
| ||
|-
| ''[[Ali Bhai]]''|| Ganapathi
| ||
|-
| ''[[Ayur Rekha]]'' || Jacob's son
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008||''[[Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu]]''||Muththu
| ||
|-
|''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]''||Kamala's brother
| ||
|-
| ''[[Lollipop (2008 film)|Lollipop]]''|| Young Franko
| ||
|-
| ''[[Pakal Nakshatrangal]]''||Young Aadi Sidharthan
| ||
|-
| 2009|| ''[[Samayam]]''||Appu
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010|| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]''||Pauly
| ||
|-
| ''[[The Waiting Room (2010 film)|The Waiting Room]]''||Tea stall boy
|Hindi film ||
|-
| 2011|| ''Achan''|| Appu
|Short film||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012|| ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]''|| Molester
| ||
|-
| ''[[Mallu Singh]]''||Hari
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013|| ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]''||Sameer
| ||
|-
| ''[[August Club]]''||Benny
| ||
|-
|2015||''Tharakangale Saakshi''|| Freddy
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 ||''[[Kammati Paadam]]''||Charlie
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]'' ||Shukkoor
| ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017 || ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' ||Jithin
| ||
|-
|''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]''|| Freddy
| ||
|-
|''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]''|| Himself
| ||
|-
|''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]''|| Kichu
| ||
|-
|''[[Puthan Panam]]''|| Shine
| ||
|-
|''[[Chunkzz]]''|| Riyas
| || |
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018||[[Uncle (2018 film)|''Uncle'']]||Sam
| ||
|-
|[[Padayottam (2018 film)|''Padayottam'']]|| Salaman
| ||
|-
|''[[Vallikkudilile Vellakkaran|Vallikudilile Vellakkaran]]''||Sam Joseph
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019||''[[Mr. & Ms. Rowdy|Mr & Mrs Rowdy]]''||Asif
| ||
|-
|''[[Under World]]''||Frog watcher
|Cameo appearance ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020||''Onnu Chirikku''|| Himself
|Short film as director||
|-
|''Instagramam''||Society Dutt
|Web series||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 || ''[[Jan.E.Man]]'' || Dr. Faizal
|Also co-writer|| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Nov/10/lal-arjun-ashokan-to-star-in-chidambaram-sp-directed-jaan-e-mann-2221577.html|title=Lal, Arjun Ashokan to star in Chidambaram SP-directed Jan-e-Man|date=10 November 2020 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' ||Vivek
| ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Salute (2022 Indian film)|Salute]]'' ||Thampi's son
| ||
|-
| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' ||Jaffar
| ||
|-
| ''[[Thattassery Koottam]]'' || Abbas
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Thattassery Koottam OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch Arjun Ashokan And Dileep's Malayalam Comedy |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/thattassery-koottam-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-arjun-ashokan-and-dileeps-malayalam-comedy-10060403 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[Oh My Darling (film)|Oh My Darling]]'' || Josemon
|Cameo appearance||
|-
| ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]'' || Adhil
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=The second look of Sulaikha Manzil out, makers confirm Eid release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/08/the-second-look-of-sulaikha-manzil-out-makers-confirm-eid-release-40779.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nalla Nilavulla Rathri]]'' || Aneesh
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2023-06-30 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Raathri review: This thriller is high on technical quality, but lacks a good script |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nalla-nilavulla-raathri-review-this-thriller-is-high-on-technical-quality-but-lacks-a-good-script/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]'' || Rahul
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunchacko Boban's Padmini gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/10/kunchacko-bobanspadminigets-a-new-release-date-45476.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' || Krishnakumar aka "Kannan"
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjummel Boys gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/11/manjummel-boys-gets-a-release-date-51955.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadikar]]'' || David's friend
|Cameo appearance|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino's Nadikar Thilakam shoot completed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/06/tovinos-nadikar-thilakam-shoot-completed-51010.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mandakini (2024 film)|Mandakini]]'' ||Sujith Vasu
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-06 |title=Althaf Salim-Anarkali Marikar starrer Mandakini gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/06/althaf-salim-anarkali-marikar-starrer-mandakini-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' || Bintopi
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Adios Amigo moves up release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-adios-amigo-moves-up-release-date |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oru Kattil Oru Muri'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-04 |title=Oru Kattil Oru Muri gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/04/oru-kattil-oru-muri-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' || Deepak Panikkar || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-02 |title=Khalid Rahman-Naslen's Alappuzha Gymkhana gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/02/khalid-rahman-naslens-alappuzha-gymkhana-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ambalamukkile Visheshangal]]'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-11 |title=Gokul Suresh's Ambalamukkile Visheshangal confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/gokul-sureshs-ambalamukkile-visheshangal-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Prakambanam]]'' || Sidharth || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2026-01-30 |title=Ganapathi's Prakambanam confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/gokul-sureshs-ambalamukkile-visheshangal-confirms-release-date |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Facebook|id=itsmeganapathi|name=}}
* {{IMDb name|id=nm2651532}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Film|India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poduval, Ganapathi S}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Kannur University alumni]]

Sirkazhi Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T07:23:45Z

Pranav: done

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sirkazhi
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 160
| map_image = Constitution-Sirkazhi.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Panneerselvam]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 241,319
}}
'''Sirkazhi''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}</ref> The constituency is reserved for candidates from the [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC). It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.{{sfn|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}}

The assembly seat has been won by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in the 1977, 1989, 1996 and 2006 elections and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (ADMK) in 1980, 1984, 1991, 2001 and 2011.{{sfn|Partywise Comparison Since 1977|2011}} As of 2021, the MLA of the constituency is M. Panneerselvam from the DMK.{{update after|2026}}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[C. Muthiah Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| C. Muthia Pillai and [[K. B. S. Mani]]
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| R. Thangavelu
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. B. S. Mani
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| S. Vadivel
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| K. Subravelu
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2| [[K. Balasubramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Panneerselvam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| T. Moorthy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| M. Panneerselvam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[N. Chandramohan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| M. Panneerselvam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[M. Sakthi (Sirkazhi MLA)|Dr. M. Sakthi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| P. V. Bharathi
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| M. Panneerselvam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|53.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|58.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.75}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Senthil Selvan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,449 |percentage=35.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sakthi (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Sakthi]]|party=AIADMK|votes=60,032 |percentage=29.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subash|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=73,97|percentage=3.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. S. Gopinath|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=59,149|percentage=29.51|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=555|percentage=0.28|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,39,469 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sirkazhi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a160|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,057 |percentage=49.41% |change=+11.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Bharathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,909 |percentage=43.03% |change=-0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kavitha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,013 |percentage=5.79% |change=+4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Balu |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,308 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Prabu |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,000 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=977 |percentage=0.51% |change=-0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,148 |percentage=6.38% |change= 1.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=190,348 |percentage=75.38% |change= -1.31% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=91|percentage=0.05% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 252,510 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Bharathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,487 |percentage=43.05% |change=-11.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Killai Ravindran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,484 |percentage=37.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Muthukumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=14,890 |percentage=8.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Umanath |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,060 |percentage=6.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Jothi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,430 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,360 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. S. Elavalagan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,187 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,003 |percentage=5.07% |change= -12.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=177,685 |percentage=76.70% |change= -2.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,675 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sakthi (Sirkazhi MLA)|Dr. M. Sakthi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,881 |percentage=54.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Durairajan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=56,502 |percentage=36.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kalaivani |party=Independent politician |votes=4,018 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kanivannan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,779 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumararaja |party=Independent politician |votes=1,721 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnaraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,331 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mayavan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,030 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,379 |percentage=17.83% |change= 14.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=153,561 |percentage=78.82% |change= 7.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,824 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,609 |percentage=47.34% |change=+2.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Durairajan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=54,818 |percentage=44.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Balakrishnan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,143 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gunasekaran |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,497 |percentage=1.21% |change=-1.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthu Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,260 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Elavazhagan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,115 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Tamilmaran |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=996 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,791 |percentage=3.06% |change= -1.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,817 |percentage=71.80% |change= 7.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,456 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chandramohan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,759 |percentage=49.31% |change=+17.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Irai Ezhil |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,329 |percentage=45.17% |change=-14.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Senthilselvan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,220 |percentage=3.01% |change=-0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gunasekaran |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=2,680 |percentage=2.50% |change=+1.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,430 |percentage=4.14% |change= -23.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,988 |percentage=64.76% |change= -7.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,329 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,975 |percentage=59.25% |change=+31.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Bharathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,281 |percentage=31.75% |change=-29.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthusamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,461 |percentage=5.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Senthilselvan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,452 |percentage=3.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gunasekaran |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=630 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,694 |percentage=27.50% |change= -5.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=107,973 |percentage=71.96% |change= 1.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,467 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Moorthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,321 |percentage=61.29% |change=+46.12 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi Mla)|M. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,337 |percentage=27.87% |change=-12.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Samivelu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=10,931 |percentage=10.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,984 |percentage=33.42% |change= 7.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=101,690 |percentage=70.42% |change= 2.53% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,643 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 20.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi Mla)|M. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,512 |percentage=40.78% |change=-2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy N |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,737 |percentage=15.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balasubramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,577 |percentage=15.16% |change=-40.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Moorthy T |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,576 |percentage=14.04% |change=-41.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. S. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=12,385 |percentage=13.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Natesan |party=Independent politician |votes=628 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,775 |percentage=25.43% |change= 13.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,543 |percentage=67.90% |change= -12.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,525 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3331-tamil-nadu-1984/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balasubramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,438 |percentage=55.65% |change=-2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi Mla)|M. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,152 |percentage=43.44% |change=+1.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,286 |percentage=12.21% |change= -3.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,423 |percentage=80.17% |change= 5.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,444 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balasubramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,334 |percentage=57.78% |change=+20.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subravelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,054 |percentage=42.22% |change=-1.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,280 |percentage=15.55% |change= 9.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,388 |percentage=74.47% |change= 4.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,654 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subravelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,281 |percentage=43.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balasubramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,405 |percentage=37.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vaithilingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,503 |percentage=10.76% |change=-31.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kailasam |party=Janata Party |votes=6,405 |percentage=8.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gurusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,876 |percentage=6.17% |change= -4.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,034 |percentage=70.10% |change= -6.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,299 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -9.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vadivel |party=Communist Party of India |votes=31,977 |percentage=53.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. B. S. Mani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,667 |percentage=42.74% |change=+6.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Muruges |party=Independent politician |votes=2,409 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,310 |percentage=10.51% |change= -11.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,053 |percentage=76.28% |change= -3.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,532 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Independent politician |swing= -4.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. B. S. Mani]] |party=Independent politician |votes=34,316 |percentage=58.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,502 |percentage=36.48% |change=+0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Munian |party=Independent politician |votes=3,116 |percentage=5.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,814 |percentage=21.74% |change= 11.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,934 |percentage=80.08% |change= 3.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,901 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 22.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,434 |percentage=35.80% |change=+6.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. B. S. Mani]] |party=Independent politician |votes=15,890 |percentage=25.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Velayutham |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,626 |percentage=20.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Velayutham |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,708 |percentage=18.69% |change=+5.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,544 |percentage=10.44% |change= 9.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,658 |percentage=76.28% |change= -29.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,331 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Muthiah Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,973 |percentage=29.25% |change=-7.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. B. S. Mani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,194 |percentage=28.19% |change=-8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sami Durai Annangar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,768 |percentage=13.00% |change=-18.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Velayutham (Sc) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=14,496 |percentage=8.66% |change=-23.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Velayutham (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=11,629 |percentage=6.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Jambu |party=Independent politician |votes=10,363 |percentage=6.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Govindasami Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=9,710 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnanyagi (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=3,278 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,779 |percentage=1.06% |change= -3.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=167,411 |percentage=105.74% |change= 40.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,328 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirkazhi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Muthiah Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,622 |percentage=36.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Swamithurai Annagar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,114 |percentage=31.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramanatha Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,643 |percentage=13.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. T. S. V. Murugavel Padayachi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,942 |percentage=11.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pakkiriswami Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,835 |percentage=3.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Somasundaram Pillai |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,512 |percentage=2.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,508 |percentage=4.95% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,668 |percentage=65.51% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,345 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm
| title = List of Assembly Constituencies
| year=2010
| access-date = 30 June 2012
| work = Tamil Nadu
| publisher = Tamil Nadu state government
|ref={{sfnRef|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}}
}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp169.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Partywise Comparison Since 1977|2011}}}}
{{Refend}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.24|79.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Medical College

2026-05-05T06:57:39Z

Pranav: put up initial stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Medical college and hospital in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College
| native_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto = सेवा साधना त्याग
| mottoeng = Service Practice Sacrifice
| established = 1963
| type = [[Government]]
| endowment =
| president =
| dean = Dr. Tripti Nagaria
| chairman =
| students =
| undergrad = 230 per batch
| postgrad = 130
| doctoral =
| city = [[Raipur]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| nickname =
| website = http://www.ptjnmcraipur.in/
| logo =
| image_name = Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College logo.png
| staff =
| faculty =
| affiliations = [[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]
}}
'''Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College''' is a government medical college and hospital in [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. It was founded on 9 September 1963, and recognised by the [[Medical Council of India]] in 1969.The college is one of the oldest institutions in state of Chhattisgarh. The ''B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Hospital'' established in 1995 in the college campus is the affiliated teaching hospital.<ref>[http://www.ptjnmcraipur.in/aboutus.htm Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College. About Us.]</ref> The radiotherapy department of this medical college is a government approved [[Regional Cancer Centre (India)|Regional Cancer Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kidwai.kar.nic.in/regional.htm |title=Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology Official Website. 'Regional Cancer Centres in the Country'. |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107212439/http://www.kidwai.kar.nic.in/regional.htm |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf WHO India.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005109/http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf |date=26 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ptjnmcraipur.in/Radiotherapy.htm Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College. Department of Radiotherapy.]</ref>

== Hospital ==
The college is associated and attached with the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Hospital located in Moudhapara, Raipur, and it is 1340-bedded health-care hospital.

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Alka Kriplani]], gynecologist

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Infobox hospital
| name = Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Hospital
| coordinates = {{coord|21.249251|81.641039|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| location = Jail Road, Moudhapara, Raipur
| state = Chhattisgarh
| country = India
| healthcare = 
| funding = Public
| type = Teaching
| affiliation = Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Medical College
| beds = 1,340
| other_links =
}}{{Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Education in Raipur]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]

Valaparla

2026-05-04T12:50:48Z

Pranav: done

{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Valaparla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|55|0|N|80|3|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 69
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523260
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08404
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Valaparla''' is a village located west of [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]] in Martur Mandal of [[Bapatla district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh, India]].<ref name="Indianine19356"/> The village was previously called '''Olupara'''.<ref name="General"/> The village code in the 2011 census was 590698; its pin code is 523260.<ref name="Panchayatdirectory"/>

==Population==
As per 2011 census the total population of Valaparla is 10,151 out of which 5,166 are males and 4,985 are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Valaparla is 965

The population of Children of age 0–6 years in Valaparla village is 1033 which is 10% of the total population. There are 509 male children and 524 female children between the ages of 0 and 6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Valaparla is 1,029 which is greater than Average Sex Ratio (965) of Valaparla village.

As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Valaparla is 68.1%. Thus Valaparla village has higher literacy rate compared to 56.1% of Prakasam district. The male literacy rate is 77.84% and the female literacy rate is 57.88% in Valaparla village.

==Education==
There are nine primary schools in the village.<ref name="Veethi"/> The secondary school, Zilla Parishad High School (ZPHS, dating from 1951), is a coeducational day school providing education from year 6 to 10.<ref name="ZPHS"/> There is an intermediate college named as M.S.R. (Magunta Subbaramareddy junior college).

==References==
<references>

<ref name="General">{{cite book|author=India. Office of the Registrar General|title=Census of India, 1961: Andhra Pradesh|date=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt4cAQAAMAAJ|access-date=2 June 2013|publisher=Manager of Publications}}</ref>
<ref name="Indianine19356">{{cite web|url=http://indianine.com/index.php/districts-in-andhra-pradesh/prakasam-district/martur/1069-andhra-pradesh/prakasam-district/martur-mandal/19356-valaparla|title=Valaparla – Martur Mandal – Prakasam District – Andhra Pradesh|publisher=indianine.com|access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Panchayatdirectory">{{cite web|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=237954&rlbtype=V|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Veethi">{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/schools-in-india/valaparla-schools-11353.htm|title=Schools in Valaparla|work=Veethi|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="ZPHS">{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/schools-in-india/zilla-parishad-high-school-zphs-valaparla-detail-74560.htm|title=Zilla Parishad High School (ZPHS), Valaparla in Prakasam District|work=Veethi|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>

</references>
{{Bapatla district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bapatla district]]

Nenmara Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T10:50:47Z

Pranav: put up some info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nenmara
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur]]
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 59
| map_image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Sithar Kundu View Point 01.jpg
| photo2a = Pudunagaram -palakkad road.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 200
}}
| map_caption = '''Top to bottom:''' Sitharkundu viewpoint at [[Nelliampathi]], [[Puthunagaram]] Town
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,92,592 (2021)
| mla = [[K. Babu (CPI-M politician)|K. Babu]]

| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
}}
'''Nenmara State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/03-DELIMITATION/03-DELIMITED-LAC.pdf
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], the current MLA is [[K. Babu (CPI-M politician)|K. Babu]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M).]]

==Local self-governed segments==
Nenmara Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Palakkad District
|access-date = 10 October 2019
|archive-date = 3 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213246/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|grama panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
!width="50px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Elavancherry|Elavanchery]]
|rowspan=10| Grama panchayat
|rowspan=10| Chittur
|-
|2
|[[Koduvayur (gram panchayat)|Koduvayur]]
|-
|3
|[[Kollengode, Palakkad|Kollengode]]
|-
|4
|[[Muthalamada, Palakkad|Muthalamada]]
|-
|5
|[[Nelliampathi]]
|-
|6
|[[Nenmara]]
|-
|7
|[[Pallassena|Pallassana]]
|-
|8
|[[Ayiloor (gram panchayat)|Ayiloor]]
|-
|9
|[[Puthunagaram]]
|-
|10
|[[Vadavannur]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Nenmara Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/nemmara-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Nenmara
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Niyama Sabha
! Name
! colspan="2"|Party
! Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| [[V. Chenthamarakshan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
|rowspan=3| [[K. Babu (CPI-M politician)|K. Babu]]
| 2016–2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| rowspan=2| [[Incumbent]]
|-
| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Nenmara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[K. Babu (CPI-M politician)|K. Babu]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A.Thankappan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate = A. N. Anurag
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Nenmara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Babu (CPI-M politician)|K. Babu]]|votes=80,145|percentage=52.89%|change={{increase}}9.99%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Marxist Party|candidate=C.N.Vijayakrishnan|votes=51,441|percentage=33.95%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=A. N. Anurag|votes=16,666|percentage=11.00%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Prakash.C|votes=1,350|percentage=0.89%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Babu S/o Kunchu|votes=863|percentage=0.57%|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 28,704
|percentage = 18.94%
|change ={{increase}}14.15%
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,535|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Communist Marxist Party
|swing ={{increase}}9.99%}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,90,765 registered voters in Nenmara Constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nenmara]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Babu (CPI-M politician)|K. Babu]]|votes=66,316|percentage=42.90%|change={{decrease}}4.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. V. Gopinathan|votes=58,908|percentage=38.11%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=N. Sivarajan|votes=23,096|percentage=14.94%|change={{increase}}8.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Menaka K.|votes=2,186|percentage=1.41%|change={{increase}}0.76}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Ajith Kumar|votes=772|percentage=0.50%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sakkir Hussain S.|votes=487|percentage=0.32%|change={{decrease}}1.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mohandasan|votes=461|percentage=0.30%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Babu Chathan|votes=324|percentage=0.21%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Babu Kumaran|votes=239|percentage=0.15%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Babu Thathakutty|votes=233|percentage=0.15%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Babu Vasu|votes=204|percentage=0.13%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=M. Vinod|votes=168|percentage=0.11%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M. B. Gopinathan|votes=131|percentage=0.08%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,053|percentage=0.68%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,408
|percentage = 4.79%
|change ={{decrease}}1.69%
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,54,578|percentage=81.03%|change={{increase}}3.11%}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{decrease}}4.96%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,72,069 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Nenmara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=V. Chethamarakshan|votes=64,169|percentage=47.86%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Marxist Party|candidate=M. V. Raghavan|votes=55,475|percentage=41.38%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=N. Sivarajan|votes=9,123|percentage=6.80%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sakeer Hussain|votes=1,809|percentage=1.41%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chandran|votes=1,484|percentage=1.11%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Sugunan S.|votes=1,279|percentage=0.95%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Joy Peter T.|votes=735|percentage=0.55%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 8,694
|percentage = 6.48%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,34,074|percentage=77.92%|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nenmara]]
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva

2026-04-30T09:55:42Z

Pranav: creating new article

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Sai Ramani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sai Ramani
| screenplay = Sai Ramani
| story = [[Anil Ravipudi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Pataas]]''|Anil Ravipudi}}
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = [[Raghava Lawrence]] [[Nikki Galrani]]
| cinematography = [[Sarvesh Murari]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| music = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| distributor = Sivabalan Pictures [[Vendhar Movies]]
| released = {{film date|2017|03|09|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva''''' ({{Translation|Bald Shiva is Bad Shiva}}) is 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by Sai Ramani. The film stars [[Raghava Lawrence]] and [[Nikki Galrani]], while [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Ashutosh Rana]] play supporting roles. It is a remake of the 2015 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Pataas]]'' with Ashutosh Rana reprising his role from the original. The music was composed by [[Amresh Ganesh]] with editing done by [[Praveen K. L.]] and cinematography by [[Sarvesh Murari]]. The film was released on 9 March 2017 and received mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
[[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|ACP]] Shivakumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] is a corrupt police officer who is transferred to [[Chennai]] and misuses his power to gain money through unorthodox processes. During this process, he encourages an [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] named GK, who has become a headache to Kirubakaran, the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Police Commissioner]] of Chennai. In a shocking revelation by GK, Shiva is Kiruba's son, who is angry at the latter as his supposed negligence killed his mother and unborn sister. However, Kiruba actually left his wife in the hospital to save several children in a terrorist attack. Unaware of this, Shiva left Kiruba, joined an orphanage, and became an IPS officer to seek revenge on him.

During his life in Chennai, Shiva meets Jaanu, a journalist working for [[Sun News (India)|Sun News]], and Nithya, a [[deaf-mute]] philanthropist who works in a coffee shop. Shiva loves Jaanu and expects her to reciprocate the same; however, she rejects him because of his corrupt nature. GK's brother Sanjay and his friends raped and brutally killed Nithya when she tried to save a techie from being sexually assaulted near [[HITEC City]]. Nithya's death enrages Shiva, so he turns against GK.

GK wants to make Sanjay a politician, and Shiva challenges GK to save Sanjay from getting arrested. GK manages to kidnap the techie, but with the help of a transgender woman who witnessed Nithya's murder. Shiva arrests Sanjay with a non-bailable arrest warrant and challenges GK to bring Sanjay out of jail within three days. Meanwhile, Kiruba and Shiva are reunited, and Shiva's marriage with Jaanu is approved. On the third day, GK's men kidnap the transgender and Jaanu. Shiva and his team go to the spot to save the witness. However, Shiva could not rescue the transgender woman, as the kidnappers killed her.

Shiva receives a call from GK, who says that he has kidnapped Jaanu and Kiruba and challenges Shiva to save them by bringing Sanjay to him. GK then kills Kiruba and Shiva's team. Meanwhile, Shiva murders them using Nithya's brother shortly after their release from jail. Shiva reaches the spot after tracing Kiruba's [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] signal. On arriving, he finds Kiruba dead and Jaanu attached to a bomb. After a long fight, Shiva kills GK's henchmen and saves Jaanu. At that time, Shiva's service vehicle and the police reached there. Shiva throws GK and his partners into the van. He pours petrol onto the ambulance. Shiva shoots the van, and they die in the blast. Kiruba gets admitted to the hospital. Shiva discovers he is still alive because he can hear his heart beating. Shiva reunites with Kiruba once more.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as Shivakumar IPS alias Shiva
** [[Kaakkaa Muttai Ramesh]] as young Shiva
*[[Nikki Galrani]] as Jaanu, a Sun News journalist (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Kirubakaran IPS, Shiva's father and the Police Commissioner of Chennai
*[[Ashutosh Rana]] as GK, an MP and the main antagonist
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Kiruba's wife who died in a hospital
*[[Devadarshini]] as Banu, Jaanu's sister
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Vaijayanthi, Shiva's assistant
*[[VTV Ganesh]] as Shaktivel
*[[Sathish]] as Sathish
*[[Rajendran]] as Tsunami Star Subash, an NRI-turned actor
*[[Vamsi Krishna]] as Sanjay, GK's brother who kills Nithya
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Home Minister
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Kasi
*[[Chaams]] as Chamu
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Doctor
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Jaanu's brother-in-law, Banu's husband
*[[G. V. Kumar]] as GK's right-hand
*[[Charandeep]] as GK's henchman
*[[Manobala]] as GK's sidekick
*[[Anupama Kumar]] as Minister Abhirami
*[[Pavani Reddy]] as Shakthivel's daughter
*[[Ashwin Raja]] as Jaanu's colleague
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]]
*Sharika Naidu
*[[Raai Laxmi]] in a special appearance as item in the "Hara Hara Mahadevaki" song
}}

== Production ==
In April 2015, it was confirmed that producer [[R. B. Choudary]] had bought the Tamil remake rights of the Telugu film ''[[Pataas]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2015 |title=Jiiva may feature in Tamil remake of ‘Pataas’ |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/jiiva-may-feature-in-tamil-remake-of-pataas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414090926/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/jiiva-may-feature-in-tamil-remake-of-pataas/ |archive-date=14 April 2015 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> A month later, [[Raghava Lawrence]] confirmed himself as the lead actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2015 |title=Raghava Lawrence: Raghava Lawrencce in Tamil remake of 'Pataas |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/11281/raghava-lawrencce-in-tamil-remake-of-pataas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324034346/https://www.ap7am.com/en/11281/raghava-lawrencce-in-tamil-remake-of-pataas |archive-date=24 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=ap7am.com |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> However, Lawrence stopped pre-production on the venture, and instead launched two new films as a director in August 2015. He revealed he planned to work with [[Vendhar Movies]] in a film titled ''Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva'' with [[Nikki Galrani]], named after a dialogue from ''[[Kanchana 2]]''. The other film announced was ''Naaga''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2015 |title=Kajal in Lawrence's Motta Siva Ketta Siva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kajal-in-Lawrences-Motta-Siva-Ketta-Siva/articleshow/48329451.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107011339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kajal-in-Lawrences-Motta-Siva-Ketta-Siva/articleshow/48329451.cms |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=20 November 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2015 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Priceless Gift |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Raghava-Lawrences-Priceless-Gift/2015/08/06/article2957430.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120145235/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Raghava-Lawrences-Priceless-Gift/2015/08/06/article2957430.ece |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In November 2015, it was revealed that Lawrence would postpone his other films and begin work on the Tamil remake of ''Pataas'' with director Sai Ramani, who had earlier directed ''[[Singam Puli]]'' (2011). The project later adopted the title ''Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva'', after Vendhar Movies readily agreed to give the title away.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=10 November 2015 |title=Vendhar Movies Hands Over ‘Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva’ Title |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/vendhar-movies-hands-over-motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-title/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229163040/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/vendhar-movies-hands-over-motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-title/ |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> In the same month, Nikki Galrani was announced as the lead actress.<ref name="TOI production">{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=5 November 2015 |title=After Ko2, Nikki Galrani to play a reporter again in Lawrence's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-Ko2-Nikki-Galrani-to-play-a-reporter-again-in-Lawrences-next/articleshow/49659073.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508202601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-ko2-nikki-galrani-to-play-a-reporter-again-in-lawrences-next/articleshow/49659073.cms |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=20 November 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Production began on 18 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2015 |title=Motta Siva Ketta Siva Heads to Swiss |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Nov/10/motta-siva-ketta-siva-heads-to-swiss-841136.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260324030325/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Nov/10/motta-siva-ketta-siva-heads-to-swiss-841136.html |archive-date=24 March 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was predominantly shot throughout late 2015 and early 2016, and by March 2016, Lawrence revealed that only twenty more days of shoot were pending.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=12 March 2016 |title=Etcetera |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/tamil-cinema-snippets-from-kollywood/article8346000.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816130515/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/tamil-cinema-snippets-from-kollywood/article8346000.ece |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=10 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> By March 2016, production was mostly complete, barring the shoot of a few song sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=NIkhil |date=12 March 2016 |title=Tamil cinema snippets from Kollywood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/tamil-cinema-snippets-from-kollywood/article8346000.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312143058/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/tamil-cinema-snippets-from-kollywood/article8346000.ece |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

The team prepared to release the film by May 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Akshata |date=18 March 2016 |title=Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva: Raghava Lawrence's next gets a release date |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-raghava-lawrences-next-gets-a-release-date-1041407/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310073810/http://www.india.com/showbiz/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-raghava-lawrences-next-gets-a-release-date-1041407/ |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=[[India.com]]}}</ref> but were forced to delay the venture after producer Madhan of Vendhar Movies had disappeared after writing a suicide note. Madhan and Vendhar Movies' involvement in the project as a distributor meant that legal issues put the release of the film on hold, as police investigated Madhan's disappearance.<ref name="stay">{{Cite news |date=5 March 2017 |title=Chennai: Motta Siva Ketta Siva release stayed by Madras High Court till March 15 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050317/chennai-motta-siva-ketta-siva-release-stayed-by-madras-high-court-till-march-15.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306134535/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050317/chennai-motta-siva-ketta-siva-release-stayed-by-madras-high-court-till-march-15.html |archive-date=6 March 2017 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, production continued and was completed with a song sequence shot in Malaysia in July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2016 |title='Motta Siva Ketta Siva' wrapped up |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/motta-siva-ketta-siva-wrapped-up-news-tamil-qhnm7Mgajjjcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204174250/http://www.sify.com/movies/motta-siva-ketta-siva-wrapped-up-news-tamil-qhnm7Mgajjjcf.html |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Madhan was later arrested after being found to be hiding in [[Manipur]], and following his capture, the film prepared for a theatrical release after the distribution rights was sold to Sivabalan Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2016 |title=Vendhar Movies' Madhan found and arrested in Manipur |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vendhar-movies-madhan-found-and-arrested-in-manipur-news-tamil-qlvpxebggdbie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123162948/http://www.sify.com/movies/vendhar-movies-madhan-found-and-arrested-in-manipur-news-tamil-qlvpxebggdbie.html |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2016 |title=Missing producer 'Vendhar Movies' Madhan arrested from Tirupur hideout |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Missing-producer-%E2%80%98Vendhar-Movies%E2%80%99-Madhan-arrested-from-Tirupur-hideout/article16673157.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816130511/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Missing-producer-%E2%80%98Vendhar-Movies%E2%80%99-Madhan-arrested-from-Tirupur-hideout/article16673157.ece |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=10 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> To ensure the release of the film, Raghava Lawrence sacrificed a large amount from his salary and also helped settle the deficit owed by Vendhar Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Lawrence's 'Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva' on Feb 17 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lawrences-motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-on-feb-17-news-tamil-rcgqpEbccjbdg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112734/http://www.sify.com/movies/lawrences-motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-on-feb-17-news-tamil-rcgqpEbccjbdg.html |archive-date=7 February 2017 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[Amresh Ganesh]] was signed to work on the music for the film, after he had impressed the director and producer with his sample tracks. Amresh, who had previously worked as an actor in films, also turned down an opportunity to act in the film. As a part of the album, he remixed the song "Aadaludan Paadalai Kettu Rasipadhile" from ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' (1968) with new vocals by [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Padmalatha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2016 |title=Revoking an MGR classic |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/220716/revoking-an-mgr-classic.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030110126/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/220716/revoking-an-mgr-classic.html |archive-date=30 October 2025 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2016 |title=It's not acting, but music for Amaresh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020316/it-s-not-acting-but-music-for-amaresh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085704/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020316/it-s-not-acting-but-music-for-amaresh.html |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|language=en}}</ref> Amresh also convinced Raghava Lawrence to sing in the film and make his playback singing debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2016 |title=Lawrence sings in Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Lawrence-sings-in-Motta-Shiva-Ketta-Shiva/articleshow/51570581.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408153621/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Lawrence-sings-in-Motta-Shiva-Ketta-Shiva/articleshow/51570581.cms |archive-date=8 April 2016 |access-date=10 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the release of the film, actor [[Tinku (actor)|Tinku]] released a video alleging that Amresh had stolen a song titled "Hara Hara Mahadevaki" from a film that he and [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] were making titled ''Thaathaa Car-ai Thodadhae''. Tinku alleged that Amresh had worked together with them to create the song during early 2015, but production troubles had shelved the film, and subsequently, Amresh had taken the song to a different project. In a press meet in February 2017, Amresh refuted the claims and provided evidence of Tinku and Robert continuously trying to scam him by gathering funds for the shelved project.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJzSZsrfrRs |title=Music Director Amresh Ganesh Press Meet |date=2 February 2017 |publisher=Tamil Star |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817041142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJzSZsrfrRs |archive-date=17 August 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Amresh stated that he had developed the song free of cost and had paid for the duo to take part in a failed shoot of the song in Bangkok, before the film was stalled. Moreover, Amresh revealed that Robert had owned up to playing the song to music composer [[Srikanth Deva]], and had attempted to include it in another shelved film titled ''Minor Kunju Kaanom'' which Tinku, Robert and Srikanth Deva were involved in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2017 |title=Amresh Ganesh clears the air on MSKS controversy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030217/amresh-ganesh-clears-the-air-on-msks-controversy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214165930/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030217/amresh-ganesh-clears-the-air-on-msks-controversy.html |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akash |date=2 February 2017 |title=They Called Me A Backstabber |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-music-director-amresh-ganesh-talks-at-a-press-meet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216090809/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-music-director-amresh-ganesh-talks-at-a-press-meet.html |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The lyrics of the song were later edited for the film's theatrical release, with the title of "Ada Ada Maharanikki" in place of the original lyrics.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOw1MrCoeW0 |title=Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva – Video Jukebox {{!}} Ada Ada Maharaniki {{!}} Raghava Lawrence, Raai Laxmi |date=10 March 2017 |publisher=Saregama Tamil |access-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407231336/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOw1MrCoeW0 |archive-date=7 April 2017 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Shiva Vechitanda Kaala
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Lo Lo Lo Local
| lyrics2 = Viveka
| extra2 = [[Raghava Lawrence]], [[Suchitra]]
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Hara Hara Mahadevaki
| lyrics3 = Sorkko
| extra3 = Amresh Ganesh, [[Padmalatha]]
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Ivan Kaakhi Sattai
| lyrics4 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra4 = Amresh Ganesh
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = Motta Paiyyan Paiyyan
| lyrics5 = Sai Ramani
| extra5 = Raghava Lawrence, Suchitra
| length5 = 4:33
| title6 = Adaludan Paadalai Kettu
| lyrics6 = [[Alangudi Somu]]
| extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan, Padmalatha, Amresh Ganesh, Jack Styles
| length6 = 4:28
| title7 = Mass ah Rough & Tough
| lyrics7 = Viveka
| extra7 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| length7 = 3:48
| total_length = 30:31
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to be released in November 2016, before the producers planned a worldwide release date on 17 February 2017. In the weeks leading up to the film's release, Lawrence requested the producer of his other completed film ''[[Sivalinga (2017 film)|Sivalinga]]'' to delay the release of that project, in order to accommodate the release of ''Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2017 |title=Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva to release before Sivalinga? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-to-release-before-sivalinga/articleshow/56850488.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207060825/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-to-release-before-sivalinga/articleshow/56850488.cms |archive-date=7 February 2017 |access-date=10 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was then delayed by a further week to 24 February 2017, after the makers had to settle further legal settlements.<ref name="stay" /> Further postponements meant that ''Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva'' had a theatrical release on 9 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2017 |title='Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva' gets a new release date |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-gets-a-new-release-date-news-tamil-rdeq8lgdehceh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305000409/http://www.sify.com/movies/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-gets-a-new-release-date-news-tamil-rdeq8lgdehceh.html |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2017 |title='Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva' gets green signal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-gets-green-signal-news-tamil-rdhkzThdigdge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310010835/http://www.sify.com/movies/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-gets-green-signal-news-tamil-rdhkzThdigdge.html |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Upon release, the film received mixed reviews and did middling business at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=27 March 2017 |title=Lawrence to team up with Karu Pazhaniappan? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270317/lawrence-to-team-up-with-karu-pazhaniappan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327204718/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270317/lawrence-to-team-up-with-karu-pazhaniappan.html |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that the film was a "mindless masala", while Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "logic goes for a toss" in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=10 March 2017 |title=Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva: Bald and the beautiful |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/film-review-of-motta-shiva-ketta-shiva/article17440863.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816130559/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/film-review-of-motta-shiva-ketta-shiva/article17440863.ece |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=28 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=10 March 2017 |title=Motta Siva Ketta Siva movie review: Logic goes for a toss |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100317/motta-siva-ketta-siva-movie-review-logic-goes-for-a-toss.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328023154/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100317/motta-siva-ketta-siva-movie-review-logic-goes-for-a-toss.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Giving a negative review, Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the film "mediocre with a nonsensical plot", adding it was "a sub-standard attempt by the filmmakers to glorify the police service, which ends up as a noisy hotch-potch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=9 March 2017 |title=Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva movie review: Watch this film at your own risk |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-movie-review-watch-this-film-at-your-own-risk-4562110/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050434/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-movie-review-watch-this-film-at-your-own-risk-4562110/ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Likewise, Karthik Kumar from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote the film "is an annoyingly unbearable example of commercial cinema", concluding "this film is a blow to your sensibilities".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=9 March 2017 |title=Motta Siva Ketta Siva movie review: This film is a blow to your sensibilities |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/motta-siva-ketta-siva-movie-review-annoyingly-unbearable-irksome-and-cheap/story-WviyJ66QICkOVLCO1jbiOK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051443/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/motta-siva-ketta-siva-movie-review-annoyingly-unbearable-irksome-and-cheap/story-WviyJ66QICkOVLCO1jbiOK.html |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Similarly ''[[Sify]]'' concluded "overall, ''Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva'' is nothing but a laboriously long, patience-testing exercise".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2017 |title=Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva review- Crass, loud and brainless |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-review--crass-loud-and-brainless-review-tamil-rdjt3ubedfjfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310051428/http://www.sify.com/movies/motta-shiva-ketta-shiva-review--crass-loud-and-brainless-review-tamil-rdjt3ubedfjfg.html |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A reference to Raghava Lawrence as the "Makkal Superstar" (People's Superstar) in the credits was also widely criticised, prompting the actor to release a statement distancing himself from the director's decision to apply such a moniker upon him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2017 |title=After criticism Lawrence denies 'Makkal Superstar' title |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-criticism-lawrencedenies-makkal-superstar-title/articleshow/57556276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317053759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-criticism-lawrencedenies-makkal-superstar-title/articleshow/57556276.cms |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s police films]]
[[Category:2017 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 masala films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amresh Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

M. C. Joseph

2026-04-30T00:28:35Z

Pranav: creating info

{{Short description|Indian rationalist (1887–1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. C. Joseph
| image = Joseph-m-c.jpg
| birth_name = Mookencheril Cherian Joseph
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|01|06|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1981|10|26|1887|01|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thrippunithura, Kerala]], India
| occupation = Atheist, author, publisher, activist
}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2018}}
{{Indian name|Joseph|Mookencheril Cherian}}'''Mookencheril Cherian Joseph''', popularly known as '''''Yukthivadi'' M. C. Joseph''', was an eminent rationalist from [[Kerala, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nastiknation.org/product/m-c-joseph-enna-apoorva-manushyan/|title = M C Joseph Enna Apoorva Manushyan – Nastik Nation}}</ref> He was one of the very significant figures of Kerala [[Renaissance]] too.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Joseph was born on 6 January 1887 at [[Thripunithura]] in Kerala. His father was Cherian "Kuncheria" of the Mookencheril house and his mother's name was Maria. After his education, he took up his career as a [[lawyer]]. He was one of the founders of ''[[Yukthivadi]]'' (meaning ''the Rationalist'' in English), the first ever [[rationalist]] / [[atheist]] [[magazine]] in [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/historic-heritage-gallery/m-c-joseph/810|title=M.C.Joseph|website=www.keralaculture.org}}</ref> along with Ramavarma Thampan, [[Mithavaadi Krishnan|C. Krishnan]], [[C. V. Kunhiraman]] and [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanu|first=M.K|title=Yukthivaadi M.C. Joseph (Malayalam)|isbn=9388768019}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Yukthivadi'' was brought out in August, 1929.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nastiknation.org/product/m-c-joseph-enna-apoorva-manushyan/|title=M C Joseph Enna Apoorva Manushyan – Nastik Nation}}</ref> Sahodaran Ayyappan was the first editor of the magazine. Two years later M. C. Joseph took over the editorship and successfully continued its publication without a single gap in the issues for the next 45 years, single-handedly. His famous column ''Kurippukal'' (Notes) carried scathing criticism of all organized [[religion]]s, [[superstition]]s, and undemocratic and [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[political system]]s. During his tenure as its editor, the magazine got so identified with its editor that he came to be known as ''Yukthivadi'' M. C. Joseph, meaning M. C. Joseph the rationalist. In July 1974, at the age of 87, he handed over the magazine job to Unni Kakkanand, a few months before he died on 26 October 1981.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Joseph died on 26 October 1981 at the age of 94. As per his wishes, the body was handed over to [[Calicut Medical College]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Bharathiya yukthivadi Sangham, a rationalist organisation founded by [[Sreeni Pattathanam]] is giving the ''M. C. Joseph Award'' in memory of him to distinguished secular writers and activists in Malayalam. [[Kureepuzha Sreekumar]], [[Pavanan]], Malayalam writer [[Paul Zacharia|Zacharia]], [[Thilakan]], Vaisakhan, [[M. K. Sanu|M K Sanu]], [[Anand (writer)|Anand]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Te8OMdocgkA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Te8OMdocgkA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=MC Joseph Award Ceremony 2015 (Malayalam)|date=29 October 2015 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> etc. are the winners of this award. Then Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan had handed over the ''M. C. Joseph award'' to M K Sanu on 20 August 2017. During his speech at the event Pinarayi Vijayan said M. C. Joseph had the capability to provide logical answers and establish his point of view on questions related to rationalism. “He was one of those who fearlessly fought superstitions and ill- practices of his time. Such bravado energises posterity also," the Chief Minister opined.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/aug/20/kerala-chief-minister-presents-m-c-joseph-award-to-litterateur-m-k-sanu-1645612.html|title=Kerala Chief Minister presents M C Joseph award to litterateur M K Sanu|website=The New Indian Express |date=21 August 2017 }}</ref>

== Yukthivadi Journal ==
This had been a significant publication with an intellectual appeal on people of Kerala due mainly to the persons by whom it was started and had been published for over four decades — the legendary Sahodaran Ayyappan and the merciless social critic M. C. Joseph. It was no less than an intellectual stimulant of the time for the people of Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
[[File:YUKTHIVADI.JPG|thumb|Issue of Yukthivadi, The Malayalam Rationalist Journal, dated 4 April 1936|alt=Yukthivadi]]

==Books==

#''Purogathi'' (Progress) (1947)
#''Yukthiprakasham'' (Light of Reason) (1966)
#''Prabhodhanam'' (1966)
#''Ashayasamaram'' (1976)
#''Thiranjetutha Kurippukal'' (Selected Notes)(1976)
#''Chinthaviplavam'' (1976)
#''Nasthikya Chintha'' (Atheist Thoughts)(1977)
#''Swatanthra Chintha'' (Free Thought)(1978)
#''Kuttichathan'' (Goblins)(1983)
#''Emciyute Lekhanangal'' (Essays)(1991)
#''Emciyute Darshanangal'' (1995)
#''Jotsyam Oru Kapada Sasthram'' (2004) Indian Atheist Publishers
#''Punarjanma Smaranakal'' (2004) Indian Atheist Publishers
#''Kalathinu Mumpe Nadannavar'' (2005) Indian Atheist Publisher

==List of recipients of Yukthivadi M. C. Joseph Award==
''Yukthivadi M. C. Joseph Award'' was constituted by the rationalist organisation ''Bharatheeya Yukthivadi Sangham'', founded by [[Sreeni Pattathanam]]. The award is given to persons who stood for rational and secularist causes.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Recipient
! Profession
|-
|2004
|[[Kureepuzha Sreekumar]]
|Malayalam Poet
|-
|2006
|[[Pavanan]]
|Former Secretary, Kerala Sahithya Academy
|-
|2008
|[[Thilakan]]
|Malayalam Film Actor
|-
|2010
|[[Vaisakhan]]
|Former President, Kerala Sahithya Academy
|-
|2013
|[[Paul Zacharia]]
|Author
|-
|2015
|[[Anand (writer)|Anand]]
|Author, Critic
|-
|2017
|Prof. [[M. K. Sanu]]
|Author, intellect
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* ''M.C. Enna Manushyan'' : [[Joseph Edamaruku|J. Edamaruku]] (1959) by Jai Hind Publishers, Kottayam; Revised edition (2004) by Indian Atheist Publishers.
* Yukthivadi M.C. Joseph : [[M. K. Sanu]] (May 2002) (Department of Cultural Publications, Government of [[Kerala]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] -14)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, M. C.}}
[[Category:Indian sceptics]]
[[Category:Indian materialists]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Sangeeth Sobhan

2026-04-27T12:20:14Z

Pranav:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Indian patronymic|Sangeeth|Sobhan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangeeth Sobhan
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|08|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]]), India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2011{{ndash}}present
| father = [[Sobhan]]
| relatives = [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati|Lakshmipati]] (uncle) [[Santosh Sobhan]] (brother)
}}

'''Chittajalu Sangeeth Sobhan''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='మ్యాడ్' సినిమాలో కామెడీతో ఇచ్చిపడేశాడు.. ఈ కుర్రాడెవరో తెలుసా? {{!}} MAD Movie Sangeeth Shobhan Full Details And Movies {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/mad-movie-sangeeth-shobhan-full-details-and-movies-1802497 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> He later appeared in a supporting role in the [[Netflix]] anthology film ''[[Pitta Kathalu]]'' and the television series ''[[The Baker and the Beauty (Indian TV series)|The Baker and the Beauty]]'' (both 2021).

His performance in the leading role in the ''[[Mad (film)|Mad]]'' (2023) was widely appreciated and won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] and the [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-10-06 |title='MAD' movie review: Sangeeth Shobhan and Vishnu Oi sparkle in director Kalyan Shankar's campus entertainer that packs in plenty of laughs within its wafer-thin storyline |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mad-telugu-movie-review-director-kalyan-shankar-delivers-lighthearted-campus-fun/article67388352.ece |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Sangeeth was born to Telugu film director [[Sobhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Priya|date=12 July 2021|title=Birthday wishes to young hero santosh shobhan|url=https://telugu.santoshammagazine.com/2021/07/12/birthday-wishes-to-young-hero-santosh-shobhan/|website=Santosham magazine|language=te}}</ref> His uncle [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati]] was a comedian in Telugu films and his elder brother is actor [[Santosh Sobhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-04|title=పెళ్ళికోసం త‌పించే ప్రేమ్ కుమార్గా సంతోష్!|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/santosh-shobhan-headlines-hilarious-entertainer-prem-kumar/|website=NTV Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

Sangeeth appeared as a child actor in ''[[Golconda High School]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Sangeeth Shobhan on Oka Chinna Family Story: I didn't have a safety net when I entered the industry |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-sangeeth-shobhan-on-oka-chinna-family-story-i-didnt-have-a-safety-net-when-i-entered-the-industry/cfe78b75cb847 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he appeared as one of the three lead actors in [[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]. His performance was appreciated by critics and audience alike.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-02-08 |title=I want to be an entertainer, says Sangeeth Shoban |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/dc-exclusive-want-to-make-audiences-laugh-sangeeth-shoban-881496 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2010
|[[Thakita Thakita|''Thakita Thakita'']]
|Nandini's brother
|rowspan ="2"|Child actor
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Golconda High School]]''
|Varun
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=17 January 2011|title=Review: Golconda High School is brilliant|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-golconda-high-school/20110117.htm|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Jhakaas!''
|Karan
|Short film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Mad (film)|Mad]]''
|Damodhar
|Debut as lead actor; [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]] [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Kannada) 2024 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2024_-67630.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA winners list 2024 (Telugu, Kannada): Nani, Rakshit Shetty win Best Actor; Keerthy, Chaithra wins Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/siima-2023-winners-jr-ntr-wins-best-actor-award-for-rrr-rishab-shettys-kantara-wins-101694837099476.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=News18 India |date=16 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Prema Vimanam]]''
|Mani
|Released on [[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-13 |title=Sangeeth Shobhan and Saanvee Megghana starrer 'Prema Vimanam' to premiere on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sangeeth-shobhan-and-saanvee-megghana-starrer-prema-vimana-to-premiere-on-this-date/articleshow/104391963.cms |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Mad Square]]''
|Damodhar
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-19 |title='MAD Square' begins: Director Kalyan Shankar, actors Sangeeth Shobhan, Nithin Narne and Ram Nithin reunite for 'MAD' sequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/team-mad-reunites-for-mad-square-promises-double-the-fun/article68083364.ece |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gamblers (2025 film)|Gamblers]]''
|Angel
|
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Raakaasa]]''
|Veerababu "Veeru"
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''
|Neel
|[[Netflix]]
|Television debut; under segment ''xlife''
|-
|''[[The Baker and The Beauty (web series)|The Baker and The Beauty]]''
|Vikram Krishna Dasaripalle
| rowspan="2" |[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-09-13|title='The Baker and the Beauty' series review: Good old fairytale romance, and some more|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/the-baker-and-the-beauty-series-review-santhosh-shobhan-scores-in-this-telugu-web-series/article36429430.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[3 Roses (TV series)|3 Roses]]''
|Alex
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Roses trailer: Eesha Rebba, Payal Rajput and Purnaa shun stereotypes, societal norms in this fun outing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/3-roses-trailer-eesha-rebba-payal-rajput-and-purnaa-shun-stereotypes-societal-norms-in-this-fun-outing/e14e912eac932 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oka Chinna Family Story]]''
|Mahesh
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=Nagarjuna unveils 'Oka Chinna Family Story' trailer |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nagarjuna-unveils-oka-chinna-family-story-trailer-zee5-to-stream-web-series-from-november-19 |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9858069}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangeeth, Sobhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Yaqub Nanautawi

2026-04-24T11:46:30Z

Pranav: adding

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1833–1884)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi
| office1 = 1st Principal and Sheikh al-Hadith of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| term_start1 = 1866
| term_end1 = 1883
| predecessor1 = "office established"
| successor1 = [[Syed Ahmad Dehlavi (academic)|Syed Ahmad Dehlavi]]
| birth_date = July 1, 1833 or July 2, 1883
| birth_place = [[Nanauta]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1884|1833}}
| death_place = [[Nanauta]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| occupation = Islamic scholar
| father = [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]]
| relatives = [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] (nephew)
| service_years = 1857
| battles = [[Indian War of Independence]]
*{{small|[[Battle of Shamli]]}}
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes
|religion= [[Islam]]
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|creed = [[Maturidi]]
}}
}}

'''Yaqub Nanautawi''' (1833–1884) was an Indian [[Islamic scholar]], and one of the earliest teachers of Islamic Madrassa in Deoband, famously called [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in India. He was the first principal of Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Tayyab |first= Muhammad|date=1990 |title=The Role of Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-Ul-Hasan in the Indian Freedom Movement|publisher= [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |type=MPhil|page = 20}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Yaqub Nanautawi was born on either July 1, 1833, or July 2, 1883, in the [[Siddiqi family of Nanauta]] and was the son of Islamic scholar, [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ulama-e-Haq Aur Un Ke Mujāhidāna Kārnāme |volume=1|author=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi|author-link=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi|publisher=Faisal Publications|location=Deoband|page=51}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Nur al-Hasan Sherkoti |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=90–214 |edition=January 2000 |language=ur |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlana Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi}}</ref><ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|author-link=Asir Adrawi|pages= 269|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2 April 2016}}</ref> coinciding 13 [[Safar]] 1249 [[Hijri year|AH]] in [[British India]], in the town of [[Nanauta]], part of the [[Saharanpur District]] of the modern province of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="mahbub">{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband
|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |pages=126–131|publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |location=[[Deoband]] |edition=1981}}</ref> His father was one of the senior Muslim scholars of India at the time, and the head-teacher of ''[[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Delhi Colleges]]''.{{Sfn|KZN|2020|p=37}}

Nanautawi studied most of the Islamic sciences under his father and Shah Abd al-Ghani Mujaddidi.<ref name="mahbub"/> His other teachers included [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Syed Aḥmad |author1-link=Syed Ahmad Khan |editor1-last=Shahjahānpuri |editor1-first=Abu Salmān |editor1-link=Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri |title=Tadhkira Khānwāda-e-Waliullāhi |page=295}}</ref> He was trained in tasawwuf under [[Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki|Haji Imdadullah]] and received ''khilafah'' (authorization) from him in the [[Chishti]], [[Naqshbandi]], [[Qadiri]], and [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]] orders.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Aamir Bashir|title=Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf|publisher=ilmresources.wordpress.com|url=https://ilmresources.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/Shariat-Tariqat-A-Study-of-the-Deobandi-Understanding-and-Practice-of-Tasawwuf.pdf|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1852, Muhammad Yaqub was appointed as a teacher in Government College Ajmer. At the recommendation of the College principal, he was offered the post of Deputy collector, which he rejected. He was transferred to Banaras, and later promoted to the post of Deputy Inspector, Saharanpur.<ref name="mahbub" />

In 1866, Muhammad Yaqub was appointed as the principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name="mahbub" /> Concerning his appointment in the Deoband seminary, [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]] writes that, "Seeing the increase in students day to day, it became a concern to get good teachers and thus Maulana Muhammad Yaqub was called to be the principal who was then teaching either in Ajmer or somewhere else."<ref name="miyan">{{Cite book|title=Ulama-e-Haq Ke Mujahidana Karname |volume=1|author=Syed Muhammad Miyan Deobandi|author-link=Syed Muhammad Miyan Deobandi|publisher=Faisal Publications|location=Deoband|page=51}}</ref>

Students of Muhammad Yaqub include most of the second-generation Islamic scholars<ref name="asir" /> such as [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], [[Aziz-ur-Rahman Usmani]], [[Sayyid Mumtaz Ali]],<ref name="sumit">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEPYbuzOwcQC&q=mumtaz+ali+deobandi&pg=PA360 |access-date=29 August 2020|title=Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader|isbn=9780253352699|last1=Sarkar|first1=Sumit|last2=Sarkar|first2=Tanika|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref> [[Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad]], [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] and [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]].<ref name="mahbub" />

Yaqub authored ''Sawaneh Umri Hazrat Maulana Qasim Nanutawi'', a biography of [[Qasim Nanautawi]]<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=98–103}}</ref> which was translated into Arabic by [[Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri]] as ''Al-Imām Muhammad Qasim An-Nanawtawi Kama Ra’aituhu''.<ref name="PhD thesis">{{Cite thesis
|last=Rahman
|first=Obaidur
|title=مساهمة علماء ديوبند في اللغة العربية وآدابها ١٨٦٧م - ٢٠١٣م|trans-title=Contribution of Olamae of Deoband to Arabic Language and Literature from 1867 to 2013
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Banaras Hindu University]]
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/536377
|year=2021
|location=India
|language=ar
|hdl=10603/536377
|type=PhD
|pages=191–193
}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Muhammad Yaqub Nanautavi died of cholera at age 51 in 1884 and was buried in his hometown, [[Nanauta]].<ref name="mahbub" />

==Family life==
Muhammad Yaqub was maternal uncle of the Hadith scholar [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]].<ref name="asir" />

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |title=Hadhrat Moulana Muhammad Qaasim Nanotwi: A Glimpse Into His Life |publisher=Jamiatul Ulama (KZN) |location=[[Isipingo]] |isbn=978-0-6398423-0-1 |pages=35–41 |edition=1st |date=January 2020 |chapter=Hadhrat Moulana Mamlook Ali Saahib | ref = {{harvid|KZN|2020}}}}

{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1833 births]]
[[Category:1884 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nanauta]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Principals of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Sheikh al-Hadith of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Founders of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Maharaji Prajapati

2026-04-20T01:40:13Z

Pranav: creating post.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maharaji Prajapati
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = '''Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Garima Singh]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| parents =
| constituency = [[Amethi (Assembly constituency)|Amethi]]
}}

'''Maharaji Prajapati''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to [[Amethi (Assembly constituency)|Amethi]] in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the Samajwadi Party. She is the wife of the former minister [[Gayatri Prasad Prajapati]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/results | title=Uttar Pradesh Election Results 2022 | publisher=NDTV | accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/all-winners/ | title=ALL WINNERS LIST UTTAR PRADESH ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 2022 | publisher=News18 | accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/amethis-almighty-contest-while-sp-banks-on-sympathy-for-prajapati-bjp-believes-sinh-is-king-4776695.html | title=Amethi's Almighty Contest: While SP Banks On Sympathy for Prajapati, BJP Believes Sinh Is King | publisher=News18 | date=16 March 2022 | accessdate=18 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prajapati, Maharaji}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Amethi]]

Gaurav Sharma (politician)

2026-04-19T09:10:44Z

Pranav: New A Biography

{{Short description|Former New Zealand politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gaurav Sharma
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Dr Gaurav Sharma.jpg
| caption =
| constituency_MP2 = {{NZ electorate link|Hamilton West}}
| term_start2 = 17 October 2020
| term_end2 = 18 October 2022
| parliament2 = New Zealand
| predecessor2 = [[Tim Macindoe]]
| successor2 = [[Tama Potaka]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| party = Momentum (2022–present) [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2022) [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]] (until 2022)
| birth_name = Gaurav Mrinal Sharma<ref name="Medical Council" />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1987}}
| birth_place = [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Doctor
| alma_mater = [[University of Auckland]] [[George Washington University]]
| website =
}}

'''Gaurav Mrinal Sharma''' (born 1987) is a New Zealand doctor and former Member of Parliament. Elected in 2020, Sharma was a [[Member of parliament#New Zealand|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]], representing the electorate of [[Hamilton West (New Zealand electorate)|Hamilton West]]. In August 2022, he made allegations of bullying within the Labour Party, and was expelled from its caucus in the same month. He briefly served as an [[Independent politician|independent]], before resigning from Parliament in October 2022. He announced the formation of the New Zealand Momentum Party, an [[List of political parties in New Zealand#Unregistered parties|unregistered]] political party, in November 2022. In December, Sharma contested and lost the [[2022 Hamilton West by-election]] to [[New Zealand National Party|National]] MP [[Tama Potaka]].

==Early life and schooling==
Sharma was born in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]], and his family moved to New Zealand when he was 12 years old.<ref name="Young">{{Cite web |title=The young and the restless |url=https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/35/5951/Face-of-the-Week/The-young-and-the-restless |publisher=Indian Weekender |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> Sharma went to [[Auckland Grammar School]] where he was the [[proxime accessit]] to the [[Dux#Education|dux]] in his final year of high school. In 2005, ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' named him as one of the top six students in the country as per [[John Graham (rugby union)|Sir John Graham]]'s [[NZ Education and Scholarship Trust]].<ref name="Six of the best">{{Cite web |title=Six of the best surface in trust's scholarship testing |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz-qualifications-authority/news/article.cfm?o_id=299&objectid=10117143 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=25 March 2005 |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref>

He has a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] degree from the [[University of Auckland]] and a [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[George Washington University]].

==Medical career==
Volunteer work as a caregiver in a rest home when he was in high school inspired Sharma to pursue a career in medicine.<ref name="Difference">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2017 |title=Labour candidate looking to make a difference |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/hamilton-news/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503366&objectid=11896487 |access-date=3 September 2017 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref> Sharma qualified as a medical doctor from [[University of Auckland]]'s School of Medicine in 2011 where he was also involved with the [[New Zealand Medical Students' Association]].<ref name="New Face">{{Cite web |first=Jo |last=Lines-Macenzie |title=New face ready to swing Hamilton West |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/94592380/new-face-ready-to-swing-hamilton-west |publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=11 July 2017 |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref name = "Uni 16">{{Cite web |title=University of Auckland welcomes 16 new Fulbright award recipients |url=https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/news-events-and-notices/news/news-2015/06/university-of-auckland-welcomes-16-new-fulbright-award-recipient1.html |publisher=University of Auckland |date=23 June 2015 |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> Sharma undertook an internship with the [[World Health Organization]] in 2012, working within the Non-Communicable Diseases unit.<ref name="Young" />

When he returned from Geneva, Sharma practised medicine in different hospitals across [[Auckland]] until 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Manch |first=Thomas |date=12 August 2022 |title=Gaurav Sharma, the political rookie who struck out at his own party |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/129561032/gaurav-sharma-the-political-rookie-who-struck-out-at-his-own-party |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref> Sharma has been registered with the [[Medical Council of New Zealand]] under a general scope requiring he practise under supervision in the GPEP training programme. His certificate to practise expired on 31 August 2022, and was renewed in 2023 after his political career ended.<ref name="Medical Council">{{Cite web |title=Sharma, Gaurav Mrinal |url=https://www.mcnz.org.nz/registration/register-of-doctors/doctor/sharma-gaurav-mrinal/ |access-date=19 August 2022|website=Medical Council of New Zealand}}</ref>

=== Fulbright and MBA ===
In 2015, Sharma received the [[Fulbright Scholarship]] to complete an [[MBA]] at [[George Washington University]] in [[Washington DC]], with a specific focus on business, politics and public health.<ref name="Uni 16" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2015 |title=Fulbright 2015 Grantees |url=http://www.fulbright.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/2015-Grantees-Booklet.pdf |access-date=2 September 2017 |publisher=Fulbright Commission New Zealand}}</ref> During this time, Sharma was involved on campus in [[Hillary Clinton]]'s [[Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016|campaign]] for the United States Presidency in 2016.<ref name="New Face" /> He was also a Senator on the George Washington University's Student Senate during his time there as a student.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GWSB Alumnus Stands for NZ Parliament |url=https://business.gwu.edu/gwsb-alumnus-stands-nz-parliament |publisher=George Washington University School of Business |date=25 July 2017 |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112191136/https://business.gwu.edu/gwsb-alumnus-stands-nz-parliament |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Political career==
===Start of career and election to parliament===
{{NZ parlbox header|align=left}}
{{NZ parlbox
|term=53rd
|start={{NZ election link year|2020}}
|end=2022
|list=63
|party=New Zealand Labour Party
|electorate={{NZ electorate link|Hamilton West}}
}}
{{NZ parlbox allegiance
|start=2022
|end=
|party=Independent politician
}}
{{End}}
Sharma worked for [[Phil Goff]]'s campaign in the [[2014 New Zealand general election|2014 election]].<ref name="Difference" /> Upon returning from the United States after his MBA, Sharma stood for the Labour Party in the {{NZ electorate link|Hamilton West}} electorate in the {{NZ election link|2017}} and was placed 70th on Labour's party list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labour choose candidate for Hamilton West seat |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/94458021/labour-choose-candidate-for-hamilton-west-seat |publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=6 July 2017 |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Revised Labour Party List for the 2017 Election |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1708/S00314/revised-labour-party-list-for-the-2017-election.htm |publisher=Scoop.co.nz |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> He did not win a seat; he received 31% of the electorate vote compared to the incumbent's 52%.<ref name="2017election">{{cite web |title=Official Count Results – Hamilton West (2017) |url= http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2017/electorate-details-14.html |publisher=[[Electoral Commission (New Zealand)|Electoral Commission]] |date=7 October 2017 |access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> Following his loss, Sharma practised as a [[General practitioner|GP]] in Hamilton for two years.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[2020 New Zealand general election|2020 election]] Sharma again stood for the Hamilton West electorate. This time, Sharma won the seat, receiving 52% of the electorate vote.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamilton West – Official result|url=https://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2020/electorate-details-13.html|access-date=9 November 2020|website=New Zealand Electoral Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |title=Election 2020: The 40 diverse new MPs entering Parliament|url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/vote-2020/election-2020-the-forty-newcomers-entering-parliament/|access-date=24 October 2020|website=ZB|language=en-nz}}</ref> Sharma was the first MP to take the [[Oath of Allegiance (New Zealand)|Oath of Allegiance]] in [[Sanskrit]], after first completing it in [[Māori language|te reo Māori]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2020 |title=New Zealand MP takes an oath in Sanskrit |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/videos/new-zealand-mp-takes-an-oath-in-sanskrit |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dr Gaurav Sharma- a man of conviction |url=https://www.indiannews.co.nz/allstories/dr-gaurav-sharma-a-man-of-conviction |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=The Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref> Sharma was the first MP of Indian origin to represent an electorate for the Labour Party.<ref name=":2" />

===Roles in parliament===
As well as representing his electorate, Sharma was a member of the Health Select Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharma, Gaurav – New Zealand Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps-and-electorates/former-members-of-parliament/sharma-gaurav/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=www.parliament.nz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302153752/https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps-and-electorates/members-of-parliament/sharma-gaurav/|archive-date=2 March 2022|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>

=== Allegations of bullying within Parliament ===
On 11 August 2022, Sharma wrote an [[opinion piece]] for ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' newspaper in which he alleged widespread bullying within [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]]. The piece included specific allegations aimed at [[Whip (politics)|party whips]], party leadership, and the [[New Zealand Parliamentary Service|Parliamentary Service]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Govt MP blows whistle on 'rampant' Parliament bullying, takes aim at officials, party whips |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/opinion-labour-mp-dr-gaurav-sharma-blows-whistle-on-parliament-bullying-takes-aim-at-officials-party-whips/RJJT3YAPAVLKTZMWMECMKTJR2I/ |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811044305/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/opinion-labour-mp-dr-gaurav-sharma-blows-whistle-on-parliament-bullying-takes-aim-at-officials-party-whips/RJJT3YAPAVLKTZMWMECMKTJR2I/|archive-date=11 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, he expanded on these allegations with a [[Facebook]] post detailing specific grievances against Labour Whip [[Duncan Webb]], former Whip [[Kieran McAnulty]], and the office of [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]] [[Jacinda Ardern]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hope |first=Luke Malpass and Sharnae |date=12 August 2022 |title=Labour MP Gaurav Sharma unloads on party in excoriating social media post |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/129565407/labour-mp-gaurav-sharma-unloads-on-party-in-excoriating-social-media-post |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref>

In the following days and weeks, Sharma continued to publish allegations, such as another Facebook post on 15 August, and a further post of 29 August, in which Sharma published a 4,700 word social media post detailing his complaints with the work performance of three former staff members and accused the Parliamentary Service of fabricating information about him.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharma makes further allegations against staff, Parliamentary Service |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/473721/sharma-makes-further-allegations-against-staff-parliamentary-service |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829101431/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/473721/sharma-makes-further-allegations-against-staff-parliamentary-service |archive-date=29 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2022, ''[[The Spinoff]]'' claimed Sharma had presented little in the way of evidence to back his allegations of bullying and harassment.<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Toby Manhire |first=Toby |last=Manhire |url= https://thespinoff.co.nz/live-updates/20-10-2022/gaurav-sharma-expelled-from-labour-party |title=Gaurav Sharma formally expelled from Labour Party |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[The Spinoff]] }}</ref>

===Responses to allegations===
====Government responses====
Parliamentary Service chief executive [[Rafael Gonzalez-Montero]] disputed Sharma's allegations and defended his organisation's work on countering bullying within parliament.<ref name=":1" /> Labour Party MPs, including [[Damien O'Connor]], [[Chris Hipkins]], and [[Anahila Kanongata'a-Suisuiki]], questioned Sharma's claims.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Rawling |first1=Caitlin |title=MPs react after Labour's Gaurav Sharma alleges rampant bullying at Parliament |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/08/mps-react-after-labour-s-gaurav-sharma-alleges-rampant-bullying-at-parliament.html |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811141108/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/08/mps-react-after-labour-s-gaurav-sharma-alleges-rampant-bullying-at-parliament.html |archive-date=11 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Whyte |first1=Anna |last2=Producer |first2=Senior Digital Political |title=Ardern disputes Labour MP's Parliament bullying allegations |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/08/12/ardern-disputes-labour-mps-parliament-bullying-allegations/ |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=[[1News]] |publisher=[[TVNZ]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812080232/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/08/12/ardern-disputes-labour-mps-parliament-bullying-allegations/|archive-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Parliamentary Service rebutted one of Sharma's allegations that another Labour MP and a parliamentary staff member had misspent taxpayer money in August 2021. Gonzalez-Montero responded that the duo had travelled to the MP's electorate for the purposes of team-building, which he described as a normal procedure for MPs who were establishing a new team within their electorates.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malpass |first1=Luke |title=Parliamentary Service says Gaurav Sharma's claim of staff 'misusing' taxpayer money was staff travel and 'normal practice' |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/129573930/parliamentary-service-says-gaurav-sharmas-claim-of-staff-misusing-taxpayer-money-was-staff-travel-and-normal-practice |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815020340/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/129573930/parliamentary-service-says-gaurav-sharmas-claim-of-staff-misusing-taxpayer-money-was-staff-travel-and-normal-practice |archive-date=15 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 August, ''Newshub'' reported that the [[Office of the Ombudsman (New Zealand)|Chief Ombudsman]] [[Peter Boshier]] had sent a letter to Ardern querying Sharma's allegations that Labour MPs had been trained to circumvent the [[Official Information Act 1982]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynch |first1=Jenna |title=Ombudsman writes to Jacinda Ardern after Gaurav Sharma's claims, secretly taped MP says minister dismissed issue of wellbeing |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/08/ombudsman-writes-to-jacinda-ardern-after-gaurav-sharma-s-claims-secretly-taped-mp-says-minister-dismissed-issue-of-wellbeing.html |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819071650/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/08/ombudsman-writes-to-jacinda-ardern-after-gaurav-sharma-s-claims-secretly-taped-mp-says-minister-dismissed-issue-of-wellbeing.html |archive-date=19 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Support====
[[New Zealand National Party|National Party]] MPs [[Matt Doocey]], [[Chris Bishop (politician)|Chris Bishop]], and [[Chris Penk]] claimed that Sharma's allegations raised questions about alleged bullying and victimising within the Labour Party.<ref name=":1"/> Twenty members of Sharma's [[Hamilton West (New Zealand electorate)|Hamilton West]] electorate committee sent a letter to the Labour Party and Labour parliamentary caucus defending Sharma and calling for an independent investigation into his bullying allegations.

====Accusations against Sharma====
Following the allegations, an employment dispute from Sharma's office became public. The employment matter centred on a former staffer who felt bullied by Sharma; that they were being isolated from other staffers by him and subsequently sought therapy after it. Sharma, however, said that their contract was not extended because of poor employment performance.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Controlling': Staffer says working in Labour MP's office left them in tears; MP responds |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/parliament-bullying-claims-labour-mp-gaurav-sharmas-ex-staffer-speaks-out-after-being-left-in-tears/6Y6DUYVDRNWS6DPEVT7B4JT24Q/ |date=12 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812084248/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/parliament-bullying-claims-labour-mp-gaurav-sharmas-ex-staffer-speaks-out-after-being-left-in-tears/6Y6DUYVDRNWS6DPEVT7B4JT24Q/|archive-date=12 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Gonzalez-Montero, Webb, and Ardern confirmed that their offices were working with Sharma to resolve an employment dispute in his parliamentary office.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2022 |title=Hamilton West MP Gaurav Sharma accuses Parliamentary Service of stonewalling bullying claims |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/472704/hamilton-west-mp-gaurav-sharma-accuses-parliamentary-service-of-stonewalling-bullying-claims |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811071441/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/472704/hamilton-west-mp-gaurav-sharma-accuses-parliamentary-service-of-stonewalling-bullying-claims |archive-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pearse |first1=Adam |date=12 August 2022 |title=Parliament 'bullying': Jacinda Ardern says Gaurav Sharma's claims disputed, confirms ongoing staff issues in her MP's office |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/parliament-bullying-jacinda-ardern-says-gaurav-sharmas-claims-disputed-confirms-ongoing-staff-issues-in-her-mps-office/DFLAUODS6STW3R5DFHI74SXMSY/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812032119/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/parliament-bullying-jacinda-ardern-says-gaurav-sharmas-claims-disputed-confirms-ongoing-staff-issues-in-her-mps-office/DFLAUODS6STW3R5DFHI74SXMSY/ |archive-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' reported that three of Sharma's staff members had resigned during his first year after raising concerns about him; which allegedly prompted the Parliamentary Service to suspend the hiring of new staff for Sharma's parliamentary office.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trevett |first1=Claire |title=PM Jacinda Ardern responds to latest claims from rogue MP Gaurav Sharma; confirms Labour Party caucus will meet on allegations this week |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/pm-jacinda-ardern-responds-to-latest-claims-from-rogue-mp-gaurav-sharma-confirms-labour-party-caucus-will-meet-on-allegations-this-week/W2Z57PC34JK4BL76OGI2WXY6W4/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816032436/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/pm-jacinda-ardern-responds-to-latest-claims-from-rogue-mp-gaurav-sharma-confirms-labour-party-caucus-will-meet-on-allegations-this-week/W2Z57PC34JK4BL76OGI2WXY6W4/ |archive-date=16 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to Sharma's Facebook post of 29 August, a former staff member accused Sharma of breaching confidentiality rules and bringing back past trauma.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coughlan |first1=Thomas |title=Former Gaurav Sharma staffer urges MP to move on, stop breaching confidentiality after latest 4700-word Facebook post |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/former-gaurav-sharma-staffer-urges-mp-to-move-on-stop-breaching-confidentiality-after-latest-4700-word-facebook-post/5ALT7CEWH6VETV7WVEJR2H7WNQ/ |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829085939/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/former-gaurav-sharma-staffer-urges-mp-to-move-on-stop-breaching-confidentiality-after-latest-4700-word-facebook-post/5ALT7CEWH6VETV7WVEJR2H7WNQ/ |archive-date=29 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Expulsion from Labour===
On 15 August, Ardern confirmed that the Labour Party [[parliamentary caucus]] would be holding a special meeting that week to discuss Sharma's bullying allegations. That same day, Sharma also claimed that he was being silenced after Labour leaders ordered him to raise his concerns with party whips and leaders and to avoid speaking with the media.

On the evening of 15 August, the Labour Party held a [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]] meeting for all its MPs except Sharma, to discuss Sharma's future within the party. Sharma found out about this meeting after "accidentally" receiving a message with a photo of fellow Labour MP [[Kelvin Davis (politician)|Kelvin Davis]] on Zoom call. Prior to that, Sharma had agreed to attend a special caucus meeting on 16 August to discuss Sharma's bullying allegations. After learning about the evening meeting on 15 August, Sharma refused to attend the 16 August meeting and claimed that his fate had been "pre-determined." During the special caucus meeting held on 16 August, Labour MPs voted unanimously to suspend Sharma from the party caucus effective immediately until December 2022. While Sharma would remain the Labour MP for Hamilton West, he was excluded from caucus events.

Ardern defended Sharma's suspension, claiming it was an appropriate response to what she described as his "repeated breaches of trust." Ardern also claimed that Sharma had rejected the party's offers of coaching, mentoring and temporary staff over the past 18 months. In return, Sharma had accused the Labour leadership of ignoring his concerns, [[gaslighting]] him, and creating a cover-up culture. Sharma accused the Prime Minister of lying "every step of the way".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pearse |first1=Adam |last2=Trevett |first2=Claire |title=Labour MP Gaurav Sharma suspended from party caucus 'effective immediately' – Jacinda Ardern |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/labour-mp-gaurav-sharma-suspended-from-party-caucus-effective-immediately-jacinda-ardern/ZSFZKNAUPHMQFWOMHD4DVWFKUQ/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816113920/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/labour-mp-gaurav-sharma-suspended-from-party-caucus-effective-immediately-jacinda-ardern/ZSFZKNAUPHMQFWOMHD4DVWFKUQ/ |archive-date=16 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Labour MP Gaurav Sharma suspended after 'trust broken' |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/129584819/labour-mp-gaurav-sharma-suspended-after-trust-broken |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816052214/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/129584819/labour-mp-gaurav-sharma-suspended-after-trust-broken |archive-date=16 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ensor |first1=Jamie |title=LABOUR Labour bullying allegations: Dr Gaurav Sharma suspended from caucus, doesn't show up for meeting |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/08/labour-bullying-allegations-live-updates-dr-guarav-sharma-s-fate-to-be-decided-at-special-caucus-meeting.html |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816114602/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/08/labour-bullying-allegations-live-updates-dr-guarav-sharma-s-fate-to-be-decided-at-special-caucus-meeting.html |archive-date=16 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynch |first1=Jenna |title=Labour's Dr Gaurav Sharma breaks silence, accusing Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern of 'cover-up', releases secret recording of MP |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/08/labour-s-dr-gaurav-sharma-breaks-silence-accusing-prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-of-cover-up-releases-secret-recording-of-mp.html|access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818123556/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/08/labour-s-dr-gaurav-sharma-breaks-silence-accusing-prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-of-cover-up-releases-secret-recording-of-mp.html|archive-date=18 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "RNZ17Oct">{{cite news |last1=Scotcher |first1=Katie |title=Jacinda Ardern is 'lying' – Labour MP Gaurav Sharma questions PM's credibility |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/473116/jacinda-ardern-is-lying-labour-mp-gaurav-sharma-questions-pm-s-credibility |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818215852/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/473116/jacinda-ardern-is-lying-labour-mp-gaurav-sharma-questions-pm-s-credibility|archive-date=18 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In an interview with public broadcaster [[Radio New Zealand]] on 17 August, Sharma claimed he had recorded an hour-long phone conversation with a senior Labour MP, who called him after the 15 August meeting to warn his fate was sealed and multiple times tell him the decision made by the Labour caucus on 16 August was pre-determined. Asked if he would stay in Parliament if he was expelled from the Labour caucus, Sharma admitted "I haven't thought this through to that".

In mid August, Ardern indicated that Sharma would face a motion to expel him from the Labour Party caucus for breaching party protocol. However, she ruled out using the [[Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018]], colloquially known as the [[waka-jumping]] act, to expel Sharma from Parliament. Ardern stated this was to avoid the "unnecessary burden" on taxpayers by triggering a by-election. Ardern also refused Sharma's appeal for an independent inquiry, claiming that his allegations were unfounded. Ardern also indicated that the Party would consider expelling him from the Labour Party.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM unlikely to trigger law to kick Sharma out of Parliament |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/08/22/pm-unlikely-to-trigger-law-to-kick-sharma-out-of-parliament/ |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=[[1News]] |publisher=[[TVNZ]] |date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822060437/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/08/22/pm-unlikely-to-trigger-law-to-kick-sharma-out-of-parliament/|archive-date=22 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 August, Ardern confirmed that the Labour caucus had voted to expel Sharma permanently from its caucus. She added that the caucus had also voted to refer the matter to the New Zealand Council of the Labour Party for them to consider any further disciplinary action.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scotcher |first1=Katie |title=Hamilton West MP Gaurav Sharma expelled from Labour caucus |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/473325/hamilton-west-mp-gaurav-sharma-expelled-from-labour-caucus |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=23 August 2022 }}</ref> Being expelled from the Labour caucus meant that Sharma was an independent MP, still representing his electorate.

On 24 August, during the election of the new [[Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Adrian Rurawhe]], Sharma used [[parliamentary privilege]] to accuse the outgoing Speaker [[Trevor Mallard]] of ignoring his concerns about bullying within Labour and reporting his complaint to the Labour Whips' office. Sharma was halted during his speech by Rurawhe and told to sit down for going off topic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2022 |title=Gaurav Sharma hijacks Speaker ceremony to accuse Trevor Mallard |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/473418/gaurav-sharma-hijacks-speaker-ceremony-to-accuse-trevor-mallard |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Party leaders congratulating the Speaker-Elect – Video 6 |url=https://ondemand.parliament.nz/parliament-tv-on-demand/?itemId=227684 |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=Parliament On Demand |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 October 2022, party president [[Claire Szabó]] confirmed Sharma had been expelled from the party and stated that the party had not considered invoking waka-jumping rules to remove him from Parliament. Szabó also confirmed an investigation had taken place into alleged misconduct by Sharma, which he had participated in, while also saying that Sharma had released the details of the investigation after ignoring a confidentiality requirement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearse |first=Adam |date=19 October 2022 |title=Labour party confirms it recommended Gaurav Sharma be expelled for misconduct |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/labour-party-confirms-it-recommended-gaurav-sharma-be-expelled-for-misconduct/M3FG6HNQPPYJYUTO4DDHVHV4UE/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref> On 20 October 2022, the New Zealand Council, Labour's governing body, expelled Sharma from the party with immediate effect. In a statement, party president Szabó said the council "took this decision because it found Gaurav Sharma had brought the party into disrepute", a breach of the party's constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=Gaurav Sharma expelled from Labour Party |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/477028/gaurav-sharma-expelled-from-labour-party |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=[[RNZ]] }}</ref>

===Resignation, by-election, and launch of the Momentum Party===

On 18 October 2022, Sharma announced on his [[Facebook]] page that he had resigned from Parliament, and that he would contest the [[2022 Hamilton West by-election|by-election for Hamilton West]] that would result from this. Sharma also used the post to announce his intentions to start a new "centrist" political party.<ref name="McConnell">{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Glenn |date=2022-10-18 |title=Gaurav Sharma says he has resigned as an MP, triggering by-election |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300715341/gaurav-sharma-says-he-has-resigned-as-an-mp-triggering-byelection |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma claimed that Labour planned to use the [[waka-jumping]] legislation to force him out of Parliament six months before the [[2023 New Zealand general election]], and that this would mean a by-election could be avoided. Sharma also used the post to announce his intentions to start a new "centrist" political party.<ref name="McConnell"/> Labour leader Jacinda Ardern denied that the party was considering acting to remove Sharma from Parliament, saying she did not know on what basis Sharma believed this.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ensor |first=Jamie |date=18 October 2022 |title=Gaurav Sharma resigning from Parliament to trigger by-election, Jacinda Ardern calls move 'wasteful' |work=[[Newshub]] |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/10/gaurav-sharma-resigning-will-trigger-by-election-independent-mp-says-in-facebook-post.html |access-date=18 October 2022}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The by-election was held on 10 December 2022, with [[Writ of election|writ]] day designated as 2 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=Hamilton West by-election set for 10 December |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/477037/hamilton-west-by-election-set-for-10-december |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=[[RNZ]] }}</ref> Sharma's campaign for re-election was financially supported by Roshan Nauhria, one of New Zealand's richest Indian businessmen and who was previously the leader of the [[New Zealand People's Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wealthy businessman Roshan Nauhria willing to financially back Gaurav Sharma |first=Jenna |last=Lynch |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/10/wealthy-businessman-roshan-nauhria-willing-to-financially-back-gaurav-sharma.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019221852/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/10/wealthy-businessman-roshan-nauhria-willing-to-financially-back-gaurav-sharma.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2022 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=19 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 }}</ref> During the campaign period Sharma launched the New Zealand Momentum Party, claiming that most of his core campaign team had left Labour for Momentum. While the party wasn't registered, Sharma said that 800 people had an intention to join it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pearse |first1=Adam |title=Hamilton West byelection: Gaurav Sharma claims raid of Labour manpower as new party revealed |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/politics/hamilton-west-byelection-gaurav-sharma-claims-raid-of-labour-manpower-as-new-party-revealed/TIAX6Y3OGRAGDN5P2VDKRRHXDQ/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]] |date=4 November 2022}}</ref>

Sharma lost the Hamilton West by-election, which was won by the National Party candidate [[Tama Potaka]]. Sharma came fourth place with 1,242 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamilton West by-election official results |url=https://elections.nz/media-and-news/2022/hamilton-west-by-election-official-results/ |publisher=[[Electoral Commission (New Zealand)|Electoral Commission]] |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222120027/https://elections.nz/media-and-news/2022/hamilton-west-by-election-official-results/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |date=21 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition tout political change for 2023 elections after Hamilton West seat win |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/480500/opposition-tout-political-change-for-2023-elections-after-hamilton-west-seat-win |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101174947/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/480500/opposition-tout-political-change-for-2023-elections-after-hamilton-west-seat-win |archive-date=1 January 2023}}</ref>

== Later career ==
After losing his re-election campaign, Sharma returned to work as a general practice doctor and opened a new medical practice in [[Frankton, Hamilton]] in 2024.<ref name="c402">{{cite news |title=Gaurav Sharma - The doctor is in... general practice, not the House |url=https://www.waikatotimes.co.nz/nz-news/360499557/gaurav-sharma-doctor-general-practice-not-house |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=The Waikato Times}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kaushaliya Vaghela]] (similar case in Australia)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|nz}}
{{bef| before = [[Tim Macindoe]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Hamilton West (New Zealand electorate)|Member of Parliament for Hamilton West]]| years = 2020–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tama Potaka]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{subject bar|auto=y|d=y|Politics|New Zealand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Gaurav}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:New Zealand Labour Party MPs]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to New Zealand]]
[[Category:Unsuccessful candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election]]
[[Category:People educated at Auckland Grammar School]]
[[Category:University of Auckland alumni]]
[[Category:George Washington University School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand medical doctors]]
[[Category:Independent MPs of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Politicians affected by a party expulsion process]]
[[Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]

Arki Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:37Z

Pranav: Created new stub initial version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Arki
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 50
| map_image = 50-Arki constituency.svg
| mla = [[Sanjay Awasthy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Solan district|Solan]]
| established = 1967
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:95788}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}

'''Arki Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], a northern state of [[India]]. Arki forms part of the [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Arki Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/arki.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3801-himachal-pradesh-1967/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> ||rowspan=2| Hira Singh Pal
|rowspan=2| || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh}}
|-

| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan=2| Nagin Chander Pal
|rowspan=2| || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-

| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-

| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Hira Singh Pal
| || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Nagin Chander Pal
| || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-

| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] ||rowspan=3| Dharam Pal Thakur
|rowspan=3| || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-

| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] ||rowspan=2| Govind Ram Sharma
|rowspan=2| || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-

|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|[[File:Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg|50px]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2021 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2021^]]
| rowspan=2|[[Sanjay Awasthy]]<ref name="bye-election2021">{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS0850.htm?ac=50 |title=Bye election to Assembly Trends & Result November 2021 - Himachal Pradesh - Arki |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 2 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102102809/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS0850.htm?ac=50}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[File:Arkiblockcongress.jpg|50px]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

^By poll

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,897 |percentage=42.02% |change={{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender |party=Independent politician |votes=26,075 |percentage=35.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,444 |percentage=18.28% |change={{decrease}}27.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Dev Singh |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=1,747 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=466 |percentage=0.63% |change={{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=316 |percentage=0.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=306 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,822 |percentage=6.56% |change= {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,536 |percentage=76.77% |change= {{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,788 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2021 ===
The sitting MLA, [[Virbhadra Singh]] died on 8 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=8 July 2021|title=President, PM, leaders condole demise of Virbhadra Singh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-pm-leaders-condole-demise-of-virbhadra-singh/article35206237.ece|access-date=9 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India]] announced that by-elections for the vacant constituencies would be done on 30 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13715-schedule-for-bye-elections-in-parliamentaryassembly-constituencies-of-various-states-reg/ |title=Schedule for Bye-elections in Parliamentary/Assembly Constituencies of various States - reg - Press Releases - No. ECI/PN/83/2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=28 September 2021 |access-date= 31 October 2021}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2021 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/13971-bye-elections-2021-parliamentary-and-assemblies/|title=Bye Elections 2021 (Parliamentary and Assemblies)|access-date=10 December 2023|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,798 |percentage=50.86% |change={{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,579 |percentage=45.55% |change={{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,626 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=547 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,219 |percentage=5.32% |change= {{decrease}}4.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,550 |percentage=64.65% |change= {{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,609 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Virbhadra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,499 |percentage=53.27% |change={{increase}}26.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,448 |percentage=43.92% |change={{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=530 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Rajput |party=Janral Samaj Party |votes=445 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,051 |percentage=9.34% |change= {{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,765 |percentage=76.21% |change= {{increase}}2.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,987 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}23.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,211 |percentage=30.06% |change={{decrease}}15.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,136 |percentage=26.44% |change={{increase}}10.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Chand Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=10,477 |percentage=18.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Singh Bahlwal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,515 |percentage=13.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Krishan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,981 |percentage=5.21% |change={{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahsa Parihar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,754 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdas Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=575 |percentage=1.00% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=456 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Lal |party=Himachal Swabhiman Party |votes=413 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,075 |percentage=3.62% |change= {{decrease}}10.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,247 |percentage=73.46% |change= {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,927 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobind Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,168 |percentage=45.66% |change={{increase}}8.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=14,481 |percentage=31.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,569 |percentage=16.33% |change={{decrease}}23.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Krishan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,233 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=636 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deep Chand Sharma |party=Communist Party of India |votes=500 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gomti Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=401 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,687 |percentage=14.42% |change= {{increase}}11.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,364 |percentage=75.81% |change= {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,161 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,933 |percentage=40.06% |change={{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,890 |percentage=37.43% |change={{decrease}}2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdas Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,694 |percentage=9.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishal Sharma |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=1,205 |percentage=3.03% |change={{decrease}}8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,069 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=2.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Chand Bhargav |party=Independent politician |votes=501 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=404 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanta Chandel |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=206 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,043 |percentage=2.62% |change= {{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,777 |percentage=71.42% |change= {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,717 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,327 |percentage=41.96% |change={{decrease}}17.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagin Chandra Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,749 |percentage=40.26% |change={{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh Thakur |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=3,850 |percentage=11.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Krishan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,044 |percentage=5.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Janata Dal |votes=177 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=578 |percentage=1.69% |change= {{decrease}}18.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,147 |percentage=71.04% |change= {{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,716 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,077 |percentage=59.21% |change={{increase}}40.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagin Chander Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,350 |percentage=39.35% |change={{decrease}}27.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Sharma |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=170 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,727 |percentage=19.86% |change= {{decrease}}28.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,842 |percentage=68.62% |change= {{increase}}8.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,454 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagin Chander Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,350 |percentage=67.24% |change={{increase}}34.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Chand Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,352 |percentage=19.06% |change={{decrease}}43.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=1,018 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=857 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Kaushal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=685 |percentage=3.00% |change={{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=327 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,998 |percentage=48.17% |change= {{increase}}18.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,830 |percentage=59.77% |change= {{decrease}}12.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,518 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Singh Pal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,554 |percentage=62.67% |change={{increase}}30.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagin Chander Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,142 |percentage=33.03% |change={{decrease}}10.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chander |party=Communist Party of India |votes=862 |percentage=3.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,412 |percentage=29.65% |change= {{increase}}18.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,626 |percentage=72.50% |change= {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,124 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}19.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagin Chander Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,764 |percentage=43.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,545 |percentage=32.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=4,291 |percentage=21.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=418 |percentage=2.06% |change={{decrease}}74.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bala Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=169 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,219 |percentage=10.95% |change= {{decrease}}47.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,259 |percentage=72.26% |change= {{increase}}14.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,424 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}33.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagin Chandra Pal |party=Janata Party |votes=10,976 |percentage=76.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kameshwar Pandit |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,659 |percentage=18.62% |change={{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=643 |percentage=4.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,317 |percentage=58.25% |change= {{increase}}53.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,278 |percentage=57.45% |change= {{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,072 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |swing= {{increase}}43.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Singh Pal |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=3,876 |percentage=33.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bali Ram Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,266 |percentage=27.86% |change={{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Dass |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,199 |percentage=18.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kameshwar Pandit |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,777 |percentage=15.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=606 |percentage=5.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=610 |percentage=5.20% |change= {{decrease}}43.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,724 |percentage=50.34% |change= {{decrease}}15.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,853 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}41.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Arki<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Singh Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=11,778 |percentage=74.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,070 |percentage=25.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,708 |percentage=48.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,848 |percentage=66.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,678 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Solan district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Arki Fort]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.15|76.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Solan district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

INS Hosdurg

2026-04-14T11:19:24Z

Pranav: New new page

{{Short description|Retired Indian Corvette}}
{{one source|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=Model of INS Hosdurg.jpg
|image_caption=Model of INS Hosdurg (K73), on display at [[Visakha Museum]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval-1950}}
|name= INS ''Hosdurg''
|namesake= [[Hosdurg Fort]]
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 15 January 1978
|decommissioned= 5 June 1999
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate= Sunk in June 2000, in a [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] test
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= [[Durg class corvette|Durg class]] [[corvette]]
|type=
|displacement= 670 tons (full load)
|length= 59 meters
|beam= 12.5 meters
|draught= 2.5 meters
|draft=
|propulsion=
|speed= 32 knots
|range=
|complement= 42 (incl 7 officers)
|sensors=
|armament=
*4 × [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2C]] Anti-Ship Missile
*1 × [[9K33 Osa|OSA-M (SA-N-4)]] Surface to air missile
*2 × {{convert|57|mm}} guns
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Hosdurg'' (K73)''' was the third ship of the [[Durg class corvette|Durg class]] [[corvette]]s of the [[Indian Navy]]. The ship was commissioned on 15 January 1978 and decommissioned on 5 June 1999. The ship was named after [[Hosdurg Fort]], a fort in Kerala. It was built at [[Leningrad]], Russia.<ref name="Nanuchka II Class (Durg)">{{cite web |title=Nanuchka II Class (Durg) |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/87-Nanuchka-II-Durg-Class.html |website=Bharat Rakshak |accessdate=30 June 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316203249/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/87-Nanuchka-II-Durg-Class.html |archivedate=16 March 2010}}</ref>

==Decommissioning==
The ''Hosdurg'' was decommissioned on 5 June 1999. In June 2000, she was sunk in a test of a long-range [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] [[Anti-ship missile|Anti-Ship Missile]] fired by a [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] IM of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name="Nanuchka II Class (Durg)" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hosdurg (K73)}}
[[Category:Durg-class corvettes]]
[[Category:Corvettes of the Cold War]]

Ladakh Marathon

2026-04-06T20:52:56Z

Pranav: New a page

{{Short description|Marathon held in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox athletics race
| bgcolour = #AC0712
| colour =
| image = Ladakh-Marathon-300x151.png
| imagesize =
| caption = The Ladakh Marathon logo
| date = 11 - 14 September 2025, 12th edition
| location = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| type = [[Road running|Road race]]
| distance = [[Silk Route Ultra 122Km]] [[Khardungla Challenge Ultra 72Km]] [[Marathon]] [[Half Marathon]] [[11.2Km Run]] [[5K run|5km Run For Fun]]
| sponsor = None
| beneficiary =
| est = {{Start date|df=yes|2012}}
| record = Men's: '''2:56:51''' (2019) {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shabir Hussain]] Women's: '''3:18:56''' (2017) {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jigmet Dolma]]
| participants =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.ladakhmarathon.com/|Official website}}
}}
The '''Ladakh Marathon''' is a [[marathon]] held in [[Leh]], a town in the Indian Union Territory of [[Ladakh]]. It claims to be the highest marathon in the world, held at a height of {{convert|11,500|to|17,618|ft}}.<ref name="yahoo1"/> The event's primary edition was held in 2012 and its latest edition was deferred to September 2022 due to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=Ladakh Marathon cancelled for second time due to Covid-19 pandemic |url=https://newsonair.com/2021/07/10/ladakh-marathon-cancelled-for-second-time-due-to-covid-19-pandemic/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=NewsOnAIR - |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2015 the marathon joined the [[Association of International Marathons and Distance Races]].<ref name="yahoo1">{{Cite web | title = Your guide to the 2015 Ladakh Marathon | author = Siddarth Rishi Battula | work = Yahoo News India | date = 11 September 2015 | access-date = 2015-09-14 | url = https://in.news.yahoo.com/guide-2015-ladakh-marathon-172146944.html}}
</ref> It is the fifth marathon from India to receive international recognition.<ref name="dailyexcelsior.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/4th-ladakh-marathon-witnesses-huge-participation/|title=4th Ladakh Marathon witnesses huge participation|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News – Tourism – Breaking News J&K|date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==History==
The marathon began as an ambitious initiative to encourage the youth living in "hostile weather conditions" following the devastation of the [[2010 Ladakh floods|2010 flash floods]]. Despite the region being an arid desert, the years leading up to the natural disaster saw more rainfall than the valley was used to.[https://thewire.in/environment/ladakh-floods-timeline-disaster]

With the Khardung-La Challenge and the Silk Route Ultra runners going up to the height of 17,618 feet, the Ladakh Marathon claims to be the highest marathon route in the world.<ref name="yahoo1"/>

==Organisation==
The Ladakh Marathon is organised by India's Rimo Expeditions with the support of the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council]] (LAHDC).<ref name="jagranjosh1">{{cite web |date=17 September 2014 |title=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council organised 3rd Ladakh Marathon at Leh |url=http://m.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/ladakh-autonomous-hill-development-council-organised-3rd-ladakh-marathon-at-leh-1410925296-1 |access-date=2015-09-14 |publisher=M.jagranjosh.com}}</ref> The 42 km run of the ninth edition was the qualifying race of series XIII of the [[World Marathon Majors|Abbott World Marathon Majors Wanda Age Group World Rankings.]]

With no sponsor at its helm, the Ladakh Marathon is supported by multiple partners, including Timing Technologies, Enerzal and Bisleri. In 2022 the Khardung-La Challenge partnered with [[Tata Consumer Products|Tata Consumer Products']] Himalayan with the objective of spreading awareness about the local communities being affected by melting glaciers.[https://www.adgully.com/himalayan-partners-with-ladakh-marathon-for-himalayan-khardungla-challenge-2022-122332.html]

==Events==
The Ladakh Marathon is divided into the four following categories:<ref name="yahoo1"/><ref name="Travel India">{{cite web|url=http://travel.india.com/articles/ladakh-marathon-2015-runners-gear-worlds-highest-marathon/|title=Ladakh Marathon 2015: Runners, gear up for world's highest marathon!|work=Travel India|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019040051/http://travel.india.com/articles/ladakh-marathon-2015-runners-gear-worlds-highest-marathon/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Route map of 05km Run for Fun.png|100x100px|thumb|alt=05KM Run for Fun Route|05KM Run for Fun Route]]
# '''5 km - Run Ladakh For Fun''': <ref name="05KM Fun Run">{{cite web|url=https://ladakhmarathon.com/races/05-km-run-for-fun/|title=Ladakh Marathon: 05KM RUN FOR FUN|work=Ladakh Marathon}}</ref> Starting from the N.D.S. Memorial Stadium the 05km route follows the Marathon course along the Leh-Manali highway till a little before the ITBP camp (2.5km) from where it makes a U-turn and retraces steps to the start point. Race Day: Saturday before second Sunday of September. Age Limit: 12 years or older on Race Day. Race Start Time: 07:30 AM Cut-off Time: NIL Certification: All participants get a finisher Medal.
# '''[[Half Marathon]]''': Starting from the NDS Memorial Stadium, the 21km race follows the 42km route for about 1.5km. You then turn left at the Saboo gate and climb gently for 1.5km towards Saboo village. Leaving the Saboo road you turn right towards Mahabodhi Centre going downhill all the way till you reach the Leh-Manali highway. From here you follow the highway past H.H. the Dalai Lama’s residence for 2km and then take a loop to follow the Manali-Leh highway to the village of Choglamsar. Continue for another 6km to the finishing line close to the NDS Stadium.
# '''Full Marathon''': The 42 km race starts and ends in [[Leh]] town, passing through panoramic scenes via a route across the Indus River.
# ''' The Khardung La Challenge - Ultra Marathon''': The 72 km race was the only ultramarathon of the event until the Silk Route Ultra. The Khardung La Challenge starts in the village of Khardung well before dawn, continues uphill on the way to [[Khardung La]] pass at a height of 17,618 ft. The changing altitudes, weather and geography of the race make it the "Mother of all Marathon races".<ref name="Travel India"/>
# '''The Silk Route Ultra''' is the newest addition to the Ladakh Marathon. At a distance of 122 km, the Silk Route Ultra also begins at Nubra Valley's Kyagar Village, crosses Khardung La top, then finishes at Leh town.

==Participants==
In 2012, the first Ladakh Marathon had 1,500 participants. Since then, the number of participants has exponentially increased, with the consecutive editions hosting 2,200 and 3,000 participants respectively. The recent 2023 marathon included close to 6,000 participants from 27 states of India and from 23 different countries.<ref name="tribuneindia1">{{cite web |title=4,000 runners ready for Ladakh Marathon tomorrow |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/4-000-runners-ready-for-ladakh-marathon-tomorrow/131917.html |access-date=2015-09-14 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015346/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/4-000-runners-ready-for-ladakh-marathon-tomorrow/131917.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jagranjosh1"/>

==Acclimatization==
[[File:Altitude Sickness Warning.jpg|thumb|right|Board of Indian Army regarding caution at high altitude]]
The Ladakh Marathon is held at a height of 11,500 to 17,600 ft. [[Acclimatization]] is the foremost issue at this height. [[Altitude sickness]] can occur at this height due to lack of oxygen. The Ladakh Marathon has a long pre-marathon work-out schedule to train the participants, helping them acclimatizing to the high altitude and hilly conditions. As per the official website of the Ladakh Marathon, athletes participating in 72 km "Khardungla Challenge" should arrive at [[Leh]] at least two weeks before marathon day.<ref name=Acclimatization>{{cite web|title=Ladakh Marathon – Acclimatization Issues|url=http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/races/training-and-activity/|website=Ladakh Marathon|access-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917035636/http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/races/training-and-activity/|archive-date=17 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Race day photos ==
In the last 7 years of Ladakh Marathon, Khardungla Challenge & Silk Route Ultra, the organizers continued the partnership with marathon photography experts SplitSecondPix<ref name="SplitSecondPix">[https://new.splitsecondpix.com SplitSecondPix]</ref> to provide photo technology for the event. A team of 25 photographers venture out into the extreme terrains of Ladakh to capture the action of the ultra marathon. Starting at 3am in Khardong village and temperatures of −10 °C to 17586 ft Khardung La pass and descending into the Leh Valley the photographers capture the timeless moments through its lenses. Participants can visit the event website or SplitSecondPix<ref name="SplitSecondPix"/> website to find these timeless photos on basis of their Bib number.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.splitsecondpix.com/events/ladakh-marathon-khardung-la-challenge-2016|title=Ladakh Marathon Photos 2016|website=SplitSecondPix|access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.splitsecondpix.com/events/ladakh-marathon-khardung-la-challenge-2017-2017-09-10|title=Ladakh Marathon Photos 2017|website=SplitSecondPix|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.splitsecondpix.com/events/ladakh-marathon-khardung-la-challenge-2018|title=Ladakh Marathon Photos 2018|website=SplitSecondPix|access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.splitsecondpix.com/events/ladakh-marathon-khardung-la-challenge-2019|title=Ladakh Marathon Photos 2019|website=SplitSecondPix|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.splitsecondpix.com/events/ladakh-marathon-2022|title=Ladakh Marathon Photos 2022|website=SplitSecondPix|access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.splitsecondpix.com/events/ladakh-marathon-2023|title=Ladakh Marathon Photos 2023|website=SplitSecondPix|access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref>

==Winners==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

===The Khardung La Challenge (72 km)===
Winners of 72 km "The Khardung La Challenge" also known as "Ultra-Marathon" are as follows.<ref name="jagranjosh1"/><ref name="dailyexcelsior.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/home/results-2012/|title=Ladakh Marathon – Results 2012|work=ladakhmarathon.com|access-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917035605/http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/home/results-2012/|archive-date=17 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/news/results-2/|title=Ladakh Marathon – Results 2013|work=ladakhmarathon.com|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916234828/http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/news/results-2/|archive-date=16 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/news/results-2014/|title=Ladakh Marathon – Results 2014|work=ladakhmarathon.com|access-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917035728/http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/news/results-2014/|archive-date=17 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladakhmarathon.com/home/results-2015/|title=Ladakh Marathon – Results 2015|work=ladakhmarathon.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! Nationality !! Time !! Runner up !! Third place
|-
| 2012 || Padam Limbu || {{flagu|India}} || 08:52:20 || Konchok Namgail || –
|-
| 2013 || Rigzin Norbu || {{flagu|India}} || 06:55:02 || Tsering Gyatso || Stanzin Wangyal
|-
| 2014 || Shabbir Hussain || {{flagu|India}} || 06:35:00 || Rigzin Norbu || Tsering Gyatso
|-
| 2015 || Tsewang Todan || {{flagu|India}} || 06:33:41 || Rigzin Norbu || Tsering Stobgais
|-
| 2016 || Tsewang Tokdan || {{flagu|India}} || 06:53:35 || Shabbir Hussain || Mohamad Eliyas
|-
| 2017 || Shabir Hussain || {{flagu|India}} || 06:23:50 || Rigzin Narboo || Tsering Stobgyas
|-
| 2018 || Shabir Hussain || {{flagu|India}} || 06:50:38 || Rigzin Narboo || Karma Zopa
|-
| 2019 || Shabir Hussain || {{flagu|India}} || 06:53:34 || Stanzin Norboo || Rigzin Narboo
|}
Since 2015, special 72 km Khardung La Challenge for women was started.
{{col-break|gap=1em}}

'''Women Khardung La Challenge 72 km winner'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! Nationality !! Time !! Runner-up !! Third place
|-
| 2015 || Skalzang Dolma || {{flagu|India}} || 10:58:56 || Khushboo Vaish || Tsetan Lamo
|-
| 2016 || Sonam Chuskit || {{flagu|India}} || 09:41:19 || Divya Vasishta || Pervin Batliwala
|-
| 2017 || Shikha Pahwa || {{flagu|India}} || 11:05:37 || Kavita Chatterjee || Deepa Bhat
|-
| 2018 || Konchok Dolma || {{flagu|India}} || 11:11:40 || Silvia Amodio || Rephica Pde
|-
| 2019 || Christena Walter || {{flagu|Ireland}} || 10:32:44 || Ashwini G Bhat || Rephica Becky Pde
|}
{{col-end}}

===Marathon 42 km (Women)===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! Nationality !! Time !! Runner-up !! Third place
|-
| 2012 || Jigmet Skitzom || {{flagu|India}} || 4:51:30 || Padma Lhamo || Tsetan Dolkar
|-
| 2013 || Tsetan Dolkar || {{flagu|India}} || 4:54:05 || Sonam Chuskit || Claudia Meier Judith Klemenz
|-
| 2014 || Sonam Chuskit || {{flagu|India}} || 4:10:12 || Namgail Lhamo || Dechen Chuskit
|-
| 2015 || Tsetan Dolkar || {{flagu|India}} || 3:40:37 || Jigmet Dolma || Katharina Leuthner
|-
| 2016 || Tsetan Dolkar || {{flagu|India}} || 3:34:24 || Shikha Pahwa || Namgyal Lhamo
|-
| 2017 || Jigmet Dolma || {{flagu|India}} || bgcolor=#A9F5A9|'''3:18:56''' || Tsetan Dolkar || Sonam Chuskit
|-
| 2018 || Jigmet Dolma || {{flagu|India}} || 3:21:27 || Tsetan Dolkar || Sweta Kadian
|-
| 2019 || Jigmet Dolma || {{flagu|India}} || 3:20:02 || Tsetan Dolkar || Namgyal Lhamo
|-
| 2022 || Jigmet Dolma || {{flagu|India}} || 3:21:19 || Diskit Dolma || Tsetan Dolkar
|-
| 2023 || Jigmet Dolma || {{flagu|India}} || 3:27:53 || Disket Dolma || Deepika Prakash
|-
| 2024 || Disket Dolma || {{flagu|India}} || 3:33:41 || Jigmet Dolma || Namgyal Lhamo
|}
{{col-break|gap=1em}}

===Marathon 42 km (Men)===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Winner !! Nationality !! Time !! Runner up !! Third place
|-
| 2012 || Shreya Jain || {{flagu|India}} || 3:36:18 || Tsewang Thinlas || Rigzin Angchuk
|-
| 2013 || Shabir Hussain || {{flagu|India}} || 3:25:33 || Jigmet Norboo || Tashi Zangpo
|-
| 2014 || Shokat Ali || {{flagu|India}} || 3:16:58 || Jigmet Namgail || Mustafa Ali
|-
| 2015 || Fayaz Ali || {{flagu|India}} || 3:02:31 || Padama Namgail || Tsering Tondup
|-
| 2016 || Jigmet Namgial || {{flagu|India}} || 3:12:06 || Stanzin Nurbu || Jigmet Norboo
|-
| 2017 || Shabir Hussain || {{flagu|India}} || 3:06:07 || Manzoor Hussain || Jigmet Norboo
|-
| 2018 || Manzoor Hussain || {{flagu|India}} || 3:13:06 || Ajaz Hussain || Jigmath Kunzang
|-
| 2019 || Shabir Hussain || {{flagu|India}} || 2:56:51 || Jigmet Norboo || Manzoor Hussain
|-
| 2022 || Nawang Tsering || {{flagu|India}} || bgcolor=#A9F5A9|'''2:41:42''' || Jigmet Namgial || Shabir Hussain
|-
| 2023 || Nawang Tsering || {{flagu|India}} || 2:42:02 || Jigmet Namgail || Manzoor Hussain
|-
| 2024 || Nawang Tsering || {{flagu|India}} || 2:44:06 || Anil Jindal || Manzoor Hussain
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==

* [[Chogyal]]
* [[Tourism_in_Ladakh#Festivals|Festivals in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Road running competitions in India}}
{{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}

[[Category:Marathons in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tourism in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Sport in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Akash Saxena

2026-04-02T04:14:51Z

Pranav: Created new pg more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Akash Saxena
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| term_start = 8 December 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}}
| birth_place = [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = [[Shiv Bahadur Saxena]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician
| Relation =
}}

'''Akash Saxena''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician. He represents the [[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur]] [[Assembly constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/trending-news/rampur-upchunav-2022-who-is-rampur-bjp-candidate-advocate-akash-saxena-uppm/1442344|title=रामपुर से बीजेपी प्रत्याशी आकाश सक्सेना, आजम खान को जेल भिजवाने वाले नेता का सियासत के दिग्गज परिवार से नाता}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4873|title=National Election Watch|publisher=myneta.info}}</ref> He won the assembly Rampur by-election in December 2022, defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Asim Raza by more than 33,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rampur bypoll election results 2022: Lotus blossoms in Rampur, BJP's Akash Saxena wins by over 33,000 votes, SP concedes defeat |url=https://zeenews.india.com/uttar-pradesh/rampur-bypoll-election-results-2022-lotus-blossoms-in-rampur-bjps-akash-saxena-wins-by-over-33000-votes-sp-concedes-defeat-2546016.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=December 8, 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is the son of former BJP MLA & UP's Cabinet Minister [[Shiv Bahadur Saxena]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rampur bypoll: Azam Khan hoodwinked Muslims by showing them 'fear of BJP', says party candidate Akash Saxena |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rampur-bypoll-azam-khan-hoodwinked-muslims-by-showing-them-fear-of-bjp-says-party-candidate-akash-saxena/articleshow/95954910.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=December 3, 2022}}</ref> The BJP-led state government of Uttar Pradesh has given him a [[Security categories in India|Y category security]] since 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Pankul |title=UP govt provides Y-category security to man who lodged FIR against Azam Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/up-govt-provides-y-category-security-to-man-who-lodged-fir-against-azam-khan/articleshow/65249678.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=August 2, 2018}}</ref>

==Political career==
Saxena contested [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate from [[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur]] [[Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/rampur-by-election-result-2022-live-updates-up-rampur-bypolls-result-winners-name-akash-saxena-asim-raza-bjp-sp-2276396|title=आजम खान के गढ़ में बीजेपी ने खिलाया कमल, रामपुर में आकाश सक्सेना ने सपा प्रत्याशी को हराया}}</ref> and defeated his close contestant Mohd. Asim Raja from [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of 33,772 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/live/up-rampur-by-election-result-live-updates-rampur-vidhan-sabha-upchunav-result-2022-news-in-hindi-sht|title=रामपुर में पहली बार खिला कमल, आकाश सक्सेना ने दर्ज की शानदार जीत}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amarujala.com/live/uttar-pradesh/rampur/rampur-by-election-result-2022-live-updates-vote-counting-vidhan-sabha-upchunav-akash-saxena-vs-asim-raza|title=भाजपा प्रत्याशी आकाश सक्सेना जीते, 33 हजार से ज्यादा वोटों से रजा को हराया}}</ref> From 8 December 2022 he has become member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/mainpuri/kurawali/news/mainpuri-remained-with-mulayam-for-26-years-azam-mla-for-10-times-130655154.html|title=रामपुर में आखिरी वक्त में उलटफेर, भाजपा की जीत}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/rampur/bjp-candidate-akash-saxena-won-in-rampur-by-election/up20221208154001392392029|title=रामपुर उपचुनाव में आजम का किला ढहा, भाजपा प्रत्याशी आकाश सक्सेना जीते}}</ref>

He has served as the Convener of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s Small-Scale Industries Cell for [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]. Akash Saxena was the president of the Indian Industries Association, Rampur.<ref>{{cite news |title=आकाश सक्सेना को मिली वाई श्रेणी की सुरक्षा |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/rampur-bjp-leader-take-y-type-security-18263339.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=31 July 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

=== March 2022 assembly election ===
In March 2022 assembly election, Akash Saxena secured 76,084 votes for BJP, losing the election against SP's Azam Khan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rampur Assembly Election results 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/rampur-assembly-election-results-2022-rampur-vidhan-sabha-natija-jailed-sp-leader-azam-khan-retains-his-hot-seat-gets-over-1-31-lakh-votes-2443155.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=March 11, 2022}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || till date || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] || Elected in Bypoll
|-
|}

== Controversies ==
Akash Saxena has filed more than 60 cases against [[Samajwadi Party]] leader and former UP minister [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]], which become a significant reason for Azam Khan and his son [[Abdullah Azam Khan]] to go to jail. He filed a complaint alleging MLA Abdullah Azam Khan had obtained multiple birth certificates to increase his age to the eligibility limit for contesting state assembly elections. Based on his complaint, upon investigation by the Rampur District Magistrate found Abdullah Khan guilty of faking his date of birth to contest polls. The report was sent to the [[Election Commission of India]]. In January 2019, Saxena further lodged a case of forgery in the birth certificate case at a local police station. In January 2020, the court declared the three, Azam Khan, Abdullah Zam Khan and Tazeen Fatma, to be absconders for failing to appear in court during the hearings of the case. On 26 February 2020, Azam Khan and her wife, [[Tazeen Fatma]] and son Abdullah Khan were sent to jail for making a fake birth certificate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Nazar |title=Rampur court proclaims Azam, his wife, their son ‘absconding’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/rampur-court-proclaims-azam-his-wife-their-son-absconding/articleshow/72875633.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=December 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=सपा सांसद आजम खान के नाम पुलिस ने रामपुर में कराई मुनादी, घर के बाहर चस्पा किया नोटिस |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/news/up-rampur-sp-mp-azam-khan-tazeen-fatma-and-abdullah-azam-khan-police-annnouncement-absconded-gets-seizure-notice-under-section-82-stuck-126475915.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=2020-01-09 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fake birth certificate case of son: SC dismisses plea of SP leader Azam Khan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/fake-birth-certificate-case-of-son-sc-dismisses-plea-of-sp-leader-azam-khan/articleshow/93108774.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FIR by BJP neta nailed Azam Khan & kin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/fir-by-bjp-neta-nailed-azam-kin/articleshow/74349053.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 28, 2020}}</ref>

In March 2021, Saxena complained about [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar University]]'s funding. He alleged that the highest donation had been shown in the balance sheets of 2015, 2016, and 2017 at the time of demonetization when Azam Khan was a minister. The donation of Rs 222 crore is shown in the balance sheet, whereas the income tax returns of the people who donated money show that they were not capable of giving that much donation. Saxena asked where did this money come from then. Akash Saxena provided the balance sheet of Jauhar University to the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED), and the money laundering case is being investigated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Vishal |title=BJP नेता ने ईडी को दिए साक्ष्य, नोटबंदी के दौरान आजम खां के जौहर को दान में मिले थे 222 करोड़ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/rampur-azam-khan-jauhar-university-trust-got-a-donation-of-222-crores-in-demonetisation-nodelsp-3919085.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=December 25, 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Aamir |title=आजम खान की बढ़ेंगी मुश्किलें, जौहर यूनिवर्सिटी के खिलाफ ED भी कर सकती है जांच |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/up-assembly-elections/story/azam-khan-troubles-may-increase-enforcement-directorate-may-investigate-johar-university-funding-ntc-1380743-2021-12-26 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=26 December 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

In 2019, Akash Saxena filed a complaint against Azam Khan for delivering hate speech, alleging that Khan was trying to incite violence between Hindus and Muslims. In the same hate speech case, Khan was convicted in 2022 and his legislatorship from the state assembly was terminated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Samajwadi Party MLA Azam Khan jailed for three years in 2019 hate speech case |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1036003/samajwadi-party-mp-azam-khan-convicted-in-2019-hate-speech-case |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=October 27, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, Akash}}
[[Category:People from Rampur district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Dentistry

2026-03-28T20:14:24Z

Pranav: fix section additionally and updated info

{{short description|Branch of medicine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox occupation
| name = Dentistry
| image = [[File:GI at Guantanamo visits the dentist.JPG|220px]]
| caption = A dentist treats a patient with the help of a dental assistant.
| official_names = {{flatlist|* Dentist
* dental surgeon
* doctor
<ref>{{cite report |author-first1 = Neil |author-last1=Costley |author-first2 = Jo |author-last2=Fawcett |title = General Dental Council Patient and Public Attitudes to Standards for Dental Professionals, Ethical Guidance and Use of the Term Doctor |url = http://www.gdc-uk.org/Newsandpublications/research/Documents/GDC%20Public%20Attitudes%20to%20Standards%20for%20Dental%20Professionals.pdf |publisher = [[General Dental Council]]/George Street Research |date = November 2010 |access-date = 11 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091233/https://www.gdc-uk.org/Newsandpublications/research/Documents/GDC%20Public%20Attitudes%20to%20Standards%20for%20Dental%20Professionals.pdf |archive-date = 4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref group="nb">Whether dentists are referred to as "Doctor" is subject to geographic variation. For example, they are called "Doctor" in the US. In the UK, dentists have traditionally been referred to as "Mister" as they identified themselves with [[barber surgeon]]s more than [[physician]]s (as do surgeons in the UK, see [[Surgeon#Titles]]). However more UK dentists now refer to themselves as "Doctor", although this was considered to be potentially misleading by the British public in a single report (see Costley and Fawcett 2010).</ref>}}
| type = [[Profession]]
| activity_sector = [[Health care]], [[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[pathology]], [[medicine]], [[pharmacology]], [[surgery]]
| competencies = {{flatlist|* Sub-millimeter surgical dexterity
* knowledge of human health, disease, pathology, and anatomy
* communication/interpersonal skills
* analytical skills
* critical thinking
* empathy/professionalism
}}
| formation = [[Dental degree]]
| employment_field = {{hlist|Private practices|Primary care clinics|[[hospital]]s}}
| related_occupation = {{hlist|[[Physician]]|[[dental assistant]]|[[dental technician]]|[[dental hygienist]]||various [[Specialty (dentistry)|dental specialists]]}}
}}
{{Infobox medical intervention
| Name =
| ICD10 = 
| ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|23}}-{{ICD9proc|24}}
| MeshID = D003813
| OPS301 =
| OtherCodes =
| HCPCSlevel2 =
}}
[[File:Dental surgery aboard USS Eisenhower, January 1990.JPEG|thumb|upright|An [[oral surgeon]] and [[dental assistant]] removing a [[wisdom tooth]]]]

'''Dentistry''', also known as '''dental medicine''' and '''oral medicine''', is the branch of [[medicine]] focused on the [[Human tooth|teeth]], [[gums]], and [[Human mouth|mouth]]. It consists of the study, [[diagnosis]], prevention, management, and treatment of [[diseases]], disorders, and conditions of the mouth, most commonly focused on [[dentition]] (the development and arrangement of teeth) as well as the [[oral mucosa]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ada.org/glossaryforprofessionals.aspx |title = Glossary of Dental Clinical and Administrative Terms |publisher = [[American Dental Association]] |access-date = 1 February 2014 |archive-date = 6 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022116/http://ada.org/glossaryforprofessionals.aspx }}</ref> Dentistry may also encompass other aspects of the [[craniofacial]] complex including the [[temporomandibular joint]]. The practitioner is called a [[dentist]].

The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization, with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC to 5500 BC.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |date=6 April 2006 |title=Stone age man used dentist drill |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4882968.stm |access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref> Dentistry is thought to have been the first specialization in [[medicine]] which has gone on to develop its own accredited degree with its own specializations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suddick |first1=RP |last2=Harris |first2=NO |date=1990 |title=Historical perspectives of oral biology: a series |journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=135–51 |doi=10.1177/10454411900010020301 |pmid=2129621|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct [[medical specialty]] of [[stomatology]] (the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions. However, some specialties such as [[oral and maxillofacial surgery]] (facial reconstruction/OMFS) may require both medical and dental degrees to accomplish.

Dental treatments are carried out by a dental team, which often consists of a [[dentist]] and [[Dental auxiliary|dental auxiliaries]] (such as [[dental assistant]]s, [[dental hygienist]]s, [[dental technician]]s, and [[dental therapist]]s). Most dentists either work in private practices ([[primary care]]), dental hospitals, or ([[secondary care]]) institutions (prisons, armed forces bases, etc.).

The modern movement of [[evidence-based dentistry]] calls for the use of high-quality scientific research and evidence to guide decision-making such as in manual tooth conservation, use of fluoride water treatment and fluoride toothpaste, dealing with oral diseases such as [[tooth decay]] and [[Periodontal disease|periodontitis]], as well as systematic diseases such as [[osteoporosis]], [[diabetes]], [[celiac disease]], [[cancer]], autoimmune [[Autoimmune disease|diseases]], and [[HIV/AIDS]] which could also affect the oral cavity. Other practices relevant to [[evidence-based dentistry]] include [[radiology]] of the mouth to inspect teeth deformity or oral malaises, [[Hematology|haematology]] (study of blood) to avoid bleeding complications during dental surgery, [[cardiology]] (due to various severe complications arising from dental surgery with patients with heart disease), etc.

== Etymology ==
The term dentistry comes from ''dentist'', which comes from French ''dentiste'', which comes from the French and Latin words for tooth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dentistry |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=dentistry |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=etymonline |language=en-US}}</ref> The term for the associated scientific study of teeth is '''odontology''' (from {{Langx|grc|ὀδούς|translit=odoús|lit=tooth}}) – the study of the structure, development, and abnormalities of the teeth.

== Dental treatment ==
Dentistry usually encompasses practices related to the oral cavity.<ref name=Gambhir2015>{{cite journal| author=Gambhir RS| title=Primary care in dentistry – an untapped potential | journal= Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care| year= 2015 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 13–18 | pmid=25810982 | doi=10.4103/2249-4863.152239 | pmc=4366984 | type=Review | doi-access=free }}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]], oral diseases are major public health problems due to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe, with the disadvantaged affected more than other socio-economic groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/oral_health/disease_burden/global/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040630165431/http://www.who.int/oral_health/disease_burden/global/en/|archive-date=30 June 2004|title=What is the burden of oral disease?|publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>

The majority of dental treatments are carried out to prevent or treat the two most common [[Dental disease|oral diseases]], which are [[dental caries]] (tooth decay) and [[periodontal disease]] (gingivitis or periodontitis). Common treatments involve the [[dental restoration|restoration of teeth]], [[dental extraction|extraction]] or surgical removal of teeth, [[scaling and root planing]], endodontic [[endodontic therapy|root canal]] treatment, and [[cosmetic dentistry]].

By nature of their general training, dentists, without specialization, can carry out the majority of dental treatments such as restorative (fillings, [[crown (dentistry)|crowns]], [[bridge (dentistry)|bridges]]), prosthetic ([[dentures]]), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and extraction of teeth, as well as performing examinations, radiographs (x-rays), and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe [[Medications used in dentistry and periodontics|medications used in the field]] such as [[antibiotic]]s, [[sedative]]s, and any other drugs used in patient management. Depending on their licensing boards, general dentists may be required to complete additional training to perform sedation, dental implants, etc.

[[File:Enamel celiac.jpg|thumb|right|Irreversible enamel defects caused by an untreated celiac disease. They may be the only clue to its diagnosis, even in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but are often confused with fluorosis, [[tetracycline]] discoloration, acid reflux or other causes.<ref name=NIHCDdiagnosis>{{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/diagnosis |title=Diagnosis of Celiac Disease |publisher=National Institute of Health (NIH) |access-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515223010/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/diagnosis |archive-date=15 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf |title=Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124250/http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |publisher=National Institute of Health (NIH)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors=Pastore L, Carroccio A, Compilato D, Panzarella V, Serpico R, Lo Muzio L| title=Oral manifestations of celiac disease | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2008 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 224–32 | pmid=18223505 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e318074dd98 | type=Review | hdl=10447/1671 | s2cid=205776755 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> The National Institutes of Health include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of [[celiac disease]].<ref name=NIHCDdiagnosis /> ]]

Dentists also encourage the prevention of oral diseases through proper [[hygiene]] and regular, twice or more yearly, checkups for professional cleaning and evaluation. Oral infections and inflammations may affect overall health, and conditions in the oral cavity may be indicative of systemic diseases, such as [[osteoporosis]], [[diabetes]], [[celiac disease]] or [[cancer]].<ref name=Gambhir2015 /><ref name=NIHCDdiagnosis /><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors=Estrella MR, Boynton JR| title=General dentistry's role in the care for children with special needs: a review | journal=Gen Dent | year= 2010 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 222–29 | pmid=20478802 | type=Review }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=da Fonseca MA| title=Dental and oral care for chronically ill children and adolescents | journal=Gen Dent | year= 2010 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 204–09; quiz 210–11 | pmid=20478800 | type=Review }}</ref> Many studies have also shown that [[gum disease]] is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, [[heart disease]], and [[preterm birth]]. The concept that oral health can affect systemic health and disease is referred to as "oral-systemic health".

== Education and licensing ==
{{Main|Dentistry throughout the world}}
[[File:Cross sections of teeth labels.png|thumb|right|A sagittal cross-section of a molar tooth; 1: crown, 2: root, 3: enamel, 4: dentin and dentin tubules, 5: pulp chamber, 6: blood vessels and nerve, 7: periodontal ligament, 8: apex and periapical region, 9: alveolar bone]]

[[File:Early dental chair, Shamrock, TX IMG 6151.JPG|right|thumb|Early dental chair in Pioneer West Museum in [[Shamrock, Texas]], U.S.]]

John M. Harris started the world's first dental school in [[Bainbridge, Ross County, Ohio|Bainbridge, Ohio]], and helped to establish dentistry as a health profession. It opened on 21 February 1828, and today is a [[Harris Dental Museum|dental museum]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Owen |editor-first=Lorrie K. |title=Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places |volume=2 |location=St. Clair Shores |publisher=Somerset |year=1999 |pages=1217–1218}}</ref> The first dental college, [[Baltimore College of Dental Surgery]], opened in Baltimore, Maryland, US in 1840. The second in the United States was the [[Ohio College of Dental Surgery]], established in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1845.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Teeth: the story of beauty, inequality, and the struggle for oral health in America|last=Mary|first=Otto|publisher=The New Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-62097-144-4|location=New York|page=70|oclc=958458166}}</ref> The [[Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery]] followed in 1852.<ref>{{cite web |title = History |url = http://www.dental.upenn.edu/about_us/history |website = Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine |access-date = 13 January 2016 }}</ref> In 1907, [[Temple University]] accepted a bid to incorporate the school.

Studies show that dentists who graduated from different countries,<ref>{{cite journal |author-first1 = Zadik |author-last1=Yehuda |author-first2 = Levin |author-last2=Liran |title = Clinical decision making in restorative dentistry, endodontics, and antibiotic prescription |journal = J Dent Educ |volume = 72 |issue = 1 |pages = 81–86 |date = January 2008 |doi = 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2008.72.1.tb04456.x |pmid = 18172239 }}</ref> or even from different dental schools in one country,<ref>{{cite journal |author-first1 = Zadik |author-last1=Yehuda |author-first2 = Levin |author-last2=Liran |title = Decision making of Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University Dental Schools graduates in every day dentistry—is there a difference? |journal = J Isr Dent Assoc |volume = 23 |issue = 2 |pages = 19–23 |date = April 2006 |pmid = 16886872 }}</ref> may make different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition. For example, dentists that graduated from [[Israel]]i dental schools may recommend the removal of asymptomatic [[Tooth impaction|impacted]] [[third molar]] (wisdom teeth) more often than dentists that graduated from Latin American or Eastern European dental schools.<ref>{{cite journal |author-first1 = Zadik |author-last1=Yehuda |author-first2 = Levin |author-last2=Liran |title = Decision making of Israeli, East European, and South American dental school graduates in third molar surgery: is there a difference? |journal = J Oral Maxillofac Surg |volume = 65 |issue = 4 |pages = 658–62 |date = April 2007 |pmid = 17368360 |doi = 10.1016/j.joms.2006.09.002 }}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the first dental schools, the [[London School of Dental Surgery]] and the Metropolitan School of Dental Science, both in London, opened in 1859.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gelbier |first1=Stanley |title=Dentistry and the University of London |journal=Medical History |date=1 Oct 2005 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=445–462 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300009157 |pmid=16562330 |pmc=1251639 }}</ref> The British [[Dentists Act 1878]] and the 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.<ref name="125years">{{cite journal | last=Gelbier | first=S. | title=125 years of developments in dentistry, 1880–2005 Part 2: Law and the dental profession | journal=British Dental Journal | volume=199 | issue=7 | date=2005 | issn=1476-5373 | doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.4812875 | pages=470–473 | pmid=16215593 | url=http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v199/n7/full/4812875a.html}} The 1879 register is referred to as the "Dental Register".</ref><ref name="bdatimeline" /> However, others could legally describe themselves as "dental experts" or "dental consultants".<ref>{{cite news |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BEdAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2752%2C3609354 |title = Banning Clerks, Colliers and other Charlatans |author=J Menzies Campbell |work = [[The Glasgow Herald]] |date = 8 February 1955 |page=3 |access-date = 5 April 2017}}</ref> The practice of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practising dentistry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.rcsed.ac.uk/media/4014/dentistry_history.pdf |title=History of Dental Surgery in Edinburgh |website=Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|access-date=11 December 2007}}</ref> The [[British Dental Association]], formed in 1880 with Sir [[John Tomes]] as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practising illegally.<ref name="125years" /> Dentists in the United Kingdom are now regulated by the [[General Dental Council]].

Dentists in many countries complete between five and eight years of post-secondary education before practising. Though not mandatory, many dentists choose to complete an internship or residency focusing on specific aspects of dental care after they have received their dental degree. In a few countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least four years of postgraduate study;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.purdue.edu/preprofessional/documents/Dentist.pdf|title=Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.)|website=Purdue.edu|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109193952/https://www.purdue.edu/preprofessional/documents/Dentist.pdf}}</ref> [[Dental degree]]s awarded around the world include the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) and Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) in [[North America]] (US and Canada), and the Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Baccalaureus Dentalis Chirurgiae (BDS, BDent, BChD, BDSc) in the UK and current and former British Commonwealth countries.

All dentists in the United States undergo at least three years of undergraduate studies, but nearly all complete a bachelor's degree. This schooling is followed by four years of dental school to qualify as a "[[Doctor of Dental Surgery]]" (DDS) or "[[Doctor of Dental Medicine]]" (DMD). Specialization in dentistry is available in the fields of Anesthesiology, Dental Public Health, Endodontics, Oral Radiology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine, [[Orofacial Pain]], Pathology, Orthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry (Pedodontics), Periodontics, and Prosthodontics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Dental Association |url=https://www.cda-adc.ca/en/oral_health/specialties/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.cda-adc.ca}}</ref>

=== Continuing education ===
Many countries require licensed dentists to undertake [[continuing education]] or continuing [[professional development]] (CE/CPD) after graduation. These structured activities help maintain clinical competence, support patient safety, and keep practitioners up to date with current standards of care, with government regulators typically specifying minimum hours or points per cycle and mandating core topics such as infection control, radiography, and medical emergencies.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-23 |title=Dental Continuing Education (CE/CPD): Global Requirements for Dentists and Dental Hygienists |url=https://cecrowd.com/accreditation-compliance/dental-continuing-education-ce-cpd-requirements |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=CE Crowd |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Specialties {{anchor|Specialities}} ==
{{Main|Specialty (dentistry)}}

[[File:Armilan hammashoitola, Lappeenranta.jpg|thumb|A modern dental clinic in [[Lappeenranta]], [[Finland]]]]
Some dentists undertake further training after their initial degree in order to specialize. Exactly which subjects are recognized by dental registration bodies varies according to location. Examples include:
* [[Dental anesthesiology|Anesthesiology]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty|title=Anesthesiology recognized as a dental specialty|website=www.ada.org|access-date=2019-03-12|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921061215/https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty}}</ref> – the specialty of dentistry that deals with the advanced use of general anesthesia, sedation and pain management to facilitate dental procedures.
* [[Cosmetic dentistry]] – focuses on improving the appearance of the mouth, teeth and smile.
* [[Dental public health]] – the study of [[epidemiology]] and social health policies relevant to oral health.
* [[Endodontics]] (also called ''endodontology'') – [[root canal therapy]] and study of diseases of the [[dental pulp]] and periapical tissues.
* [[Forensic odontology]] – the gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any [[dentist]] with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.
* [[Geriatric dentistry]] or ''geriodontics'' – the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.
* [[Oral and maxillofacial pathology]] – the study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.
* [[Oral and maxillofacial radiology]] – the study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
* [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]] (also called ''oral surgery'') – [[Extraction (dental)|extractions]], [[Dental implant|implants]], and surgery of the jaws, mouth and face.<ref group="nb">The scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery is variable. In some countries, both a medical and dental degree is required for training, and the scope includes head and neck oncology and craniofacial deformity.</ref>
* Oral biology – research in dental and craniofacial biology
* [[Dental implant|Oral implantology]] – the replacement of extracted teeth with dental implants.
* [[Oral medicine]] – the clinical evaluation and [[medical diagnosis|diagnosis]] of [[oral cavity|oral]] [[oral mucosa|mucosal]] [[oral pathology|diseases]]
* [[Orthodontics]] and dentofacial orthopedics – the straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth.
* [[Pediatric dentistry]] (also called ''pedodontics'') – dentistry for children
* [[Periodontology]] (also called ''periodontics'') – the study and treatment of diseases of the [[periodontium]] (non-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dental implants
* [[Prosthodontics]] (also called ''prosthetic dentistry'') – [[denture]]s, [[Bridge (dentistry)|bridges]] and the restoration of implants.
** Some prosthodontists super-specialize in [[maxillofacial prosthetics]], which is the discipline originally concerned with the rehabilitation of patients with congenital facial and oral defects such as [[cleft lip and palate]] or patients born with an underdeveloped ear ([[microtia]]). Today, most maxillofacial prosthodontists return function and esthetics to patients with acquired defects secondary to surgical removal of head and neck tumors, or secondary to trauma from war or motor vehicle accidents.
* [[Special needs dentistry]] (also called ''special care dentistry'') – dentistry for those with [[developmental disability|developmental]] and acquired disabilities.
* Sports dentistry – the branch of [[sports medicine]] dealing with prevention and treatment of dental injuries and oral diseases associated with sports and exercise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fdiworlddental.org/resources/policy-statements-and-resolutions/sports-dentistry|title=Sports dentistry|work=FDI World Dental Federation |date=21 August 2017 |access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023161722/https://www.fdiworlddental.org/resources/policy-statements-and-resolutions/sports-dentistry}}</ref> The sports dentist works as an individual consultant or as a member of a [[sports medicine]] team.
* [[Veterinary dentistry]] – the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals. It is a specialty of [[veterinary medicine]].

== History ==
{{see also|History of dental treatments}}
[[File:A wealthy patient falling over because of having a tooth ext Wellcome V0012058.jpg|thumb|upright|''A wealthy patient falling over because of having a tooth extracted with such vigour by a fashionable dentist'', {{circa|1790}}. History of Dentistry.]]
[[File:Johann Liss 002a.jpg|thumb|upright|''Farmer at the dentist'', [[Johann Liss]]. While distracted his money bag is emptied. {{circa|1616–17}}]]

Tooth decay was low in [[Paleolithic diet|pre-agricultural]] societies, but the advent of [[Agriculture|farming]] society about 10,000 years ago correlated with an increase in [[tooth decay]] (cavities).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160229-how-our-ancestors-drilled-rotten-teeth |title = How our ancestors drilled rotten teeth |last = Barras |first = Colin |publisher = BBC |date = 29 February 2016 |access-date = 1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519063141/https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160229-how-our-ancestors-drilled-rotten-teeth |archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> An infected tooth from Italy partially cleaned with flint tools, between 13,820 and 14,160 years old, represents the oldest known dentistry,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-dentistry-found-in-14000-year-old-tooth-1507156.htm |title = Oldest Dentistry Found in 14,000-Year-Old Tooth |work = DNews |publisher = [[Discovery Channel]] |date = 16 July 2015 |access-date = 21 July 2015 |archive-date = 18 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150718211808/http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-dentistry-found-in-14000-year-old-tooth-1507156.htm }}</ref> although a 2017 study suggests that 130,000 years ago the [[Neanderthals]] already used rudimentary dentistry tools.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherif |first=Ekramy |date=2006-04-05 |title=Platinum Dental |url=https://platinumdentalvietnam.com/en/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://news.ku.edu/2017/06/23/analysis-neanderthal-teeth-marks-uncovers-evidence-prehistoric-dentistry |title = Analysis of Neanderthal teeth marks uncovers evidence of prehistoric dentistry |publisher = The University of Kansas |date = 28 June 2017 |access-date = 1 July 2017 }}</ref>

In Italy evidence dated to the Paleolithic, around 13,000 years ago, points to bitumen used to fill a tooth<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oxilia |first1=Gregorio |last2=Fiorillo |first2=Flavia |last3=Boschin |first3=Francesco |last4=Boaretto |first4=Elisabetta |last5=Apicella |first5=Salvatore A. |last6=Matteucci |first6=Chiara |last7=Panetta |first7=Daniele |last8=Pistocchi |first8=Rossella |last9=Guerrini |first9=Franca |last10=Margherita |first10=Cristiana |last11=Andretta |first11=Massimo |last12=Sorrentino |first12=Rita |last13=Boschian |first13=Giovanni |last14=Arrighi |first14=Simona |last15=Dori |first15=Irene |date=2017 |title=The dawn of dentistry in the late upper Paleolithic: An early case of pathological intervention at Riparo Fredian |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23216 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |language=en |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=446–461 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.23216 |pmid=28345756 |bibcode=2017AJPA..163..446O |hdl=11585/600517 |issn=0002-9483|hdl-access=free }}</ref> and in Neolithic Slovenia, 6500 years ago, beeswax was used to close a fracture in a tooth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bernardini |first1=Federico |last2=Tuniz |first2=Claudio |last3=Coppa |first3=Alfredo |last4=Mancini |first4=Lucia |last5=Dreossi |first5=Diego |last6=Eichert |first6=Diane |last7=Turco |first7=Gianluca |last8=Biasotto |first8=Matteo |last9=Terrasi |first9=Filippo |last10=Cesare |first10=Nicola De |last11=Hua |first11=Quan |last12=Levchenko |first12=Vladimir |date=2012-09-19 |title=Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |article-number=e44904 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0044904 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3446997 |pmid=23028670|bibcode=2012PLoSO...744904B }}</ref> The [[Indus valley]] has yielded evidence of dentistry being practised as far back as 7000 BC, during the [[Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Coppa | first1=A. | last2=Bondioli | first2=L. | last3=Cucina | first3=A. | last4=Frayer | first4=D. W. | last5=Jarrige | first5=C. | last6=Jarrige | first6=J. -F. | last7=Quivron | first7=G. | last8=Rossi | first8=M. | last9=Vidale | first9=M. | last10=Macchiarelli | first10=R. | title=Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=440 | issue=7085 | year=2006 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/440755a | pages=755–756 | pmid=16598247 |display-authors=1}}</ref> The [[Neolithic India|Neolithic]] site of [[Mehrgarh]] (now in Pakistan's south western province of [[Balochistan]]) indicates that this form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with [[bow drill]]s operated, perhaps, by skilled bead-crafters.<ref name="bbc" /> The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective. The earliest [[Dental restoration|dental filling]], made of [[beeswax]], was discovered in [[Slovenia]] and dates from 6500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0044904 | pmid=23028670 | pmc=3446997 | volume=7 | issue=9 | title=Beeswax as Dental Filling on a Neolithic Human Tooth | journal=PLOS ONE | article-number=e44904| year=2012 | last1=Bernardini | first1=Federico | last2=Tuniz | first2=Claudio | last3=Coppa | first3=Alfredo | last4=Mancini | first4=Lucia | last5=Dreossi | first5=Diego | last6=Eichert | first6=Diane | last7=Turco | first7=Gianluca | last8=Biasotto | first8=Matteo | last9=Terrasi | first9=Filippo | last10=De Cesare | first10=Nicola | last11=Hua | first11=Quan | last12=Levchenko | first12=Vladimir | bibcode=2012PLoSO...744904B | doi-access=free |display-authors=1}}</ref> Dentistry was practised in prehistoric [[Malta]], as evidenced by a skull which had a [[dental abscess]] lanced from the root of a tooth dating back to around 2500 BC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ltd |first=Allied Newspapers |title=700 years added to Malta's history |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180316/life-features/700-years-added-to-maltas-history.673498 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316111529/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180316/life-features/700-years-added-to-maltas-history.673498 |archive-date=2018-03-16 |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=Times of Malta |language=en-GB}}</ref> The practice of dentistry dates back thousands of years, with evidence of dental procedures such as tooth extraction and fillings found in ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and the Greeks. One notable historical figure is [[Pierre Fauchard]], often referred to as the 'father of modern dentistry,' who wrote the first comprehensive book on the subject in 1728.

An ancient [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] text describes a "[[tooth worm]]" as the cause of [[dental caries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asp |title=History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705105101/http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asp |archive-date=5 July 2007 |work=American Dental Association |access-date=9 January 2007 }}</ref> Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, [[Egypt]], Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the ''[[Homeric Hymns]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=TOWNEND|first=B. R.|title=The Story of the Tooth-Worm|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_1944-01_15_1/page/36|date=1944|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=15|issue=1|pages=37–58|jstor=44442797|issn=0007-5140}}</ref> and as late as the 14th century AD the surgeon [[Guy de Chauliac]] still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Suddick Richard P., Harris Norman O. |year=1990 |title=Historical Perspectives of Oral Biology: A Series |url=http://crobm.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/2/135.pdf |journal=Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=135–51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218025641/http://crobm.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/2/135.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2007 |doi=10.1177/10454411900010020301 |pmid=2129621 }}</ref>

Recipes for the treatment of toothache, infections and loose teeth are spread throughout the [[Ebers Papyrus]], [[Kahun Papyri]], [[Brugsch Papyrus]], and [[Hearst papyrus]] of [[Ancient Egypt]].<ref name="blomstedt">{{cite journal |author = Blomstedt, P. |year = 2013 |title = Dental surgery in ancient Egypt |journal = Journal of the History of Dentistry |volume = 61 |issue = 3 |pages = 129–42 |pmid = 24665522 }}</ref> The [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]], written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, discusses the treatment of dislocated or fractured jaws.<ref name="blomstedt" /><ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226035425/http://students.ou.edu/D/Andrew.J.Dunlevy-1/episode1.html |url=http://students.ou.edu/D/Andrew.J.Dunlevy-1/episode1.html|title=Ancient Egyptian Dentistry |website= University of Oklahoma |access-date= 15 December 2007|archive-date= 26 December 2007}}</ref> In the 18th century BC, the [[Code of Hammurabi]] referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Wilwerding |first1 = Terry |title = History of Dentistry 2001 |url = http://www.dentalofficesantaclarita.com/history2001.PDF |access-date = 3 November 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141103094821/http://www.dentalofficesantaclarita.com/history2001.PDF |archive-date = 3 November 2014 }}</ref> Examination of the remains of some [[History of ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptians]] and [[Greco-Roman]]s reveals early attempts at dental [[prosthetic]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.arabworldbooks.com/articles8c.htm |title = Medicine in Ancient Egypt 3 |publisher = Arabworldbooks.com |access-date = 18 April 2010 }}</ref> However, it is possible the prosthetics were prepared after death for aesthetic reasons.<ref name="blomstedt" />

[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] scholars [[Hippocrates]] and [[Aristotle]] wrote about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with [[forceps]], and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.<ref name="History Of Dentistry">{{cite web |url = http://completedentalguide.co.uk/history-of-dentistry/ |title = History Of Dentistry |work = Complete Dental Guide |access-date = 29 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160714150814/http://completedentalguide.co.uk/history-of-dentistry/ |archive-date = 14 July 2016 }}</ref> Use of dental appliances, [[bridge (dentistry)|bridges]] and dentures was applied by the [[Etruscans]] in northern Italy, from as early as 700 BC, of human or other animal teeth fastened together with gold bands.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://edwardmoondds.com/history-of-dentistry-research-group/ |title = History of Dentistry Research Page, Newsletter |publisher = Rcpsg.ac.uk |access-date = 9 June 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150428045701/http://edwardmoondds.com/history-of-dentistry-research-group/ |archive-date = 28 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="donaldson">{{cite journal |author=Donaldson, J. A. |year=1980 |title=The use of gold in dentistry |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF03216551.pdf |journal=Gold Bulletin |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1007/BF03216551 |pmid=11614516 |s2cid=137571298 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Becker1999">{{cite book |last=Becker |first=Marshall J. |url=http://medlib.yu.ac.kr/eur_j_oph/ijom/IJOMI/ijomi_14_19.pdf |title=Ancient "dental implants": a recently proposed example from France evaluated with other spurious examples |date=1999 |publisher=International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14.1}}</ref> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] had likely borrowed this technique by the 5th century BC.<ref name="donaldson" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Ursman |title=History of Dentures from Beginning to Early 19th Century |url=https://exhibits.library.utoronto.ca/exhibits/show/history-dentures/references |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Exhibits}}</ref> The [[Phoenicia]]ns crafted dentures during the 6th–4th century BC, fashioning them from gold wire and incorporating two ivory teeth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Renfrew |first1=Colin |title=Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice |last2=Bahn |first2=Paul |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-500-28976-1 |edition=6th |page=449}}</ref> In ancient Egypt, [[Hesy-Ra]] is the first named "dentist" (greatest of the teeth). The Egyptians bound replacement teeth together with gold wire. [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] medical writer [[Cornelius Celsus]] wrote extensively of oral diseases as well as dental treatments such as narcotic-containing [[emollients]] and [[astringents]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091201213847/http://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.html |archive-date = 1 December 2009 |title = Dental Treatment in the Ancient Times |publisher = Dentaltreatment.org.uk |access-date = 18 April 2010 }}</ref> The earliest [[amalgam (dentistry)|dental amalgams]] were first documented in a [[Tang dynasty]] medical text written by the Chinese physician Su Kung in 659, and appeared in Germany in 1528.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Bjørklund G |title = The history of dental amalgam (in Norwegian) |journal = Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen |volume = 109 |issue = 34–36 |pages = 3582–85 |date = 1989 |pmid = 2694433 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Czarnetzki |first = A. |last2 = Ehrhardt |first2=S. |title = Re-dating the Chinese amalgam-filling of teeth in Europe |journal = International Journal of Anthropology |date = 1990 |volume = 5 |issue = 4 |pages = 325–332 }}</ref>

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]] dentistry was discussed in several famous books of medicine such as [[The Canon of Medicine|The Canon in medicine]] written by [[Avicenna]] and Al-Tasreef by [[Al-Zahrawi]] who is considered the greatest [[surgeon]] of the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages)|last=Meri|first=Josef|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-96690-0}}</ref> Avicenna said that jaw fracture should be reduced according to the occlusal guidance of the teeth; this principle is still valid in modern times. Al-Zahrawi invented over 200 surgical tools that resemble the modern kind.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Saul S. |title=A history of the Middle East |date=2006 |publisher=Mcfarland |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=0-7864-5134-3 |page=152}}</ref>

Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the [[Middle Ages]] and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general [[physician]]s. [[Barber]]s usually limited their practice to extracting teeth which alleviated [[pain]] and associated chronic tooth [[infection]]. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, [[Guy de Chauliac]] most probably invented the dental pelican<ref>{{cite web|url = http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-pelican/|title = Pelican|author = Gregory Ribitzky|access-date = 23 June 2018|archive-date = 25 January 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200125120211/http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-pelican/}}</ref> (resembling a [[pelican]]'s beak) which was used to perform [[dental extraction]]s up until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the [[dental key]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-toothkey-2/|title = Toothkey|author = Gregory Ribitzky|access-date = 23 June 2018|archive-date = 23 June 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180623085108/http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-toothkey-2/}}</ref> which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-forceps/|title = Forceps|author = Gregory Ribitzky|access-date = 23 June 2018|archive-date = 23 June 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180623093608/http://en.dmd.co.il/antique-dental-instruments/antique-dental-forceps/}}</ref>

[[File:Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg|thumb|upright|Dental [[needle-nose pliers]] designed by Fauchard in the late 17th century to use in [[prosthodontics]]]]

The first book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530,<ref name="History Of Dentistry" /> and the first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in 1685.<ref name="bdatimeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.bda.org/museum/the-story-of-dentistry/timeline.aspx |title=The story of dentistry: Dental History Timeline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309235717/http://www.bda.org/museum/the-story-of-dentistry/timeline.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2012 |website= British Dental Association |access-date= 2 March 2010}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, there was no formal qualification for the providers of dental treatment until 1859 and it was only in 1921 that the practice of dentistry was limited to those who were professionally qualified. The [[Royal Commission on the National Health Service]] in 1979 reported that there were then more than twice as many registered dentists per 10,000 population in the UK than there were in 1921.<ref>{{cite book |title = Royal Commission on the NHS Chapter 9 |date = July 1979 |publisher = HMSO |isbn = 978-0-10-176150-5 |url = http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-9/ |access-date = 19 May 2015 }}</ref>

=== Modern dentistry ===
[[File:Microscope,The Dental cosmos (1907).jpg|thumb|right|A microscopic device used in dental analysis, {{circa|1907}}]]

It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed. The English physician [[Thomas Browne]] in his ''[[A Letter to a Friend]]'' ({{circa|1656}} pub. 1690) made an early dental observation with characteristic humour:

{{Blockquote|quote=The Egyptian Mummies that I have seen, have had their Mouths open, and somewhat gaping, which affordeth a good opportunity to view and observe their Teeth, wherein 'tis not easie to find any wanting or decayed: and therefore in Egypt, where one Man practised but one Operation, or the Diseases but of single Parts, it must needs be a barren Profession to confine unto that of drawing of Teeth, and little better than to have been Tooth-drawer unto King Pyrrhus, who had but two in his Head.}}

The French surgeon [[Pierre Fauchard]] became known as the "father of modern dentistry". Despite the limitations of the primitive surgical instruments during the late 17th and early 18th century, Fauchard was a highly skilled [[surgeon]] who made remarkable improvisations of dental instruments, often adapting tools from [[watchmaker]]s, [[jeweler]]s and even [[barber]]s, that he thought could be used in dentistry. He introduced [[dental filling]]s as treatment for [[dental cavities]]. He asserted that [[sugar]]-derived acids like [[tartaric acid]] were responsible for [[caries|dental decay]], and also suggested that tumors surrounding the teeth and in the [[Gingiva|gums]] could appear in the later stages of tooth decay.<ref name="Besombes">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJ |title = Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761): The First Dental Surgeon, His Work, His Actuality |author-first1 = André |author-last1=Besombes |author-first2 = Phillipe |author-last2=de Gaillande |publisher = Pierre Fauchard Academy |date = 1993 }}</ref><ref name="Weinberger">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJ |title = Pierre Fauchard, Surgeon-dentist: A Brief Account of the Beginning of Modern Dentistry, the First Dental Textbook, and Professional Life Two Hundred Years Ago |author = Bernhard Wolf Weinberger |date = 1941 |publisher = Pierre Fauchard Academy }}</ref>

[[File:Panoramic radiograph of historic dental implants.jpg|thumb|Panoramic radiograph of historic dental implants, made 1978]]

Fauchard was the pioneer of [[Prosthodontics|dental prosthesis]], and he invented many methods to replace lost teeth. He suggested that substitutes could be made from carved blocks of [[ivory]] or [[bone]]. He also introduced [[dental braces]], although they were initially made of gold, he discovered that the teeth position could be corrected as the teeth would follow the pattern of the wires. Waxed [[linen]] or [[silk]] threads were usually employed to fasten the braces. His contributions to the world of dental science consist primarily of his 1728 publication ''Le chirurgien dentiste'' or ''The Surgeon Dentist''. The French text included "basic oral anatomy and function, dental construction, and various operative and restorative techniques, and effectively separated dentistry from the wider category of surgery".<ref name="Besombes" /><ref name="Weinberger" />
[[File:A_dental_chair_in_a_dentist_clinic_in_North_Carolina,_United_States.jpg|left|thumb|A modern dentist's workspace]]
After Fauchard, the study of dentistry rapidly expanded. Two important books, ''Natural History of Human Teeth'' (1771) and ''Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Teeth'' (1778), were published by British surgeon [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]]. In 1763, he entered into a period of collaboration with the London-based dentist James Spence. He began to theorise about the possibility of [[tooth transplant]]s from one person to another. He realised that the chances of a successful tooth transplant (initially, at least) would be improved if the donor tooth was as fresh as possible and was matched for size with the recipient. These principles are still used in the transplantation of [[internal organ]]s. Hunter conducted a series of pioneering operations, in which he attempted a tooth transplant. Although the donated teeth never properly bonded with the recipients' gums, one of Hunter's patients stated that he had three which lasted for six years, a remarkable achievement for the period.<ref>{{cite book |author = Moore, Wendy |author-link = Wendy Moore |title = The Knife Man |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DKInoTPFrBoC |access-date = 8 March 2012 |date = 30 September 2010 |publisher = Transworld |pages = 223–24 |isbn = 978-1-4090-4462-8 }}</ref>

Major advances in science were made in the 19th century, and dentistry evolved from a trade to a profession. The profession came under government regulation by the end of the 19th century. In the UK, the Dentist Act was passed in 1878 and the British Dental Association formed in 1879. In the same year, [[Francis Brodie Imlach]] was the first ever dentist to be elected President of the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh), raising dentistry onto a par with clinical surgery for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdf |title=A pioneering history: dentistry and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh |first=Helen |last=Dingwall |date=April 2004 |work=History of Dentistry Newsletter |issue=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201191323/http://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2013 }}</ref>

=== Hazards in modern dentistry ===
{{main|Occupational hazards in dentistry}}

==== Noise ====
Long term occupational noise exposure can contribute to permanent hearing loss, which is referred to as [[noise-induced hearing loss]] (NIHL) and [[tinnitus]]. Noise exposure can cause excessive stimulation of the hearing mechanism, which damages the delicate structures of the inner ear.<ref>{{cite web|title=Noise-Induced Hearing Loss|url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss|website=NIDCD|date=18 August 2015}}</ref> NIHL can occur when an individual is exposed to sound levels above 90 dBA according to the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA). Regulations state that the permissible noise exposure levels for individuals is 90 dBA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Occupational Safety and Health Standards {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration |url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owastand.display_standard_group?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1910 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Osha.gov}}</ref> For the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ([[NIOSH]]), exposure limits are set to 85 dBA. Exposures below 85 dBA are not considered to be hazardous. Time limits are placed on how long an individual can stay in an environment above 85 dBA before it causes hearing loss. OSHA places that limitation at 8 hours for 85 dBA. The exposure time becomes shorter as the dBA level increases.

Within the field of dentistry, a variety of cleaning tools are used including piezoelectric and sonic scalers, and ultrasonic scalers and cleaners.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stevens|first1=M|title=Is someone listening to the din of occupational noise exposure in dentistry|journal=RDH|date=1999|issue=19|pages=34–85}}</ref> While a majority of the tools do not exceed 75 dBA,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Merrel|first1=HB|title=Noise pollution and hearing loss in the dental office|journal=Dental Assisting Journal|date=1992|volume=61|issue=3|pages=6–9}}</ref> prolonged exposure over many years can lead to hearing loss or complaints of tinnitus.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=J.D.|title=Effects of occupational ultrasonic noise exposure on hearing of dental hygienists: A pilot study|journal=Journal of Dental Hygiene|date=2002|volume=76|issue=4|pages=262–69|pmid=12592917}}</ref> Few dentists have reported using personal hearing protective devices,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leggat|first1=P.A.|title=Occupational Health Problems in Modern Dentistry: A Review|journal=Industrial Health|date=2007|volume=45|issue=5|pages=611–21|doi=10.2486/indhealth.45.611|pmid=18057804|url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2690/1/2690_Leggat_et_al...2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427125357/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2690/1/2690_Leggat_et_al...2007.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-27 |url-status=live|doi-access=free|bibcode=2007IndHe..45..611L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leggat|first1=P.A.|title=Occupational hygiene practices of dentists in southern Thailand|journal=International Dental Journal|date=2001|volume=51|issue=51|pages=11–6|doi=10.1002/j.1875-595x.2001.tb00811.x|pmid=11326443|doi-access=free}}</ref> which could offset any potential hearing loss or tinnitus.

==== Chemical hazards ====
There are various chemical hazards from disinfection and dental materials, that lead to allergens from compounds like mercury, methacrylate, and nickel.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mercury level in biological samples of dentists in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering|date=December 2020|issn=2052-336X|pmc=7721756|pmid=33312669|pages=1655–1669|volume=18|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s40201-020-00558-w|first1=Ahmad|last1=Jonidi Jafari|first2=Ali|last2=Esrafili|first3=Yousef|last3=Moradi|first4=Norouz|last4=Mahmoudi |bibcode=2020JEHSE..18.1655J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acute arsenic self-poisoning for suicidal purpose in a dentist: a case report|journal=Human & Experimental Toxicology|date=January 2009|issn=0960-3271|pmid=19411562|pages=63–65|volume=28|issue=1|doi=10.1177/0960327108097432|first1=Y.|last1=Yilmaz|first2=E.|last2=Armagan|first3=Of|last3=Olmez|first4=M.|last4=Esen|first5=N.|last5=Alkis|first6=E.|last6=Dolar |bibcode=2009HETox..28...63Y }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Occupational hazards among clinical dental staff|journal=The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice|date=2004-05-15|issn=1526-3711|pmid=15150641|pages=134–152|volume=5|issue=2|first1=Adebola|last1=Fasunloro|first2=Foluso John|last2=Owotade |doi=10.5005/jcdp-5-2-134 }}</ref>

===== Disinfectants =====
Chemical [[Disinfectant|disinfectants]] are necessary in a dental practice to prevent infection and contamination between patients. As a consequence, it introduces many chemical and occupational hazards. The most commonly used active ingredients in disinfection include alcohol, [[Phthalaldehyde|''ortho''-phthalaldehyde]] (OPA) solution, [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[peracetic acid]], and [[glutaraldehyde]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patiño-Marín |first1=Nuria |last2=Villa García |first2=Lorena Dafnee |last3=Aguirre López |first3=Eva Concepción |last4=Medina-Solís |first4=Carlo Eduardo |last5=Martínez Zumarán |first5=Alan |last6=Martínez Rider |first6=Ricardo |last7=Márquez Preciado |first7=Raúl |last8=Rosales García |first8=Pedro |last9=Salas Orozco |first9=Marco Felipe |date=2025-02-15 |title=Sterilization and Disinfection: Ensuring Infection Control in Dental Practices |journal=Cureus |volume=17 |issue=2 |article-number=e79041 |language=en |doi=10.7759/cureus.79041 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=11912515 |pmid=40099062}}</ref> In terms of surface-disinfection, workers are especially exposed to agents like [[Aldehyde|aldehydes]] and [[Quaternary ammonium compounds|quaternary-ammonium compounds]] via inhalation or physical contact.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Formaldehyde evaluation from endodontic materials|journal=Oral Health|date=December 1998|issn=0030-4204|pmid=10323136|pages=37–39|volume=88|issue=12|first1=B. I.|last1=Cohen|first2=M. K.|last2=Pagnillo|first3=B. L.|last3=Musikant|first4=A. S.|last4=Deutsch}}</ref> This may result in allergies, due to lack of adequate ventilation and prolonged exposure. Research shows that around 10.9% of dental professionals may test positive for an allergic reaction to glutaraldehyde, compared to 2% in non-dental control subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ravis |first1=Scott M. |last2=Shaffer |first2=Matthew P. |last3=Shaffer |first3=Christy L. |last4=Dehkhaghani |first4=Seena |last5=Belsito |first5=Donald V. |date=August 2003 |title=Glutaraldehyde-induced and formaldehyde-induced allergic contact dermatitis among dental hygienists and assistants |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002817714650510 |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |language=en |volume=134 |issue=8 |pages=1072–1078 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0321 |pmid=12956347 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Additionally, frequent use of disinfectants may result in more respiratory symptoms in dental workers as well as worsened asthma control.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Health risk assessment of exposure to formaldehyde in dental materials|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/s11536-013-0264-4/html|journal=Open Medicine|date=2014-04-01|issn=2391-5463|pages=332–338|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.2478/s11536-013-0264-4|language=en|first1=Maya|last1=Lyapina|first2=Assya|last2=Krasteva|first3=Maria|last3=Dencheva|first4=Mariana|last4=Tzekova|first5=Mariela|last5=Deliverska|first6=Angelina|last6=Kisselova-Yaneva}}</ref>

It is essential to implement controls within dental clinics to reduce occupational exposure to these chemical hazards from disinfectants. In terms of engineering, using alternative and less sensitive chemicals as well as maintaining proper ventilation systems within the clinic will help reduce the amount of airborne chemicals. Having a [[safety data sheet]], regular training on [[chemical safety]], appropriate response equipment, and conducting assessments of workplace safety are all recommended administrative controls to minimize exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Naryal |first1=Nitika |last2=Vinay Bhardwaj |last3=Shailee Fotedar |last4=Arun Singh Thakur |last5=Shelja Vashisth |last6=Atul Sankhyan |date=2025-03-11 |title=Chemical Occupational Hazards in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review |url=https://medicopublication.com/index.php/ijphrd/article/view/21180 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=12–19 |doi=10.37506/ak2vc897 |issn=0976-5506}}</ref> Wearing full [[personal protective equipment]] reduces the occurrence of symptoms like burning sensation in eyes, dry cough, skin dermatitis, and respiratory irritation to chemical disinfectants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anculia |first1=Ramona-Camelia |last2=Jinga |first2=Viorel |last3=Marian |first3=Diana |last4=Popovici |first4=Ramona Amina |last5=Pacurar |first5=Mariana |last6=Forna |first6=Norina |last7=Pitic (Cot) |first7=Dana Emanuela |last8=Blidaru |first8=Alexandru |date=2025-05-19 |title=Exposure to Oxycide™ Disinfectant in Dental Practices: Occupational Symptoms and Risk Factors |journal=Applied Sciences |language=en |volume=15 |issue=10 |page=5641 |doi=10.3390/app15105641 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-3417}}</ref> Therefore, it is vital as a last form of defense that dental professionals wear gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection when using disinfectant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-11-04 |title=Best Practices for Environmental Infection Prevention and Control |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dental-infection-control/hcp/dental-ipc-faqs/cleaning-disinfecting-environmental-surface.html |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Dental Infection Prevention and Control |language=en-us}}</ref> The application of these engineering techniques, administrative protocols, and personal protection are standard [[industrial hygiene]] practices to keep dental professionals safe while keeping the work environment clean.

===== Mercury =====
[[File:Filling.jpg|thumb|Pre-capsulated dental amalgam used for restorative procedures, containing approximately 50% elemental mercury.]]
[[Elemental mercury]] makes up approximately 50% of conventional dental amalgam and can release toxic vapor during both placement and removal procedures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OCSPP |date=2015-09-08 |title=Mercury in Dental Amalgam |url=https://www.epa.gov/mercury/mercury-dental-amalgam |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Dental amalgam is a restorative material used for filling cavities caused by tooth decay. It is composed of a mixture of metals, approximately 50% of which is elemental mercury (Hg⁰) combined with an alloy powder containing silver, tin, copper, and other trace metals.<ref name=":0" /> Mercury serves as a binding agent amalgamates the alloy particles into a durable, moldable mass. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these vapors has been associated with adverse effects on the nervous system and kidneys. Chronic exposure to mercury vapor has been associated with neurological, renal, and immunological effects, as mercury has a high affinity for nervous tissue and the kidneys. Symptoms of overexposure may include tremors, memory impairment, fatigue, and mood changes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dental amalgam risks in dental staff: systematic review|url=https://www.e3s-conferences.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131901001|journal=E3S Web of Conferences|date=2021|issn=2267-1242|page=01001|volume=319|doi=10.1051/e3sconf/202131901001|first1=Abdelkarim|last1=Manyani|first2=Hanane|last2=Chaou|first3=Naima|last3=Rhalem|first4=Abdelmajid|last4=Soulaymani|first5=Rachida|last5=Soulaymani Bencheikh|bibcode=2021E3SWC.31901001M |editor-first=S.|editor-last=Bourekkadi|editor2-first=H.|editor2-last=Hami|editor3-first=A.|editor3-last=Mokhtari|editor4-first=K.|editor4-last=Slimani|editor5-first=A.|editor5-last=Soulaymani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Jaakkola | first1=M. S. | last2=Leino | first2=T. | last3=Tammilehto | first3=L. | last4=Ylöstalo | first4=P. | last5=Kuosma | first5=E. | last6=Alanko | first6=K. |title=Respiratory effects of exposure to methacrylates among dental assistants |url=https://login.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?qurl=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2fdoi%2ffull%2f10.1111%2fj.1398-9995.2007.01379.x |access-date=2025-12-20 |journal=Allergy | date=2007 | volume=62 | issue=6 | pages=648–654 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01379.x | pmid=17508969 }}</ref>

===== Methacrylate =====
[[Methyl methacrylate]] is an acrylic resin used in restorative and prosthetic dentistry, especially in dentures, temporary crowns, and retainers. Exposure can occur by inhalation of vapors through grinding or polymerization during dental procedures or by skin contact with uncured materials.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aalto-Korte |first1=Kristiina |last2=Alanko |first2=Kristiina |last3=Kuuliala |first3=Outi |last4=Jolanki |first4=Riitta |date=November 2007 |title=Methacrylate and acrylate allergy in dental personnel |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=324–330 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01237.x |issn=0105-1873 |pmid=17937748}}</ref> Short-term exposure can lead to eye, skin, and respiratory irritation, and long-term exposure can cause [[occupational asthma]] or allergic [[contact dermatitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leggat |first1=Peter A. |last2=Kedjarune |first2=Ureporn |date=June 2003 |title=Toxicity of methyl methacrylate in dentistry |journal=International Dental Journal |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=126–131 |doi=10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00736.x |issn=0020-6539 |pmid=12873108}}</ref> One cross-sectional study discovered that dental assistants with high exposure to methacrylate vapors had increased odds of asthma and nasal issues.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jaakkola |first1=M. S. |last2=Leino |first2=T. |last3=Tammilehto |first3=L. |last4=Ylöstalo |first4=P. |last5=Kuosma |first5=E. |last6=Alanko |first6=K. |date=June 2007 |title=Respiratory effects of exposure to methacrylates among dental assistants |journal=Allergy |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=648–654 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01379.x |issn=0105-4538 |pmid=17508969}}</ref> This study emphasizes the importance of understanding that methacrylate is a respiratory and dermal hazard in dentistry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Borak |first1=Jonathan |last2=Fields |first2=Cheryl |last3=Andrews |first3=Larry S. |last4=Pemberton |first4=Mark A. |date=March 2011 |title=Methyl methacrylate and respiratory sensitization: a critical review |journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=230–268 |doi=10.3109/10408444.2010.532768 |issn=1547-6898 |pmc=3072694 |pmid=21401327 |bibcode=2011CRvTx..41..230B }}</ref>

Prevention measures to reduce exposure to methacrylate include local exhaust ventilation to capture aerosols, consistent air sampling, covered mixing systems, and proper personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allison |first1=J. R. |last2=Dowson |first2=C. |last3=Pickering |first3=K. |last4=Červinskytė |first4=G. |last5=Durham |first5=J. |last6=Jakubovics |first6=N. S. |last7=Holliday |first7=R. |date=April 2022 |title=Local Exhaust Ventilation to Control Dental Aerosols and Droplets |journal=Journal of Dental Research |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.1177/00220345211056287 |issn=1544-0591 |pmc=8935467 |pmid=34757884}}</ref> The US [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) recommends keeping methyl methacrylate concentrations below the recommended exposure limit of 100 ppm for an 8-hour [[Time-weighted average (PEL)|time-weighted average]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Methyl methacrylate |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0426.html |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> Implementing safety measures to protect dental staff from hazards can be achieved by ventilation improvements and proper personal protective equipment to prevent them from respiratory irritation, [[asthma]], and [[allergic contact dermatitis]].

===== Nickel =====
[[Nickel]] exposure in dentistry can primarily occur through the use of nickel-containing alloys like crowns, bridges, brackets, and orthodontic appliances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Parimala |last2=Agrawal |first2=Suchi |last3=Bansal |first3=Arpana |last4=Jain |first4=Ankur |last5=Tiwari |first5=Utkarsh |last6=Anand |first6=Ayushi |date=2016 |title=Assessment of nickel release from various dental appliances used routinely in pediatric dentistry |journal=Indian Journal of Dentistry |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=81–85 |doi=10.4103/0975-962X.184649 |pmid=27433051 |pmc=4934093 |doi-access=free |issn=0975-962X}}</ref> However, according to recent studies, in people who are not sensitive to nickel, dental alloys release levels that are typically less harmful and regarded as biologically safe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Parimala |last2=Agrawal |first2=Suchi |last3=Bansal |first3=Arpana |last4=Jain |first4=Ankur |last5=Tiwari |first5=Utkarsh |last6=Anand |first6=Ayushi |date=2016 |title=Assessment of nickel release from various dental appliances used routinely in pediatric dentistry |journal=Indian Journal of Dentistry |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=81–85 |doi=10.4103/0975-962X.184649 |pmid=27433051 |pmc=4934093 |doi-access=free |issn=0975-962X}}</ref>

=== Evidence-based dentistry ===
{{Main|Evidence-based dentistry}}

There is a movement in modern dentistry to place a greater emphasis on high-quality scientific evidence in decision-making. [[Evidence-based dentistry]] uses current scientific evidence to guide decisions. It is an approach to oral health that requires the application and examination of relevant scientific data related to the patient's oral and medical health. Along with the dentist's professional skill and expertise, evidence-based dentistry allows dentists to stay up to date on procedures for patients to receive improved treatment. A new paradigm for medical education designed to incorporate current research into education and practice was developed to help practitioners provide the best care for their patients.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|year=1992|volume=268|issue=17|pages=2420–2425|pmid=1404801|author1=Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group|doi=10.1001/jama.1992.03490170092032 |bibcode=1992JAMA..268.2420G }}</ref> It was first introduced by [[Gordon Guyatt]] and the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group at [[McMaster University]] in [[Ontario, Canada]] in the 1990s. It is part of the larger movement toward [[evidence-based medicine]] and other [[evidence-based practices]], especially since a major part of dentistry involves dealing with oral and systemic diseases. Other issues relevant to the dental field in terms of evidence-based research and evidence-based practice include population oral health, dental clinical practice, tooth morphology etc.

== Digitalization of dentistry ==
Like other medical disciplines, dentistry is strongly influenced by the [[Digital health|digital transformation of healthcare.]] Processes are changing fundamentally, affecting the effectiveness and accuracy of patient treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Shivank |last2=Williams |first2=Noelle L. |last3=Ip |first3=Andrew |last4=Dicker |first4=Adam P. |date=2018 |title=Clinical Integration of Digital Solutions in Health Care: An Overview of the Current Landscape of Digital Technologies in Cancer Care |url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/CCI.17.00159 |journal=JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics |volume=2 |language=en |issue=2 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1200/CCI.17.00159 |pmid=30652580 |issn=2473-4276|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Awad |first1=Atheer |last2=Trenfield |first2=Sarah J. |last3=Pollard |first3=Thomas D. |last4=Ong |first4=Jun Jie |last5=Elbadawi |first5=Moe |last6=McCoubrey |first6=Laura E. |last7=Goyanes |first7=Alvaro |last8=Gaisford |first8=Simon |last9=Basit |first9=Abdul W. |date=2021 |title=Connected healthcare: Improving patient care using digital health technologies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169409X21003513 |journal=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews |language=en |volume=178 |article-number=113958 |doi=10.1016/j.addr.2021.113958|pmid=34478781 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Various technologies are being used in dentistry, including computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing ([[CAD/CAM]]) systems in combination with [[3D printing]], [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence (AI)]], and [[electronic health record]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khurshid |first=Zohaib |date=2023 |title=Digital Dentistry: Transformation of Oral Health and Dental Education with Technology |journal=European Journal of Dentistry |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=943–944 |doi=10.1055/s-0043-1772674 |issn=1305-7456 |pmc=10756720 |pmid=37729928}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Joda |first1=Tim |last2=Bornstein |first2=Michael M. |last3=Jung |first3=Ronald E. |last4=Ferrari |first4=Marco |last5=Waltimo |first5=Tuomas |last6=Zitzmann |first6=Nicola U. |date=2020-03-18 |title=Recent Trends and Future Direction of Dental Research in the Digital Era |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |page=1987 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17061987 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7143449 |pmid=32197311}}</ref> The degree of implementation of such technologies varies significantly across dental practices.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van der Zande |first1=Marieke M. |last2=Gorter |first2=Ronald C. |last3=Aartman |first3=Irene H. A. |last4=Wismeijer |first4=Daniel |date=2015-03-26 |editor-last=Divaris |editor-first=Kimon |title=Adoption and Use of Digital Technologies among General Dental Practitioners in the Netherlands |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |article-number=e0120725 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0120725 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4374680 |pmid=25811594|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1020725V }}</ref>

Research shows that larger dental centers are adopting digital solutions more rapidly. Younger dentists, as well as those who regularly participate in digital training programs, show a higher willingness to implement new technologies. However, financial constraints and the lack of comprehensive training opportunities for the digitalization of dentistry currently represent major barriers to implementation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schnitzler |first1=Christian |last2=Bohnet-Joschko |first2=Sabine |date=2025-05-15 |title=Technology Readiness Drives Digital Adoption in Dentistry: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study |journal=Healthcare |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |page=1155 |doi=10.3390/healthcare13101155 |pmid=40427991 |doi-access=free |issn=2227-9032|pmc=12110977 }}</ref>[[File:Dental Chair UMSOD.jpg|thumb|A dental chair at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry]]

== Ethical and medicolegal issues ==
Dentistry is unique in that it requires dental students to have competence-based clinical skills that can only be acquired through supervised specialized laboratory training and direct patient care.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-17|title=Union workers build high-tech dental simulation laboratory for SIU dental school|url=https://labortribune.com/union-workers-build-high-tech-dental-simulation-laboratory-for-siu-dental-school/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=The Labor Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> This necessitates the need for a scientific and professional basis of care with a foundation of extensive research-based education.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Slavkin|first=Harold C.|date=January 2012|title=Evolution of the scientific basis for dentistry and its impact on dental education: past, present, and future|journal=Journal of Dental Education|volume=76|issue=1|pages=28–35|doi=10.1002/j.0022-0337.2012.76.1.tb05231.x|issn=1930-7837|pmid=22262547}}</ref> According to some experts, the accreditation of dental schools can enhance the quality and professionalism of dental education.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Formicola|first1=Allan J.|last2=Bailit|first2=Howard L.|last3=Beazoglou|first3=Tryfon J.|last4=Tedesco|first4=Lisa A.|date=February 2008|title=The interrelationship of accreditation and dental education: history and current environment|journal=Journal of Dental Education|volume=72|issue=2 Suppl|pages=53–60|doi=10.1002/j.0022-0337.2008.72.2_suppl.tb04480.x|issn=0022-0337|pmid=18250379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adee.org/|title=The first 25 year [Internet] Ireland: ADEE (Association for Dental Education in Europe)|last=Carrrassi|first=A.|date=2019|website=Association for Dental Education in Europe|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Medicine}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Dental aerosol]]
* [[Dental instrument]]
* [[Dental public health]]
* Domestic healthcare:
** [[Dentistry in ancient Rome]]
** [[Dentistry in Canada]]
** [[Dentistry in the Philippines]]
** [[Dentistry in Israel]]
** [[Dentistry in the United Kingdom]]
** [[Dentistry in the United States]]
* [[Eco-friendly dentistry]]
* [[Geriatric dentistry]]
* [[List of dental organizations]]
* [[Occupational hazards in dentistry]]
* [[Pediatric dentistry]]
* [[Sustainable dentistry]]
* [[Veterinary dentistry]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=yes|wikt=Category:en:dentistry|v=School:Dentistry|c=category:Dentistry|n=no|species=no|m=no|f=no|mw=no|s=Category:Dentistry|b=Dental Case Files}}

{{Dentistry|state=expanded}}
{{Cleft lip and palate}}
{{ADADS}}
{{Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dentistry| ]]

Comedic genres

2026-03-27T15:31:51Z

Pranav:

{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Short description|Types of humor}}[[Comedy]] can be divided into multiple [[genres]] based on the source of humor, the method of delivery, and the context in which it is delivered. These classifications overlap, and most [[comedians]] can fit into multiple genres. For example, [[deadpan]] comics often fall into observational comedy, or into black comedy or blue comedy to contrast the morbidity, or offensiveness of the joke with a lack of emotion.

==List==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Genre!! Description !! Notable examples
|-
|Aggressive Humour<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://humornama.com/featured/education/types-of-humor/|title=45 Types of Humor with Examples}}</ref>|| Insensitive to audience sentiment by igniting criticism and ridicule on subjects like racism, sexism or anything hurtful; differs from blue humor or dark comedy as it inclines more towards being humorous than being offensive || [[Daniel Tosh]], [[Brendon Burns (comedian)|Brendon Burns]], [[Anthony Jeselnik]], [[Kunal Kamra]], [[Bill Burr]], [[Sarah Silverman]], [[Paul Mooney (comedian)|Paul Mooney]], [[Don Rickles]], [[Rufus Hound]], [[George Carlin]], [[Gianmarco Soresi]], [[Bill Hicks]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[Doug Stanhope]], [[Frankie Boyle]], [[Roseanne Barr]], [[Jon Stewart]], [[Brad Garrett]], [[Denis Leary]], [[Chris Morris (satirist)|Chris Morris]], [[Kelsey Grammer]], [[Patton Oswalt]], [[Ari Shaffir]], [[Lisa Lampanelli]], [[Ian Cognito]]
|-
| [[Alternative comedy]] || Differs from traditional punchline jokes which features many other forms of comedy such as observation, satire, surrealism, slapstick and improvisation. In its content, Alternative Comedy emerged as a counter to the establishment entertainment figures from the previous generation: It was often cited for its disregard to established comedic movements and ranged from the surreal to slapstick, usually with a combination of both. || [[Tony Allen (comedian)|Tony Allen]], [[Alexei Sayle]], [[Mark Steel]], [[Dan Harmon]], [[Dave Gorman]], [[Linda Smith (comedian)|Linda Smith]], [[Jeremy Hardy]], [[Ron Sparks (comedian)|Ron Sparks]], [[Alan Davies]], [[Ben Elton]], [[Jo Brand]], [[Stewart Lee]], [[Sean Hughes (comedian)|Sean Hughes]], [[Rik Mayall]], [[Adrian Edmondson]], [[Malcolm Hardee]], [[Kristen Schaal]], [[Kelsey Grammer]], [[Kevin McAleer]], [[Simon Munnery]], [[Arthur Smith (comedian)|Arthur Smith]], [[Arnold Brown (comedian)|Arnold Brown]], [[Robert Newman (comedian)|Robert Newman]], [[Kevin Eldon]], [[James Acaster]], [[Kenny Sebastian]], [[Hannah Gadsby]]

|-
|Anecdotal comedy<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailywritingtips.com/20-types-and-forms-of-humor/|title=20 Types and Forms of Humor|website=www.dailywritingtips.com|access-date=2016-11-14}}</ref>
|Named after the Greek term for ''anecdote'', meaning "unpublished"; personal stories that may be true, or partly true but embellished<ref name=":0" />
|[[Kevin Hart]], [[Louis C.K.]], [[Patrice O'Neal]], [[Russell Peters]], [[Aries Spears]], [[Hannibal Buress]], [[Deon Cole]], [[John Mulaney]], [[Bill Burr]], [[Roy Wood Jr.]], [[Michael McIntyre]], [[Dave Chappelle]], [[Cedric the Entertainer]], [[Bernie Mac]], [[Gabriel Iglesias]], [[Alonzo Bodden]], [[D. L. Hughley]], [[Jamie Foxx]], [[Peter Kay]], [[Eddie Griffin]], [[Brad Williams (comedian)|Brad Williams]], [[Hasan Minhaj]], [[Patton Oswalt]], [[Jim Carrey]], [[Jim Gaffigan]], [[Tom Segura]], [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]], [[Colin Jost]], [[Trevor Noah]], [[Daniel Kitson]], [[Danny Baker]], [[Romesh Ranganathan]], [[Chris Rock]], [[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]], [[Hiroyuki Miyasako]], [[Theo Von]], [[Annie Lederman]], [[Wanda Sykes]], [[Kathleen Madigan]], [[Tig Notaro]], [[Chris D'Elia]], [[Jack Whitehall]], [[Kanan Gill]], [[Roseanne Barr]],
|-
| [[Anti-humor]] || Indirect humor derived from the comedian delivering something intentionally not funny, or lacking in intrinsic meaning || [[Andy Kaufman]], [[Andy Samberg]], [[Norm Macdonald]], [[Ted Chippington]], [[John Thomson (comedian)|John Thomson]], [[Andy Milonakis]], [[Neil Hamburger]], [[Tim & Eric]], [[Eric Andre]], [[Will Ferrell]], [[Edward Aczel]], [[Paul Putner]], [[Richard Herring]], [[Albert Brooks]], [[Steve Martin]], [[Martin Mull]], [[Bill Bailey]], [[Noel Fielding]], [[Mark Silcox]], [[Perry Caravello]], [[Nogla]], [[Beetlejuice (entertainer)|Beetlejuice]]
|-
| [[Black comedy]] or dark comedy || Deals with disturbing subjects such as [[death]], [[drugs]], [[terrorism]], [[rape]], and [[war]]; sometimes related to the [[horror (genre)|horror]] movie genre. Black comedy is usually said by a disliked character. || [[Jim Norton (American comedian)|Jim Norton]], [[Lenny Bruce]], [[Bill Hicks]], [[Dave Chappelle]], [[Frankie Boyle]], [[Jimmy Carr]], [[Louis C.K.]], [[Kevin Smith]], [[Denis Leary]], [[Dennis Miller]], [[Monty Python]], [[Richard Pryor]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[George Carlin]], [[Chris Rush]], [[Jim Jefferies]], [[Mike Ward (comedian)|Mike Ward]], [[Penn & Teller]], [[Norm Macdonald]], [[Christopher Titus]], [[Sacha Baron Cohen]], [[Trey Parker]]/[[Matt Stone]], [[Howard Stern]], [[Quentin Tarantino]], [[David Cross]], [[Judah Friedlander]], [[Pete Davidson]], [[Anthony Jeselnik]], [[Daniel Tosh]], [[Seth Rogen]]/[[Evan Goldberg]], [[Bobcat Goldthwait]], [[Brendon Burns (comedian)|Brendon Burns]], [[Mark Normand]], [[Jerrod Carmichael]], [[Fin Taylor]], ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]'', [[Chris Dangerfield (writer)|Chris Dangerfield]], [[PFFR]]
|-
| [[Blue comedy]] || Typically sexual in nature ([[risqué (disambiguation)|risqué]]) and/or using profane; sometimes using gender- or race-based humor. || [[Samay Raina]], [[Joan Rivers]], [[Dave Attell]], [[Roy 'Chubby' Brown]], [[Frankie Boyle]], [[Jimmy Carr]],<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/jun/16/jimmy-carr-review-rose-theatre-kingston|title= Jimmy Carr review – a relentless wallow in grubbiness|website=[[The Guardian]]|first=Brian|last=Logan|date=16 June 2019|quote="Carr has cornered the blue-humour market"}}</ref> [[Dave Chappelle]], [[Cheech & Chong]], [[Jim Davidson]], [[Derek and Clive]], [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], [[Michael Che]], [[Billy Connolly]], [[Jenny Eclair]], [[The Firesign Theatre]], [[Redd Foxx]], [[Jason Biggs]], [[Shane Gillis]], [[Lisa Lampanelli]], [[Martin Lawrence]], [[George Lopez]], [[Bernard Manning]], [[Monty Python]], [[Eddie Murphy]], [[Chris Rock]], [[Joe Rogan]], [[Bob Saget]], [[Sarah Silverman]], [[Frank Skinner]], [[Doug Stanhope]], [[Robert Schimmel]], [[Amy Schumer]], [[John Valby]], [[Ron White]], [[Felicia Michaels]], [[William Shakespeare]]
|-
| [[Burlesque]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://humornama.com/featured/education/types-of-humor/|title=45 Types of Humor with Examples}}</ref>|| Nonsensical or ridiculous treatment of serious works of art, music, literature or theatre to make a statement, in a humorous and entertaining way; prior knowledge of the subject is required by the audience || [[Burlesque (American film)|Burlesque]], [[The Play That Goes Wrong]], [[A Modest Proposal]], [[The Rehearsal (play)|The Rehearsal]], [[The Beggar's Opera|Beggar's Opera]], [[The Rape of the Lock]], [[Morgante]], [[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]], [[Sir Thopas|Tale of Sir Thopas]], [[Chrononhotonthologos]]
|-
|[[Character comedy]] || Derived from a persona invented by the performer, often [[stereotype|stereotypical]] || [[Phyllis Diller]], [[Andy Kaufman]], [[Jim Carrey]], [[Wallace Shawn]], [[Bob Nelson (comedian)|Bob Nelson]], [[Catherine Tate]], [[Paul Eddington]], [[Andrew Dice Clay]], [[Rich Hall]], [[Tim Allen]], [[John Gordon Sinclair]], [[BadComedian]], [[Dee Bradley Baker]], [[Rob Paulsen]], [[Lenny Henry]], [[Sacha Baron Cohen]], [[Christopher Ryan]], [[Billy West]], [[Steve Guttenberg]], [[Jeff Bergman]], [[Jerry Sadowitz]], [[Steve Coogan]], [[Fred Armisen]], [[Jay London]], [[Larry the Cable Guy]], [[Adam Sandler]], [[Pete Davidson]], [[Andy Samberg]], [[Seth Macfarlane]], [[Steve Carell]], [[Richard Kind]], [[Maurice LaMarche]], [[Martin Short]], [[Peter Sellers]], [[Rainn Wilson]], [[Jim Varney]], [[Sarah Silverman]], [[Paul Reubens]], [[Rob Brydon]], [[Rowan Atkinson]], [[Gabriel Iglesias]], [[Bill Hader]], [[Peter Helliar]], [[Harry Enfield]], [[Margaret Cho]], [[Matt Lucas]]/[[David Walliams]], [[Stephen Colbert]], [[Al Murray]], [[Paul Whitehouse]], [[Charlie Higson]], [[Kevin Hart]], [[Jack Black]], [[Alex Borstein]], [[Leigh Francis]], [[Barry Humphries]], [[Paul O'Grady]], [[Caroline Aherne]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Mary Tyler Moore]], [[Kate McKinnon]], [[Allan Mustafa]], [[Mo Collins]], [[Chris Lilley (comedian)|Chris Lilley]], [[Michael McDonald (comedian)|Michael McDonald]], [[Kelsey Grammer]], [[Eric Bauza]], [[Kristen Wiig]], [[Andy Lauer]], [[Kate Berlant]]
|-
|[[Cringe comedy]] || A comedy of embarrassment derived from inappropriate actions or words; popular in television shows and film, but occasionally in stand-up || [[Steve Carell]], [[Stephen Colbert]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[Stephen Merchant]], [[Richard Herring]], [[Ben Stiller]], [[Larry David]], [[Steve Coogan]], [[Bob Saget]], [[Nathan Fielder]]; TV shows: ''[[The Office]]'', ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'', ''[[Peep Show (British TV series)|Peep Show]]'', ''[[People Just Do Nothing]]'', ''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]'', ''[[Ally McBeal]]''
|-
|[[Deadpan]] comedy || Not strictly a style of comedy, it is telling jokes without a change in facial expression or change of emotion || [[Pat Paulsen]], [[Dennis Allen (TV comedian)|Dennis Allen]], [[Milton Jones]], [[Jack Dee]], [[Bob Newhart]], [[Jimmy Carr]], [[Steven Wright]], [[Peter Cook]], [[Stephen Colbert]], [[Craig Ferguson]], [[Dylan Moran]], [[Tig Notaro]], [[Karl Pilkington]], [[Nate Bargatze]], [[Richard Ayoade]], [[W. Kamau Bell]], [[Buster Keaton]], [[Bill Murray]], [[Marc Evan Jackson]], [[Jim Gaffigan]], [[Les Dawson]], [[Paul Merton]], [[Mike Birbiglia]], [[Mitch Hedberg]], [[Bruce McCulloch]], [[Demetri Martin]], [[Todd Barry]], [[Elliott Goblet]], [[Aubrey Plaza]], [[Zach Galifianakis]], [[Michael Longfellow]], [[Michael Redmond (comedian)|Michael Redmond]], [[Judah Friedlander]], [[James Acaster]], [[Richard Belzer]]
|-
|Heritage comedy || The comedian discusses humorous traits or stereotypes about their own culture or heritage || [[Pat Cooper]], [[Bill Engvall]], [[Jeff Foxworthy]], [[Alex Edelman]], [[Johnny Hardwick]], [[Gabriel Iglesias]], [[Eddie Murphy]], [[Marcello Hernández]], [[Trevor Noah]], [[George Lopez]], [[Jackie Mason]], [[Russell Peters]], [[Richard Pryor]], [[Yakov Smirnoff]], [[Henning Wehn]], [[Nigel Ng]], [[Jarlath Regan]]
|-
| [[Improvisational comedy]] || Largely unplanned routines, featured on television shows such as: ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'', ''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway? (disambiguation)|Whose Line Is It Anyway?]]'', ''[[Thank God You're Here]]'' || [[Robin Williams]], [[Jonathan Winters]], [[Joan Rivers]], [[Eddie Izzard]], [[Bob Nelson (comedian)|Bob Nelson]], [[Paula Poundstone]], [[Paul Merton]], [[Abish Mathew]], [[Tony Slattery]], [[Josie Lawrence]], [[Jim Sweeney (comedian)|Jim Sweeney]], [[Steve Steen]], [[Lily Tomlin]], [[Wayne Brady]], [[Ryan Stiles]], [[Colin Mochrie]], [[Drew Carey]], [[Greg Proops]], [[John Sessions]], [[Neil Mullarkey]], [[Kathy Greenwood]], [[Brad Sherwood]], [[Charles Esten]], [[Jeff B. Davis]], [[Tina Fey]], [[Amy Poehler]], [[Stephen Colbert]], [[Jonathan Mangum]], [[Mark Meer]], [[Larry David]], [[Peter Kay]], [[Johnny Vegas]], [[Dave Lawrence]], [[Paul Spence]], [[John Valby]], [[Kaneez Surka]]
|-
|[[Inside joke|Inside humor]] || Requires special knowledge in order to be appreciated by the audience || On their first two albums, [[the Firesign Theatre]] quoted lyrics and parodied character names from songs found on [[The Beatles|Beatles]] albums,<ref name="Stereo_review">{{Cite AV media notes |title=Putting It Simply, There's Never Been Anything Like The Firesign Theatre Before or Since |year=1993 |url=http://www.firesigntheatre.com/media/media.php?item=sfi-ln |access-date=November 28, 2017 |first=Steve |last=Simels |type=liner notes |publisher=Laugh.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000610/http://www.firesigntheatre.com/media/media.php?item=sfi-ln |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> which did not appear on the popular [[Top 40]] list. They also created their own inside jokes on later albums by referring to events which occur on their earlier albums.
|-
|[[Insult comedy]] || Offensive insults directed at the audience or other performers, usually in response to audience [[hecklers]]. [[Don Rickles]] famously built most of his career on the grouchy persona he developed in his insult comedy days.|| [[Andrew Dice Clay]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[Bob Saget]], [[Frankie Boyle]], [[Jimmy Carr]], [[Jerry Sadowitz]], [[Sam Kinison]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Al Murray]], [[Triumph the Insult Comic Dog]], [[Joan Rivers]], [[Bianca Del Rio]], [[Roy 'Chubby' Brown]], [[Marcus Valerius Martialis]], [[Norm Macdonald]], [[Jonathan Ross]], [[Jeffrey Ross]], [[Dave Attell]], [[Lisa Lampanelli]], [[D.L. Hughley]], [[Greg Giraldo]], [[Goundamani]], [[Kathy Griffin]], [[John Valby]], [[Gilbert Gottfried]], [[Harry Hill]], [[Daniel Tosh]], ''[[Family Guy]]''
|-
|[[Mockumentary]] || Parody using the conventions of documentary style || Films and TV shows: ''[[FUBAR (film)|Fubar]]'' & ''[[Fubar 2]]'', ''[[Borat]]'', ''[[This Country]]'', ''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]'', ''[[The Monkees (TV series)|The Monkees]]'', ''[[The Rutles]]'', ''[[Summer Heights High]]'', ''[[Electric Apricot: Quest for Festeroo]]'', ''[[The Office]]'', ''[[Brüno]]'', ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'', ''[[Modern Family]]'', ''[[Come Fly with Me (2010 TV series)|Come Fly with Me]]'', ''[[Angry Boys]]'', ''[[The Compleat Al]]'', ''[[Trailer Park Boys]]'', [[What We Do in the Shadows (franchise)|What We Do in the Shadows]]
|-
|[[Comedy music|Musical comedy]] || Derived from [[music]] with or sometimes without [[lyrics]] || [[Joji (musician)|Pink Guy]], [[Rucka Rucka Ali]], [[Bill Bailey]], [[Denis Leary]], [[Tim Minchin]], [[Ninja Sex Party]], [[The Lonely Island]], [[Fred Armisen]], [[Flight Of The Conchords]], [[Les Luthiers]], [[Mitch Benn]], [[Tenacious D]], [[Spinal Tap (band)|Spinal Tap]], [[Stephen Lynch (musician)|Stephen Lynch]], [[Eminem]], [["Weird Al" Yankovic]], [[Bob Rivers]], [[Bo Burnham]], [[Wayne Brady]], the [[Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band]], [[Tiny Meat Gang]], [[Tom Lehrer]], [[Steve Martin]], [[Victor Borge]], [[Jack Douglass]], [[The Axis of Awesome]], [[John Valby]], [[Seth MacFarlane]], [[Jasper Carrott]], [[Boothby Graffoe (comedian)|Boothby Graffoe]], [[David O'Doherty]], [[Rachel Bloom]], [[Adam Sandler]], [[Allan Sherman]], [[Mike Myers]], [[Eddie Murphy]], [[Carlos Alazraqui]], [[Chris Rock]], [[Kevin Hart]], [[Robin Williams]], [[Peter Schickele]], [[Victoria Wood]], [[Jon Lajoie]], [[Dan Bull]], [[Da Vinci's Notebook]], [[Danny Gonzalez]], [[Flo and Joan]], [[Spike Jones and His City Slickers]], ''[[Schmigadoon!]]''
|-
|[[Observational comedy]] || Pokes fun at [[everyday life]], often by inflating the importance of trivial things or by observing the silliness of social conventions || [[George Carlin]], [[Cheech & Chong]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]], [[Louis C.K.]], [[Bobby Lee]], [[Amy Schumer]], [[Craig Ferguson]], [[Larry David]], [[Ken Jeong]], [[Mitch Hedberg]], [[Billy Connolly]], [[Michael McIntyre]], [[Russell Howard]], [[Colin Jost]], [[Cedric the Entertainer]], [[Steve Harvey]], [[Micky Flanagan]], [[Brad Williams (comedian)|Brad Williams]], [[Gabriel Iglesias]], [[Gianmarco Soresi]], [[W. Kamau Bell]], [[Matt Groening]], [[Ray Romano]], [[Chris Rush]], [[Dane Cook]], [[Seann Walsh]], [[Pete Davidson]], [[Chris Rock]], [[Jim Gaffigan]], [[Kathy Greenwood]], [[Ellen DeGeneres]], [[Russell Peters]], [[John Mulaney]], [[Peter Kay]], [[Victoria Wood]], [[Jack Whitehall]], [[Kanan Gill]], [[Richard Belzer]], [[Mark Normand]], [[Anubhav Singh Bassi]]
|-
|[[One-line joke]] || A joke delivered in a single line. A good one-liner is said to be pithy (concise and meaningful). || [[Tim Allen]], [[Tommy Cooper]], [[Rodney Dangerfield]], [[Ken Dodd]], [[Stewart Francis]], [[Milton Jones]], [[Tim Vine]], [[Lee Mack]], [[Henny Youngman]], [[Mitch Hedberg]], [[Sean Hegarty]], [[Mick Miller (comedian)|Mick Miller]], [[Jimmy Carr]], [[Steven Wright]], [[Demetri Martin]], [[Anthony Jeselnik]], [[Doug Benson]], [[Jim Gaffigan]], [[Zach Galifianakis]], [[Shappi Khorsandi]], [[Dan Mintz]], [[Groucho Marx]], [[Jay London]], [[Mark Normand]], [[Mark Simmons (comedian)|Mark Simmons]], [[Ahren Belisle]]
|-
|[[Physical comedy]]
|| Similar to [[slapstick]], this form uses physical movement and gestures; often influenced by [[clown]]ing || [[Tim Allen]], [[Johnny Knoxville]], [[Michael Richards]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Buster Keaton]], [[Jacques Tati]], [[Jim Carrey]], [[Bob Nelson (comedian)|Bob Nelson]], [[Norman Wisdom]], [[Jerry Lewis]], [[Robin Williams]], [[Chevy Chase]], [[John Ritter]], [[Conan O'Brien]], [[Kunal Nayyar]], [[Jason Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]], [[Mr. Bean]], [[Michael Mcintyre]], [[Lee Evans (comedian)|Lee Evans]], [[Bill Irwin]], [[David Shiner (clown)|David Shiner]], [[Dick Van Dyke]], [[Max Wall]], [[John Belushi]], [[Brent Butt]], [[Kathy Greenwood]], [[The Three Stooges]], [[Lano & Woodley]], [[Lucille Ball]], [[Chris Farley]], [[Sebastian Maniscalco]], [[The Dangerous Brothers]], [[Danny Kaye]], [[Andy Lauer]], [[Luke Rollason]], [[Jordan Brookes]], [[Jimeoin]], [[Kate McKinnon]]
|-
|[[Practical joke|Practical jokes]] or pranking/trolling|| Humor based around tricks being played on a person or group of people, generally causing the victim(s) to experience embarrassment, perplexity, confusion, discomfort, or irritation.
||Movies: The 2003 [[Comedy Central]] tv movie, ''[[Windy City Heat]]'', involves comedian and actor, [[Perry Caravello]], believing that he's going to become a big star in a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movie, but in reality, he's actually being goofed on by a large group of people as part of a huge joke. Also generally the style of humor used in Caravello's spin off livestream show, ''[[Perry Caravello|Perry Caravello Live]]'', by his audience, who send crude donations and unwelcome delivery services to his apartment as ways to make him increasingly mad.
Acts: [[VanossGaming]], [[Adam Montoya|SeaNanners]], [[The Jerky Boys]], [[Found Footage Festival|Chop & Steele]]
TV Shows: ''[[The Eric Andre Show]]'', ''[[The Jamie Kennedy Experiment]]'', ''[[Trigger Happy TV]]''
|-
|[[Prop comedy]] || Relies on ridiculous props, casual jackets or everyday objects used in humorous ways ||[[Babatunde Omidina]], [[Bob Nelson (comedian)|Bob Nelson]], [[Carrot Top]], [[Leo Gallagher|Gallagher]], [[Timmy Mallett]], [[The Amazing Johnathan]], [[Jerry Sadowitz]], [[Red Skelton]], [[Tape Face]], [[Howie Mandel]], [[Tommy Cooper]], [[Harpo Marx]], [[Bruce Baum]], [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]], [[Spencer Jones (comedian)|Spencer Jones]]
|-
|[[Screwball comedy]] || Screwball comedies are a genre of comedy that emerged in the 1930s and became popular in the 1930s and 1940s. They are characterized by their fast-paced, witty dialogue, farcical situations, and romantic storylines that often involve a battle of the sexes. ||[[Jean Arthur]], [[Irene Dunne]], [[Cary Grant]], [[Edward Everett Horton]], [[Carole Lombard]], [[Fred MacMurray]], [[William Powell]], [[Rosalind Russell]], [[Ralph Bellamy]]
|-
|[[Shock humor]]
|A style of comedy that uses [[shock value]] to invoke a strong [[negative affectivity|negative emotion]]
|[[Andrew Dice Clay]], [[Howard Stern]], ''[[Impractical Jokers]]'', ''[[South Park]]'', ''[[Jackass (franchise)|Jackass]]'', [[Eric Andre]], [[Andy Dick]], [[Tom Green]],
|-
|[[Sitcom]] || Television series with scripted dialogue set in a thematic situation || ''[[Seinfeld]]'', ''[[Cheers]]'', ''[[Drake & Josh]]'', ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'', ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'', ''[[Ted Lasso]]'', ''[[Black Books]]'', ''[[Porridge (1974 TV series)|Porridge]]'', ''[[Dad's Army]]'', ''[[Blackadder (TV show)|Blackadder]]'', ''[[Gavin & Stacey]]'', ''[[The Royle Family]]'', ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]'', ''[[My Wife and Kids]]'', ''[[Friends (TV series)|Friends]]'', ''[[NewsRadio]]'', ''[[Taxi (TV series)|Taxi]]'', ''[[Here We Go (TV series)|Here We Go]]'', ''[[The Office]]'', ''[[Not Going Out]]'', ''[[The Simpsons]]'', ''[[Open All Hours]]'', ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'', ''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'', ''[[Dinner Ladies]]'', ''[[Modern Family]]'', ''[[Schmigadoon!]]'', ''[[Two and a Half Men]]'', ''[[Miranda (TV series)|Miranda]]'', ''[[All in the Family]]'', ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'', ''[[Family Guy]]'', ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'', ''[[South Park]]'', ''[[The Good Place]]''
|-
|[[Sketch comedy|Sketch]] || A short scene on television or standup, similar to the sitcom, practised and typically performed live. Sketches sometimes spawn sitcom series, e.g. ''[[The Honeymooners]]'', ''[[Mama's Family]]'' || [[Armstrong and Miller (comedians)|Armstrong and Miller]], [[Cheech & Chong]], [[Jennifer Saunders]], [[Lorne Michaels]], [[Dawn French]], [[Craig Ferguson]], [[Loveliveserve]], [[Ryan Higa]], [[Jack Douglass]], [[Catherine Tate]]; TV shows: ''[[Monty Python]]'', ''[[Armstrong and Miller (TV series)|Armstrong and Miller]]'', ''[[The Carol Burnett Show]]'', ''[[The Jackie Gleason Show]]'', ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', ''[[Studio C]]'', ''[[Chappelle's Show]]'', ''[[Firesign Theatre]]'', ''[[In Living Color]]'', ''[[A Bit of Fry & Laurie]]'', ''[[Mad TV]]'', ''[[Mr. Show]]'', ''[[Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!]]'', ''[[Wonder Showzen]]'', ''[[Key & Peele]]'', ''[[Lenny Henry]]'', ''[[Little Britain (sketch show)|Little Britain]]'', ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'', ''[[Million Dollar Extreme Presents: World Peace]]'', ''[[The Whitest Kids U' Know]]''
|-
|[[Parody|Spoof]]/Parody || Humorous Recreation of a book, film or play, either to pay homage or to ridicule the original || [[Mel Brooks]], [[Joe Alaskey]], [[French and Saunders]], [[Mitchell and Webb]], [[I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue]], [[Dom Joly]], [[Peter Serafinowicz]], [[Matt Groening]], [[Weird Al Yankovic]], [[C. S. Amudhan|C.S Amudhan]], [[Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker]]; Films and TV shows: ''[[Airplane!]]'', ''[[Family Guy]]'', ''[[Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth|Shriek]]'', ''[[Look Around You]]'', [[Onion News Network]]
|-H
|[[Surreal humor|Surreal comedy]] || Based on bizarre [[Contrast (linguistics)|juxtaposition]]s, [[absurdity|absurd]] situations, and [[nonsense]] logic || [[Joji (musician)|Filthy Frank]], [[Spike Milligan]], [[Jay Kogen]], [[Eddie Izzard]], [[J. Stewart Burns]], [[Ross Noble]], [[Bill Bailey]], [[Brent Butt]], [[The Mighty Boosh]], [[Steven Wright]], [[Eric Andre]], [[Russell Brand]], [[Monty Python]], [[Seth MacFarlane]], [[David X. Cohen]], [[Vic and Bob]], [[The Goodies]], [[Jack Handey]], [[Derek Drymon]], [[Wallace Wolodarsky]], [[Harry Hill]], [[The Kids in the Hall]], [[Conan O'Brien]], [[Tim and Eric]], [[Paul Merton]], [[Mitch Hedberg]], [[Firesign Theatre]], [[Shaun Micallef]], [[Emo Philips]], [[Hans Teeuwen]], [[Tony Law]], [[Chic Murray]], [[VanossGaming]], [[Brandon Rogers (YouTuber)|Brandon Rogers]], [[Charlie Chuck]], [[Trevor Lock]], [[Sam Hyde]]/[[Million Dollar Extreme]], ''[[The Good Place]]''
|-
|Topical comedy/[[Satire]]|| Relies on news headlines and current affairs; dates quickly, but is a popular form for late night talk-variety shows || [[Aristophanes]], [[George Carlin]], [[Cheech & Chong]], [[Bill Hicks]], [[Dick Gregory]], [[Chris Morris (satirist)|Chris Morris]], [[Dennis Miller]], [[Norm Macdonald]], [[Conan O'Brien]], [[Russell Howard]], [[Craig Ferguson]], [[David Letterman]], [[Jay Leno]], [[Tom Lehrer]], [[Dan Harmon]], [[Andy Hamilton]], [[Dave Allen (comedian)|Dave Allen]], [[Bill Maher]], [[Jon Stewart]], [[Trevor Noah]], [[John Oliver]], [[Ian Hislop]], [[Brent Butt]], [[Gianmarco Soresi]], [[Paul Merton]], [[Mort Sahl]], [[Kathy Griffin]], [[Stephen Colbert]], [[Stewart Lee]], [[Mark Thomas]], [[Matt Groening]], [[Rory Bremner]], [[Howard Stern]], [[W. Kamau Bell]], [[Ben Elton]], [[David Cross]], [[Lewis Black]], [[Chris Rock]], [[Dave Chappelle]], [[The Chaser]], [[Punt and Dennis]], [[Jon Holmes]], [[Tanmay Bhat]], [[Richard Belzer]], [[Hari Kondabolu]], [[Tim Dillon (comedian)|Tim Dillon]]; TV and Radio shows: ''[[The Daily Show]]'', ''[[The Onion]]'', ''[[The Babylon Bee]]'', ''[[Have I Got News For You]]'', ''[[Mock The Week]]'', ''[[The News Quiz]]'', ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', ''[[The Simpsons]]'', ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'', ''[[Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!]]'', ''[[South Park]]''
|-
|[[Ventriloquism]] || Involves character comedy; the comedian uses the skill of ventriloquy to "throw his or her voice" into a dummy or puppet character. The ventriloquist generally speaks as the "[[straight man]]" and gives the comic lines to the dummy. Exceptionally skilled ventriloquists can make the dummy sing. Ventriloquists used to appeal exclusively to general audiences and children until the late 1970s, when some ventriloquists started using [[blue comedy]].
|| [[Fred Russell (ventriloquist)|Fred Russell]], [[Arthur Prince (ventriloquist)|Arthur Prince]], [[Keith Harris (ventriloquist)|Keith Harris]], [[The Great Lester]], [[Edgar Bergen]], [[Paul Winchell]], [[Jimmy Nelson (ventriloquist)|Jimmy Nelson]], [[Shari Lewis]], [[Señor Wences]], [[Willie Tyler]], [[Nina Conti]], [[Darci Lynne]], [[Jeff Dunham]]
|-
|[[Wit]]/[[Word play]] || More intellectual forms based on clever, often subtle manipulation of language (though [[pun]]s can be crude and [[farce|farcical]]) || [[Groucho Marx]], [[William Shakespeare]], [[Harry Hill]], [[Jay Jason]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Woody Allen]], [[George Carlin]], [[Tim Vine]], [[Stephen Fry]], [[Demetri Martin]], [[Bo Burnham]], [[Firesign Theatre]], [[Myq Kaplan]], [[Crazy Mohan]], [[Bugs Bunny]], [[Ronnie Barker]], [[Stanley Unwin (comedian)|Stanley Unwin]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Comedy footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comedic Genres}}
[[Category:Comedy genres| ]]

Kalyan Junction railway station

2026-03-22T16:54:47Z

Pranav: reworked article based on references and added references

{{Short description|Railway junction station in Thane district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kalyan Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Kalyan Junction railway station - Stationboard.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.23525|N|73.1305|E|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central line]] [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]] [[Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line]] [[Mumbai–Chennai line]] [[Bhusawal–Kalyan section]] [[Mumbai Dadar–Solapur section]]
Kalyan-Murbad line (this line is at survey stage)
| other = KDMT Bus Stand, Auto stand, Taxi stand, Mumbai Metro Line 5, Line 12 (Under construction)
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 8 + 6 (underconstruction)
| elevation = {{convert|8.840|m|ft}}
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 15+
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1 May 1854 <ref>{{cite web| url =
https://www.irfca.org/docs/mumbai-cr-suburban-timeline.html| title =
[IRFCA] CR Mumbai Timeline of Suburban Stations}} </ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KYN
| zone = [[Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Mumbai CR}}
}}
| status = Functioning
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railways]]
| former = Calian Railway Station
| passengers = 360,000/day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway
|line1=Central|left1=Thakurli|right1=Shahad|type1=Kasara
|line2=Central|left2=Thakurli|right2=Vithalwadi|type2=Khopoli}}
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Kalyan Junction
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Kalyan Junction''' is a major railway junction station on the Central Line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network, lying at the junction of the north-east and south-east lines of the suburban [[Mumbai]] division of the Central Railway, {{cvt|54|km}} north-east of Mumbai.

It is one of the most important [[List of railway junction stations in India|railway junctions]] serving the country. Kalyan Junction is an important stop for all the trains. The station currently has '''8 platforms currently and more than 15 railway tracks,''' with additional platforms proposed under a yard-remodelling project to separate suburban and long-distance operations. The '''Kalyan Electric Loco Shed''' and '''Kalyan Diesel Loco Shed''' located nearby are important maintenance facilities serving the Mumbai region.

== Major developments ==
* A proposed '''Kalyan–Ahmednagar railway line''' (often called the “third ghat project”) has been discussed since the British period and would create a shorter route connecting Mumbai with Marathwada, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The major challenge for this project is 18.96 km long tunnel Malshej Ghat section.<ref>{{cite web| url =
https://marathi.indiatimes.com/editorial/article/development-route-of-kalyan-ahmednagar-railway/articleshow/59907427.cms| title = कल्याण-नगर रेल्वे हा विकासाचा मार्ग | website = Maharashtra Times | language = mr}} </ref>
* The '''Kalyan–Murbad section''', considered the first phase of this route, has been surveyed in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/thane/article-on-malshej-ghat-railway-route-1210026/|title=संजीवनी देणारा माळशेज घाट रेल्वे मार्ग|website=Loksatta|language=mr}}</ref> Kalyan Junction is a '''major interchange on the Central Railway network''' and lies at the branching point of the '''north-east (towards [[Kasara]])''' and '''south-east (towards [[Karjat]]/Khopoli)''' suburban lines. It serves as the '''last stop for fast suburban services''' from Mumbai before trains begin halting at all stations on the Kasara and Khopoli sections.

== History ==
Even before the [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bori Bunder]]-[[Thane railway station|Tannah]] line opened on April 16, 1853, further progress was already underway. The extension beyond [[Thane|Tannah]] required the navigation of the two [[Thane Creek|Tannah Creeks]], and tunnels in the Godadunghur hills all the way till the Parseek point (Under today's [[Parsik Hill]]). This section was let out to contractors William Whythes and Jackson all the way back in April 1851, at a cost of Rs. 3,41,407, and was completed by December 1853. The section further ahead to Callian was let out to a Parsi contractor Mr. Jamsetjee Dorabjee in May 1852, for a cost of Rs. 1,65,851 and was completed by April 1854. The line to Callian (Kalyan) opened finally on 1 May 1854.<ref>[https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The_first_running_of_a_railway_locomotive_in_India.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204222555/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf |date=4 December 2023 }} pg 8</ref>

The first journey to Callian from [[Bori Bunder]] was scheduled that day to begin at 4:50 p.m, with [[John Elphinstone, 13th Lord Elphinstone|Lord Elphinstone]] accompanied by around 250 guests. The journey proceeded, with a halt at [[Bhandup railway station|Bhandoop]] to fill in water. The train finally reached Callian at 6:10 p.m, however, it did not go all the way till the station, rather only to the comparatively nearer Creek ground. Similar to the first train journey of 1853 from Bombay to Tannah, at the destination were bands, decorative tents, and a dinner. The celebration was concluded with a display of fireworks, with the train leaving for its origin at 9 p.m., reaching two hours later at 11 p.m.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://memumbai.com/railway-line-opened-from-bombay-to-callian-kalyan-on-1st-may-1854/ | title=Railway Line Opened from Bombay to Callian (Kalyan) on 1st May 1854 | date=11 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Station layout==
There are 7 platforms at Kalyan Jn. Platform 2&3, 4&5 and 6&7 share a common platform base. Platform 4,5,6,7 serves for [[Express trains in India|Express trains]]. Platform 5 serves for all [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]-bound [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Fast local trains]] where Platform 4 serves for all Khopoli/Kasara bound Fast local trains.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/72?date=0&dd=0&ad=0&co=0&tt=0&ed=0&dp=&ea=0&ap=&loco=&drev=0&arev=0&trev=0&rake=&rsa=0&idf=0&idt=0&dhf=0&dmf=0&dht=0&dmt=0&ahf=0&amf=0&aht=0&amt=0&nhf=-1&nht=-1&ttf=0&ttt=0&dstf=0&dstt=0&spdf=0&spdt=0&zone=0&pantry=0&stptype=undefined&raketype=0&cu=undefined&trn=0&q= Kalyan Jn IndiaRailInfo]</ref> Majority of trains towards Nashik side from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus stops at platform no. 4. Platform 1 and Platform 1A are dedicated to Slow local trains that start from Kalyan and go to CSMT.

== Loco Sheds==
The [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Electric Loco Shed]] and Kalyan Diesel Loco Shed are located to the North-East and the South-East of the station respectively. They are two of five loco sheds serving the Mumbai Metropolitan region, with the others being [[Kurla railway station|Kurla]], [[Bandra Terminus|Bandra]] and [[Neral Junction railway station|Neral]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Locomotives at Diesel Loco Shed, Kalyan
!Serial No.
!Locomotive Class
!Horsepower
!Quantity
|-
|1.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-3A|WDG-3A]]
|3100
|11
|-
|2.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]]
|3300
|15
|-
|3.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4/4D]]
|4000/4500
|64
|-
|4
|[[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4/4B/4D]]
|4000/4500
|12
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of August 2025'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Railway Board, Ministry of Railways}}</ref>
|102
|}

== 1991 Train bomb blast ==
On November 8, 1991, a bomb exploded on a train when it reached Kalyan railway station. Twelve people were killed and 65 injured in the explosion. Ravinder Singh alias Bittu who was linked to the [[Babbar Khalsa]], a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Khalistan movement|militant]] organization was convicted in the case.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-18|title=Kalyan 1991 train blast: SIT to probe convict's activities since he jumped parole in 2007|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/1991-kalyan-train-blast-sit-to-probe-convicts-activities-since-he-jumped-parole-in-2007-2981742/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2016|first=Manjeet|last=Sehgal|title=1991 Mumbai blast convict arrested from Phagwara|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1991-mumbai-blast-convict-arrested-from-phagwara-335611-2016-08-17|access-date=2020-12-17|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravinder Singh @ Bittu vs The State Of Maharashtra on 30 April, 2002|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/568914/}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Kalyan Junction railway station booking office.jpg|Kalyan Junction railway station booking office
File:Kalyan Junction railway station - Overview.jpg|Kalyan Junction railway station - Overview
File:Kalyan JN.jpg|Kalyan Junction platform view
File:Kalyan Junction railway station - Platformboard.jpg|Kalyan Junction railway station - Platformboard
File:Kalyan Junction station.jpg|Entering Kalyan Junction station
File:Kalyan Railway Station During Floods.jpg|Kalyan Railway Station During Floods
File:Crowd outside Kalyan Junction..jpg|Crowd outside Kalyan Junction
File:Kalyan Junction station on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway near Bombay LCCN2004707348.jpg|Kalyan Junction station, c.1895
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kalyan}}

{{commons category|Kalyan Junction railway station}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central}}
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Railway junction stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Igatpuri rail line]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Lonavala rail line]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Thane district]]
[[Category:Transport in Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1854]]

Black panther (symbol)

2026-03-20T00:41:18Z

Pranav: small changes

{{Short description|Carinthian historical symbol}}
[[File:Carantanian panther.png|thumb|Carantanian panther]]
The '''black panther''' ({{langx|sl|črni panter}}), also known as the '''Carantanian panther''' ({{lang|sl|karantanski panter}}) after the Medieval principality of [[Carantania]], is a [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthian]] historical [[symbol]], which represents a stylized heraldic [[Panther (legendary creature)#Heraldry|panther]]. As a heraldic symbol, it appeared on the coat of arms of the Carinthian Duke [[Herman II, Duke of Carinthia|Herman II]] as well as of the [[Duchy of Styria|Styrian]] Margrave [[Ottokar III of Styria|Ottokar III]]. In this region it was most frequently imaged on various monuments and tombstones. The symbol can still be found in the [[Coat of arms of Styria|coat of arms of the Austrian state of Styria]], although in a white version on green background, dating back to the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 February 2024|language=sl|title=Grb Štajerske|trans-title=The Coat of Arms of Styria|url=https://www.grboslovje.si/stajerska.php|work=Grboslovje.si}}</ref> The symbol is also widely used within structures of the [[Slovenia]]n [[security forces]]; namely by the [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] and the [[Slovenian Police]]. Since 1991, there have been several proposals to replace the [[Coat of arms of Slovenia|Slovenian coat of arms]] with the black panther.

==Origin==
The origins of the symbol are unclear. According to the archaeologist and historian Andrej Pleterski, it appears for the first time in the coat of arms of the [[Sponheim]] family from Carinthia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mladina.si/50763/mitoloske-prikazni/ |title=Mitološke prikazni |language=sl|trans-title=Mythological Apparitions |work=Mladina.si |first=Erik |last=Valenčič |date=3 June 2010}}</ref> The historian [[Peter Štih]] has denied any historically attested relation to symbols of [[Carantania]].<ref>[http://www.mladina.si/93367/slo-intervju--gregor_cerar/ Intervju P. Štiha v Mladini, 15. 12. 2005]</ref> On the contrary, the economist [[Jožko Šavli]], an adherent of the [[Pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] autochthonist [[Venetic theory]], believed that it originated from the Roman province of [[Noricum]], was later adopted by Carantania, and then by the [[Duchy of Styria|Styrian]] nobility.<ref>{{cite book |title=Slovenska znamenja |language=sl|trans-title=Slovene Symbols |year=1994 |first=Jožko |last=Šavli |isbn=961-6097-00-8}}</ref>

==Later disputed usage==
===Symbol of Carantania===
The symbol of the black panther in its current version was first reconstructed by the self-proclaimed historian, and high school economics teacher, [[Jožko Šavli]] in the 1980s. Šavli claimed that he had discovered several feudal families originating from the old [[Carantania]]n area that had a black panther in their dynastic coat of arms. He also claimed that he had discovered several documents mentioning the black panther as an ancient symbol of Carantania. From all these evidences he reconstructed the probable appearance of the symbol of [[Carolingian]] Carantania. These claims are not backed by any real evidence and have been refuted by academic historians.

Šavli's reconstruction soon gained some popularity among younger generations of Slovenian patriots and nationalists.

===Symbol of Carinthia===
Several academic historians, such as [[Peter Štih]], have disputed the hypothesis that the black panther was the symbol of Carolingian and [[Ottonian]] [[Duchy of Carinthia]]. According to their views, all mentions which would suggest such a conclusion are vague. Furthermore, there is no direct evidence of the symbol dating to the time of the Slavic principality of Carantania.

==Current usage==
===Slovenia===
[[Jožko Šavli]]'s stylized version of the black panther is widely used within structures of the [[Slovenia]]n [[security forces]]; namely by the [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] and the [[Slovenian Police]]. Within the Slovenian military the symbol is present on a coat of arms of the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces ({{langx|sl|Generalštab Slovenske vojske}})<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/generalstab/ | title = Generalštab Slovenske vojske | trans-title = General Staff of the Slovenian Army | publisher = [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] official website | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl | archive-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160407195915/http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/generalstab/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> and the United Operational Center ({{langx|sl|Združeni operativni center}}), although in the latter case the symbol is reversed and is facing to the right.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/zdruzeni-operativni-center/ | title = Združeni operativni center | trans-title = United Operational Center | publisher = [[Slovenian Armed Forces]] official website | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl | archive-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160407154630/http://www.slovenskavojska.si/struktura/zdruzeni-operativni-center/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The black panther on a white shield is also present within the official emblem of the Medical Rescue Center of [[Carinthia (Slovenia)|Carinthia]] ({{langx|sl|Zdravstveno reševalni center Koroške}}).<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.zrck.si/ | title = Zdravstveno reševalni center Koroške | trans-title = Medical rescue center of Carinthia | publisher = Medical rescue center of Carinthia official website | access-date = 26 October 2022 | language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.zrck.si/index.php/logotip | title = Logotip ZRCK | trans-title = ZRKC's logo | publisher = Medical rescue center of Carinthia official website | access-date = 26 October 2022 | language = sl }}</ref> The panther is also used in the coat of arms of the [[Specialna Enota Policije|special forces unit]] of the Slovenian Police, although in their case stylized in red and presented on a black shield.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.policija.si/o-slovenski-policiji/organiziranost/generalna-policijska-uprava/specialna-enota | title = Specialna enota | trans-title = Special unit | publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website | access-date = 20 March 2026 | language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.policija.si/index.php/delovna-podroja/175 | title = Specialna enota | trans-title = Special unit | publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl | archive-date = 5 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405073557/http://www.policija.si/index.php/delovna-podroja/175 | url-status = dead }}</ref> This unit is commonly referred to as the ''Red Panthers'' ({{lang|sl|Rdeči panterji}}).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/rdeci-panterji-se-dan-za-dnem-urijo-za-pomoc-udarnost-in-ostrino.html | title = Rdeči panterji se dan za dnem urijo za pomoč, udarnost in ostrino |trans-title=Red Panthers train day-to-day for help, strike and sharpness | author = Mitja Felc | publisher = [[Delo (Slovenia)|Delo]] official website | date = 2 August 2011 | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.policija.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67167 | title = Rdeči panterji sodelovali v taktični vaji Atlas Common Challenge 2013 | trans-title = Red Panthers participated in a tactical exercise Atlas Common Challenge 2013 | publisher = [[Slovenian Police]] official website | date = 19 April 2013 | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl | archive-date = 5 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405070959/http://www.policija.si/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67167 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/foto-policijski-specialci-najprej-znoj-in-kri-nato-zvestoba-do-groba/309411 | title = Foto: Policijski specialci – najprej znoj in kri, nato zvestoba do groba |trans-title=Foto: Police special forces – first sweat and blood, then loyalty until the end | author = Tina Hacler | publisher = [[RTV Slovenija]] official website | date = 23 May 2013 | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/specialna.html | title = Foto: Policijski specialci – najboljši med najboljšimi |trans-title=Foto: Police special forces – the best among the best | author = M. M., U. Z. | publisher = [[POP TV|24ur]] official website | date = 22 May 2013 | access-date = 25 March 2016 | language = sl }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[National symbols of Slovenia]]
*[[Prince's Stone]]
*[[Duke's Chair]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Andrej Pleterski, "Karantanski Rašamon ali mit pred mitom" in [[Delo (newspaper)|Delo]], y. 39, n. 118 (May 24, 1997).
*Peter Štih, "Brskanje po zgodovini in iskanje slovenskih simbolov" in Delo, y. 30, n. 130 (June 6, 1990).
*Jožko Šavli, ''Slovenski simboli'' (Bilje: Založba Humar, 1995).

[[Category:Heraldic beasts]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Slovenian nationalism]]

Corps of Signals (India)

2026-03-19T18:33:12Z

Pranav: Added Some Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Communications arm of the Indian Army}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Promotional|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Corps of Signals
| image = File:Corps of Signals, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Crest of the Corps of Signals
| dates = 15 February 1911 – Present
| country = {{UK}} {{IND}}
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1911–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–Present)
| branch = {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
| type =
| role = Communication Support
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Jabalpur]], [[India]]
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto = "Teevra Chaukas" ''Swift and Secure''
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
*[[Burma Campaign]]
[[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian War of 1962]]
[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999]]
| anniversaries = 15th February (Raising Day)
| decorations = 2 [[Maha Vir Chakra]] 4 [[Vir Chakra]] 1 [[Yudh Seva Medal]],
 29 [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] 56 [[Sena Medal]] 4 [[Kirti Chakra]] 9 [[Shaurya Chakra]]
| battle_honours =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website =
| commander1_label = Signal Officer in Chief
| commander1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Vivek Dogra, {{post nominals|country=IND|size=80%|SM}}
| commander2_label = Colonel Commandants
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Vivek Dogra, {{post nominals|country=IND|size=80%|SM}} {{small|SOinC & Senior Colonel Commandant}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] H S Vandra, {{post nominals|country=IND|size=80%|SM}}
}}
| commander3_label =
| commander3 =
| commander4_label =
| commander4 =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol = {{Color box|#1E90FF}} Navy Blue {{Color box|#000080}} Sky Blue {{Color box|#006400}} Green
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Colors
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Signal Corps India Flag.jpg|120px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = Regimental Flag
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
}}

'''The Corps of Signals''' is a [[corps]] and a combat support arm of the [[Indian Army]], which handles its [[military communications]]. It was formed on 15 February 1911 as a separate entity under Lieutenant Colonel S H Powell and went on to make important contributions to World War I and World War II.<ref>Brett-James, Antony ''Report my Signals'' London Hennel Locke 1948 - personal account of a British officer attached to Indian Army in Egypt and Burma</ref> The corps celebrated its 100th anniversary of raising on 15 February 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corps Of Signals – Inaugural: Ceremony Centenary Year|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=57818 |date=15 February 2010 |publisher= Ministry of Defence}}</ref>

==History==
It was formed on 15 February 1911 at Fatehgarh under Lieutenant Colonel S. H. Powell. It originated from earlier telegraph units established in 1868 by Sappers and Miners, evolving into a separate corps during British colonial rule and achieving full Indianization by 1947 before being redesignated on 26 January 1950. During World War I, the Corps underwent significant expansion to meet the demands of global conflict, growing from its nascent companies into a vital support element for Indian Expeditionary Forces and units were deployed to multiple theaters where they established and maintained communication lines under challenging conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corps of Signals – Indian Army |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/army/units/others/corps-of-signals/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Corps has participated in all wars as part of the Indian Army, including World War I, World War II, Operation in 1947, 1965 [[Operation Gibraltar]] in 1965, [[Operation Trident (1971)|Operation Trident]] in 1971, [[Operation Pawan]], and Operation VIJAY. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-02-15 |title=Corps Of Signals (Indian Army) : All You Need To Know |url=https://defencedirecteducation.com/2020/02/15/corps-of-signals-indian-army-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=DDE |language=}}</ref> After the Sino-Indian conflict of 1962, there was sudden expansion and two additional Centres were raised, one in Goa and the second at Jabalpur. In 1967, Signal Training Centre, located at Jabalpur , was disbanded. Each of the Training Centres now consists of one Military Training Regiment and three Technical Training Regiments.<ref name=":0" />

The Corps has the honour of being presented the Regimental Colours by the then Hon'ble President, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan]] on 20 February 1965 at No. 1 Signal Training Centre, [[Jabalpur]]. Some of its noteworthy communication projects like Army Static Switched Communication Network (ASCON) was dedicated to the Nation by the then Hon'ble PM Shri [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P. V. Narsimha Rao]] in August 1995 while in February 2006 the Army Wide Area Network (AWAN) was similarly dedicated to the Nation by the then Hon'ble President of India Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|APJ Abdul Kalam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History of Corps of Signals |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=57864&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=31 Dec 2025 |website=PIB}}</ref>

The motto of the Corps of Signals is "Teevra Chaukas", meaning "Swift and Secure",<ref name=":1" /> reflecting their commitment to providing reliable and rapid communication services. This commitment towards speed and reliability is mirrored in their emblem, which features the Mercury, symbolizing speed, communication and agility.

=== The Corps Emblem ===
Mercurius which is a roman version of Greek God "Hermes", the messenger of Gods in Greek mythology, a Magic Wand (Caduceus), Winged Sandals (Talaria), Winged Cap "Petasus" and Wings on Top of "Caduceus" Further enhance the motion of the sandals. The figure of Mercury on a Globe supported by a School, which bears our motto "Teevra Chaukas" and Twelve Laurel Leaves below. The whole Emblem with Mercury facing his right is surmounted by a detached Five Pointed Star.

== Role ==
[[File:The Corps of Signals marching contingents passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 67th Republic Day Parade 2016, in New Delhi on January 26, 2016.jpg|thumb|305x305px|The Corps of Signals marching contingents passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 67th Republic Day Parade 2016|alt=|right]]
The Corps of Signals is a combat support arm of the Indian Army responsible for military communications since its inception on 15 Feb 1911,<ref name=":0" /> the Corps has evolved significantly, adapting to the changing technological landscape to ensure seamless and secure communications within the armed forces. The primary role of the Corps of Signals is to develop, manage and operate the communication networks of the Indian Army. It has evolved over the years from rudimentary semaphores, signal flags, radio and telegraph systems to advanced satellite communications, cyber operations and electronic warfare. The Corps evolution has enabled the Indian Army to maintain secure and efficient communications across diverse terrains and operational areas.

The Corps ensures that commanders at all levels can communicate effectively, which is crucial for operational success. It has been at the forefront of integrating cutting-edge technologies with military strategy ensuring the Indian Army's agility and responsiveness in all combat and non-combat scenarios.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=THE CORPS OF SIGNALS |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/about/army-service-corps/combat-edge--the-corps-of-signals-the-corps-of-signals}}</ref> The troops of the Corps of Signals are trained in all aspects of soldiering and also in Information Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering in premier Institutions like the [[Military College of Telecommunication Engineering]] (MCTE) and Signal Training Centres (STCs). This specialized training equips them to handle complex operational duties and communication systems.

The Corps of Signals also contributes to various non combat operations like setting up communication networks to provide communication during natural disasters facilitating coordination amongst relief agencies. Their expertise is also critical during [[List of United Nations peacekeeping missions|United Nations Peacekeeping Missions]] where robust communications networks and implementation of cyber defense measures are essential.<ref name=":2" />

==Adventure activities==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
The Corps is renowned for its esprit-de-corps and military discipline. It has been an integral part of Indian Army at important National and International fora. In the sports field too, the Corps has an excellent record. It has produced veterans like [[M. P. Ganesh]], [[Leslie Fernandez (field hockey)|Leslie Fernandez]], SR Pawar, Gulzar Singh, S Jayaram, Achinta Sheuli, and Narender to name a few. MP Ganesh took part in the World Cup Hockey in Barcelona and the Munich Olympics. It was a red-lettered day in the history of the Corps when MP Ganesh captained the National side for the World Cup in Amsterdam. He was honoured with Arjuna Award in 1973 and the Padma Shri in 2020. Boxer S Jayaram was awarded the Arjuna Award for Boxing in 1989. The Corps continues to encourage individuals to participate in sports and is second to none in its pursuit of excellence.

The Dispatch Rider team of the Corps, popularly known as "The Dare Devils", is renowned for brilliant displays which have thrilled spectators on various important occasions including Republic Day Parades. The Dare Devils team has numerous Guinness World Records and Limca Book of records to its credit. The marching contingent led by Captain [[Tania Shergill]] was adjudged the best marching contingent during Republic Day Parade 2020.

As the Indian army forges ahead towards technological absorption, the Corps of Signals will be at the forefront of this effort with its technical prowess and continues to stand as a testament to the indispensable role of Information and Communication technologies in modern military operations.

==Training and technology==

[[File:Mobile Base Transceiver Station passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi on January 26, 2018.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Mobile Base Transceiver Station of the Corps of Signals|alt=|right]]
[[File:Transportable Satellite Terminal passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi on January 26, 2017.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Transportable Satellite Terminal of the Corps of Signals|alt=|right]]
[[File:Stamp of India - 2011 - Colnect 259242 - Corps of Signals.jpeg|thumb|305x305px|Corps of Signals ''Centenary'' postage stamp issued in 2011|alt=|right]]
The Corps works closely with the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to develop command and control software, notably the [[Samyukta Electronic Warfare System]], a mobile integrated [[electronic warfare]] system, developed along with [[Bharat Electronics Limited]].<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan202004/n11.asp Army gets hi-tech warfare system]</ref><ref name=cmc>[http://www.cmcltd.com/news_events/press_reports/200404apr/20040407_DRDO_devlp_moblie.htm DRDO Develops Mobile Electronic Warfare System]</ref>

The [[Military College of Telecommunication Engineering]] (MCTE), [[Mhow]] is a premier training institute of the Corps of Signals. Its war museum is situated at [[Jabalpur]], where 1 Signals Training Centre is based.

== Decorations ==

; Gallantry awards
{{Incomplete list|date=October 2023}}

* Maha Vir Chakra
** Brig KS Gourishankar (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |title= Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1351}}</ref>
** Brig HS Kler (1965)
* Vir Chakra
** Brig HS Bains (1948)<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://twdi.in/node/2226}}</ref>
** Hav KG Geore (1965)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 20, -6 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1662-1966-0001-75746.pdf}}</ref>
** Capt (Later Brig) PK Ghosh (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://twdi.in/node/3799}}</ref>
** Sigmn (Later LT Col) DC Dillon (1971)
* Kirti Chakra
** Sigmn DR Deshmukh (1976)
** Tukaram Omble (2008)
** Capt Deepak Sharma (2010)
** Capt Devinder S Jass (2010)
* Ashok Chakra
** MAJ JK Grover (1957)
* Shaurya Chakra
** Lnk Jagbeer Singh (1977)
** CHM Timaiah PK Jaiapa (1979)
** Sigmn Mahendra K Sharma (1985)
** LHav Birbal (1998)
** Capt Sunil Yadav (2007)
** Lnk Gopal S Bhadoriya (2017)
** Capt Abhinav k Chaudhary (2019)
** Capt MV Prajwal (2023)
** Capt Deepak Sharma (2024)
* Sena Medel
** Capt Davin Singh Malik (2021)
** Maj Sudhir Kumar (2021)
** Sigmn Kushwaha Pradeep
** Capt Udit Mohan Raj
** Capt Krishnakumar K
** Maj Shailendra K Yadav
** Capt Sushant Sharma
** Capt Atul Dhankar
** Maj Yogesh Sharma
** Capt K Chamoli
** Maj S Gaur
** Maj Pankaj Kumar
** Capt S Paul
** Maj Manish K
** Maj Satish Gupta
** Maj Narender K
** Hav Bipul Roy(P)
** Maj Vijay K
** Capt Reshab Dhungana
** Capt Abid Sohil
** Maj Gen HS Vandra
** Lnk Harish Chandra Nain
** Maj Aditya S
** Nb Sub NN Chaudhary
** Sigmn Sahab Singh
** Sub Bangane RS
** Maj AK Thenge
** Lnk Atanu Maity
** Lnk Jitendra S
** Lnk Bhopal Singh
** Sigmn SA Malhari
** Sigmn MR Chaudhary
** Capt Shubham Gupta
** Lnk Gopal S Bhadoriya
** Sub Mohan Singh
** Sigmn Vinod Kumar
** Sigmn KE Chaitram
** Lnk KS Rao
** Lnk Deepa Ram
** Maj Ram Singh
** Sigmn Ajay Chaudhary
** 2Lt JK Grover
** Hav Bagicha Singh
** Hav Lekh Raj
** Capt KS Mann

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://omstamps.com/index.php?route=blog/article&article_id=31 Stamp issued by India Post]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PLargewithoutsize.aspx?MnId=x8Fpf75MzqasnBsvabeyrA==&ParentID=B3c22nYOO88v8VALaeX+eA==&flag=qf10D8YqgA4v9zQoEO2G4Q== Corps of Signals] at [[Indian Army]] website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120115042705/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Other/227-Corps-Of-Signals.html Corps of Signals] at [[Bharat Rakshak]] website
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/signal.htm Corps of Signals] at [[Global Security]] website

{{Indian_Army_Arms_and_Services}}

[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army|S]]
[[Category:Military communications corps]]
[[Category:Military communications of India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1911]]

Paswan

2026-03-16T10:09:15Z

Pranav: adjust page for consistency

{{short description|Dalit community in Eastern India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Paswan
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Eastern India]]
| populated_states = {{hlist|[[Bihar]]|[[Jharkhand]]|[[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| languages = {{unbulleted list|[[Hindi language|Hindi]] • [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] • [[Angika]]}}
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| image =
| caption =
|population=6,943,000 (5.3111% of the population of Bihar)}}
The '''Paswan''', also known as '''Dusadh''', are a [[Dalit]] community from eastern [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India |first1=Oliver |last1=Mendelsohn |first2=Marika |last2=Vicziany |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-52155-671-2 |page=xiii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGbp9MjhvKAC&pg=PR13}}</ref> They are found mainly in the states of [[Bihar]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/hemraj-paswan-a-centenarian-voter-shows-political-acuity/article26656362.ece|title=Hemraj Paswan: A 'centenarian' voter shows political acuity|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2019-03-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Jharkhand]]. The [[Urdu]] word ''Paswan'' means bodyguard or "one who defends". The origin of the word, per the belief of the community, lies in their participation in the battle against [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the [[Nawab]] of Bengal at the behest of [[British East India Company]], after which they were rewarded with the post of ''[[Security guard|Chowkidar]]s'' and lathi-(baton) wielding tax collector for the ''[[Zamindar]]s''. They follow certain rituals such as walking on fire to assert their valour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/who-are-the-paswans-upwardly-mobile-powerful-dalit-group-at-centre-of-bihar-polls-buzz/528964/|title=Who are the Paswans? 'Upwardly mobile, powerful' Dalit group at centre of Bihar polls buzz|website=The Print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130224957/https://theprint.in/politics/who-are-the-paswans-upwardly-mobile-powerful-dalit-group-at-centre-of-bihar-polls-buzz/528964/|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Paswans claim their origin from a number of folk and epic characters in order to seek upliftment in their social status. Some Paswan believe that they have originated from [[Rahu]], a superhuman and one of the planets in [[Hindu]] mythology, while others claim their origin from [[Dushasana]], one of the [[Kaurava]] princes. Claims regarding origin from "Gahlot Kshatriya" are also persistent among some members of the community, but others view such claims with disdain, as they do not like to be associated with [[Rajput]]s.<ref name=" Narayan 322">{{citation |chapter=Documenting Dissent|first=Badri|last=Narayan |title=Life as a Dalit: Views from the Bottom on Caste in India |editor1-first=Subhadra Mitra |editor1-last=Channa |editor2-first=Joan P. |editor2-last=Mencher |publisher=SAGE Publications India|page=322,323 |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-13211-777-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTAnAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>

It has also been argued by some [[Bhumihar]]s, that the Paswan are hybrid scions of cross marriages between two different castes. The Paswan community rejects these theories, and argues the origin of the name 'Dusadh' lies in ''Dusadhya'', meaning "who is difficult to be defeated".<ref name=" Narayan 322 "/>

==History==
[[File:Dosadh man in bengal 1860.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Dusadh man in [[West Bengal|Bengal]] from 1860 CE]]
They have been considered to be an [[Untouchability|untouchable]] community.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India |first1=Oliver |last1=Mendelsohn |first2=Marika |last2=Vicziany |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-52155-671-2 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGbp9MjhvKAC&pg=PA6}}</ref> In [[Bihar]], they are primarily landless, agricultural labourers and have historically been village watchmen and messengers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hewitt|first=J. F.|date=1893|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal, by H. H. Risley. Vols. I. and II. Ethnographic Glossary, Vols. I. and II. Anthropometric Data|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=237–300|jstor=25197142|issn=0035-869X}}</ref> They are one of the most discriminated caste group in the feudal society of rural [[Bihar]]. Reports indicates that the Dusadh landless women were often subjected to undignified teasings like "pinching on breast" by their landlords who were primarily [[Rajput]]s. The landlords also raped these women frequently in order to keep their men in submissive position.<ref name="UN">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-s9SIp1-OsC&pg=PA73|title=Case Studies on Strengthening Co-ordination Between Non-governmental Organizations and Government Agencies in Promoting Social Development|publisher=United Nations (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific)|year=1989|page=72,73|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

Prior to 1900, they also used to rear pigs particularly in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Bihar. The Paswans defend the occupation of rearing of pigs by stating it as a strategy to counter the [[Islam in India|Muslims]]. They assert that, in order to protect themselves from Muslims, Paswan girls used to wear amulets made from bones of pigs and kept pigs at their doors, given the animosity of Muslims with pigs. Since [[Rajput]]s of [[Rajasthan]] also reared as well as hunted wild pigs, this fact is used by them to defend this occupation which is corroborated by the fact that after the end of [[Zamindar]]i system, the traditional occupation of serving as guards couldn't provide subsistence to them.<ref name=" Narayan 322 "/>

The Paswans have also been historically associated with martial pursuits<ref name= Hauser2004 /> and many fought on behalf of the [[East India Company]] during the 18th century in the Bengal Army.<ref>{{cite book |title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950 |editor1-first=Claude |editor1-last=Markovits |editor2-first=Jacques |editor2-last=Pouchepadass |editor3-first=Sanjay |editor3-last=Subrahmanyam |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-843312-31-4 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEj600m1bgMC&pg=PA299}}</ref> The [[2011 Census of India]] for Uttar Pradesh showed the Paswan population, which is classified as a [[Scheduled Caste]], as being 230,593.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title= A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2017-02-06}}</ref> The same census showed a population of 4,945,165 in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|title=DATA HIGHLIGHTS : THE SCHEDULED CASTES Census of India 2001|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_bihar.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref>

The folk hero of the Paswans is [[Chauharmal]]. Within Paswan folklore, the tale of Chauharmal and Reshma is well known. Reshma, the daughter of a powerful [[Bhumihar]] landlord, persuades Chauharmal to marry her against her father's wishes. Eventually Chauharmal confronts his beloved's father and defeats him, symbolizing the victory of the community over their [[Bhumihar]] oppressors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Communication, Culture and Confrontation|first=Bernard|last=Bel|first2=Jan|last2=Brouwer|first3=Biswajit|last3=Das|first4=Vibodh|last4=Parthasarathi|first5=Guy|last5=Poitevin
|publisher=SAGE Publications|location= India|year= 2010|isbn=978-8132104865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdRjDwAAQBAJ&q=Reshma+was+from+bhumihar+kshatriya+community&pg=PT111|access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref> Other versions of the tale reject this empowering message by claiming Chauharmal was born in a [[Brahmin]] family in previous birth while Reshma was born as his wife.<ref>{{cite book|title=Communication, Culture and Confrontation|first=Bernard|last=Bel|first2=Jan|last2=Brouwer|first3=Biswajit|last3=Das|first4=Vibodh|last4=Parthasarathi|first5=Guy|last5=Poitevin
|publisher=SAGE Publications|location= India|year= 2010|isbn=978-8132104865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdSGAwAAQBAJ&q=bihar+and+caste&pg=PA168|page=164,168|access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref><ref name=Hauser2004>{{cite journal | title=From Peasant Soldiering to Peasant Activism: Reflections on the Transition of a Martial Tradition in the Flaming Fields of Bihar | author= Walter Hauser | journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume = 47| issue= 3 | year=2004 | pages= 401–434|jstor = 25165055| doi= 10.1163/1568520041974684 }}</ref>

Apart from Chauharmal Baba, some Dusadh also worship Gauriya Baba.This folk hero as per their oral traditions is contemporary of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in India. According to the folklores he used to ride a horse and protected not only his own castemen but also the other [[Hindu]]s including the [[Rajput]]s from the onslaught of Mughal soldiers and forcible conversions to [[Islam]]. Baba used to bury the head of pig in front of his house which was located at the fringe of village. Since pigs were anathema for Muslims, it protected the village from the incursions of Mughal soldiers who were predominantly Muslim.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bJ_rhfu6yUC&pg=PA73|title=Fascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit Mobilisation|author=Badri Narayan|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2009|isbn=978-8132101055|pages=73–74|access-date=2020-10-05}}</ref>

==Politics==
In 1900, caste association became the dominant method to pitch for the social and political rights. Hence, a number of caste association of politically aware castes were formed in the meantime. Like [[Koeri]], [[Kurmi]] and [[Yadav]] community, Paswans also formed their own Paswan Sabha in 1911 to make claims to [[Kshatriya]] status. They were first among [[Dalit]]s to achieve this feat.<ref name="Kunnath George 66" >{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...
|page=66|first=George |last=Kunnath|publisher=Taylor and Francis group |location=New york |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkcrDwAAQBAJ&q=rebel+from+the+mud+Dusadh+sabha&pg=PA66
|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>

The Paswans emerged as a political force in [[Bihar]], primarily after the resurgence of socialist leader [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]. Paswan floated the [[Lok Janshakti Party]], which became an ally of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]-led [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. Earlier, the [[Dalit]]s including the Paswan community voted for [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] but during RJD-LJP alliance they became a supporter of a bloc which included their earlier preference Congress as well as the new choice [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]. It is difficult to predict the actual data regarding the population of various caste groups but according to political analysts, this new bloc of RJD-Congress aided by LJP commanded huge support from Yadav, Muslim as well as Paswan community. This social axis remained successful to offset the JDU-BJP alliance in 2004 [[Lok Sabha]] elections of Bihar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar|first=Sanjay |title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|page=133,134|publisher=SAGE publication|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad&pg=PA134|date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

Earlier, the attempts to woo Paswans in his favour was also made by [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] chief Laloo Yadav (then [[Chief Minister]] of Bihar), who portrayed Chauharmal as an iconic figure and attempted to reconcile them with his politics of social justice. He also organised a ''Chauharmal Mela'' in 1995. Ram Vilas Paswan was too in this fray, who aimed both to champion himself as the real face of this community as well as to gather the support for his newly formed organisation, Dalit Sena.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...
|first=George |last=Kunnath|publisher=Taylor and Francis group |location=New york |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkcrDwAAQBAJ&q=rebel+from+the+mud+Dusadh+sabha&pg=PA164|page=164,165
|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>

==Inter-caste conflicts==

===Belchi massacre===
{{main|Belchhi massacre}}
In 1970s, the [[Belchi]] village in Bihar witnessed one of the severest [[massacre]]s of Bihar's history. The root cause of the massacre was caste conflict between Paswan landless peasants and [[Kurmi]] landlords. This massacre parted the way between Kurmis and Paswans and made them skeptical of each other's activities in all spheres of life.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A. | title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar | pages=82–83|publisher=Viking | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-670-08459-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA83 | access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>

===Bhojpur rebellion===
Bhojpur Rebellion is the term used to describe the internecine conflict between upper caste landlords & landless [[Dalit]]s led by poor peasants from middle peasant castes during the 1960s. The cause of caste wars in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] was not only the economical issues but also the unrestricted access of upper castes to [[Dalit]] women . Here, the spark of rebellion emerged from Ekwaari village, under the leadership of [[Koeri]] militant, [[Jagdish Mahto]] aided by his lieutenants Ramnaresh Ram (Ramnaresh Paswan) and Rameswar Ahir "Sadhuji." The trio organised murders of a number of upper-caste landlords under the banner of [[Maoism]]. After the encounter of its core commanders, the [[Maoist]] resurgence in Bhojpur faded away.<ref>{{cite book|title = Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India|first=Gail|last= Omvedt|publisher=M.E.Sharpe |page=59|year=1993|isbn=0765631768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlxb0uacnRcC&q=Reinventing+Revolution:+New+So/jagdish+mahto&pg=PA59|access-date=2020-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From popular movement to rebellion:The Naxalite dacade|page= 317,318|first=Ranbir|last=Samaddar|publisher=Routledge|location =New york|year=2019|isbn= 978-0-367-13466-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjZ7DwAAQBAJ&q=jagdish+prasad+mahto+naxal&pg=PT317|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> It was believed that the forcing of lower caste women into adultery and the frequent rapes of these disadvantaged women by the Rajput landlords was one of the cause of the Bhojpur rebellion, which continued though at low scale, after the death of Jagdish Mahto. Those who took it forward include people like Fagu Mahto who were disgusted with the prevalent feudal dominance of the Rajput landlords.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HweAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhojpur: Naxalism in the Plains of Bihar|author1=Kalyan Mukherjee|author2=Rajendra Singh Yadav|publisher=Rādhā Krishna Original from the University of Michigan|year=1980|access-date=25 January 2021|quote=When Jagdish Mahto and his small band were scouring the Bhojpur villages they met a Kurmi named Fagu Mahto, who was disgusted by the Rajput habit of raping lower caste women. After Jagdish Mahto's death in December 1972, the villages around Hadiabad began to hear and see more of Fagu Mahto. }}</ref>

===Senari massacre===
In the 1990s in Senari, [[Jehanabad district|Jahanabad]] district, a [[Maoist Communist Centre of India|Maoist communist centre]] (MCC) unit composed primarily of Paswans and [[Yadav]]s assassinated 34 Bhumihars. A 'session Court' of Bihar awarded death penalty to ten perpetrators in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2016-11-16|title=10 get death penalty for Senari massacre|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/10-get-death-penalty-for-Senari-massacre/article16642996.ece|access-date=2020-08-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=165 |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA165|isbn=978-1-84331-709-8}}</ref>

==Paswans in Nepal==
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Paswan as a subgroup within the broader social group of [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] [[Dalit]]s.<ref>[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II]</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 208,910 people (0.8% of the population of Nepal) were Paswan. The frequency of Paswans by province was as follows:
* [[Madhesh Province]] (2.8%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (1.0%)
* [[Koshi Province]] (0.2%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Paswans was higher than national average (0.8%) in the following districts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Kapilvastu District|Kapilvastu]] (3.8%)
* [[Sarlahi District|Sarlahi]] (3.7%)
* [[Siraha District|Siraha]] (3.3%)
* [[Bara District|Bara]] (3.1%)
* [[Rautahat District|Rautahat]] (2.9%)
* [[Parsa District|Parsa]] (2.7%)
* [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]] (2.5%)
* [[Mahottari District|Mahottari]] (2.4%)
* [[Saptari District|Saptari]] (1.7%)
* [[Parasi District|Parasi]] (1.6%)
* [[Rupandehi District|Rupandehi]] (1.5%)
* [[Banke District|Banke]] (0.9%)

==See also==
*[[Paswan (surname)]]
*[[Sahlesh]]
*[[Dalits in Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]

S.K.J. Law College

2026-03-13T19:03:05Z

Pranav: fix

{{primary sources|dated=|date=May 2025}}
{{short description|Law college in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Sri Krishna Jubilee Law College
| native_name =
| image = Skj law college.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Building of S.K.J Law College
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| motto_eng =
| established = {{Start date|1948}}
| closed =
| type = [[Law College]]
| parent =
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)| UGC]]| [[Bar Council of India| BCI]] | [[B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University|B.R.A.B.U]] | [[Accredited by NAAC]] with B+}}
| city = [[Muzaffarpur]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| director = Mr. Jayant Kumar
| principal = Dr. Prof. K. K. N. Tiwari
| faculty =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| alumni =
| symbol =
| website = [http://www.skjlawcollege.ac.in www.skjlawcollege.ac.in]
| coor = {{Coord|26|06|17.0|N|85|23|01.6|E|type:edu}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
| embedded =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_map_caption =
}}
'''Sri Krishna Jubilee Law College''' is a [[Legal education|law college]], located in [[Muzaffarpur|Muzaffarpur, Bihar]] which is affiliated and maintained by Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University ([[B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University|B.R.A.B.U]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Examination Portal of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar |url=https://www.brabu.net/law_college.php |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.brabu.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Institutions in Bihar |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/Institutions.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220055056/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/Institutions.htm |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=gov.bih.nic.in |url-status=live }}</ref> The college was established in 1948, and named after Late [[Shri Krishna Sinha|Dr. Sri Krishna Singh]], the first [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] after independence.<ref name=history>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} S. K. J. Law college, Muzaffarpur |url=https://skjlawcollege.ac.in/history |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=skjlawcollege.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

==History and Etymology==
S.K.J. Law College, Muzaffarpur, was established in 1948 to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Bihar’s first Chief Minister, [[Shri Krishna Sinha|Dr. Sri Krishna Singh]]. The idea of founding a law college in Muzaffarpur was initiated by L.P. Shahi with the support of Mahesh Prasad Sinha and other local leaders. Initially, classes were held in B.B. Collegiate School with honorary teaching by senior advocates of the region. The college received temporary affiliation from Patna University in 1948 and permanent affiliation in 1951 up to the B.L. (Honours) standard.

Babu Kishore Narayan, senior advocate and former Chairman of the Muzaffarpur District Board, became the first principal. In 1965, the institution acquired land at Gannipur, where a permanent campus was constructed. The college shifted to this site in 1969. Over the years, infrastructure expanded to include lecture halls, a library, an auditorium, a guest house, and staff quarters.

The college has been managed by a governing committee since inception, with leadership passing from Mahesh Prasad Sinha to L.P. Shahi and later to others. It celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 1998 under Dr. Nageshwar Sharma. In the 2000s, further development included new academic blocks, a girls’ hostel, and sponsorship of a proposed institute of technology in Muzaffarpur.<ref name=history/>

== Courses ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Course !! Duration
|-
| LL.M. || 2 Years
|-
| B.A. LL.B. || 5 Years (Integrated)
|-
| LL.B. || 3 Years
|}

==Location==
S.K.J Law College is located in Gannipur, [[Muzaffarpur]].<ref>[http://muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in/EDU_INST.htm Official Web site of Muzaffarpur district ] EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION</ref>

[[Ram Dayalu Nagar railway station|Ram Dayalu Nagar Station]]<ref>[http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1368623672923-WAY%20SIDE%20STATIONS%20BSNL%20PHONE%20NO..pdf East Central Railways /Indian Railways Portal official government website] Telephone No. of SEE
Division Station</ref> is the nearest [[Train station|railway station]] to the college. From there people can reach easily, the distance is 950 metres or approx 1 km from [[Ram Dayalu Nagar railway station|Ram Dayalu Nagar]] railway station to the college. [[National Highway 77 (India)|National Highway 77]] (NH 77) is the nearest national highway and road distance from Gannipur main road to college is about 180 metres (walking distance of approx 1 minute).

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

* [[Patna Law College]]
* [[Muzaffarpur district]]
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Education in Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Law schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1948]]

Manzil (1960 film)

2026-03-04T04:00:51Z

Pranav: fixed issues

{{Other uses|Manzil (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manzil
| image = Manzil (1960).jpg
| caption =Poster
| director = Mandi Burman
| producer = Kalpana Pictures
| writer = Vrajendra Gaur
| starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Nutan]] [[Achala Sachdev]] [[K.N. Singh]] Pratima Devi [[Krishan Dhawan]] [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman|S.D. Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Nariman A. Irani]]
| editing = Dharamvir
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1960}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Manzil''''' ({{lit|Destination}}) is a 1960 [[Bollywood]] film directed by Mandi Burman. It stars [[Dev Anand]] and [[Nutan]], Krishan Dhawan, [[Achala Sachdev]] and [[K.N. Singh]]. [[Boxofficeindia.com]] declared it an "average" grosser.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=166&catName=MTk2MA== |title=Box Office 1960 |website =[[Boxofficeindia.com]]|date=7 February 2009|access-date=16 March 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922021750/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=166&catName=MTk2MA== |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in [[Shimla|Simla]] in 1929, Rajkumar Mehta, or Raju as he is lovingly called, has just returned from England. He meets his childhood friend Pushpa, and tells her about the situation at home. Raju's father Mehta wanted him to continue with the family business, but Raju ended up learning music instead. This leads to constant tiffs between the two, as Mehta considers music a profession for beggars. Raju doesn't show it, but he is in love with Pushpa, and she loves him back. More trouble stirs when Captain Prem Nath expresses his will to marry Pushpa.

Raju and Pushpa go to a bar one night, and meet the Captain there. The Captain doesn't recognize Raju, and Raju starts playing on the piano, evidently jealous. Pushpa somehow convinces the Captain to go away, and the two sing ''Aye Kash Chalte Milke''. A few days later, when the Captain comes visiting, (Pushpa is staying in Raju's house), he recognizes Raju, and says that when he saw him play the piano at the bar, he thought Raju was the bandmaster. Mehta hears this and is enraged. A few hours later, Raju comes out of his room, only to see his piano being thrown out. In a fit of rage, Raju leaves the house for Bombay.

Pushpa tries to convince him not to go, but Raju leaves anyway, and promises to take her along when he becomes successful. In Bombay, Raju struggles to find accommodation, and a tourist guide he meets ends up robbing him. Thankfully, the paan-seller offers him a room, and a wealthy prostitute Titlibai comes looking for Raju. She takes him to her house, impressed by his performance, and tries to woo him. Raju slowly starts to find success, but resists Titlibai's advances towards him. Embittered, Titlibai destroys the letters between Raju and Pushpa.

One day, Pushpa's mother, asks her brother Mangal to check up on Raju. Mangal comes back and tells Pushpa that he saw Raju in the company of a prostitute. Pushpa refuses to believe her uncle and goes to Bombay, only to see the same. Shattered, she returns and marries the Captain.

Finally, Raju becomes successful, and after composing the music score for a film, returns to Simla, only to see Pushpa getting married. His sister, Shoba Mehta sees him, and Raju is shocked when she tells him that Pushpa saw him with Titlibai and thought she had lost him for good. Raju becomes an alcoholic, and doesn't care for his newfound wealth or fame. Pushpa, too, is unhappy with her marriage, because she still loves Raju, but tries to be faithful to her husband.

Raju finally meets Pushpa, and denies having any relationship with Titlibai. Before Pushpa can say anything, the Captain finds them together. Believing that Pushpa was cheating on him, he draws a gun and tries to shoot Raju. Will the Captain succeed or will the two lovers be united?

==Cast==
*[[Dev Anand]] as Rajkumar Mehta "Raju"
*[[Nutan]] as Pushpa
*[[K. N. Singh]] as Mr. Mehta
*[[Achala Sachdev]] as Shobha Mehta
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Shankar Paanwala

==Music==
The music was composed by [[S.D. Burman]]. The lyrics were penned by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-iconic-manna-dey-and-his-magical-strains/article27092646.ece|title=The iconic Manna Dey and his magical strains|first=Namrata|last=Joshi|date=10 May 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 May 2024|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530142756/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-iconic-manna-dey-and-his-magical-strains/article27092646.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Manzil
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1960
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

===Songs===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Yaad Aa Gayi Woh" - 1
| [[Hemant Kumar]]
|-
| "Yaad Aa Gayi Woh" - 2
| Hemant Kumar
|-
| "Hato, Kaahe Ko Jhuthi"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| "Humdum Se Gaye"
| Manna Dey
|-
| "Ae Kaash Chalte Milke Yeh Teen Rahi Dil Ke"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Manna Dey
|-
| "Dil To Hai Deewana Na, Manega Bahana Na, Ruk Jana"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Chupke Se Mile Pyase Pyase Kuch Hum, Kuch Tum"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], Mohammed Rafi
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0054059|title=Manzil}}

[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]

Chirag Jain

2026-03-01T12:44:23Z

Pranav: New New Stub

{{Short description|Indian poet and writer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Chirag Jain
| image = Chirag Jain.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|05|27}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] [[Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University]]
| occupation = Poet, Writer, Satirist
| language = [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
| years_active =
| notableworks = ''Koi Yoon Hi Nahi Chubhta'', ''Os'', ''Man To Gomukh Hai'', ''Chhookar Nikli Hai Bechaini''
| awards = [[Hindi Academy|Bhashadoot Samman]] by [[Government of Delhi]], 2016
}}
'''Chirag Jain''' (born 27 May 1985) is an Indian poet, satirist, humourist and author who writes and performs in [[Hindi Language|Hindi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=लेखक चिराग जैन का व्यक्तित्व |url=https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8.cspx?id=1596&name=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8 |publisher=Hindisamay |accessdate=9 March 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes>{{cite news |title=Audience have a hilarious ride at poets' gathering |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/audience-have-a-hilarious-ride-at-poets-gathering/articleshow/68471917.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=चिराग़ जैन की हास्य कविता: वोटों की चौकीदारी |url=https://www.newstak.in/sahitya-tak/charcha/chirag-jain-hasya-poem-voto-ki-chowkidari-103200 |publisher=Newstak |date=7 October 2019 |language=Hindi |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404012151/https://www.newstak.in/sahitya-tak/charcha/chirag-jain-hasya-poem-voto-ki-chowkidari-103200 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=चिराग़ जैन / परिचय |url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_/_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF |publisher=Kavitakosh.org |date=3 March 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref> His performances have been featured on various TV shows, including [[Sab TV]]'s ''[[Wah Wah Kya Baat Hai]]'', [[Sahara One]]'s ''[[Laugh India Laugh]]'', [[Aaj Tak]]'s ''KV Sammelan'', [[News18 India|News 18]]'s ''Netaji Lapete Mein'' and [[News Nation]]'s ''Chunavi Chakallas''.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news |title=Wah Wah Kya Baat..mesmerizes Delhi! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Wah-Wah-Kya-Baat-mesmerizes-Delhi/articleshow/19528974.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Nettv4u>{{cite web |title=Chirag Jain's Biography |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/editor/chirag-jain |publisher=Nettv4u |accessdate=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पढ़िए देश के सुप्रसिद्ध कवि चिराग जैन की नज़र में क्या है प्रयागराज |url=https://localprayagraj.com/famous-poet-chirag-jain-visit-prayagraj-and-wrote-about-city/ |publisher=Localprayagraj |date=11 November 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=News18>{{cite news |title=Lapete Mein Netaji - हास्य कवि बताएंगे कौन होगा 2019 का विजेता ? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lB2eQRU5Ml4 |publisher=[[News18 India]] |date=24 March 2018}}</ref>

He has authored more than 7 books, including ''Koi Yoon Hi Nahi Chubhta'', ''Os'', ''Man To Gomukh Hai'', ''Chhookar Nikli Hai Bechaini''.<ref name=a/>

On 14 September 2016, Chirag Jain received the [[Hindi Academy|Bhashadoot Samman]] (award) from the [[Hindi Academy]], [[Government of Delhi]], on the occasion of [[Hindi Divas]], in recognition of his contribution to popularizing the [[Hindi language]] through digital media.<ref name=outlookhindi>{{cite news |last1=Kashiv |first1=Aakanksha Pare |title=कौन कैसा 'भाषादूत' मंत्रीजी ही अनजान |url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/story/magazine-124 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=September 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=सम्मान को लेकर अपमानित हुए साहित्यकार |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-14691928.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=13 September 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Chirag was born in 1985 in [[New Delhi]], India. He holds a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Mass Communication]] from the [[University of Delhi]] and a [[master's degree]] from [[Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]. He has recited his poetry during [[Kavi sammelan|Kavi sammelans]] at the [[Red Fort]]<ref>{{cite news |title=लालकिले में हुआ 'राष्ट्रीय कवि सम्मेलन' |url=https://www.hindisaamana.com/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0/ |publisher=[[Saamana|Hindi Saamana]] |date=11 January 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref> and in various cities across India.<ref>{{cite news |title=शंभू शिखर,चिराग जैन और पद्मिनी शर्मा ने कवि सम्मेलन को इस तरह बनाया यादगार |url=https://dailynews360.patrika.com/story/news/in-poetry-recitation-programme-shambhu-chirag-and-padmini-make-the-programme-memorable-26582.html |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika.com]] |date=19 November 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes/>

Jain introduced his debut poetry collection, ''Koi Yoon Hi Nahi Chubhta'', published by Shilpayan Prakashan in 2008,<ref name=a/> He published his second poetry collection, ''Os'', followed by ''Man To Gomukh Hai'', ''Jaago Phir Ek Baar'', ''Pahli Dastak'', ''Doosari Dastak'' and ''Chhookar Nikli Hai Bechaini''.<ref name=a/>

Chirag Jain has recited his humorous poetry at [[SAB TV]] comedy poetry show, [[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]] and [[Sahara One]]'s [[Laugh India Laugh]] in 2012. He also performed at ''KV Sammelan'' on [[Aaj Tak]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharatiya |first1=Ajay |title=KV सम्मेलन: 'चौकीदार' पर हास्य की जबरदस्त बौछार |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/karyakram/video/kv-sammelan-chowkidar-narendra-modi-loksabha-election-1-1070201.html |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=23 March 2019 |location=[[New Delhi]] |language=Hindi}}</ref> He has been featured in numerous poetry-based TV shows [[Aaj Tak]]'s ''KV Sammelan'', [[News18 India|News 18]]'s ''Netaji Lapete Mein'' and [[News Nation]]'s ''Chunavi Chakallas''.<ref name=timesofindia/><ref name=Nettv4u/><ref name=News18/> Jain is a founder member and joint secretary of Kavi Sammelan Samiti.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Dhirendra |title=सबको लपेटे में लेने वाले कवियों को मोदी सरकार ने लपेटा, चल रहा जीएसटी का सोटा |url=https://www.patrika.com/agra-news/kavi-sammelan-samiti-third-session-held-on-9th-july-in-haridwar-3063035/ |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=6 July 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

Chirag worked as dialect coach in the Bollywood film [[Kahan Shuru Kahan Khatam]] released in the September 2024.

== Bibliography ==
* "Koi Yoon Hi Nahi Chubhta", (2008) Publisher: Shilpayan Prakashan<ref name=a/>
* "Os", Publisher: Pankhi Prakashan<ref name=a/>
* "Man To Gomukh Hai", (2015), Publisher: Pankhi Prakashan<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|978-9381501306}}
* "Jaago Phir Ek Baar", Publisher: Rashtriya Kavi Sangam<ref name=a/>
* "Pahli Dastak", Publisher: Pankhi Prakashan<ref name=a/>
* "Doosari Dastak", Publisher: Pankhi Prakashan<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9788190834728}}
* "Chhookar Nikli Hai Bechaini", (2018), Publisher: Remadhav Art<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789380424507}}
* "Gullak 1", (2025), Publisher: Indian University Press<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789348182159}}
* "Gullak 2", (2025), Publisher: Indian University Press<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789348182050}}
* "Gullak 3", (2025), Publisher: Indian University Press<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789348182166}}
* "Gullak 4", (2025), Publisher: Indian University Press<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789348182524}}
* "Gullak 5", (2025), Publisher: Indian University Press<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789348182142}}
* "Gullak 6", (2025), Publisher: Indian University Press<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789348182319}}
* "Gullak 7", (2025), Publisher: Indian University Press<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789348182623}}
* "Gullak 8", (2025), Publisher: Indian University Press<ref name=a/> {{ISBN|9789348182869}}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Show
! TV Channel
|-
|''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]]''||[[SAB TV]]
|-
|''Arz Kia Hai''|| [[NDTV]]
|-
|''[[Laugh India Laugh]]''||[[Life OK]], [[Sahara One]]
|-
|''[[Kumar Vishwas|KV Sammelan]]''||[[Aaj Tak]]
|-
|''Netaji Lapete Mein''|| [[News18 India]]
|-
|''Chunavi Chakallas ''|| [[News Nation]]
|-
|''Waah Kavi Ji''|| [[Mahuaa TV]]
|-
|''Hansi Ke Phuware''|| [[Big Magic]]
|-
|''Bahut Khoob''|| [[Dabangg (TV channel)|Dabangg]]
|-
|Rang Tarang
|[[Times Now Navbharat|Times Now NavBharat]]
|-
|Kavya Goshthi
|[[Doordarshan]]
|-
|Kavi Sammelan
|[[ABP News]]
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
* Kaka Hathrasi Hasya Ratna Award by Kaka Hathrasi Puraskar Trust, 2024 [https://mpaper.gurgaontoday.in/imageview_5013_224222219_4_71_18-09-2024_7_i_1_sf.html] [https://hamarahathras.com/hathras-564124545448/][https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/halchal/kaka-hathrasi-award-2023-to-chirag-jain-2024-09-17][https://www.mediascan.in/kavi-chirag-jain-ko-milegi/]
* Indraprastha Kavya Ratna Samman by Indraprasth Agrawal Samaj, 2024 [https://kavigram.com/chiragjain/]
* Chitra Kala Sangam Samman, New Delhi, 2024
* Sarthak Srijan Samman, [[:hi:अखिल_विश्व_हिन्दी_समिति|Akhil Vihswa Hindi Samiti]], 2023
* Kailash Gautam Yuwa Kavi Samman, 2024 [https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-uttarpradesh-prayagraj-poet-manoj-bhavuk-got-kailash-gautam-kavyakumbh-lokbhasha-samman2022-23274061.html]
* Bhashadoot Samman by the [[Hindi Academy]], [[Government of Delhi]], 2016<ref name="outlookhindi" />
* Saraswat Award by [[Janki Devi Memorial College|Janki Devi College]], [[University of Delhi]], 2016<ref name=a>{{cite web |title=Chirag Jain : चिराग़ जैन |url=https://kavyanchal.com/chirag-jain/ |publisher=Kavyanchal.com |accessdate=3 March 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* Shabda Sadhak Award by the [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]], [[Delhi]], 2016<ref name=a/>
* Lekhak Award by the Writers & Journalists Association, Delhi, 2014<ref name=a/>
* Hindi Sevi Award by the Bharat Vikas Parishad, New Delhi, 2014<ref name=a/>
* Kavihridaya Award by the [[Indian Medical Association]], 2013<ref name=a/>
* Chhupa Rustam Award at [[Wah Wah Kya Baat Hai]], [[SAB TV]], 2013<ref name=a/>
* Jagdish Mittal Award by the Rashtriya Kavi Sangam, 2009<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagdish Mittal Award 2009 |url=http://www.rashtriyakavisangam.com/jagdishsmana.aspx |publisher=Rashtriyakavisangam.com |date=19 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कवि सम्मेलन में बही सब रसों की धारा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news//article1-story-81420.html |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |date=16 November 2009 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Biography|Poetry}}
* [[List of Hindi-language poets]]
* [[List of Hindi-language authors]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5022191|Chirag Jain}}
* [https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/hasya/chirag-jain-best-poem-dusra-pyaar Chirag Jain's Poetry] on ''[[Amar Ujala]]''
* [https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/other/sunday-nbt/special-story/special-story-laughter-day/articleshow/19893689.cms लाफ्टर डे पर भी नहीं हंसेगे? लीजिए हंसी की खुराक...] at ''[[Navbharat Times]]''
* [https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/halchal/kaka-hathrasi-award-2023-to-chirag-jain-2024-09-17 कवि चिराग़ जैन को मिलेगी ‘हास्य रत्न’ की उपाधि]
* [https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/poem-story-gazal-famous-hindi-poems-and-poets-writers-hindi-poet-chirag-jain-hindi-kavita-3607338.html मशहूर कविताओं के गुमनाम कवि]
* [https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/jaipur/kavi-sammelan-to-pay-tribute-to-martyrs-organised-in-chaksu-jaipur/rj20230816111635128128708 कवियों ने अपनी प्रस्तुति से शहीदों को दी श्रद्धांजलि]
* [https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/poem-story-gazal-krishna-bhajan-by-kavi-chirag-jain-on-shrikrishna-janmashtami-sahitya-literature-4482393.html अनुराग प्रतीक्षारत बैठा है]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Chirag}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]

Malayali Americans

2026-02-28T19:24:40Z

Pranav: creating bio.

{{Short description|Americans of Malayali birth or descent}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Malayali Americans
| native_name = മലയാളി അമേരിക്കക്കാർ ''{{small|Malayali Amerikkakkaar}}''
| native_name_lang = ml
| image =
| image_caption =
| pop = 146,000 (2009-2013 est.)<ref name="2009-2013">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Census.gov |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412195838/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| popplace = {{hlist| [[Bergen County, New Jersey]] | [[Rockland County, New York]] | [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region|New York City]] | [[Chicago metro area]] | [[Philadelphia]] | [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex]] | [[Los Angeles]] }}
| languages = '''Predominantly:''' {{hlist| [[Malayalam]] | [[American English]] }}
| rels = '''Predominantly:''' [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]] '''Minority:''' [[Islam]]
| related = {{hlist| [[Malayali people]] | [[Indian Americans]] | [[South Indians]]}}
}}
{{Americans}}
'''Malayali Americans''' ({{langx|ml|മലയാളി അമേരിക്കക്കാർ|Malayali Amerikkakkaar}}), also known by the term '''American Malayalees''' ({{langx|ml|അമേരിക്കൻ മലയാളികൾ|Amerikkan Malayalikal}}), are citizens of the [[United States of America]] who belong to the [[Malayali]] ethnolinguistic group. Their ancestry originates wholly or partly from the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].

==History==
Malayali nurses were first recruited in [[New York metropolitan area|Metro New York]] in the 1960s. They began bringing their families in the 1970s. Later waves in the 1990s into the early 2000s added a contingent of computer and business professionals to the population. Many of these later immigrants were [[Christianity in Kerala|Christians]] and [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hindus]], with few [[Islam in Kerala|Muslims]].<ref NAME="MalayalisNY">{{cite web |title=Keralite Indians in the New York Metro Area |url=https://unreachednewyork.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Keralite-Profile-Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120828/https://unreachednewyork.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Keralite-Profile-Final.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2025}}

Malayali nurses, who were sponsored for jobs, were among the first Indians to settle in the [[Philadelphia]] area. Most of them lived in [[Millbourne, Pennsylvania|Millbourne]].<ref>Immigration, A. I. (2010). Demographic Background: Philadelphia and the United States. Global Philadelphia: Immigrant Communities Old and New, 253.</ref>

In recent years, the migration trends of [[Malayali people]] shifted to the [[United States]] as they seek opportunities.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Demographics==
As of 2009–2013, there were approximately 146,000 people with Malayali heritage in the United States,<ref name="2009-2013" /> with an estimated 40,000 living in the New York [[New York metropolitan area|tri-state]] area.<ref NAME="MalayalisNY" /> The majority of Malayali Americans live in areas like [[Bergen County, New Jersey]], [[Rockland County, New York]], [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region|New York City]], [[Chicago metro area]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex]], [[Los Angeles]].

===Religions===
==== Hinduism ====
The [[Malayali]] [[Hindu]] community in the [[United States]] forms a significant portion of the Malayali Americans, with sizeable [[Christianity in Kerala|Christian]] and [[Islam in Kerala|Muslim]] minorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayali Americans |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayali_Americans |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> Community organizations such as the Hindu Malayalee Mandalam (HIMAM) – formed in [[North Carolina]] in 2016 after informal gatherings since 1999 – actively promote [[Kerala]] Hindu cultural traditions, festivals like [[Vishu]], and community cohesion in the [[Research Triangle]] area.<ref>{{cite web |title=HIMAM |url=https://himamnc.org/about.php |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> Similarly, the Association of Tampa Hindu Malayali celebrates [[Onam]] annually with traditional performances, youth programs, and community gatherings that reinforce Malayali identity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Association of Tampa Hindu Malayali celebrates Onam |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/us/2024/09/13/association-of-tampa-hindu-malayali-celebrates-onam.html |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

==== Islam ====
The Malayali [[Muslim]] community in the United States also participates actively in preserving its cultural and religious heritage. Organizations like Malayali Muslims of USA (MMUSA) facilitate community bonding through cultural, matrimonial, and charity-focused programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayali Muslims of USA |url=https://malayalimuslims.org/about-us |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The [[Kerala Muslim Cultural Centre]] (KMCC USA & Canada) provides broader social welfare services including financial aid, career counseling, and relocation support.<ref>{{cite web |title=KMCC USA |url=https://www.kmccusa.com/ |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> In March 2023, North American Malayali Muslims organized the first interfaith [[Iftar|Iftaar]] meet in [[New Jersey]], bringing together over 400 Muslim families and leaders from various faiths to promote interfaith harmony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayali Muslims hold inter-faith Iftaar meet in New Jersey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayali-muslims-hold-inter-faith-iftaar-meet-in-new-jersey/article66676766.ece |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

====Christianity====
Christian sects from Kerala have established multiple worship communities in United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History - St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India |url=http://www.steciatlanta.org/about-us/our-history/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=(Princeton) |first1=Princeton Forum on Asian Indian Ministries (US) |title=Pilgrims at the Crossroads: Asian Indian Christians at the North American Frontier |date=30 November 2009 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Asian American Christianity |isbn=978-0-9819878-2-8 |pages=27–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGv0AgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=George.|first=Pothan, Sidney|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/907131962|title=The Syrian Christians of Kerala|date=1963|publisher=Asia Publishing House|oclc=907131962}}</ref><ref>[http://www.usindian.org/traditional-indian-churches-in-usa.html Traditional Indian Churches in the US at a Glance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102714/http://www.usindian.org/traditional-indian-churches-in-usa.html|date=August 19, 2014}}, [http://www.usindian.org usindian.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083321/http://www.usindian.org/|date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> The Syro-Malabar Church, an Eastern Catholic Church, native to India since the 1st-century, established St. Thomas Syro-Malabar diocese of Chicago was established in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India prepares to mark Indian Christian Day on July 3 |url=https://cruxnow.com/uncategorized/2022/07/india-prepares-to-mark-indian-christian-day-on-july-3 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Crux |date=July 2, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> St. Thomas Day is celebrated in this church on July 3rd every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Catholics share their culture, experiences at Chicago gathering |url=https://www.chicagocatholic.com/chicagoland/-/article/2022/08/09/eastern-catholics-share-their-culture-experiences-at-chicago-gathering |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Chicago Catholic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Diocese |url=https://www.stthomasdiocese.org/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.stthomasdiocese.org}}</ref> [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada]] is home to 23 parishes and missions in different cities. Its cathedral is the [[Cathedral of St Vincent de Paul (Malankara Catholic)|St. Vincent de Paul Syro Malankara Catholic Cathedral]] in [[Elmont, New York]]. Its church includes the [[St. Jude Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] in [[Bensalem, Pennsylvania]]. The [[St. Thomas Syro Malabar Church (Boston)|St. Thomas Syro Malabar Church]] is a congregation in [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] under the jurisdiction of the [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago]].

===== Mar Thoma Syrian Church =====
The [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] established its presence in the United States in the early 1970s, following increased migration of [[Malayali]] Christians after the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mar Thoma Church in North America |url=https://mtcsv.org/mar-thoma-church-in-north-america/ |website=Mar Thoma Church Silver Jubilee |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> Early worship gatherings were held in private homes and rented church facilities, with regular services beginning in [[Queens]], [[New York City|New York]], in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parish History |url=https://web.stthomasmtcny.org/parish-history |website=St. Thomas Mar Thoma Church, NY |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The first official congregation, Mar Thoma Congregation of Greater New York, was organized in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mar Thoma Church in North America |url=https://mtcsv.org/mar-thoma-church-in-north-america/ |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church Diocese of North America & Europe|Diocese of North America and Europe]] was formed in 1993, with its headquarters at the Sinai Mar Thoma Centre in [[Merrick, New York|Merrick]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mar Thoma Syrian Church Diocese of North America & Europe |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_Diocese_of_North_America_%26_Europe |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> As of 2020, the diocese consisted of over 70 parishes and congregations across the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mar Thoma Church in North America |url=https://mtcsv.org/mar-thoma-church-in-north-america/ |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

===== Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church =====
The [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] began organized worship in the United States during the late 1960s among immigrant families from [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Our Diocese |url=https://www.neamericandiocese.org/menu/main-menu/about-our-diocese/17 |website=Northeast American Diocese, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The first parish was established in [[New York City|New York]] in 1970, and in 1979 the American Diocese was formally created under the leadership of [[Thomas Mar Makarios]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Northeast American Diocese |url=https://mosc.in/dioceses/northeast-america |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> His enthronement was held at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] in [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches |url=https://www.yearbookofchurches.org/index.php/northeast-american-diocese-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> In 2009, the American Diocese was divided into the [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America|Northeast American Diocese]], headquartered in [[Muttontown, New York]], and the Southwest American Diocese.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Northeast_America |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> Today, the church has numerous parishes, [[Sunday school]]s, and charitable activities across the country, maintaining the [[West Syriac Rite]] liturgical tradition.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Our Diocese |url=https://www.neamericandiocese.org/menu/main-menu/about-our-diocese/17 |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

===== Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church =====
The [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]], under the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Holy Apostolic See of Antioch]], began its organized presence in the United States in the 1980s with the arrival of clergy and faithful from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jacobite Syrian Christian Church |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The first parish was formed in 1987, and the church has since established congregations in major cities including [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Dallas]], and [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Dallas |url=https://stmarysdallas.org/history |website=St. Mary's JSO Church Dallas |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> Worship is conducted in the [[West Syriac Rite]], and the church functions under the guidance of the [[Patriarch of Antioch]] and the [[Catholicos of India]]. The community is engaged in pastoral care, Sunday school education, and cultural activities that preserve its heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jacobite Syrian Christian Church in North America |url=https://jacobitesyrianchurch.org/ |website=Jacobite Syrian Christian Church |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

===== Knanaya Community =====
The [[Knanaya]] community, an endogamous ethnic group within the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]] tradition of [[Kerala]], has established a notable presence in the United States since the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Knanaya |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knanaya |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> Members belong to both the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]] and the Knanaya Jacobite Syrian Orthodox community. The first organized Knanaya Catholic parish in the United States was founded in [[Chicago]] in 1983, later becoming the seat of the St. Mary’s Knanaya Catholic Church in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Church Chicago |url=https://www.stmarysknanayachicago.org/history |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> Today, the Knanaya faithful are served by the [[St. Mary's Knanaya Catholic Parish, Chicago]], and several mission churches, while the Knanaya Jacobite community operates parishes under the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] hierarchy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Knanaya Catholic Region in USA |url=https://www.knanayaregion.us/ |website=Knanaya Region USA |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The community maintains its unique cultural practices, liturgical traditions, and emphasis on preserving [[endogamy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Knanaya |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knanaya |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Language ===
In 1983, the first Kerala Convention was held in New York City, which led to the founding of the [[Federation of Kerala Associations in North America]] (FOKANA). FOKANA is a major organization in the United States that promotes the [[Malayalam]] language and [[Culture of Kerala| Malayali culture]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://fokanaonline.org/about-us | title=FOKANA, About Us | access-date=18 April 2023 | archive-date=29 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329232554/https://fokanaonline.org/about-us/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==
===Film and television===
*[[Comrade in America]] (2017)
*[[Monsoon Mangoes]] (2016)
*[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)| ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]] (2013)
*[[Ivide]] (2015)
*[[Ezhamkadalinakkare]] (1979), the first Malayalam film shot in the US
*[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]] (1990)
*[[Peruchazhi]] (2014)
*[[America America (1983 film)| America America]] (1983)
*[[Nothing but Life]] (2004), released as ''Made in USA'' in Malayalam
*[[Ranam (2018 film)| Ranam]] (2018)
*[[Akkarakazhchakal: The Movie]] (2011)
*[[Akkara Kazhchakal]] (2008-2010), television sitcom

==Notable people==
===Literature===
[[File:Dr Abraham Verghese in 2023 06.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Abraham Verghese]], physician and author known for ''[[My Own Country]]'', ''[[The Tennis Partner]]'', ''[[Cutting for Stone]]'' and ''[[The Covenant of Water]]'']]
*[[Meena Alexander]], poet, scholar, and writer
*[[Abraham Verghese]], author and physician
*[[Mira Jacob]], writer
*[[Tania James]], novelist
*[[Aimee Nezhukumatathil]], poet and essayist
*[[Sanjena Sathian]], novelist and journalist
*[[Sarah Thankam Mathews]], novelist
*[[Rajiv Joseph]], playwright
*[[Sandhya Menon]], author known for [[The New York Times|New York Times]] bestseller ''[[When Dimple Met Rishi]]''
*[[Vijay Menon (writer)|Vijay Menon]], writer
*[[Shanthi Sekaran]], novelist and educator

===Academics===
====Mathematicians====
*[[N. U. Prabhu]], mathematician
*[[K. C. Sreedharan Pillai]], statistician

====Deans and presidents====
*[[Naureen Hassan]], American finance executive who serves as the president of [[UBS|UBS Americas]]; previously served as the first vice president and [[chief operating officer]] of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]]

====Economists====
[[File:Gita Gopinath, 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Gita Gopinath]], served as the first deputy managing director of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).]]
*[[Gita Gopinath]], economist; served as the first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), former chief economist at the IMF and Economic Adviser to the Chief Minister of Kerala

====Professors====
*[[Margaret Abraham]], professor of sociology at Hofstra University; served as the 18th president (2014–2018) of the [[International Sociological Association]]
*[[Pulickel Ajayan]], professor of engineering at [[Rice University]]
*[[Nalini Ambady]], social psychologist and professor of psychology
*[[K. Mani Chandy]], Simon Ramo Professor of computer science at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech)
*[[Thomas Kailath]], professor of engineering at [[Stanford University]]
*[[Prema Kurien]], professor of sociology at the [[Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs]] of [[Syracuse University]]
*[[Geeta Menon]], Abraham Krasnoff Professor of Global Business and current chair of the Marketing Department at [[New York University Stern School of Business]]
*[[P. K. Ramachandran Nair]], Distinguished Professor of Agroforestry and International Forestry at the School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences (SFFGS), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS); also an agricultural scientist
*[[V. Parmeswaran Nair]], Distinguished Professor at [[City College of New York]]
*[[Kuzhikalail M. Abraham]], professor at [[Northeastern University]], electrochemistry; materials science; lithium, lithium ion, and lithium air batteries
*[[Unnikrishna Pillai]], professor of [[electrical engineering]] at the [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering]]
*[[Cyriac Pullapilly]], professor of history at [[Saint Mary's College (Indiana)|Saint Mary's College, Indiana]]; a [[Royal Society of Arts|Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts]]; and former priest of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]

===Business===
*[[George Kurian (businessman)|George Kurian]], business executive; chief executive officer and a member of the board of [[NetApp]]; previously executive vice president of product operations at NetApp
*[[Thomas Kurian]], business executive and chief executive officer of [[Google Cloud Platform|Google Cloud]] (under [[Alphabet Inc.]]) since 2019
*[[Raj Subramaniam]], business executive who is the chief executive officer and president of the [[FedEx Corporation]]

===Arts and entertainment===
[[File:M. Night Shyamalan 2008 - still 40580 crop.jpg|right|thumb|125px|[[M. Night Shyamalan]], Hollywood director]]
*[[RK DreamWest]], film director, screenwriter, cinematographer
*[[Benny Mathews]], director
*[[Meera Menon]], director, writer, and editor
*[[Sunil Nayar]], television writer and producer
*[[Gita Pullapilly]], film and television director, screenwriter, producer, and author
*[[Hasna Sal]], Glass sculptor, architect, artist and author
*[[M. Night Shyamalan]], director, filmmaker
*[[Ishana Night Shyamalan]], filmmaker, screenwriter and producer; daughter of filmmaker [[M. Night Shyamalan]]
*[[Antony Thekkek]], producer, author, and writer
*[[Julie Titus]], model, contestant on ''[[America's Next Top Model]]''
*[[Serena Varghese]], voice actress
*[[Alok Vaid-Menon]], writer, performance artist, media personality

====Actors and actresses====
*[[Naveen Andrews]], actor
*[[Melanie Chandra]], actress and model
*[[Anu Emmanuel]], actress
*[[Shishir Kurup]], actor
*[[Jacob Gregory]], actor
*[[Babu Antony]], actor
*[[Anchal Joseph]], actress and fashion model
*[[Mouzam Makkar]], actress
*[[Lakshmi Devy]], actress, screenwriter, producer, director
====Comedians====
*[[Paul Varghese]], appeared on ''[[Last Comic Standing]]''
*[[Dan Nainan]], stand-up comedian

====Media====
*[[Rajiv Chandrasekaran]], journalist
*[[Syma Chowdhry]], television host, reporter, and producer
*[[Liza Koshy]], actress, [[YouTube]] comedian and television host
*[[Rajan Devadas]], photojournalist
*[[Suma Josson]], journalist and filmmaker
*[[Vinita Nair]], news anchor, news correspondent
*[[Reena Ninan]], Middle East correspondent for [[Fox News Channel]]
*[[Sreenath Sreenivasan]], [[Columbia University]] professor; [[WABC-TV]] technology reporter
*[[Ishaan Tharoor]], journalist
*[[Arun Venugopal]], journalist
*[[Raj Mathai]], television journalist

====Musicians====
[[File:Kim Thayil - Fabrik Hamburg 2018 04.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Kim Thayil]], musician, has won two [[Grammy Awards]] as a member of [[Soundgarden]].]]
*[[Mathai (singer)|Mathai]], former singer; finalist on season 2 of ''[[The Voice (U.S. season 2)|The Voice]]''
*[[Kim Thayil]], musician and songwriter
*[[Appu Krishnan]], known professionally as The Professor, music producer and songwriter
*[[Saleka]], singer-songwriter and actress; daughter of filmmaker [[M. Night Shyamalan]]
*[[Hanumankind]], rapper from Kerala who grew up in the US
*[[Arjun Menon]], playback singer and songwriter

===Sports===
*[[Roopa Unnikrishnan]], sports shooter and innovation consultant
*[[Prashanth Nair]], cricketer

===Politics and government===
*[[Stanley George]], political strategist, known for his advisory role in the U.S. Republican Party and close association with President Donald Trump's political campaigns; also biographer
*[[Shanthi Kalathil]], foreign policy analyst, human rights advocate, former journalist

====Elected officials====
* [[John Abraham (mayor)|John Abraham]], former mayor of [[Teaneck, New Jersey]] (Republican)
*[[Abraham George (politician)|Abraham George]], [[businessman]] and politician from [[Parker, Texas]], who has served as the [[party chair|chairman]] of the [[Republican Party of Texas]] since May 2024
*[[Nithya Raman]], politician serving as the Los Angeles City Council member for the 4th District since 2020; member of the Democratic Party and the Democratic Socialists of America; also urban planner and activist (Democratic)
*[[Kevin Thomas (politician)|Kevin Thomas]], represented the [[New York's 6th State Senate district|6th district]] in the [[New York State Senate]] from 2019 until 2024 (Democratic)
*[[Susheela Jayapal]], first Indian American to hold an elected office at the county level in Oregon, served as a county commissioner for [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]], [[Oregon]] (Democratic)
*[[Vin Gopal]], took office in 2018 to represent the [[New Jersey's 11th legislative district|11th Legislative District]] in the [[New Jersey Senate]] (Democratic)
*[[Shekar Krishnan]], politician who is a member of the [[New York City Council]] for the [[New York City's 25th City Council district|25th district]]; also attorney (Democratic)
*[[Kevin Olickal]], member of the [[Illinois House of Representatives]] for the 16th district

====Federal elected officials====
[[File:Pramila Jayapal, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Pramila Jayapal]], politician serving as the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] since 2017.]]
*[[Pramila Jayapal]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for [[Washington's 7th congressional district]]

====Civil servants====
*[[Joy Cherian]], first Asian head of the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]
*[[Rachel Paulose]], former [[United States District Court for the District of Minnesota|United States Attorney for the District of Minnesota]]
*[[Maju Varghese]], attorney and political advisor who served as director of the [[White House Military Office]] in the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]]. He assumed office on March 9, 2021 and left office January 21, 2022.
*[[Michael Kuruvilla]], police officer serving as Chief of Police in [[Brookfield, Illinois]].

====Federal judges====
*[[Juli Mathew]], first Indian American judge of the bench of [[Fort Bend County, Texas]] since 2023 (Democratic)
*[[Surendran Pattel]], lawyer who is a judge for the 240th [[Texas District Court]] in [[Fort Bend County, Texas|Fort Bend County]] since 2023

===Activism and philanthropy===
*[[Abraham George]], philanthropist, humanitarian, founder of The George Foundation (TGF)
*[[Ajit George]], Chief Operating Officer of [[Shanti Bhavan| Shanti Bhavan Children's Project]]; Also [[tabletop role-playing game]] writer
*[[Deepika Kurup]], clean water advocate and inventor
*[[Appu Kuttan]], philanthropist, consultant, author, and the founder and chairman of the National Education Foundation (NEF)
*[[Thomas Abraham]], founder president of the [[Global Organization for People of Indian Origin]] (GOPIO) as well as the National Federation of Indian American Associations (NFIA)

===Science and technology===
*[[Dileep George]], artificial intelligence and neuroscience researcher
*[[Thomas Zacharia]], computer scientist; previously deputy director for science and technology at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]
*[[Shree K. Nayar]], computer scientist and engineer
*[[Joy A. Thomas]], senior data scientist at Google, information theorist and author
*[[E. C. George Sudarshan]], physicist, author; first to propose the existence of the [[tachyon]]
*[[George Varghese]], computer scientist, a professor of computer science and Jonathan B. Postel Chair in Networking in the [[UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science]], author

====Medicine====
*[[Paul Antony]], physician executive and former Chief Medical Officer for the [[Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America]] ([[PhRMA]])
*[[Devi Nampiaparampil]], physician, journalist, actress
*[[Shelby Kutty]], cardiologist, academic, and healthcare executive

===Religion and spirituality===
*[[Joy Alappatt]], bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
*[[Vishnudevananda Saraswati]], yoga guru, founder of the [[Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres|International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres and Ashrams]] (ISYVC)
*[[Winnie Varghese]], dean of the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]]
*[[Titus Yeldho]], [[Archbishop]] and Patriarchal Vicar of the [[Malankara Archdiocese of North America (Syriac Orthodox Church)|Malankara Archdiocese]] of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] in [[North America]]

===Crime===
*[[Sneha Anne Philip]], missing person
*[[Anand Jon]], convicted rapist and fashion designer
*[[Shelley Malil]], convicted of attempted premeditated murder and assault; former actor

==See also==
*[[Malayali diaspora]]
*[[Indian Americans]]
*[[List of Indian Americans]]

== References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Asian Americans}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}

[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent| ]]
[[Category:Asian diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United States|Malayali]]
[[Category:South Asian diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Malayali diaspora]]

La Martinière Calcutta

2026-02-17T04:02:51Z

Pranav: New new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
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| student_union = 
| colours = White, Black and Amber (Boys) White and Dark Blue (Girls)
| slogan =
| song = "Hail! Hail! The name we own" by [[F. J. Rowe|Frederick James Rowe]]
| fight_song =
| athletic_conference =
| sports =
| mascot =
| mascot_image =
| teams = 
| team_name =
| rivals = 
| vision =
| accreditation = 
| USNWR_ranking =
| national_ranking =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| decile =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook = The Chronicle (Boys)
| products =
| endowment =
| budget =
| fees =
| annual_tuition =
| tuition =
| revenue =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| feeder_to =
| graduates =
| graduates_year =
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]
| alumni = [[List of notable Martinians| Old Martinians]]
| nobel_laureates =
| information =
| website = {{URL| lamartiniereforboys.co}} (Boys) {{URL|lamartiniereforgirls.co}} (Girls)
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
| lastupdate =
}}
'''''La Martinière''''' (informally known as '''LMC''') comprises two independent private single-sex schools for day scholars, with a few boarders, located in [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta), [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. They were established in 1836 in accordance with the will of the French soldier of fortune and philanthropist, Major General [[Claude Martin]]. They are Christian schools, controlled by the Anglican [[Church of North India]] and independent from the government, with English as the primary language of instruction.<ref name=coatofarms>[http://members.tripod.com/~La_Martiniere/history.htm La Martiniere history at Tripod] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120630214348/http://members.tripod.com/~La_Martiniere/history.htm |date=30 June 2012 }} accessed 10 August 2007</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120913162516/http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/s/silver_rupee_of_saadat,_nawab.aspx Oudh fish coins at the British Museum] accessed 10 August 2007</ref> La Martiniere Calcutta is often ranked among the best day schools in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Loreto, La Martiniere among top-10 schools in the country - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/loreto-la-martiniere-among-top-10-schools-in-the-country/articleshow/22472517.cms|access-date=2021-12-12|website=The Times of India|date=11 September 2013|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212133637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/loreto-la-martiniere-among-top-10-schools-in-the-country/articleshow/22472517.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It is affiliated to the Council for the ISC Examinations New Delhi, which conducts the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE]] & ISC Examinations at the close of Classes 10 and 12.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=La Martiniere for Boys, Kolkata |url=https://wbacs.in/la-martiniere-for-boys-kolkata |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=wbacs.in}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founder of the school ===
La Martinière, [[Calcutta]], was founded by Major General Claude Martin, a French soldier, born and brought up in [[Lyon]], [[France]] in 1735.<ref name="Rosie">{{cite book |first=Rosie |last=Llewellyn-Jones |title=A Very Ingenious Man. Claude Martin in early colonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-19-563131-5 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Claude Martin]] came from a [[bourgeois]] family in France, where his father was a casket maker.<ref>{{cite book |first=Rosie |last=Llewellyn-Jones |chapter=Martin, Claude (1735–1800) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 }}</ref> Not stepping into his father’s shoes, Martin decided to go into the [[French Army|French army]]. As part of the army, Claude Martin was sent to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[India]], in 1752, to serve as a troop member of the French army stationed in India.<ref name="Rosie" /> From 1752-63, Claude Martin served in the French Army before joining the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Rosie" /> As part of the [[British Army]], Claude Martin was stationed to serve in the Calcutta base of the Company. Later, Martin commanded the [[cavalry]] for the Nawab of [[Awadh]], [[Shuja-ud-Daula]].<ref name="Rosie" /> During his military career in India, Martin became known as a reputable soldier and commander and became very wealthy.

As part of his job, Martin traveled a lot between [[Calcutta]] (modern-day [[Kolkata]]) and [[Awadh]] (modern-day [[Lucknow]]). Inspired by Masonic ideas, Martin decided to set up relief measures and charities to help the poor in Lucknow and Kolkata.<ref name="Rosie" /> Among his many pursuits, Martin wanted to set up educational institutions in both these cities, and left a large portion of his wealth for the founding of such schools in his will, before dying in 1800.<ref name="Rosie" /><ref name=":0" />

Claude Martin in his will, regarding the founding of La Martinière Calcutta, writes:

"''I {{sc|give}} and bequeath the sum of two hundred thousand Sika Rupees to the town of Calcutta for to be put at interest in Government Paper or the most secure mode possible, and this principal and interest to be put under the protection of Government, or the Supreme Court, that they may devise an institution the most necessary for the public good of the town of Calcutta, or establishing a School for to educate a certain number of children of any sex to a certain age, and to have them put prentice to some profession, when at the conclusion of their school and to have them married when at age, and also wishes that every year premium of few rupees or other thing and a medal be given to the most deserving or virtuous boy and girl or both to such that have come out of the school''".<ref name="Rules">{{cite book |title=Rules and Regulations of La Martinière, founded in Calcutta, under the Will of Major General Claude Martin. With An Extract of the Will of the Testator, The Decree of the Supreme Court with regard to the same, And other Documents |location=Calcutta |year=1835 |oclc=557940367 }}</ref>

=== Establishment and Early Curriculum ===

The settlement and enforcement of Martin’s will were complicated and required significant legal proceedings.<ref name="Rosie" /><ref name=":0" /> Nearly 40 years after Claude Martin’s death, in 1840, the Supreme Court of Kolkata finally approved Martin’s will and gave permission for the establishment of La Martiniere, Calcutta, with one school for boys and one for girls.<ref name="Rules" /> The rules and regulations for the La Martiniere Schools in Calcutta were founded in 1836 and reflect the educational priorities of that era.<ref name="Rules" /> The primary objective of the schools was to equip the children with the skills required to earn an honest livelihood.<ref name="Rules" />

The curriculum for boys included [[English language|English]], [[grammar]], [[writing]], [[geography]], [[history]] (with a particular emphasis on [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[British India]]), [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[mathematics]], [[natural history]], and [[mechanical philosophy]].[3] Girls were taught the same subjects, with the exception of mathematics and mechanical philosophy, and also learned [[needlework]], [[knitting]], [[straw plaiting]], and [[music]].<ref name="Rules" /> Classes were held six days a week, and students had half a day off on Saturdays. Regular breaks were taken during Easter and Christmas, and the anniversary of Claude Martin's death (13 Sep) was also celebrated as a holiday, with a dinner for the students and medals awarded to deserving boys and girls.<ref name="Rules" /> The school was rescued out of financial distress by a INR 1.1 million donation from old Martinian [[ Sir Paul Chater]] in 1925.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zolimacitymag.com/sir-catchick-paul-chater-how-a-calcutta-orphan-became-hong-kong-most-important-man/ | title=Sir Catchick Paul Chater: How a Calcutta Orphan Became Hong Kong's Most Important Man | date=30 September 2020 }}</ref>

=== Founder's Day ===
Founder's Day continues to be celebrated on 13 September every year with a service in the school hall, usually, although not always, attended by an Old Martinian as the Chief Guest, and medals awarded to students. The Founders Gold Medal (for academics) and silver medal for Good Conduct have been awarded since the school's founding with the Principal's Medals for Best Sportsman and Best All-Round Student being awarded from 1960 onwards. There is also a social dance attended by the senior boys and girls and a football match between the school team and a team representing La Martiniere Old Boys.

== See also ==
* [[List of Martinians]]
* [[List of schools in Kolkata]]
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|La Martiniere Calcutta}}
* {{official website|https://www.lamartiniere.co/}}

[[Category:La Martinière College]]
[[Category:Church of North India schools]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1836]]
[[Category:1836 establishments in India]]

90's – A Middle Class Biopic

2026-02-16T21:31:21Z

Pranav:

{{Short description|Indian drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = 90's - A Middle Class Biopic.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Aditya Hasan
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = Aditya Hasan
| director = Aditya Hasan
| starring = {{plain list|

* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/90s-teaser-connects-every-middle-class-person-834484?infinitescroll=1 | title='#90's' teaser: Connects every middle-class person | date=2 November 2023 | website=thehansindia.com | access-date=9 January 2024 | archive-date=9 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109110534/https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/90s-teaser-connects-every-middle-class-person-834484?infinitescroll=1 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Vasuki Anand]]
* Mouli
* Anil
* Vasanthika
* Siddarth
* Rohan Roy
}}
| theme_music_composer = 
| open_theme = 
| composer = 
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Sharveen
| producer = {{ubl|[[Naveen Medaram]] |Rajasekhar Medaram}}
| cinematography = Azeem Mohammad
| editor = Sreedhar Sompalli
| music = Suresh Bobbili
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = MNO Productions and Amogha Arts
| network = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2024|1|5}}
| related =
}}

'''''90's – A Middle Class Biopic''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[family drama]] television series created, written and directed by Aditya Hasan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/90s-is-a-tribute-to-my-parents-aditya-hasan-90s-a-middle-class-biopic-web-series-ott-etv-win-rrr-kgf | title=90's is a tribute to My Parents says Adiya Haasan | date=10 January 2024 | website=filmcompanion.in | access-date=11 January 2024 | archive-date=11 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111060651/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/90s-is-a-tribute-to-my-parents-aditya-hasan-90s-a-middle-class-biopic-web-series-ott-etv-win-rrr-kgf | url-status=live }}</ref> The series was produced by [[Naveen Medaram]] and Rajasekhar Medaram. It stars [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Vasuki Anand]], Mouli, Snehal Kamath, Vasanthika, and Rohan Roy in important roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/90s-on-ott-sivaji-vasuki-anands-show-celebrates-oddities-in-middle-class-living/eeb93eb3e9652 | title=90s on OTT: Sivaji, Vasuki Anand's show celebrates oddities in middle-class living | website=ottplay.com | access-date=9 January 2024 | archive-date=9 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109110535/https://www.ottplay.com/news/90s-on-ott-sivaji-vasuki-anands-show-celebrates-oddities-in-middle-class-living/eeb93eb3e9652 | url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on [[ETV Win]] on 5 January 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=90's A Middle Class Biopic Web Series Creates New Record In Telugu OTT Space |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/90s-a-middle-class-biopic-web-series-creates-new-record-in-telugu-ott-space-article-111837195 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It received highly positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
In the heart of [[Wanaparthy]], ''90's'' tale revolves around Chandra Sekhar, a dedicated government teacher, and his wife, Rani, who tirelessly manages their modest home. The couple raises their three children - Raghu Teja, Divya, and Aditya - amid everyday struggles of a middle-class life.

Their lives echo the challenges of balancing dreams and reality, especially for the children, often left disheartened by the compromises demanded by their financial circumstances. Sekhar, fiercely devoted to his children's education, maintains a stern stance, believing in the transformative power of learning.

The narrative unravels as a poignant rollercoaster, delving into the spectrum of emotions that resonate within a middle-class family. It offers a compelling exploration of familial bonds, aspirations, and the intricate dynamics amidst the backdrop of a rapidly changing society. As each character navigates their unique journey, the series delicately interweaves hope, sacrifice, and the pursuit of a better tomorrow.

==Cast==
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Madham Chandra Sekhar; Raghu, Divya, and Aditya's father
* [[Vasuki Anand]] as Madham Shobha Rani; Raghu, Divya, and Aditya's mother
* Mouli Tanuj Prasanth as Madham Raghu Teja, Divya and Aditya's elder brother
* Vasanthika Macha as Madham Divya, Raghu's younger sister and Aditya's elder sister
* Rohan Roy as Madham Aditya, Raghu and Divya's younger brother
* Anil as Karthik, Raghu's best friend
* Siddarth as Naveed, Divya's classmate and love interest
* Snehal Kamat as Suchita David Paul, Raghu's classmate and love interest

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview

| color1 = #3C5792
| link1 = #Season 1 (2024)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|01|05}}
}}{{Episode table |background=#3C5792 |overall= |season=|title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvwin.com/win-exclusive/90-s-middle-class-biopic | website=ETV Win | title=90's Middle Class Biopic | access-date=9 January 2024 | archive-date=9 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109110535/https://www.etvwin.com/win-exclusive/90-s-middle-class-biopic | url-status=live }}</ref> |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = 100 Rupees
| DirectedBy = Aditya Haasan
| WrittenBy = Aditya Haasan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|01|05}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Signature
| DirectedBy = Aditya Haasan
| WrittenBy = Aditya Haasan
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2024|01|05}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2= 3
| Title = Rat Race
| DirectedBy = Aditya Haasan
| WrittenBy = Aditya Haasan
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2024|01|05}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2= 4
| Title = Upma
| DirectedBy = Aditya Haasan
| WrittenBy = Aditya Haasan
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2024|01|05}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2= 5
| Title = Fair and Cream
| DirectedBy = Aditya Haasan
| WrittenBy = Aditya Haasan
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2024|01|05}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Slam Book
| DirectedBy = Aditya Haasan
| WrittenBy = Aditya Haasan
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|df=y|2024|01|05}}
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolor = 3CB371
}}
}}

==Reception==

Chatakonda Krishna of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the series 3.35/5 stars in their review and wrote that "This is a perfect web series to watch with family. Even though it may seem long here and there, it does not get boring".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/90s-middle-class-biopic-ott-web-series-review-bigg-boss-fame-sivaji-comedy-emotional-drama-relatable-and-entertaining-121704434623926.html | title=90s Web Series Review: నైంటీస్ వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ: శివాజీ మిడిల్ క్లాస్ ఫ్యామిలీ సిరీస్ ఎలా ఉందంటే | website=Hindustan Times | language=Telugu | trans-title=90's Webseries Review | access-date=9 January 2024 | archive-date=9 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109130909/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/90s-middle-class-biopic-ott-web-series-review-bigg-boss-fame-sivaji-comedy-emotional-drama-relatable-and-entertaining-121704434623926.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Eenadu]]'' called it "A beautiful emotional Journey".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/90s-web-series-review-in-telugu/0203/124003183 | title=90s web series review: శివాజీ నటించిన '#90s' వెబ్‌సిరీస్‌ ఎలా ఉందంటే | website=eenadu.net | language=Telugu | trans-title=Sivaji's 90's webseries Review | access-date=9 January 2024 | archive-date=9 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109130850/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/90s-web-series-review-in-telugu/0203/124003183 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.etvwin.com/win-exclusive/90-s-middle-class-biopic ''90's Middle Class Biopic''] on [[ETV Win]]
*{{IMDb title|29764006}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ETV Win original programming]]

2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election

2026-02-11T11:04:51Z

Pranav:

{{Short description|2023 Elections for electing all 110 councilors of LMC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_date = 4 May 2023
| next_year = 2028
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| seats_before5 = 2 seats
| seats_before4 = 0 seats
| seats_before3 = 8 seats
| seats_before2 = 28 seats
| seats_before1 = 58 seats
| alliance2 = [[Samajwadi Party|SP+]]
| party2 = Samajwadi Party
| alliance3 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=170|cWidth=110|cHeight=150|oLeft=23|oTop=0}}
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Sanyukta Bhatia]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Sushma Kharakwal]]
| title = Mayor
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Akhilesh Yadav (cropped).JPG |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=0 |Location=center}}
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath meeting the President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| majority_seats = 56
| seats_for_election = All 110 seats of [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| previous_year = 2017
| previous_election = 2017 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election
| ongoing = no
| type = Parliamentary
| country = India
| leader1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| leader2 = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| leader4 = [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
| leader5 = [[Mayawati]]
| last_election1 = 57 seats
| last_election2 = 31 seats
| last_election3 = 8 seats
| last_election4 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election5 = 2
| seats1 = 80 seats
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 23
| seats2 = 21 seats
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 10
| seats3 = 4 seats
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 4
| seats4 = 0 seats
| seat_change4 = {{no change}}
| seats5 = 1
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 1
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sanjay Singh (cropped).jpg|bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mayawati in 2016 (cropped).jpg|bSize=145 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=15 |Location=center}}
| leader3 = [[Brijlal Khabri]]
| party4 = Aam Aadmi Party
| party5 = Bahujan Samaj Party
| alliance4 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|None]]
| alliance5 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|None]]
| turnout = 36.97%<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-07|title=Civic Polls: 'Disinterest of voters concerning': What's behind low voter turnout in Lucknow? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/lucknow-civic-polls-rural-areas-outshine-urban-atal-bihari-vajpayee-ward-records-58-turnout-posh-localities-lag-behind-101683464698724.html|access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> ({{decrease}} 13.53%)
| map2_image = [[File:Lucknow Municipal Corporation 2023.svg|300px]]
}}

The Municipal Corporation election held in [[Lucknow|Lucknow City]] on 4th May 2023 for electing the members (corporators) and mayor of [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]] which governs Lucknow, the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

The votes were counted and the result was declared on 13 May 2023 in which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] again won the simple majority and formed the gorvenment in the city with Shushma Kharakwal as mayor.

== Background ==
After the [[2017 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|2017 LMC elections]], [[Sanyukta Bhatia]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who got about 41.94% of total votes cast in the election became the first female [[List of mayors of Lucknow|mayor of Lucknow]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2017 |title=Who is Sanyukta Bhatia? Meet Lucknow's first woman mayor in 100 years |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-sanyukta-bhatia-meet-lucknows-first-woman-mayor-in-100-years/955966/ |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> with the absolute majority of [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] in the house.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=1 December 2017 |title=Lucknow Nagar Nigam Election Results Winners List: Ward-wise Names of Winning Candidates of Congress, BJP, AIMIM, SP, BSP, AAP From UP {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/lucknow-nagar-nigam-election-results-winners-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-congress-bjp-aimim-sp-bsp-aap-2698937/ |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

There were 14 candidates who won independently from their wards in the [[2017 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|2017 LMC elections]].

The delimitation process was done by SEC after which the number of wards is the same as it was earlier, but several wards have been bifurcated and many of the wards are merged into a single.<ref name=":0" /> The Lucknow Mayoral seat was again given women reservation this time by the commission like in the previous elections in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-31 |title=ULB poll quota: Lucknow to have a woman mayor again |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ulb-poll-quota-lucknow-to-have-a-woman-mayor-again/articleshow/99128592.cms |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

There was a delay in conducting elections because of 3 months of stay order from [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to the decision of [[Allahabad High Court]] to have elections without OBC reservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban local body elections: Will submit report in 3 months: New panel on OBC quota survey |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/urban-local-body-elections-will-submit-report-in-3-months-new-panel-on-obc-quota-survey/ar-AA15QQeE |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SC stays HC order asking UP govt to hold urban local body polls without OBC quota |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jan/04/sc-stays-hc-order-asking-up-govt-to-hold-urban-local-body-polls-without-obc-quota-2534663.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=The New Indian Express |date=4 January 2023 }}</ref> The Supreme Court gave judgement in the side of the state government and ordered to have elections with OBC reservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sheenu|date=2023-04-09 |title=UP Municipal Election 2023: Voting in 2 phases on May 4 and 11, results to be out on May 13 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/up-municipal-election-2023-local-body-polls-voting-in-2-phases-on-may-4-11-results-on-may-13-latest-updates-2023-04-09-861917 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=India TV News|language=en}}</ref>

The date of dissolution of the house was 20 January 2023, there was an administrator period in the city till the election were done completely i.e 13 May 2023.

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election Event
!Schedule
|-
|Date of issue of notification of election
|11 April 2023
|-
|Last date of filling nomination
|17 April 2023
|-
|Scrutiny of nominations
|18 April 2023
|-
|Last date for withdrawal of nomination
|20 April 2023
|-
|Date of allotting symbols
|21 April 2023
|-
|Date of poll
|4 May 2023
|-
|'''Date of counting of votes and Result Declaration'''
|'''13 May 2023'''
|}
Source- <ref>{{Citation |title=Shortcuts (PC) Printable PDF file on DVD |date=2010 |work=Adobe Photoshop Elements 8: Maximum Performance |pages=324–325 |publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-240-52183-1.50032-4 |isbn=9780240521831 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Parties and alliances ==
=== {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Photo
!Seats Contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|50x50px]]
| [[Chaudhary Bhupendra Singh]]
| [[File:Bhupendra Singh.jpg|center|116x116px]]
| 110<ref>{{Cite web |title=लखनऊ नगर निगम: भाजपा ने 110 वार्डों में उतारे प्रत्याशी, देखें किन नामों पर लगाया दांव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-lucknow-municipal-corporation-bjp-fielded-candidates-110-wards-see-on-which-names-8043668.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Hindustan |date=16 April 2023 |language=hindi}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== {{Legend2|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|[[Samajwadi Party|Samajwadi Party+]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Photo
!Seat
Contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|center|50x50px]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|[[File:Akhilesh Yadav (14335961811).jpg|center|113x113px]]
|110
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Photo
!Seats Contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
|
| [[Priyanka Gandhi Vadra]]
|[[File:Priyanka Gandhi Vadra (8).jpg|center|49x49px]]
|110
|-
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Photo
!Seats Contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[File:Aam_Aadmi_Party_logo_(English).svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:AAP_Symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
| [[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
| [[File:Sanjay Singh (cropped).jpg|center|100x100px]]
|110
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};color:white" ! |'''2.'''
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant_Bahujan_Samaj_Party.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Elephant.png|center|75x75px]]
| [[Mayawati]]
| [[File:Mayawati in 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|132x132px]]
|110
|-
|}

== Mayoral Candidates ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
! colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Candidate's Name
|-
!(1)
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|50x50px]]
|Sushma Kharkwal<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-17 |title=Lucknow mayor elections: BJP candidate Sushma Sushma Kharakwal files her nomination |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-mayor-elections-bjp-candidate-sushma-sushma-kharakwal-files-her-nomination/articleshow/99553130.cms |access-date=2023-04-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!(2)
| style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| [[File:SP Flag.png|center|frameless|95x95px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|center|50x50px]]
|Vandana Mishra<ref>{{Cite web |title=SP Mayor Candidates : वंदना मिश्र लखनऊ से मेयर उम्मीदवार, सपा ने 8 नगर निगमों में घोषित किए कैंडिडेट, देखें पूरी लिस्ट |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/vandana-mishra-mayor-candidate-lucknow-sp-declared-candidates-in-8-municipal-corporations-see-full-list/articleshow/99447324.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
!(3)
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|Aam Aadmi Party
|[[File:Aam_Aadmi_Party_logo_(English).svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:AAP_Symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
|Anju Bhatt<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-16 |title=Lawyer Anju AAP mayoral pick for Lucknow |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lawyer-anju-aap-mayoral-pick-for-lucknow/articleshow/99527200.cms |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!(4)
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|Indian National Congress
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]
|Sangeeta Jaiswal
|-
!(5)
| style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant_Bahujan_Samaj_Party.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Elephant.png|center|75x75px]]
|Shahin Bano<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-14 |title=BSP declares Shahin Bano as Lucknow mayoral candidate |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bsp-declares-shahin-bano-as-lucknow-mayoral-candidate/articleshow/99498921.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Results ==
{{Pie chart|value1=48.52|value2=28.81|value3=9.91|value4=7.34|value5=2.43|value6=2.34|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color2={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|color3={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color4={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|color5={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|color6={{party color|Independent politician}}|caption=Vote share of the different parties in the election.|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|label2=[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]|label3=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|label4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]|label5=[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]|label6=[[Independent politician|IND]]}}
=== Mayor Election ===
{{Election box begin | title=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sushma Kharakwal]]|votes=5,02,660|percentage=48.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Vandana Mishra|votes=2,98,519|percentage=28.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sangeeta Jaiswal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,02,633|percentage=9.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shaheen Bano|votes=75,997|percentage=7.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Anju Bhatt|votes=25,206|percentage=2.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Other [[Independent Politician|Independents]]|votes=24,241|percentage=2.34|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 2,04,141
|percentage = 19.71
|change = {{increase}} 5.11
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,29,256|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elected corporators of the different parties ===
{| style="width:61%; text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:53.6%;" | '''80'''
| style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}; width:41.2%;" | '''21'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:4.0%;" | '''4'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}; width:4.0%;" | '''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; width:1.2%;" | '''4'''
|-
| {{color|{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}|'''BJP'''}}
| {{color|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|'''SP'''}}
| {{color|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|'''INC'''}}
| {{color|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|'''BSP'''}}
| {{color|{{party color|Independent politician}}|'''IND'''}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Ward
! colspan="3" |Elected Candidate <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Lucknow Nagar Nigam Chunav Result 2023: लखनऊ में BJP की सुषमा जीती, कई वार्डों के नतीजे घोषित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/uttar-pradesh/story/lucknow-nagar-nigam-up-nikay-chunav-result-2023-live-updates-lclv-1693927-2023-05-13 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
!No.
!Name
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
!1
|Shraddhya Atal Bihari Vajpayee
|Chandawati
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!2
|Sharda Nagar - II
|Draupadi
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
|Ibrahimpur - II
|Muskan Bharti
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!4
|Ibrahimpur - I
|Brij Mohan Sharma
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!5
|Raja Bijli Pasi - II
|Pinki
|-
!6
|Raja Bijli Pasi - I
|Rajni Yadav
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!7
|Lal Ji Tandon
|Roshini
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!8
|Ambedkar Nagar
|Shubhash Chandra
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF0000" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!9
|Kalyan Singh
|Asha Rawat
|-
!10
|Sarojini Nagar - I
|Geeta Devi
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!11
|Shaheed Bhagar Singh - II
|Ramu
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF0000" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!12
|Kargapur Sarsava
|Rajesh Kumar
|-
!13
|Shaheed Bhagar Singh - I
|Yogyata Yadav
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!14
|Bharwara Malhaur
|Mamta Rawat
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!15
|Lal Bahadur Shastri - I
|Surendra Kumar Valmiki
| bgcolor="#B2B2B2" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!16
|Faizullaganj - IV
|Ramu
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!17
|Vikramaditya - Mahatama Gandhi
|Amit Chaudhary
| bgcolor="#22409A" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
!18
|Sarojini Nagar - II
|Ram Naresh
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!19
|Sharda Nagar - I
|Himanshu Ambedkar
|-
!20
|New Haiderganj - III
|Vinod Kumar Yadav
|-
!21
|Malviya Nagar
|Mamta Chaudhary
| bgcolor="#00BBFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!22
|Jankipuram - III
|Dipak Kumar Lodhi
| rowspan="14" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="14" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!23
|Gurunanak Nagar
|Piyush Diwan
|-
!24
|Saadatganj
|Shiv Kumar Yadav
|-
!25
|Babu Kunj Bihari - Omnagar
|Sarita Mishra
|-
!26
|Aishbagh
|Sandeep Sharma
|-
!27
|Balaganj
|Kamlesh Kumari Diwedi
|-
!28
|Rammohan Rai
|Madhu Singh
|-
!29
|Kharika - II
|Rajni Awasthi
|-
!30
|Kharika - I
|Krishna Narayan Singh
|-
!31
|Jankipuram - I
|Nisha Tiwari
|-
!32
|Alamnagar
|Rekha Singh
|-
!33
|Lalkuan
|Shushil Kumar Tiwari
|-
!34
|Hazratganj - Ramtirth
|Nagendra Singh Chauhan
|-
!35
|Hind Nagar
|Saurabh Singh 'Monu'
|-
!36
|Kesari Kheda
|Devendra Singh Yadav
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!37
|Gomti Nagar
|Kaushal Shankar Pandey
| bgcolor="#00BBFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!38
|Kanhaiya - Madhavpur - II
|Md. Shakir
| bgcolor="#B2B2B2" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!39
|New Haiderganj - II
|Dharmendra Kumar Singh
| rowspan="12" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="12" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!40
|Indira Priyadarshini
|Kalpana Verma
|-
!41
|Ram Ji Lal - Sardar Patel Nagar
|Sandhya Mishra
|-
!42
|Shankarpurva - II
|Shivam Upadhya
|-
!43
|Ismailganj - II
|Ranjana Awasthi
|-
!44
|Faizullaganj - II
|Priyanka
|-
!45
|Guru Govind Singh
|Shravan Nayak
|-
!46
|Kunwar Jyoti Prasad
|Gauri Sanvariya
|-
!47
|Daliganj - Niralanagar
|Abhilasha Katiyar
|-
!48
|Faizullaganj - I
|Rashmi Singh
|-
!49
|Mahakavi Jai Shankar Prasad
|Swadesh Singh
|-
!50
|Chinhat - I
|Arun Kumar Rai
|-
!51
|Ismailganj - I
|Mukesh Singh Chauhan
| bgcolor="#00BBFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!52
|Kanhaiya - Madhavpur - I
|Ram Naresh Chaurasiya
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!53
|Mahanagar
|Harishchandra Lodhi
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!54
|Geetapalli
|Richa Mishra
|-
!55
|Rani Laxmi Bai
|Shafikur Rehman
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!56
|Vidhya Vati
|Kaushalendra Diwedi
| rowspan="13" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="13" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!57
|Babu Banarsi Das
|Ashish Kumar Hitaishi
|-
!58
|Moti Lal Nehru - Chandra Bhanu Gupta Nagar
|Charanjit Gandhi
|-
!59
|Colvin College - Nishatganj
|Pramod Singh
|-
!60
|Vidhya Vati - III
|Nirmala Singh
|-
!61
|Tilak Nagar - Kundari Rakabganj
|Rajiv Bajpayee
|-
!62
|Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
|Malti Yadav
|-
!63
|Ayodhya Das - II
|Awdhesh Tripathi
|-
!64
|Vidhya Vati - I
|Pratima Tiwari
|-
!65
|Chitragupta Nagar
|Narendra Kumar
|-
!66
|Chinhat - II
|Shailendra Verma
|-
!67
|Lala Lajpat Rai
|Raghav Ram Tiwari
|-
!68
|Babu Jagjivan Ram
|Bhrigunath Shukla
|-
!69
|J.C. Bose
|Yavar Hussain Reshu
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!70
|Paper Mill Colony
|Rajesh Singh
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!71
|Mankameshwar Mandir
|Ranjit Singh
|-
!72
|Shankarpurva - III
|Umesh Chandra Sanval
|-
!73
|Faizullaganj - III
|Pradeep Kumar Shukla
|-
!74
|Jankipuram - II
|Rajkumari Maurya
|-
!75
|Bhartendu Harishchandra
|Man Singh Yadav
|-
!76
|Rajiv Gandhi - I
|Sanjay Rathore
|-
!77
|Maithlisharan Gupta
|Ashok Kumar Upadhya
| bgcolor="#B2B2B2" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!78
|Labor Colony
|Ajay Dixit
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!79
|Rajajipuram
|Kaumudi Tripathi
|-
!80
|Indira Nagar
|Puja Jaswani
|-
!81
|Mallahi Tola - II
|Gulshan Abbas
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!82
|Triveni Nagar
|Dev Sharma Mishra
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!83
|New Haiderganj - I
|Rajnii Gupta
|-
!84
|Kadam Rasool
|Mohd. Nadeem
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!85
|Mallahi Tola - I
|CB Singh
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!86
|Lohia Nagar
|Rajesh Mishra
|-
!87
|Gola Ganj
|Mohd. Haleem
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!88
|Bashiratganj - Ganeshganj
|Girish Gupta
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!89
|Sheetla Devi
|Anoop Kamal Saxena
|-
!90
|Rajendra Nagar
|Rajesh Kumar Dixit
|-
!91
|Vivekanand Puri
|Nupur Shankghar
|-
!92
|Shankarpurva - I
|Namita Yadav
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!93
|Husainabad
|Lubana Ali
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!94
|Daulatganj
|Rani Kanaujia
|-
!95
|Maulvi Ganj
|Mukesh Singh 'Monti'
|-
!96
|Lal Bahadur Shashtri - II
|Bhupendra Kumar Sharma
|-
!97
|Gadhi Pir Khan
|Shaista Parveen
| bgcolor="#B2B2B2" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!98
|Yadunath Sanyal - Nazarbagh
|Kaamran Beg
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!99
|Acharya Narendra Dev
|Manish Rastogi
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!100
|Rajiv Gandhi - II
|Arun Kumar Tiwari
|-
!101
|Amberganj
|Saba Ahsan Mansuri
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!102
|Maulana Kalbe Abid
|Ifham Ullah
| bgcolor="#00BBFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!103
|Mashakganj - Wazirganj
|Mohd. Naeem
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!104
|Yahiaganj - Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
|Narendra Sharma
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!105
|Kashmiri Mohalla
|Laeek Aaga
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!106
|Chowk - Bazar Kali Ji
|Anurag Mishra 'Annu'
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!107
|Raja - Bazar
|Rahul Mishra
|-
!108
|Bhawaniganj
|Reeta Rai
|-
!109
|Aliganj
|Prithvi Gupta
|-
!110
|Ayodhya Das - I
|Musbbor Ali Manshu
| bgcolor="#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==See also==
*[[2023 elections in India]]
*[[List of mayors of Lucknow]]
*[[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Lucknow]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Pradesh municipal corporation elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Local elections in Uttar Pradesh|Lucknow]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Lucknow]]
[[Category:2022 elections in India|Lucknow]]
[[Category:Government of Lucknow]]

Umed Singh (Haryana politician)

2026-01-31T22:17:59Z

Pranav: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Naina Singh Chautala]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
| name = Umed Singh
| state =
| 1blankname = Father
| 1namedata = Sube Singh
| alma_mater = Govt. Boys Sr. Sec. School, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi
| military_blank1 = Retired Officer
| military_data1 = Indian Navy
}}
'''Umed Singh Patuwas''' is an Indian politician from Patuwas, Charkhi Dadri, Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Badhra Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Badhra, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Umed Singh defeats INC's Somvir Singh with 7585 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/badhra-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612832-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Badhra Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/badhra-election-result-2024-live-update-9077342.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news |date=2 December 2024 |title=A look at Haryana's 40 first-time MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archivedate=4 July 2025 |accessdate=4 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Umed Singh hails from Patuwas village in Charkhi Dadri district, Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=उमेद सिंह की जीवनी, जानिए हरियाणा की बध्रा विधानसभा सीट से चुनाव लड़ रहे उमेद सिंह कौन है? |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/politics/umed-singh-biography-in-hindi-jeevan-parichay-jeevani-umed-singh-education-wealth-hight-age-weight-wife-education-umed-singh-son-daughter-1069264 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=www.bhaskerhindi.com}}</ref>

== Education ==
He completed his education up to the 10th standard from Government Boys Senior Secondary School, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi, in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umed Singh (MyNeta) |url=https://myneta.info/Haryana2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=116 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=My Neta Info}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Umed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bhawani Khera, Ajmer

2026-01-20T09:55:31Z

Pranav: Created some data added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhawani Khera
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4501|N|74.6363|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ajmer tehsil]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
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| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,688
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="AjmerCensusDCHB-B">{{Cite book|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0821_PART_B_DCHB_AJMER.pdf|title=District Census Handbook Ajmer, Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract|last=|first=|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
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| blank4_info_sec1 =
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| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 305401<ref>{{Cite web|last=GetPincodes|title=305401 Pin code Pin code, List of Pincodes, Post Offices in Nasirabad, Ajmer, Rajasthan, All India Pincode data|url=http://www.getpincodes.com/pincode/305401|access-date=2022-01-17|website=GetPincodes|language=en-US}}</ref>
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Nasirabad (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nasirabad]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''Bhawani Khera''' is a village in [[Ajmer tehsil]] of [[Ajmer district]] of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan state]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=चाेर गिराेह की गिरफ्तारी: अलवर गेट थाना प्रभारी सुनीता गुर्जर के नेतृत्व में पुलिस दल ने शातिराें काे पकड़ा, कई वारदातें उगली|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/ajmer/news/police-team-led-by-alwar-gate-police-station-officer-in-charge-sunita-gurjar-caught-vicious-attacks-many-incidents-erupted-128163508.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> The village falls under Narwar [[gram panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=District sub district identification code—Rajasthan Government|url=http://www.rajcensus.gov.in/OTHER/AHS.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123040612/http://www.rajcensus.gov.in/OTHER/AHS.PDF|archive-date=23 January 2014|access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>

==Demography==
As per [[2011 census of India]], Bhawani Khera has population of 3,688 of which 1,847 are males and 1,841 are females. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the village is 997.<ref name="AjmerCensusDCHB-B" />

==Transportation==
Bhawani Khera is connected by air ([[Kishangarh Airport]]), by train ([[Nasirabad railway station]]) and by road.

==See also==
*[[Ajmer Tehsil]]
*[[Nasirabad railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ajmer district]]

{{AjmerDistrict-geo-stub}}

Margaret Pavamani

2026-01-15T16:31:50Z

Pranav:

{{Infobox person
| name = Margaret Pavamani
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1897}}
| birth_place = Pappiniseri, Kannur district
| death_date =
| known_for = President of a Kerala Mahila Desa Sevika Sangham.
| movement = [[Quit India Movement]], [[Swadeshi Movement]]
| spouse = Benjamin Pavamani
| family =
}}

'''Margaret Pavamani''' (1897–1985) was a freedom fighter, social worker in [[Kerala]], India. She was a prominent figure in Civil disobedience movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=P. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVUqAAAAYAAJ&q=Margaret+Pavamani |title=Women's Organisations and Women's Interests |last2=Nair |first2=M. S. |date=1986 |publisher=Ashish Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7024-036-5 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> She was the wife of Benjamin Pavamani, a prominent lawyer and freedom fighter who was an advocate in Calicut. Margaret born in [[Pappinisseri|Pappiniseri]] on 1897.

==Work==
She participated in [[Salt March|Salt Satyagraha]] in 1930.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PULAAAAIAAJ&q=Margaret+Pavamani |title=The History of Freedom Movement in Kerala: 1885-1938 |date=1970 |publisher=Government of Kerala |pages=222 |language=en}}</ref> On 25 April 1931 with [[A. V. Kuttimalu Amma]] she organized a picketing at Thrissur town with a group of women from middle-class families. Her efforts were instrumental in mobilizing women's participation in the movement in [[Malabar District|Malabar]]. She also actively picketed toddy shops and shops selling foreign clothes. Her dedication to the cause led to her imprisonment in 1932.

She served as a member of the Calicut Municipal Council. In 1931, she was elected as the president of a Kerala Mahila Desa Sevika Sangham,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BA HISTORY |url=https://docs.uoc.ac.in/website/SDE/sde718.pdf |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT}}</ref> which aimed to empower women and promote their involvement in social issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verkot Hose, calicut |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/verkot-house-calicut |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=indianculture.gov.in}}</ref> This organization became a platform for women to voice their concerns and take part in the broader fight for independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Pavamani |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?6578 |website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Margaret, Pavamani}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]

Zamindar

2026-01-11T18:00:07Z

Pranav: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Indian hereditary aristocrat}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Original research|date=December 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

[[File:Salimullah.jpg|thumb|[[Khwaja Salimullah]] was a ''zamindar'' with the title of [[Nawab]]. His family's landholdings in [[Bengal]] were one of the largest in [[British Raj|British India]].]]
A''' zamindar'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''zomindar''', '''zomidar''', '''jomidar''' and '''jamindar'''}} in the [[Indian subcontinent]] was an autonomous or [[semi-autonomous]] [[Indian feudalism|feudal lord]] of a ''zamindari'' (feudal estate). The term itself came into use during the [[Mughal Empire]], when [[Persian language|Persian]] was the official language; ''zamindar'' is the Persian for ''landowner''. During the [[British Raj]], the British began using it as a local synonym for "estate". Subsequently, it was widely and loosely used for any substantial landed magnates in [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Kalyan Kumar Sen |year=1974 |title=Bengali Intelligentsia and the Politics of Rent, 1873-1885 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516249 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=27–34 |doi=10.2307/3516249 |issn=0970-0293 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Zamindars as a class were equivalent to lords and barons; in some cases, they were independent sovereign princes. Similarly, their holdings were typically hereditary and came with the right to collect taxes on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. This continued in states like [[Bihar]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[West Bengal]] even after [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] until the abolition of zamindari in 1950.

During the [[Mughal Empire]], as well as the [[British Raj|British rule]], zamindars were the land-owning nobility of the [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |date=1984 |title=Moral conduct and authority: the place of adab in South Asian Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&pg=PA269 |publisher=University of California Press |page=269 |isbn=978-0-520-04660-3 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308154712/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&pg=PA269 |url-status=live}}</ref> and formed the ruling class. Emperor [[Akbar]] granted them [[mansabdar|mansabs]], and their ancestral domains were treated as [[jagir]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2011103016233/give-an-account-of-the-ruling-classes-of-mughal-empire.html |title=Give an account of the Ruling Classes of Mughal Empire |first=Shreya |last=Acharya |website=preservearticles.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521201142/http://www.preservearticles.com/2011103016233/give-an-account-of-the-ruling-classes-of-mughal-empire.html |archive-date=21 May 2013 |date=30 October 2011}}</ref> Most of the big zamindars belonged to the [[Hindu]] high-caste, usually [[Brahmin]], [[Rajput]], [[Bhumihar]], or [[Kayastha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choithani |first1=Chetan |title=Migration, Food Security and Development |date=11 May 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-84037-8 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39WgEAAAQBAJ&dq=zamindar+hindus+were+brahmin,+rajputs&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref> During the colonial era, the [[Permanent Settlement]] consolidated what became known as the ''zamindari system''. The British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognising them as princes. Many of the region's [[princely state]]s were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. The British also reduced the land holdings of many pre-colonial princely states and chieftaincies, demoting their status to noble zamindars from previously higher ranks of royalty.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} During the period of [[British Raj|British colonial rule in India]], many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with noble and royal titles such as ''[[Maharaja]]'', ''[[Raja]]/[[Rai (title)|Rai]], [[Babu (title)|Babu]]'', [[Rai Sahib]], [[Rai Bahadur]], ''[[Nawab]]'', and [[Khan (title)|Khan]].<ref>"Santanu Ghosh: মুন্সিয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ (in Bengali)" Santanu Ghosh. "Munshianay Chollis Purush" Publisher: Dey's Publishing</ref><ref>Motilal, Anup; Bandopadhyay, Ranjankumar (1991). ''Baranagar: Itihas O Samikshya''</ref>

The system was abolished during [[land reform]]s in [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) in 1950,<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=C |date=1997 |title=Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press |page=72 |isbn=0-8133-3632-5}}</ref> India in 1951,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gktoday.in/blog/abolition-of-zamindari-in-india/ |title=Abolition of Zamindari in India |website=gktoday.in |publisher=General Knowledge Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130035711/http://www.gktoday.in/blog/abolition-of-zamindari-in-india/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> and [[West Pakistan]] (present-day [[Pakistan]]) in 1959.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/570487 |title=Land reforms in Pakistan |date=11 October 2010 |work=Dawn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130024141/http://www.dawn.com/news/570487 |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> The zamindars often played an important role in the regional histories of the subcontinent. One of the most notable examples is the 16th-century confederation formed by twelve zamindars in the [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region ([[Baro-Bhuyan]]s), which, according to the [[Jesuits]] and [[Ralph Fitch]], earned a reputation for successively repelling [[Mughal conquest of Bengal|Mughal invasions]] through naval battles. The zamindars were also patrons of the arts. The [[Tagore family]] produced India's first [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate in literature in 1913, [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who was often based at his estate. Similarly, many zamindars also promoted [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] and [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture.
[[File:Jorasanko Thakurbari.jpg|thumb|[[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], the seat of the [[Tagore family]]]]
[[File:Bawali Rajbari 1.jpg|thumb|left|Façade of the 300-year-old ''Bawali Rajbari'', with [[Corinthian pillar]]s, the seat of the [[Bawali Raj]] family]]

== Mughal era ==

[[File:Mehtab Chand of Burdwan.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mehtab Chand (1820–79) (zamindar of the [[Burdwan (Zamindari)|Burdwan Raj]]) as a young man, {{circa}} 1840–45 AD.]]

When [[Babur]] conquered North India, there were many autonomous and semiautonomous rulers who were known locally as Rai, Raja, Rana, Rao, Rawat, etc., while in the various Persian chronicles, they were referred to as zamindars and {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|marzabans}}. They were vassals who ruled, mostly hereditarily, over their respective territories. They commanded not only a considerable part of the economic resources of the empire but also military power. After the conquest of Hindustan, Babur informs us that one-sixth of its total revenues came from the territories of the chiefs. He writes, "The revenue of the countries now held by me (1528 A.D.) from Bhira to [[Bihar]], is fifty-two crores as will be known in detail. Eight or nine crores of this are from the parganas of rais and the rajas who have submitted in the past (to the [[Sultan of Delhi|Sultans of Delhi]]), receive allowance and maintenance."<ref name="Ansari2000">{{cite thesis |last=Ansari |first=Tahir Hussain |year=2008 |title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar |type=PhD |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/3707/1/T%207407.pdf |page=1 |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102060810/http://ir.amu.ac.in/3707/1/T%207407.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Arif Qandhari, one of the contemporary historians of [[Akbar]]'s reign, there were around two to three hundred rajas or rais and zamindars who ruled their territory from strong forts under the emperor's suzerainty. Each of these rajas and zamindars commanded an army of their own, generally consisting of their clansmen, and the total numbers of their troops, as [[Abul Fazl]] tells us, stood at forty-four lakhs, comprising 384,558 cavalry, 4,277,057 infantry, 1,863 elephants, 4,260 guns, and 4,500 boats.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fazl |first1=Abul |title=Ain-i-Akbari |page=120 |edition=1. Saiyid Ahmad Khan, Delhi, 1856}}</ref>
During the Mughal Era, there was no clear difference between the princely states and zamindari estates. Even the ruling autonomous chiefs of princely states were called zamindars.
Moreland was one of the first historians to draw our attention to the importance of zamindars in medieval India. He defines zamindars as "vassal chiefs". He points out that there were areas under direct control of the Mughals where there were no zamindars, and then there were territories of the vassal chiefs who had autonomy over their state, but were subjugated by the [[Mughals]] and paid a tribute/nazarana to the Mughal Emperor. However, Irfan Habib, in his book ''Agrarian System of Mughal India'', divided the zamindars into two categories: the autonomous chiefs who enjoyed "sovereign power" in their territories and the ordinary zamindars who exercised superior rights in land and collected land revenue and were mostly appointed by the Mughals.<ref name="Ansari2000" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Voyages in World History, Volume 2: Since 1500 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klcYZE-jE74C&pg=PA461 |page=461 |chapter=The Politics of Empire in Southern and Eastern Asia |first1=Valerie |last1=Hansen |first2=Kenneth R. |last2=Curtis |date=30 December 2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-618-07725-0}}</ref> These people were known as the zamindars (intermediaries),<ref name="Jaffrelot2000">{{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |date=September–October 2000 |title=Sanskritization vs. Ethnicization in India: Changing Indentities and Caste Politics before Mandal |journal=Asian Survey |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=756–766 |doi=10.2307/3021175 |jstor=3021175}}</ref> and they collected revenue primarily from the [[ryot]]s ([[peasant]]s).<ref>{{cite book |first=Irfan |last=Habib |orig-date=1963 |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1526-1707 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd revised |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-562329-0}} For the meanings of ''zamindar'' see pp. 140ff.</ref> The zamindari system was more prevalent in the north of India because Mughal influence in the south was less apparent.<ref name="Jaffrelot2000" />

[[File:Vasantrao S Dempo 2016 stamp of India.jpg|thumb| [[Vasantrao S. Dempo]], [[Indian peers and baronets|Barao Dempo]], zamindar and richest man of [[Goa]] and one of the wealthiest in India post-independence]]

Historian [[S. Nurul Hasan]] divided the zamindars into three categories: (i) The autonomous rai/rajas or chiefs, (ii) the intermediary zamindars, and (iii) the primary zamindars.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Ahsan Raza |year=1977 |title=Chieftains in the Mughal Empire: During the Reign of Akbar |location=Simla |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |page=7 |oclc=1045889555 |quote=Professor S. Nurul Hasan's article, "The Position of the Zamindars in the Mughal Empire" was however, a major breakthrough ... He has classified the ''zamindars'' in the Mughal empire into three broad categories: (a) the autonomous chieftains; (b) the intermediary ''zamindars'', and (c) the primary ''zamindars''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New breed of millionaires in Goa in the offing |date=11 March 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19781231-new-breed-of-millionaires-in-goa-in-the-offing-823236-2014-03-11}}</ref>

==British era==


The [[East India Company]] established themselves in India by first becoming zamindars of three villages: Calcutta, Sultani, and Govindpur. Later, they acquired the 24-Parganas and, in 1765, got control of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nasserwanji Driver |first1=Peshotan |title=Problems of Zamindari and Land Reconstruction in India |date=1949 |publisher=Bombay New Book Company LTD. |location=Bombay |page=10}}</ref> Later in 1857, the British Crown was established as the sovereign.
[[File:Kolkata House of Rani Rashmoni.jpg|thumb|The Palace of the [[Janbazar Raj]], the family of [[Rani Rashmoni]]]]

During the Mughal Era, the zamindars were not proprietors. The Mughal emperor was considered the supreme owner of the land.
Zamindars only had the right to collect revenue (tax) from peasants, not to own the land itself. By the late 18th century, the British East India Company had already gained control over Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha after the Battle of Plassey (1757) and the Battle of Buxar (1764). The East India Company, under [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], made the Permanent Settlement in 1793 with the zamindars and made them proprietors of their land in return for a fixed annual rent and left them independent for the internal affairs of their estates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/provisions-of-the-permanent-settlement-act-of-1793/2557 |title=Provisions of the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 |date=29 November 2014 |type=User-generated content |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923014415/https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/provisions-of-the-permanent-settlement-act-of-1793/2557 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Blog source, this article requires WP:HISTRS compliant source(s)|date=March 2021}} This Permanent Settlement created the new zamindari system as we know it today. After 1857, the armies of the majority of zamindars were abolished with the exception of few forces for policing/digwari/kotwali in their respective estates. If the zamindars were not able to pay the rent until sunset, parts of their estates were acquired and auctioned. This created a new class of zamindars in the society. As the rest of India came later under the control of the [[East India Company]] (EIC), different ways were implemented in different provinces with regard to the ruling authorities in the region to get them to accede to Company authority.

The British generally adopted the extant zamindari system of revenue collection in the north of the country. They recognised the zamindars as landowners and proprietors as opposed to the Mughal government and, in return, required them to collect taxes. Although some zamindars were present in the south, they were not so in large numbers, and the British administrators used the [[ryotwari]] (cultivator) method of collection, which involved selecting certain farmers as being landowners and requiring them to remit their taxes directly.<ref name="Jaffrelot2000" />
[[File:Munshibari.jpg|thumb|Former estate of the Zamindari [[Munshibari family of Ulipur|Munshi family of Ulipur]] in Northern Bangladesh]]
[[File:Kadirpara Babu Zamindar Bari.jpg|thumb|An old photograph of [[Kadirpara Estate|Kadirpara Munshi Bari]]]]
The [[zamindars of Bengal]] were influential in the development of Bengal. They played a pivotal role during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Patnaik |first=Utsa |author-link=Utsa Patnaik |date=18 March 2007 |title=Patriotic And Comprador Zamindars In The Great Rebellion Of 1857 |url=http://pd.cpim.org/2007/0318/03182007_1857.htm |work=People's Democracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505171622/http://pd.cpim.org/2007/0318/03182007_1857.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> Similarly, they were largely influential in philanthropy and the development of the arts.
[[File:Interior jummah taltoli jama masjeed.jpg|thumb|Mosque constructed by the Zamindari [[Munshibari family of Comilla|Munshi family of Comilla]] in Bengal]]
The British continued the tradition of bestowing both royal and noble titles on zamindars who were loyal to the paramount. The titles of Raja, Maharaja, Rai Saheb, Rai Bahadur, Rao, Nawab, Munshi, and Khan Bahadur were bestowed on princely state rulers and on many zamindars from time to time. According to an estimate in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, there were around 2000 ruling chiefs holding the royal title of Raja and Maharaja, which included the rulers of princely states and several large chiefdoms. This number increases tenfold if zamindar/[[jagirdar]] chiefs with other non-royal but noble titles are taken into account.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

===Accession===
Unlike the autonomous or frontier chiefs, the hereditary status of the zamindar class was circumscribed by the Mughals, and the heir depended to a certain extent on the pleasure of the sovereign.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Sirajul |last2=Akhter |first2=Shirin |year=2012 |chapter=Zamindar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Zamindar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703120049/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Zamindar |archive-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> Heirs were set by descent or, at times, even adoption by religious laws.<ref>{{cite book |date=1888 |title=The Indian Law Reports: Madras series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9KyAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA385 |publisher=Controller of Stationery and Print |page=385}}</ref> Under the British Empire, the zamindars were to be subordinate to [[the Crown]] and not act as hereditary lords, but at times family politics was at the heart of naming an heir.<ref>{{cite book |last=McLane |first=John R. |date=2002 |title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA223 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=223 |isbn=978-0-521-52654-8}}</ref> At times, a cousin could be named an heir with closer family relatives present;<ref>{{cite book |date=1872 |title=Madras High Court Reports: 1870 and 1871 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zc8DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA209 |publisher=J. Higgingbotham |page=209}}</ref> a lawfully wedded wife could inherit the zamindari if the ruling zamindar named her an heir.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee. |last2=India. Courts. |title=Kashi Prasad ''v.'' Indar Kunwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jc4oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA596 |year=1908 |journal=Allahabad Law Journal |volume=5 |publisher=Indian Press |page=596}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodman |first1=Joseph Vere |last2=Monnier |first2=Emile Henry |date=1902 |title=A Digest of Indian Law Cases: Containing High Court Reports, 1862-1900, and Privy Council Reports of Appeals from India, 1836-1900, with an Index of Cases |volume=III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khoaAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PT245 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, India |page=5498}}</ref>

==Abolition==
The zamindari system was mostly abolished in independent India soon after its creation with the [[First Amendment of the Constitution of India]], which amended the [[right to property]] as shown in Articles 19 and 31.<ref name="Guha">{{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=India After Gandhi |publisher=Ecco |pages=219–220 |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-330-54020-9}}</ref> In East Pakistan, the [[East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950]] had a similar effect of ending the system.<ref><nowiki>{{State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 [XXVII of 1951, Section 3]}}</nowiki></ref>

==In global health and tropical medicine==
Critics have likened the discipline of global health and tropical medicine to having a feudal structure where individuals and institutions in high-income nations act as zamindars over health issues of low- and- iddle-income nations,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhaumik |first=Soumyadeep |date=31 December 2024 |title=On the nature and structure of epistemic injustice in the neglected tropical disease knowledge ecosystem |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |language=en |volume=18 |issue=12 |article-number=e0012781 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012781 |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=11687857 |pmid=39739949 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Keshri VR, Bhaumik S |date=September 2022 |title=The feudal structure of global health and its implications for decolonisation |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=7 |issue=9 |article-number=e010603 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010603 |pmid=36167407 |pmc=9516156 |s2cid=252565623}}</ref> thus sustaining the imperial nature of global health.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kwete X, Tang K, Chen L, Ren R, Chen Q, Wu Z, Cai Y, Li H |date=January 2022 |title=Decolonizing global health: what should be the target of this movement and where does it lead us? |journal=Global Health Research and Policy |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=3 |doi=10.1186/s41256-022-00237-3 |pmc=8784247 |pmid=35067229 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasheed MA |date=December 2021 |title=Navigating the violent process of decolonisation in global health research: a guideline |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |language=English |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=e1640–e1641 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00440-X |pmid=34798014 |s2cid=244286291 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Affun-Adegbulu C, Adegbulu O |date=August 2020 |title=Decolonising Global (Public) Health: from Western universalism to Global pluriversalities |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=5 |issue=8 |article-number=e002947 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002947 |pmid=32819916 |pmc=7443258 |s2cid=221220715}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats]]
* [[Mankari]]
* [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
* [[Zerat]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India topics}}

[[Category:Government of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indian landlords|Zam]]

Monoranjan Sen

2025-12-17T09:05:02Z

Pranav: creating a data.

{{Short description|Bengali revolutionary}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2022}}

'''Monoranjan Sen''' ( ? - May 5, 1930) was one of the martyred [[Bengalis|Bengali]] revolutionaries of the [[Indian independence movement]] in [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kānunago|first=Sunīti Bhūshaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQluAAAAMAAJ&q=Monoranjan+Sen+Chittagong|title=The Chittagong Revolt, 1930-34|date=1994|publisher=Dipankar Qanungo|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Manoranjan_Sen.jpg|thumb|Manoranjan Sen]]
== Revolutionary activities ==
Manoranjan Sen was born in [[Chittagong]]. His father's name is Rajinikanth Sen. He was a child of a poor family. He joined the Indian Republican Army led by ''masterda'' [[Surya Sen]] while in his first year of college. As a member of the Revolutionary Party, he took part in the looting of [[Chittagong armoury raid|Chittagong armoury]] on April 17, 1930. He was one of the victorious forces in the battle of Jalalabad hills which took place on 22 April. 4 days later he committed suicide, reject to surrender and to avoid police arrest,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Srikrishan 'Sarala'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_AiQG2mg00C&dq=Monoranjan+Sen+Chittagong&pg=PA146|title=Indian Revolutionaries 1757-1961 (Vol-4): A Comprehensive Study, 1757-1961|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-87100-19-5|language=en}}</ref> after his three friends were killed in a skirmish with the guards at Kalarpool during an attack on a European residence in Chittagong.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Kali Charan|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99716|title=The Footprints On The Road To Indian Independence|date=1959}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong District]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

Sarai Aquil

2025-12-11T15:58:11Z

Pranav: update formatting additionally and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarai Aquil
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|23|N|81|31|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15719
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sarai Aquil''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Kaushambi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], an [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]].

==Demographics==
In 2001, the Indian [[census]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> recorded that Sarai Akil had a population of 15,719. Males comprise 54% of the population and females 46%. Sarai Akil had an average literacy rate of 48%, which is lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 55% and female literacy was 39%. Additionally, 16% of the population in Sarai Aquil were children under 6 years.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kaushambi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kaushambi district]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]

{{Kaushambi-geo-stub}}

Manbhatt

2025-11-25T06:44:09Z

Pranav: minor update references after review and added references

'''Manbhatt''' were [[Brahmin]] priests of south [[Gujarat]] (India) narrating stories called ''[[Akhyana]]''s to the accompaniment of music played on copper-made water pitcher or large globular metal pot (''man'') having a narrow mouth and bloated mid-part, used for beats of rhythmic beating time as required.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-3036|title=Maṇ - Oxford Reference|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-3036|access-date=2018-08-27}}</ref> The manbhatt has been an important fixture in the religious lives of middle-class Gujaratis for several hundred years. Today, this once extremely popular art of story-telling is almost extinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20040112-dharmiklal-pandya-struggles-to-save-dying-art-of-gujarat-manbhat-akhyan-790784-2004-01-11|title=Singing a Lost Tune|last=Mahurkar |first=Uday|date=12 January 2004|publisher=[[India Today ]]|access-date=17 February 2010}}</ref>

The narrative consists of stories from the epics, the Puranas, and from everyday life. The singer uses fingers with metal rings to slap rhythmically the shoulders of the ''man''.<ref name="Pollock2003">{{cite book|author=Sheldon Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA580|accessdate=19 September 2017|date=19 May 2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=California|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|page=580}}</ref> Further accompaniment is provided by [[cymbal]]s (''jhanjh''), [[barrel drum]] (''pakhavaj''), [[tabla]], and [[Pump organ|harmonium]].

The communities of [[Charanas]] and [[Bhats]] have been composing and reciting epic verses celebrating the exploits of their royal patrons. They use the ''[[Rasa (literary form)|raso]]'' (''rasa'' or ''rasaka''), a structure consisting of several poems that each tell a portion of the story, depict a scene, or speak in the voice of a character. The main raso forms are ''[[doha (couplet)|doha]]'' (couplet) and ''[[chhand]]'' (extended metre). A variant of the doha is the ''soratha''. The number of syllables per line is the same in both forms; however, in doha the first half of the line is longer and the rhyme occurs at the end of the line, whereas in sorath the second half of the line is longer and the rhyme occurs in the middle. In chhand, the metrical structure has many forms.

According to scholar [[Krishnalal Jhaveri]], at the time when the art of printing and printing process were not even developed, these story-tellers used to pick up stories from the Puranas (also the stories written by the newly emerging writers) and narrate them to the accompaniment of Man, before their audiences of near and far off places that they visited. Thereby, besides regaling their listeners, they used to bolster up their religious sentiments, too.

The distinguishing quality or the ingenuity of these story-tellers or public-preachers was that they were superb singers and music composers besides being well-versed actors and performers having a marvelous sense of rhythm. Due to their extraordinary mastery over music and the art of performing, these well skilled story-tellers could make their audience laugh heartily or shed tears pathetically at will.
==See also==
* [[Akhyana]]
* [[Fagu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]

Garikaparru

2025-11-23T17:36:13Z

Pranav: fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Garikaparru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.345091|80.830859|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|Districts]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =village panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=11 February 2016|page=16,400|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 3.01
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| population_total = 2945
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Garikaparru''' is a village in [[Thotlavalluru]] [[mandal]], located in [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="census" />
The main occupation in the village is [[agriculture]]. [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|Paddy]] and [[sugarcane]] are the most grown crops.

== How to reach Garikaparru ==
=== By road ===

Vijayawada is the nearest town to Garikaparru. Vijayawada is 32 km from Garikaparru. Road connectivity is there from Vijayawada to Garikaparru.

=== By rail ===

There is no railway station near to Garikaparru in less than 10 km. However you can reach Vijayawada by train and then you can reach from Vijayawada to Garikaparru by road after.

=== By bus ===

Vuyyuru APSRTC Bus Station, Manikonda APSRTC Bus Station, Kankipadu APSRTC Bus Station are the nearby by Bus Stations to Garikaparru.APSRTC runs Number of busses from major cities to here.

== Demographics of the village ==
According to the census of AP 2011 the village has 1950 literates and 995 illiterate population.
Of the total population around 904 persons are agricultural labourers while 216 are cultivators.
The population belonging to the SC/ST category is 1022 of the total 2945 making them a sizeable chunk.<ref name="census" />

The location code number of the village is 589521.While the area of the village is 301 hectares.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishna |first1=District census handbook |title=AP-Census 2011 |publisher=Govt of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>

Garikaparru village has higher literacy rate compared to Andhra Pradesh. In 2011, literacy rate of Garikaparru village was 72.30% compared to 67.02% of Andhra Pradesh. In Garikaparru Male literacy stands at 76.57% while female literacy rate was 67.90%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishna |first1=Govt of AP |title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/589521-garikaparru-andhra-pradesh.html |website=census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Koodevide (TV series)

2025-11-07T11:56:15Z

Pranav: New biography

{{Short description|2021 Malayalam TV series}}
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Koodevide Asianet.jpg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| writer =
| director = S.S. Lal
| creative_director = R. Sugathan
| presenter = Movie Mill
| starring = Sreedhanya
| theme_music_composer = Jai
| opentheme = "Neelavaanil Alayunn.." Sung by Ranjin Raj and Neenu Babu (RJ Neenu)
| endtheme =
| composer = Music: [[Ranjin Raj]] Lyrics: B.K. Harinarayanan
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 686
| executive_producer =
| producer = Krishnan Sethukumar
| editor = Vijil
| location = Trivandrum
| cinematography = Rajeev Mankompu Manoj Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes (approx.)
| company = Rajaputhra Visual Media
| channel = {{plainlist|
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|01|04}}
| screenplay = G.S. Anil Saseendran Vadakara Manoj Ramachandran
| story = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2023|07|22}}
}}
'''''Koodevide ''''' ({{translation|''Where's the Nest?''}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]] television [[romance drama]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series that aired on the Malayalam General Entertainment Channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from 4 January 2021 to 22 July 2023 and is also available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/asianet-to-telecast-new-serial-koodevide-from-4th-january/|title=Asianet to telecast new serial 'Koodevide' from 4th January|date=31 December 2020}}</ref> The show is produced by Movie Mill of Krishnan Sethukumar, and stars [[Bipin Jose]], Anshitha Akbarsha, [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] (later replaced by Anil Mohan), and [[Sreedhanya]] in the leads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/asianet-to-telecast-a-new-serial-koodevide-109963.html|title=Asianet to telecast a new serial Koodevide - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] series ''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/koodevide-asianet-serial-story-cast-and-crew/|title=Koodevide Asianet Serial Story, Cast And Crew - Launching On 4th January|website=www.keralatv.in Instagram=https://www.instagram.com/koodevide_asianet|date=30 December 2020 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Soorya, a talented and family-oriented girl, sets out to prove her mettle and support her family after her father faces losses in his business. She meets Rishikesh "Rishi", an arrogant misogynist.

==Plot==
Rishikesh "Rishi" is a modern-day misogynist who feels that women are not allowed to be independent. The reason for his condition is because his mother unwillingly left him at a young age, to take care of her elderly parents. Rishi was raised by his paternal aunt Rani, a cruel and cunning woman who hates Rishi's mother. While Soorya Kaimal, is a determined and headstrong girl, who wishes to make a mark on the society and feels that women must be independent.

Soorya comes from a middle-class family, her father, Shivaram, who was once a businessman, had gone [[bankrupt]]. Soorya has no desire to marry, as she wants to learn and pursue higher jobs so that she can help her family. Her mother, Devamma and elder sister Arya support Soorya. Arya was married to a cruel man named Mohan, who wishes to inherit wealth from the Kaimal family. Her father wants her to marry.

Shocked, Soorya escapes from the marriage hall, and take shelter in her teacher, Aditi's house. Aditi becomes Soorya's mentor. Aditi is none other than Rishi's mother who left him at a young age. She regrets her mistake and wants to reconcile with her son. Meanwhile, Rishi is engaged to a beautiful and wealthy girl named Mithra. However, Mithra is unready to marry and goes to US to pursue higher studies.

A goon named, Basavanna attacks Aditi and she is taken to the hospital. Soorya and Aditi's estranged husband, Aditya is much worried about her condition. Aditya's sister in law, Lakshmi asks Rishi to meet a hospitalized Aditi. However, Rishi is reluctant as he hates Aditi for leaving him. However, hesitant, Rishi meets Aditi. It is shown that Rishi is not a bad person, feeling sorry about his mother Rishi sees her. However, Rani who learns of this, confront Aditi. Rishi overhears their conversation and once again hates her. Recovered, Aditi manages to gain admission for Soorya in Adi Keshava college with the help of Aditya. Rishi bombards Soorya with questions but she wins the interview.

However, as the college starts the students take instant dislike towards Soorya and mistreat her. Especially, Neetu and Neema, who are Rishi's spoilt cousin sisters. One day, while writing a scholarship exam, Rani decides to plot against Soorya, she asks her nieces Neetu and Neema for help. Eventually, they falsely accuse Soorya of cheating. However, Rishi gives her a last chance. Soorya plans to leave the college unable to bear the humiliation. Rishi convinces her not to.

Soon, Rishi starts to feel jealous of the closeness between SP Sooraj and Soorya. Soon, Rishi falls for Soorya. He tries to help her every time but Soorya feels that Rishi is using her to gain fame for the college. However, she too falls for Rishi. Unfortunately, Mithra makes a re-entry to disrupt Soorya and Rishi's closeness.

Rishi is always hostile towards Mithra. Meanwhile, Shivaram lied to Soorya, Arya, Shekar and Devamma that he is working in a good company as the assistant of its owner. However, Devamma and Arya discovers that Shivaram was lying to them after Devamma finds a security uniform in Shivaram's cupboard. Shivaram reveals that he works as the [[security]] of the company godown.

Arya is shattered, knowing the truth. Fortunately, Aditi calls Arya to send her [[Professional qualification|qualifications]] so that she can find a job. Successfully, Aditi consults her best friend, Ramadevi "Rama". Rama is the head of the same company in which Shivaram works. Shivaram learns that Soorya and Aditi are coming to his company, fearing, his truth will be revealed, he hides from them. While, Rama is fascinated by Arya's qualifications and agrees to provide her a job.

However, things turn bitter, when Sabu, a goon comes to Soorya's house, while they were away. He collects Soorya and Aditi's number. In the past, Sabu had attempted to abduct Soorya but she was saved by Rishi. Sabu goes to Rishi's house and manipulates Rani against Rishi. Sabu manages to receive Rishi's number. Meanwhile, Shekar decides to sell his house to make both ends meet.

Meanwhile, Mithra is disappointed to see a sudden change in Rishi's behaviour. She tries her best to win his heart, but all in vain. Soon, Mithra, Rani, Anandan (Rani's brother), Kunjiraman "Kunji" (Rani's husband) starts to suspect if Rishi is attracted to Soorya. While, Aditi and Soorya are worried if Sabu would cause troubles to them and Rishi. Aditi contacts Aditya and asks him to alert Rishi of the problem.

Later, Devamma and Shivaram are celebrating their wedding anniversary. This time, Mohan makes a re-entry and acts as if he is a changed man. He buys gifts for Devamma and Shivaram and expensive clothes for Arya, so that Shekar can be jealous. Arya refuses to accept Mohan's gift. Later, when Arya gets a job, Mohan coerces her to come with him in the car so that he can drop her to the office.

Problems, keep arising when Rani and Sabu plots to ruin Soorya's life. They call upon Soorya's cruel ex-fiancé to take her away when the time comes. They also plot to perform Rishi and Mithra's marriage without Rishi's knowledge as Rishi don't want to wed Mithra. Rani and Kunji visit an astrologer to finalize Mithra and Rishi's wedding. The astrologer objects as Rishi and Mithra's kundlis don't match.

One day Soorya visits Sabu's grandmother on Sabu's request; however, he tries to abduct Soorya and lock her up in a room. Rishi gets to know about Soorya's visit and rescues her from Sabu and gang and finally they reveal their feelings each other and fall in love in the rain. Meanwhile, Mohanan and the house owner enter Shekaran's house and try to harass Arya but Shekaran saves Arya and fatally injures Mohanan and they go from this house.

Arya and Shekar get married secretly. On Aditi's advice, Rishi and Soorya take shelter in Aditi's ancestral house, Aalanchery. There, they are warmly welcomed by Aditi's uncle, who is unaware that Rishi is Aditi's son. However, another problem starts when Aditi's cruel cousin, Jagannathan "Jagan" comes. Rani tries many ways to bring Rishi back home and Mithra vows to take revenge on Soorya for spoiling her life and she decides to act like a good person. Rani and Jagan join hands to bring rishi back home. He tries to trouble Soorya and Rishi. Aditi's uncle reveals about how many hardships Aditi faced in her life because of Jagan and Rani. He also mentions that Rani had conspired against Aditi to take Rishi away from her. Rishi realises about how much Aditi loved for him. Rishi calls Aditi to invite her over Aalanchery to perform her father's [[Śrāddha]]. After Aditi's arrival, Rishi grows more close to her and realises her value. One day, as Jagan creates a commotion to inherit Aalanchery, Rishi stands up against him and supports Aditi. For the first time, he addresses Aditi as his mother in the public. Aditi is much overjoyed. As they are about to return, an unknown car causes an accident to them planned by Jagan. Meanwhile, Devamma and Shivarama Kaimal gets to know about Mohanan's intentions and a furious Kaimal goes berserk and thrashes Mohanan in hospital.

Meanwhile, Rishi and Soorya return to college however Mithra, Rani, Neethu and Hima plan to ruin Soorya's life. The college announces exam and Mithra tries to reduce Soorya's score and give her low marks. Soorya believes she has got good marks and warns college staff that she will protest if her paper is not re-evaluated.

Trouble brew up for Soorya and Rishi when Jagan threatens Soorya and her parents and Rani forbids Soorya from meeting Aditi if she wants to marry Rishi. Jagan realizes that Rani cheated her. Rani then makes a plan to finish Soorya along with Neethu and Hima by organizing a trip along with Soorya, Rishi and Mithra to a place called Thevermala a dangerous place. So they start for trip and reach at the place and start exploring but a stranger hired by Rani and Jagan follows them and Rishi notices the stranger and tries to confront him. Neethu watches this and she decides to finish the task by pushing Soorya down by organizing selfie. But unfortunately Mithra gets pushed by Neethu. Soorya tries to save her, but Mithra loses grip and falls down, placing everyone in a shocked and sad state, including Soorya, Rishi and Mithra's parents. They reach her at the hospital and the police arrive to investigate the incident. Neethu gives false testimony against Soorya on the advice of Rani. Rishi gets to know this and tries to help Soorya by escaping her with Aditi, but Soorya gets arrested. These police officers working under Rani and Jagan tried to harass Soorya but Rishi protects her by sitting for her whole night at police station. Sooraj saves them and lashes out at the officers. Then Soorya faces backlash from teachers by protesting that they will continue teaching if Soorya is suspended resulting in Soorya's suspension. Will Soorya's innocence be proved?

==Cast==
===Lead cast===
*Anshitha Akbarsha as Soorya Kaimal, Rani's and Rajeev's daughter; Shivarama and Devamma's adoptive daughter, Arya's and Nithin's adoptive sister, Shekhar's cousin, Adithi's student and Rishi's fiance and lover
*[[Bipin Jose]] as Rishikesh Adithyan (Rishi), Adhithi and Adithyan's son, Soorya's boyfriend and fiancee
*[[Sreedhanya]] as Aditi Padmanabhan, Adithyan's wife and Rishi's mother who she support in Soorya's educations
*Nisha Mathew as Rani aka Raniamma, Adithyan's and Anandan's sister, Rajeevchandra's wife and Soorya's biological mother
*Ravikrishnan Gopalakrishnan as Rajeev Chandra Balika (Balika), Rani's husband and Soorya's biological father
*[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishnakumar]] /Anil Kumar as Adithyan (Aadi), Adithi's husband, Rishi's father, Rani's and Anandan's brother

===Recurring cast===
*[[Prakash S. P]] as Komban Sekharan
**Arya's love interest, Devamma and Shivarama's nephew, Soorya's cousin
*Chilanka S Deedu as Arya
**Devamma and Shivarama's eldest daughter, Soorya's and Nithin's elder sister, Shekhar's love interest, Mohanan's former wife.
*Manve (Sruthy Surendran) as Mithra
**Rishi's fiancé, Hema and Thampi's daughter.
*Indulekha as Lakshmi
**Anandan's wife, Neetu and Neema's mother, Adithya and Rani's sister-in-law. Rishi's aunt
*Sudarsanan as Shivarama Kaimal
**Soorya's adoptive father, Nithin and Arya's father, Devamma's husband.
*Sindhu Varma as Devamma
**Soorya's adoptive mother, Nithin and Arya's mother, Shivarama's wife
*Santhosh K as Kunjiraman
**Rani's husband, Anandan and Aditya's brother-in-law, Aditi and Lakshmi's co-brother.
*Devendranath as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Sooraj [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*Santhosh Sanjay as Roshan k. Roshan
**Soorya's friend
*Midhun as Nithin
**Soorya and Arya's brother, Devamma and Shivarama's only son.
*Abees as Shivamohan Thampi
**Mithra's father, Hema's husband
*Archana as Aami
*Nayana Josan as Neethu
**Anandan and Lakshmi's daughter, Neema's sister.
*Shahina Siyad/ Prarthana Krishna as Neema
**Neetu's sister, Lakshmi and Anandan's daughter, Rishi's cousin, Rani and Aditya's niece.
*Kripa Sekhar as Sana Fathima
** Surya's best friend
*Roshan K as Roshan
** Sana's boyfriend and canteenboy at Adikeshava college
*Ajith M Gopinath as Ananthan
**Adithyan and Rani's brother, Lakshmi's husband, Aditi and Kunjiraman's brother-in-law.
*Roshan Mathew John as Hema
**Mithra's mother, Thampi's wife.
*Raheena Anas as Kalki
*Stella Raj
*Manjulan as Jagannathan
*Ratheesh Sundar as Karippety Sabu
*Sundara Pandian as Basavanna
*Harisree Martin as CC Saileshkumar VP
*[[Kochu Preman]] as Bhasi Pillai
*[[Akhil S Prasad]] as Vivek
*Renjusha Menon as Jyothilakshmi

===Guest appearance===
*[[V. Suresh Thampanoor]] as DJ Aristo Suresh
*[[Avanthika Mohan]] as ASP Sreya Nandini IPS
*[[Meera Vasudevan]] as Sumithra
* Dr. Shaju Sham as Rohith
* [[Sajan Surya]] as Govind

== Production ==
===Casting===
Malayalam actor [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishnakumar]] is making his comeback to Malayalam television after a Hiatus of 13 years,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/video/entertainment/krishna-kumar-to-star-in-asianets-new-serial-koodevide-qme2s3|title=കൃഷ്ണകുമാര്‍ വീണ്ടും മിനിസ്‌ക്രീനിലേക്ക്: 'കൂടെവിടെ' ഇന്ന് മുതല്‍|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> he has portrayed male lead in several TV series in early 2000s. [[Sreedhanya]] is making her serial acting debut with this series.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="background:#00cc00; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#00cc00; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#00cc00; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#00cc00; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#00cc00; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#00cc00; width:24%;"| Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]'' মোহর
|28 October 2019
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|3 April 2022
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Sarasu'' ಸರಸು<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV serial 'Mohor' to be remade in Kannada|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-serial-mohor-to-be-remade-in-kannada/articleshow/78928044.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 October 2020 }}</ref>
|11 November 2020
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|28 August 2021
|rowspan="6"|Remake
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Guppedantha Manasu]]'' గుప్పెడంత మనసు
|7 December 2020
|[[Star Maa]]
|Ongoing
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' शौर्य और अनोखी की कहानी
|21 December 2020
|[[StarPlus]]
|24 July 2021
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Koodevide'' കൂടെവിടെ
|4 January 2021
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|22 July 2023
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]'' காற்றுக்கென்ன வேலி
|18 January 2021
|[[Star Vijay]]
|30 September 2023
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha]]'' स्वाभिमान – शोध अस्तित्वाचा
|22 February 2021
|[[Star Pravah]]
|6 May 2023
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Bengali-language television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

List of people from Nagercoil

2025-10-13T20:35:37Z

Pranav: fix structure as per guidelines and improved wording

{{short description|Town in Tamilnadu, India}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{dynamic list|date=October 2018}}
The following is a list of prominent people who were born in/lived in or around [[Nagercoil]], or for whom [[Nagercoil]] is a significant part of their identity.

{{image frame
| caption = '''Nagercoil-born and lived people'''
| content =
{{image array|perrow=4|width=80|height=100
| image1 = Neela-padmanabhan.jpg|caption1=[[Neela Padmanabhan]]
| image2 = Desigavinayagam Pillai.jpg | caption2 = [[Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai]]
| image3 = | caption3 = [[B. Jeyamohan]]
| image4 = GD Boaz.jpg| caption4= [[Gunamudian David Boaz|G.D.Boaz]]
| image5 = Madhu 2008.jpg| caption5 = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
| image6 = APJwithNair.JPG| caption6= [[G. Madhavan Nair]]
| image7 = Dr. C. Sylendra Babu IPS.jpg| caption7 = [[C. Sylendra Babu]]
| image8 = Manju Warrier in KLF 2018.jpg | caption8 = [[Manju Warrier]]
| image9 = S. Ramesan Nair BNC.jpg | caption9 = [[S. Ramesan Nair]]
| image10 = Hss lawrence.jpg| caption10 = [[H. S. S. Lawrence]]
| image11 = Ajayan Vinu photo 2016.jpg| caption11 = [[Ajayan Vinu]]
| image12 = Sukumari at kollam.JPG| caption12 = [[Sukumari]]
| image13 = Champakraman Pillai.jpg| caption13 = [[Chempakaraman Pillai]]
| image14 = Vijay Vasanth at the Velaikkaran Audio Launch.jpg| caption14 = [[Vijay Vasanth]]
| image15 =The Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Dr. K. Sivan addressing a press conference on the occasion of ‘Lunar Orbit Insertion of Chandrayaan-2 Mission’, in Bengaluru on August 20, 2019 (cropped).jpg|caption15 = [[Kailasavadivoo Sivan]]
| image16 = Nambi Narayanan.jpg|caption16 = [[Nambi Narayanan]]
}}}}

==Kings, royals and princesses==
===Kings of Travancore===
[[File:Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|130px|thumbnail|Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]]
* [[Marthanda Varma]] Kulasekhara Perumal (1729–1758)
* Balarama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal – [[Dharma Raja]] Karthika Thirunal (1758–1798)
* Balarama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal (1798–1810)
* Gouri Laksmibhai Ranee (1810–1815)
* Gouri Parvathibhai Ranee (1815–1829)
* [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] Kulasekhara Perumal (1829–1847)
* Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma Maharaja (1847–1860)
* [[Ayilyam Thirunal]] Rama Varma Maharaja (1860–1880)
* Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma Maharaja (1880–1885)
* Shri [[Moolam Thirunal]] Maharajah (1885–1924)
* Sethu Laksmibhai Ranee (1924–1933)
* Shri [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] Maharajah (1933–1949) – last King of [[Travancore]]; [[Rajpramukh]] of [[Travancore-Cochin|Thiru-Kochi]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pazhayathu.blogspot.ae/2009/02/kings-of-travancore-1663-to-1949.html|title=kings of Travancore 1663 TO 1949|website=pazhayathu.blogspot.ae}}</ref>

==Government Service==
===Reserve Bank of India===
* [[S. Venkitaramanan]] - 18th Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].

===Navy===
* [[Admiral]] [[Oscar Stanley Dawson]] - 12th Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy.
* [[Admiral]] [[Sushil Kumar (admiral)|Sushil Kumar]] - 16th Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy.
* [[Admiral]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] - Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

===Police===
* [[F. V. Arul]] - 2nd [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] Director.
* [[Walter Devaram]] - Former [[Director general of police]] of Tamil Nadu.
* [[Christopher Nelson (police officer)|Christopher Nelson]] - Former [[Director general of police]] of Tamil Nadu.
* [[G. Nanchil Kumaran]] - Former [[Director general of police]] of Tamil Nadu.
* N. Paramasivan Nair - Former [[Director general of police]] of Kerala.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/trailblazing-police-officer-laid-to-rest/article5144851.ece "Trailblazing police officer laid to rest"]</ref>
* Joel Davis - [[Director general of police]], Hyderabad.
* Dr.[[C. Sylendra Babu]] - Former [[Director general of police]] of Tamil Nadu.

===Chief Justice of State===
* [[N. Paul Vasanthakumar]] - Chief Justice of Jammu & Kashmir (2015-2017).

===Jurists===
* [[Omana Kunjamma]] - First Indian Women Magistrate.

===Diplomats===
* Bijay Selvaraj - Indian Ambassador to UK, Egypt, and Bangladesh.

===Government Secretaries===
* [[Nilakanta Mahadeva Ayyar]][[Order of the Star of India|CIE]] - Former Governor of Bengal and Chief Secretary to the Government of India.
* [[Y. S. Rajan]] - Secretary, [[Department of Space]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].
* Sheela Balakrishnan - Former Chief Secretary of [[Tamil Nadu]].
* Girija Vaidyanathan - Chief Secretary of [[Tamil Nadu]].
* M. G. Devashagayam - Former Chief Secretary of [[Haryana]].

==Scientists==
[[File:S.S. Pillai.jpg|thumb|Dr.Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai inventions in mathematics work are considered to be the very best achievements in Indian Mathematics since Ramanujan]]
* [[Gunamudian David Boaz|G.D.Boaz]] - First Indian psychologist.
* [[Raja Chelliah]] - Indian economist and recipient of [[Padma Vibushan]].
* [[Ranjan Roy Daniel]] - Indian cosmic-physicist and former director of [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]].
* [[Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai]] - Indian mathematician and inventor of [[Pillai's conjecture]], [[Pillai's arithmetical function]], [[Pillai prime]], [[Pillai sequence]].
* [[M.S.S. Pandian]] - Renowned social scientist and former Dean of Department of Social Science at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].
* [[H. S. S. Lawrence]] - Special Envoy to Afghanistan.
* [[C. Livingstone]] - Indian [[plant taxonomist]].
* [[K. K. Pillay|Kolappa Kanakasabhapathy Pillay]] - Indian historian and former dean at [[University of Madras]].
* [[Ajayan Vinu]] - Indian material scientist and professor [[University of Queensland]].

===[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]===
* [[A. Sivathanu Pillai]] - Former chairman of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]].
* [[S. Christopher]] - Chairman of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]].

===[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]===
* [[G. Madhavan Nair]] - 6th Chairman (2003-2009)
* [[Kailasavadivoo Sivan]] - 10th Chairman of [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Nambi Narayanan]] - Aerospace Scientist and Founder of Cryogenic Engine in India.

==Entertainment==
===Film, television, theater, and dance===
[[File:M. R. Gopakumar.jpg|thumb|Gopakumaran Nair Mathar Ramakrishnan Nair (a.k.a.) M.R.Gopakumar, Renowned Indian theater artist.]]
*[[Azhagam Perumal]] - Indian Actor
* [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] - First Malayalam film superstar.
* [[Sukumari]] - Indian film actress.
* [[Manju Warrier]] - Malayalam film actress.
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhavan Nair]] - Malayalam film actor.
* [[J. C. Daniel]] - Father of Malayalam film industry.
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] - Malayalam film director.
* [[Nyla Usha]] - Malayalam film actress.
* [[Manu Ramesan]] - Indian film composer.
* [[M. Rajesh]] - Tamil film director.
* [[K. R. Ramsingh]] - Indian theater artist.
* [[M. R. Gopakumar]] - Renowned Indian theater artist.
* [[Deepti Omchery Bhalla]] - Indian Mohiniattam dance exponent.
* [[Padmesh]] - Indian cinematographer.
* [[Vijay Vasanth]] - Indian actor.
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka Suresh]] - Indian actress.
* [[Bala Singh]] - Indian actor
* [[Aarav]] - Indian Actor

===Comedians, humorists, and entertainers===
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] - Tamil actor.
* [[Kanal Kannan]] - Renowned Indian action choreographer, stunt co-ordinator.

===Musicians===
[[File:VijayAntony.JPG|thumb|Vijay Antony]]

[[File:A portrait of Leela Omchery who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Traditional & Folk Music - Kerala by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg|thumb|Classical Singer Leela Omcherry.]]
* [[Vishwas Nicholas]] - Singer/Songwriter/Composer (Guinness World Record Holder).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://excessmag.de/musik/rock/vishwas-nicholas-mit-atemberaubender-single-life-your-dreamzz-auf-dem-weg-nach-oben-audio-tipp-pop-rock/ | title=Vishwas Nicholas — Live Your Dreamzz — Kritik — Pop — Rock | date=30 January 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Vishwas Nicholas.jpg|thumb]]
* [[Vijay Antony]] - Indian music composer, playback singer.
* [[K.V. Mahadevan]] - Composer; winner of the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] (1968 & 1980).
* [[Neelakanta Sivan]] - Carnatic music composer.
* [[Nagercoil S. Ganesa Iyer]] - Prominent Carnatic musician and exponent.
* [[Leela Omchery]] - Indian classical singer, musicologist and writer.
* [[Nagercoil Harihara Iyer]] - Indian violinist.
* [[B. A. Chidambaranath|Bhoothapandi Arunachalam Chidambaranathan]] - Indian film composer and musician.
* [[Kamukara Purushothaman]] - Indian playback singer.
* [[R. Muttusamy]] - Sri lankan musician and singer.
* [[Neyyattinkara Vasudevan]] - Carnatic music vocalist.
* [[Poongani]], Veteran villupaattu exponent.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veteran-villupaattu-exponent-dead/article25415308.ece "Veteran villupaattu exponent dead - The Hindu"]</ref>

==Art, literature, journalism, and philosophy==
[[File:Artist Rajasekharan Parameswaran photo.jpg|thumb|Rajasekharan Parameswaran, Renowned Indian Paint and art director.]]
* [[Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai]] - Tamil Renaissance poet.
* [[Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair]] - Renowned Indian poet, novelist and lyricist.
* [[T. V. Ramasubbaiyer]] - Founder of Indian Daily Newspaper [[Dinamalar]].
* [[Amsi Narayanapilla]] - Renowned Malayalam Poet.
* [[T. N. Gopakumar]] - Editor in chief of Asianet News
* [[Aiyappan Pillai]] - Renowned Malayalam Author.
* [[Neela Padmanabhan]] - Indian writer and 2007 recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].
* [[Nanjil Nadan]] - Indian writer and 2010 recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].
* [[T. M. Chidambara Ragunathan]] - Indian writer and 1983 recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].
* [[Thoppil Mohamed Meeran]] - Indian writer and 1997 recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].
* [[Ponneelan]] - Indian writer and 1994 recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].
* [[Rajasekharan Parameswaran]] - Indian painter.
* [[David Davidar]] - English novelist.
* [[B. Jeyamohan]] - Indian writer and literary critic.
* [[S. Ramesan Nair]] - Indian poet.
* [[Aravindan Neelakandan]] - Indian columnist at ''[[Swarajya (magazine)|Swarajya]]''

==Entrepreneurs and businessmen==
* [[H. Vasanthakumar]] - Founder and director of [[Vasanth & Co]].

==Environmentalists==
* [[J. C. Daniel (naturalist)|Jivanayakam Cyril Daniel]] - Indian naturalist.
* [[A. J. T. Johnsingh]] - Former director of [[Wildlife Institute of India]].
* [[S. S. Davidson]] - Indian environmentalist.

==Sports==
* [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] - Retired Indian tennis player and [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] semifinalist in 1960 & 1961.
* [[Thalaivan Sargunam]] - Indian cricketer.
* [[Antony Dhas]] - Indian cricketer.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place|Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]

National Maritime Heritage Complex

2025-10-05T20:57:26Z

Pranav: creating new entry.

{{Infobox museum
| name = National Maritime Heritage Complex
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|display=title, inline}}
| former_name =
| established =
| dissolved = 
| location = [[Lothal]], [[Ahmedabad district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| type = Meritime history museum, amusement park
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| executive_director =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator = NMHC
| historian =
| owner =
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| parking =
| network =
| website = 
| embedded =
| architect =
}}
'''National Maritime Heritage Complex''' (NMHC) is an under construction tourism complex near [[Lothal]] in [[Bhavnagar district]] of [[Gujarat]], India which will present the [[Indian maritime history|maritime heritage of India]]. The complex will have museums, amusement parks, educational institute, hotels and resort. It will also recreate [[Dholavira]] and Lothal cities in the complex.

== History ==
The NMHC is being constructed near Lothal, an ancient maritime port city of [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley Civillisation]]. The construction is being done under the [[Sagar Mala project|Sagar Mala]] scheme of the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] of [[Government of India]].<ref name="PIB1">{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi reviews the progress of National Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal, Gujarat |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1868932 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The masterplan was finalised in March 2019. The foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 4 March 2019. The project is being built in phases.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mint |first=Live |date=2022-09-10 |title=National Maritime Heritage Complex to be built at Lothal in Gujarat |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/national-maritime-heritage-complex-to-be-built-at-lothal-in-gujarat-11662790867059.html |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2019-03-04 |title=Lothal to have a National Maritime Heritage Museum complex; PM Modi lays foundation stone |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2019/03/04/lothal-to-have-a-national-maritime-heritage-museum-complex-pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

The NMHC is estimated to cost {{INRconvert|3500|c}} to {{INRconvert|4500|c}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=Work progress of World’s Largest NMHC |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/worlds-largest-national-maritime-heritage-complex/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=CMO Gujarat}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shri Sarbananda Sonowal reviews progress of World’s biggest maritime museum complex -NMHC, Lothal |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1936919 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="PIB1" /> The Government of Gujarat allocated land; built road, water supply and electricity lines; and contributed {{INRconvert|150|c}} for internal infrastructure.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The major ports funded {{INRconvert| 209 |c}}.<ref name=":1" />

Architecture firm [[Hafeez Contractor]] served as the principal management consultant. The Indian Port, Rail and Ropeway Corporation Limited was awarded the implementation work. The Phase 1A is being built by [[Tata Projects]]. The Phase 1A is expected to complete by March 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2022-09-10 |title=National Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal: 1st phase to complete by March, 2024 |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2022/09/10/national-maritime-heritage-complex-1st-phase-to-complete-in-march-2024/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Features ==
The NMHC will be spread over an area of {{convert|400|acre|ha}} including {{convert|375|acre|ha}} for the complex and {{convert|25|acre|ha}} for the staff residential facilities.<ref name="PIB1" /><ref name=":0" /> The National Maritime Heritage Museum will have 14 galleries depicting maritime history of India from the [[Harappan Civilisation|Harappan era]] to present.<ref name=":4" />

=== Phase 1 ===
Under Phase 1A, the National Maritime Heritage Museum with 5 galleries and a naval gallery will be built at cost of {{INRconvert|774.23|c}}. It will be spread over an area of {{convert|35|acre}}.<ref name=":0" /> Under Phase 1B, the rest of the National Maritime Heritage Museum galleries, Light House Museum, 5D dome theatre, gardens and other infrastructure will be built.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: auto"
|+Under construction galleries of National Maritime Heritage Museum<ref name=":3" />
!Gallery
!Theme
|-
|1
|Orientation and oceanic mythology (see [[Varuna]])
|-
|2
|[[Indus Valley Civilisation#Trade and transportation|Harappans]]: [[Indo-Mesopotamia relations|The Pioneer Seafarers]]
|-
|3
| [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Post-Harappan|Post Harappan Trajectories]]: The [[Iron Age in India|Impact of Climate change]]
|-
|4
| [[Indo-Roman trade relations|India's contact with the Greco-Roman world]] (see also [[Indo-Roman relations]])
|-
|5
|Special exhibitions
* Naval Gallery (see also [[Samudrika Naval Marine Museum]] Andaman, [[Naval Aircraft Museum (Kolkata)]], and [[Naval Aviation Museum (Goa)]])
* Evolution of the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy signs MoU with IPRCL for gallery at National Maritime Heritage Complex |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Indian-Navy-signs-MoU-with-IPRCL-for-gallery-at-National-Maritime-Heritage-Complex |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref>
|}

=== Phase 2 ===
State pavilions depicting maritime heritage of each coastal state and union territory of India will be built. The Maritime Institute; four amusement parks including Maritime and Naval Theme Park, Monuments Theme Park, Climate Change Theme Park, Adventure and Amusement Theme Park; hotels and resort will be built under this phase. It will also to recreate [[Dholavira]] and Lothal cities as they were in ancient times.<ref name="PIB1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

== See also==

* [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://nmhc.in/ NMHC Website]

[[Category:Museums in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Local museums in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:History museums in India]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]

Satgram Area

2025-09-23T06:31:04Z

Pranav: adding

{{Lead too short|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox mine
| name = Satgram Area
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label = Satgram Area
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|23.674889|N|87.082754|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| place =
| owner = [[Eastern Coalfields|Eastern Coalfields Limited]]
| official website = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/
| acquisition year =
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| products =
| financial year =
| amount =
| closing year =
}}
'''Satgram Area''' is one of the 14 operational areas of [[Eastern Coalfields|Eastern Coalfields Limited]] located mainly in [[Asansol subdivision]] of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] and partly in [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] in [[Bankura district]], both in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.

==History==
The earliest attempts at [[coal mining]] in India by [[Suetonius Grant Heatly]] and John Sumner were at places such as [[Ethora]], Chinakuri, Damulia (Damalia?) and others further west and not identified with modern-day places. The earliest attempts did mark the historic beginning of coal mining in India but did not produce much coal. When people such as William Jones, Jeremiah Homfrey and the Erskine brothers and companies such as Alexander & Co. again made attempts at mining coal they did so at places such as Narainkuri and Mangalpore, in and around what is now the Satgram Area of ECL. It was here that [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] and his [[Carr, Tagore and Company]] entered the fledgling world of coal mining.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=11, Part 2 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1842 |title=Contributions towards a History of the development of the Mineral Resources of India |first=S. G. Tollemache |last=Heatly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr9JAAAAcAAJ |accessdate=2011-10-25}}</ref><ref name=akkori>Akkori Chattopadhyay, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'', Vol I, pp. 46-51, Radical, 2001, {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref><ref name=coal>{{cite web | url = https://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/coal-dust-in-the-tagore-album/ | title = Coal Dust in the Tagore Album | author=Vikram Doctor, Editor, Special Features | work = The Economic Times| at=Blogs | date=20 September 2012 | accessdate = 2 August 2018}}</ref> In 1855, the [[East Indian Railway Company]] linked Raniganj with Kolkata, and ensured growth of the coal industry in the [[Raniganj Coalfield]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railway History timeline |author=R. P. Saxena |publisher=[[IRFCA]] |accessdate=11 August 2018|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archivedate=14 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=12
| coord={{coord|23|38|35|N|87|3|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Collieries in the Sripur and Satgram Areas of Eastern Coalfields''' U: Underground Colliery, O: Open Cast Colliery, S: Mining support, A: Administrative headquarters Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|21|N|87|0|51|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Ghusick Colliery| numbered1=U| mark-title1= Ghusick Colliery (U)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|40|27|N|87|1|50|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Ningah Colliery| numbered2=U| mark-title2= Ningah Colliery (U)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|40|31|N|87|2|6|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=S.S.Incline| numbered3=U| mark-title3= S.S.Incline (U)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|42|17|N|87|1|19|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Adjoy II Colliery| numbered4=U| mark-title4= Adjoy II Colliery (U)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|41|7|N|87|2|53|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=ECL Sripur Area Office | numbered5=A| mark-title5=ECL Sripur Area Office (A)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|39|09|N|87|0|21|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Damra Colliery| numbered6=U| mark-title6= Damra Colliery (U)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|44|19|N|87|1|21|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Bhanora Colliery| numbered7=U| mark-title7= Bhanora Colliery (U)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|36|N|87|5|27|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Satgram Project| numbered8=O| mark-title8= Satgram project (O)|shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|27|N|87|5|40|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Mithapur Colliery| numbered9=U| mark-title9= Mithapur Colliery (U)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|38|37|N|87|5|14|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Pure Searsole Colliery| numbered10=U| mark-title10= Pure Searsole Colliery (U)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|38|56|N|87|4|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=JK Nagar Project| numbered11=O| mark-title11= JK Nagar Project (O)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|35|11|N|87|2|1|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kalidaspur Project| numbered12=O| mark-title12= Kalidaspur Project (O) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|35|11|N|87|5|8|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ardhagram Project| numbered13=O| mark-title13= Ardhagram Project (O) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|37|24|N|87|4|21|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Nimcha Colliery| numbered14=U| mark-title14= Nimcha Colliery (U)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|39|22|N|87|2|4|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Ratibati Colliery| numbered15=U| mark-title15= Ratibati Colliery (U)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|38|50|N|87|2|55|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Chapui Khas Colliery| numbered16=U| mark-title16= Chapui Khas Colliery (U)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|38|25|N|87|19|0|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Kuardi Colliery| numbered17=U| mark-title17= Kuardi Colliery (U)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|40|57|N|87|4|12|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Satgram Incline Colliery| numbered18=U| mark-title18= Satgram Incline Colliery (U)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|40|13|N|87|4|45|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=ECL Satgram Area Office | numbered19=A| mark-title19=ECL Satgram Area Office (A)|shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black
|mark-coord20={{coord|23.604889|87.052754}}| label20=Damodar River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=25| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none}}

===Location===
The Satgram Area is located around {{coord|23.674889|N|87.082754|E|}}

Located primarily in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]], the Satgram extends into the coal mining areas in [[Bankura district]], across the [[Damodar River|Damodar]]. It is bounded by the [[Sripur Area]] and [[Kunustoria Area]] on the north, Kajora Area/ [[Andal (community development block)|Andal]] CD Block on the east, rural areas of Bankura district on the south and neighbourhoods of [[Asansol]] on the west.<ref>Google maps</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajora_Area#/media/File:ECL_Area_Map.jpg| title = ECL Area Map | publisher = ENVIS Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining | accessdate = 18 August 2018}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}

The map alongside shows some of the collieries in the Areas. However, as the collieries do not have individual pages, there are no links in the full screen map.

===Coal mining===
As per Shodhganga website, collieries in the Satgram Area are: Kalidaspur, J.K.Nagar, Satgram, Ratibati, Chapui Khas, Mithapur, Nimcha, Jemehari, Pure Searsole, Tirath, Kuardih, Ardhagram OCP and Seetaldasji OCP.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |title = Coalmining impact on the Environment |work = Chapter V: Table 5.2 | publisher= shodganga.infibnet | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref>

As per ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the Satgram Area in 2018 are: Chapui Khas Colliery, JK Nagar Project, Jemehari Colliery, Kalidaspur Project, Kuardi Colliery, Nimcha Colliery, Pure Searsole Colliery, Ratibati Colliery, Satgram Project and Satgram Incline.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/sripur.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work =Sripur Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref>

[[Image:ECL Area Map.jpg|thumb|right|460px|Operational Areas of ECL (Source:[http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/Parascole_West_Colliery_06071999_9295.aspx ENVIS Centre on Environmental Problems of Mining])]]

==Mining plan==
An overview of the proposed mining activity plan in Cluster 9, a group of 15 mines in the south-central part of [[Raniganj Coalfield]] and administratively under Satgram, [[Sripur Area|Sripur]] and [[Kunustoria Area|Kunustoria]] Areas of Eastern Coalfield, as of 2015–16, is as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.nic.in/notices/environment/20161130kunussatsri.pdf | title = Environmental statement for Cluster 9 Group of Mines | work = 2015–16 | publisher = Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited | accessdate = 26 August 2018 | archive-date = 26 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150114/http://www.easterncoal.nic.in/notices/environment/20161130kunussatsri.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

1. Ratibati underground mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.09 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.12 mt, had an expected life of more than 40 years. Bogra (R-VI) seam was being worked with manual [[Room and pillar mining|board and pillar]] development in one panel and mechanized development in another panel. The coal mined was dispatched to M.S. Railway Siding in J. K. Nagar 14–15 km away. 
2. Chapuikhas UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.05 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.06 mt, had an expected life of more than 50 years. Chapuikhas OC patch had an expected life of 1 year. Bogra (R-VI) seam is being developed by manual board and pillar method of mining. An opencast patch measuring 7 ha was proposed to be worked within the mine leasehold to prevent [[illegal mining]]. 
3. Amritnagar UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 1.14 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 1.14 mt, had an expected life of more than 30 years. Bogra (R-VI) seam was being worked in the mine. The mine was being developed using board and pillar method of mining. 
4. Tirat UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.06 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.08 mt, had an expected life of more than 10 years. 
5. Kuardih UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.05 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.07 mt, had an expected life of more than 10 years. Kuardih OC patch had an expected life of 2 years. Ghusick – A R-IXA) seam was being depillared by manual board and pillar method of mining with stowing. The coal mined was dispatched to M.S. Railway Siding in J. K. Nagar 14–15 km away.

{{OSM Location map
| width=430| height=400| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|87|5|20|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the eastern portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, R: rural centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|27|N|87|7|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Kunustara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=Kunustara (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|40|5|N|87|7|40|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Topsi| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Topsi]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|43|26|N|87|11|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Nimsa| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Nimsa]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|42|58|N|87|11|21|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chinchuria| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chinchuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|40|38|N|87|10|9|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kenda| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Kenda]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|39|10|N|87|9|46|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Parasia| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Parasia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|2|9|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Ratibati| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Ratibati]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|40|N|87|2|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Chapui| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chapui]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|4|11|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Jemari |labela9=(Jaykaynagar)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|37|45|N|87|8|22|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Banshra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Banshra]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|38|5|N|87|3|51|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Belebathan| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Belebathan]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|38|28|N|87|2|3|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Chelad| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Chelad]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|37|29|N|87|4|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Murgathaul| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Murgathaul]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|57|N|87|5|4|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Amkula| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Amkula]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|35|53|N|87|8|30|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Baktarnagar| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Baktarnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|36|33|N|87|6|01|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Egara| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Egara, Paschim Bardhaman|Egara]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|21|N|87|6|21|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Sahebganj| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Sahebganj, Paschim Bardhaman|Sahebganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|35|10|N|87|7|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Raghunathchak| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Raghunathchak]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|34|50|N|87|7|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ballavpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Ballavpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|46|48|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Churulia| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Churulia]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|41|37|N|87|8|39|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bahadurpur| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Bahadurpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|42|7|N|87|2|53|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=ECL Sripur |labela22= Area Office| numbered22=0 | mark-title22=[[Sripur Area|ECL Sripur Area Office]] (A)| label-size22=12| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|53|N|87|4|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=ECL Satgram |labela23= Area Office |numbered23=0| mark-title23=ECL Satgram Area Office (A)| shape-color23=black| label-size23=13|label-color23=black 
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|38|50|N|87|7|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Kunustoria|labela24= Area Office|numbered24=0 | mark-title24=[[Kunustoria Area|ECL Kunustoria Area Office]] (A)| label-size24=12| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|40|0|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=ECL Kenda |labela25= Area Office |numbered25=0| mark-title25=[[Kenda Area|ECL Kenda Area Office]] (A)| label-size25=12| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos26=right|label-color26=#800000| label26=Asansol | numbered26=MC| mark-title26=[[Asansol]] (MC)|shape-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|37|12|N|87|7|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Raniganj | numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Raniganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|50|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Jamuria | numbered28=N| mark-title28= [[Jamuria]] (N)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.612489|87.032854}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=28| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.749367|87.157333}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

6. Nimcha UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.31 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.40 mt, had an expected life of more than 50 years. Damalia OC patch had an expected life of 1 year. Nimcha Colliery consists of two units- (i) Nimcha 3 & 4 pit, (ii) Amkola 7 & 8 pit. The fairly steep gradient of the seams are around 1 in 25, and are of degree-II gassiness. In the Nimcha unit, R-IX seam is split into R-IX top and R-IX bottom seams. R-IX top seam is burnt. R-IX bottom seam is virgin. The R-VIII seam was being worked in the Nimcha unit. The Bogra (R-VI) and Satgram (R-V) seams are virgin in this unit. At the Amkola unit, R-IX combined is virgin. R-VIII and R-VII seams were being worked in Amkola unit. The coal mined was dispatched to Murgathole Railway Siding in J. K. Nagar 3–4 km away. 
7. Ghusick UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.05 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.10 mt, had an expected life of more than 50 years. Nega top seam, with a gradient of 1 in 18, and degree-II gassiness, was being worked. The coal mined was dispatched to M.S. Railway Siding in J. K. Nagar 14–15 km away. 
8. Kalipahari UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.05 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.10 mt, had an expected life of more than 50 years. Both Kalipahari OC patches A & B had an expected life of 2 years each and both OC patches C & D had an expected life of 1 year each. Kushadanga and Nega (top) seams were being depillared in the mine in conjunction with hydraulic sand stowing. 
9. Muslia UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.04 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.05 mt, had an expected life of more than 50 years. Muslia OC had an expected life of 5 years. Ghusick seam was being developed in the mine. 
10. New Ghusick UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.04 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.05 mt, had an expected life of more than 40 years. Nega (top) (R-VIIIT) seam was being worked with manual development by board and pillar method of mining. Depillaring in some limited sectors were done with hydraulic sandstowing in the past. 
11. Jemehari UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.03 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.04 mt, had an expected life of more than 10 years. Bogra (R-VI) seam was being developed by manual board and pillar method of mining. However, production was affected because of some problems. 
12. JK Nagar UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.35 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.87 mt, had an expected life of more than 30 years. In the proposed OC patches, while JK Nagar OC patch had an expected life of 3 years, both Pure Searsole and Mallick Basti OC patches had life of 1 year each. R-VI and R-V seams were being developed by the board and pillar method with SDL and LHD. R-VII seam was being worked at Pure Searsole by the manual board and pillar method. 
13. Damra UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.04 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.06 mt, had an expected life of more than 10 years. Production was affected. 
14. Mahabir UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.02 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.03 mt, had an expected life of more than 25 years. While both Mahabir OC patch and Narainkuri OC patch had an expected life of 4 years each, Egara OC patch had an expected life of 5 years. Plans were there to completely backfill these OC patches and reclaim them with plantation at the end of mining with no voids remaining. 
15. Narainkuri UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.54 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.54 mt, had an expected life of more than 25 years. There was a proposal to develop the mine by the board and pillar method using Continuous Miner followed by depillaring in conjunction with sand stowing using SDL machines.

See also – [[Sripur Area#Mining plan]] for Satgram and Mithapur collieries

==Illegal mining==
Mines abandoned, after economic extraction is over, are the main sources of illegal mining. Illegal mining is generally done in small patches in a haphazard manner and mining sites keep on changing. Illegal mining leads to roof falling, water flooding, poisonous gas leaking, leading to the death of many labourers. As per the Ministry of Coal, Government of India, there are 203 illegal mining sites in ECL spread over Satgram, Sripur, Salanpur, Sodepur, Kunstoria, Pandveshwar, Mugma, Santhal Parganas Mines and Rajmahal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Report-Prevention%20of%20%20illegal%20coal%20mining%20and%20theft.pdf | title = Part I | work = Chapter II: Problem of Illegal Mining and Theft of Coal | publisher = Indian Environmental Portal | accessdate = 11 August 2018 | archive-date = 11 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180811195624/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Report-Prevention%20of%20%20illegal%20coal%20mining%20and%20theft.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Subsidence==
Traditionally many underground collieries have left a void after taking out the coal. As a result, almost all areas are facing subsidence. As per CMPDIL, there were 14 points of subsidence in the Satgram Area involving 1,336.52 hectares of land.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf | title = Coal mining impact on the environment | work = Pages 78-81 | publisher = Shodhganga | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref> The rail tracks passing through the Satgram Area are at a constant risk of subsidence as there are seven abandoned galleries below the rail tracks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Railway-tracks-face-cave-in-threat/articleshow/9340514.cms | title = Railways face cave in threat | publisher = The Times of India, 24 July 2011 | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref>

==Migrants==
Prior to the advent of coal mining, the entire region was a low-productive rice crop area in what was once a part of the [[Jungle Mahals]]. The ownership of land had passed on from local [[adivasi]]s to agricultural castes before mining started. However, the [[Santal people|Santhals]] and the [[Bauris]], referred to by the colonial administrators as "traditional coal cutters of Raniganj" remained attached to their lost land and left the mines for agricultural related work, which also was more remunerative. It forced the mine-owners to bring in outside labour, mostly from Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. In time the migrants dominated the mining and industrial scenario. The pauperization and alienation of the adivasis have been major points of social concern.<ref name=illegalmining1>{{cite web | url = https://www.academia.edu/3141696 | title = Unintended Collieries: People and Resources in Eastern India | first= Kuntala|last=Lahiri-Dutt | work= Resource Management in Asia-Pacific, Working Paper No. 44 | date=2003| publisher = RMAP Working Papers | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | title = Industrialisation and Emergence of Labour Force in Bengal during The Colonial Period: Its Socio-Economic Impact | first = Nirban | last = Basu | work = Vidyasagar University Journal of History | volume = 1 | date = 2012–13 | accessdate = 11 August 2018 | archive-date = 17 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070651/http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Bardhaman–Asansol section|collapse=yes}}
The [[Bardhaman-Asansol section]], which is a part of [[Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line]], [[Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line]] and [[Howrah-Delhi main line]], passes through the Satgram Area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/barddhaman-asansol-memu-63509/14847/2/7 |title = 63509 Bardhaman-Asansol MEMU |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | accessdate = 11 February 2018}}</ref>

[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old number NH 2) and [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] (old number NH 60) cross at Raniganj.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|accessdate=11 August 2011|location=New Delhi|archive-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331002823/http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The Satgram Hospital of ECL in Jamuria has 50 beds. The Searsole TB Hospital of ECL in Raniganj has 50 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://acceptlive.wordpress.com/2017/07/19/detail-list-of-burdwan-district-government-hospitals-in-west-bengal/ | title = Detail list of Burdwan District Government Hospitals in West Bengal | date = 19 July 2017 | publisher = acceptlive | accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Operational Areas of ECL}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Coal mining operational areas in West Bengal]]

Jharia coalfield

2025-07-31T06:57:10Z

Pranav:

{{Short description|Coal field in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox mine
| name = Jharia coalfield
| image =Jharia coalfield, Jharkhand.jpg
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|45|5.6|N|86|25|13.2|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| display =
| place =
| subdivision_type =
| state/province = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| owner =
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| official website =
| acquisition year =
| products = [[Coking coal]]
| financial year =
| amount =
| opening year =
| closing year =
}}
'''Jharia coalfield''' is a large coal field located in the east of [[India]] in [[Jharia]], Dhanbad, [[Jharkhand]]. Jharia represents the largest [[coal]] reserves in [[India]] having estimated reserves of 19.4 billion tonnes of coking coal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibm.nic.in/IMYB%202011_Coal%20&%20Lignite.pdf |title=Coal in India |year=2012 |publisher=ibm.nic.in |access-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811050549/http://ibm.nic.in/IMYB%202011_Coal%20%26%20Lignite.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-11 }}</ref> The coalfield is an important contributor to the local economy, employing much of the local population either directly or indirectly.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Pai|first1=Sandeep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iMZtQEACAAJ&q=Total+Transition:+The+Human+Side+of+the+Renewable+Energy+Revolution|title=Total Transition: The Human Side of the Renewable Energy Revolution|last2=Carr-Wilson|first2=Savannah|date=2018|publisher=Rocky Mountain Books|isbn=978-1-77160-248-8|language=en}}</ref>

The fields have suffered a coal bed fire since at least 1916, resulting in 37 millions tons of coal consumed by the fire, and significant [[Subsidence|ground subsidence]] and water and air pollution in local communities including the city of [[Jharia]]. The resulting pollution has led to a government agency designated for moving local populations, however, little progress has been made in the relocation.

==Coal field==
The coal field lies in the [[Damodar River#Damodar Valley|Damodar River Valley]], and covers about 110 square miles (280 square km), and produces [[bituminous coal]] suitable for coke. Most of India's coal comes from Jharia. Jharia coal mines are India's most important storehouse<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/EXPLORE/n_renew/jharia.htm |title=The Jharia coal field fire |access-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713193226/http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/n_renew/jharia.htm |archive-date=2007-07-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of prime [[Coke (fuel)|coke]] coal used in blast furnaces, it consists of 23 large underground and nine large open cast mines.<ref name=JhariaTimes>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121019141836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-31/india/27787628_1_jharia-shibu-soren-new-township Jharia to be shifted, The Times of India, 31 Aug 2006]</ref>

==History==
The mining activities in these coalfields started in 1894 and had really intensified by 1925. The first Indians to arrive and break monopoly of British in Coal mining were [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] railway contractors from [[Mistris of Kutch|Kutch]]<ref>Town survey report: Bihar, Dhanbad by Rajendra Prasad Assistant Director of Census Operations, Bihar S. C. Saxena Deputy Director of Census Operations, Bihar. 1988 :pp 22: It was the existence of coal that first attracted the railway authority to extend the railways and with them came the Gujrati people as an expert railway contractor with an experience of railway construction work at Thana. They then met Raja of Jharia and purchased some having underneath wast {{sic}} wealth in shape of coal...</ref><ref name=n/> some of whom decided to plunge into the coal mining business and were thus the pioneers in starting coal mining in Jharia coalfields belt around 1890–95.<ref name=cen>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1981: Bihar. Series 4|year=1981|publisher=Controller of Publications – Bihar|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbNHAAAAYAAJ&q=expert+contractor|quote=It was the existence of coal that first attracted the railway authority to extend the railways and with them came the Gujrati people as an expert railway contractor with an experience of railway construction work at Thana. They then met Raja of Jharia and purchased some having underneath wast wealth in shape of coal}}</ref><ref name=n/> In Jharia-Dhanbad belt [[Seth Khora Ramji]] was the first Indian to break monopoly of Europeans and founded Khas Jharia, Golden Jharia, Fatehpur, Balihari, Khas Jeenagora, East Bagatdih Collieries with his brothers between 1894 and 1910. In Pure Jharia Colliery Khora Ramji and brothers were partners with [[Diwan Bahadur D.D. Thacker]].<ref name=n>Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta/Sinugra compiled by Raja Pawan Jethwa: 1998</ref>
<ref name="archive.org">[https://archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft/bengalassambehar00playuoft_djvu.txt Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar & Orissa 1917 Khora Ramji Colliries]</ref>
<ref>[http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1643160/ Ambalal Khora Ramji Legal 1]</ref>
<ref name="Khora Ramji Mines capsized in 1938">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CbmyAAAAIAAJ&q=khora+ramji+ Khora Ramji Mines capsized in 1938]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Encyclopedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa by British Authorities – 1920 : People from the region : Life sketch of Seth Khora Ramji Chawra noted in 1920</ref> The Encyclopaedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa (1920) by British Gazetteer mentions about Seth Khora Ramji as under :-

{{blockquote|..at that time (in 1890s) the Jharia coal fields were being exploited by Europeans and Seth Khora Ramji was first Indian to seize the opportunity. He purchased two collieries to begin with. Gradually others from Kutch and Gujarat followed suit and now Jharia has been changed into a Gujarati settlement with about 50 [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] out of 92 [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] collieries proprietors with Seth Khora Ramji as head of them all. He is now sole proprietor of two collieries and a financing member of about eight collieries. Several district officials have remarked him as multi-millionaire, one of the first class parties in Jharia.}}

The Gujarati migrants, majority of whom from Kutch,<ref name=n/> took on lease the coal mining fields from [[Raja of Jharia]] at various locations to start collieries at [[Jharia Khas|Khas Jharia]], [[Jamadoba]], [[Baliari|Balihari]], [[Tisra]], [[Katras]]garh, [[Kailudih]], Kusunda, [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Govindpur]], [[Sijua]], [[Sijhua]], [[Loyabad]], [[Joyrampur]], [[Bhaga]], [[Matadih]], [[Mohuda]], [[Dhaunsar|Dhansar]], [[Bhuli, India|Bhuli]], [[Bermo]], [[Mugma]], [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]]nala-[[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Bhagatdih|Bugatdih]], [[Chhotaputki|Putki]], Pandibri, Rajapur, [[Jeenagora]], [[Gareria]], [[Chirkunda]], [[Bhowrah]], [[Sahnidih|Sinidih]], [[Kenduadih|Kendwadih]], [[Dumka]], etc.<ref name=n/><ref>[http://coal.nic.in/ca6.pdf Coking Coal Nationalisation Act of 1972] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313073759/http://coal.nic.in/ca6.pdf |date=2012-03-13 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://coal.nic.in/ca7.pdf |title=Coal Mines Nationalization Act, 1973 |access-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716094936/http://coal.nic.in/ca7.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Coal field fire ===
[[File:Coal Mine.jpg|thumb|Jharia Coal mine with smoke and burning embers coming from the underground [[Coal-seam fire|coal field fire]]. The fire has burned for nearly a century and displaced or endangered the health of 100s of thousands of people.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />]]
Source:<ref name=":0" />

Jharia is famous for a [[Coal-seam fire|coal field fire]] that has burned underground for nearly a century. A 2007 estimate, described 37 million tons of coal consumed by the fires since their start.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Human Cost Of India's Push to Produce More Coal|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/on_burning_ground_human_cost_indias_push_produce_more_coal|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Yale E360|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Stracher|first=Glenn B.|date=2007|title=Coal fires burning around the world: Opportunity for innovative and interdisciplinary research|url=http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/17/11/pdf/i1052-5173-17-11-36.pdf|journal=GSA Today|language=en|volume=17|issue=11|pages=36|doi=10.1130/GSAT01711GW.1|issn=1052-5173|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The first fire was detected in 1916 at [[Bhowrah]] colliery owned by Eastern Coal Co Limited.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Satyasundar Barik & Biswaranjan |title=Breathing fire {{!}} On hot coals at Jharia coal fields |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/breathing-fire-on-hot-coals-at-jharia-coal-fields/article30479245.ece#:~:text=The%20first%20coal%20fire%2C%20a,seam%20of%20the%20Bhowrah%20colliery. |access-date=25 December 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=4 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="JhariaTimes" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Transactions of the Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India |date=1929 |publisher=The Institute |pages=6, 8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUYtAQAAMAAJ&q=Bhowra+ |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> First incidence of fire was reported on 1916 in XIV seam of Bhowra Colliery. Since then a number of fires have occurred in U/G, Opencast and in OCM debris. Due to unscientific mining underground fire spread to other mines<ref>{{cite web |title=PB AREA- BCCL JHARIA |url=https://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=6333&lang=en |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

According to records, almost fifteen years later after first fire incident occurred at Bhowra Collliery owned by Eastern Coal Company, one of the major mines which collapsed due to underground fire was the Khas Jharia mines of [[Seth Khora Ramji]] (1860–1924), who was a pioneer of Indian coalmines. His Khas Jharia mine was one of the firsts to collapse in underground fire in 1930. Two of his collieries, Khas Jharia and Golden Jharia, which worked on maximum 260-foot-deep shafts,<ref name="xxx" /> collapsed due to now infamous underground fires, in which their house and bungalow also collapsed on 8 November 1930, causing 18 feet subsidence and widespread destruction.<ref name="archive.org" /><ref name="Khora Ramji Mines capsized in 1938" /><ref name="xxx">{{cite book|title=Peripheral Labour: Studies in the History of Partial Proletarianization edited by Shahid Amin, Marcel van der Linden|year=1997|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FClErftju_kC&q=JHARIA+ONE+OF+THE+OLDEST+MINES+FIRE&pg=PA83|isbn=9780521589000|last1=Amin|first1=Samir|last2=Amin|first2=Shahid|last3=Linden|first3=Marcel van der|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref name=n/><ref>Nanji Bapa ni Nondh-pothi published in Gujarati in year 1999 from Vadodara. It is a diary of Railway Contracts done by KGK community noted by Nanji Govindji Tank of Jamshedpur, compiled by Dharsibhai Jethalal Tank, Tatanagar. (Aank Sidhhi awarded to book by Kutch Shakti at Mumbai in 2000): Life Sketch of Seth Khora Ramji Chawra Page :76</ref><ref name="f">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CbmyAAAAIAAJ&q=seth+khora+ramji] ''The Jharia underground fire still raging first came to notice in November, 1930 with subsidance at Seth Khora Ramji's Khas Jharia Colliery(Page 159). He was told that Seth Khora Ramji, whose mines lay underneath Jharia, had chosen to live in his house, which also collapsed in subsidance(Page 160)''. "The politics of labour under late colonialism: workers, unions, and the state in Chota Nagpur, 1928–1939 by Dilip Simeon."</ref> The fire never stopped despite sincere efforts by mines department and railway authorities and in 1933 flaming crevasses lead to exodus of many residents.<ref name="xxx" /> The [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake]] led to further spread of fire and by 1938 the authorities had declared that there is raging fire beneath the town with 42 collieries out of 133 on fire.<ref>Searchlight, 24 January 1936.</ref>

In 1972, more than 70 mine fires were reported in this region. As of 2007, more than 400,000 people who live in Jharia are living on land in danger of subsidence due to the fires, and according to Satya Pratap Singh, "Jharia township is on the brink of an ecological and human disaster".<ref name=":0">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ab7c12d5-2837-4b87-804c-2649fd1a7413&MatchID1=4627&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1165&PrimaryID=4627&Headline='Declare+Jharia+fire+a+national+disaster' Hindustan Times, 15 December 2007]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The government has been criticized for a perceived lackadaisical attitude<ref>[https://archive.today/20120908233321/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V8C-4C4W52H-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5d2c09a9fa7df30fb2b5ded8c3002a7c The Jharia mine fire control technical assistance project: an analysis, April 2004]</ref> towards the safety of the people of Jharia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060902180620/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/08/27/stories/2006082700070500.htm "Inside Coal Mine Fires", a documentary, 2005]</ref> Heavy fumes emitted by the fires<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608142732/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_132434.htm ESTIMATION OF GAS EMISSIONS FROM SHALLOW SUBSURFACE COAL FIRES IN JHARIA COALFIELD]</ref> lead to severe health problems such as breathing disorders and skin diseases among the local population.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2013-04-15|title=India Together: In the line of fire - 13 November 2006|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/nov/hlt-mining.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415053138/http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/nov/hlt-mining.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-15|access-date=2021-09-28|website=archive.ph}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Reinventing Jharia Coalfield. Edited by N.C. Saxena, Gurdeep Singh, K.N. Singh and B.N. Pan. Jodhpur, Scientific, 2005, vi, 246 p.. {{ISBN|81-7233-398-6}}.
* {{cite journal|title=Satellites track the fires raging beneath India|date=18 July 2006|journal=New Scientist|issue=2560|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125605.600-satellites-track-the-fires-raging-beneath-india.html|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=205350|title=German major eyes Jharia coal fires|last=Roychowdhury|first=Indronil|date=15 October 2006|work=Kolkata Newsline|access-date=2009-05-02}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{cite episode | title = India: Children of the Inferno | series = Unreported World | series-link = Unreported World | airdate = 24 April 2009 | season = 17 | number = 7 | url = http://www.channel4.com/programmes/unreported-world/episode-guide/series-2009/episode-7 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090515040822/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/unreported-world/episode-guide/series-2009/episode-7 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-05-15 }}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200904121051.htm |title=Coal mine fires an election issue in Jharkhand |date=12 April 2009 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2009-05-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104062208/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200904121051.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2012 }}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.bombayfc.com/wasteland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515105844/http://bombayfc.com/wasteland/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 May 2009|title=Web documentary about the people who live in proximity to the underground coal fires |date=6 May 2009|work=Bombay Flying Club - www.bombayfc.com|access-date=2009-05-02}}
* eBook about the Jharia Coalfields, Zipfel, Isabell https://www.amazon.com/The-Jharia-Coalfields-ebook/dp/B0095I2AH4
* "Solar, Eclipsed: Coal? or the Sun? The Power Source India Chooses May Decide the Fate of the Entire Planet." By Charles C. Mann. Wired, November 2015. https://www.wired.com/2015/11/climate-change-in-india/

==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=http://dhanbad.nic.in/links/jharia.htm|title=Dhanbad District Of Jharkhand-An Official Website|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127033026/http://dhanbad.nic.in/links/jharia.htm|archive-date=2014-01-27|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://dhanbad.nic.in/map-of-district/|title=Map of District {{!}} District Dhanbad, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India|access-date=2021-04-15|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://jharia.in/|title=Welcome to Jharia.in - Jharia Coal Fire Area: News About Hopes|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201185512/http://jharia.in/|archive-date=2020-02-01}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23422068|title=In pictures: India coal fires - BBC News|date=2013-08-14|access-date=2021-04-15|language=en}}

{{Coalfields}}
{{authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}

[[Category:Coalfields of India]]
[[Category:Mining in Jharkhand]]

Vadlamannadu Halt railway station

2025-07-18T18:16:46Z

Pranav: info

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vadlamannadu Halt
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| address = [[Vadlamannadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Vadlamannadu railway station name board.jpg
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.3002022|81.0973124|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|6|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[Gudivada–Machilipatnam branch line]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = VMD
| zone = [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Vijayawada}}
}}
| electrified = Yes
| status = Operational
| open =
| close =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Gudivada–Machilipatnam branch line|left=Kavutaram|right=Pedana}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''Vadlamannadu Halt railway station''' (station code:VMD<ref>{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the Gudivada Jn. – Machilipatnam section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=30 April 2019 |page=10 |format=PDF |date=12 September 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>), is railway station in Vadlamannadu of [[Krishna district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VMD/Vadlamannadu Railway Station Map/Atlas SCR/South Central Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/2458|website=India Rail Info|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> This railway station is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway Zone]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Vijayawada railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Krishna district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Mian Ghulam Jilani

2025-07-03T14:03:44Z

Pranav:

{{Short description|British Indian army officer and Pakistani general (1913–2004)}}
{{For|the Pakistani general who was [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan]] and mentor of [[Nawaz Sharif]]|Ghulam Jilani Khan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Major general|Major General]]
| name = Mian Ghulam Jilani
| native_name = میاں غلام جیلانی
| image = MG Jilani.jpg
| caption = Jilani in 1962
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1913}}
| birth_place = [[Sibi]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|03|01|1913|df=y}}
| death_cause = [[Pneumonia]]
| death_place = [[Fairfax, Virginia]], [[United States of America|USA]]
| office = [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Member of Provincial Assembly of North West Frontier]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.electionpakistani.com/ge1970/pf/PF-21.htm | title=PF-21 Mardan Election 1970 Full Result Votes NWFP KPK Assembly }}</ref>
| constituency = PF-21 [[Mardan]]
| term_start = 7 December 1970
| term_end = 1977
| office1 = [[General officer commanding|GOC]] 15th Infantry Division ([[Sialkot]])
| term_start1 = ?
| term_end1 = 1962
| office2 = Force Commander [[Bajaur Campaign]]
| term_start2 = October 1960
| term_end2 = September 1961
{{collapsed infobox section begin
| cont = yes
| Previous Commands
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office3 = [[Master General of Ordnance (Pakistan)]]
| term_start3 = December 1958
| term_end3 = October 1960
| office4 = [[Commandant]] [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]
| term_start4 = July 1957
| term_end4 = December 1958
| office5 = [[Military attache|Military attaché]] of [[Pakistan]] to [[Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.|Washington]]
| term_start5 = October 1952
| term_end5 = June 1955<ref>{{cite web | url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/400728 | title=Mian Jilani - Recipient - }}</ref>
| office6 = [[Commanding Officer]] Gilgit
| term_start6 = April 1948
| term_end6 = January 1949
| office7 = [[Commanding Officer]] [[Frontier Force Regiment|4 Frontier Force Regiment]]
| term_start7 = 1947
| term_end7 = April 1948
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| nickname = ''Kaka'' ''Speen Dada'' ''Jilly''
| spouse = {{marriage|Nancy Habiba Jilani|1949}}
| allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{small|(1936–1947)}} {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] {{small|(1947–1962)}}
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{army|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1936–1962
| rank = [[File:OF-7_Pakistan_Army.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|15px]] [[Major General]]
| unit = [[19th Hyderabad Regiment|4th Battalion 19th Hyderabad Regiment]]
| commands = {{ubl|[[Frontier Force Regiment]]|14th Infantry Division|[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command & Staff College]]|[[Structure of the Pakistan Army|15th Infantry Division]]|[[7th Infantry Division (Pakistan)]]}}
| battles = {{Tree list}}
*[[World War II]]
**[[Battle of Singapore]]
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list}}
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
**[[Military operations in Poonch (1948)|Poonch Military operations]]
***[[Military operations in Ladakh (1948)|Ladakh Military operations]]
*[[Bajaur Campaign]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| mawards = {{ubl|[[File:Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|50px]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam]]| [[File:Imtiazi Sanad.png|50px]] [[Imtiazi Sanad]]| [[File:Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Legion of Merit]]}}
| party = [[National Awami Party (Wali)]]
| relations = [[Mian Hayaud Din]] (cousin)
| children = 4
| laterwork =
| education = *[[Forman Christian College]]
*[[Aligarh Muslim University]] {{small|[[Master of Arts|(MA)]]}}
*[[Rashtriya Indian Military College]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SQA]] [[Imtiazi Sanad|IS]] [[Legion of Merit|LoM]]
}}

'''Mian Ghulam Jilani''' {{post-nominals|country=PAK|list=[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SQA]], [[Imtiazi Sanad|IS]], [[Legion of Merit|LoM]]}} ([[Pashto]], {{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|میاں غلام جیلانی}}}}; 1913 – March 1 2004) also known as ''Kaka'', ''Speen Dada'', and ''Jilly'', was a politician, businessman, and former [[two-star rank|two-star]] general in the [[Pakistan Army]]. As a [[British Indian Army]] officer during [[World War II]], he survived a Japanese [[Prisoner-of-war camp|POW camp]] in [[Singapore]].<ref>Indian Army List October 1936</ref> He played a key role in establishing the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47#Commission|ceasefire]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948|First Kashmir War]]. During his stint as the [[Military attache|Military attaché]] of [[Pakistan]] to [[Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.|Washington]] {{small|(1952-1955)}}, he helped negotiate Pakistan's membership in the [[Baghdad Pact]] and the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]].

An ethnic [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]], he retired from the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1962 due to the autocratic rule of [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]. Afterwards, he was involved in business and joined politics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani Gen. Mian G. Jilani|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/03/13/pakistani-gen-mian-g-jilani/ce48c3e5-47ff-4999-8b82-7c90c706c4b9/|work=washingtonpost.com|date=13 March 2004|language=en|quote=Gen. Jilani was military attache at the Pakistan Embassy in Washington from 1952 to 1955 and helped to negotiate Pakistan's membership in the Baghdad Pact, a Western-sponsored military pact later called the Central Treaty Organization. He also helped to negotiate Pakistan's membership in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, a defense alliance. He retired from the Army in 1962, citing the autocratic rule of Pakistani President Mohammad Ayub Khan. He later was involved in business ventures and ran successfully for membership in the provincial legislature of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan}}</ref>

He was repeatedly arrested by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in the 1970s for his political beliefs and was in jail for more than three years with [[Amnesty International]] declaring him a prisoner of conscience in 1974. During a medical checkup, he escaped from custody and took political asylum in the United States in 1975 becoming a citizen in 1981.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani Gen. Mian G. Jilani|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/03/13/pakistani-gen-mian-g-jilani/ce48c3e5-47ff-4999-8b82-7c90c706c4b9/|work=washingtonpost.com|date=13 March 2004|language=en|quote=Gen. Jilani spoke against then-President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's repressive regime and was repeatedly arrested and jailed for more than three years.}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jilani was born in 1913 in [[Sibi]] in the [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan]].

===Education===
He was educated at Forman Christian College in [[Lahore]] and later in Law at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], in India.

==Personal life==
He married Nancy Habiba Jilani in 1949 and they had 4 children. Their son Mian Arshad Jilani and three daughters Hadia Jilani Roberts, Halima Jilani Raza, and Habiba Jilani Freeman. At the time of his death, Mian Ghulam Jilani had 9 grandchildren.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani Gen. Mian G. Jilani|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/03/13/pakistani-gen-mian-g-jilani/ce48c3e5-47ff-4999-8b82-7c90c706c4b9/|work=washingtonpost.com|date=13 March 2004|language=en|quote=Survivors include his wife of 55 years, Nancy Habiba Jilani of Fairfax; a son, Mian Arshad Jilani of Solon, Ohio; three daughters, Hadia Jilani Roberts of Fairfax, Halima Jilani Raza of Alexandria and Habiba Jilani Freeman of Nashua, N.H.; and nine grandchildren.}}</ref>

==British Indian Army career==
He completed his officer's training at the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]] at [[Dehra Dun]] in [[British India]] and was commissioned as second lieutenant on to the Special List, Indian Land Forces on 1 February 1936 and attached to the 2nd battalion the [[Royal Scots|Royal Scots Regiment]] on 24 February 1936 for a years experience before joining his [[British Indian Army]] regiment.<ref>Indian Army List October 1936</ref> He was accepted for the Indian Army on 24 February 1937 and posted to the 4th battalion [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]. His seniority as a second lieutenant was antedated to 3 February 1935 and he was promoted Lieutenant 3 May 1937.<ref>Indian Army List October 1937</ref> He was later appointed acting Captain and then appointed Adjutant of the 4/19th 1 October 1940.<ref>Indian Army List October 1942 most secret edition, p590</ref>

===Captured at Singapore===
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the fourth battalion [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] was sent to [[Singapore]] with the [[British Indian Army]]. Jilani was captured and taken prisoner by the Japanese in 1942. He was a prisoner of war for nearly forty months. During this period, he was tortured and kept in solitary confinement for seven months. Whilst a prisoner of war he was promoted Captain.<ref>Indian Army List April 1944</ref> He was mentioned in despatches in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Malaya in 1942.<ref>London Gazette 19 December 1946, p6165</ref>

Shortly after [[World War II]], the movement for independence from the British resulted in [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]] in 1947. Jilani threw his energy and enthusiasm behind it.

==Pakistan Army career==
===Kashmir Operations===
He joined the newly formed [[Pakistan Army]] and was the 42nd senior most officer (PA–42), commanding [[Frontier Force Regiment|4 Frontier Regiment]]. A few weeks later he took a leave of absence from the army to volunteer as a fighter in [[Kashmir]], fighting for its independence and right to join Pakistan. In April 1948, he was appointed Commanding Officer at [[Gilgit]] where he remained until the ceasefire.

His troops played a major role in establishing what would later become the [[Line of Control]] between [[India and Pakistan]]. He fought a guerrilla war in northern [[Kashmir]] engaging two divisions of the [[Indian Army]] subsequently taking over [[Baltistan]].

He played a key role in the ceasefire of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].

===Relations with the United States===
As a Brigadier, he was posted as the first [[Military attache|Military attaché]] of [[Pakistan]] to [[Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.|Washington]] in October 1952. He was accredited Military Attache to [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]].

===Awarded by Eisenhower===
He brought about the military aid treaty, known as the [[Baghdad Pact]] between the United States and Pakistan in May 1954 for which in 1955 he was awarded the [[Legion of Merit]] by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. The [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded him the [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam]] (Star of the [[Quaid-e-Azam|Quaid]]), named after the Founder of Pakistan, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].

===Senior Commander===
On promotion to [[Major General]], he served as GOC [[East Pakistan]] commanding 14th Infantry Division ([[Dhaka]]), Commandant of the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] (July 1957 – December 1958), [[Master General of Ordnance (Pakistan)|Master General of Ordnance]] (GHQ) and GOC 15th Infantry Division ([[Sialkot]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armystaffcollege.gov.pk/Hist_comdts.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005165247/http://armystaffcollege.gov.pk/Hist_comdts.php |archive-date=5 October 2015 |title=Commandants of Command and Staff College Quetta}}</ref>

As GOC 15th Div he along with (then) Brig Rakhman Gul {{small|[[Military Cross|MC]]}} Inspector General Frontier Corps served under (then) Maj Gen [[Attiqur Rahman]] {{small|[[Military Cross|MC]]}} [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] 7th Infantry Division who was the Force Commander for the [[Bajaur Campaign]] of October 1960. After the Nawab of [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]] Sir Shah Jehan Khan and his son Khan Shahabud Din Khan of [[Jandol State|Jandol]] were captured on 28 October 1948, Maj Gen Attiqur Rahman MC moved back to [[Peshawar]] and Jilani took over as Force Commander.

===Retirement===
After retiring from the army, he was hired by Fakhrudin Valika as a General Manager with the Valika Group in [[Karachi]].

==Political career==
He joined the [[National Awami Party (Wali)]] and became a member of the provincial assembly of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North West Frontier Province]] from his home constituency in [[Mardan]] in the [[1970 Pakistani general election]] after receiving 16,346 votes. He was the head of the [[National Awami Party (Wali)|NAP-W]]s youth wing, Zalmay Pakhtun.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.electionpakistani.com/ge1970/pf/PF-21.htm | title=PF-21 Mardan Election 1970 Full Result Votes NWFP KPK Assembly }}</ref>

===Arrest===
He was an outspoken critic of the government of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and was arrested by the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] government on 15 February 1973.

His wife Mrs. Nancy Habiba Jilani filed a writ petition against his detention, and the judgment of the Lahore High Court was authored by [[Nasim Hasan Shah]], J. and is reported as: ''Mrs. Habiba Jilani V Federation of Pakistan (PLD 1974 Lahore 153)''. The [[Lahore High Court]] declared the detention valid.

In a crackdown on his party, a smear campaign was launched against him and Jilani was frequently arrested. [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] then attempted to bribe Jilani with offers of high positions—all to no avail. Nonetheless, all charges against Jilani were repeatedly dismissed by the courts. [[Amnesty International]] adopted him as a "prisoner of conscience" in 1974.

===Escape from Jail===
Jilani managed to escape from guards during a hospital visit in 1975 and was granted political asylum in the United States. He became a US citizen in 1981.

==US Residency==
After becoming a citizen of the United States, he gave speeches at colleges, government organizations, and veterans organizations. He shared his experiences in Pakistan and discussed global military affairs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani Gen. Mian G. Jilani|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/03/13/pakistani-gen-mian-g-jilani/ce48c3e5-47ff-4999-8b82-7c90c706c4b9/|work=washingtonpost.com|date=13 March 2004|language=en|quote=He spoke at colleges and government agencies and to veterans organizations about his experiences in Pakistan and about world military affairs.}}</ref>

===Death===
He died of [[Pneumonia]] at his daughter's home in [[Fairfax, Virginia]] on 1 March 2004.

==Bibliography==
*''Judgments on the Constitution, Rule of Law, and Martial Law in Pakistan'' by Chief Justice Dr Nasim Hassan Shah, edited by Prof Dr M A Mannan (OUP 1993)
*''Pakistan. Problems of Governance'' by Mushahid Hussain & Akmal Hussain (Vanguard Books 1993) (p. 30, 87 & 90)

=== Foreign decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939–1945|War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''{{flag|USA}}'''
|'''[[Legion of Merit]] by [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=130}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pakistan Army template}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jilani, Mian Ghulam}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Pakistan]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Frontier Force Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army major generals]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani military personnel]]
[[Category:People from Sibi District]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military_College alumni]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]]
[[Category:Pakistani escapees]]
[[Category:Escapees from Pakistani detention]]
[[Category:Pakistani torture victims]]
[[Category:Pashtun politicians]]
[[Category:Pashtun military personnel]]
[[Category:Pashtun businesspeople]]

Jogi (writer)

2025-04-29T16:42:33Z

Pranav: New new info

{{Short description|Indian writer, journalist (16 November 1965)}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Jogi
| image = GirishRaoHatwar.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| caption = Girish Rao Hatwar (Jogi)
| pseudonym = Jogi
| birth_name = Girish Rao Hatwar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|11|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hosabettu]], India
| occupation = Journalist, Kannada Prabha
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Short stories, Poetry, Novels, Columns, Criticism
| subject = Karnataka, Rural life, Urban life, Spirituality
| movement = Neo-literature
}}

'''Girish Rao Hatwar''', popularly known as '''Jogi''', is a [[Kannada]] writer and journalist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shhh... The writing machine is at work |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/shhh-the-writing-machine-is-at-work/articleshow/21448569.cms |first=Prathibha |last=Nandakumar |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110042808/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/shhh-the-writing-machine-is-at-work/articleshow/21448569.cms |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Being one of the Kannada neo-literature writers, he has written short stories, novels and columns in many Kannada periodicals and daily newspapers. He has also written scripts for television serials, lyrics and screen play for movies. A journalist by profession, Jogi is currently a Magazine Editor of [[Kannada Prabha]] daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangalore Literature Festival : ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಲಿಟರೇಚರ್‌ ಫೆಸ್ಟಿವಲ್‌ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗೆ ಜೋಗಿ ಭಾಜನ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/state/jogi-girish-rao-hatwar-bags-bengaluru-literature-festival-award-2021-snr-r4ajfp |date=18 December 2021 |website=asianetnews.com |access-date=7 March 2022 |lang=kn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218114858/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/state/jogi-girish-rao-hatwar-bags-bengaluru-literature-festival-award-2021-snr-r4ajfp |archive-date=18 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in an agricultural family in Hosabettu near Suratkal in [[Mangaluru]] district, Jogi studied in Guruvayankere and [[Uppinangadi]].<ref name="TV9">{{cite web |title=Bangalore Literature Festival : 'ನಾನು ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ನಿರೋಧಕ ಲಸಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡೇ ಓಡಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ' ಕಥೆಗಾರ ಜೋಗಿ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/literature-culture/atta-galatta-bangalore-literature-festival-book-prize-2021-winner-jogi-girish-rao-hatwar-reaction-skvd-309454.html |last=Kalasad |first=Shridevi |date=16 December 2021 |website=tv9kannada.com |lang=kn |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216130720/https://tv9kannada.com/literature-culture/atta-galatta-bangalore-literature-festival-book-prize-2021-winner-jogi-girish-rao-hatwar-reaction-skvd-309454.html |archive-date=16 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Elder brother Hatwar Narayana Rao made name in Karnataka rural folk world by writing [[Yakshagana]] episodes and as a narrator in ''Thala Maddale''.

Jogi, who started writing at the age of 18, completed his B.Com. in Puttur. In 1989, as Girish Rao Hatwar, he came to Bangalore and was transformed as Jogi by the then editor of Kannada Prabha – Y N Krishnamurthy, popularly known as YNK.

== Career ==
Jogi started by writing a column ''Bollywood 'Gha'sip'' in Kannada Prabha. He wrote a column called ''Ravi Kanaddu'' in [[Hi Bangalore]], a Kannada weekly and later joined as its assistant editor. Jogi worked as editor of a monthly magazine ''Acchari''. Jogi, Janaki, Girish Rao Hatwar, H Girish Rao, Sathyavratha Hosabeettu were some of his pen names and later worked as Associate Magazine Editor in Kannada Prabha. He gained popularity as movie and book reviewer and slowly started writing stories. Later, he started writing novels also.

Jogi wrote a series for young adults.<ref>{{cite web |title=CREATING NEW READERS |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/creating-new-readers/amp_articleshow/51564412.cms |first=Prathibha |last=Nandakumar |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=26 March 2016 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110042806/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/creating-new-readers/amp_articleshow/51564412.cms |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Titled as ''Life is beautiful'', six books have been published under this series. His novel ''[[Ashwatthaman]]'', which has a film actor as central character, has received positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಜೋಗಿ, ಎ ನಾವೆಲ್ ಬುಕ್ ಸ್ಟೋರ್? |url=https://www.justkannada.in/front-page/girish-rao-hatwar-jogi-kannada-journalist-bangalore-ashwatthaman/ |website=Just Kannada |lang=kn |date=3 March 2020 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110042806/https://www.justkannada.in/front-page/girish-rao-hatwar-jogi-kannada-journalist-bangalore-ashwatthaman/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Along with journalism and literature activities, Jogi wrote dialogues to Kannada television serials. Jogi wrote the script and dialogue of the movie ''[[Mouni (2003 film)|Mouni]]'', which is based on a novel by [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]. ''[[Kaada Beladingalu]]'' written by Jogi was adapted as a movie and it bagged [[Karnataka State Film Awards 2006-07]] in the categories of [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Social film|best social film]] and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|best story]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.altfg.com/film/national-film-awards/ |title=National Film Awards: Indian Cinema Controversies Outshine Winners |first=Anna |last=Robinson |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423024245/https://www.altfg.com/film/national-film-awards/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Jogi's stories were published in [[Mayura (magazine)|Mayura]], [[Taranga (magazine)|Taranga]], [[Tushara (magazine)|Tushara]], [[Sudha (magazine)|Sudha]], [[O Manase]] magazines, as well as [[Kannada Prabha]] and [[Prajavani]] newspapers. He also wrote Essays to [[Lankesh Patrike]] in the name of H Girish. He used to write book reviews under pseudo names and was also in charge of [[Roopatara]] being published under Manipal group. As of 2022, he is working as Chief Magazine Editor of Kannada Prabha.

Jogi has started a literary group Half Circle in Club House.<ref>{{cite web |title=Many Bengaluru groups thriving on Clubhouse |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/many-bengaluru-groups-thriving-on-clubhouse-1011726.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Novels===
* Nadiya Nenapina Hangu
* Yamini
* Chitte Hejje Jadu
* Hit Wicket
* Urmila
* Maya Kinnari
* Guruvayanakere
* Devara Hucchu
* Chikkappa
* Chaithra Vaishaka Vasantha
* Ellanu Maduvudu Hottegagi
* VirahadaSankshiptaPadakosha
* L
* Ashwatthaman

=== Bengaluru Series ===

* Bengaluru
* Salam Bengaluru
* B Capital
* Ulida Vivaragalu Labhyavilla
* Mahanagara
* Puchche

=== Story collections ===
* SeeluNalige
* Jogi Kathegalu
* Kadu Hadiya Kathegalu
* Rayabhagada Rahasya Rathri
* Jarasandha
* Sufi Kathegalu
* Katha Samaya
* Facebook Dot Com – Manasa Joshi
* Nale Baa
* Ondanondu Ooralli
* 108- Naki Dashakada kathegalu
* Kathe Pustaka
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
===Columns===
* Bollywood 'Gha'sip
* Ravi Kanaddu – Ravi Kandaddu
* Janaki column
* Jogimane
* Roopa Rekhe
* Secret Diary
* Note Book
* Are Belaku
* AnkanaGaliAata
* MasalaDosege KempuChatney
* Sahaja Khushi
* Janaki with Love

===Inspirational books===
* Life is Beautiful
* Thande Thayi Devaralla
* Devarannu Nambabedi
* Preethisuvavarannu Kondubidi
* Nanu Badava Nanu Sukhi
* I hate my wife
* Avaru Ivaru Devaru
* Saavu (The art Of dying)<ref>{{cite news |title='ಸಾವು' ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು ಹೇಗೆ? ಗಿರೀಶ್ ರಾವ್ ಹತ್ವಾರ್ (ಜೋಗಿ) ಸಂದರ್ಶನ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/vk-special/savu-book-exclusive-interview-with-author-girish-rao-hatwar-jogi/videoshow/95010617.cms |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Vijaya Karnataka}}</ref>

===Play===
* Vishwamitra Menake Dance MadoduEnakke
* SubitreBanna Ba bitre Sunna (NeenasamThirugata 2017)

===Variety writings===
* M Rangarao (personality)
* SadashivaAvara Aida Kathegalu (Edited)
* Jogi Reader (Audio collections of Jogi writings – Compiled by Sandhya Rani)
* Mathu, Mouna, Dhyana, Vishnuvardhana – A journalist's perception (Sep 2018)
{{Col-end}}

===Others===
* Halage – Balapa (Lessons for new writers)
* Kathe, Chitrakathe, Sambhashane (Along with articles from 18 film directors)
* Edited a tributary under the name ''Bahuroopi Karnad'' post Karnad's demise; This is a collection of 37 articles by the who's who of Indian arts and literature<ref>{{cite web |title=Tributes to Karnad Compiled in book |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/tributes-to-karnad-compiled-in-book-749655.html |first=Ramakrishna |last=S R |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202163546/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/tributes-to-karnad-compiled-in-book-749655.html |archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
# [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Award]] for Best Story for Film Kada Beladingalu<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Film Awards – 2006-2007 |url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/kamataka-state-film-awards-2006-2007/ |website=Alt Film Guide |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831085929/http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/kamataka-state-film-awards-2006-2007/ |archive-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Vaddarse Raghuram Shetty Award for Journalism<ref>{{cite web |title=Udupi: Girish Rao Hatwar to be presented Vaddarse Raghuram Shetty Journalism Award on Aug 5 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=522140 |website=[[Daijiworld]] |date=3 August 2018 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170801/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=522140 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
# ''Bangalore Literature Festival Book Prize'' for achievements in Kannada Literature, 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Atta Galatta Bangalore Literature Festival Book Prize 2021 |url=https://agblfprize.in/2021.php |publisher=Atta Galatta |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091629/https://agblfprize.in/2021.php |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TV9" />
# Sahithya Rathna<ref>{{cite web |title=ಕನ್ನಡಪ್ರಭದ ಜೋಗಿ ಸೇರಿ ಮೂವರಿಗೆ ಬರಹಗಾರರ ಸಂಘದ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/state/karnataka-writers-association-award-three-including-kannada-prabha-jogi-grg-r1o2r3 |lang=kn |publisher=[[Suvarna News]] |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110042802/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/state/karnataka-writers-association-award-three-including-kannada-prabha-jogi-grg-r1o2r3 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
# Sahityashri Award, Karnataka Sahitya Academy, 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka Sahitya Academy Annual Awards Announced |url=https://starofmysore.com/karnataka-sahitya-academy-annual-awards-announced/ |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=Star of Msyore}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bookbrahma.com/author/jogi-girish-rao-hatwar Jogi Girish Rao Hatwar, Book Brahma]
* [https://mylang.in/collections/jogi Jogi, Mylang]
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]

State Highway 34 (Kerala)

2025-04-03T17:57:25Z

Pranav:

{{short description|Highway in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{One source|date=March 2012}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Kerala
| route = 34
| alternate_name = Koyilandy – Edavanna Road
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|type=line|from=State Highway 34 (Kerala).map}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = SH 34 highlighted in red
| spur_type =
| spur_of =
| maint = [[Kerala Public Works Department]]
| length_km = 44
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = {{jct|state=Kerala|NH|66|country=IND}} in [[Koyilandi]] 
| junction = 
{{plainlist|
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|36|country=IND}} in [[Ulliyeri]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|NH|766|country=IND}} in [[Thamarassery]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|68|country=IND}} in [[Omassery]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|65|country=IND}} in [[Areacode]]
}}
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = {{jct|state=Kerala|SH|28|country=IND}} in [[Edavanna]] 
| districts = [[Kozhikkode]], [[Malappuram]]
| previous_type = SH
| previous_route = 33 
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 36 
}}

'''State Highway 34 (SH 34)''' is a state highway in [[Kerala]], [[India]] that starts in [[Koyilandy]] and ends in [[Edavanna]]. The highway is 44.0 km long.<ref name="keralapwd">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|title=Kerala PWD – State Highways|publisher=Kerala State Public Works Department|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref>

== Route map ==
Koyilandy town – Ulliyeri town – [[Balusseri]] town – [[Vattoli Bazaar]] – Ekarool – [[Poonoor]] town – Thamarassery – Omassery – Mukkam – Areekode joins SH 29 – Edavanna junction (joins Kozhikode – Nilambur – Gudalloor highway)

== See also ==
*[[Roads in Kerala]]
*[[List of state highways in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.shmgvhssedavanna.org/ SHMGVHSS (VHSE) EDAVANNA]

{{Kerala State Highways Network}}

[[Category:State highways in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roads in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Roads in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Roads in Kannur district]]

{{India-road-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}

Terre Haute station (Amtrak)

2025-02-27T05:11:36Z

Pranav: expanded content

{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{infobox station
| name = Terre Haute, IN
| style = Amtrak |style2 = Amtrak old
| image = Spirit of St. Louis at Terre Haute (27103339634).jpg
| caption = The ''[[Spirit of St. Louis (train)|Spirit of St. Louis]]'' at Terre Haute in 1970
| address = 700 North 7th Street [[Terre Haute, Indiana]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|28|31|N|87|24|27|W|type:landmark_region:US-IN|display=inline,title}}
| opened = July 27, 1899 March 1, 1969{{efn|Relocated from [[Terre Haute Union Station]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baer |first1=Christopher T. |title=A GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY ITS PREDECESSORS AND SUCCESSORS AND ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT |url=http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1969.pdf |website=The Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society |access-date=23 January 2025 |pages=12 |date=April 2015}}</ref>}}
| closed = February 1, 1968{{efn|Withdrawn by [[Penn Central]] in favor of ex-[[Pennsylvania Railroad]] line}} October 1, 1979
| other_services_header=Former services
| other_services={{Adjacent stations|system=Amtrak|line=National Limited|left=Effingham|right=Indianapolis|system2=New York Central Railroad
|line2=St. Louis-Cleveland|left2=St. Louis|right2=Indianapolis
|line3=St. Louis-Cleveland|left3=St. Mary of the Woods|right3=Markles
|line4=Evansville-Terre Haute|left4=Riley}}
}}

'''Terre Haute station''', also known as the Big Four Depot, was a [[train station]] in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]].

Construction on the [[Big Four Railroad]] station started in 1898 and it opened to passengers on July 27, 1899.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Mike |title=Terre Haute: Queen City of the Wabash |date=2005 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |isbn=9780738524061 |page=98}}</ref> The station served Big Four (Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway) trains, and after the railroad was absorbed into the [[New York Central]], it served trains under that name.

The station was on the New York Central's St. Louis - Indianapolis - Cleveland corridor, and it served several named trains on that route. The trains heading toward Cleveland included ''Missourian'' (St. Louis - New York City, with a section to Detroit), ''[[Southwestern Limited (New York Central train)|Southwestern Limited]]'' (St. Louis - New York City), as well as named and unnamed trains running strictly between St. Louis and Cleveland.<ref>New York Central timetable, June 17, 1951, Tables 16, 17 https://streamlinermemories.info/NYC/NYC51-6TT.pdf</ref>

The [[Amtrak]] ''[[National Limited (Amtrak train)|National Limited]]'' (Kansas City–New York City and Washington, D.C.) ceased operation on October 1, 1979, ending rail service to the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Mark |title=Train travel chugs back into Valley conversations |url=https://www.tribstar.com/opinion/mark-bennett-train-travel-chugs-back-into-valley-conversations/article_93fe1518-facd-52e3-82f8-7ebdf5e57fe0.html |access-date=21 December 2021 |agency=[[Tribune-Star]] |date=April 25, 2009}}</ref><ref name="nlends1979">{{cite news |title=Burger Overturns Court Order Extending National Limited's Life |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25630706/amtrak_national_limited_october_1_1979/ |access-date=November 23, 2018 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=October 1, 1979 |page=6|via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}}</ref> It was demolished in 1986.

==See also==
*[[Terre Haute Union Station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.trainweb.org/usarail/terrehaute.htm Terre Haute Indiana (USA Rail Guide — Train Web)]

{{Amtrak Indiana stations}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Terre Haute, Indiana]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Vigo County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Former Amtrak stations in Indiana]]
[[Category:Former railway stations in Indiana]]
[[Category:Former New York Central Railroad stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1899]]
[[Category:Demolished railway stations in the United States]]
[[Category:Railway stations in the United States closed in 1979]]

{{Indiana-railstation-stub}}

Singicherra massacre

2025-02-03T22:40:58Z

Pranav: done

{{Short description|2002 massacre in India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| name =
| title = Singicherra Massacre
| location = Singicherra, [[Khowai district|Khowai subdivision]], [[Tripura]], [[India]]
| date = 13 January 2002
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| type = [[Massacre]]
| weapons = Guns
| fatalities = 16
| injuries = 9
| perpetrator = [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] insurgents
}}

'''Singicherra Massacre''', also known as '''Singicherra No. 2 Bazaar Massacre''', refers to the [[massacre]] of 16 unarmed [[Bengali Hindu]] villagers on 13 January 2002 at Singicherra by the terrorists of [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Manas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC&q=singicherra+massacre+2002&pg=PA271|title=The Eyewitness: Tales from Tripura's Ethnic Conflict|date=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-15-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2002-01-13|title=Ultras gun down 16 in Tripura|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/ultras-gun-down-16-in-tripura_31261.html|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Major incidents of terrorist violence in Tripura, 1992-2005|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/data_sheets/majorincidents.htm|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=rediff.com: 16 shot dead by NLFT in Tripura|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/jan/13trip.htm|access-date=2021-01-20|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

== History ==
On 13 January 2002, on the eve of [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Bengali people]] came to Singicherra market of [[Khowai district|Khowai subdivision]] for purchasing purpose. Suddenly two groups of [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] insurgents encircled the market in the evening and sprayed bullets indiscriminately killing 16 [[Bengali people]] on the spot and injuring 9.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Tripura}}

[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tripura]]
[[Category:2002 murders in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Khowai district]]

{{Massacre-stub}}

SSR Institute of Management and Research

2024-12-14T13:26:04Z

Pranav: put up new details w/ infobox

{{short description|Management education college}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

{{Infobox university
| name = SSR Institute of Management and Research
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| former_name =
| type = Public
| established = 2008
| founder =
| parent = SSR Memorial Trust
| affiliation =
| academic_affiliation = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
| chancellor =
| president = [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
| vice-president = Abhinav M. Delkar
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director = Dr. Praveena S Muley
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = Sayli Road
| city = [[Silvassa]]
| state = [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =  396230
| coordinates = {{coord|20.250|73.032|display=title,inline}}
| campus =
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| mascot = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://ssrimr.edu.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''SSR Institute of Management and Research''' is a [[Business education|Management education]] college located in [[Silvassa]] in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/ssr-institute-of-management-and-research-ssrimr-silvassa-47976 |title=Swargiy Sanjibhai Roopajibhai Institute of Management and Research |website=shiksha.com |access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref> The late [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]] [[Lok Sabha]] MP established the college as one of four colleges in the SSR Memorial Trust including the [[SSR College of Arts, Science and Commerce]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Express|first=News Service|date=23 February 2021|title=Mohan Delkar: A towering figure of DNH who followed in his father’s footsteps |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mohan-delkar-a-towering-figure-of-dnh-who-followed-in-his-fathers-footsteps-7200274/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The foundation stone was laid by the Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ssrimr.edu.in/ssr-memorial-trust/ |title=SSR Institute of Management and Research - SSR Memorial Trust |website=ssrimr.edu.in |access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref>

The [[List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|local administration]] has attempted to demolish the SSR College accommodation buildings housing 300 students.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sequeira|first=Rosy|date=28 February 2021|title=Don’t raze hostels run by dead MP’s trust till appeal heard: HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dont-raze-hostels-run-by-dead-MPs-trust-till-appeal-heard-HC/articleshow/81249378.cms|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref> SSR Memorial Trustee Abhinav Delkar, the son of Mohan Delkar, stated that "over 350 police personnel had turned up outside our college with bulldozers on June 27, 2020 to demolish the structure. They stopped only when my father managed to get a stay from the court".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajput|first=Sagar|date=26 February 2021|title=Mohan Delkar died due to constant harassment from local admin: Son|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mohan-delkar-died-due-to-constant-harassment-from-local-admin-son-7205058/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> On 11 March 2021 a senior [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] [[Mumbai Police|police officer]] told the [[Times of India]], "Some people were allegedly trying to destabilise a college trust property of [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar|Delkar]]’s, and were demanding money from him and pressurising him to induct certain people as trustees".<ref>{{Cite web|last=TNN|first=|date=11 March 2021|title=FIR filed in Mohan Delkar case, 9 accused of abetting Dadra MP’s suicide|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-fir-filed-in-delkar-case-9-accused-of-abetting-dadra-mps-suicide/articleshow/81440721.cms|access-date=2021-03-11|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The institute is approved by [[All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE), [[New Delhi]], is an [[ISO 9001:2008]] QMS Certified Institute. Recognized by [[List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|administration]] of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The institute is affiliated to the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] (Formerly known as University of Pune), [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ssrimr.edu.in/ssr-imr/ |title=SSR Institute of Management and Research - Our College |website=ssrimr.edu.in |access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref>

==Courses==
SSR College of Education undertakes education and training of students for the following course:
*[[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) (2 Years)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/IMMD018980_ENG/Pune_University_College |title=Swargiy Sanjibhai Roopajibhai Memorial Trust Institute of Management and Research |website=bcud.unipune.ac.in |access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://ssrimr.edu.in/}}

{{Higher education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 establishments in Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management| ]]
[[Category:Business schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Silvassa]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University]]

Bibudhendra Mishra

2024-11-26T01:59:27Z

Pranav: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician (1928–2012)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bibudhendra Mishra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date |df=y|1928|12|30}}
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{Death date |df=y|2012|02|15}}
| death_place =
|office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of parliament]], [[3rd Lok Sabha]]
|term_start = 1962
|term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri, Odisha]]
| predecessor = [[Chintamani Panigrahi]]
| successor = [[Rabi Ray]]
|office2 = [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|term_start2 = 1958
|term_end2 = 1962
| constituency2 = [[Odisha]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party =[[Indian National Congress]]
|otherparty =
|nationality=[[India]]n
| religion =
| spouse = Uma Mishra
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/1557?from=amembers&former=1&profileURL=https://lssapi.nic.in/MemberProfile/biodata_1_12/1557.htm
}}
'''Bibudhendra Mishra''' also spelt '''Misra''' (30 December 1928 - 15 February 2012) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]], [[Odisha]] and was member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[Odisha]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl5PAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=11 November 2019|date=January 1963|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=6621}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1962">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report. Rajya Sabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2XVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP135|accessdate=11 November 2019|year=1962|publisher=Council of States Secretariat|pages=135–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/far-from-what-the-patriots-envisaged/cid/408782 | title=Far from what the patriots envisaged | publisher=Telegraph India | date=1 April 2011 | accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/1557?from=amembers&former=1&profileURL=https://lssapi.nic.in/MemberProfile/biodata_1_12/1557.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
* [http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/v.pdf "RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003"]
{{Rajya Sabha Members from Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Bibudhendra}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Utkal Ratna Samman]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}